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Stars and galaxies in the universe may appear to be static to us as they are located millions of light years away but they are moving part from each other along with lot of interesting objects and events such as supernovae, gamma ray bursts, active galactic nuclei, and many more are occurring every second in the dynamic and infinite universe. To catch this, India has got its newest telescope to start observing the skies using robotic operations.
The remote village of Hanle in Ladakh, in the Indian state of Jammu and Kashmir, now houses the Indian Astronomical Observatory (IAO), which at 4,500 metres above sea level is one of the world’s highest, and affords some of the clearest views of the skies. Since June 12, it’s also been home to India’s first robotic telescope, a device with a 70-cm lens that will also join network of 17 other countries across the globe. This network program is called as GROWTH — Global Relay of Observatories Watching Transients Happen. Observatories in this network are located in a way that will allow uninterrupted observation of transient events.
A robotic telescope is an astronomical telescope and detector system that makes observations without the intervention of a human.
Also Read – India Funding for World’s Largest Telescope TMT in Hawaii
Interestingly, fully robotic telescope will be remotely operated from 3,000 km away Indian Institute of Astrophysics’s Centre For Research and Education in Science and Technology near Bangalore. The facility houses the control room for remote operations of the HCT and is the data hub for the telescope. The new telescope will be programmed to directly communicate with various ground-based and space-based surveys that are searching for transient sources.
The fully robotic telescope at Hanle costing Rs. 3.5 crore has been funded by the Science and Engineering Research Board (SERB) of the Department of Science and Technology. “The telescope is equipped with a sensitive camera that can detect some of the faint transients found by our partner survey telescopes like the Zwicky Transient Facility at Palomar, California.
GROWTH-India telescope at Hanle, Laddakh
For astronomers tracking transient events (short-lived cosmic occurrences that can last mere hours or days), this is a bonanza. When a survey telescope detects the start of something interesting, all GROWTH telescopes respond, says GC Anupama, an astrophysicist with the Indian Institute of Astrophysics (IIAp), who heads the project. “Rapid and constant communication within the network ensures a quick follow-up by the facilities that are suitably located. It allows researchers to gather data in the first 24 hours of an event to understand, on a physics level, what’s happening and why.”
Universities and research institutes from the United States of America, the United Kingdom, Japan, India, Germany, Taiwan and Israel are part of the initiative. The primary research objective of the project is time domain astronomy, which entails the study of explosive transients and variable sources in the universe.
Also Read – Meet The Four Indian Scientists Behind Gravitational Waves Discovery
“Together with partner telescopes strategically located around the world, we can continuously monitor any interesting object in the sky – uninterrupted by daylight,” Anupama said.
By 2004, robotic observations accounted for an overwhelming percentage of the published scientific information on asteroid orbits and discoveries, variable star studies, supernova light curves and discoveries, comet orbits and gravitational microlensing observations.
It must also be noted that all early phase Gamma ray burst observations were carried by robotic telescopes.
See – https://sites.google.com/view/growthindia/first-light
Source – Vigyanprasar.gov.in | Hindustan Times
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We Dont Spam ! | <urn:uuid:081af425-b0dc-4ba2-938c-814c9e7c95dd> | CC-MAIN-2018-47 | https://www.indianweb2.com/2018/07/09/india-gets-its-first-robotic-telescope-to-catch-infinite-universe/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-47/segments/1542039744381.73/warc/CC-MAIN-20181118135147-20181118161147-00197.warc.gz | en | 0.921649 | 814 | 3.078125 | 3 |
Home Education will go mainstream creating a more self-directed workforce.
Trunk says what many parents, educators, and students already know but often don’t say out loud. The public education in the United States is largely terrible. While there are pockets that are exceptional, because of our new data (not passion) driven culture in education, they are rarely public. She explains that we have an education crisis on our hands but Baby Boomers were too scared to solve the crisis with home educating noting that doing so takes hem out of the typical ways to measure how well kids are doing in the competition. She explains because they wanted to work full-time and because they couldn’t handle removing their kids from the competition instead they got kids tons of tutoring and extra help after school.
Trunk explains that because Gen X is more comfortable working outside the system than Baby Boomers the Gen X women are fine quitting their jobs to take care of their kids. She says that home education among Gen X parents is becoming more mainstream for parents who know public schools are broken and don’t have $20,000 a year for private school.
Gen Zers will be able to figure out what they want to do with their life
The growing number of home educated kids who grew up with a largely self-learning, self-directed model will be more accustomed to figuring out what they like to do, and doing it on their own. Unlike previous generations, the crisis to figure out what to do with one’s life will not last so long because they know how to learn on their own.
Alternative education children will be better prepared in life than traditionally schooled
Gen Y has been vocal about being mad as hell that they were duped into believing school then college would prepare them for work. They did everything they were told and it didn’t help them get a job and we now have a national crisis because Gen Y is now also known as “Generation Debt” as a result of the huge debt from college and little ability to pay it back.
Trunk explains that children whose parents have provided alternative schooling option will be better prepared for careers. She explains that because of the emphasis on independent investigation, Generation Z will be the first group of knowledge workers who were trained to do their job before they started working. For example, Generation Z will be great at synthesizing information because they will have been doing that—rather than memorizing—the whole time they were in school.
Gen Z will have no problem directing their careers and keeping up with change
Those who have not been traditionally schooled (where they are dependent on adults to know what to do now and what to do next), will know how to figure out what skill to learn next, and they will have more self-discipline to do it on their own.
Trunk explains that when Gen Z enters the workforce, the older people, Gen X and Gen Y, will work to live, not live to work. This will be something Gen X and Gen Y fought hard for. To Gen Z it will be easy to do and self-learning will take center stage in their work day. So, as qualifications for the workplace will rapidly change and older people who don't keep up will be outdated, it will be Generation Z that is best at keeping up. Not because they are young, but because they understand that unschooling is not a movement for kids, but a way to live a life, and it doesn’t stop when you start getting a paycheck.
College degrees will become less popular. Entrepreneurship will rule.
Trunk believes the The home education movement will prepare Generation Y to skip college, and like Will Richardson who writes eloquently on why his kids don’t have to go to college, Gen X is out-of-the-box enough in their parenting to support that.
I’ve shared my frustration both here on The Innovative Educator blog and in The Huffington Post around a goal of education being “College AND Career” readiness. College is just not worth the cost and is unnecessary for many careers today. Trunk sites Zac Bissonnette's book Debt-Free U where he explains why no one should go into debt for college. It’s just not worth it. He says, even if your parents have the money to pay for college, use it for something better—like buying yourself a franchise and learning something that’ll really help you establish yourself in the adult world.
She explains that Baby Boomers are too competitive to risk pulling the college rug out from under their kids. And Gen Y are rule followers—if adults tell them to go to college, they will go. Gen X is very practical and is also the first generation in American history to have less money than their parents. So it makes sense that Gen X would be the generation to tell their kids to forget about college.
People will trade in a college degree for on-the-job learning
Trunk explains that Ninety percent of Gen Y say they want to be entrepreneurs, but only a very small percent of them will ever launch a full-fledged business, because Generation Y are not really risk takers. However she predicts that based on facts like this one that most members of Gen X have, at some point, worked for themselves. The entrepreneurship bug will be in full force when Gen Z comes along. They will feel they have no choice but to do that or weather an unstable workplace with huge college debt. People will trade in a college degree for on-the-job learning. The result will be a smarter workforce and the end of universities as a patronage system for philosophers.
Predictions for Generation Z in the workforce
When they reach the workforce, for those Gen Zers who’ve escaped traditional public schooling, Trunk predicts they will:
- Not be team players.
- They will actually be able to get things accomplished at work without needing a team meeting about it!
- Be more self-directed.
- Unlike the good-student rule-followers of the Gen Yers, they will be able to figure stuff out for themselves.
- Process information at lightning speed.
- Their brains will be wired to deal more efficiently with more information.
- Be smarter. | <urn:uuid:8c4a67e1-c81b-4c34-a4ad-8742a61a2522> | CC-MAIN-2017-09 | https://theinnovativeeducator.blogspot.com/2011/04/generation-z-could-be-key-to-driving.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-09/segments/1487501170708.51/warc/CC-MAIN-20170219104610-00299-ip-10-171-10-108.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.975376 | 1,291 | 2.6875 | 3 |
Over time, the time it takes to replace the blade becomes a significant factor in productivity. Face milling should be preferred, because it is cnc machining high-strength materials, and the cnc milling inserts have to withstand a lot of impact, so it is necessary to choose a high-hardness fine-grained insert base and apply a wear-resistant coating to prolong tool life and improve surface finish. . In the machining process of the spindle and the workpiece clamping part, the chip tool has always played a very important role, which provides a strong guarantee for constant machining accuracy. Because micromachining faces various challenges (such as tight dimensional tolerances, stringent quality requirements, difficult-to-machine materials, etc.), the selection of an accurate machining method is critical.
Micromachining presents a unique set of challenges—not only because of the very small size of the workpieces, but also in industries that require these tiny parts, which are mostly made of difficult-to-machine materials and have complex geometries.
Milling should be done. Turn-milling composite machining can realize the completion of the jade or most of the precision machining procedures at one time, thereby greatly shortening the product manufacturing process chain. With the continuous improvement of technology, in order to help improve the production efficiency of small parts, it is very important to have a reliable tool partner who can provide user support and technical advice. And choosing the right tool partner can also guarantee the success of the machining.
To reduce machining chatter (a bigger problem that can arise with thread whirling) and increase tool life, manufacturers should choose thread whirling rings with unequally spaced inserts.
Thread whirling (a aluminum milling process in which the cutting edge is located on the inner ring of the cutter instead of the outer circumference) is a more productive machining method. Precision nozzles provide maximum coolant flow for improved part quality and chip breaking.
Reduce floor space and reduce production costs. Due to the increasingly fierce competition, the success or failure of a company’s manufacturing business may be determined by the use of advanced cutting tools and processes to improve productivity and maintain a leading position in technology. This series of machine tools can also be equipped with an automatic feeding device to realize fully automatic production of a single machine tool, reducing labor costs and defective products in the production process, and can be used to produce large quantities of precision shaft parts. This process is very suitable for CNC lathes, as the distance between the tool and the guide bush is short, which is beneficial to enhance the support and reduce the vibration.
Many auto parts are made of sheet metal to form body parts (such as doors, hoods, fenders, etc.) by die machining.
In the machining of the turning-milling compound centering machine, drilling and internal turning should be carried out on the positive spindle length first, because the guide bush can support the bar material, so the processing stability can be improved. Its wedge-shaped design allows the operator to change blades in seconds.
Key factors for seamless production include process safety, cycle times and product quality. After finishing, complete finishing on the sub-spindle. This technology uses milling cutters (rather than drills) to more efficiently machine a variety of hole and pocket features on curved and sloping surfaces common in many aerospace components. In addition, the high-performance, long-chipping materials commonly used in the machining of tiny parts in aerospace manufacturing can cause chip breaking frustrations.
Reduce the number of clamping and improve the machining accuracy. The length of this screw is far greater than its diameter, making it more difficult to machine, as the screw can easily bend during processing. As far as the centering machine market is concerned, 42mm is its larger processing diameter, which makes the centering machine have a great advantage in the precision shaft processing market.
Blocking is the last process completed on the positive spindle. But there are also lots of small auto parts (such as driveshafts and gears) that are machined in high volume. Although the single price of Micro-cutting and tool selection in turning and milling equipment is relatively high, due to the shortening of the manufacturing process chain and the reduction of equipment required for the product, as well as the reduction of the number of fixtures, workshop floor space and equipment maintenance costs, the overall fixation can be effectively reduced. The cost of investment casting, production and management of assets. The closer the two spindles are to each other, the smaller the part overhang and the better the surface finish. The machine adopts two-axis arrangemasent of tools. This design greatly saves the processing cycle time. By shortening the tool exchange time between the arrangement of tools and the opposite tool table, the overlapping functions of multiple tool tables and effective axis movement of thread chips are realized. , The direct spindle indexing function during the secondary processing shortens the actual and empty travel time. | <urn:uuid:de1d5b70-dc60-47e7-b91a-a1ee540a3e99> | CC-MAIN-2023-14 | https://swissmachined.com/micro-cutting-and-tool-selection-in-turning-and-milling/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-14/segments/1679296949598.87/warc/CC-MAIN-20230331082653-20230331112653-00639.warc.gz | en | 0.93162 | 1,036 | 2.625 | 3 |
What is creeping fig
Creeping fig (large cliff pomegranates, scientific name:Ficus pumila) is native to Southeast Asia, Taiwan, southern China and Japan, moraceae fig is a genus of Evergreen vine and shrubs. Aerial creeps up soup rocks, fences and other trees. Fig short handle extends from the axils of dioecious, as 1 relaxing head inflorescence ( fig and flower pouch-like) on the summer-autumn, small female or male flowers bloom. On the genus itabikazra and hymeitabi better, similar. Those differences, creeping fig, itabikazra fruit (flowers Bursa) is larger, has tipped slender leaf itabikazra leaf creeping fig and hymeitabi is egg-shaped with the tips rounded tips. Leaf creeping Fig are glossy in the cortex, but no shiny hymeitabi folds. Angle side pulse for pulse in different hymeitabi and creeping fig, draws big arc hymeitabi, creeping Fig is steep so recognised. In addition, are prominent hair on the hymeitabi leaves and stems less noticeable in the creeping fig.
Common name: creeping fig , scientific name:Ficus pumila L., origin: Japan, southern China, Taiwan, Southeast Asia, Habitat: West of boso peninsula to Kyushu, grasses such as Okinawa, life type: Evergreen vines and shrubs, vine length:2.5~4m, phyllotaxis: alternate, leaf: egg-shaped, oval-shaped, leaf length: SAC size 6 to 10 cm and blooms in the leaf color: green, leaf margin: entire, leaf quality: thick cortical, dioecious, inflorescence: relaxing head inflorescences in the: 3 ~ 4 cm, Flowering period: August-September, fruits (flowers Bursa) shape: spherical NAMI ending October-11-fruit SAC diameter (diameter fruit): 4-5 cm, fruit color: blue-purple | <urn:uuid:3a65eea8-bd54-4d12-8e7f-96f1b92e29a9> | CC-MAIN-2021-04 | https://www.flower-db.com/en/flower:468 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-04/segments/1610703507045.10/warc/CC-MAIN-20210116195918-20210116225918-00522.warc.gz | en | 0.836058 | 425 | 3.1875 | 3 |
I recommend reading the first footnote before starting
It started with Plato, but it didn't end there1. This fact isn't often discussed.
Plato lived in Athens in Ancient Greece about 2400 years ago. He himself studied informally under Socrates, and Plato in turn had his own students and disciples at a school (of sorts) called The Academy2. The very first person to succeed as head of The Academy was one of Plato's nephews, Speusippus, who led the Platonic school from Plato's death (348/7 BCE) for eight years until he himself died in 339/8 BCE. After Seusippus' death the Academy was headed by Xenocrates. The Academy continued to exist until 83 BCE.
It is no surprise that Speusippus' metaphysics were a derivation and development of Plato, who was his teacher for many years3. What may however come to a surprise to many people, especially those who depend on Plato's own writings as indicators of his thought, is that Plato's late philosophy took a strong turn in a Pythagorean direction. Plato still maintained his ideas about Forms, but he also postulated The One and the Indefinite Dyad as key concepts. Speusippus' ideas should be considered as a response to these aspects of Platonic thought.
The architecture of Speusippus' metaphysics is quite unwieldy, so it is worth outlining it before discussing what it sought to achieve and how it grew out of Plato's own ideas.
Like Plato, Speusippus begins with two primary principles: the One and Multiplicity (plethos in Greek, and which corresponds to Plato’s Indefinite Dyad). Whereas the One is the epitome of unity (and is by nature indivisible), Multiplicity is the epitome of a continuum, that is, that which is continually divisible. To Speussipus’ mind, the entire universe can be seen as a product of these two basic aspects. One and Multiplicity combine to form the principle of Number. Through Number, the One is able to form the first of the number series, namely the number one. From the number one the rest of the numbers are derived, including the numbers 1,2,3,4 which made up the Tetractys which was important to Speusippus for mystical reasons, as together they add to make the number ten. So One and Number make the numbers, and on the other side Multiplicity and Number make Figure (as in the essence of geometry). Figure and One together manifest the point (i.e. the single point) from which are derived all other geometrical shapes. The geometrical entities can interact with Multiplicity to form Soul, which is defined as the form of dimensionality, the very essence of existing in space. From the Soul come the forms of the souls and bodies that form our world.
Certainly not the most intuitive set-up. This metaphysical architectonic is summarized below:
||The One and Multiplicity combine to form Number
||Number and The One form Numbers, and Number and Multiplicity form Figures
||The One and Numbers forms one, and The One and Figure forms point
||Point makes geometrical shapes
||Geometrical shapes and Multiplicity make Soul
||Soul makes all the bodies and souls of the world
As indicated above, Speuspippus' principles were seen to fit into tiers. The first three tiers out of five have been described. It is not clear but it seems likely that tiers IV and V were populated respectively with inanimate and animate things.
Speusippus did not develop any complicated ethical theory akin to his metaphysical one, and in fact, seems to have been only a single principle. This principle is that the best life is that which sees "freedom from disturbance" which is understood as being a state intermediate to pain and (as we normally use the word) pleasure.
Both Plato and Aristotle took Speusippus to task for this philosophy, accusing him of not explaining how pleasure could be bad. And while this is true, he did seem to hold that pain and (naive) pleasure were both bad extremes, his problem was a problem of nomenclature. Speusippus lacked the technical terminology of the later Stoics, whose philosophy he would have admired. To a certain extent, Stoic philosophy can be seen as a sophisticated elaboration of Speusippus' ethics, although it is not clear to what extent he actually influenced or informed them.
From what I can tell, Speusippis didn't have any coherent unified system of epistemology. Nonetheless I will list a few of his ideas in this general area.
- Sense perception mixes with rationality to produce our perceptions. I interpret this, not so much as a meta-epistemological doctrine, but rather as a theory of perception. I expect that Speusippus is trying to explain what the relationship is between pure sense perception (e.g. sounds) and evaluated sense perceptions (e.g. melody).
- We don't fully know something unless we can explain how it differs from everything else in its class. This is one of those ideas that really bothered Aristotle, and it's easy to imagine why. A sympathetic interpretation is that Speusippus is talking primarily about his first principles and their offspring, in particular geometrical entities and the number series (see the section on metaphysics above). In these cases it seems reasonable that one could in theory explain how one number (e.g. the number seven) differs from all other numbers in the series. A corollary of this is that for Speusippus knowledge of earthly objects cannot approach the certainty of principle objects (e.g. numbers and figures).
It's not clear whether there are any lessons that can be taken from Speusippus. His metaphysical schema is laborious. His ethics appears to be no more than a precursor to Stoicism. And his epistemology feels like an afterthought. Nonetheless there are two ideas in Speusippus' philosophy that I'd like to dwell on here and which I believe can be taken as valuable lessons. The first is his method for deriving the world out of first principles, and the second is his use of the word pleasure.
Speusippus and first principles
There were various problems with Plato's own metaphysical doctrines which Speusippus' theories seem to address. One problem is that the identity of Forms seems somewhat haphazard (which Speusippus overcomes by focusing on more basic principles, like geometry and number series). Another problem is for Plato to explain how two intrinsically homogeneous principles - The One and the Indefinite Dyad - can combine to form more than one thing.
As described above, Speusippus doesn't face this second problem because his hierarchy of principles acts incestuously - in other words, any given principle (e.g. Number) can go off an mate with its parent principle (e.g. Number interacts with Multiplicity) to produce its own novel offspring. This is significant.
The details and nomenclature of Speusippus' metaphysics are far from being intuitive. It is useful to take a step back and consider just the format that's being used in itself, which resembles what we would need if we wanted to provide a complete theory of everything: We would need logical principles which we could use to derive the mathematical principles which we could then presume in order to characterize our world's geometry, the behavior of which are determined by the same logical principles with which we started. Of course our attitude to this is empirical, and so would presume to start from the facts of the world and build upwards into increasingly abstract theorems. Nonetheless we could imagine the possibility of knowing the first principles that predict the world, at which point we would then have to ask: "Is the world a tautology?"
Speusippus and pleasure qua evil
Speusippus' ethics lacked the technical terminology of later thinkers. For example the Stoics developed an idea of equanimity which they termed apatheia, while the Epicureans developed an idea of ataraxia involving tranquility. The significant point in both these cases is that the Stoics and Epicureans were able to clearly differentiate pleasure depending on whether it was desirable or not.
Although it seems like Speusippus' ethics is fated to be interpreted as a primitive Stoicism, its limitation offers an unusual advantage. It's worth restating Speusippus' position, which is based on three possible states. One state is pain, which is bad and which people know to avoid. Another state is called pleasure, and is also bad even though it is thought by many to be good. The third state sits in between these two extremes and is called "freedom from disturbance" (henceforth simply "Freedom"). For Speusippus pleasure is bad. This is not because his is an ascetic. Rather it seems likely that Speusippus is concerned with the problem that many pleasures are dependent on relief of pain: for instance interest contrasts boredom, satiety contrasts hunger, and so forth. Any state which is enjoyed but which is also dependent on a prior pain is bad. A truly good activity is one that is both satisfied and sustainable.
This becomes interesting but also problematic. Are all activities that are either pain or pleasure (and so are not Freedom) bad? Whilst tranquilly studying can I not enjoy the pleasure of the sun on my back? And is it bad to jog if it causes discomfort? Perhaps Speusippus would have allowed that one may suffer pain or enjoy pleasure if it does not detract (or if it in fact adds) to one's sense of Freedom: the perfect state of life is to achieve a state of freedom from all disturbance; this requires one avoid base pain or pleasure except where they serve this first goal.
1 Because Speusippus is generally passed over as a minor figure in philosophy I have chosen not to expand on other topics which could nonetheless shed light on his character and ideas. For example I do not expound Plato's theory of Forms. I would recommend some familiarity with Plato's philosophy as a primer to what I've written here. Similarly I do not discuss some of the other pre-Socratic philosophers and Sophists who would certainly have influenced Speusippus. These and more are interesting topics worth following up on. Also "how the hell do you pronounce this guys name?" I've seen a few different pronunciations online, and have chose this one:spu-sip-us.
Postscript: thanks to DonJaime, Speusippus is spelled Σπεύσιππος, which is pronounced spε-OO- sip-pos.
2 There is a lot that could be said of Plato's Academy. This is not the place. Suffice it to say at this point that it seems to have been an informal institution, and one which did not demand adherence to any particular set of dogmas. The role of the dialogues which Plato wrote, and which are all that remain of his teachings first hand remains arguable, and it seems likely that one of the main purposes of The Academy was to provide a forum for philosophical debates.
3 Caveat: My main reference has been a book by Dillon which is an extremely sympathetic interpretation of Speusippus. Many of the primary texts it depends on are either fragments, not obviously about Speusippus, or else have been interpreted beyond what they literally say.
References: The most significant reference was the book "The Heirs of Plato: A Study of the Old Academy (347-274 BC)" by John Dillon. It is an excellent book, full of pithy observations and with a strong awareness of other opinions. The rest is general knowledge based on readings of Plato, and some facts (especially dates) were checked against that paragon of knowledge: Wikipedia. The guide to pronouncing Speusippus' name is from a book (via Google Books) with the gargantuan full title of A pronouncing and explanatory dictionary of the English language: founded on a correct developement of the nature, the number, and the various properties of all its simple and compound sounds, as combined into syllables and words; to which is added a vocabulary of Greek, Latin and Scripture proper names with their correct pronunciations by James Knowles (1835)! Thanks for reading. | <urn:uuid:5be45d59-43d6-4adb-a988-a2649efab299> | CC-MAIN-2015-35 | http://everything2.com/title/Speusippus | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2015-35/segments/1440645367702.92/warc/CC-MAIN-20150827031607-00316-ip-10-171-96-226.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.968135 | 2,586 | 3.640625 | 4 |
Humanized antibodies are antibodies from non-human species whose protein sequences have been modified to increase their similarity to antibody variants produced naturally in humans. The process of "humanization" is usually applied to monoclonal antibodies developed for administration to humans (for example, antibodies developed as anti-cancer drugs). Humanization can be necessary when the process of developing a specific antibody involves generation in a non-human immune system (such as that in mice). The protein sequences of antibodies produced in this way are partially distinct from homologous antibodies occurring naturally in humans, and are therefore potentially immunogenic when administered to human patients (see also Human anti-mouse antibody). There are other types of antibodies developed. The International Nonproprietary Names of humanized antibodies end in -zumab, as in omalizumab (see Nomenclature of monoclonal antibodies).
Humanized antibodies are distinct from chimeric antibodies. The latter also have their protein sequences made more similar to human antibodies, but carry a larger stretch of non-human protein.
- 1 Use of recombinant DNA in humanization process
- 2 Distinction from "chimeric antibody"
- 3 Humanizing via a chimeric intermediate
- 4 Humanization by insertion of relevant CDRs into human antibody "scaffold"
- 5 Antibodies for human therapy derived without using mice
- 6 See also
- 7 References
Use of recombinant DNA in humanization process
The humanization processes takes advantage of the fact that production of monoclonal antibodies can be accomplished using recombinant DNA to create constructs capable of expression in mammalian cell culture. That is, gene segments capable of producing antibodies are isolated and cloned into cells that can be grown in a bioreactor such that antibody proteins produced from the DNA of the cloned genes can be harvested en masse. The step involving recombinant DNA provides an intervention point that can be readily exploited to alter the protein sequence of the expressed antibody. The alterations to antibody structure that are achieved in the humanization process are therefore all effectuated through techniques at the DNA level. Not all methods for deriving antibodies intended for human therapy require a humanization step (e.g. phage display) but essentially all are dependent on techniques that similarly allow the "insertion" or "swapping-out" of portions of the antibody molecule.
Distinction from "chimeric antibody"
Humanization is usually seen as distinct from the creation of a mouse-human antibody chimera. So, although the creation of an antibody chimera is normally undertaken to achieve a more human-like antibody (by substituting the mouse Fc region of the antibody with that from human) simple chimeras of this type are not usually referred to as humanized. Rather, the protein sequence of a humanized antibody is essentially identical to that of a human variant, despite the non-human origin of some of its complementarity determining region (CDR) segments responsible for the ability of the antibody to bind to its target antigen.
Chimeric antibody names contain a -xi- stem. Examples of chimeric antibodies approved for human therapy include abciximab (ReoPro), basiliximab (Simulect), cetuximab (Erbitux), infliximab (Remicade) and rituximab (MabThera). There are also several examples of chimerics currently in clinical trials (e.g. bavituximab, see sortable list for additional examples).
Humanizing via a chimeric intermediate
The humanization process may, however, include the creation of a mouse-human chimera in an initial step (mouse Fab spliced to human Fc). Thereafter the chimera might be further humanized by the selective alteration of the sequence of amino acids in the Fab portion of the molecule. The process must be "selective" to retain the specificity for which the antibody was originally developed. That is, since the CDR portions of the Fab are essential to the ability of the antibody to bind to its intended target, the amino acids in these portions cannot be altered without the risk of undermining the purpose of the development. Aside from the CDR segments, the portions of the Fab sequence that differ from those in humans can be corrected by exchanging the appropriate individual amino acids. This is accomplished at the DNA level using mutagenesis.
Naming of humanized chimeras includes the stem for both designations (-xi- + -zu-). Otelixizumab is an example of a humanized chimera currently in clinical trials for treatment of rheumatoid arthritis and diabetes mellitus.
Humanization by insertion of relevant CDRs into human antibody "scaffold"
It is possible to produce a humanized antibody without creating a chimeric intermediate. "Direct" creation of a humanized antibody can be accomplished by inserting the appropriate CDR coding segments (responsible for the desired binding properties) into a human antibody "scaffold". As discussed above, this is achieved through recombinant DNA methods using an appropriate vector and expression in mammalian cells. That is, after an antibody is developed to have the desired properties in a mouse (or other non-human), the DNA coding for that antibody can be isolated, cloned into a vector and sequenced. The DNA sequence corresponding to the antibody CDRs can then be determined. Once the precise sequence of the desired CDRs are known, a strategy can be devised for inserting these sequences appropriately into a construct containing the DNA for a human antibody variant. The strategy may also employ synthesis of linear DNA fragments based on the reading of CDR sequences.
Alemtuzumab is an early example of an antibody whose humanization did not include a chimeric intermediate. In this case, a monoclonal dubbed "Campath-1" was developed to bind CD52 using a mouse system. The hypervariable loops of Campath-1 (that contain its CDRs and thereby impart its ability to bind CD52) were then extracted and inserted into a human antibody framework. Alemtuzumab is approved for treatment of B-cell chronic lymphocytic leukemia and is currently in clinical trials for a variety of other conditions including multiple sclerosis.
Antibodies for human therapy derived without using mice
There are technologies that completely avoid the use of mice or other non-human mammals in the process of discovering antibodies for human therapy. Examples of such systems include various "display" methods (primarily phage display) as well as methods that exploit the elevated B-cell levels that occur during a human immune response.
These employ the selective principles of specific antibody production but exploit micro-organisms (as in phage display) or even cell free extracts (as in ribosome display). These systems rely on the creation of antibody gene "libraries" which can be wholly derived from human RNA isolated from peripheral blood. The immediate products of these systems are antibody fragments, normally Fab or scFv).
This means that, although antibody fragments created using display methods are of fully human sequence, they are not full antibodies. Therefore, processes in essence identical to humanization are used to incorporate and express the derived affinities within a full antibody.
Antibodies from human patients or vaccine recipients
It is possible to exploit human immune reaction in the discovery of monoclonal antibodies. Simply put, human immune response works in the same way as that in a mouse or other non-human mammal. Therefore, persons experiencing a challenge to their immune system, such as an infectious disease, cancer or a vaccination are a potential source of monoclonal antibodies directed at that challenge. This approach seems especially apt for the development of anti-viral therapies that exploit the principles of passive immunity. Variants of this approach have been demonstrated in principle and some are finding their way into commercial development.
- Riechmann L, Clark M, Waldmann H, Winter G (1988). "Reshaping human antibodies for therapy". Nature. 332 (6162): 332–323. doi:10.1038/332323a0. PMID 3127726.
- Queen C, Schneider WP, Selick HE, Payne PW, Landolfi NF, Duncan JF, Avdalovic NM, Levitt M, Junghans RP, Waldmann TA (Dec 1989). "A humanized antibody that binds to the interleukin 2 receptor.". Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 86 (24): 10029–33. doi:10.1073/pnas.86.24.10029. PMC . PMID 2513570. (This is an early example of the use of the term "humanized antibody".)
- Norderhaug L, Olafsen T, Michaelsen TE, Sandlie I (May 1997). "Versatile vectors for transient and stable expression of recombinant antibody molecules in mammalian cells.". J Immunol Methods. 204 (1): 77–87. doi:10.1016/S0022-1759(97)00034-3. PMID 9202712.
- Clinical Trials page list for otelixizumab
- Kashmiri SV, De Pascalis R, Gonzales NR, Schlom J (May 2005). "SDR grafting—a new approach to antibody humanization.". Methods. 36 (1): 25–34. doi:10.1016/j.ymeth.2005.01.003. PMID 15848072.
- Hou S, Li B, Wang L, Qian W, Zhang D, Hong X, Wang H, Guo Y (July 2008). "Humanization of an anti-CD34 monoclonal antibody by complementarity-determining region grafting based on computer-assisted molecular modeling.". J Biochem. 144 (1): 115–20. doi:10.1093/jb/mvn052. PMID 18424812.
- DrugBank entry for alemtuzumab
- Clinical Trials pages for alemtuzumab
- Kempeni J. (Nov 1999). "Preliminary results of early clinical trials with the fully human anti-TNFalpha monoclonal antibody D2E7". Ann Rheum Dis. 58 (Suppl 1): I70–2. doi:10.1136/ard.58.2008.i70. PMC . PMID 10577977.
- Rau R (Nov 2002). "Adalimumab (a fully human anti-tumour necrosis factor alpha monoclonal antibody) in the treatment of active rheumatoid arthritis: the initial results of five trials". Ann Rheum Dis. 61 (Suppl 2): 70–3. doi:10.1136/ard.61.suppl_2.ii70. PMC . PMID 12379628.
- Stacy JE, Kausmally L, Simonsen B, Nordgard SH, Alsøe L, Michaelsen TE, Brekke OH (Dec 2003). "Direct isolation of recombinant human antibodies against group B Neisseria meningitidis from scFv expression libraries". J Immunol Methods. 283 (1-2): 247–59. doi:10.1016/j.jim.2003.09.015. PMID 14659916.
- http://www.theraclone-sciences.com/pdf/Theraclone_ISTAR.pdf Example of method using human patients as source of monoclonal antibodies | <urn:uuid:2357e1ac-a69b-471a-92e1-5d8dad6f4837> | CC-MAIN-2017-22 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Humanized | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-22/segments/1495463607960.64/warc/CC-MAIN-20170525010046-20170525030046-00092.warc.gz | en | 0.883495 | 2,404 | 3.421875 | 3 |
Titanic was scheduled to leave Harland & Wolfe for sea trials at 10 A.M. 1 April 1912. At 9 A.M. the tugs were along side. A brisk north-west wind was creating white caps in the channel and river, the water was to rough the sea trials would have to wait until the next day.
Early in the morning of 2 April the Titanic was ready, the crew was on board. For the trial run, there would be 78 members of the “black gang” and more than 40 officers, senior crewmen, radio operators, and others of the ship’s company. Titanic would also have a number of other people on board from Harland & Wolfe, the White Star Line, and the Board of trade.
Just before 6 A.M. the tug boats came along side of Titanic. Harland & Wolfe’s own tug Hercules had the first line across. The other tugs that would assist the Titanic into the Victoria Channel and into Belfast Lough were the Herald, the Herculaneum, the Hornby, and the Huskisson.
Though Titanic had black smoke coming from her funnels, the tugs were providing all the propulsion until the Titanic was in Belfast Lough, two miles off the Irish coast. The tugs cast off Titanic, and for the first time Titanic was alone in the environment she was built for. The Titanic ran the blue and white letter “A” burgee up, signalling to all other ships she may come in contact with that she was undergoing speed trials
The engine order telegraph rang to life, and was answered by the engine room. For the first time Titanic’s huge bronze propellers came to life. Titanic was underway on her own power.
- 9 Resources for Teaching & Learning About the Titanic (freetech4teachers.com)
- Titanic Sites in Cobh: A Photo Journey (knowthyplace.wordpress.com)
- Belfast marks 100 years since launch of Titanic (cbsnews.com)
- My First Titanic Video (joeccombs2nd.com)
- Engineering Titanic: Lessons Learned One-Hundred Years On (blogs.ptc.com)
- 3 new “Titanic” books (csmonitor.com)
- Titanic’s Wake (thedailybeast.com)
- Titanic: Original Titanic Passenger List from the U.K. National Archives (joeccombs2nd.com)
- Who is Harold Lowe? Titanic research leads to one man… (anmm.wordpress.com)
- R.M.S. Titanic Centennial Observance Event (joeccombs2nd.com) | <urn:uuid:8e195ffa-6d61-4cbe-86d4-7b6ddda5b466> | CC-MAIN-2017-30 | https://joeccombs2nd.com/titanic/r-m-s-titanic-centennial-observance-event/titanic-underway-on-her-own-power-for-the-first-time/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-30/segments/1500549429485.0/warc/CC-MAIN-20170727202516-20170727222516-00515.warc.gz | en | 0.963442 | 565 | 2.78125 | 3 |
As we grow older, it is normal to have moments of forgetfulness. Who amongst us hasn’t misplaced things or forgotten the name of an acquaintance?
Then there are those instances where you find yourself in another room but can’t remember what you came to look for. You worry: are these normal memory lapses or early signs of Alzheimer’s Disease or another form of dementia?
When other’s begin to comment on your forgetfulness, and it becomes so persistent and severe that it affects everyday function, this is a signal that there may be a problem.
Lowering Your Risk of Dementia
Dementia and Alzheimer’s Disease are complex conditions with multiple risk factors. Some, like your age, genetics, and family history are outside of your control. Others are much more accessible. Research demonstrates that promoting brain health through lifestyle choices is the most effective way of reducing your chance of developing dementia or slowing down disease progression.
Risk reduction strategies for dementia focuses on being brain healthy and increasing quality of life:
- Regular exercise
- Mental stimulation and complex mental activity
- Social engagement
- Stress management
- Creating a routine
- Healthy diet
- Quality sleep
- Checking for and addressing common aging health problems
(e.g. falls, pain, memory problems, depression, isolation, incontinence, polypharmacy, etc.)
As it turns out, moving into a retirement residence early may add another layer to your protective factors. Let us explain.
The Health Benefits of Community
Healthy ageing is about creating the conditions and opportunities that enable people to engage with that which they value, throughout their lifetime. A number of factors can contribute to an older adult’s quality of ageing – and life, many of which relate to their surrounding environment.
Age friendly communities mean seniors are freed from chores, less reliant on family for assistance, and have more time and energy to enjoy friends and hobbies. They help residents feel happy and secure, while maintaining independence for longer.
Here are some of the ways that retirement communities can help you or your loved ones be brain healthy:
1. Regular Exercise
Being physically active is associated with a 38% reduced risk of developing Alzheimer’s disease! It has also been shown that physical activity – especially walking – can help slow the progression of memory loss.
Senior homes with organized fitness classes and gym facilities simply help older adults stay active for longer. There is nothing more motivating than having a village of peers and friends encouraging you to get active!
2. Mental stimulation
Mental exercise can also help elderly people build cognitive ability. With common-areas stocked with a variety of board games, weekly activity packages, and endless opportunity to join in national events, residents in senior communities engage their minds daily.
Group activities can also motivate people to form social connections, another factor that helps memory.
3. Social Engagement
One Australian survey found that 42% of people with dementia noticed that others avoided spending time with them because of their diagnosis; and 41% of people with dementia wished they had more social contact with others in the community.
Being in an age friendly community means that stigma and social isolation is drastically reduced. Seniors in assisted living make connections with other residents. These friendships in turn help prevent isolation, as well as increase a person’s likelihood of participating in enriching activities like fitness classes, happy hours, game nights, and more.
If your senior loved one often seems bored at home, find out how community living can motivate them to engage in a high quality of life with meaning, purpose, and value.
4. Stress Reduction
A study by Alzheimer’s Society investigators in the UK indicates that, while prolonged stress may play a role in development or progression of dementia, having chronic stress does not necessarily cause dementia.
For those already living with any form of dementia, controlling stress is essential to slowing the progression of the disease. This is because physical and emotional stress can lead to delirium, which can worsen decline.
5. Create a Routine
When days are unstructured and unpredictable, it can create boredom, which can contribute to cognitive decline.
Following a daily routine can reduce stress, increase the feeling of security, and improve sleep. By knowing what to expect, there’s no need to think or worry about what will happen next. Even though someone with dementia might not be consciously aware of the routine or even of the passing of time, going through a regular routine will make them feel more grounded and secure.
Many older adults have trouble sleeping through the night, and changes in sleep patterns are common in people with Alzheimer’s disease or other dementias. Studies show that creating a regular daily routine is a simple, medication free way to improve sleep.
Retirement Communities Help Seniors Maintain Autonomy
Today people are being diagnosed with dementia earlier and they want to be involved in decisions that will affect their lives.
It is not uncommon for seniors and their loved ones to wait until after a life-changing event prompts a move to a senior living community. When it takes place during a time of urgency, the transition can be unnerving. Transitioning early means your loved ones can choose the items that they take with them, those that hold importance or significance. This will help make them feel more at home.
Moving while decision making is still intact also means that you don’t have to go through the trauma of moving a person with more advanced dementia.
All Seniors Care offers a variety of brain healthy programs for residents at our Independent Retirement Living, Assisted Living, and Memory Care Communities. Explore our senior housing options in five provinces, including a unique memory care residence in Kanata. We also have new, vibrant senior communities in Whitby and Hamilton that provide the full continuum of care.
Everyone wants to have personal choice, as well as control or influence over decisions about their future home. Moving into a retirement village early allows an older person to establish roots in a community of their choosing and create a familiar routine in a safe and secure space. Contact us today. | <urn:uuid:70cb3652-8ea3-444d-bff5-eb2a3f0585cd> | CC-MAIN-2021-39 | https://www.allseniorscare.com/blog/5-ways-senior-communities-slow-the-progression-of-dementia/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-39/segments/1631780058552.54/warc/CC-MAIN-20210927211955-20210928001955-00191.warc.gz | en | 0.947405 | 1,254 | 2.75 | 3 |
Knowledge and Attitude towards Smoking among University Students in Lahore
Keywords:Knowledge, Attitude, Students, Smoking, University
Background: Smoking is the major health problem all over the world and now it’s become trend in university students to have smoking behavior because they believed that due to smoking they will be more acceptable in friends group. The most prevalence of smoking among university students is due to the attitude of students that it could enhance their personal attributes and make a positive change in their personality. The most provoking factor in the students to start smoking was the lack of knowledge regarding the harmful effect of smoking and also the students believed that smoking can reduce stress. Objective: To assess knowledge and attitude of university students towards smoking. Methodology: A cross sectional descriptive study design was used to assess the knowledge and attitude of university students towards smoking. Sample size of 222 students were taken from three departments of The University of Lahore, in which 80 students were from Nursing, 82 from Biotechnology(IMBB) and 60 physiotherapy students were included in this study. Results: Out of 222 students 32% were current smokers while 68% were nonsmokers, 70% students believed that Nicotine in Cigarette is not addictive to human, 83% of the respondents believed that smoking is a disgusting behavior and 85% of the respondents believed that smoking should be banned in Universities significant amount of students. Conclusion: there is strong link between the students’ attitude and smoking behavior and it is important for parents and teachers to supervise their student’s behavior.
Int. J. Soc. Sc. Manage. Vol. 4, Issue-1: 44-54 | <urn:uuid:653d0fa4-aabe-41a0-9767-975ebfa96c2a> | CC-MAIN-2021-39 | https://www.nepjol.info/index.php/IJSSM/article/view/16429 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-39/segments/1631780057787.63/warc/CC-MAIN-20210925232725-20210926022725-00387.warc.gz | en | 0.968358 | 337 | 2.515625 | 3 |
Body pains and body aches are nothing new. It is normal to experience some pain in a certain part of your body from from time to time. Even the healthiest person will have some sort of pain any day of the week.
The back is one of the most common areas for aching. This applies to both active people and those who stay put for too long.
For those who follow an active routine, this pain can be caused by fatigue in the body part. Sometimes it can be caused by overextension or some situation of that effect. At the very least, strenuous activities increase the risk of injury.
Meanwhile, those who live a more sedentary lifestyle are not exempt from having pain. They are actually more likely to experience back pain than their more active counterparts. The reason is that they are less active and have weaker muscles.
By living a sedentary lifestyle, some muscles in the body grow weaker while others become overdeveloped. This will all depend on how the person stands. Over time this will lead to multiple body pains.
Poor posture is a major cause of back pain. More often than not, this resulting posture makes most of the back muscles imbalanced and overdeveloped. If the individual wants to, milder back pain can be treated.
That said, some back pain types are much more difficult to fix. It is a good idea to seek medical attention if you or someone you love experiences back pain.
Seek professional help when the back pain is:
- Sharp Pain Rather than a dull ache – This is a sign of torn muscle or ligament. It could also indicate a problem with the internal organs in the back or side. Consult a doctor before it gets worse.
- Radiating or moving pain – If the pain seems to move or shoots to the glutes or legs, this could indicate a nerve compression condition.
- Affecting your legs and suddenly weakening them – When the pain affects the legs and weakens them, it might be caused by compressed nerves in the spines. This could be caused by spinal stenosis or sciatica. A stroke could be the cause of sudden leg weakness.
- Making you Incontinent – Some back pain comes with the inability to control the bowels or bladder. This might be a sign of serious nerve compression. Other times, this could be a symptom of a spine infection, such as discitis or meningitis.
- Numbness or pins and needles in the groin or glutes – This condition is also known as saddle anesthesia. This is an indication of a serious spine or nerve condition that must be treated immediately.
For those who like a visual experience, this video review is from Reviews For Life’s YouTube channel. To get a comprehensive overview of Back Pain Breakthrough, you may still want to check out our article below.
Alleviating Non-Serious Back Pain Sciatica Treatment As Seen On Tv
Some back pain is not serious. Some back pain can be minor and treated in your home. Here are some ways to relieve back pain:
- Get Better Sleep
Proper sleep is the best way to relieve back pain. “Simple” might be the wrong statement, as sleeping can be hard when suffering from back pain.
The problem is that you may experience back pain if your sleep patterns aren’t right. Because of back pain, you may not be sleeping well.
However, this could stem from poor sleep position. Trying out an alternate or more comfortable sleep position might do the trick. This can be done by lying on the side. Keeping your spine aligned with your whole back also does seem to do the trick.
Of course, a comfortable mattress does wonders in giving better sleep and comfort against body pains.
- Maintaining a good posture
You are getting older and feel multiple pains in your body.
This is bad news when all your work has to be done in that position. So to prevent making your back pain worse, you must avoid slumping over your keyboard and sitting upright.
Keep your shoulders down and your back supported against your chair. If necessary, put something between your lower back, like a pillow or a rolled towel. Keep your feet flat on a hard surface such as the ground. This will help to reduce your back pain.
- Getting Medication
There are also over-the-counter pain relievers that can help with the pain in the back. This comes in two types: nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs and acetaminophen. However, these drugs are not for everybody and they do have side effects.
It is a good idea to consult your doctor before you start any medication. Also, medication is not the end-all-be-all solution to back pain problems. Research has shown that medicine should not be used alone to achieve the best results.
- Prescription Pain Relief
Depending on the severity of the pain and the doctor’s advice, some might have to take prescription-strength NSAIDS or opioids. Talking to the doctor or pharmacist is essential before starting any treatment with this as it carries the risk of overdosing on certain active ingredients.
- Antidepressant medication
Do not be surprised if antidepressant medication is prescribed to you even though you were only asking about your back pain, particularly if it’s chronic low pain.
While the connection between back pain and antidepressants is unclear, what is clear is that, somehow, an antidepressant can help ease back pain. There are beliefs and studies that this is due to the chemical messengers that the antidepressants carry over to the body.
- Physical Therapy
Physical therapy is also an option as an alternate treatment while taking meds. By taking a physical therapy course, one can learn how to sit, stand and move properly while keeping the spine aligned.
Specialized exercises are also offered in physical therapy to strengthen the core muscles, which serve as back support. This is because it’s believed that back pain can be reduced by being more flexible and stronger.
- Not Resting an Achy Back
This might seem like the opposite of the first one, but closer inspection reveals that it is. The first advice only addresses getting good sleep. This one focuses on not resting too much.
Doctors believe that too much bed rest can exacerbate and complicate back pain. A few days is sufficient. Your back will be better if you get up and start moving again. Some exercises to help with your back pain include swimming, walking, and yoga.
- Using Ice and Heat
Regularly icing your back can reduce inflammation and pain from injuries. You can do this several times per day, for 20 minutes each. To avoid skin irritation, wrap the ice pack with a towel or cloth.
Switch to heat after a few days. To help relax your muscles, you can use a heating pad and a warm pack. This will increase the blood flow in the affected area. If possible, you can try warm baths to help you relax. Of course, remember to avoid burns and tissue damage.
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Back Pain Breakthrough Overview
Back Pain Breakthrough is a program created to treat chronic back pain safely and naturally. This program uses the Targeted Spinal Release method, which is highly effective.
Dr. Steve Young created Back Pain Breakthrough. This guide is unique and promises to get rid of all your backaches permanently. To do this, the program aims at the root cause of back pain. The program provides permanent relief by providing the appropriate techniques.
Back Pain Breakthrough does not contain any medication or an ointment, unlike many other purported back pain reliefs. Back Pain Breakthrough is a training program that helps you overcome back pain.
This digital program is focused on spinal release formulas that target specific movements to relieve back pain. Back Pain Breakthrough has tested all of the techniques and they have been approved by experts.
Users who have experienced the following techniques presented in the program have felt greater effects. For one, they feel less pain daily (back pain breakthrough does not cure heartaches). Their muscle tissues have been strengthened, improving overall body feeling.
Pain-relief methods are also known to reduce inflammation, improve posture, and even increase energy. When the guide is followed properly, you get nothing but benefits from the Back Pain Breakthrough Program.
The Back Pain Breakthrough Program was designed and manufactured by the same people who invented it. They claim there are no risks when using the spinal release techniques. Users can practice and exercise the methods for five to 10 minutes a day and get amazing results in the end.
This program can be used by all ages to improve health and well-being. Of course, it is still recommended to only do the exercises when you are in good condition and are not injured or have a medical condition to allow one hundred percent movement.
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How to Breakthrough Back Pain
Back Pain Breakthrough uses the aforementioned Targeted Spinal Release that was developed by Dr. Steve Young.
We must first look at the pain that Targeted Spinal Release can cause.
The spine is made up of vertebrae, spinal nerve, and discs. The gap between the spine nerve and the vertebrae is necessary for a healthy back. But most people don’t have a healthy back, so this space does not exist. Hence the vertebrae and the spinal nerve start to collide with each other.
Now, this spinal nerve is very sensitive (which is the case with every other nerve found in our body). It causes pain through your back when it is hit by the vertebrae. The stronger the force that hits these nerves, the more severe the pain you feel in your back.
Your back pain is caused by this and the iliacus muscles. The iliacus muscle is a muscle in our lower back that connects the spine to our legs. It is also the main muscle used to support the spine when we sit.
Now, like all muscles, the Iliacus muscle is stimulated every time it is used. Since our contemporary lifestyle involves a lot of sitting around, this muscle becomes overstimulated. This causes it to become tighter. It causes the vertebrae push the nerve, which in turn causes more pain.
Target Spinal Release focuses on these muscles. The exercise aims to straighten out these iliacus muscles and loosen them. If the exercise is done correctly, users will notice that the pain disappears almost instantly.
Now Back Pain Breakthrough targets three major pressure points involving the correct body and muscle movements to realign the spine. The program uses certain movements to do this. To restore spinal health, most exercises take only five to ten seconds.
These pain relief techniques lessen the body’s sciatic pain while aiming for the bulging and plunged discs. These movements help to reduce inflammation in the muscles that bind the spine or legs. It will repair and strengthen muscle tissues.
Movement techniques can improve cognitive health, fitness and sleep quality. They also help to focus, memory, and focus. You don’t need any equipment or much effort to release muscle tension.
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Who Needs the Back Pain Breakthrough
The program is available to anyone suffering from back pain. From people who experience mild back pain to those who just want to exercise and want to keep their backs healthy.
Many people ignore their lower back pain, which can lead to other illnesses. Back pain can also get more severe and stronger sometimes. This can cause problems at work and in daily life. Sciatica Treatment As Seen On Tv
The program works for all, regardless of how sore their backs may be.
Breakthrough in Back Pain Treatment
Purchasing Back Pain Breakthrough nets customers a 6-videos series and two manual bonus guides that contain all the tips, steps, and tutorials needed to comprehend and do the pain-relief techniques.
Dr. Steve Young himself records this 60-minute masterclass. He goes through each step in great detail. You will be able to perform all of the movements, and the time required for each. These can be seen as photos, videos, or diagrams to make it easy for you to use.
These topics are covered in the 6-video masterclass:
- The real Cause of your Back Pain
- Target Spinal Relief
- How to Fix the Pain Instantly
- The Warrior Method
- Here are some Life Hacks to Live a Pain-Free Life
- Muscular Imbalances, Easy Solutions
Back Pain Breakthrough also has plenty of bonuses you get with the main package that includes:
The Back Pain Extinguisher
This movement can be done at any time your back is stiff. The exercise does not require even 2 minutes and can be done instantly wherever you are. Sciatica Treatment As Seen On Tv
The Sciatica Soother
Sciatica Soother, another simple exercise that can provide long-lasting relief for sciatica pain, is also available. This time-consuming exercise takes only 30 seconds. Once done, the exercise can automatically realign your spine.
Back Pain Breakthrough is also available in an e-book format. Back Pain Breakthrough’s creators recorded a masterclass and also provided detailed instructions for the exercise.
The E-book version is called “The Targeted Spinal Release Manual”. It contains a detailed description of each step and a picture. This makes understanding the steps easier, especially for those who prefer reading.
Other E-books are also included in the package. One includes a simple stretch you must perform every morning and before sleep. By releasing pressure from the spine nerve, the morning stretch can help stop pain throughout the day.
The evening stretch helps you loosen your spine before falling asleep. This will help you sleep better and relieve you of back pain in a matter of seconds. This evening exercise is a godsend for insomniacs who find it difficult to sleep because of back pain. Sciatica Treatment As Seen On Tv
There is also another ebook included as another bonus. The bonus ebook is “Advanced healing techniques: Bonus guide”. This guide is for people who need to quickly heal their back pain.
Advanced Healing Techniques contains techniques to accelerate the healing process and customize the Targeted Spinal Release according to your specific pain. Sciatica Treatment As Seen On Tv
You will also find additional tips to help with different types of pain. Those with bad postures are lucky, as the book contains additional tips to correct posture. These tips are included to ensure that the pain never returns.
Customers will not have to repeat Targeted Spinal Release if they do it correctly.
Overall, Back Pain Breakthrough includes everything needed to get back pain relief. Provided that users who avail of the package follow the step-by-step instructions correctly and consistently.
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The Breakthrough Treatment for Back Pain
- Permanent back pain treatment
Back Pain Breakthrough allows a novel approach with Targeted Spinal Release. This Targeted Spinal release releases undue pressure in the spine and realigns the body to its original alignment. This lowers the chance of suffering severe back injuries.
- Improves Sleep
While the program’s primary goal is to treat back pain, a secondary goal is to help your body become more comfortable. Sleep is one of the most vulnerable to back pain.
Back Pain Breakthrough has steps that can help you release pressure from three points in the body. A relief from these three pressure points enables the body to get the deep sleep it needs. This further activates the healing stage of the body
- Get Hip Flexors
Back pain can be caused by tight hip flexors. The Targeted Spinal Release has exercises that loosen that improve higher levels of mobility. It is also a quick 15-minute exercise that can easily be done every day. It can get rid of stiff flexors.
- Better Blood Circulation
Those suffering from chronic back pain have a high chance of getting circulatory issues. This is because there is a high chance of the blood being restricted to different body parts.
This increases your risk of high blood pressure and heart disease. The Targeted Spinal Release Methods has movements that help solve this problem. By curing back pain, it will improve the sleep of those following the program.
This, in turn, leads to a boost in energy and an increase in mobility. Some users even report that their blood circulation improved because of the exercise.
Of course, there are also minor benefits that Back Pain Breakthrough brings to its users. Some of these include
- It erases back pain without using medication or surgery
- This program can be used to treat all kinds of back pain
- Exercises increase blood circulation by increasing blood flow.
- The program leads you into an active lifestyle, and in effect, an active and thriving body
- People will be able to sleep better without back pain
- These pain relief methods improve posture and mobility so that you can perform more physical activities.
- You can also lose weight with this program.
- It can immediately relieve back discomfort in as little as a few seconds
- The Back Pain Breakthrough can help realign your spine
- Training can help increase energy levels.
Using Back Pain Breakthrough
To gain the benefits of Back Pain Breakthrough, it must be followed religiously and consistently.
The Back Pain Breakthrough program contains a simple routine. These are also very short routines and will only take five to 10 minutes of your time per day. Of course, to get the best out of the program, it is required to follow it daily.
It also doesn’t require any equipment. Users only need a comfortable area to lie down or do non-obstructive movements. You can actually do some exercises while you are lying on your back.
Each movie series is meant to relieve stress from contracted spinal and back muscles. Significant changes can be anticipated by just doing the program into its first week. To get the best results, it is recommended that you continue the program for at least three months.
Back Pain Breakthrough Pricing
The creator of Back Pain Breakthrough, Dr. Steve Young, wanted to make this program affordable for everyone. The program’s cost is lower than that of a back specialist, who may charge you only for one session.
Back Pain Breakthrough also often gives out promotions and discounts, so always check on their website when you decide to avail of the product. Sciatica Treatment As Seen On Tv
Back Pain Breakthrough’s price at the time of this review was:
|Back Pain Breakthrough|
|6-Part Video Masterclass||$37|
|Targeted Spinal Release 3-Step Process||$47|
|Step-by-Step Video Instructions||$27|
|Bonus# 1 – Advanced Healing Techniques||$19|
|Bonus #2 – The Back Pain Manual||$27|
|Bonus #3 – 60-Day Refund Period||Free|
Back Pain Breakthrough can be accessed digitally. The program is delivered free of charge.
Back Pain Breakthrough can only be purchased from the main website. It is not available anywhere else.
Back Pain Breakthrough Refund Policy
Back Pain Breakthrough also has its own refund policy. If you are not satisfied with the program or find it is not for you, you may contact customer support within 60 days to request a refund. Sciatica Treatment As Seen On Tv
> > Click Here to Add to Cart Now < <
Back Pain Breakthrough Pros and Cons
- Even at its low price, the program offers multiple bonuses for free
- All the methods included in the program are one hundred percent natural and safe
- The Back Pain Breakthrough is affordable and even still has bonuses to make it even cheaper
- Back Pain Breakthrough is not time-consuming to practice
- There are no special requirements to take the Back Pain Breakthrough program
- The Program is legal worldwide and widely accepted
- The Back Pain Breakthrough is suitable for any individuals of different ages, gender, and fitness levels;
- Doctors approve the program as safe.
- The Back Pain Breakthrough offers a 60-day money-back guarantee for unsatisfied customers
- It’s easy to use a smartphone, tablet or computer to access it.
- You can download the Back Pain Breakthrough program so you can use it anytime anywhere.
- Back Pain Breakthrough is only available online and on its official site. Accessing it without these items can make it difficult to get it.
- The Back Pain Breakthrough is not a physical program. You do not have a tangible item you can get for your purchase. Sciatica Treatment As Seen On Tv
- The program’s outcome may be different for different people.
- This program is not intended to replace expert diagnosis and consultations with a doctor.
Back Pain Breakthrough Verdict
Back Pain Breakthrough is a great product for back pain. It is very easy to do and does not interfere with my daily life.
Chronic back pain has been a problem for me for quite some time. It is very distracting. This is made worse by the fact that my work involves a lot of sitting. With Back Pain Breakthrough, I have felt a lot of improvement over time.
Two weeks have passed since I started the program, and each day is getting better. I am looking forward to seeing how my back responds to the treatment.
I hope my back can break through this pain (pun intended) at the end of it all.
Commonly Asked Questions: Back Pain Breakthrough Sciatica Treatment As Seen On Tv
Will I be required to wait until I receive my program in my email after I have paid for the program?
Back Pain Breakthrough is not available immediately after purchase.
It will be offered as an instant digital download of the whole masterclass and E-Books.
Is there any side effect to the Back Pain Breakthrough Program What about other parts of my body that feel pain?
It is completely painless.
The movements that must be executed in the program are pretty simple and painless. These movements can be completed in a very short time. There will be no medications or surgery needed when following the program.
Does the program need to be done several times a day?
The program can be used once per day.
As stated above, the program does not take much time at all. It just takes a few minutes, and you are done for that day’s session. | <urn:uuid:d32e5637-392a-4715-952c-f2a4979c6edf> | CC-MAIN-2023-23 | https://www.courtsplusnb.com/sciatica-treatment-as-seen-on-tv/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-23/segments/1685224647525.11/warc/CC-MAIN-20230601010402-20230601040402-00254.warc.gz | en | 0.936972 | 4,715 | 2.890625 | 3 |
Flipboard has been used to gather some of the world’s greatest minds together to order to increase awareness, share information, and open our minds to knowledge not often seen throughout mainstream media.
In this Flipboard Find by Genetta Adams, we learn more about How Far Back Does My Free-Black Heritage Go?
Dear Professor Gates:
The farthest I’ve been able to trace my family history in Ohio is back to my fifth great-grandparents William H. Kinney and Henrietta Mason. I know that they were in Ohio before 1840, and since they showed up so early in census records, I wondered if they were born free. All of the records that I’ve found on them show that they were originally from Virginia, with William born about 1807 and Henrietta born about 1808.
One day I ran a search for “free blacks William Kinney 1807,” and a link to the book Free African Americans of North Carolina, Virginia and South Carolina, Volume 2 popped up. The page listed a woman named Milly Kinney who was born free about 1777. She registered her seven children, and one of them was a boy named William, who was born about 1810, which is not far off from 1807. I found William and his family living next door to Milly on the 1830 census in Augusta County, Va. They were also living close to a white family named Kinney, so I don’t know if there’s any connection.
Do you think that the William Kinney who was from Augusta County, Va., is the same one as my William Kinney who shows up in Ohio? —Ryan Johnson
Our research indicates that you have good reason to believe that you have had free black ancestors since the late 18th century.
Documentation of Free Black Peoples During Slavery
As Professor Gates previously wrote in The Root, by the 1860 census, nearly 1 in 10 African Americans were free, more than half of them living in Southern states like Virginia, where you suspect that William H. Kinney was born around 1807.
Meanwhile, in Ohio (where you know he later lived), slavery had been banned since before statehood was attained in 1803. As the “Ohio” entry by Diane L. Barnes in the Encyclopedia of African American History, 1619-1895: From the Colonial Period to the Age of Frederick Douglass explains, “The Northwest Ordinance of 1787 prohibited slavery in the territories that eventually formed the states of Ohio, Indiana, Illinois, Michigan, and Wisconsin; thus, many African Americans hoped to find racial toleration as well as inexpensive government land in that region.” However, a small number of African Americans in the state were still enslaved after 1803. An article in Cincinnati magazine explains why: “Ohio prohibited slavery, but only in the sense that no one could buy or sell slaves within the state. Not until 1841 did Ohio enact a law so that any slave brought into the state automatically became free.”
So whether they lived in the North or South, the status of free black people was far from secure. This is clear to anyone who knows the story of Solomon Northup, the free black New Yorker whose kidnapping into slavery was chronicled in his own narrative and later depicted in the 2013 film 12 Years a Slave.
FamilySearch explains one way the problem was addressed in its wiki on “African American Land and Property”: “Most free African Americans carried their own papers, but these could be stolen. In order to distinguish between slaves, runaways, and free African Americans, many counties or states in the upper South, and border states kept one or more sets of registers or papers. Some had registers of slaves. Some kept registers of blacks, freedmen, ‘free men of color,’ or ‘free negroes.’ Some kept copies of manumission papers of people freed from enslavement.” Such a register supplied some of the source information you found in Free African Americans of North Carolina, Virginia and South Carolina, by Paul Heinegg.
What Census Records Show
Based on that and the records you located so far, it seems very likely that your William H. Kinney was the son of Milly Kinney of Augusta County, Va. Starting with the record of William and Henrietta in Buckskin, Ross County, Ohio, in 1850, you can establish that both were born in Virginia about 1807 and 1808, respectively. This record also provides you with information on several of their children, starting with their eldest, Nancey (age 23), and seven others, which you can use to compare with other records. For instance, William had sons named Isaac and John, and those were the names of two individuals who may be related to Milly Kinney, according to Free African Americans of North Carolina, Virginia and South Carolina.
As you mentioned in your question, you know that William Kinney and Henrietta were recorded in the 1840 census in Twin, Ross County, Ohio. These 1850 and 1840 census records together can help you fill in the number of children the couple had in total. You know that the male between the ages of 24 and 35 is William and that the woman in the same age bracket is Henrietta. This record also includes a daughter between the ages of 10 and 24 (likely Nancey); three daughters under age 10 (likely Martha, Julian and Harriet, if her age was recorded incorrectly in 1850, or perhaps an unknown daughter who passed away before 1850); and three sons under age 10 (likely Isaac, John and William). Using this information, you know you are looking for a record of the family in 1830 with at least one daughter (Nancey) who survived to 1850. | <urn:uuid:9fa5507f-2e38-471f-aaad-15ce9f2316a4> | CC-MAIN-2021-17 | https://blackthen.com/social-search-far-back-free-black-heritage-go/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-17/segments/1618039596883.98/warc/CC-MAIN-20210423161713-20210423191713-00237.warc.gz | en | 0.976965 | 1,190 | 3.109375 | 3 |
Across Latin America, women fight back against violence in politicsCurrently, Latin America is leading globally in local and parliamentary positions held by women. But the journey to political participation is fraught with rising violence and intimidation against women in politics. In the age of #MeToo, we bring you the voices of Latin American women who are raising their voices and running for office, against all odds.
As an indigenous women’s rights activist in southern Mexico, Elisa Zepeda Lagunas has experienced the kind of violence that would shut people down. She was dragged to the town square and nearly hacked to death with a machete, her house was burned down and her brother was killed.
A 2016 study on sexism, harassment and violence against women in parliament from 39 countries across five regions and 42 parliaments found that:
- 81.8 per cent of women had experienced psychological violence;
- 46.7 per cent feared for their security and that of their family
- 44.4 per cent had received death, rape, beating or kidnapping threats;
- 25.5 per cent had experienced physical violence
“We were ambushed… to stop the movement I led,” explains 34-year-old Zepeda Lagunas.
“They told me: ‘this is what happens when you get involved in matters that don’t concern you.’… They tortured me and did things to me that I still have trouble speaking about.”
Zepeda Lagunas, however, did not stop her activism. She persevered and sought public office, getting elected as the first female mayor of the municipality of Eloxochitlán de Flores Magón, in the Teotitlán District of the Mexican State of Oaxaca, in 2016. In July 2018, she was elected to the Oaxaca State Congress.
“Despite all the risks, I ran because it is a great opportunity for me to raise my voice to another level, as a legislator, and we have so much work to do,” she says. “It is essential for me to occupy these spaces and to open them for others.”
Currently, in Latin America, women hold 27.3 per cent of local positions as council members or councillors, an increase of 6.5 per cent in the last 10 years.
But the journey has not been easy for female politicians in Latin America, where harassment, threats and even death, have made it a risky career choice. This is true even in ground-breaking Bolivia, where women account for 53.1 per cent of Parliamentarians—the third-highest percentage globally—and 44.1 per cent of local councillors (in 2014).
“Ours was a battle waged on the streets, in prisons, with blows… It cost us a lot of blood and many deaths,” explains Leonida Zurita, who began her political career as a farm union activist before becoming the first woman to lead the Regional Assembly in Cochabamba in 2015. In 2017, she was nominated President of the Association of Women Departmental Representatives of the Plurinational State of Bolivia (AMADBOL), which was created with technical and financial support from UN Women.
Zurita says representation has improved greatly for women, thanks to legislation and a new Constitution, but harassment and political violence remain rampant.
The 2012 murder of local Bolivian councillor Juana Quispe—who had filed harassment complaints and was championing a law to protect female politicians from violence—and the killing of local councillor Daguimar Rivera Ortiz a few months later, fuelled demands for a law to tackle violence against women in politics.
Bolivia’s landmark law against harassment and political violence against women (Law 243) was passed in 2012, becoming the first—and still the only—stand-alone law of its kind in the world. UN Women provided technical and financial assistance for this legislation, which provides two- to five-year prison sentences for anyone who pressures, persecutes, harasses or threatens a woman exercising public functions, and up to eight years in prison for committing physical, psychological or sexual aggression.
But Bolivia’s legal reforms “did not change patriarchal systems or machismo culture overnight and the backlash against women in politics has been swift and widespread,” explains Katia Uriona, former President of the Electoral Tribunal of the Plurinational State of Bolivia. A long-time UN Women partner, she took part in an Expert Group Meeting on Ending Violence against Women in Politics co-organized by UN Women in March 2018.
Uriona says Law 243 has been invaluable in bringing visibility to the issue, although challenges remain in its implementation, as not a single case has resulted in a conviction.
Legal reform did not change patriarchal systems or machismo culture overnight.”
A recent study by Bolivia’s Women’s Coordination network (Coordinadora de la Mujer), a grantee of UN Women’s Fund for Gender Equality, revealed that between 65 and 70 per cent of women Parliamentarians have been victims of harassment and political violence.
“The sad thing is that these forms of political harassment and violence are absolutely naturalized in politics and are part of the political culture, both of political parties and of the democratic system itself,” says Executive Director of Coordinadora de la Mujer, Mónica Novillo.
In 2017, UN Women provided assistance to Bolivia’s Supreme Electoral Tribunal, to create an Observatory for Parity Democracy against Harassment and Political Violence. It monitors both gender and intercultural parity and the political rights of women, as well as tracking and raising awareness around women’s political participation (including violence) and generating data.
As part of continuing efforts, a law on parity in Bolivian political parties—with a section on violence against women in politics—was put before the Legislative Assembly in June of this year and approved on 1 September.
In Brazil, women politicians face similar risks and afro-descendent and indigenous women have been doubly targeted. In March 2018, the killing of Marielle Franco, a 38-year-old Rio city councillor and popular afro-descendent human rights defender, captured global headlines and roused public sentiments.
UN Women has worked alongside partners bolstering advocacy efforts to raise awareness of such violence, including during the impeachment process against former Brazilian President Dilma Rousseff, highlighting several situations of political violence directed against her during 2015 and 2016.
In partnership with civil society and local mayors, UN Women has been working to make violence against women in politics more visible before and during electoral processes, and to promote women’s political participation. As part of the Brazil 50-50 initiative to achieve gender parity in politics, an independent data journalism initiative called “Gênero e Número” (Gender and Numbers) is increasing the visibility of black, indigenous and LBTI women who are severely underrepresented in the political arenas, and political violence against women.
“It is necessary to bring women's rights to the centre of public debate in elections,” says Nadine Gasman, UN Women Representative in Brazil . “UN Women has developed platforms for Brazilian candidates to position themselves and to commit to the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development, with a focus on gender equality. We know that we cannot achieve sustainable development without the equal participation of men and women in politics.”
In Honduras, San Pedro Sula city councillor Fátima Mena Baide has faced repeated threats and aggression. At the age of 28, with a one-year-old son, she founded a political party, ran for and was elected to Parliament in 2014.
When she ran for mayor in 2017, she received a barrage of social media and text messages from fake profiles, telling her to take care of her child instead of running for office, or sending threats to her personal safety and that of her son. She was attacked physically: she was hit, a Congressman running for re-election pulled her by the hair, and she was kept from campaigning in certain districts because there was an order to kill her.
“What keeps women strong is knowing what they are experiencing is political violence against them, because they are women,” says Mena Baide, who also spoke at the UN Women-organized Experts Group Meeting in March. “Police are sometimes not even aware that this represents political violence. [They] don’t even know the term.”
Mena Baide went to the authorities, but police never filed a report. Reporting the incidents within her own party also proved futile. She says only women’s groups and the international community have shown her tangible support.
“If ‘protection’ means taking the woman away from her job, then who wins?” asks María del Carmen Alanís Figueroa, a Visiting Scholar at Harvard Law School who was Mexico’s first woman Chief Justice of the Electoral Court.
At the Experts Group Meeting in March, she detailed Mexico’s efforts to protect women politicians in the absence of a dedicated law. “We must sanction the perpetrator, the party. Protection of women in politics doesn’t mean to take her away from politics. We must do something different—that’s reparation,” She said.
In 2014, a step forward came when Mexico approved a federal judicial Protocol to Address Gender-Based Political Violence against Women (and updated it in 2017), with the Electoral Court as its main authority. UN Women Mexico also contributed to the development of a Model Protocol for Addressing Gender-Based Political Violence against Women aligned with the federal protocol, for the state of Oaxaca, which has spurred other state protocols across the country.
“The protocol is like a political statement acknowledging that there is a problem and there are institutions willing to act...” says politics and gender expert Mónica Maccise Duayhe, Head of the Gender Equality and Non-Discrimination Unit of Mexico’s National Electoral Institute. “At least it allows us to coordinate and we have a homogeneous instrument. But the protocol is not enough. We need additional mechanisms to close the gaps.”
Despite having more than 4,000 female contenders for the various levels of government in the recent July 2018 elections, Maccise Duayhe points out that only 38 cases of gender-based political violence were reported nationally, only three of which resulted in protective measures. She believes more women would report such violence if there were a law, or more forceful sanctions in place.
Despite all the risks, I ran because it is a great opportunity for me to raise my voice to another level, as a legislator, and we have so much work to do. History owes so much to women.”
Elisa Zepeda Lagunas
“But you can’t rely solely on legislative change, or a mechanism or the protocol,” she says. “We need better institutional coordination. We need to train judges. It’s a process.”
Maccise Duayhe, who also spearheaded the Gender Equality Programme for Mexico’s Supreme Court, has helped garner commitments from nine Mexican political parties to join UN Women’s HeForShe campaign before the last elections. They committed to promote women’s rights in their platforms, guarantee parity in their governing bodies and combat gender-based political violence.
UN Women Mexico has worked to strengthen the capacities of governments, civil society organizations and women politicians, through regional training forums and its membership in spaces such as the Observatory for Women's Political Participation and the Working Group on Political Violence against Women.
Back in Oaxaca, Zepeda Lagunas is among the 23 women (vis-à-vis 19 men) who now make up the majority of the Oaxaca State Congress. The July elections saw record numbers of women elected across Mexico, including 48.2 per cent of the lower house of federal Congress and 49.2 per cent of the Senate—the third and fourth-highest rates globally.
“We want to start a training school for women’s political empowerment in the 41 municipalities in my district,” says Zepeda Lagunas. “We also want to typify violence against women in politics, because sentences are not being carried out in the few trials that have been initiated... Little by little, we are moving forward, and I feel like it has all been worth it.” | <urn:uuid:707313c6-15dd-4c50-a576-c074902748b2> | CC-MAIN-2023-06 | https://www.unwomen.org/en/news/stories/2018/11/feature-across-latin-america-women-fight-back-against-violence-in-politics | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-06/segments/1674764499524.28/warc/CC-MAIN-20230128054815-20230128084815-00416.warc.gz | en | 0.96879 | 2,636 | 2.90625 | 3 |
Linz wants to adapt the city to the new – hotter – climate and has therefore commissioned Weatherpark 2019 to conduct a basic study on urban climate information. The aim of the survey was to record the present status of currently available urban climate information (state of the art, availability, etc.), the handling of this and recommended measures for an adaptation to the climate crisis.
For this purpose, the available information was collected, assessed and compiled in interviews with the responsible bodies at the city of Linz, the province of Upper Austria and other stakeholders ( e.g. current research projects, weather service, etc.). These interviews also served to raise awareness among the interviewees. The research produced some positive findings: Linz gets fresh, i.e. cool air, especially in the Haselgraben rift valley area. Furthermore, previous subsidies for roof, facade and courtyard greening have already had an effect.
The following recommendations for further measures resulted from the study:
- Creation of an urban climate plan – including heat and cold hotspots – in order to know and protect climatologically sensitive areas
- Based on this, concrete measures and action concepts against urban overheating, for example optimization of urban ventilation, planting trees, erecting spray walls
- Maintaining fresh air supply, especially in the area of the Haselgraben rift valley
- Employment of an urban climatologist in the town hall
- Installation of a climate advisory board that advises the city and supports and coordinates projects
- Further training for the city’s employees on a broad level, so that they are sensitized to the topic and can actively participate in climate change adaptation
In August 2019, the study was presented to the public at a press conference. The study is now also available for download on the City of Linz website. | <urn:uuid:e3786494-5ee0-450e-a56d-fbc9c19e718d> | CC-MAIN-2022-21 | https://www.weatherpark.com/referenzen/urban-climate-information-study-for-linz/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-21/segments/1652662573053.67/warc/CC-MAIN-20220524142617-20220524172617-00426.warc.gz | en | 0.938488 | 368 | 2.671875 | 3 |
|The American Heart Association
recommends that health care professionals “routinely monitor
body weight (especially the index for central obesity), blood
glucose, lipoproteins and blood pressure; treat individuals'
risk factors ... and carefully choose anti-hypertensive drugs
because different agents have different effects on insulin
American Heart Association - Metabolic Syndrome
Damage caused by Metabolic Syndrome in men may extend beyond the risks of cardiovascular disease like heart attack and stroke and lead to prostate cancer.
The Research Institute of Public Health at the University of Kuopio, Finland, recently published study results on the increased risk of prostate cancer in middle-aged men suffering from Metabolic Syndrome. (1) The participants were 1,880 men from Eastern Finland who did not have a history of cancer or Type 2 Diabetes. Metabolic Syndrome, also called Syndrome X, was diagnosed in 357 of the men at the start of the study.
Over a period of 13 years, a total of 183 cancers occurred in the group as a whole, of which 56 were cancer of the prostate. Almost twice as many men with Metabolic Syndrome developed prostate cancer as men without the syndrome, after adjustment for age, alcohol consumption and physical fitness.
The study showed that overweight and obese men with Metabolic Syndrome ran a more than 70% greater risk of developing prostate cancer. Researchers concluded that the incidence of prostate cancer may be reduced by curbing the current worldwide epidemic of excess weight and obesity among middle-aged men who have developed Metabolic Syndrome because of sedentary lifestyles.
The prostate, itself, is about the size of a walnut and is located just below the bladder. It surrounds the tube called the urethra that carries urine from the bladder and out through the penis.
Normally, cells grow and multiply only when the body needs them to. Cancer develops as a result of a breakdown in this process, leading to cells growing in an uncontrolled way. The mass of excess cells forms a tumor, which may be benign or malignant. The tumor is described as malignant if it is able to invade other healthy tissue. The peripheral (outer) zone of the prostate is the area most susceptible to developing cancer.
Prostate cancer is rare in men under 50 years old. However, the risk increases steadily with age and by the time they are 80, more than half of all men will have some cancerous growth, though in most cases it goes unnoticed. Prostate cancer is usually slow-growing and, in men who have it, it is often not a cause of death.
It is clear that the chances of developing prostate cancer increase in men over 50. Close relatives of men who have had prostate cancer are also more likely to be affected. Ethnic origin appears to play a part. Black men seem to be at highest risk and men of East Asian descent the lowest.
It may be possible to reduce the risk by avoiding a high fat diet and, for example, cutting down on or avoiding dairy foods and red meat.
Prostate cancer often has no symptoms. Sometimes, even when symptoms are present, men do not seek medical advice. However, if prostate cancer is found early, it can often be cured.
The symptoms are similar to those produced by a common disease of the prostate, benign prostatic hypertrophy (BPH), and include:
- a difficulty in starting to pass urine
- a weak, sometimes intermittent flow of urine
- dribbling of urine before and after urinating
- a frequent or urgent need to pass urine
- a need to get up several times in the night to urinate
Overweight Men Face Double Threat From Prostate Cancer
According to another new study, a man's weight may "mask" the accuracy of a common test to detect prostate cancer called PSA. Researchers warn that doctors could be missing this dangerous cancer in obese men.
Between the years 2001-04, a team at San Antonio's University studied 2,799 men who were obese but free of prostate cancer according to PSA tests. The Texas researchers wanted to discover whether the detection of cancer was somehow being delayed in obese men.
A man's PSA of 4.0 or lower usually means no cancer. The study results of low PSA rates among the participants were surprising because prostate cancer has been shown in previous studies to be more aggressive in obese men than males of average weight.
It did not explain why obese men have lower PSA levels. But doctors believe obese men produce more estrogen, which drives down testosterone levels and could affect the antigen used in the PSA test.
The research may spur many doctors to take a closer look at the test results of obese male patients. "For sure, I will be more vigilant in my patients, who are obese, in evaluating their PSA," said Dr. Nelson Stone of Mount Sinai School of Medicine in New York City, who was not involved in the study.
Dr Stone added that colleagues might be losing some of the PSA test's sensitivity, reducing its ability to detect prostate cancer in obese patients. "We may have to set our sights lower," he said.
The antigen used in the PSA test is made by normal prostate cells and is measured in blood. The higher the antigen level, the more likely the chance of prostate cancer, according to the American Cancer Society. But having a high PSA level is not a definitive diagnosis of cancer, which is why the Atlanta-based Society recommends that men with high PSA levels should have a biopsy.
The Texas study builds on previous research released in May last year in the New England Journal of Medicine which found that 15% of men with a "normal" PSA actually had prostate cancer and that two-thirds of those men had aggressive cases.
Many people are unaware that they are suffering from prostate cancer-linked Metabolic Syndrome, even though the American Heart Association estimates that 20-25% of the adult population of the U.S. have this disorder - between 58 and 73 million men and women.
Metabolic Syndrome is characterized by having at least three of the following symptoms:
- Insulin Resistance (when the body can't absorb blood sugar or insulin properly)
- Abdominal fat - in men this means a 40 inch waist or larger, in women 35 inches or larger
- High blood sugar levels - at least 110 milligrams per deciliter (mg/dL) after fasting
- High triglycerides - at least 150 mg/dL in the blood stream
- High LDL "bad" cholesterol
- Low HDL "good" cholesterol – less than 40 mg/dL
- Prothrombotic state (a precursor of Cardiovascular Disease)
- Blood pressure of 130/85 mmHg or higher
Insulin Resistance desensitizes the cell walls to insulin. As a result, glucose is prevented from passing through the cell walls via insulin to be converted to energy. The "rejected" glucose free floats in the blood stream and is carried to the liver. Once there, it is processed into fat and distributed around the body, often causing weight gain.
Another side effect of Insulin Resistance is elevated levels of insulin in the blood stream, which can lead to a series of biochemical reactions with wide-ranging consequences. These can include a variety of other serious health conditions, such as Cardiovascular Disease, hypertension (high blood pressure) and Type
The interactions of Insulin Resistance, obesity and Metabolic Syndrome are complex and still under medical review. Many scientists believe that this is a case of "which came first?: the chicken or the egg?" Insulin Resistance contributes to obesity and is an underlying cause of Metabolic Syndrome, while obesity worsens Insulin Resistance, which then accelerates the development of Metabolic Syndrome. It is likely that each disorder exacerbates the other in a vicious cycle.
Because there is no single solution that addresses all the symptoms of Insulin Resistance or Metabolic Syndrome, we feel you must rely on a multi-faceted approach to reversing these conditions. A complete system is required to address the issues presented by these syndromes - one that includes nutraceuticals (vitamins, herbs and minerals that are disease specific), a realistic exercise program combined with nutritional guidance, advice on combating addiction to carbohydrates and a support network that will help you change unhealthy lifestyle choices.
Click here to read about the scientifically-designed Insulite MetaX System,
which can help reverse Insulin Resistance, a
condition linked to prostate cancer. The
system features numerous formulations, including InsulX,
with ingredients like the powerful antioxidant alpha lipoic
acid, which scavenges cell-damaging free radicals that have
been associated with the onset of tumors.
You may be interested in some of our Frequently Asked
Questions (FAQs) about Metabolic Syndrome and the Insulite
Metabolic syndrome and the risk of prostate cancer in Finnish
a population-based study.
Cancer Epidemiology Biomarkers & Prevention Vol. 13, 1646-1650, October 2004
Click here to read
Metabolic Syndrome and Other Cancers | <urn:uuid:030f184a-23dc-412a-bbf4-73cae7493803> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://metabolic-syndrome.insulitelabs.com/Metabolic-Syndrome-Prostate-Cancer.php | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882572304.13/warc/CC-MAIN-20220816120802-20220816150802-00637.warc.gz | en | 0.94838 | 1,908 | 2.890625 | 3 |
Now how to draw. Draw flat and everything. Do not make any of this as
component yet. Make a complete copy and move to the side. Erase every
thing in the first drawing that is not the rails. Go to the second
complete drawing and erase everything that are not stiles. The ark on the
stiles should remain. Now make everything into components and put the
On Monday, July 27, 2015 at 4:15:11 PM UTC-5, Greg Guarino wrote:
With a 36' (432") radius, and the chord is 2.5", the angle would be .331 degrees and the distance from the chord to the top of the arc is .00181".
Might as well cut the tops of the stiles straight across.
While this will work but will leave a gap, small one, it will not be a
strong joint, touching in only two points. Additionally at precisely
what angle will you cut?
It is probably going to be just as easy to cut the matching ark on the
stiles using a flush trim router bit and using the ark on the rail as
Something to also consider with a 36' radius I doubt he is going to get
a perfect ark unless he uses his router on the end of a 36' long string,
and then placement of the rail will be critical. ;~)
Better to print the pattern, glue to the rail, cut close to the drawing
ark, and then sand smooth to the line. Remove the paper pattern.
The ark will not be perfect but if you use the ark on the rail to guide
the flush cut bit it will be a perfect match.
I'd probably dry fit it and see how tight the joint looked,
and then take a pass or two with a block plane to make the
stile fit if it needed it.
Now, if you wanted to get fancy, instead of tenoning the
stiles into the rails, you could rabbet the rails and fit
the stiles with a bridle joint, making it a decorative
element. Perhaps make the stiles thicker than the rails
so they stood a little proud or maybe routing a bead or
something along the edges. That would hide the lower joint,
and making the top flush would be easy.
(I saw pictures of a piece done that way somewhere, thought
it was a neat technique)
Ok, one more example of using the top arc on the rail as a template to
guide the top bearing flush cut router bit.
I had a variable arc curve MDF template that I clamped to the cutting
boards and cut a 1/4" deep grove in the cutting board. Then band sawed
down the middle of the grove to separate the halves. Then removed the
remainder using the existing original grove to guide the bit to remove
the remaining waste. The strips you see go all the way through the
boards and for each group of strips I cut the cutting board again.
So...... this method does work if you want a perfect fit. ;~)
OK! Nevermind. My suggestion will NOT work well.
The arc on the stile will end up with a radius that is 1/2" shorter than
the 36' radius on the rail/pattern. Assuming you use a 1/2" flush cut bit.
There will be a gap unless you put a 1/2" strip between the rail and the
stile, again assuming you use a 1/2" bit.
Hope this was not too late.
Not difficult at all to make a jig to route the exact arch in the top of
You still want the joinery to fit perfectly, both for aesthetics,
strength, and peace of mind.
Think JIG ... and use SU to your advantage:
Print, to scale, a template of the top curve of the part, which you can
then use to both paste on the top of the stiles for the rough cut, and
for making a simple router jig(s) to make the precision fit.
Since you are working on end grain of the stile, build a backup piece
into the jig to mitigate tear out.
Just one, of many ways, to skin that cat. But doing it in such a manner
that is is both pleasing and structurally sound makes you feel better in
the long run.
HomeOwnersHub.com is a website for homeowners and building and maintenance pros. It is not affiliated with any of the manufacturers or service providers discussed here.
All logos and trade names are the property of their respective owners. | <urn:uuid:7f35234c-5d4f-479d-80de-14d8feeeadf6> | CC-MAIN-2016-44 | http://www.homeownershub.com/woodworking/face-frame-question-sketchup-question-787316-1.htm | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-44/segments/1476988719960.60/warc/CC-MAIN-20161020183839-00488-ip-10-171-6-4.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.920993 | 974 | 2.703125 | 3 |
Thursday, April 7, 2011
When Cicadas Invade Your Yard
Some time in late April or early May when the soil temperature reaches 67 degrees, a red-eyed swarm of swarm of cicadas will creep from underground, climb trees, emerge from their shells and begin flying and singing at the top of their lungs in an effort to attract a mate. This happens every 13 years—and when it does, the air over much of Middle Tennessee is filled with their ear-splitting mating calls.
Often confused with locusts, scientists call them Periodical Cicadas, Brood XIX. These insects are not poisonous. They don't transmit disease. They cannot sting and adult cicadas live for only four to five weeks. The adults do not feed on foliage, but the females can cause damage to young trees.
Tips for Tree and Plant Protection:
The female cicada has a knife-like ovipositor that she uses to slit twigs before she lays eggs inside the slits. Once hatched the young cicadas fall and burrow underground. Each female can lay a total of 400 to 600 eggs and the multiple punctures pose a threat to young trees by causing twig tips to wilt and die. Apple, pear, dogwood, oak and hickory are the favorite hosts, but you can see the puncture marks on many tree species. When feasible, small, valuable shrubs and trees may be covered with a loose woven or spun fabric such as cheesecloth or floating row cover for protection. This covering should be secured at the trunk to prevent infiltration. Delay pruning young trees until after cicada emergence so damaged branches can be removed. If pruning is done before eggs hatch, burn the damaged twigs.
The apocalyptic swarm may be unnerving, but it is nothing to worry about. Most trees and shrubs did just fine back in 1998 during the last outbreak of Brood XIX cicadas. Birds, squirrels, spiders, snakes & family pets find the bugs to be very tasty. The bugs that don’t get eaten create piles of rich compost that nourish plants. It’s one of those circle of life things that you just have to endure once every 13 years! | <urn:uuid:27d36dac-2acc-46ed-ac3f-2ebd85b23fcb> | CC-MAIN-2018-22 | http://cicadainvasion.blogspot.com/2011/04/when-cicadas-invade-your-yard.html?showComment=1464132285976 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-22/segments/1526794867277.64/warc/CC-MAIN-20180526014543-20180526034543-00332.warc.gz | en | 0.925682 | 461 | 3.578125 | 4 |
A large variety of species show a propensity for mutually supportive social behavior, few more than chimpanzees and other apes and monkeys.
Can oppressed groups resurrect their own suppressed histories through a museum? What has been the historical role of race and ethnicity in the development of the natural history museum?
An exclusive visit to see the paintings deep inside the Chauvet caves of southern France, arranged by permission of the French government. Very few people will ever see these paintings with their own eyes. | <urn:uuid:31508eaf-b004-4609-9f52-62401886139a> | CC-MAIN-2016-26 | http://peoplesworld.org/opinion/tag/anthropology | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783397562.76/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624154957-00000-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.966045 | 95 | 2.59375 | 3 |
Coastal meteorology is an integral part of the total system approach to understanding coastal environments. This book provides information for students who are not necessarily majoring in meteorology or atmospheric sciences but who nonetheless have need of such knowledge. Scientists, engineers, and coastal planners will also find this book a useful resource for familiarizing themselves with meteorological information.
Meteorologists, marine and coastal engineers, coastal environmental scientists, physical oceanographers, and graduate-level students in these fields.
Introduction. Radiation. Atmospheric Thermodyanmics. Atmospheric Dynamics. Synoptic Meteorology and Weather at Sea. Atmospheric Boundary Layers and Air-Sea Interaction. Air-Sea-Land Interaction. Engineering Meteorology. Appendix A. Units, Constants, and Conversions. Appendix B. The Beaufort Wind Scale. Appendix C. The Saffir/Simpson Damage-Potential Scale. Appendix D. Decomposition of the Vector Wind into U and V Components. Appendix E. List of Symbols for Surface Analysis.References. Index
- No. of pages:
- © Academic Press 1988
- 22nd October 2013
- Academic Press
- eBook ISBN:
- Hardcover ISBN:
Louisiana State University
@qu:"The book is nicely illustrated and contains most of what an undergraduate student needs to satisfy his/her curiosity about atmospheric principles (provided that mathematics is a subject of love and not of anxieties) before embarking on other marine topics of more focussed choice." @source:--METEOROLOGY AND ATMOSPHERIC PHYSICS | <urn:uuid:6961b4e2-eed8-4519-9b30-d5a705d7a15e> | CC-MAIN-2019-09 | https://www.elsevier.com/books/coastal-meteorology/hsu/978-0-08-050215-1 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-09/segments/1550247522457.72/warc/CC-MAIN-20190222180107-20190222202107-00123.warc.gz | en | 0.846469 | 325 | 2.96875 | 3 |
Huffington Post: Rich Man, Poor Man: Poverty, Then And Now
Should we try to end poverty? "Yes," you reply, and wonder why we'd even ask.
People in earlier times would have been surprised, too. And for them, the answer would have been equally obvious -- "no." Well into the 19th century, poverty was widely seen as inevitable: Economists estimate that in 1820 around 84 percent of the earth's population lived in absolute poverty, or on the equivalent what we now call "a dollar a day" (it's actually $1.25). Poverty was also seen as useful: "Everyone but an idiot knows that the lower classes must be kept poor or they will never be industrious," the English writer and traveler Arthur Young wrote in 1771.
That quote comes from a fascinating paper by Martin Ravallion, which traces -- from an economist's perspective -- the great shift in attitudes towards poverty over the past three centuries. For much of that time, poverty was regarded as necessary: "True, it was miserable for the poor," as The Economist commented recently. "But it also kept the economic engine humming by ensuring the availability of plentiful cheap labour." Not just cheap, but uneducated: "To make the Society happy and People easy under the meanest Circumstances, it is requisite that great Numbers of them should be Ignorant as well as Poor," the 18th century economist Bernard de Mandeville wrote.
That's not to say that the poor didn't have their defenders. But, as Ravallion points out, efforts to help them were focused on easing suffering, not eradicating poverty. Workhouses began to appear in Europe in the early 17th century: "Welfare recipients were incarcerated, where their 'bad behaviours' could be controlled, and obliged to work for their upkeep."
When did attitudes change? ... | <urn:uuid:8687c83b-a709-4af1-a5bc-9fbcbac5e7f1> | CC-MAIN-2015-40 | http://www.krusekronicle.com/kruse_kronicle/2013/12/rich-man-poor-man-poverty-then-and-now-.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2015-40/segments/1443736673439.5/warc/CC-MAIN-20151001215753-00253-ip-10-137-6-227.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.984098 | 384 | 3.296875 | 3 |
How Do I Keep My Blood Sugar Stable?
Oh, the words “blood sugar.”
Does it conjure up visions of restrictive eating, diabetes medications, or insulin injections?
Blood sugar is the measure of the amount of sugar in your blood. You need the right balance of sugar in your blood to fuel your brain and muscles.
The thing is, it can fluctuate. A lot.
This fluctuation is the natural balance between things that increase it; and things that decrease it. When you eat food with sugars or starches (“carbs”), then your digestive system absorbs sugar into your blood. When carbs are ingested and broken down into simple sugars, your body keeps blood sugar levels stable by secreting insulin. Insulin allows excess sugar to get it out of your bloodstream and into your muscle cells and other tissues for energy
Why keep my blood sugar stable?
Your body wants your blood sugar to be at an optimal level. It should be high enough, so you’re not light-headed, fatigued, and irritable. It should be low enough that your body isn’t scrambling to remove excess from the blood.
When blood sugar is too low, this is referred to as “hypoglycemia.”
When blood sugar is too high, it is referred to as hyperglycemia. Prolonged periods of elevated blood sugar
levels (chronic hyperglycemia) can lead to “insulin resistance.”
Insulin resistance is when your cells are just so bored of the excess insulin that they start ignoring (resisting) it, and that keeps your blood sugar levels too high.
Insulin resistance and chronic hyperglycemia can eventually lead to diabetes.
So let’s look at how you can optimize your food and lifestyle to keep your blood sugar stable.
Food for stable blood sugar
The simplest thing to do to balance your blood sugar is to reduce the number of refined sugars and starches you eat. To do this, you can start by dumping sweet drinks and having smaller portions of dessert.
Eating more fiber is helpful too. Fiber helps to slow down the amount of sugar absorbed from your meal; it reduces the “spike” in your blood sugar level. Fiber is found in plant-based foods (as long as they are eaten in their natural state, processing foods removed fiber). Eating nuts, seeds, and whole fruits and veggies (not juiced) is a great way to increase your fiber intake.
FUN FACT: Cinnamon has been shown to help cells increase insulin sensitivity. Not to mention it’s a delicious spice that can be used in place of sugar. (HINT: It’s in THIS RECIPE <<<=== Click Here.)
Lifestyle for stable blood sugar
Exercise also helps to improve your insulin sensitivity; this means that your cells don’t ignore insulin’s call to get excess sugar out of the blood. Not to mention, when you exercise, your muscles are using up that sugar they absorbed from your blood. But you already knew that exercise is healthy, didn’t you?
Would you believe that stress affects your blood sugar levels? Yup! Stress hormones increase your blood sugar levels. If you think about the “fight or flight” stress response, what fuel do your brain and muscles need to “fight” or “flee”? Sugar! When you are stressed signals are sent to release stored forms of sugar back into the bloodstream, increasing blood sugar levels. So, try to reduce the stress you’re under and manage it more effectively. Simple tips are meditation, deep breathing, or gentle movement.
Sleep goes hand-in-hand with stress. When you don’t get enough quality sleep, you tend to release stress hormones, have a higher appetite, and even get sugar cravings. Sleep is crucial, often overlooked, factor when it comes to keeping your blood sugar stable. Make sleep more of a priority – it will do your blood sugar (and the rest of your physical and mental health) good.
Your body is on a constant 24-hour quest to keep your blood sugar stable. The body has mechanisms in place to do this, but those mechanisms can get tired (resistant). Long-term blood sugar issues can spell trouble.
There are many nutrition and lifestyle approaches you can take to help keep your blood sugar stable. Minimizing excessive carbs, and eating more fiber, exercising, reducing stress, and improving sleep are all key to having stable blood sugar (and overall good health).
With Unconditional Love and Support, | <urn:uuid:73334a30-c40b-4785-8cda-077cd1b791b9> | CC-MAIN-2017-43 | http://fusionfitnessvt.com/2017/08/04/how-do-i-keep-my-blood-sugar-stable/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-43/segments/1508187822480.15/warc/CC-MAIN-20171017181947-20171017201947-00444.warc.gz | en | 0.920256 | 964 | 2.890625 | 3 |
With the current push by the tech industry to encourage more young women to consider studying for and working in STEM – science, technology, engineering, and mathematics – career fields, we wanted to celebrate International Women’s Day this year by highlighting five women in tech who changed the world for the better.
No list about women in tech would be complete without Ada Lovelace. She even has her own day dedicated to her (you can read our article about that right here). Ada Lovelace is commonly referred to as the first computer programmer, which is interesting because computers didn’t even exist when she was alive!
In 1843 Ada was employed by Charles Babbage, an English mathematician, philosopher, inventor, and mechanical engineer, who was working on his idea for an invention called the Analytical Engine – a machine designed to count Bernoulli numbers. It was within her notes that she had recorded what would later be recognizes as the first algorithm intended to be carried out by a machine, also known as the first computer algorithm and what would become the foundation for modern computing.
Hedy Lamarr, born Hedwig Eva Kiesler, was an Austrian actress who shot to stardom in the 1930’s and 1940’s for her role in movies such as “Samson and Delilah”, “Ecstasy,” and “The Strange Woman,” and she is even referred to by many critics and fans alike as the most beautiful woman to ever appear in films. However, it was during World War II that she proved to be more than just a pretty face.
Along with George Antheil – an American composer, pianist, author, and inventor – Lamarr played a pivotal role in the invention of frequency hopping, a method of sending radio signals from different frequency channels. The duo originally invented this technology to help the U.S. Navy remotely control torpedoes, however, despite receiving two patents and multiple lobbying and fundraising efforts, the Navy ultimately decided not to pursue the technology.
It found new life in the 1950’s from engineers at Sylvania Electronic Systems as an early form of encryption technology as they realized that the randomized channel switching made it difficult for outside users to understand what was being communicated and was promptly integrated into military communication devices.
Despite being invented more than 70 years ago, her invention has made a significant contribution to today’s technology in the form of wireless security as it still plays as integral role in technologies such as Bluetooth and Wi-Fi.
Radia Joy Perlman
Radia Joy Perlman, also known as the Mother of the Internet, is a network engineer who developed a computer protocol known as Spanning Tree Protocol (STP) which made it possible to build extensive networks over Ethernet connections. It’s because of this network that we can surf the internet and its seemingly infinite sources of information from the comfort of our home.
More impressively, she is currently working at Intel and recently developed the Transparent Interconnection of Lots of Links (TRILL), which is a new standard for data center connectivity that could very well replace the STP.
Have you ever gone somewhere and asked yourself ”What is there to do around here?” Or have you ever made plans to go on a road trip to visit friends who live in another state or across the country? Chances are you’ve done one of these things at least once and chances are when looking for that local attraction or planning that road trip you did what most people do: you Googled it.
Simple, right? You can thank Marissa Mayer for that! Marissa is Google’s first female engineer who started with the tech giant back when it was a startup in 1999. She currently still works with Google as vice president of location and local services and leads project management and engineering for some of the search engine’s top services including Google Maps, Local Search, Google Earth, and Street view.
The ENIAC Programmers
Ok, so putting this group of women on the list puts the grand total of women who changed the world up to 10, but hey, who’s counting? The Electronic Numerical Integrator and Computer, or ENIAC, was the first electronic general-purpose computer which was designed to calculate artillery firing tables for the U.S. Army during World War II.
This powerful new tool was primarily programmed by these six women: Kay McNulty, Betty Jennings, Betty Snyder, Marlyn Wescoff, Fran Bilas, and Ruth Lichterman and stayed in operation until 1955. Unfortunately, when the computer was introduced to the public in 1946 these women were never given the credit they deserve for its creation because the public was more interested in the machine than the people behind it. | <urn:uuid:e8910fec-38ca-4dae-90f9-74d555036536> | CC-MAIN-2019-47 | https://www.emaginationtechcamps.com/camp-blog/5-women-in-tech-who-changed-the-world/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-47/segments/1573496668525.62/warc/CC-MAIN-20191114131434-20191114155434-00339.warc.gz | en | 0.977209 | 984 | 3.203125 | 3 |
This is a type of terrestrial ecosystem. Grasslands occupy about 24 per cent of the earth's surface. Grasses, sedges and other forage plants are the dominant vegetation. Grasslands are natural, semi natural and cultivated. The various components of a grassland ecosystem are as follows:
Grasslands are dominated by grass species but sometimes also allow the growth of a few trees and shrubs. Rainfall is average but erratic limited grazing helps to improve the net primary production of the grasslands but overgrazing leads to degradation.
These are the nutrients present in soil and the aerial environment. The elements like C, O, H, N, P, and S etc. are supplied by carbon dioxide, water, nitrates, phosphates and sulphates etc. present in air and soil of the area. In addition to the above, some trace elements are also present in soil.
These may be categorized as:
They are mainly grasses. Besides them a few herbs and shrubs also contribute to primary production
These occur in the following sequence:
(a) Primary consumers:
These are herbivores which feed on grasses like animals - cows, buffaloes, deers, sheep, rabbit, mouse etc. Besides them are also present some insects and termites, millipedes etc. that feed on the lea' of grasses
(b) Secondary consumers:
These are carnivores feeding on herbivores; include the animals like fox, jackals, snakes, frogs, lizards, birds etc.
(c) Tertiary consumers:
These are hawks and lions that feed on secondary consumers. They are the top carnivores, which occupy the top of the food
The microbes active in the decay of dead organic matter of different forms of higher life are fungi, bacteria and actinomycetes. They bring the miner back to the soil, thus making them available to the producers. | <urn:uuid:abb4ab45-5989-4256-ae65-a6a305c17e6d> | CC-MAIN-2015-22 | http://www.preservearticles.com/2012011320680/short-essay-on-the-grassland-ecosystem.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2015-22/segments/1432207928754.15/warc/CC-MAIN-20150521113208-00311-ip-10-180-206-219.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.93613 | 398 | 3.671875 | 4 |
Computer-Assisted Translation (CAT) | Translation Software
Computer-assisted translation (CAT), also called "computer-aided translation", "machine-aided human translation (MAHT)" and "interactive translation", is a form of translation wherein a human translator creates a target text with the assistance of a computer program. The machine supports a human translator.
Computer-assisted translation can include standard dictionary and grammar software. The term, however, normally refers to a range of specialized programs available to the translator, including translation-memory, terminology-management, concordance, and alignment programs.
With the internet, translation software can help non-native-speaking individuals understand web pages published in other languages. Whole-page translation tools are of limited utility, however, since they offer only a limited potential understanding of the original author's intent and context; translated pages tend to be more humorous and confusing than enlightening.
Interactive translations with pop-up windows are becoming more popular. These tools show several possible translations of each word or phrase. Human operators merely need to select the correct translation as the mouse glides over the foreign-language text. Possible definitions can be grouped by pronunciation. Source
Tags: Translation Software, Computer-Assisted Translation (CAT), Machine Translation, Translation, Internet Translation, Translator Training. | <urn:uuid:7600736d-cbd5-4c89-ad17-9809a5590aa1> | CC-MAIN-2020-40 | http://www.becomeatranslator.com/2009/07/computer-assisted-translation-cat.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-40/segments/1600400209665.4/warc/CC-MAIN-20200923015227-20200923045227-00194.warc.gz | en | 0.859743 | 271 | 3.421875 | 3 |
The Amnesty Act of 1872 returned the right to hold office to most of the secessionists who rebelled during the Civil War. The federal government offered the Confederacy amnesty to encourage loyalty and smooth the way for Reconstruction. The Amnesty Act of 1872 was part of a series of acts that granted certain groups of Confederate citizens amnesty and the return of their property and homes.Continue Reading
By 1872, Ulysses S. Grant had assumed the presidency from Andrew Johnson and became responsible for implementing Congress' Reconstruction efforts. During his presidency, he recognized all of the Confederate states as members of the United States with new state governments and federal representation. The Amnesty Act of 1872 excluded only 500 Confederate sympathizers in total.
With their political powers restored, Southern states began electing Democratic candidates to office, intimidating African-American citizens from either voting or running for office. The Republicans eventually agreed to end the radical Reconstruction efforts, leaving the South in the hands of the former Confederacy; this was followed in 1877 by the withdrawal of federal troops, leaving African-Americans to defend their civil rights themselves. Southern blacks found themselves forced into the lives of tenant farmers, beginning a cycle of poverty. The failure of Reconstruction delayed the push for equal rights until the 20th century.Learn more about US History | <urn:uuid:9919acae-5ec0-4dc7-9ba7-a7087297b81b> | CC-MAIN-2017-51 | https://www.reference.com/history/amnesty-act-1872-a16017315f68ec5c | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-51/segments/1512948589512.63/warc/CC-MAIN-20171216220904-20171217002904-00114.warc.gz | en | 0.962386 | 257 | 4.65625 | 5 |
Sodium Consumption: What, Me Worry?
Despite a barrage of public-health warnings, most people aren’t concerned about their sodium intake. A new survey of 1,003 US adults for the American Dietetic Association finds that 59% say they’re “not concerned” about sodium and 70% don’t know the recommended daily maximum (1,500 mg for most Americans). Even among people with high blood pressure, only 56% know what sodium levels they should be targeting. As a priority, limiting sodium intake ranked behind other healthy-diet goals including eating more vegetables, limiting sugar and watching calories.
Another survey for the association, questioning 754 adults, reports that 49% of consumers think they’re already doing all they can to eat a healthy diet. Among steps people say they’re taking are eating more berries (48%), low-fat foods (43%) and omega-3s (39%), while cutting down on sugar (34%). TV and the Internet were the most popular sources of nutrition information, leading an association spokesperson to express concern about a switch “from regularly fact-checked forms of media such as magazine articles” to less-reliable media. | <urn:uuid:936c4d7b-3abd-499c-bc85-1bb3975b13b7> | CC-MAIN-2017-30 | http://www.nutritionletter.tufts.edu/issues/7_12/todays-newsbites/Sodium-Consumption-What-Me-Worry_809-1.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-30/segments/1500549425254.88/warc/CC-MAIN-20170725142515-20170725162515-00462.warc.gz | en | 0.930667 | 250 | 2.65625 | 3 |
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Reading Under Control
Teaching Reading in the Primary School, 3rd Edition
David Fulton Publishers – 2008 – 194 pages
Now in an updated third edition, this best-selling textbook introduces primary teachers to the key issues in how to teach reading. The authors celebrate reading as an important, exhilarating part of the curriculum with the potential to transform lives, whilst also giving a balanced handling of contentious issues. Strongly rooted in classroom practice, the book provides comprehensive coverage of differing reading practices and resources. Key features include:
This book is essential reading for both trainee teachers and qualified teachers interested in continuing their professional development.
1. How We Got to Where We Are 2. Reading Differences, Reading Diversity 3. Getting to Grips with Phonics 4. The Reading Journey 5. Reading Routines 6. Reading Resources 7. Monitoring and Assessing Reading 8. Meeting Individual Needs 9. Dyslexia and Reading
Judith Graham recently retired as a Principal Lecturer from Roehampton University.
Alison Kelly is Senior Lecturer in the Department of English Education at Roehampton University. | <urn:uuid:20047b81-deff-4911-8172-2e1fc34a02ed> | CC-MAIN-2014-15 | http://www.psypress.com/books/details/9781843124610/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2014-15/segments/1397609533689.29/warc/CC-MAIN-20140416005213-00022-ip-10-147-4-33.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.924328 | 221 | 3.171875 | 3 |
Fort Hays State University > About FHSU > Academic Divisions > Forsyth Library > Kansas Heritage > Nettleton
Belpre | Kinsley | Lewis | Nettleton | Offerle | Wendell
The town was started by the Santa Fe Railroad in 1872 and was named for an official of the railroad, Mr. Nettleton. John Fitch, from Chicago, wanted to established a plantation in Kansas, so he purchased some land in the northeast edge of the county which included the settlement of Nettleton. The name was changed to Fitchburg, and the Fitch home was probably the first of its kind in Western Kansas with plumbing and other conveniences.
Mr. Fitch constructed a flour mill which was operated by steam power and windmills. However, beginning in 1874 the area went through several years of hard times with the grasshopper plague and the drought. Mr. Fitch lost his fortune and eventually lost his life in a farming accident in 1877. Shortly thereafter, his baby died, and a few weeks later, Mrs. Fitch died. All three graves were on the front lawn of their magnificent home.
The post office, established in 1877, was named Fitchburg, then changed to Nettleton in 1878. The town name was changed to Nettleton, as well. The post office remained there until shortly after 1900.
The ethnicity of its settlers is unknown.
Richardson, Myrtle H. "Oft' Told Tales: A History of Edwards County, Kansas, to 1900". Lewis, KS: The Lewis Press, 1976.
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Copyright © 2009-2013 Fort Hays State University • 600 Park Street, Hays, Kansas 67601–4099 • 785–628–FHSU (3478) Contact Webmaster with any questions or comments concerning this Web site. | <urn:uuid:58099c71-726d-4d72-9dff-df73d6204ad5> | CC-MAIN-2014-10 | http://www.fhsu.edu/library/ksheritage/Nettleton/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2014-10/segments/1393999679121/warc/CC-MAIN-20140305060759-00069-ip-10-183-142-35.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.956905 | 428 | 2.828125 | 3 |
Tomas Diez (@tomasdiez) is a Venezuelan city planner who really thinks big. For him, all cities can become FabLabs—creative laboratories in which the inhabitants themselves shape the lives of entire neighbourhoods. Tomas works primarily in Europe, where he is a tutor and permanent director of the Fab Academy Diploma at FabLab Barcellona. On the 24th of May, he will be one of the guests at Atoms, Bits & People, the event, held in Rome, that brings together Neil Gershendfeld, Massimo Banzi, Riccardo Luna and makers all across Europe.
According to Tomas, the ‘makers revolution’ is all about people, not slogans. To understand it, it is only necessary to listen to Tomas’ talk given at TEDxZwolle, where he summarises the past five centuries of human history. From 1492—the year America was discovered—to the present, the world has seen many revolutions that have changed how we live and think; 3D printing and the ‘makers movement’ is only the last in a long series.
It all began with the invention of moveable type by Gutenberg in ca. 1439. This revolutionised Europe during the 16th century, placing over 200 million printed books into circulation. Thus culture and knowledge became accessible to an ever-increasing number of people—assuming they could read and could afford the books.
History has galloped across the centuries, from the industrial revolution, steam engines, and Henry Ford’s production lines. The 1900s gave us the computer, the Internet, and the very first industrial 3D printers. The millennium ended and, in 2001, Neil Gershenfeld founded—and still runs—the Center for Bits and Atoms at MIT. The FabLab was born, with the idea that places exist in which everyone can build (almost) anything.
At this point, Tomas breaks off and tells us how things stand today. 3D printing will be the microwave oven of the next decade: a technology destined to put old methods and habits out to pasture. Okay, it hasn’t quite turned out that way and it’s likely that not even 3D printers will succeed in changing the world on their own.
Tomas believes that the future will be defined by people. A FabLab can be at the cutting edge, but if it is not visited, it has lost. The same occurs with the smart city: they are of little use if the population is treated as if it were comprised only of stupid people. Technology can change the cards on the table, but it’s the people who make the real difference.
This is made easier to understand by studying the Smart Citizen project, currently involved in a Kickstarter crowd-funding campaign. The idea is that of spreading an Arduino-compatible microcomputer board fitted with light, sound, humidity, CO2 and NO2 sensors throughout the citizenry. This would ensure every balcony and window in one city becomes an ambient sensor station connected to an open network. Open Data, accessible technology and a desire for change: it sounds banal, but that really is how it works. | <urn:uuid:3b661e5d-98a3-4496-b3ee-ccd41d17d31f> | CC-MAIN-2019-18 | http://ed2013.makerfairerome.eu/2013/05/29/tomas-diez-how-to-transform-cities-into-fablabs/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-18/segments/1555578529813.23/warc/CC-MAIN-20190420120902-20190420142902-00211.warc.gz | en | 0.956456 | 652 | 2.625 | 3 |
Rossini on bel canto singing
I wonder what today’s voice teachers would think of the composer Gioacchino Rossini’s ideas for a vocal training curriculum. According to Rossini, learning the art of bel canto, or “beautiful singing,” should begin with many months of soundless exercises, starting no later than the age of twelve.
Next, several years of just scales, in order to achieve what he called “equality of timbre over the whole range of the organ, equalization of the registers.” Then three years of vocalises and exercises to learn specific techniques for agility and fluidity, then another three years, quote, “putting into practice… everything that [has] been studied in detail.” But even then training isn’t finished, because the singer has to have an education in Style, and “style,” Rossini said, “is traditions, and the secrets of those traditions” can only be gained by imitating “great singers, the perfect models consecrated by fame.”
A Minute with Miles is a production of South Carolina Public Radio, made possible by the J.M. Smith Corporation. | <urn:uuid:25ae7dca-6aa6-495f-862e-c5605a5898d3> | CC-MAIN-2023-50 | https://www.southcarolinapublicradio.org/show/a-minute-with-miles/2022-09-06/bel-canto-rossini | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-50/segments/1700679100674.56/warc/CC-MAIN-20231207121942-20231207151942-00390.warc.gz | en | 0.955022 | 254 | 2.828125 | 3 |
The main purpose of buying insurance is to compensate for losses — the insured's losses. To allow someone to be compensated for a loss that does not affect them financially would create a moral hazard. For what purpose would anyone take out such insurance unless they hoped to profit from it, and if someone hoped to profit from it, they may cause the loss, since the loss isn't their loss. Indeed, if the loss doesn't happen, they may make it happen, since they are continually losing the premium money. A morale hazard also exists, because even if they don't cause the loss, they have no incentive to prevent the loss. Thus, the insured must have an insurable interest in the thing being insured. A good example of the moral hazard created when there is no insurable interest is the story of the blue-eyed six.
In the late 1800's, in Lebanon County, Pennsylvania, there was an old man who looked like he would die very soon. So 6 men, who were unrelated to the old man and had no financial stake in his death, decided to make money by taking out a life insurance policy on him, which was permissible then. But the old man lived much longer than they expected — and the premiums were expensive. So the blue-eyed 6, so called because they all had blue eyes, murdered him to collect the life insurance sooner. Subsequently, they were caught and hanged, but if the principle of insurable interest were operating in those days, the old man would have survived longer.
Without an insurable interest, buying insurance would be gambling — paying premiums in the hope of making a profit, which is not only against public policy, but also against the purpose of insurance, which is to compensate you for your losses. In property insurance, the lack of an insurable interest would also violate the principle of indemnity, where the insured is only compensated for his loss — and no more.
Property and Liability Insurance
Obviously, ownership gives the owner an insurable interest in that property. However, there are other factors that can also give rise to an insurable interest.
Secured creditors have an insurable interest in the property used as security for the property. For instance, almost all mortgage lenders require that the secured realty be insured, with the mortgagee (the lender) named as beneficiary.
Legal liability will also create an insurable interest. Bailment commonly creates a legal liability for the bailee, and, thus, creates an insurable interest in the property for the bailee. For instance, an auto repair shop can have insurance on the vehicles on its lot for possible damage or theft, even though the shop does not own them.
A contractual right can also create an insurable interest, such as the right to purchase property at some future date.
Because property and liability insurance are contracts of indemnity that only covers losses, the insurable interest must exist at the time of the loss. For instance, if you sold a house that would have still been covered by insurance if you hadn't sold it, and it was destroyed by fire, then your insurance company does not have to pay for the fire based on your policy, because you no longer have an insurable interest in the property. Paying you for the fire would violate the principle of indemnity, because you would not only collect the insurance, but would also still be legally entitled to the proceeds of the sale, allowing you to profit from the fire. Your insurance will not cover the new owner, because, if the house is destroyed by a fire after you have sold it, then the loss is not yours, but the new owner's.
Obviously, you have an insurable interest in your own life, and you can purchase any amount of life insurance up to the limits imposed by the insurance company. Any beneficiary can be named, and they do not need to have an insurable interest in you.
However, for anyone to purchase life insurance on someone else's life, they must have an insurable interest, which is usually satisfied if they are closely related, and, especially, if the beneficiary would suffer financial loss from the insured's death. So, for instance, spouses can insure each other. However, life insurance cannot be purchased on someone who is more remotely related or unrelated, unless the beneficiary would suffer a financial loss from the death. A business partner, for instance, may buy life insurance on the other partners, so that if one of them dies, the beneficiary can purchase that partner's stake in the business. Or a company may buy life insurance for its top salespeople, since it can experience a financial loss if any of them dies. Or a movie producer may buy life insurance for its top stars, because of the financial loss that will probably occur if any of the stars die before the movie is finished. Even a creditor can buy a policy for its debtors.
However, when the insurable interest is based on a possible financial loss, and the beneficiary of the policy is also the owner of the policy, then the value of the life insurance policy is limited to the extent of the possible financial loss. Otherwise, there would be moral hazard, since the owner of the policy would profit from the insured's demise.
Because life insurance is a valued policy insurance that pays a specified sum to the beneficiary at the time of the insured's death, the beneficiary does not have to prove a loss to collect the insurance. So, unlike property insurance, an insurable interest must exist at the time of the purchase of the life insurance— not afterward, or even when death occurs, as long the premiums are paid. This characteristic of life insurance is what allowed the existence of viatical settlements in the late 1980's and 90's, in which people with AIDS sold their life insurance policies to investors for immediate money. Nowadays, life insurance policies are being sold by older people to life settlement providers, who, in turn, sell them to hedge funds or investment banks. The banks pay the premiums, pool the policies and securitize the policies into what has become known as death bonds. | <urn:uuid:e0192e6b-2f6c-4427-b7b7-5c92dc523fd2> | CC-MAIN-2021-39 | https://thismatter.com/money/insurance/insurable-interest.htm | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-39/segments/1631780057303.94/warc/CC-MAIN-20210922011746-20210922041746-00214.warc.gz | en | 0.97933 | 1,239 | 2.984375 | 3 |
Learning and exercising QIGONG (“chi gong”)
What is QIGONG and why practice?
– a holistic system of coordinated body posture and movement, breathing, and meditation used for health, spirituality, and martial arts training. With roots in Chinese medicine, philosophy, and martial arts, qigong is traditionally viewed as a practice to cultivate and balance qi (chi), translated as “life energy”.
– According to Taoist, Buddhist, and Confucian philosophy, qigong allows access to higher realms of awareness, awakens one’s “true nature”, and helps develop human potential.
– Qigong practice typically involves moving meditation, coordinating slow flowing movement, deep rhythmic breathing, and calm meditative state of mind. Qigong is now practiced throughout China and worldwide for recreation, exercise and relaxation, preventive medicine and self-healing, alternative medicine, meditation and self-cultivation, and training for martial arts.
We will be learning breathing, movement, and stretching, followed by a basic meditation – this will help alleviate work stress and act as preventive medicine for the sedentary work environment and aging process. | <urn:uuid:ca49e901-d378-4c3b-a783-bfe8d2a634d3> | CC-MAIN-2017-51 | http://thomasvejrazka.com/qi-gong-the-8-treasures/?lang=cz | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-51/segments/1512948513866.9/warc/CC-MAIN-20171211183649-20171211203649-00219.warc.gz | en | 0.922886 | 245 | 3.09375 | 3 |
The claim that regular use of marijuana reduces Intelligence Quotient (IQ) and causes difficulties in learning is just a propaganda often cited by marijuana opponents. However, what do the scientists got to say about this statement?
Research studies: cannabis does not reduce IQ
According to a study published in the international scientific journal “The Journal of Psychopharmacology” — The use of marijuana among adults does not reduce IQ or lead to problems with education.
British researchers assessed the relationship between the increasing use of marijuana among 15-year-olds and academic performance among 16-year-olds. The study was conducted on a sample of 2235 teenagers.
After eliminating interfering variables such as depression or smoking, which could affect the outcome of the study, the researchers said:
Cigarettes smoking lowers general intelligence
Interestingly, a relationship was found between smoking cigarettes and weaker learning results – even after eliminating confounders. The data suggest that smoking contributes to lowering general intelligence and affects learning performance.
In turn, a study conducted in New Zealand in 2012 and published in The Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences indicates that frequent use of marijuana among people under 18 was associated with a lower level of IQ at a later age. An independent review of the study published later in the same magazine, however, claims that the study did not include disturbing variables such as socio-economic differences that could affect the outcome of the study, and the psychological changes of the subjects may not have any relation to the use of marijuana. .
Recent study results
A newer study published in Drug and Alcohol Dependence in 2015 suggests that:
is a subject of much dispute in the research world.
For many years now, anti-marijuana activists have linked marijuana use with all sorts of negative outcomes. Some groups claim it leads to lower IQ scores. On the other hand, there are some (i.e. Dr Drew Pinsky) that have likened cannabis to dangerous opiates (technically, marijuana shouldn’t be classified under Schedule 1 (Class I) drugs).
A study in news coverage in 2014 seems to support the argument that cannabis is perilous for adolescents. Even though the available research may sometimes seem conclusive, scientists and research experts have not been able to prove the claim that marijuana leads to lower IQ and learning problems.
The results of individual studies are slightly different from each other and do not give a definite answer. However, many indications show that the occasional use of marijuana does not affect the overall level of intelligence and does not hinder the assimilation of knowledge in the future as shown in some studies. | <urn:uuid:2fba5985-11dd-4bcd-b533-ab53f6b530e6> | CC-MAIN-2019-18 | https://marijuanally.com/does-cannabis-reduce-iq-levels-and-problems-with-education | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-18/segments/1555578531984.10/warc/CC-MAIN-20190421140100-20190421162100-00117.warc.gz | en | 0.955143 | 524 | 2.703125 | 3 |
The mission of the International Boundary and Water Commission (IBWC), United States and Mexico , is to provide binational solutions to issues that arise during the application of United States – Mexico treaties regarding boundary demarcation, national ownership of waters, sanitation, water quality, and flood control in the border region. Article 2 of the 1944 Water Treaty states that the jurisdiction of the Commission shall extend to the limitrophe [adjacent] parts of the Rio Grande and the Colorado River; to the land boundary between the two countries, and to works located upon their common boundary, each Section of the Commission retaining jurisdiction over that part of the works located within the limits of its own country. As such the IBWC serves as the focal point for dialogue and cooperation for issues related to water along the 1,952 miles of the U.S. – Mexico International Boundary. This includes negotiation of addenda to the existing treaties in the form of Commission Minutes (formal agreements between both governments), sharing of joint monitoring data, analysis of technical problems and publication of relevant reports, convening of binational technical meetings and workgroups, facilitation of Citizen Forums for stakeholder inputs, and other activities.
International Boundary and Water Commission, U.S. and Mexico | <urn:uuid:6a489f6f-126d-4c5c-b948-59fd36372396> | CC-MAIN-2016-36 | http://www.solutionsforwater.org/solutions/international-boundary-and-water-commission-u-s-and-mexico-an-institution-fostering-cooperation-and-dialogue-on-mexico-%E2%80%93-u-s-border-rivers | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-36/segments/1471982295854.33/warc/CC-MAIN-20160823195815-00043-ip-10-153-172-175.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.945204 | 252 | 2.6875 | 3 |
Once thought unstoppable, bacterial superweapon falters with too many targets
In 2006, scientists discovered that some of the world's most common disease-causing bacteria wield a uniquely powerful weapon that can kill targeted cells — both other bacterial cells and membrane-enclosed eukaryotic cells — by injecting them with toxic proteins.
The type VI secretion (T6S) system is a devastating quick-kill mechanism that has been found to exist in nearly a quarter of gram-negative bacteria, including Vibrio cholerae — the infectious agent that causes cholera — and Pseudomonas aeruginosa, a versatile pathogen that can cause sepsis and organ failure.
New research from Princeton University and the University of Basel in Switzerland has revealed that T6S, once thought to be a microbial superweapon, can be thwarted if groups of targets are large enough when the assault begins. Although organisms on the outside of the cluster will perish, the protected interior cells can multiply quickly enough to replenish the group's numbers from the inside — even to the point where the number of targets spawning exceeds the number dying — and the attacking bacteria cannot take over.
Reported in the journal PLoS Computational Biology, the findings — which combined computer simulations with observations of living bacteria — could provide insight into how cells withstand powerful aggressors, which scientists could use to develop treatments against pathogens.
"Having T6S is not a 'Terminator' weapon, which is what it looked like initially and what a lot of people thought," explained first author David Borenstein, a postdoctoral research associate in Princeton's Lewis-Sigler Institute for Integrative Genomics. "We now think that the reason more bacteria don't have it is because it's not necessarily a good weapon."
The researchers suggest that T6S may be only an occasional weapon used to eliminate specific targets under certain circumstances, which would help prevent the accidental killing of beneficial bacteria. The secretion system also is highly energy-intensive, Borenstein said. Thus, bacteria relying primarily on T6S would be laboring to constantly produce toxins.
"There seem to be certain circumstances in which T6S is useful," Borenstein said. "It's not just turned on and fired willy-nilly in every direction. It's definitely something bacteria are choosing to use."
In a new twist, the researchers found that the T6S system also has a potential role as a defensive weapon when cells with T6S attack other cells that also have it. While immune to their own secretion systems, the cells can kill each other. A computer simulation showed that when T6S-equipped bacteria attacked others, the organisms with the majority population won out.
"If bacteria have T6S and an established population, it will be much easier for them to defend against an invading microbe, even if the attackers have it, too," Borenstein said. "The T6S system is a way to have a standby defense without producing defense toxins all the time and without inadvertently killing bacteria that might be beneficial in the meantime."
The fusion of simulations and laboratory work are a notable feature of this work that could be used to better explore other biological systems and interactions, said Jeff Gore, an associate professor of physics at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology. The work illustrates that unique and potentially important ideas can spring from the interchange of computer modeling and experimentation, said Gore, who is familiar with the work but was not involved in it.
"This paper represents a wonderful example of combining biologically motivated modeling with laboratory experiments," Gore said. "This is a powerful mode of inquiry that in my opinion could be used fruitfully to elucidate many other biological systems. In particular, more modeling should be motivated by surprising experimental results, and more quantitative experiments should be motivated by surprising theoretical predictions."
Borenstein and co-author Ned Wingreen, Princeton's Howard A. Prior Professor of the Life Sciences and professor of molecular biology and the Lewis-Sigler Institute for Integrative Genomics, first simulated the assault by cells with T6S on cells vulnerable to the secretion system. The target cells' resilience was surprising, Borenstein said.
"The phenomenon we saw is similar to a herd of animals that cluster around each other when predators attack — the individuals on the outside are vulnerable, but the interior of the community is protected," Borenstein said. "But in this case, the prey animals on the inside rapidly reproduced during the assault. Once there were enough, it didn't matter how many predators there were anymore — they couldn't win."
Co-authors Marek Basler, a professor of biology, and graduate student Peter Ringel, both at the University of Basel, tested the simulations in the laboratory on live bacteria by pitting V. cholerae against the bacteria Escherichia coli, which are vulnerable to T6S, and found the same results. A 2013 paper published in the journal Cell on which Basler was the first author inspired the current research.
The simulations allowed the researchers to not only build upon their previous laboratory work, but also realize theories that would be difficult to physically carry out, Basler said.
"Even before this collaboration, my group and others in the field made certain observations that we were explaining only intuitively," Basler said. "One beauty of these simulations is that one can vary parameters that are not so easy to vary experimentally, such as the killing rate or growth rate, and learn what would happen in a competition of bacteria strains under completely different conditions.
"In many cases, the way we set up our competition assays in the lab is artificial; in nature you hardly see exponentially growing bacterial communities," he said. "But here we showed that the prey cells can win by outgrowing the competition even though they are constantly getting killed. I believe that in the future, we will discover more strategies about how prey cells deal with aggressors."
Wingreen initiated the project after reading Basler's 2013 paper. That study showed that when P. aeruginosa attacked V. cholerae and the bacteria Acinetobacter baylyi — which also has the T6S system — they only resorted to using T6S when they detected that their targets also were using it. Wingreen began thinking that perhaps the use of T6S is selective and that there are costs and benefits bacteria consider, he said. He approached Borenstein, a software engineer, who had designed a simulation program called Nanoverse that predicts the outcomes of biological processes.
"We quickly realized that the spatial structure of the competing strains are crucial to the outcome — there is a critical domain size above which sensitive colonies will survive," Wingreen said. "Real biology is always more complicated than our models, so to confirm that this simple idea actually held up in a real system, we initiated an experimental collaboration. [Basler and Ringel's] observations confirmed our main prediction — large colonies can survive an attack while small ones perish."
The dynamic the researchers uncovered also could apply to other natural scenarios in which a vulnerable organism faces a powerful assailant, such as coral reefs struggling to resist algae, Wingreen said. Such an organism's resilience might depend on strengthening its pre-assault population and ensuring that it can maintain steady regeneration during the onslaught.
Indeed, Gore said, the researchers show that considerations such as spatial structure can supersede principles otherwise presumed to be true.
"Given that toxin-producing strains can kill toxin-sensitive strains, it is natural to assume that toxin production will always spread throughout a population," Gore said. "However, these researchers have demonstrated that the fate of toxin-production in a population depends critically on the size of the domains that each of these strains occupies.
"The microbial world is full of examples of cells interacting in rich ways, either competitively or cooperatively," he said. "This work highlights that the range of that interaction can be very important."
The paper, "Established microbial colonies can survive type VI secretion assault," was published by PLoS Computational Biology. The work was supported by the National Science Foundation (grants PHY-1305525, MCB-1119232 and MCB-1344191); Princeton's Eric and Wendy Schmidt Transformative Technology Fund; Swiss National Science Foundation Starting Grant (no. BSSGI0_155778); the University of Basel; and the Biozentrum Basel International PhD Program "Fellowships for Excellence." | <urn:uuid:c1cada51-8f1c-44b8-817d-7fb4d0cc9373> | CC-MAIN-2019-51 | https://www.princeton.edu/news/2016/01/11/once-thought-unstoppable-bacterial-superweapon-falters-too-many-targets | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-51/segments/1575540523790.58/warc/CC-MAIN-20191209201914-20191209225914-00492.warc.gz | en | 0.95376 | 1,738 | 3.046875 | 3 |
As China forges ahead with its goal to generate 120,000 megawatts of renewable energy by 2020, they are damming more and more rivers. According to China, this is a safe strategy that will curb pollution, control floods, and minimize climate change. Conservationists and scientists across the globe however, disagree.
Environmentalists assert that China is, instead, blocking the free flow of rivers, destroying the ecology, uprooting millions of people, increasing the chances of earthquakes and ultimately “selling their country’s soul in their drive for economic growth”.
In their search for renewable electric power, China’s engineers have been building mega-dams at a rate unmatched in human history. Many far larger than the Hoover Dam on the Colorado River — which is 221 meters high and capable of generating more than 2,000 megawatts of power — are being constructed on China’s greatest rivers. Best known is the Three Gorges Dam, completed in 2008, which stretches a mile-and-a-half across the Yangtze and can generate ten times the hydropower of the Hoover Dam. Yet the Three Gorges is only a fraction of China’s current dam program.
The government is now engaged in a new expansion of dams in great staircases, reservoir upon reservoir — some 130 in all across China’s Southwest.
Since the 1950s the Chinese have built some 22,000 dams more than 15 meters tall, roughly half the world’s current total. During the 1990s, as economic growth surged and air pollution spurred the need for clean energy; they turned increasingly to huge mega-dams. Protests from environmentalists have helped slow some of the building in recent years. But under the 12th Five Year Plan (2011-2015) the government seems to have cast aside restraint. Opposition has been suppressed and the dam builders are now free to move forward.
About 100 dams are in various stages of construction or planning on the Yangtze and its tributaries. All these rivers flow off the Tibetan Plateau, a geologically unstable region that averages 4,500 meters (14,800 feet) high. As they flow down through the soft, sedimentary rock, the rivers carve steep canyons, many deeper than the Grand Canyon. The risk of earthquakes is high. Probe International, a Canadian NGO, warned in April 2012 that almost half of China’s new dams are in zones of high to very high seismic risk, and most of the remainder in zones of moderate hazard.
Article appearing courtesy Environmental News Network. | <urn:uuid:d47fb208-f111-4535-a668-f658ef6b0e96> | CC-MAIN-2021-04 | https://cleantechies.com/do-dams-bring-more-harm-or-more-good/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-04/segments/1610703514121.8/warc/CC-MAIN-20210118030549-20210118060549-00268.warc.gz | en | 0.954293 | 528 | 3.578125 | 4 |
A researcher has been hired by a pizzeria to determine which type of crust customers prefer. The restaurant offers three types of crust: hand tossed, thick, and thin. Following are the mean number of 1 inch pieces of pizza eaten for each condition from 10 subjects who had the opportunity to eat as many pieces with each type of crust as they desired. The ANOVA summary table also follows.
Source Df SS MS F
Crust type Mean N
Hand-tossed 2.73 10
Thick 4.20 10
Thin 8.50 10
A. Complete the ANOVA summary table
B. Is Fobt significant at a = .05; at a = .01?
C. Perform post hoc comparisons if necessary.
D. What conclusion can be drawn from the F-ratio and the post hoc comparisons?
E. What is the effect size, and what does this mean?
F. Graph the means. | <urn:uuid:6c0991ad-bcd4-42e4-903c-9d498c067234> | CC-MAIN-2022-40 | https://www.studypool.com/discuss/3316/statistics-9 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-40/segments/1664030337631.84/warc/CC-MAIN-20221005140739-20221005170739-00460.warc.gz | en | 0.927637 | 218 | 3.515625 | 4 |
Job: Court reporter
Role: The role of a court reporter is to produce accurate written records of what is said and presented during legal proceedings, hearings, tribunals, political procedures, and so on.
Although the stenotype machine – a specialized shorthand typewriter that allows trained users to "type" at the speed of human speech – is losing ground to digital recording technologies, even the equipment that has come to replace it still requires the services of a court reporter.
"You're looking at about $7,000 worth of equipment that they need to maintain and make sure is in good working order at all times," said Kimberley Stewart, president of the Canadian Centre for Verbatim Studies and chief executive officer of ASAP Reporting Services, an agency with offices in Toronto and Ottawa .
Ms. Stewart said it is the court reporter's responsibility to familiarize himself or herself with the case before the proceedings begin, and arrive half an hour early to ensure that all recording devices and microphones are functional and capable of keeping accurate records.
While some court reporters are still employed to keep accurate records of court proceedings as they happen – typically referred to as real-time court reporters – others are hired to make notes and citations to supplement digital recordings, including accurate spelling of names, case numbers, charges and case law. Court reporters can also provide the closed captions on live broadcasts and recorded shows.
Salary: The salary of a court reporter will vary, based on geography and employer. Ms. Stewart says that a skilled court reporter can earn a starting salary of $40,000 in the first year, while seasoned court reporters can earn more than $60,000.
"Our top five reporters make well over [$100,000 a year], she said, adding that court reporters typically work sporadic and inconsistent hours, earning about $20 to $25 an hour in addition to a transcript fee. "That's where the real money is made. It's in the transcript fees, not the hourly rate."
Ms. Stewart explained that court reporters are typically paid $1.50 per party per page for live transcription, and an additional minimum of $3.50 a page to produce a full transcript, though the total fee could reach as high as $15 per page for expedited service. For instance, the live transcription of a 100-page document that is later distributed to lawyers on both sides of a court case would earn a court reporter a minimum of $650.
Education: There are only two schools in Canada that are registered with the National Court Reporters Association; the Northern Alberta Institute of Technology, which offers a two-year diploma in captioning and court reporting, and the Canadian Centre for Verbatim Studies in Toronto. CCVS offers a court reporting diploma, which requires students to type 160 words per minute, as well as a real-time court reporting diploma, which requires graduates to type 225 words a minute.
"A real-time reporter needs to type at a minimum of 225 words per minute," Ms. Stewart said. "They're not typing on a QWERTY keyboard; they're using a specialized machine that is based on phonetics called a steno machine, and it's got 21 keys on it. … It's like learning a new language."
Job prospects: There is currently a shortage of court reporters in Canada, and the gap is only expected to grow. According to Ms. Stewart, the average age of court reporters in Canada is about 55, and there aren't nearly enough young court reporters being trained in Canada today to replace retirees.
"There's definitely a need, because crime hasn't decreased, court cases are always going on, our society has become more litigious – that's not going to change," said Gloria Scheerer, the president of Clearly Spoken Inc., a Kitchener-based reporting and transcription services company, adding that she is currently struggling to fill a number of job openings.
Challenges: Both Ms. Scheerer and Ms. Stewart point to the hours as the greatest challenge for court reporters. That is because legal proceedings are often unpredictable, and court reporters are sometimes asked to produce transcripts on short notice, requiring them to work evenings and weekends.
"One of the challenges of court reporting is that you can go in on a Monday morning being told that they want the transcript in 10 days, and at the end of the day the lawyer says to you, 'Oh, by the way, I need that tomorrow,'" Ms. Scheerer said. "These legal proceedings deal with deadlines, and they're deadlines that can't be moved."
Why they do it: Court reporters enjoy working in a fascinating environment that provides the opportunity to meet all different kinds of people and explore a wide variety of legal situations.
"As a court reporter, in a five-day period, you could do five different jobs," said Ms. Stewart, adding that they could move from an immigration case at the Federal Court of Canada one day to a cross examination involving a corporate takeover the next to a medical disciplinary hearing the day after that.
Ms. Stewart adds that there are also travel opportunities for court reporters, as foreign cases involving Canadians often require the services of Canadian court reporters.
"We had someone in Berlin last week, and we've sent people as far away as Japan," she said. "If it's a Canadian case, they want a Canadian reporter there. I've travelled to over 30 countries myself for court reporting, so you can take that job anywhere in the world."
Misconceptions: Ms. Scheerer says most people assume that all court reporters work on steno machines and produce real-time court reporting, which is not the case. Many court reporters are in charge of managing and maintaining digital voice recording equipment and software while providing annotations and supplementary information that can be transcribed later.
Give us the scoop: Are you a court reporter? Write a note in the comments area of this story or e-mail your comment to [email protected] and let us know what you would tell others who are interested in the profession.
Want to read more stories from our Salaries Series? Find more here. | <urn:uuid:6e5ef267-29c3-476e-88e2-1860e0c0ba04> | CC-MAIN-2020-50 | https://www.theglobeandmail.com/report-on-business/careers/career-advice/i-want-to-be-a-court-reporter-what-will-my-salary-be/article23477467/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-50/segments/1606141188146.22/warc/CC-MAIN-20201126113736-20201126143736-00279.warc.gz | en | 0.968444 | 1,255 | 2.75 | 3 |
Different thermocouples are built for specific purposes and different ranges. The
secondary reference thermocouple thermometer is platinum verses platinum plus 10%
rhodium, with a range from 0,C, to 1,768,C.
b. The second type of secondary reference thermometer is, the mercury in glass. Mercury
is the best liquid because to its linear expansion and its low freezing point. The limits of a
mercury thermometer are -38,C to 360,C by the addition of inert gas (mercury freezes
at -38.87,C and boils 356.58,C.)
The secondary reference set is shown here as eight different thermometers. The smaller
set is a secondary reference set, but is being replaced by the (8) thermometer set. | <urn:uuid:05807c7b-a9e3-4a4e-af9c-831de0a9b7e3> | CC-MAIN-2018-05 | http://armymunitions.tpub.com/mm0483/mm04830039.htm | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-05/segments/1516084890514.66/warc/CC-MAIN-20180121100252-20180121120252-00661.warc.gz | en | 0.865078 | 168 | 2.765625 | 3 |
Better Students Ask More Questions.
Please give an analysis on the home in Where Angels Fear to Tread.
1 Answer | add yours
High School Teacher
What is interesting about the Italian home that Lilia shares with her husband is that it is restricted and closed in, just like Lilia's life at this stage in the novel. Let us remember that it is during this period of the story that Lilia comes to realise that she does not love her husband, and that he only married her for her money. The home in which they live becomes particularly significant, especially given the way in which it symbolises lack of escape, opportunity and happiness. Lilia is forced to realise that she will never be able to expect happiness or love from her husband, and that as an Italian, he is completely unaware of the kind of expectations that an English woman would have of marriage. Lilia is therefore doomed to a hopeless future, and even the possibility of alleviating her situation by giving her husband his much longed-for son only brings her own death.
The home then seems to reflect or mirror Lilia's gradual realisation of the situation that she has entered. Having married her husband quickly, believing herself to be in love, she very quickly realises that her home is more like a prison than anything else, as it symbolises her life and the way that it has hit a dead end.
Posted by accessteacher on January 9, 2012 at 2:35 PM (Answer #1)
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Join a community of thousands of dedicated teachers and students. | <urn:uuid:d95b6c2f-7c57-4060-8e59-9652164243e0> | CC-MAIN-2013-48 | http://www.enotes.com/homework-help/theme-analysis-home-where-angels-fear-tread-305758 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2013-48/segments/1386164796892/warc/CC-MAIN-20131204134636-00027-ip-10-33-133-15.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.981537 | 329 | 2.75 | 3 |
Energy Savings of Variable Speed Drives
The Magic of Variable Speed Drives By Eric A. Woodroof, Ph.D., CEM, CRM, PCF Buildings Magazine September 2014
Last week I was teaching/introducing the Certified Energy Manager program in Singapore, where the weather is consistently hot and humid, yet they frequently use variable flow HVAC systems. It got me thinking about applications of variable speed drives (VSDs) in data centers and other areas where the cooling load is more constant than a traditional building. In this article, I will explain the “magic” of VSDs regarding traditional energy savings in areas where the weather (cooling load) varies, such as in the USA. At the end, I will discuss the economics of VSDs in general as well as in applications where the loads are more constant… the results surprised me.
Background According to the Energy Information Agency, motors in fans, pumps and compressors use more electricity than any other device within buildings. The majority of these motors are AC induction motors and this technology has not changed significantly in many years. The “rule of thumb” efficiencies are usually above 90%. Motors, which are simply a collection of wires and magnets (“pole pairs”), are “fixed speed” devices. The RPM (“speed”) is determined by the equation below, and most of the variables are fairly constant: Note that in the USA, the Electrical System Frequency is 60 Hz (cycles per second)
Thus, after a motor is constructed, the only practical way to adjust the speed is to adjust the electrical frequency, which we can do with modern electronics (“drives”). A variable frequency drive (VFD) is essentially a small computer that modifies the electrical system frequency to manipulate the RPM (“speed”) of a motor, which impacts the flow of air in an HVAC system. VSD is a common term for a VFD.
There are other ways to achieve variable flows of air (or any fluid) by using a magnetic clutch, as well as outlet dampers or inlet vane controls. Magnetic clutches offer similar performance when compared to a VFD. However, outlet dampers and inlet vane dampers are not as efficient as a VFD, because using an outlet damper (or throttling) is basically analogous to controlling your car by “putting the gas petal to the metal” and at the same time, controlling your speed by using your brake.
The Magic of VSDs: VSDs are “magic” because they can achieve over 50% energy savings, which is generally more than most energy retrofits! Although initially unbelievable to most people, this is true because the relationship between power and airflow is not linear as indicated by the famous “fan laws” or “affinity laws”. For this article, we will only talk about the most relevant, 3rd Fan Law Equation: HPnewHPold=(RPMnewRPMold)3 Another interesting “law” is the relationship between speed (RPM) and CFM (Cubic Feet per Minute). CFM (flow) and RPM are generally linear, such that RPM can be substituted with CFM in the equation above. For example, consider a 100 HP HVAC fan motor that was controlled by a VSD. During a day when the temperature is mild, you could reduce the flow to 50% and still keep occupants comfortable. The equation below shows you what the new HP would be (power required). In this case- CFMnew = 0.5* CFMold Therefore, RPMnew = 0.5* RPMold If we insert this into the 3rd Fan Law Equation: HPnew = HPold (RPMnew/RPMold)3 HPnew = HPold (0.5 * RPMold/RPMold)3 HPnew = 100 HP (0.5)3 HPnew = 100 HP (0.125) HPnew = 12.5 HP
Although this is an incredible 87.5% reduction in power required (savings), we have to remember that the above calculation is based on the Fan Law Curve and (like thermodynamics) we won’t achieve 100% efficiency (or be right on the curve). However, as many experiments have shown, we can get very close to these savings. To be conservative, you may assume that you would achieve 90% of the estimated savings. Perhaps even more important is to remember that we only achieve the above savings when the system is operating at 50% flow, which is not “year-round”, so we need to measure/estimate how much time we are operating at common load profiles (40%, 50%, 60%, 70%, 80%, etc.). Once we have the profiles, we can use the fan law equation to calculate the savings for each profile and then sum the savings to determine the annual savings. This can be easily done on a spreadsheet. Software also exists that can help you do this, but I like to “check my numbers” whenever I use software that might be biased toward overstating the savings.
Economic Evaluation: Most of the engineers I have worked with have found VSD applications to have paybacks of less than 3 years (sometimes less than one year if a system is part-loaded frequently). This is why Variable Air Volume HVAC units are pretty much the standard design for most buildings today.
As I asked at the beginning of the article: would VSDs be useful in places that have relatively constant HVAC loads year round (such as data centers or buildings near the equator)? My logical mind would say…probably not. However, according to a study done by Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory1, they achieved 24% reduction within a data center and a payback of 2 years. So it appears worthwhile to investigate as an option even when in a data center. One other factor to consider is maintenance, which will be higher with a VAV system.
It may also be wise to consider Variable Refrigerant Volume HVAC systems, which offer superior performance at part-load and save energy because they do not bring in outside air (which must be conditioned). These are very popular in Asia, as well as many data centers (that don’t have human occupants on a regular basis). In addition, the VRF systems can take heat from a computer room and move it to another area that might need that heat in the winter season. This also has many applications such as in hospitals, where a lot of equipment heat (MRI, CT and other machines) could be “re-used” in other areas. I am sure the VRF trend will continue to spread into the US and become more familiar in the coming years.
1 Greenberg, S. (2013) “Variable-Speed Fan Retrofits for Computer-Room Air Conditioners”, Prepared for the U.S. Department of Energy Federal Energy Management Program Technology, Case Study Bulletin By Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory. | <urn:uuid:38b5faa6-fe56-4fbe-9624-2c95b45c11a3> | CC-MAIN-2020-29 | https://www.profitablegreensolutions.com/post/energy-savings-of-variable-speed-drives | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-29/segments/1593657139167.74/warc/CC-MAIN-20200712175843-20200712205843-00476.warc.gz | en | 0.953361 | 1,468 | 2.671875 | 3 |
Spanish for Educators Boosts Understanding and Connections
The HCPSS Spanish for Educators professional development series represents one way the school system is working to better connect with our growing Spanish-speaking population, with the understanding that engagement leads to greater academic achievement.
The educator participants learn by communicating in Spanish about real-life classroom and school situations in this Maryland State Department of Education-approved course. Participants also gain insights and awareness about themselves, their students and the multi-faceted cultural groups that make up the Hispanic population. In turn, as language barriers break down, Spanish-speaking students and families have more of a “voice” at school.
More than 200 educators have grown professionally and implemented new practices by participating in the course. For example, a media specialist made her media center’s check-out process available in Spanish. Another teacher started a biweekly “lunch bunch” with Hispanic students, during which they teach each other English and Spanish, respectively. Overall, Hispanic parent involvement has increased where relationships have formed with educators.
The class—not found in many school systems—is now in its second year offered countywide through a blended online/in-person format. It has proven so popular that a second section and level were added to meet demand.
Learn more about Spanish for Educators. | <urn:uuid:1a355bdb-8494-4388-be26-b450af69a049> | CC-MAIN-2017-13 | http://celebrate.hcpss.org/03/spanish-for-educators/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-13/segments/1490218190295.65/warc/CC-MAIN-20170322212950-00362-ip-10-233-31-227.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.968071 | 272 | 2.984375 | 3 |
December/January 2015Vol. 15, No. 11Los Angeles Survey of LGBTQ Youth in Care
Accurate data about the number of lesbian, gay, bisexual, transgender, and questioning (LGBTQ) youth in foster care can help practitioners and policymakers better serve this population. A recent report based on the Los Angeles Foster Youth Survey (LAFYS) sheds light on the number, demographics, and outcomes of LGBTQ youth in Los Angeles County, CA. The Williams Institute and Holarchy Consulting conducted the LAFYS as part of the L.A. LGBT Center's RISE (Recognize Intervene Support Empower) Project, which was awarded funding by the Children's Bureau through the Permanency Innovations Initiative.
The survey included 786 randomly selected youth ages 12–21 who were in foster care in Los Angeles County. Results indicate that approximately 19 percent (1,400) of the 7,400 youth in foster care in Los Angeles County identify as LGBTQ, which is between 1.5 to 2 times higher than youth not residing in foster care. Compared to non-LGBTQ youth in foster care, LGBTQ youth in foster care experience a higher number of placements and were more likely to live in a group home, be hospitalized for emotional reasons, and be homeless at some point in their life.
The report outlines implications for policymakers, caregivers, and researchers, including addressing oppressions within the child welfare system and how to improve data collection.
The report, Sexual and Gender Minority Youth in Foster Care: Assessing Disproportionality and Disparities in Los Angeles, is available at http://williamsinstitute.law.ucla.edu/research/safe-schools-and-youth/lafys-aug-2014/.
The February 2014 issue of Children's Bureau Express spotlighted LGBTQ youth and included articles about an initiative addressing the challenges affecting LGBTQ youth in child welfare settings, a guide to help child welfare professionals better care for LGBTQ youth in foster care, and more. The Spotlight section is available at https://cbexpress.acf.hhs.gov/index.cfm?event=website.viewHomepage&issueID=154. | <urn:uuid:1cbec64d-3f3e-4efd-8a9d-ad4b889b03c0> | CC-MAIN-2023-06 | https://cbexpress.acf.hhs.gov/article/2015/december-january/los-angeles-survey-of-lgbtq-youth-in-care/27bc1ff51bba8910517620efe54bcb8e | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-06/segments/1674764500334.35/warc/CC-MAIN-20230206082428-20230206112428-00225.warc.gz | en | 0.933028 | 448 | 2.734375 | 3 |
"Electric Car Brushless Motor" motor running inside a mechanical collision or mechanical noise: Whether high-speed or low-speed electrical motor, load operation should not be a mechanical collision or discontinuous irregular mechanical noise. Different forms of motor may use different methods for maintenance. Vehicle mileage is shortened, motor weakness: the car continues the course is short and the motor weakness (commonly known as motor boring) the reason is more complex. But when we exclude the above four motor failure, in general, the vehicle continues the course of a short fault is not caused by the motor, which decay and battery capacity, Chargers dissatisfied electrical controller parameter drift (PWM signal does not reach 100%) and so on.
View More(Total0)Comment Lists | <urn:uuid:29cf0cd6-ea9f-4e9e-b0b7-63ddd5414b02> | CC-MAIN-2023-14 | https://www.sunrisemotor-cn.com/new_detail/nid/22992.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-14/segments/1679296944606.5/warc/CC-MAIN-20230323003026-20230323033026-00129.warc.gz | en | 0.887297 | 150 | 2.765625 | 3 |
Through history, the economy of Belize has relied heavily on its primary industry of logging. In the 20th century, agriculture in Belize grew under the production of citrus, bananas, and sugar. Tourism has since become one of the primary economic industries in Belize. Agriculture remains a key industry and now includes aquaculture (exporting both wild-caught and farmed seafood). From the early 2000s up until the crash, Belize GDP growth averaged around 4%. In 2008, petroleum production helped to offset the decline in the tourism sector due to the global recession. Over the last 20 years (1995-2015), the Belize annual growth rate averaged just over 4%.
The economy in Belize is minuscule by international standards, but you have to keep in mind that it is a small, still-developing country with a trivial domestic market and limited ability for internal taxation. The current gross domestic product is only around US$1.70 billion, representing less than 0.01% of the world economy. Current economic standings have forced Belize to borrow from international lenders, including the World Bank.
Belize Economic Statistics
Real annual growth rate (2012): 5.3%
Per capita income: US$8,900
Inflation rate: 1.2%
Natural resources: Arable land, timber, seafood, minerals.
Primary sectors (64% of GDP): Hotels and restaurants, financial intermediation, trade, and transport and communication.
Secondary sectors (23% of GDP): Manufacturing, electricity and water supply, and construction.
Tertiary sectors (13% of GDP): Agriculture, forestry, fishing, and mining.
Exports: US$580.7 million: cane sugar, citrus concentrate, marine products, bananas, clothing, molasses, wood, and crude oil.
Major trade markets: U.S. (30.8%), U.K., CARICOM.
Imports: US$964.4 million: food, consumer goods, machinery and transportation equipment, chemicals, pharmaceuticals, tobacco, mineral fuels, and lubricants.
Major suppliers: U.S. (23.1%), Germany, Central America, Mexico, and China.
Labor force: 121,000
Official exchange rate: fixed rate of Belize $2=US$1. | <urn:uuid:680abc37-9685-452e-9c77-2a94067c9734> | CC-MAIN-2018-30 | https://www.liveandinvestoverseas.com/country-hub/belize/economy-in-belize/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-30/segments/1531676592475.84/warc/CC-MAIN-20180721090529-20180721110529-00339.warc.gz | en | 0.903756 | 479 | 3.046875 | 3 |
How animals disperse seeds
With appetising fruit and sticky seeds, plants recruit all sorts of unwitting animals into the vital business of seed dispersal
Elephants disperse seeds from dozens of tree species up to 65 kilometres (40.4 miles). With their large appetites, they transport thousands of seeds a day and help maintain biodiversity.
Sometimes there are several stages of seed dispersal; herbivores deposit seeds in their droppings, and these get rolled even further from the parent plant by dung beetles.
Plants like burdock produce seeds covered with small hooks, or ‘teeth’ that stick to the fur of any mammal brushing past. Highly effective, these burs were the inspiration for Velcro.
Squirrels cache hundreds of seeds and nuts ready for winter, but inevitably forget about some. Having conveniently been buried in the soil, forgotten seeds can begin to take root.
Green sea turtles
They might not be the first group to spring to mind, but reptiles can be important seed dispersers. Green sea turtles spread several seagrass species as they travel the ocean.
Flying birds can transport seeds miles in their digestive systems and on their feathers. Toucans feed on wild nutmegs but only eat the fatty outer casing, regurgitating the seed later.
Carnivores can act as secondary dispersers – when they eat birds and small mammals, they ingest any seeds or nuts that were in the stomachs of their prey.
Almost five per cent of flowering plants are dispersed by ants. They carry seeds to their colonies, eat the lipid-rich coating and discard the intact seeds in underground chambers.
Pacus are square-toothed fish found in the Brazilian Pantanal. When floods arrive, fruit falls into the water and gets gobbled up by the fish, with the seeds later deposited.
For more science and technology articles, pick up the latest copy of How It Works from all good retailers or from our website now. If you have a tablet or smartphone, you can also download the digital version onto your iOS or Android device. To make sure you never miss an issue of How It Works magazine, subscribe today! | <urn:uuid:80528d04-dfcd-49ce-b1fc-9bf6c12ca6d5> | CC-MAIN-2019-39 | https://www.howitworksdaily.com/how-animals-disperse-seeds/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-39/segments/1568514577478.95/warc/CC-MAIN-20190923172009-20190923194009-00133.warc.gz | en | 0.928716 | 444 | 3.671875 | 4 |
I do not get the conceptual difference between Riemann and Ricci tensors. It's obvious for me that Riemann have more information that Ricci, but what information? The Riemann tensor contains all the informations about your space. Riemann tensor appears when you compare the change of the sabe vector(or other tensor) when it takes two different paths. You can see it comutanting two differents cov. derivatives of a vector ou computing the parallel displacement. Studying general relativity I saw : "If Riemann tensor is zero, the space is flat; if the Ricci tensor is zero the space is empty". Someone knows some mathematical proof of this affirmation? And what the Ricci scalar say to us? It's always directly proporcional to curvature? | <urn:uuid:ea9ad9a8-9734-4c07-bb14-fbb87ec7e0c9> | CC-MAIN-2018-30 | https://www.physicsforums.com/threads/geometrical-interpretation-of-ricci-and-riemann-tensors.879040/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-30/segments/1531676589752.56/warc/CC-MAIN-20180717144908-20180717164908-00107.warc.gz | en | 0.889906 | 171 | 3 | 3 |
Stedman and Hutchinson, comps. A Library of American Literature: An Anthology in Eleven Volumes. 1891. Vols. III: Colonial Literature, 16071764
The Wages of Discontent
By Captain Edward Johnson (1599?1672)
[From Wonder-working Providence of Sions Saviour in New England. 1654.]
TO end this year 1641 the Lord was pleased to send a very sharp Winter, insomuch that the harbor where ships ordinarily Anchor, was frozen over of such a thickness, that it became passable, both for horses, carts, and oxen, for the space of five weeks. And here the Reader must be minded of the wonder-working providence of Christ for his poor Churches, in altering the very season for their comfort, to the wonder of English and Indians, the Winter and Summer proving more moderate, both for heat and cold, unmasking many by this means, it being a frequent thing with some, that after the novelties of a new land began to be stale with them, and the sweet nourishment of the soul by the presence of Christ in the preaching of his Word, began to dry up through the hot-heady conceit of some new conceived opinion, then they wanted a warmer country, and every North-west wind that blew, they crept into some odd chimney-corner or other, to discourse of the diversity of Climates in the Southern parts, but chiefly of a thing very sweet to the palate of the flesh, called liberty, which they supposed might be very easily attained, could they but once come into a place where all men were chosen to the office of a Magistrate, and all were preachers of the Word, and no hearers; then it would be all Summer and no Winter.
This consultation was to be put in practice speedily, as all headstrong motions are, but the issue proved very sad both to these and others also. For thus it befell: when the time of the year was come that a sea voyage might be undertaken, they having made sale of a better accommodation than any they could afterward attain unto, prepare for the voyage with their wives and children, intending to land them in one of the Summer Islands, called the Isle of Providence. And having wind and seas favoring them, as they supposed, or to speak more proper, the provident hand of the most high God directing it, they were brought so near the shore for convenient landing, that they might have heaved a biscuit-cake on land. Their Pilot wondering he could not see the English colors on the Fort, he began to mistrust the Island was taken, and more especially because they saw not the people appear upon the shores as they usually did when any vessel was a-coming in, but now and then they saw some people afar off wafting to them to come in, till they were even come to an Anchor; and then, by the hoisting up and down the heads of those on shore, they were fully confirmed in it, that the Island was taken, as indeed it was, by the Spaniards, who, as soon as they tacked about to be gone, made shot at them, and being in great fear they made all the sail they could. But before they could get out of shot, the Master of the vessel was slain, the main-sail shot through, and the bark also. The people some of them returned back again for New England, being sore abashed at this providence that befell them, that they would never seek to be governed by liberty again to this very day. Yet others there are were so strongly bent for the heat of liberty, that they endured much pinching penury upon an uninhabited Island, till at length meeting some others like-minded with themselves, they made a voyage to another Island (the chiefest part of their Charter of Freedom was this, That no man upon pain of death should speak against anothers Religion), where they continued, till some of them were famished, and others even forced to feed on rats and any other thing they could find to sustain nature, till the provident hand of God brought a ship to the place, which took them off the Island and saved their lives. But upon this the Winters discourse ceased, and projects for a warmer Country were hushed and done. | <urn:uuid:8bc0ca71-5803-4dfa-9014-8f0087370bf8> | CC-MAIN-2016-26 | http://www.bartleby.com/400/prose/120.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783404405.88/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624155004-00078-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.982914 | 895 | 2.640625 | 3 |
How does a catalytic converter work?
A catalytic converter is a device used to reduce the emissions of an automotive engine. Not enough oxygen is available to oxidize the carbon fuel in these engines completely into carbon dioxide and water; thus toxic by-products are produced. Catalytic converters are used in exhaust systems to provide a site for the chemical reaction of oxidation and the reduction of toxic by-products.
A catalytic converter uses basic chemical reactions to reduce the pollutants a car makes. It converts around 98% of the harmful fumes produced by a car engine into less harmful gases. It is composed of a metal housing with a ceramic honeycomb-like interior with insulating layers. This honeycomb interior has thin wall channels that are coated with a layer of aluminum oxide. This coating is porous and increases the surface area, allowing more reactions to take place and containing precious metals such as platinum, rhodium, and palladium. The construction requiring these precious metals is the cause of the consistent reports of recent catalytic converter thefts.
The fuel-injection system introduces the sensors needed to maintain the control of the exhaust environment within the converter required for a proper chemical reaction. This control system comprises oxygen sensors that monitor how much oxygen is in the exhaust stream, and in turn tells the engine computer to adjust the air-to-fuel ratio, keeping the catalytic converter running at the stoichiometric point (14:1 air-to-fuel) required and near 100% efficiency.
Our certified mechanics come to you ・Backed by 12-month, 12,000-mile guarantee・Fair and transparent pricing | <urn:uuid:e587a588-210a-4e80-acbd-fc38644bf621> | CC-MAIN-2023-40 | https://www.yourmechanic.com/question/how-does-a-catalytic-converter-work | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-40/segments/1695233510603.89/warc/CC-MAIN-20230930050118-20230930080118-00197.warc.gz | en | 0.925416 | 329 | 3.96875 | 4 |
Saturday is the 270th anniversary of Thomas Jefferson’s birth (April 13, 1743). And, the Library of Congress owes much to this esteemed third president. After the British invaded Washington in the War of 1812, they burned down the Capitol building, including the Library of Congress collection housed there. Jefferson, an avid book collector, sold his 6,487 volumes – the largest personal collection in the United States – to help restart the Library.
Jefferson was renown for being many things: author of the Declaration of Independence, father of the University of Virginia, founding father of the nation, respected scholar and prolific inventor.
The Library has original letters, cartographic materials, drawings, manuscripts and other items as part of its Thomas Jefferson Collection.
Several letters from the Library’s Manuscript Division reveal insight into Jefferson, who was a faithful public servant, powerful advocate of liberty, skilled writer and advocate of knowledge and learning.
In a letter to James Madison on Dec. 20, 1787, he defined what he did and did not like about the new federal Constitution, which was still being ratified by the states. He was “captivated by the compromise of the opposite claims of the great and little states.” However, Jefferson was disturbed by the lack of a bill of rights, which “is what the people are entitled to against every government on earth.” Despite his criticisms, he would support a ratified Constitution “in hopes that they [the states] will amend it whenever they shall find it works wrong.”
January of that same year, Abigail Adams had corresponded with Jefferson, expressing her concern about the uprising led by Massachusetts farmer and Revolutionary War veteran Daniel Shay over pain caused by the state’s postwar financial policies. Calling the protestors “ignorant, wrestles desperadoes,” Adams believed they were without cause for their grievances. Jefferson disagreed and responded with a little daring: “I like a little rebellion now and then. It is like a storm in the atmosphere.”
Jefferson’s correspondence wasn’t limited to letter writing alone. When he sent Meriwether Lewis and William Clark off to explore the newly acquired Louisiana Territory, he hoped for periodic reports along the way. To keep it all a secret, he gave Lewis a cipher. “Suppose the keyword to be ‘Antipodes,’” Jefferson wrote in his explanation for how to use the key. On the back he revealed a real keyword: Artichokes.
The Louisiana Purchase was a major coup in Jefferson’s presidency, and several maps from the Library’s Geography and Map Division highlight the Lewis and Clark expedition, whose primary purpose was to explore and map the newly acquired territory. A pre-expedition map is believed to be a chart that the intrepid explorers carried on their journey at least as far as the Mandan-Hidatsa Villages on the Missouri River, where Lewis annotated in brown ink additional information obtained from fur traders. In addition, the first printed map of the Lewis and Clark expedition (1810) was the first published map to display reasonably accurate geographic information of the trans-Mississippi West and was the landmark map that laid the foundation for the future mapping of the West.
Considering Jefferson’s varied interests in geography and natural history, it should come as no surprise he dabbled in cartography himself. Jefferson’s only published map (1787) features the area between the Albermarle Sound and Lake Erie. It was prepared as a fold-out illustration for his sole book-length publication, “Notes on the State of Virginia.”
The Library’s Rare Book and Special Collections Division holds perhaps the most significant piece of printing produced in the 18th-century colonies, the Dunlap Broadside. This was the first printing of the Declaration of Independence. It was produced in the evening following the final vote of the session.
According to the National Archives, interest in reproductions of the Declaration increased as the nation grew. An unusual copy features the document printed on silk, known as the Ingraham 1823 Declaration, in honor of the three surviving signers: John Adams, Charles Carroll and Jefferson.
Another item is a rare satin broadside of Jefferson’s 1801 inaugural address. It is embellished with a portrait of Jefferson at the top, the only known broadside edition to be illustrated in such a way. Jefferson had actually requested the copy from printer Mathew Carey.
Other items include the first-known draft of Jefferson’s inaugural address, a survey – in his own hand – of his Elk Hill Plantation and a catalog of his library reflecting Jefferson’s preferred book organization into the categories of history, philosophy and fine art. (For many years, this manuscript was mistakenly labeled as a catalog of the University of Virginia library but was rediscovered in 1980 and properly identified.) | <urn:uuid:80b62753-6abe-49e8-9eeb-78cd3cdbe329> | CC-MAIN-2016-07 | http://blogs.loc.gov/loc/2013/04/a-birthday-fit-for-a-president/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-07/segments/1454701962902.70/warc/CC-MAIN-20160205195242-00066-ip-10-236-182-209.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.965862 | 1,021 | 3.25 | 3 |
Sir John Frederick William Herschel, 1st Baronet KH (March 7, 1792 – May 11, 1871) was an English mathematician, astronomer, chemist, and experimental photographer/inventor, and the son of astronomer William Herschel. He published several star catalogs based on his own observations, and contributed to the development of photography when it first emerged in 1839. Herschel believed that the study of nature was an avenue to the understanding of God's creation, and was supportive of the design theories of Charles Babbage.
Herschel was born in Slough, Buckinghamshire, the son of William and Mary Herschel. Herschel's father was a world-famous astronomer who had discovered the planet Uranus in 1881, and who continued to make many contributions to astronomy and physics until his death in 1822. When Herschel was seven, he was briefly enrolled at a boarding school at Eaton, but his mother feared the rough treatment he endured there at the hands of the students. He was later placed in a local school, where he made more progress, particularly in languages, although he lagged somewhat in mathematics, not demonstrating an innate proficiency in the subject at that early age.
He later studied at Eton College and St John's College, Cambridge. He graduated as senior wrangler in 1813. It was during his time as an undergraduate that he became friends with computer pioneer Charles Babbage and George Peacock. In 1813, he became a fellow of the Royal Society of London after submitting a mathematics memoir. Herschel, Babbage, and Peacock established a group called the Analytical Society, which championed the introduction into Great Britain of mathematical methods and notation developed on the continent. The group was formed in reaction to the perception that science in England was on the decline, and it blamed this decline at least in part for ignorance of the infinitesimal calculus as developed in France. In 1816, the three translated a popular calculus text by Silvestre François Lacroix, and by 1820, the continental style had taken firm root in Britain. Herschel contributed a volume devoted to the calculus of finite differences in a two-volume work that the society published that same year.
Inspired by the work of William Hyde Wollaston and David Brewster in optics, Herschel was gradually drawn back to the family tradition of studying astronomy that had been established by Herschel's father and his aunt, Caroline Herschel. Herschel assisted his father in making observations and building telescopes. In 1819, he reported the discovery of sodium thiosulfate and its ability to dissolve silver salts. This property was later used extensively in photography.
In 1821, the Royal Society bestowed upon him the Copley Medal for his mathematical contributions to their Transactions. In the same year, accompanied by Charles Babbage, Herschel took a tour of Europe, one of three such excursions he would make in a space of four years. Herschel and Babbage spent much time in the Alps taking measurements and making observations. During a stopover in Paris, they met the naturalist and world traveler Alexander von Humboldt. Von Humboldt would become a lifelong friend of Herschel, and the two would later work together to improve the new science of photography.
Between 1821 and 1823, Herschel re-examined, with James South, the double stars cataloged by his father, and added observations of his own, thus expanding the list of double stars from 850 to 5,075. For this work he was presented in 1826 with the Gold Medal of the Royal Astronomical Society (which he won again in 1836), and with the Lalande Medal of the French Institute in 1825. Also that year, he published monographs on the Andromeda and Orion nebulae, including hand-rendered illustrations of the two objects. He was made a Knight of the Royal Guelphic Order in 1831.
In 1830, Herschel was a candidate for the presidency of the Royal Society of London, but the Duke of Sussex, King George III's son, won the election. After that, Herschel's group gradually distanced itself from the society. In 1833, Herschel published A Treatise on Astronomy. In the same year, the death of his mother and his waning enthusiasm for the activities of the Royal Society prompted him to embark on a long-dreamed-of journey to South Africa, to observe and catalog the stars and other celestial objects observable only from the Southern Hemisphere. This was to be a completion as well as extension of the survey of the northern heavens undertaken initially by his father. He arrived in Cape Town on January 15, 1834. Amongst his other observations during this time was that of the return of Comet Halley.
In addition to his astronomical work, this voyage to a far corner of the British empire also gave Herschel an escape from the pressures under which he found himself in London, where he was one of the most sought-after of all British men of science. While in Africa, he engaged in a broad variety of scientific pursuits free from a sense of strong obligations to a larger scientific community. It was, he later recalled, probably the happiest time in his life.
Upon Herschel's return to England after four years in Capetown, he was welcomed with a dinner attended by about 400 persons, including such notables as Michael Faraday, Charles Darwin, William Rowan Hamilton, Charles Lyell, Charles Babbage, William Whewell, and the antarctic explorer James Ross. In the same year, he was created a baronet. He did not publish Results of Astronomical Observations made at the Cape of Good Hope until 1847. In this publication, he proposed the names still used today for the seven then-known satellites of Saturn: Mimas, Enceladus, Tethys, Dione, Rhea, Titan, and Iapetus. In the same year, Herschel received his second Copley Medal from the Royal Society for this work. A few years later, in 1852, he proposed the names (still used today) for the four then-known satellites of Uranus: Ariel, Umbriel, Titania, and Oberon.
Louis-Jacques-Mandé Daguerre announced his invention of photography in 1839. That same year, Herschel developed his own process of fixing a photographic image, which differed from both Daguerre's and that of another pioneer of photography, Fox Talbot. However, Herschel refrained from publishing a complete account of his process, instead deferring to Talbot, as Herschel was unaware that his process differed from Talbot's. Herschel used paper to capture his images, a process which eventually overtook imagery on metal and glass. He discovered sodium thiosulfate to be a solvent of silver halides in 1819, and informed Talbot and Daguerre of his discovery that this "hyposulphite of soda" ("hypo") could be used as a photographic fixer, to "fix" pictures and make them permanent, after experimentally applying it.
He made numerous experiments on different chemical processes that could produce an image, including organic dyes such as are found in flowers, and recorded and published his results. He invented the cyanotype process and variations, the precursors of the modern blueprint process. He experimented with color reproduction, noting that rays of different parts of the spectrum tended to impart their own color to a photographic paper. He is often credited with coining the words "positive" and "negative," referring to images that reflect the normal and reverse shades in a photographic image. Most of Herschel's work in photography was accomplished between the years 1839 and 1844.
During this same period, he continued to process the data he gathered during his trip to Africa, a process that was time-consuming. He finally finished this grand task in 1847, and published his results.
When HMS Beagle called at Cape Town, Captain Robert FitzRoy and the young naturalist Charles Darwin visited Herschel on June 3, 1836. But after the appearance of Darwin's Origin of the Species, Herschel was, at least at first, not so accommodating to Darwin's ideas, as he believed a directive force, lacking in Darwin's work, was necessary to account for speciation. "We do not believe that Darwin means to deny the necessity of such intelligent direction. But it does not, so far as we can see, enter into the formula of his law; and without it we are unable to conceive how the law can have led to the results" (Hodge and Radick, 2003, p. 182).
Darwin had, however, expected support from Herschel, since Herschel had been on record as saying that the emergence is species is a "natural in contradistinction to a miraculous process." (Hodge and Radick, 2003, p. 181).
In 1861, Herschel wrote, "...an intelligence, guided by a purpose, must be continually in action to bias the directions of the steps of change...." In later remarks, Herschel indicated, however, that he was not inclined to "repudiate" Darwin's hypothesis. (Hodge and Radick, 2003, pp. 182-183).
Babbage, Herschel's friend who is best known for his "difference engine" that is often seen as the precursor of the modern computer, published the The Ninth Bridgewater Treatise, in which he quotes extensively from the correspondence of Herschel in support of his theory of the design of the universe by a creator.
In 1849, Herschel published Outlines of Astronomy, a popular exposition that went through many editions and was considered a must-read in intellectual circles in Britain, although the content was often challenging even to educated minds.
Herschel devoted his later years largely to updating previous publications and corresponding with other scientists.
In 1867, the society photographer Julia Cameron was allowed to complete a series of portraits of Herschel, and these are among the best-known images of the scientist. It is said that Cameron had the scientist's hair washed for the portraits, and fashioned it in a way that radiated a feeling of the romantic that was reflective of the times. She returned to complete another series of photographic portraits in 1869.
In Herschel's later years, he kept up a lively correspondence with his friends and with the scientific community. But gout and bronchitis eventually took its toll as he entered his late 1870s. Herschel lamented the deaths of his close friends such as Peacock, and felt that his was soon to follow.
On May 11, 1871, Herschel died at his home in Collingwood near Hawkhurst in Kent. He was given a national funeral and buried in Westminster Abbey.
Herschel Island (in the Arctic Ocean, north of the Yukon Territory) and J. Herschel crater, on the Moon, are named after him.
Herschel married Margaret Brodie Stewart (1810-1864) on March 3, 1829. They had 12 children:
John Herschel could have easily been overshadowed by his famous father, who, among his many accomplishments, discovered the planet Uranus. But instead, he first established his own reputation in mathematics before deciding to follow and expand upon his father's path. In his day, he was as legendary as his father, and was the personification of nineteenth-century science, particularly in England. In real terms, he made substantial contributions to many fields, beyond his astronomical exploits. He always remained a firm believer in the divine. In his Preliminary Discourse on the Study of Natural Philosophy, he supported the association of nature with divine creation. This probably brought him into conflict with the theory of evolution proposed by Charles Darwin, although Darwin was quick to point out that Herschel sought to find an explanation for the emergence of species that Darwin's theory attempted to shed light on.
All links retrieved February 20, 2014.
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by Emily Schaller / OSAN AIR BASE, SOUTH KOREA /
Driving up a winding, bumpy road through a peaceful forest with tall pine trees towering over us, it was easy to forget that the megacity of Seoul was only 25 miles away.
This serene spot is the location of theTaehwa Mountain Forest Research site, one of the ground-monitoring “super sites” for the Korea US Air Quality (KORUS-AQ) study.
South Korea maintains a network of more than 300 air quality research stations across the peninsula. KORUS-AQ is making use of data from these ground sites and has added significantly to the instrumentation at two locations (Olympic Park and Taehwa Mountain) and dubbed them ground “super sites.”
The Taehwa site hosts a suite of air quality monitoring instruments from the Korean National Institute for Environmental Research (NIER), NASA, the University of California Irvine, Korea University, the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency and Aerodyne Systems.
One of the key issues for improving air quality forecasts is better understanding how human emissions from cars, power plants and industry interact with natural emissions from trees and plants. Although we usually think of forest air as being completely clean, chemical emissions from trees — called volatile organic compounds (VOCs) — are not always benign, especially when these emissions mix and react with urban emissions. These reactions can form ozone, a gas that is harmful to both human and plant health, as well as secondary organic aerosol particles. Understanding the complex chemistry taking place on the boundaries between urban and rural areas is important for better predicting and developing strategies for improving local and global air quality.
The Taehwa site, located in a mountainous forest, is the perfect location for addressing questions about how human-caused and natural emissions mix. The site boasts a 130-foot tower that reaches well above the tree line. Climbing the steps up the tower affords great views of the forest below and allowed us to see up close the air inlets and instrumentation placed at regular intervals along the tower.
At the base of the Taehwa tower are several structures filled with a variety of instruments that analyze the air collected at different heights along the tower as well as air collected by inlets at ground level. These instruments measure different VOCs as well as many other molecules and compounds important for unraveling the complex chemistry occurring at the site. In addition, instruments below the tower also analyze in detail small particles in the atmosphere, counting them and measuring their sizes.
In yesterday’s blog, I discussed how the DC-8 flies in spiral patterns to sample the air from near the ground up to 25,000 feet near Taehwa. By flying our KORUS-AQ aircraft near this site, we extend the reach of the air quality measurements from the top of the tower to nearly five miles up in the troposphere.
In addition to air quality and meteorological instruments at the tower, down the hill scientists from NASA Goddard Space Flight Center are measuring ozone above the site with the Goddard Ground-Based Tropospheric Ozone Lidar and with daily launches of balloons carrying instrumentation to measure ozone up into the stratosphere. The ground-based ozone instrument uses an infrared laser that shines from the top of a trailer up through the lower atmosphere and allows scientists to measure ozone concentrations up to several miles above the ground. This instrument is similar to the NASA Langley Airborne Differential Absorption Lidar (DIAL) being flown during KORUS-AQ on the DC-8.
Once a day the Goddard team launches a balloon outfitted with instrumentation to measure ozone along with temperature, pressure and humidity. These ozonesondes collect and transmit the concentration of ozone from the surface all the way up to about 19 miles, when the balloon pops and the ozonesonde falls back to Earth on a small parachute. The team launches an ozonesonde daily and will launch one during every KORUS-AQ flight to provide complementary data of ozone in the atmosphere below and above the altitudes of the planes.
After visiting the Taehwa ground site, meeting the students and researchers working there, learning about their instruments, watching an ozonesonde launch into the stratosphere, and climbing up the research tower (which forced me to overcome a slight fear of heights), I was struck by the diversity of people, instruments and platforms (aircraft, ground, balloons, satellites) that have been brought together to try to solve the problem of poor air quality. | <urn:uuid:5169d4a7-13e5-4ba7-bcda-10db4227a930> | CC-MAIN-2020-34 | https://blogs.nasa.gov/earthexpeditions/2016/05/04/korus-aq-visit-to-taehwa-research-forest/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-34/segments/1596439739073.12/warc/CC-MAIN-20200813191256-20200813221256-00472.warc.gz | en | 0.934632 | 950 | 3.46875 | 3 |
Advanced Manufacturing - Exploratory Program
Advanced Manufacturing exploratory is geared towards exposing students to the many career opportunities and college options that are available from the skills that are gained in this program. The student is introduced to shop safety, manual machining, computer numerical controls for CNC manufacturing, computer aided design and manufactuing (CAD/CAM) as well as mechanical / robotic systems and 3D rapid prototyping technologies. Students will have hands-on training using industry software such as MasterCam (www.mastercam.com) and SolidWorks (www.solidworks.com) and produce projects using industry standard equipment.
Advanced Manufacturing - Grade 9
Grade 9 shop and related lab theory classes build solid fundamental practices essential to the duties of a machinist. Students continue to explore the career options in the manufacturing and engineering fields. Students learn industry based software and the use of basic hand tools, measuring tools and manual machine tools. Students begin with blueprint interpretation and design using SolidWorks software and shop projects. Students are trained on the five most commonly used machine tools: milling machines, lathes, saws, grinders and drilling machines. Instruction includes related lab theory, shop demonstrations, hands on practice, quizzes and tests to determine competency levels.
Shop safety, math, quality control and manufacturing processes are taught through related theory and shop projects. Students will manufacture hand tools that are commonly used in the trade, such as punches and a milling cutter holder. Students are also put to the task of engineering and manufacturing components to complete shop specific challenges and projects.
Precision Machining - Grade 10
Grade 10 students will build upon the foundation of freshman year and expand their knowledge of machine set-up, operation and engineering design and manufacturing. Related theory will also include metallurgy, work holding, blue print reading, tool geometry, shop math, tap and drill calculations, work ethic and Computer Numerical Control (CNC) fundamentals. Students will learn team work and engineering practices though selected challenges to construct group projects. As a sophomore, students will design using SolidWorks software and will work from their own blueprints to manufacture the components necessary to complete these challenges. Students will be given the opportunity to compete in nationally recognized competitions, such as SkillsUSA.
Students produce projects that will expose them to different types of materials such as plastics, polycarbonates, stainless steels, tool steels, aluminum, etc. Projects will progress toward being produced in CNC machines where students will be introduced to CNC programming and MasterCam software fundamentals. Instruction includes related lab theory, shop demonstrations, hands on practice, quizzes and tests to determine competency levels.
Precision Machining - Grade 11
Grade 11 will focus on developing CNC skills and expand their Computer Aided Design and Computer Aided Manufacturing (CADCAM) skills using MasterCam and SolidWorks software. Shop projects will also teach CNC operations & G-Code programming, CNC machine set-up procedures, inspection procedures, blueprint interpretation, geometric dimensioning and tolerancing (GD&T), advanced manual machining practices and set-ups for proficiency of job ready skills as a machinist. Modules on engineering of machine design, electro-mechanical and automated systems, will also be a component of related theory. Students are instructed and encouraged to collect and produce an electronic portfolio and research career and college options available upon graduation. Juniors will have the option to compete in SkillsUSA competitions.
Shop projects will provide hands-on practice and include engineering, designing, manufacturing and the assembly. Students will also build a steam engine and other projects to reinforce classroom theory lessons and acquire necessary trade skills. Instruction includes related lab theory, shop demonstrations, hands on practice, quizzes and tests to determine competency levels.
Precision Machining - Grade 12
Grade 12 shop and related lab theory work will emphasis proficient practices using MasterCam Milling, SolidWorks, CNC set-up & G-Code programming, geometric dimensioning and tolerancing (GD&T), inspection procedures, blueprint Interpretation as well as MasterCam Turning fundamentals. Senior project requirements will be reviewed and a study guide will be provided. Students are instructed and encouraged to collect and produce an electronic portfolio to submit with college applications or present during job interviews.
Shop projects will involve engineering, design, manufacturing and the assembly practices. Seniors will have the option to compete in SkillsUSA competitions. Senior’s have an option of an approved independent study as a major project that is based from their personal interest and the project meets the criteria for advanced skills achievement. Students will use CNC Machining practices, proper inspection techniques and advanced manual machining practices. Instruction will include related lab theory, shop demonstrations, hands on practice, quizzes and tests to determine skill and theory proficiency. | <urn:uuid:50d3693e-c680-4623-866d-1ff1546d5fe4> | CC-MAIN-2023-14 | https://www.assabettech.com/technical_programs/manufacturing__engineering_cluster/advanced_manufacturing/program_overview/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-14/segments/1679296943746.73/warc/CC-MAIN-20230321193811-20230321223811-00554.warc.gz | en | 0.916051 | 980 | 3.1875 | 3 |
The human jaw is the most complex joint in the body, and thus prone to some interesting and unique issues of its own. A common cause of concern is a cracking, clicking, or snapping sound when the jaw moves, particularly when it opens wide. This may or may not be accompanied by discomfort or pain, depending on the situation.
So why is your jaw cracking? The answer most likely likes in your temporomandibular joint, or TMJ. TMJ complications affect more than 10 million Americans annually, occurring more commonly in women than in men. In order to understand why your jaw may be cracking, it’s important that we start with a basic understanding of how the TMJ works overall.
About the TMJ
The temporomandibular joint is an amazing thing, capable of a wider range of motion than any other joint in the human body: up and down, back and forth, side to side, even circling. This range of motion is due to its unique design: a hinge between your skull and jawbone, connected by muscles and ligaments with soft cartilage disks between the bones to absorb impact and prevent damage. This complexity, and in particular that cartilage disk, are likely the roots of your cracking jaw.
So, Why Is My Jaw Cracking?
To start, there are two kinds of jaw cracks, and we need to distinguish between them. The first and most common occurs when the jaw opens fully. This tends to be a mild crack or click which is caused by two ridges of bone in the jaw and skull passing each other. This is a fairly normal occurrence in a hyper-extended lower jaw, and as long as there’s no discomfort it’s no cause for concern.
The other kind of cracking is a bit more serious, occurring during a normal range of motion and generally caused by a displacement of that soft disk of cartilage that cushions jaw movement. Generally what happens is the disk slipping out of place as the jaw moves during a normal action like talking or chewing. This may be accompanied by pain or discomfort.
So what causes the cartilage pad to slip out of place? It could be any one of a number of things; the science isn’t fully understood. Trauma like a blow to the jaw, teeth grinding, stress, and muscle tension are all possible culprits. If left untreated, the condition can worsen and even cause permanent damage, so if symptoms persist for more than a couple of weeks it’s time to consult a medical professional. In the meantime, you may want to try some of the following to help reduce discomfort and alleviate other symptoms:
- Eat soft foods, avoiding anything hard or overly chewy.
- Alternate applying ice and moist heat on your joint.
- Avoid excessive jaw movements – wide yawning, chewing gum, yelling or shouting, or taking big bites.
- Practice stress-reducing techniques.
Seeking Medical Treatment
As we said earlier, if your jaw pain and cracking last for more than a week or two, it’s time to seek medical treatment. Your dentist or doctor will probably want to conduct an examination and will likely take some x rays to see what’s going on. Once they’ve gotten a better understanding of the condition of your TMJ, they’ll suggest a course of treatment. This will likely be a combination of things: avoiding strain or pressure on the jaw for a while, anti-inflammatory medication, some stretching exercises, or maybe physical therapy.
Your TMJ is a big part of your overall oral health, and needs the same care and attention you’d give your teeth or gums. If you’re having problems or recurring pain, it’s important to mention that to your medical care provider on your next visit. Like a healthy smile, your TMJ should last a lifetime! | <urn:uuid:55ede07d-de57-4878-a645-f4eeb1c044d7> | CC-MAIN-2021-17 | https://www.hampsteaddentalnc.com/blog/why-is-my-jaw-cracking/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-17/segments/1618038088731.42/warc/CC-MAIN-20210416065116-20210416095116-00507.warc.gz | en | 0.942856 | 798 | 2.796875 | 3 |
Child getting convulsion is a one instance where parents often get panic. Yes, it can indicates a serious problem with your child. It is not always epilepsy or meningitis that causes convulsions in your child. Know these common causes.
1. Fever- It is not uncomon to see children having convulsions during fever. It does not always indicate serious underlying disease, but sometimes it can persist in adult life too.
2. Abrupt withdrawal of anticonvulsants- Your epileptic child is given anticonvulsant drugs & there had been no fits for last couple of months. Then you decide to stop the drug without seeking medical advice. This can result in convulsions.
3. Central nervous system infections- There can be dangerous micro-organisms invading your child’s brain or spinal cord. This is serious condition & need to attend immediately.
4. Cerebral hypoxia-Sometimes your child’s brain is not getting adequate oxygenated blood. So brain finds difficult to act as in normal conditions.
5. Metabolic abnormalities- Cells & surrounding fluid in your body tissues (in blood or in other organs) contains lot of ions & they are always kept in a balanced state. Perhaps your child’s blood or organ is having derranged ion balance. This also can lead to a convulsion. | <urn:uuid:63b2e671-a05e-49df-81e7-a48ec660d547> | CC-MAIN-2023-06 | http://lankadoctor.com/article/5-common-causes-for-childhood-convulsions.php | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-06/segments/1674764500041.18/warc/CC-MAIN-20230202200542-20230202230542-00755.warc.gz | en | 0.947689 | 278 | 3.03125 | 3 |
Movement of tiny bits of ice and water droplets inside a thunderstorm causes electrical charge to build up in different parts of the cloud. The charge build-up can be negative in some parts and positive in other parts. These opposite charges are attracted to one another. When the attraction between the positive and negative charges grows strong enough, the charges travel through the air as lightning.
While most lightning happens within the clouds, some of the time electric charge also builds up in the ground below the cloud and so the charges travel through the air between the cloud and the ground.
As electricity travels through the air, it makes the air heat up and expand very quickly. This makes a shockwave that we hear as thunder.
How does the Tesla coil make lightning?
The Tesla coil is plugged in and gets its power from a power station (like the appliances in your house). It contains electrical transformers (which increase the voltage to between 2 and 2.8 million volts). This electricity runs around the flat coil at the bottom, which magnetically charges the tall upright coil. When the tall coil builds up enough electricity, it escapes from the top of the coil, down to the ground, taking the easiest path it can.
The main difference is that naturally-occurring lightning is static electricity and is very powerful, but does not last very long, while the tesla coil uses current electricity and runs for a long time, but is much less powerful than lightning. This means Tesla coils can’t be used to test how much damage would be done to objects in a lightning strike, but can help determine which objects are more likely to be hit by lightning.
Rubber is a good at protecting against weak sources of electricity, but not powerful ones like lightning.
Electricity always travels along the easiest path. We call the easy paths for electricity good conductors of electricity. Rubber is a good insulator, which means electricity has difficulty travelling through it. But a lightning bolt has already travelled through several kilometres of air (which is also a good insulator) so a few centimetres of rubber will do almost nothing to stop it. The best way to stop lightning is to make sure it has an easier path somewhere else, like through a metal lightning rod.
The metal cage surrounding the High Voltage equipment is called a Faraday cage. It protects us from the electricity produced by the high voltage equipment in the cage. It also blocks radio waves or magnetic fields produced by the high voltage equipment, which can interfere with electronic devices.
If I touch the cage after the tesla coil has stopped, will I receive a shock?
No. The cage is connected to the ground. This allows the electricity to quickly travel into the ground, where it is safely dispersed.
Everything around us – even your own body – is filled with electric charges. For electricity to easily pass through a material, the material must have lots of free electrical charges. Metal has lots of electrical charges that can move freely, so electricity moves through it easily. Materials like rubber or glass have few free charges, so electricity does not move through them easily.
The human body is mostly made of water, with lots of salts and other chemicals dissolved in it. These dissolved salts and chemicals mean there are lots of free electrical charges that can move around. Dry wood has less dissolved salts and chemicals, so electricity cannot travel through it so easily. | <urn:uuid:09c64f44-269e-495a-8d07-09ccfe01a12a> | CC-MAIN-2018-09 | https://museumsvictoria.com.au/scienceworks/visiting/lightning-room/lightning-faqs/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-09/segments/1518891812855.47/warc/CC-MAIN-20180219231024-20180220011024-00725.warc.gz | en | 0.960437 | 691 | 3.5625 | 4 |
Mental illness is a steadily rising epidemic. With nearly half of all Americans set to receive some form of diagnosis for a mental disorder, it’s hardly something that can be glossed over.
Mental health, however, is in a highly compromised state due to all forms of societal changes and technological advances over the last century.
In this modern age, many simple truths about human nature are overshadowed by our demanding lifestyle, and our propensity to gravitate toward forms of instant cures and gratification.
Take clinical depression, for example; a fairly common and recognized form of mental illness. The high-stress environment of a modern lifestyle, combined with a lack of personal fulfillment or gratification will quickly lead to where many others have gone, a dark and seemingly endless pit of emotional distress.
It’s normal to have doubts, fears, and anxiety. But how are problems generally dealt with today? Either through the use of dangerous pharmaceutical drugs, (which are interestingly linked to higher rates of depression and suicidal behavior) or by suppressing the emotion with some form of entertainment or escapism.
But these are only surface-level treatments to a foundational issue. The vast majority of psychotropic drugs have been found to be more dangerous, and produce uncertain results, by altering the brain chemistry of an otherwise healthy individual. It’s no wonder that nearly all of these drugs have warnings if your depression becomes worse.
The truth is that because many people are not diligently tending to their mental health, they are easily becoming more distressed. Stress is a huge killer, and reducing stress is crucial. Proper diet and exercise alone can keep stress levels down.
Taking a break from mindless entertainment media also works wonders for those who feel emotionally distressed. Too many television shows, video games, and movies have been found to alter your mental state to a point where you are more likely to feel overwhelming levels of emotional stress.
People follow these things in an obsessive manner, but subjecting yourself to its ceaseless mental attack stops you from having a chance to actually relax and collect your thoughts properly.
What’s more is that people live in an increasingly sedentary lifestyle, without much value for human contact and stimulation. Sometimes, you need to simply talk and connect with people. Talking out problems and concerns often allows you to properly orient yourself to deal with them.
- American Lifestyle Breeds Depression
- Probiotics in This Food Could Help Treat Depression
- Antidepressants Found to Worsen Depression
- Oxytocin Connected to Postpartum Depression
- Depression in Women Doubles Since 1970s
- Depression Tied to Stroke Risk
Please visit Natural Society for more great health news and vaccine information. | <urn:uuid:2ab5e258-e96e-451c-b364-3c9003257c9e> | CC-MAIN-2015-40 | http://www.activistpost.com/2012/01/how-modern-lifestyle-breeds-depression.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2015-40/segments/1443737896527.58/warc/CC-MAIN-20151001221816-00173-ip-10-137-6-227.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.93937 | 550 | 2.984375 | 3 |
Worthylake was hired as keeper of the Boston Light on Little Brewster Island by the General Court of Massachusetts, at a salary of £50 a year; he was admonished that any dereliction of duty would cost him £100. Besides keeping the light burning from sundown to sunup, he was also expected to serve as a harbor pilot. Worthylake would live on the island with his wife, Ann, and daughter Ruth. He is also known to have kept a flock of sheep on Great Brewster Island; these drowned in a storm in 1717.
On November 3, 1718, Worthylake, his wife Ann, daughter Ruth, servant George Cutler, slave Shadwell, and friend John Edge were returning to the lighthouse after going into Boston to attend a sermon. Upon arrival near the island in a sloop, they alighted in a canoe to transport them to the station. The canoe capsized, and they all drowned. George Cutler's body was never recovered. Benjamin Franklin memorialized the event in his ballad "The Lighthouse Tragedy"; he hawked copies of the poem, printed by his brother, in the streets of Boston. A single copy, whose authenticity is unknown, survives.
On November 14, 1718, less than two weeks after the Worthylakes had drowned, Robert Saunders, John Chamberlin, and a man named Bradduck were hired to maintain Boston Light until a replacement light-keeper could be appointed. They were summoned by a ship entering the harbor, in choppy seas, and Chamberlin and Bradduck both drowned on their return trip to the island. This event also inspired Franklin in his lighthouse ballad, as Chamberlin was called upon for trivial reason and not for navigational support.
Worthylake, his wife, and his daughter are buried under an unusual triple headstone in Copp's Hill Burying Ground.
- History of Boston Harbor Light
- F. Ross Holland, Jr. America's Lighthouses: Their Illustrated History Since 1716
- Boston-Newsletter, November 10, 1718
- The Lighthouse Tragedy at CelebrateBoston.com
|This lighthouse-related article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.| | <urn:uuid:f7b74918-e0ec-45e2-89b9-4b8a80d9fa8a> | CC-MAIN-2015-14 | http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Worthylake | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2015-14/segments/1427131298424.66/warc/CC-MAIN-20150323172138-00157-ip-10-168-14-71.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.979515 | 462 | 2.515625 | 3 |
Registration for Skills Exploration Days opens September 13, 2017. In the meantime, learn more about our newest program, and how your students can prepare!
The purpose of Skills Exploration Days is to:
1) Inspire junior high students to identify inherent skills and interests.
2) Connect students' skills and interests to trade and technology careers through interactive, hands-on experiences that promote creativity, empathy, and exploration.
3) Promote trade and technology careers as a valuable and rewarding career choice.
Building on the Maker Day model and Alberta Education's Career and Technology Foundations (CTF) Program of Studies, students will use the design thinking process to find a solution to the challenge in the classroom and will then build a prototype with tangible real life tools and materials at Skills Exploration Days.
Prior to building their prototype, students will rotate through the Learn-A-Skill stations while exploring their interests and passions as they learn about various career possibilities. With assistance from industry experts, students will learn how to use tools, technology, and materials safely. Students will then be able to apply these newly acquired skills and knowledge to the construction of their prototype. Unlike other SCA programs, at Skills Exploration Days, there are no winners or medals, just the freedom to explore, make mistakes and try again!
SCA will be hosting the first Skills Exploration Days on November 7th & 8th, 2017! Junior high schools will bring teams of 4 to the Shaw Conference Centre for an authentic and meaningful skilled trade and technology career exploration experience. Registration information is in the Skills Exploration Days Teacher Guide below.
How to Get the Most Out of Skills Exploration Days:
1- Be sure to check out the Skills Exploration Days Teacher Guide. This step by step guide will ensure all your questions are answered to ensure you have a successful Skills Exploration Days experience.
2- Expand your knowledge and learn about classroom implementation in the teacher resource: Taking Making into Classrooms: A Toolkit Fostering Curiosity and Imagination in Alberta Classrooms. This resource provides background information to making as a pedagogical orientation and intentional mindset while making connections and references to the Alberta Education CTF Program of Studies.
A special thank you to Susan Crichton and Deb Carter from the Innovative Learning Center at UBC for their inspirational work in the Maker Movement and for assisting in the concept and content development of Skills Exploration Days.
Skills Exploration Days have been made possible thanks to a collaborative initiative between SCA and Partners of the Construction Careers Promotion Committee (CCPC). Partners of CCPC include Merit Contractors Association, CLAC, Alberta Construction Association, Alberta Roadbuilders & Heavy Construction Association, Building Trades of Alberta, and Construction Labour Relations of Alberta. | <urn:uuid:bf25a114-1d5f-46ce-98c9-bc1432ea744d> | CC-MAIN-2017-47 | https://skillsalberta.com/skills-exploration-days | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-47/segments/1510934809695.97/warc/CC-MAIN-20171125071427-20171125091427-00559.warc.gz | en | 0.915092 | 552 | 2.96875 | 3 |
Esther Odzer – Marbles Champion
July 2nd, 2014
In the 1930′s and 40′s, competitive marbles was all the rage in Scranton. Esther Odzer, however, was not the typical marbles champion. She was a female in a male dominated sport. In 1939, at the age of twelve, she became one of the two champions of the Eli Whitney School. A year later, in 1940, Esther was set to compete in The Scranton Times marbles tournament held in Weston Field. Competing among Odzer were champions of the central city public and parochial schools, boys’ clubs, and South Scranton schools. She then represented Scranton in the National Marbles Tournament in Wildwood, New Jersey.
Marbles isn’t as popular now, but in short, the game basically goes like this: the player has to use his/her shooter to knock out as many of the other players marbles as he/she can. For each marble knocked out of the ring, the player earns one point. The game ends when one player has knocked out seven marbles.
Esther was trained in Throop, which was nicknamed “the home of national champions”. She also loved baseball, basketball, and tennis. “It’s nice to be a champion”, stated Esther when it was announced that she would be a guest of the Scranton baseball team at the Scranton-Hartford game in June of 1940.
Esther would graduated from Marywood College (now Marywood University) with a bachelors degree and a masters in psychology. She soon became a published poet and read her works with the accompaniment of a jazz ensemble. She died on April 11, 1999, at the Jewish Home in Scranton.
- Maddie Rose | <urn:uuid:646b3660-a412-43ad-bcc1-867cf5d37d6e> | CC-MAIN-2015-14 | http://blogs.thetimes-tribune.com/pages/index.php/2014/07/02/esther-odzer-marbles-champion/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2015-14/segments/1427131317541.81/warc/CC-MAIN-20150323172157-00118-ip-10-168-14-71.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.981952 | 381 | 2.546875 | 3 |
Why Avicenna is regarded as father of modern medicine ?
This is the first post in the series where highlights of major contributions of individual scientists are provided. I'm thankful to Tricia who had shown interest and suggested that details should also be provided.
The following contributions are only the ones that Historians have been able to find from Ibn Sina's 240 surviving books out of a total of 450 books written by him. To find more about the causes of destruction of many great works please read the post 'Pubic Libraries in the Medieval Islamic World ' .
Fig. 1: Image of Ibn Sina in Medieval Manuscript 'Subtilties of Truth' dated 1271
Full Name: Abu Ali al-usayn ibn Abd Allah ibn Sina
Latin Name: Avicenna ...more
Avicenna (as he is known in the West), was a contributor to many fields, including geology, philosophy, law, theology and astronomy, but his greatest legacy lies in the field of medicine. He was one of the main interpreters of Aristotle and was the author of almost 200 books on science, religion and philosophy. Avicennas two most important works are: Shifa (The Book of Healing) a vast philosophical and scientific encyclopaedia, and Al Qanun fi Tibb (The Canon of Medicine). The first is a philosophical encyclopaedia ( ...more
His most famous works are The Book of Healing, a vast philosophical and scientific encyclopaedia, and The Canon of Medicine, which was a standard medical text at many Islamic and European universities up until the early 19th century .
Ibn Sn is regarded as a father of early modern medicine, and clinical pharmacology particularly for his introduction of systematic experimentation and quantification into the study of physiology,] his discovery of the contagious nature of infectious diseases, the introduction of quarantine to limit the spread of contagious diseases, the introduction of experimental medicine, evidence-based medicine, clinical trials, randomized controlled trials, efficacy tests, clinical pharmacology, neuropsychiatry, risk f ...more | <urn:uuid:4f5610bc-603e-435d-ad25-98223f6e3b02> | CC-MAIN-2014-41 | http://qna.rediff.com/questions-and-answers/why-avicenna-is-regarded-as-father-of-modern-medicine-/22523666/answers/23300245 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2014-41/segments/1410657114926.36/warc/CC-MAIN-20140914011154-00302-ip-10-196-40-205.us-west-1.compute.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.945077 | 420 | 3.234375 | 3 |
South Australian Mainland Tammar Wallabies were officially listed as extinct in the wild in the 1920s. The Tammar Wallaby population declined due to a combination of land clearing, impacts of settlers’ fires, predation by introduced predators and hunting by early settlers. The species was fortunately given a second chance, after a feral population introduced to New Zealand was brought back to Australia to re-establish the species at Innes National Park on Yorke Peninsula, South Australia.
A team of Zoos SA staff from Monarto Zoo have been involved in the captive breeding and release of this species. Releases have been very successful and there are now no further releases required at this stage. Zoos SA continues to monitor the success of the new wild population.
Our partners include the Department for Environment, Water and Natural Resources, University of Adelaide, Australian Government, Conservation Volunteers Australia. | <urn:uuid:e1d613c4-a14e-4c87-8b31-62c6ecc202d5> | CC-MAIN-2018-39 | https://www.zoossa.com.au/conservation-programs/mainland-tammar-wallaby/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-39/segments/1537267158205.30/warc/CC-MAIN-20180922064457-20180922084857-00437.warc.gz | en | 0.96004 | 177 | 3.234375 | 3 |
May marks Mental Health Awareness Month!
Nutrition plays an important role in brain health. This is no surprise, since your brain uses more than 20% of your daily calories! What you eat impacts your mental health and can influence your mood.
In her book, Food and Healing, Anne Marie Colbin writes, “Mood. . . can be one of the first indicators that something is out of kilter . . . A change in diet, which can be embarked upon at any time, at any hour of the day, can make us feel more centered, improve our disposition and concentration, and even increase our joyfulness and good cheer.”
Many things can trigger a bad mood, including changes in blood sugar. The very sweets that we rely on to elevate our mood tend to cause an emotional slump an hour later. In women, hormonal changes, like PMS or menopause, can cause symptoms of depression and angry outbursts. As men age and testosterone levels decrease, changes in mood are more likely to occur. But a reduced level of serotonin is, at least in part, responsible for much of the grumpiness we experience (and others, like our fellow employees and family members, must endure).
These foods, nutrients, and strategies can contribute to regulating serotonin levels, helping you achieve a more positive state of mind:
- Balancing blood sugar levels can improve your mood! Begin your day with 20 grams of protein and include protein with every meal and snack. Reduce all sugary beverages, snacks, as well as refined starchy foods.
- Probiotics: Ninety percent of serotonin (your body’s ‘feel good’ chemical) is made in the gut by intestinal bacteria – they literally are mind-altering micro-organisms! Some probiotic foods include yogurt, Greek yogurt, kefir, pickles, sauerkraut or other fermented vegetables, and sourdough bread.
- Include more omega-3 in your diet to reduce irritability, aggression, symptoms of depression and to enhance learning. Fatty fish like salmon, trout, sardines, and mackerel, as well as walnuts, chia seeds, and hemp seeds are great sources.
- B vitamins play a role in every function of your nervous system and are your main stress-fighting nutrients. Dark leafy greens and whole grains are the best food sources, but a B complex supplement is helpful during times of stress or when you’re in a bad mood.
- Low levels of vitamin D are linked to mood, irritability, and depression. Best sources: sunshine, sockeye salmon and other fish, cod liver oil, milk, and eggs.
- L-tryptophan raises serotonin levels. When food sources of L-tryptophan are eaten with carbohydrates, they help keep you calm and promote good sleep. Find L-tryptophan in seaweed (sushi), spinach, eggs, pumpkin seeds, dairy products, fish and shellfish.
- The L-theanine in a cup of green tea simultaneously rejuvenates and relaxes you. The amino acid promotes alertness and mental endurance. Feel the results within 45 minutes of drinking a cup of green tea.
- Increase your water intake to improve memory and other cognitive abilities.
- Dark chocolate: Dark chocolate can improve mood, memory, and reaction time. Treat yourself to 3 squares of dark chocolate with a cocoa content of 60% or more daily.
This material is an excerpt from the seminar, “Good Mood Foods“. | <urn:uuid:1b30900e-1b04-48f5-9e29-469776582a99> | CC-MAIN-2018-39 | https://lisatsakos.com/2018/05/07/good-mood-food/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-39/segments/1537267158450.41/warc/CC-MAIN-20180922142831-20180922163231-00231.warc.gz | en | 0.924799 | 733 | 2.9375 | 3 |
pends on the intensity and length of the agricultural activity and the amount of soil organic matter on the site at the time of abandonment. To simulate the biogeochemistry of secondary vegetation, models must capture patterns of plant growth during secondary succession. These patterns depend substantially on the status of nutrient pools inherited from the previous stage. The changes in hydrology also need to be considered, since plants that experience water stress will alter the allocation of carbon (e.g., to allocate more carbon to roots). Processes such as reproduction, establishment, and light competition have been added to such models and interact with the carbon, nitrogen, and water cycles. Disturbance regimes such as fire are also incorporated into the models, and these disturbances (and potential changes in their frequency) are essential to include in order to successfully treat competitive dynamics and hence future patterns of ecosystem distribution. It should also be noted that these forcing terms themselves may be altered by the changes that result from changes in the terrestrial system. Finally, the issues of successional dynamics, which result from extending the temporal scale, also force more careful consideration of spatial scaling.
Immediate challenges that confront models of the terrestrial-atmosphere system include exchanges of carbon and water between the atmosphere and land and the terrestrial sources and sinks of trace gases. An overarching grand challenge is to provide insight into the dynamics of a biosphere subjected to multiple stresses, which after all is the actual case that we confront (see Chapter 2). Hence, the development of dynamic vegetation models is, as stated, of central importance.
In the past two decades the significant influence of the terrestrial biosphere on the global carbon balance and hence on the problem of timing and magnitude of possible climate change has been recognized. 20 Much of the remaining uncertainty in our understanding of the carbon cycle centers on the role of terrestrial ecosystems, in which at least two factors govern the level of carbon storage. First and most obvious is the anthropogenic alteration of the Earth's surface—for example, through the conversion of forest to agriculture—which can result in a net release of CO2 to the atmosphere. Second, and more subtle, are the possible changes in net ecosystem production (and hence carbon storage) resulting from changes in atmospheric CO2, other global biogeochemical cycles (particularly nitrogen), and/or the physical climate system.
The productivity of the terrestrial biosphere is primarily controlled by the radiation reaching terrestrial ecosystems, the availability of nutrients, and the climatic conditions in which they live, that is, by the conditions under which plants carry out photosynthesis and allocate photosynthates to various structural | <urn:uuid:58f57b65-792a-4a5c-a8ae-43591930fee7> | CC-MAIN-2014-52 | http://www.nap.edu/openbook.php?record_id=5992&page=460 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2014-52/segments/1418802778068.138/warc/CC-MAIN-20141217075258-00021-ip-10-231-17-201.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.935132 | 522 | 3.34375 | 3 |
The Emotive robot is an Arduino-powered robot that can mimic emotion and react to human presence.
Area of Interest
Ramaz Upper School
I have not yet completed my second milestone.
My first milestone was to assemble the wave shield. Its job is to play audio (.wav) files off an SD card. It can play through a speaker or an audio jack if present. There is also a dial to control the volume.
Full view with speaker
How the Wave Shield works
The wave shield connects to an arduino and replaces all of its pins. It has an SD card reader to read the audio files. There are three prominent chips on the shield, which you can see in Figure 1. The first one is a DAC, or Digital to Analog Converter, next to the long chip in Figure 1. It takes the digital signals from the SD card and converts it to analog for the speaker to play. The long one mentioned above is a buffer gate, which serves to amplify the signal coming from the shield, as well as to control the timing of all the different signals. The small chips on top of the SD card reader are operational amplifiers, which allows the components to only be powered by the power source instead of the arduino.
Scattered throughout the shield are (electrolytic) capacitors (the black cylinders and orange bits in Figure 1), a transistor (sandwiched between the two electrolytic capacitors), and resistors (like between the DAC and buffer gate) to regulate the current in the circuit. There is a dual-channel potentiometer in the bottom-right corner (more visible in Figure 2) to control the volume. When the potentiometer is turned, it blocks power from going to the speaker/headphone jack, which in turn lowers the volume. Finally, to integrate the shield with the Arduino, I had to solder male headers on the bottom of the shield (to connect to the Arduino’s female headers), and then add female headers to the top to expose connections for other components. Unfortunately, I was not able to use all the pins, as pins 2, 3, 4, 5 and 10 are used by the shield for SD card operations. In order to get visible indication of the Arduino’s status, I soldered an LED and resistor to the shield and connected it to pin 13, to mimic the built-in LED. I will also do this for the 5V pin, to turn it into a power indicator.
Making the wave shield proved to be a challenge. For starters, I never soldered this much — or with components so delicate, such as chips and the SD card reader. I also barely work with shields, so having to provide a stable interface to the Arduino was nerve-racking. I also learned the importance of power regulation. The majority of the components on the shield are simply to protect the other components from damage. I also learned how speakers work (and that they do not need to be polarized) as well as how to read data from an SD card using the SD library. Another cool part of this milestone was personalizing it. By soldering on two LEDs and wiring them to my liking, I was able to get useful functionality without resorting to a tutorial.
One big problem with the wave shield is that it is configured to use a library where the author took liberties. Instead of using the standard SD library, he rewrote parts of it to be incompatible, thus forcing me to convert all my code to use his library. The library itself takes >70% of the Arduino’s memory, and since the shield is for the UNO, I cannot simply switch to a MEGA, or other device. This may lead to problems down the line, but I am sure I can fix it later.
For my starter project, I made the Useless Machine, which is basically a simple box with a switch. The switch starts off leaning forward, as in Figure 1. When the switch is flipped, an arm comes out of the box and flips the switch back. The circuit is in such a way that when the switch is pointing back, the signal sent to the arm’s motor tells it to go forward. The arm is aligned so that it will hit the switch back to its original position, as shown in Figure 2. When this happens, a signal is sent to turn the motor in reverse until the arm hits a kill switch, ending the process. Figure 3 shows a circuit diagram for this project.
From doing this project, I realized how much hardware can achieve without software. Instead of using the switches as input and programmatically controlling the motor, the current naturally flows to do the same job. During construction of the outer box, I accidentally screwed the acrylics on upside-down, which was frustrating later on, but then was able to simply reverse it and everything worked again. Also, the screws holding the whole box together did not go in right, and it was hard to get it to stay together. But overall it was a very simple process. Now that I have finished my starter project, I am ready to move on to my more complicated main project. | <urn:uuid:37e11690-275e-4929-bbef-95fa3cb744aa> | CC-MAIN-2019-30 | https://bluestampengineering.com/student-projects/levi-l/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-30/segments/1563195526210.32/warc/CC-MAIN-20190719095313-20190719121313-00323.warc.gz | en | 0.954299 | 1,055 | 2.78125 | 3 |
Thinking Outside the Girl Box is a true story about a remarkable youth development program in rural West Virginia. Based on years of research with adolescent girls—and adults who devoted their lives to working with them—Thinking Outside the Girl Box reveals what is possible when young people are challenged to build on their strengths, speak and be heard, and engage critically with their world.
Based on twelve years of field research, the book traces the life of the Lincoln County Girls’ Resiliency Program (GRP), a grassroots, community nonprofit aimed at helping girls identify strengths, become active decision makers, and advocate for social change. In the late 1990s and early 2000s, the GRP flourished. Its accomplishments were remarkable: girls recorded their own CDs, published poetry, conducted action research, opened a coffeehouse, performed an original play, and held political rallies at West Virginia’s State Capitol. The organization won national awards, and funding flowed in. Today, in 2013, the programming and organization are virtually nonexistent.
Thinking Outside the Girl Box raises pointed questions about how to define effectiveness and success in community-based programs and provides practical insights for anyone working with youth. Written in an accessible, engaging style and drawing on collaborative ethnographic research that the girls themselves helped conduct, the book tells the story of an innovative program determined to challenge the small, disempowering “boxes” girls and women are so often expected to live in. | <urn:uuid:cd324892-4e9b-488b-af37-efdb853fe726> | CC-MAIN-2021-49 | https://www.bibliovault.org/BV.book.epl?ISBN=9780821444672 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-49/segments/1637964361253.38/warc/CC-MAIN-20211202084644-20211202114644-00101.warc.gz | en | 0.953584 | 294 | 2.671875 | 3 |
Sun-day / Sol dei – Roman venerable day of the sun. root Pagan.
“It has often been charged… that Catholicism is overlaid with many pagan incrustations. Catholicism is ready to accept that accusation – and even to make it her boast… the great god Pan is not really dead, he is baptized.” (The Story of Catholicism p 37)
“Cardinal Newman admits in his book that; the “The use of temples, and these dedicated to particular saints, and ornamented on occasions with branches of trees; incense, lamps, and candles; votive offerings on recovery from illness; holy water; asylums; holydays and seasons, use of calendars, processions, blessings on the fields; sacerdotal vestments, the tonsure, the ring in marriage, turning to the East, images at a later date, perhaps the ecclesiastical chant, and the Kyrie Eleison [Note 17], are all of pagan origin, and sanctified by their adoption into the Church. (374)” (An Essay on the The Development of the Christian Doctrine John Henry, Cardinal Newman, p.359) | <urn:uuid:6f7b5bd9-cf39-4c6f-9811-eef7d3a95f3c> | CC-MAIN-2020-10 | https://bereanbreadcrumbs.com/2018/09/18/sun-day-sol-dei-roman-venerable-day-of-the-sun/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-10/segments/1581875145316.8/warc/CC-MAIN-20200220224059-20200221014059-00428.warc.gz | en | 0.937877 | 240 | 2.84375 | 3 |
Bolivians paid tribute this week to Domitila Barrios de Chungara, long-time social activist, union leader, feminist, revolutionary, and national heroine who died March 13 in Cochabamba at age 74. She is best known as the miner’s wife who led a hunger strike in 1978 that brought down the dictatorship of General Hugo Bánzer, paving the way for the return of Bolivian democracy.
“The democracy that we have been living since 1982 is thanks to Domitila,” said Filemón Escobar, an original founder and ex-Senator of the Movement towards Socialism (MAS) party. President Evo Morales declared three days of national mourning and awarded Domitila the posthumous Condor of the Andes honor, the highest distinction the state can confer on a Bolivian citizen.
Domitila’s life is a testimony to Bolivia’s tragic history of exploitation, repression, colonialism, and patriarchalism, but also to the power of ordinary people to demand and effect change. Born in 1937 in Potosí, then the largest tin-producing region of Bolivia, she was the daughter and wife of a miner. Losing her mother at age 10, she raised five younger sisters and then seven surviving children of her own under conditions of extreme deprivation and poverty.
In the 1960s, Domitila became an outspoken leader of the Union of Miners Wives, organizing mining families for improved conditions and services and struggling against the repressive CIA-backed Barrientos regime. She survived the brutal 1967 San Juan massacre, where soldiers opened fire on striking miners and their wives and children, in part to head off a rumored alliance with Che’s guerrillas fighting in the Santa Cruz mountains. In the ensuing repression, she was jailed and tortured, suffering a stillbirth and internal injuries which caused chronic health problems throughout her life.
In 1978, the hunger strike launched by Domitila and four other miners’ wives against the Bánzer government (another US-backed dictatorship) captured the spirit of an entire nation. The strikers demanded freedom for imprisoned mineworkers, amnesty for exiled union leaders, demilitarization of the mines, and general elections. Thousands of Bolivians joined the strike and, on the 23rd day, the government conceded to the protesters’ demands. (Uruguayan writer Eduardo Galeano recounts the episode dramatically in Memories of Fire, his chronicle of Latin American popular history.)
Domitila gained international recognition at the International Women’s Forum in Mexico in 1975, giving voice to the Bolivian mineworkers’ struggle and the critical role of women activists. Let Me Speak, her autobiographical account of everyday struggles as a mother, worker, union leader, and political activist, was published in 1978 and has been translated into dozens of languages. In 2005, she was nominated for the Nobel Peace Prize on a slate of “1000 women for peace.”
Domitila was in exile for several years, returning to Bolivia in 1982—just ahead of the massive neoliberal structural readjustment that closed the state-owned mines where she spent her formative years, and threw 30,000 miners out of work. In her last years, she focused her energies on developing a Mobile School for Political Training, bringing political consciousness and popular history to new generations in Cochabamba’s most impoverished barrios—populated largely by the families of ex-miners—and to communities throughout Bolivia.
I was privileged to meet Domitila on two visits to Bolivia, in 2006 and 2008. She was a great story-teller, captivating us with anecdotes of modern Bolivian history from her unique perspective as a participant in the events, and conveying immense dignity, compassion, and determination along with her insights. Three hours later and only up to 1985, we almost missed our flight to La Paz.
As the Cochabamba daily Los Tiempos editorializes, Domitila was controversial in death as in life. Her independence and critical spirit caused discomfort for some, as much as it offered inspiration to others. She died in poverty with a reduced pension and no medical insurance, aided by the solidarity of friends and comrades including some ex-MAS government officials.
I was reminded of how, on our official visit to the legislative palace in 2006 to hold a press conference demanding Bolivia’s withdrawal from the School of the Americas, Domitila was initially refused entry because she had forgotten her identification. Unrecognized by the palace guards, she appeared to them as just another stocky peasant woman without a valid reason to be in the halls of political power.
Domitila’s life encapsulates all the possibilities and challenges of Bolivia, demonstrating both the efficacy of collective struggle and the continuing need to confront exploitation, inequality, and entrenched power relationships in government, the workplace, the home, and even within organized popular movements. Her experience reminds us how ordinary people can change the course of history, a legacy for activists throughout the world.
This article was originally published by NACLA. | <urn:uuid:73b835fb-bdda-4eb3-a353-2e4b24a0651d> | CC-MAIN-2016-36 | https://indypendent.org/2012/03/17/remembering-domitila-making-bolivian-history | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-36/segments/1471982293922.13/warc/CC-MAIN-20160823195813-00265-ip-10-153-172-175.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.959053 | 1,051 | 2.796875 | 3 |
Vank Cathedral/the Church of Saintly Sisters is one of the first churches to be established in Isfahan’s Jolfa district in 1606 by hundreds of thousands of Armenian deportees that were resettled by Shah Abbas I during the Ottoman War of 1603-1618. Vank means “monastery” or “convent” in the Armenian language. Construction is believed to have begun in 1606 by the first arrivals, and completed with major alterations to design between 1655 and 1664 under the supervision of Archbishop David. One of the first buildings constructed by Armenian immigrants in New Jolfa was Vank Cathedral. The construction of this cathedral began in 1606 and it was completed in 1664. With its domed sanctuary, Vank Cathedral incorporates elements of 17th-century Safavid and Islamic architecture. The interior of the cathedral is covered in fine oil paintings inspired by the works of Italian artists, gilded carvings, rich tilework and floral motifs in the style of Persian miniature paintings. The Cathedral also includes stones from the demolished churches of Julfa in Nakhchivan. One of the most outstanding features of this church is its Heaven and Hell mural. The blue and gold painted central dome depicts the Biblical story of creation and man’s expulsion from Eden. The exterior of the cathedral, unlike its interior, is made of brick and lacks any decorations. The cathedral complex includes a bell tower erected in 1702, a printing press established by Archbishop Khachatour Kesaratsi in 1636, a library containing 25,000 volumes established in 1884 and a museum opened in 1905, which includes a series of paintings by European artists donated to the museum, hand written manuscripts, edicts by Safavid and other Iranian monarchs about the Armenians of Iran, tapestries, maps, photographs, Safavid costumes and items of ethnological significance, which display the different aspects of Armenian life. It displays numerous artifacts from the history of the cathedral and the Armenian community in Isfahan, including:
The 1606 edict of Shah Abbas I establishing New Jolfa
Several edicts by Shah Abbas I and his successors condemning and prohibiting interference with, or persecution of, Armenians and their property and affairs in New Jolfa
A historic printing press and the first book printed in Iran
Vestments, monstrances, chalices, and other sacramental artifacts
Safavid costumes, tapestries, European paintings brought back by Armenian merchants, embroidery, and other treasures from the community’s trading heritage
Ethnological displays portraying aspects of Armenian culture and religion
An extensive display of photographs, maps, and Turkish documents (with translation) related to the 1915 Armenian Genocide in Turkey. | <urn:uuid:90c37d99-c3ec-48cc-a199-e1a78703f332> | CC-MAIN-2017-51 | http://www.mustseepersia.com/sites/vank-cathedral/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-51/segments/1512948513784.2/warc/CC-MAIN-20171211164220-20171211184220-00793.warc.gz | en | 0.951292 | 570 | 2.8125 | 3 |
A new search has begun at a Greek island where an ancient device known as the world's "oldest computer" was found over a century ago, an official said Thursday, adding that other discoveries were possible.
Archaeologists this week returned to Antikythera, the Aegean Sea island where sponge divers in 1900-1901 found the so-called Antikythera Mechanism, a remarkable 2nd-century BCE device that tracked the cycles of the solar system.
"These are unexplored sea depths beneath a trade route known since antiquity," said Angeliki Simosi, head of Greece's ephorate of underwater antiquities.
"This is virgin territory," she told AFP.
Believed to operate by crank and containing inter-meshing gears, the mechanism could be used to calculate eclipses and moon cycles. The technology was comparable to astronomical clocks that only appeared some 1,600 years later.
It was found in the wreck of a cargo ship apparently carrying booty to Rome.
The Greek team is assisted by Brendan Foley, a marine archaeologist from the Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution at Massachusetts, who has helped in past outings to identify ancient shipwrecks over the last five years.
Foley is contributing autonomous underwater vehicles to map the seabed and rebreather equipment that partially recycles a diver's oxygen and will enable the researchers to probe previously inaccessible depths, the senior archaeologist said.
Simosi said she had visited Antikythera in 1985 during construction work to widen the local port of Potamos and the bay was "full of antiquities".
"I believe we could find something equivalent to the Antikythera Mechanism," Simosi said.
"If we do, the entire department will likely need to be sent out," she said.
The operation, jointly funded by the Greek state and Woods Hole, will continue until October 22.
Explore further: Study sheds new light on the diet of extinct animals | <urn:uuid:27149c35-a711-41e1-8988-168a2ad23cf0> | CC-MAIN-2014-52 | http://phys.org/news/2012-10-archaeologists-ancient-greek-site.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2014-52/segments/1418802778085.5/warc/CC-MAIN-20141217075258-00049-ip-10-231-17-201.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.965013 | 404 | 3.578125 | 4 |
|Aortic valve regurgitation permits a number of the blood which was simply pumped from the heart’s major pumping chamber (left ventricle) to leak back into it.
Your heart may be prevented by the leakage of blood from economically pumping blood out to the remainder of your system. Consequently, you might feel fatigued and short of breath.Aortic valve regurgitation can grow abruptly or over decades. Aortic valve regurgitation has a range of causes, including congenital heart defects to complications of contagious sicknesses. After aortic valve regurgitation becomes severe, surgery is usually necessary to fix or replace the aortic valve.
Aortic valve regurgitation interrupts the manner blood usually flows through your heart and its own valves.
Your heart, the center of your circulatory system, consists of four chambers. Both upper chambers, the atria, receive blood. The two lower chambers, the ventricles, pump blood to your own lungs also to the remainder of your system.
Heart valves open as an one way gate. When the blood has gone via the valve and also the left ventricle has loosened, the leaflets swing shut to stop the blood which has just now passed into the aorta from flowing back to the left ventricle.
A faulty heart valve is one which neglects to either open or close entirely. When a valve doesn’t close tightly, blood can leak backwards. This backward flow by means of a valve is known as regurgitation.
Causes of Aortic Regurgitation
Reasons for aortic valve regurgitation might be:
Aortic valve regurgitation — of any cause — can weaken your heart. In aortic valve regurgitation, some blood flows back into the left ventricle rather than flowing on to the remainder of the body after being pumped to the aorta. This pushes the left ventricle to carry more blood. Initially, these adaptations help the left ventricle pump blood with increased force.
Aortic Regurgitation Symptoms
Frequently, aortic valve regurgitation grows slowly, as well as your heart compensates for the trouble. You could have no signs or symptoms for several years, and you’ll likely even be unaware that you’ve got this state.
Yet, as aortic valve regurgitation gets worse, hints and symptoms typically appear and might contain:
Do you know the treatments for aortic regurgitation?
When the back-flow of blood is moderate and you’ve got no symptoms you then might not require any treatment. Various medications might be guided to alleviate the symptoms, in case you develop symptoms or complications. Operation might be advised if symptoms become worse.
Medicine could be guided to aid ease symptoms of heart failure if heart failure grows. By way of example:
Diuretics (water pills) typically assist if you’re breathless. They make more urine is produced by the kidneys. This gets rid of unneeded fluid and blood which might build right up in the lungs or different portions of the body with heart failure.
Angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitors are medications which help lower the amount of work the heart does and to relieve apparent symptoms of heart failure.
Valve replacement operation
Mechanical valves are made from substances that aren’t prone to react together with your body, such as for example titanium. Tissue valves are manufactured from treated animal tissue, such as for example valves from a pig. If you require surgery, a surgeon will advise on that is the ideal alternative for your circumstances.
Operative treatment has significantly improved the prognosis in many individuals with more serious regurgitation. Operation to replace the valve features an excellent success rate. The prognosis is great when the valve is treated prior to the heart becomes badly damaged.
Antibiotics to avoid endocarditis
Antibiotics used to be provided to any or all individuals with heart valve disorder before dental treatment plus some surgical procedures to avoid the evolution of endocarditis. | <urn:uuid:01e48dba-8bfc-4aff-b950-e6691817d0c5> | CC-MAIN-2020-24 | https://yorkcardiology.co.uk/aortic-regurgitation/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-24/segments/1590348504341.78/warc/CC-MAIN-20200605205507-20200605235507-00051.warc.gz | en | 0.922751 | 849 | 3.15625 | 3 |
Overview of the Current and Future Workforce
Information on this page is largely derived from data from the Bureau of Labor Statistics, the American Geosciences Institute (AGI), and from a National Academy of Science report, Emerging Workforce Trends in the U.S. Energy and Mining Industries: A Call to Action.
Employment Statistics from 2010 to 2020
Some highlights from Bureau of Labor Statistics data:
- 33,800 geoscientists employed in 2010
- 89,400 environmental scientists and specialists
- 7,600 hydrologists
- The most prevalent employment sectors for geoscientists are architectural, engineering and related services; oil and gas extraction and management; and scientific and technical consulting services.
- 17,100 geoscience jobs and 16,700 environmental science jobs expected to be added in the next 10 years.
- The Bureau of Labor Statistics projects a 21% increase in geoscience jobs between 2010 and 2020. This outpaces the national average of 14%.
- For environmental scientists, job growth is expected to be 19% between 2010 and 2020. "Most employment growth for environmental scientists and specialists is projected to be in private consulting firms that help clients monitor and manage environmental concerns and comply with regulations."
- For geoscientists, the largest increase of jobs will be in scientific, management and technical consulting. Perkins (2011) describes this trend as "driven both by increased demand in the private sector and by the US government's increasing inclination to outsource work rather than hire new employees." Perkins, 2011
- Government jobs are not projected to increase as fast as private sector jobs. The Bureau of Labor Statistics expects a 7% increase at the Federal level and a slightly larger increase of 8.7% in state government (Perkins, 2011).
- The American Geosciences Institute reports that approximately 1,500 graduate degree recipients in the geosciences are expected to transition into the workforce each year.
- Over the next 10-15 years there is expected to be an additional boost to hiring as current employees retire.
- A shortfall of qualified employees is expected.
The Aging Workforce and Coming Shortfall of Employees
From Emerging Workforce Trends in the U.S. Energy and Mining Industries: A Call to Action (2013), by the National Academy of Science
In a 2013 report on the energy and mining industries, the National Academies of Sciences reports that the current pipeline of students and workers with strong STEM skills will not be adequate to fill the needs of the workforce in these fields. The report cites that poor preparation of high school students in STEM disciplines, high dropout rates, and lack of alternative pathways to high school graduation are reinforcing the problem. A potential shortage of faculty underscores the risk of losing the capacity to train new students for careers in energy and mining (NAS, 2013).
International growth is also expected to add to the need for qualified geoscientists. "Rapid economic expansion in India, China and the rest of the developing world is expected to boost international demand for geoscience graduates. Highly skilled geoscientists will be needed to help identify and develop oil, gas and mineral resources, as well as to help recognize and ameliorate natural and manmade environmental hazards in these developing markets" (Perkins, 2011).
American Geosciences Institute, AGI Geoscience Workforce Program ReportsBureau of Labor Statistics:
Emerging Workforce Trends in the U.S. Energy and Mining Industries: A Call to Action (2013), by the National Academy of Science, Board on Earth Sciences and Resources. Findings and Recommendations (pdf) of this report.
Perkins, Sid, 2011, Geosciences: Earth works, Nature 473, 243-244. doi:10.1038/nj7346-243a. Published online May 11, 2011. | <urn:uuid:813ece32-0583-42bc-a20b-55660ce462af> | CC-MAIN-2014-23 | https://serc.carleton.edu/integrate/workshops/workforce2013/workforce_overview.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2014-23/segments/1404776435842.8/warc/CC-MAIN-20140707234035-00003-ip-10-180-212-248.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.908385 | 792 | 2.59375 | 3 |
Space and amenities
Ever more people need ever more space. For many people, the amount of personal space they have affects their perceived quality of life. Their sense of wellbeing depends to some extent on: having enough space; having access to green areas; being able to move from one place to another with ease; and having times of tranquillity.
Ever more people need ever more amenity. Around the world, as populations rise, more and more unspoilt countryside is being lost to urban and industrial development. Only protected lands, such as national parks and nature reserves are safe from development. In some countries even protected areas are under threat as demand for additional housing, driven partly by population growth, is creating pressure to allow development on “green belt” or “green space” areas set aside to limit the further spread of urbanisation.
In towns and cities playing fields and gardens are increasingly being lost to urban in-fill.
Ever more people need ever more transport. Levels of traffic congestion around the world are rising as populations grow and become more urbanised. The consequences include lengthening journey times, more stress and deteriorating health, as well as increased pollution levels and fuel consumption, all of which adversely affect productivity and quality of life.
Read more about space and amenities. | <urn:uuid:7085f44d-9a8f-47a0-90f0-874267bfb001> | CC-MAIN-2013-20 | http://www.populationmatters.org/issues/natural-resources/space_amenities/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2013-20/segments/1368707906397/warc/CC-MAIN-20130516123826-00060-ip-10-60-113-184.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.966649 | 263 | 3.046875 | 3 |
It has been widely publicized in the media that the U.S. spends more than twice on healthcare what other developed countries do—yet sees little return on this enormous investment. Lost in the media mix and debate of the issues is a fundamental principle that is not brought to the forefront of discussion often enough: prevention.
As president of the American Podiatric Medical Association, I believe that access to preventive care outweighs the effectiveness of some of medical technology's greatest triumphs. Daily, my colleagues and I are on the front lines of diabetes management. Without the doctors to catch a person's blood flow problems to their lower limbs before the onset of serious complications, even the most advanced technologies are of little use to successfully treat the condition.
Make no mistake, providing better preventive care for epidemics such as diabetes could help save our broken healthcare system billions of dollars every year. Diabetes is not only devastating to the entire body—it also hits the American healthcare system hard in the wallet, with direct and indirect costs reaching nearly $200 billion per year.
Nearly 24 million people—8% of the U.S. population—are currently battling diabetes. Treating the disease and its many complications requires a complete management team, including a podiatric physician, to attend to the necessary foot care those with diabetes require. However, diabetic complications are frequently seen by a medical professional only after the sole treatment option is total amputation of a toe, foot or lower limb.
Many of our nation's healthcare problems have evolved from a general lack of education. Studies have shown that simply creating greater public awareness of diabetic foot care could positively affect our healthcare system. According to an article published in the Journal of the American Podiatric Medical Association, comprehensive amputation prevention programs can reduce amputation rates from diabetic complications by as much as 70%.
Detecting diabetic foot ulcers early and staving off tragic foot and leg amputations benefits more than just the individual whose foot or leg is spared. The entirety of amputation costs avoided with prevention—including actual procedural costs, necessary hospital stay and follow-up care—can save our healthcare system up to $8 billion each year. Complications from diabetes—including diabetic ulcers and amputations—are preventable, but only with the help of a diabetes management team, which includes a podiatrist, vascular surgeon and primary-care physician.
Diagnosed cases of diabetes will continue to rise exponentially without an immediate intervention. Current statistics show that nearly 6 million Americans have diabetes and are not aware of their disease.
Something must be done to encourage both those with diabetes and those at risk to seek out the critical preventive care that will save their limbs and their life. I urge our lawmakers to make diabetes prevention—and preventive care for all major health conditions—a top-level priority in the healthcare reform debate. The short-term payoff may not be seen overnight. The long-term successes, however, will be monumental—helping to keep doctors like myself from having to present patients with a heart-breaking, life-altering diagnosis far too often.
Ronald Jensen, a physician, is president of the American Podiatric Medical Association. He resides and practices podiatry in Modesto, Calif.
What do you think? Post a comment on this article and share your opinion with other readers. Submit your comments to Modern Healthcare Online at [email protected]. Please be sure to include your hometown and state, along with your organization and title. | <urn:uuid:b824553b-2164-401f-8540-179e7da9b15f> | CC-MAIN-2020-40 | https://www.modernhealthcare.com/article/20091201/NEWS/312019948/make-preventive-care-a-priority | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-40/segments/1600400191160.14/warc/CC-MAIN-20200919075646-20200919105646-00400.warc.gz | en | 0.951405 | 701 | 2.609375 | 3 |
Learning to talk is one of the most important and celebrated milestones of early childhood. The first cooing sounds coming from an infant are received with joy by a loving parent or family member. The child that uses his first purposeful word is hugged and cuddled and encouraged to do it again and again… and again! A toddler singing along to her favorite song is often recorded and shared on social media for all to enjoy. Language learning, especially during the first three years of life, can be so much fun.
Parents and other invested adult caregivers are essential to the language learning process. It is in the back and forth communicative process with an adult that language acquisition begins, blossoms and thrives. Engaging in conversation with our little ones will provide the foundation for the development of communication skills such as attention, eye contact, imitation, babbling and eventually the use of words.
As a parent or other loving adult, you may be asking what you can do to help your baby learn to talk. Start by observing your child and asking yourself some simple questions. What is she interested in? What is she paying attention to? Is he looking at something or reaching for an item? If yes, then join in on the fun.
Maybe she is showing interest in you by gazing at your face. This is a wonderful time to say “I see you” or “I love you” and to smile and make silly and fun sounds with your voice and face. You are teaching them to share attention and engage in simple conversation. If a toy truck has grabbed his attention, then playing alongside your child with it while making gestures and sounds is the perfect start to learning words. Your using words like “Beep, Beep!” and “Vroom, Vroom” while that truck is racing up a child’s leg is a great way to establish shared attention and a shared communicative experience.
Using simple gestures, sounds and words as you engage in conversation with a child about the things they are naturally showing interest in is both wonderfully fun and essential for language learning. What was your best language learning moment with your child? Share in the comments, and we’ll see you next Tuesday! | <urn:uuid:dd12358c-3b30-40be-8b5d-d278972f6e5a> | CC-MAIN-2019-35 | https://kotm.org/blog/infant-language-learning-tips/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-35/segments/1566027314667.60/warc/CC-MAIN-20190819052133-20190819074133-00471.warc.gz | en | 0.969242 | 453 | 3.453125 | 3 |
This is a quick game that highlights the importance of place value. Great to play at the beginning or end of a lesson.
Only equipment needed is one die for the teacher and paper & pencils for students. You can use a 6-10 sided die.
1. Students draw dashes (you choose how big the number will be) & two trash cans.
2. Teacher rolls a die & calls out roll.
3. Students need to decide where to place that number – either on a dash or in a trash can, if they don’t wish to use that number. They can’t erase a number once it is written.
4. When all the spaces are filled the winner is whoever has the highest number*.
*You can change this to whoever has the lowest number for an added challenge!
For more quick classroom games that require little to no resources: http://www.teacherspayteachers.com/Product/30-Quick-Games-and-Brain-Breaks-810641 | <urn:uuid:ea2e2f27-438b-4fdb-be69-e99a798ac8f6> | CC-MAIN-2019-26 | https://reliefteachingideas.com/2013/06/13/trash-can-numbers/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-26/segments/1560627998813.71/warc/CC-MAIN-20190618183446-20190618205446-00092.warc.gz | en | 0.857302 | 213 | 3.515625 | 4 |
Wednesday, June 10, 2015
What is "Malian music"?
BY RYAN THOMAS SKINNER
Assistant professor of ethnomusicology at The Ohio State University
For many, to think of a place called “Mali” is to hear, first and foremost, its music. Mali may be a poor, landlocked, and sunbaked country in the West African Sahel, but its widely acclaimed music culture—with its bluesy resonances, danceable rhythms, and haunting melodies—has a way of mitigating, even beautifying such realities.
For this reason, when things fell apart in March 2012—when a subaltern mutiny became a full-blown coup d’état, and a secessionist movement in the North added an Islamist insurgency to its ranks—many in the media spoke of “the death of music in Mali.” The fate of Mali and its music, it seemed, went hand in hand.
These reports tended to assume an uncomplicated relationship between a country, its people, and music, threatened in the present by bad politics, domestic disputes, and foreign threats.
Such problems are, of course, real (and ongoing), but what makes the music we hear (and hear about) “Malian” is, in fact, a significantly complicated affair.
So, what is Malian music?
What follows is a set of provisional answers from my experiences as an observer of Mali and student of its music over the past two decades. These answers are neither exhaustive nor mutually exclusive, but they do give a sense of the crucial complexity that Malian artists playfully, critically, and artfully negotiate when they make (and we hear) their music—what I call in my new book, Bamako Sounds, “the Afropolitan ethics of Malian music.”
Malian music is…
I first encountered the music of Mali through the modern echoes of its imperial past. In this sense, the word “Mali” refers to the eponymous Empire, which reigned over vast swathes of western Africa from the 13th to 16th centuries. Living and studying with a family of kora (21-stringed harp) players in Bamako, the Malian capital, I heard the praise songs, instrumental melodies, and characteristic rhythms of a medieval court music repurposed for the life and times of a postcolonial city.
Before traveling to Mali, its music came to me in small-town Minnesota, on a compact disc that a friend had purchased after a semester abroad in Madagascar. Malian music moves, through the commercial circuits of the global culture industry and within the communities of a Malian diaspora with roots on every continent. Some of its itinerant purveyors are well-known worldwide: Ali Farka Touré, Amadou & Mariam, Salif Keita, Oumou Sangaré, Toumani Diabaté, and Rokia Traoré. Still others are on the rise: Fatoumata Diawara, Sidiki Diabaté, Amkoullel, and Vieux Farka Touré. Just to name a few.
When I began my doctoral research on the postcolonial music culture of Mali, I found an archive rich with the sounds of nation building and statecraft. In this sense, “Mali” refers to the contemporary West African nation-state, which will celebrate 55 years of independence from colonial rule in September (2015). In the early 1960s, the newly minted Republic of Mali created a national ensemble, made up of traditional instrumentalists and vocalists from throughout the country, and an orchestra, a dance band with a drum kit, congas, electric guitars, and horns. Their job was simple, if abstract: to perform the nation, through the country’s varied traditions and nascent modernity.
I arrived in Mali ten years ago to begin long-term fieldwork on Bamako’s urban music culture. I quickly encountered two things: a thriving informal marketplace, full of copied and counterfeit goods; and a diverse cohort of artists, who regularly bought and sold in this market but were adamant in protesting what they called “the scourge of music piracy.” One thing was clear: Malian music maintained an active and ambivalent relationship to intellectual property.
Urban youth music.
From the bals poussières (dust parties) of the 1950s and 60s to the balanin dance parties of the present, the music of a demographically young Malian populace has frequently taken to the streets. There, you will find posses huddled around stereos, discussing the nuanced history of global hip-hop over afternoon tea. And there you will find vendors, crouched in front of laptops, filling old cellphones with the latest hits from Bamako, New York, and Paris.
I wrote a dissertation about the politics and economy of an apparently secular urban music culture. While most of my musician friends and interlocutors were Muslim, Islam did not substantively factor into my analysis of their work. Then, four years ago, when I was asked to contribute a paper to a conference on Qur’anic knowledge in sub-Saharan Africa, I listened again to my field recordings with ears tuned for religion. In this Malian music, I heard the vocal melismas of prayer calls, the precise diction of sacred recitation, benedictions, praises to the Prophet, and citations from the Qur’an, woven into the fabric of an apparently secular urban music culture.
Not Malian music.
In April 2012, when the Malian state had all but collapsed and a motley crew of Tuareg separatists declared an independent homeland (Azawad) in the North, the idea of “Malian music” became the object of an increasingly urgent ethnic identity politics. Some globetrotting groups, like the Saharan blues troupe Tinariwen, used their international profile to contest the Malian state and what they viewed as a long history of military aggression against a sovereign people in the North. Later, others came together to affirm Malian solidarity across ethnic boundaries, though the lines dividing what was and was not “Malian music” had now been drawn, quite literally, in the sand.
An Afropolitan ethics.
What is Malian music? It is the sonic convergence of these (and many other) social positions—ethnic, religious, urban, economic, political, transnational, and historical—within a rooted and routed African world.
And it is the existential art of working with and through such multiple modes of being to claim a personal stake in what is (and is not) “Malian music.”
It is this artful process of social articulation and cultural experimentation in contemporary Africa that I call an “Afropolitan ethics.”
Bamako Sounds: The Afropolitan Ethics of Malian Music. He is also the author and illustrator of a children's book, Sidikiba's Kora Lesson. He is assistant professor of ethnomusicology at The Ohio State University, and an accomplished kora player.
"Accessible and heartfelt, Bamako Sounds is itself largely musical in its interweaving of inventive musical criticism, scholarly analysis, and the author's work as a musician."
-AbdouMaliq Simone, Goldsmiths, University of London | <urn:uuid:174ebb08-9471-4021-9161-6a782c969cfd> | CC-MAIN-2019-35 | http://www.uminnpressblog.com/2015/06/what-is-malian-music.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-35/segments/1566027323067.50/warc/CC-MAIN-20190825042326-20190825064326-00301.warc.gz | en | 0.945195 | 1,544 | 2.953125 | 3 |
Keeping Older Students Occupied and Happy
What have horses, the Ukulele and foraging for food in a forest got in common? They are all examples of the busy programme of activities at this leading independent school!
The list of things that our students do in their free time keeps expanding, particularly for senior boarders. Why is it so important to keep our older pupils fully occupied?
Mental and physical challenges
Some of the activities our senior boarding pupils get up to are focused on developing their mental agility and physical prowess, of course.
We want to expand their minds and level of fitness, with fresh learning and development opportunities during the day and beyond the curriculum. Many young people have a greater ability to assimilate information in a practical situation. So, projects outside the classroom linked to numeracy, literacy and science, for example, boost their store of useful information.
However, giving older students a lot of things to do is just common sense too. As it keeps them happy and staves off boredom!
Avoiding cries of ‘I’m bored!”
It won’t be news to you that young adults - and those in their early teens - tend to get bored more easily than children. They also tend to find this more frustrating!
Studies have shown that boredom is one of the biggest factors in negative behaviour at school and home, giving credibility to the expression ‘the devil makes work for idle hands”.
Clearly then, one of the reasons that Rendcomb College is an independent school with lots of activity options, is that we see this as a perfect antidote. We offer every student something to challenge, interest and excite them.
Competition – against others or themselves
Some of the activities our senior boarding pupils are offered are similar to those provided for younger students. Such as traditional competitive sports like football, cricket, rugby, swimming, fencing and athletics.
There are two important things to note though.
At Rendcomb College these are available to both genders. Also, our older students compete at the right level to ‘stretch’ them in an enjoyable way.
This gives them the chance to develop sportsmanship, resilience and a sense of self-worth, from being part of an age-appropriate team or by challenging their Personal Best achievements.
It’s not all sports though. Older students also engage in drama, dance and other arts at an appropriately advanced level.
Other boarding school activities for senior boarders at Rendcomb College are geared towards preparing them for University and careers of course.
This top independent school in the Cotswolds has an excellent track record for supporting senior boarders to gain Duke of Edinburgh awards or developing advanced language and science abilities for example.
Recognising individual choice in young people
Rendcomb College is fortunate to have the staff, facilities, location and community partnerships needed to offer a diverse programme of activities. This includes being close to a Forest School, riding stables and places of geological or historical significance.
Corralling this age group into the same group activity – even with the best intentions – is not a good idea! Their enjoyment and participation increase when they choose their own sport or hobby.
One senior student who likes to ‘negotiate’ may find our debate team the perfect outlet. Another may crave the mindfulness and calm of Art Time Meditation. Others may want to cook, garden, sew, print, juggle…..the list of options for senior boarders is long!
Being content at boarding school
If you are looking for the best independent school for older students, then ‘happiness’ will be on your list of aims too. At Rendcomb College, many of the activities for senior boarding pupils are about having fun!
They make our older students glad to be here, enjoying time with their friends, coaches and mentors.
What would they be doing if they weren’t at boarding school?
There is much debate about the long term effects of electronic entertainment, and the way young adults become slaves to their gadgets. Having alternative activities ‘on tap’ in the evenings and weekends can make a big difference. It’s sometimes surprising to parents how easily senior boarders relinquish their electronics when they’re offered an alternative form of interest, competition or just plain enjoyment!
Clearly, much of this hinges on giving young people a vital degree of independence and control.
Senior boarders at Rendcomb College exercise their free will and make decisions for themselves, in a safe and nurturing way. Including selecting from our growing list of activities that suit and stretch them! | <urn:uuid:7985532f-1dfa-4e8f-befc-7634c665f9b5> | CC-MAIN-2023-23 | https://www.rendcombcollege.com/keeping-older-students-happy | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-23/segments/1685224649343.34/warc/CC-MAIN-20230603201228-20230603231228-00554.warc.gz | en | 0.959215 | 946 | 2.609375 | 3 |
Tortuga Tex on Water Snakes - Text Version
Whoa! Better watch my step! There are quite a few water snake species in Texas , lets hav a look at them.
Water snakes are an important part of wetland communities and live anywhere there is water. They eat fish, frogs, worms, insects, small birds, mammals and turtles.
Some water snake like the diamondback water snake are common and often mistaken for cottonmouths, the only poisonous water snake species in Texas .
Many water snakes are very pretty.
Coastal water snakes like the gulf salt marsh snake live in bays and estuaries.
So don’t harm water snakes. Next time we’ll have a closer look at cottonmouths. ‘till then, take care of Texas . | <urn:uuid:fb8f4ce3-25b9-417d-905d-45a5520563f6> | CC-MAIN-2014-42 | http://www.tpwd.state.tx.us/kids/wild_things/tortuga/ttex_watersnakes_text.phtml | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2014-42/segments/1414637899548.41/warc/CC-MAIN-20141030025819-00214-ip-10-16-133-185.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.921532 | 168 | 2.6875 | 3 |
Engineering Science will help you understand thescientific principles involved inengineering.
Focusing primarily upon core mechanical and electrical science topics, students enrolled on an Engineering Foundation degree and Higher National Engineering qualification will find this book an invaluable aid to their learning.
The subject matter covered includes sections on the mechanics of solids, dynamics, thermodynamics, electrostatics and electromagnetic principles, and AC and DC circuit theory.
Knowledge-check questions, summary sections and activities are included throughout the book, and the necessary background mathematics is applied and integrated alongside the appropriate areas of engineering being studied. The result is a clear, straightforward and easily accessible textbook that encourages independent study and covers most of the scientific principles that students are likely to meet at this level.
It is supported with a companion website at http://www.key2engineeringscience.com for students and lecturers: | <urn:uuid:d5ff0d5e-ca87-4168-b2bf-d9b6fa281ede> | CC-MAIN-2016-50 | https://www.safaribooksonline.com/library/view/engineering-science/9781856177757/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-50/segments/1480698541950.13/warc/CC-MAIN-20161202170901-00474-ip-10-31-129-80.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.924905 | 176 | 3.015625 | 3 |
Olivia Atiles, a 12-year-old sixth-grader at Challenger K-8 School of Science and Mathematics, is very interested in protozoa.
"It's interesting to see the different ones," she said. "It's like another world inside a drop of water."
Olivia assisted sixth-grade science teacher Colleen Doulk during the school's recent MES Fest, an Earth Day celebration coordinated by eighth-grade science teacher and math department head Kelly Maharaj. It was an evening event for parents and students that included a spaghetti dinner and lots of science-themed activities.
Doulk had microscopes set up so students and their parents could stop by and see any of several one-celled creatures.
The day before the MES Fest, which stands for Math, Earth and Science, there was an Earth Day Expo, which came the day after the Rainforest walkathon. The school always celebrates Earth Day in a big way.
The walkathon was a way to collect pennies to preserve rainforests. Each penny saves a square yard, said fifth-grade science teacher and walkathon coordinator D.D. Brooks.
The expo was an opportunity for local businesses to demonstrate their concern for the environment and for grade levels to demonstrate ways to protect the planet. So caught up in the cause was third-grader Emily Meuser, 9, that, on her own initiative, she rounded up 100 people to sign a pledge to make a difference to save the Earth by reducing, reusing and recycling.
"I think it's important to help Earth," she said. "If we destroy Earth, then where will we live?"
Besides hunting for planarians under microscopes during the MES Fest, children could crawl among multiple cotton puffs and gather them together to make clouds. They also had the opportunity to meet Bay News 9 meteorologist Diane Kacmarik.
Students made tornadoes out of plastic bottles, and hovercraft using CDs, squeeze-bottle caps and balloons. They sailed wind cars down a corridor using giant fans for power.
Angela Barker, Ti Rahman and their twins, Adam and Kadin, attended the event.
"They like to make things and try things out and see how they work," Barker said of the 9-year-old fourth-graders.
Adam said he likes engineering. For an Earth Day classroom project, he made a boat with a steam engine made out of a Coke can, a milk carton, straws and a tea light. It actually worked.
"He tested it in the pool," his mother said.
Kadin made a hovercraft for his project, similar to the ones being made by visitors that night.
"We're a math and science school," Maharaj said, and the MES Fest was a way "to be creative to keep science going and to get our families involved and (for students) to get ideas for next year's science fair." | <urn:uuid:bcb9f01a-064c-4d5f-bccf-f70f23db83db> | CC-MAIN-2017-47 | http://www.tampabay.com/news/education/k12/family-festival-marks-earth-day-at-challenger-k-8/2180945 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-47/segments/1510934806070.53/warc/CC-MAIN-20171120145722-20171120165722-00644.warc.gz | en | 0.975957 | 613 | 2.625 | 3 |
A tiny Nasa tasked with testing new technology in space has managed to capture a breathtaking image of the Earth and the moon from more than 600,000 miles away.
MarCO-B, a CubeSat which is one of the US space agency’s two The Mars Cube One satellites, used a fisheye camera to snap its first photo on May 9.
MarCO-B, along with MarCO-A, which are tiny satellites on their way to Mars, made history by becoming the first CubeSats launched to another planet.
The CubeSats will follow Nasa spacecraft InSight on its cruise to Mars, testing out miniature spacecraft technology along the way.
Nasa said the new image, taken 621,371 miles from Earth, honours the photo taken by the Voyager spacecraft in 1990, which was famously described by physicist Carl Sagan as the “Pale Blue Dot”.
Andy Klesh, MarCO’s chief engineer at Nasa’s Jet Propulsion Laboratory, Pasadena, California, said: “Consider it our homage to Voyager.
“CubeSats have never gone this far into space before, so it’s a big milestone.
“Both our CubeSats are healthy and functioning properly. We’re looking forward to seeing them travel even farther.”
If all goes according to plan, the satellites will fly past Mars in November.
The CubeSats will attempt to send data to Earth from InSight during the lander’s entry, descent and landing sequence, but the main purpose of their mission is to demonstrate that CubeSats can explore beyond Earth’s orbit. | <urn:uuid:6183313f-1bae-4b1a-ad3d-4fd9be995c32> | CC-MAIN-2019-13 | https://www.eveningexpress.co.uk/news/nasa-satellite-takes-stunning-image-of-earth-from-600000-miles-away/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-13/segments/1552912202188.9/warc/CC-MAIN-20190320004046-20190320030046-00209.warc.gz | en | 0.942193 | 347 | 3.5625 | 4 |
Gout, What Are The Symptoms and How Do You Treat It?
Gout is a type of arthritis that can be characterized by severe and almost sudden attacks of pain, inflammation, tenderness, burning and redness in the joints. Usually affecting a single joint in the lower extremities such as the base of the big toe. However, severe gout can sometimes affect many joints at one time, known as polyarticular gout. Affected joints become so swollen, hot and tender that suffers have even complained bed sheets weigh too much to tolerate. If left untreated you then deal with recurrent gout which can later result in the formation of kidney stones, irreversible joint damage or even tophi.
But what causes Gout?Caused by a buildup of uric acid in the bloodstream and tissue of the body, crystals deposit in the joints causing painful gout. Some causes of these elevated uric acid levels include obesity, certain medications such as water pills, decreased kidney function and genetics. Normally found in the body as a byproduct of the way the body breaks down certain proteins called purines. Both men and women can be a victim of this.
So, if you think that you are suffering from gout, then there are two things that you need to know. One, is the symptoms of gout to make sure you truly have it, and secondly how to treat it. Here these two things have been discussed in detail for your convenience.
The symptoms of gout in foot are as follows:
- Severe joint pain- The large joint of the big toe usually get affects by gout. But can also occur in hands, wrists, ankles, feet and knees. After it begins, you will suffer from intense pain within the first 4-12 hours.
- Lasting discomfort- The intense pain after few hours will gradually subside but you will suffer from lingering discomfort in the affected joint area for many days. In many cases, people have suffered from this discomfort for many weeks.
- Redness and inflammation- The best way to understand if the joint pain you are dealing with is in fact from gout will be by seeing if the affected joint has become tender, swollen, red and warm. These are some of the most common signs and symptoms of gout.
Restricted motion- As the gout will progress; the sufferer will deal with a limited motion or mobility in the affected joint.
Fortunately, there many safe methods of treating gout at home only, and they are as follows:
- Cold compresses and packs- If the condition is not too serious, it will be best to use cold compresses on the affected joint as it will reduce pain and also inflammation. It is recommended that a sufferer does this at least 4 times for 30-40minutes each time.
- Drinking water and eating right- When your body is producing too much uric acid or excreting too little of it, then the buildup of it can aid in the formation of Urate crystals which leads to gout. So, if you drink water then the level of uric acid in your body will be stabilized. Similarly, it will be better to avoid eating foods like organ meats, fatty foods, seafood and alcohol every day. These foods are rich in purines known for increasing the uric acid the consumer’s blood.
Now there is another treatment for dealing with the pain of gout. , a breakthrough treatment from Forces of Nature Medicine. Its effectiveness is supported through science, its purity and safety established through organic certifications.
- Forces of Nature | <urn:uuid:1e68fa93-013a-458d-a079-73e9927e509c> | CC-MAIN-2020-16 | https://forcesofnaturemedicine.com/blogs/news/gout-what-are-the-symptoms-and-how-do-you-treat-it | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-16/segments/1585371624083.66/warc/CC-MAIN-20200406102322-20200406132822-00434.warc.gz | en | 0.963714 | 732 | 2.765625 | 3 |
The East Texas Railway Company was chartered on April 29, 1880, to connect Sabine Pass with Troupe, in order to provide the Kountze interests of New York an outlet for their timber acreage in East Texas. The railroad had a capital stock of $4 million, and the principal place of business was Beaumont. The members of the first board of directors were Augustus Kountze, Erwine Davis, and Jacob Van Wagener, all of New York City; Thomas W. House, Josiah F. Crosby, and E. P. Hill, all of Houston; and B. D. Crary of Beaumont. The railroad built thirty miles of line from Sabine Pass to Beaumont in January 1881 and another twenty-four miles to Kountze in July. On August 3, 1881, the road was renamed the Sabine and East Texas Railway Company, which completed an extension to Rockland by March 1882 for a total of 103 miles of track. C. P. Huntington purchased the line and transferred it to the Texas and New Orleans Railroad on October 28, 1882.
Is history important to you?
We need your support because we are a non-profit organization that relies upon contributions from our community in order to record and preserve the history of our state. Every dollar helps.
The following, adapted from the Chicago Manual of Style, 15th edition, is the preferred citation for this entry.
“East Texas Railway,”
Handbook of Texas Online,
accessed June 27, 2022,
Published by the Texas State Historical Association.
Original Publication Date:
Most Recent Revision Date:
August 1, 1995 | <urn:uuid:74684a0c-a2e0-4278-b31a-65c07b591723> | CC-MAIN-2022-27 | https://www.tshaonline.org/handbook/entries/east-texas-railway | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-27/segments/1656103344783.24/warc/CC-MAIN-20220627225823-20220628015823-00616.warc.gz | en | 0.948578 | 386 | 3.046875 | 3 |
What is Medical Laboratory Science?
The Medical Laboratory Scientist (MLS) perform laboratory tests on body fluids and tissues which aid in the diagnosis of disease and management of health. The scope of practice includes collection and processing of specimens, performance of a broad range of analytical procedures, quality control, and reporting of test results. Medical laboratory professionals may work in several different areas of the clinical laboratory including:
- Clinical chemistry: analyzing chemical substances present in the blood that may aid in the diagnosis of a variety of diseases such as diabetes, strokes, heart attacks, liver and kidney diseases.
- Blood banking: involving the determination of a patient's blood type and the preparation of blood products such as packed red blood cells and plasma that can be safely transfused to the patient
- Hematology: examining microscopically abnormal cells and determining diseases affecting blood such as anemia, leukemias or lymphomas
- Microbiology: identifying the microorganisms such as bacteria, viruses, fungi, parasite that cause the disease and determining the susceptibility of these pathogens to antibiotics (for treatment)
- Immunology: examining the degree of immunity or resistance to disease and assisting in studies for organ transplantation
- Coagulation: analyzing blood to find causes for abnormal bleeding or clotting and monitoring the anticoagulant therapy in patients who have had a heart attack or strokes
- Urinalysis: involving chemical and cellular analysis of urine
- Toxicology: the identification of toxic substances and drugs in body fluids
Who should consider this profession?
Do you enjoy solving puzzles and problems? Do you enjoy "hands on" work. If you do, then Medical Laboratory Science could be the carrier profession for you. This profession is appropriate for anyone with a strong interest in science who enjoys working independently and wants a health career with minimal patient contact. | <urn:uuid:2f912369-594a-451d-b272-e10950456394> | CC-MAIN-2018-30 | https://mls.eku.edu/what-medical-laboratory-science | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-30/segments/1531676590711.36/warc/CC-MAIN-20180719070814-20180719090814-00237.warc.gz | en | 0.921277 | 370 | 3.171875 | 3 |
You can move items from anywhere in Files and Home by right-clicking and selecting Move. When viewing All Files, you can move files and folders by dragging them and dropping them into a folder. If you move folders with a large number of files or subfolders, it might take a few moments before you see the changes.
Note: As you move folders and file, you may encounter duplicate folder or file names. See details below in Rename a Folder or File for guidelines on naming files and folders.
Drag to a folder
To drag a file or folder:
- Go to Files, then click All Files.
- Click and hold the item you want to move.
- Move the item over the folder and let go.
You can drag and drop multiple items by checking the box next to them and following the same steps above. You’ll see the status of the move in the lower right corner. If you moved items by mistake, click Undo.
Move to a folder
To move a file or folder:
- Go to Files or Home.
- Right-click the item and select Move .
- Click Choose Folder and select where you want to move the item.
- Click Move to finish.
You can also move files by checking the box next to the files you want to move, then selecting Move in the toolbar on the top.
You can also copy files to another workspace. To learn more, see Copy a File to another Workspaces. | <urn:uuid:4ee1e909-a0bb-4f8d-b98e-076db00c9be6> | CC-MAIN-2022-40 | https://support.workiva.com/hc/en-us/articles/360050453751-Move-files-and-folders | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-40/segments/1664030335365.63/warc/CC-MAIN-20220929194230-20220929224230-00338.warc.gz | en | 0.863266 | 328 | 2.8125 | 3 |
He beheaded the men and pubescent boys and enslaved the women and children.
In AD 627, Muhammad committed an atrocity against the last remaining major tribe of Jews in Medina: the Qurayza.
The purpose of this article is full disclosure and straightforward analysis about early Islam. How and why did this atrocity unfold?
The immediate background of this mass extermination and enslavement is the Battle of the Trench (or Ditch), in February-March-April (the exact calculations vary), AD 627. This battle—though it ended up being a siege—pitted a coalition of Quraysh (a large tribe in and around Mecca) against Muslims and some Medinan non-Muslims. The Quraysh also had allies: the Ghatafan (northern Arab tribes to the east of Medina and Mecca) and an assortment of smaller tribes. As for the Muslims, prominent Islamologist W. M. Watt says that on the eve of battle, Muhammad’s army consisted of “practically all the inhabitants of Medina with the exception of the Jewish tribe of Qurayzah, who seem to have tried to remain neutral. There were some Medinans in league with the Meccans, but they were presumably . . . exiled from Medina for the time being” (Muhammad at Medina, p. 36).
For the size of the two armies, the standard figure for the Meccans and their allies is 10,000, but one Muslim scholar says that the coalition of pagans may have reached 12,000 (Maududi vol. 3, p. 63). However, Watt says of the coalition: “The numbers given for the various contingents [the coalition was divided into three corps], however, do not add up to more than about 7,500. The Meccans themselves had about 300 horses and the nomadic tribes a similar number” (Statesman, pp. 166-67). On the Muslim side, the standard figure that is widely accepted is 3,000. They had no cavalry to speak of.
The larger background of this atrocity against the Jews reveals that Muhammad had already expelled two tribes of Jews: the Qaynuqa in AD 624 and the Nadir in AD 625.
It is unclear why the prophet expelled the first tribe, the Qaynuqa. One source says that these Jews waged war on Muhammad, but this is unlikely since he was flushed with victory over the Meccans at the Battle of Badr, only a month before. But perhaps this exaggeration reflects at least some level of conflict between the two sides. Another source says that some Jews played a trick on a Muslim woman, but this too is unlikely, since the trick is found in Arabic literature. These Jews controlled the market of crafts and trade, and the new Muslim immigrants to Medina were craftsmen, so maybe this is the reason. Regardless, the results worked out the same. After being besieged in their fortress for fifteen days, they were expelled, and the Muslims took over the crafts. “The Banu [tribe] Qaynuqa did not have any land, as they were goldsmiths [and armor-makers]. The Messenger of God took many weapons belonging to them and the tools of their trade” (Tabari, vol. 7, p. 87).
About the Nadir tribe, an early Muslim source says that Muhammad suspected an assassination attempt, while he was collecting some blood-wit money (compensation for bloodshed) from the tribe. Muhammad called on his followers to wage war on them, besieging them in their strongholds for fifteen days in August. Muhammad set about destroying their palm trees. Their livelihood undergoing destruction, they surrendered and departed for the north. Muhammad confiscated their property, just as he took the tools of the Nadir tribe.
The upshot of all of this is clear. The conflict between Muslims and Jews is escalating, and the prophet for all of humanity is about to impose the ultimate penalty on the last remaining major tribe of Jews in Medina. And he will take their property, as well.
Sources: W. M. Watt, Muhammad: Prophet and Statesman, Oxford UP, 1961, pp. 130-31; 148-51; 166-67; Muhammad at Medina, Oxfored UP, 1956; Sayyid Abul A’La Maududi, The Meaning of the Qur’an, vol. 3; Ibn Ishaq, Life of Muhammad, trans. A. Guillaume, Oxford UP, 1955, pp. 363-64; 437-45. Ibn Ishaq (d. 767) valuable and reliable source by modern scholars, except for some chronology and the miraculous elements. Tabari, The Foundation of the Community, trans. M.V. McDonald and annotated by W. M. Watt (SUNYP, 1987), pp. 85-87; 156-61. Tabari (d. 923) is also considered a reliable source, except for some chronology and the miraculous elements.
What started the Battle of the Trench?
Many causes feed into any conflict, but one stands out. Muslim raiders harassed Meccan trade. Modern Saudi biographer Safi-ur-Rahman al-Mubarakpuri expresses the right idea: . . . “[I]t was wise for the Muslims to bring the commercial routes leading to Makkah [Mecca] under their control” (p. 201). Then he lists eight raids between 623 and the Battle of Badr in AD 624. In each one, Muslims were the aggressors, to accomplish the big objective of strangling Mecca’s trade. These raids that sometimes involved hundreds of men continued steadily from that time to the Battle of the Trench. The Meccans had had enough. So they wanted to finish off Islam, once and for all.
From Muhammad’s point of view, he wanted the Kabah shrine in Mecca, and if this goal involved hindering Meccan trade, then so be it. Two early Medinan suras or chapters (2 and 8) reveal his outlook. Sura 2:189-196 and 216-218 command Muslims to fight the Quraysh because this tribe wanted to control their own shrine, even if this entailed prohibiting the Muslims, who were hampering the large tribe’s trade, from visiting it. Next, Sura 2:125-129 asserts without a shred of evidence that Abraham built and purified the shrine, and now Muhammad the monotheist is the best representative of this patriarch. He claimed this while he lived in Mecca, too (Sura 14:35-41). So in effect the shrine belonged to him by revelation, before it actually did by conquest (in early AD 630). Finally, in Sura 8:30-40, the prophet recounts his persecution back in Mecca and why the Quraysh are not the rightful guardians of the shrine. They barred people from it—never mind that about eight years later the prophet will bar pagans from the shrine. All Arab polytheists will be forced to convert or die.
It is impossible (for me at least) to escape the impression that if Muhammad had put aside this desire to control the Kabah, then much of the conflict between him and the Quraysh would never have erupted in the first place. But the shrine was a popular place of religious pilgrimage, so how could he allow religious freedom for polytheists?
Were the Jews involved in the start of the Battle of the Trench? The Islamic sources say that they stirred up the Meccans against the Muslims.
Early biographer Ibn Ishaq says:
A number of Jews who had formed a party against the apostle, among whom were Sallam b. Abu’l-Huqayq al-Nadir [he had been assassinated so the chronology or his placement here is off], and Huyayy b. Aktab al-Nadri, and Kinana b. Abu’l-Huaqayq al-Nadri, and Hauda b. Qays al-Wa’ili, and Abu Ammar al-Wa’ili with a number of B. [Bani or tribe or clan] Nadir and B. Wa’il, went to the Quraysh at Mecca and invited them to join them in an attack on the apostle so that they might get rid of him altogether. (p. 450).
How much did the Jews instigate the battle, and how much were the Meccans fed up with Muslim harassment on their own without Jewish provocation? This is unclear. But let us assume only for the sake of argument that the Islamic sources are right. These specific Jews were the principal instigators. In the end, this does not matter, for the following reason.
It is important to cite these (complex) names, above, because today’s Muslim polemicists who defend Muhammad’s extermination and enslavement of the Qurayza Jews overlook the fact that early Islam knew specifically who the enemy Jewish leaders were—by name. So did all the men and adolescent boys have to be executed and all the women and children enslaved? Could only the leaders not have been executed?
Sources: Ibn Ishaq; Tabari, The Victory of Islam, trans. M. Fishbein, vol. 8, (1997), pp. 6-7. Safi-ur-Rahman Mubarakpuri, The Sealed Nectar: Biography of the Noble Prophet, Darrusalam, 1996, p. 201. This biography was awarded first prize by the Muslim World League, but it is an encomium more than an objective biography.
The Battle of the Trench
The Muslims dug trenches to the north of Medina, linking them to or near various high grounds (e.g. Mt. Sal, a hill in the central area of Medina) and other difficult spots (e.g. a marshy ground), in order to neutralize the Meccan cavalry and to avoid hand-to-hand pitched battles. The strategy of trenches was new to Arabia, and the early Islamic sources make much of it. The Muslim army bivouacked south of the trench with Medina at their backs, while the coalition camped north of the trench, facing Medina, with Mt. Uhud at their backs. The Jews retreated south of Medina, facing the back of the Muslim army.
Though the Muslims were under siege, which pressed them hard, the trenches indeed worked well. The coalition’s cavalry was stymied, except a foray that came to nothing. The Meccans tried to assault the trench, but they were easily repulsed. The Muslim sources say that Ali, Muhammad’s cousin and son-in-law, fought in a duel, which he won. Some arrows were shot, but that achieved nothing.
This must be emphasized: No real battles or warfare occurred, and this favored the outnumbered Muslims. Early biographer Ibn Ishaq says—and modern historians are in complete agreement—that “[t]he siege continued without any actual fighting” (p. 454). Early historian Tabari agrees: “The Messenger of God and the polytheists stayed in their positions for over twenty nights—nearly a month—with no warfare between the troops, except for the shooting of arrows and the siege” (vol. 8, p. 17). Again, modern western scholars agree on this point.
Even Allah in the Quran confirms this absence of pitched battle: 25 Allah turned back the unbelievers [Meccans and their allies] in a state of rage, having not won any good, and Allah spared the believers battle [q-t-l]. (Sura 33:25; for more analysis, see the section “the Quran,” below)
It is important to realize this fact because Muslim polemicists assert or imply that the Jews actually fought the Muslims, so if the Jews were exterminated and enslaved, then it was their fault. But no full-scale battles ever took place, and the early sources say that the Jews remained in their houses and fortresses near Medina—that is, the sources do not depict them forcefully sallying out and attacking Muslims from behind.
Finally, the early sources say that a storm battered the coalition, and the Quran confirms this, implying also that supernatural forces joined in the fight: “You who believe, remember God’s goodness to you when mighty armies massed against you: We sent a violent wind and invisible forces against them. God sees all that you do” (Sura 33:9; Haleem, The Qur’an, Oxford UP, 2004).
In short, the coalition that had amassed against the Muslims in Medina was losing heart.
The aftermath of the siege
The Meccans and their allies had to withdraw, for at least four reasons.
(1) As we just observed in the previous section, the Muslims had adopted an effective strategy: trenches.
No full-scale battle or warfare could take place, so the coalition was becoming discouraged. It is highly likely that the average soldiers saw that they would not be dividing up any spoils, and this added to their disheartenment.
(2) Early sources say that Muhammad was about to offer the Ghatafan tribe (a major part of the coalition) one-third of the date harvest, if they withdrew.
But before this offer, he consulted two of his own leaders, and they said that he should not make the deal. They would prefer to meet the coalition with the sword. This account may or may not be authentic. However, the prophet was, after all, under siege for nearly a month, and he wanted to relieve the pressure off of his Muslims. Though the offer may not have been made (and perhaps not even conceived), the narrative may reveal a weakening in the coalition, which Muhammad had observed.
(3) This weakening was indeed the case, which comes up in a tradition that scholars seem to accept, if only tentatively.
A recent convert to Islam, Nuaym, of the Ghatafan tribe, volunteered himself in any way that would help. Muhammad set out on a plan, using Nuaym’s affiliations with the Quraysh and the Jews as a ruse: “The apostle said: ‘You are only one man among us. Go and awake mistrust among the enemy to draw them off us if you can, for war is deceit’” (Ibn Ishaq, p. 458; see also Bukhari, and view the two hadiths below this linked one).
First, Nuaym goes to the Jews who were his drinking companions in the “Time of Ignorance.” Deceitfully reminding the Jews of his special ties and affection for them, he tells them that the invaders are foreigners, so if the coalition leaves after a fight but wins no spoils and the Jews join them in battle, then the Jews will remain in their homes here in Medina, without any help, leaving them exposed and powerless. Thus, they should not fight with the coalition unless they take some hostages from some leaders of the Quraysh and Ghatafan to ensure that the pagan tribes would fight to the bitter end.
Nuaym then goes to the Quraysh polytheists. Deceitfully reminding them of his affection for them and how he has separated from Muhammad, he informs them that word has reached him that the Jews regretted how the relations between them and Muhammad had devolved. So they told the prophet that they would take some Quraysh leaders hostage, under the subterfuge that ensures that the Quraysh would fight hard. But in reality, the Jews would turn the hostages over to Muhammad. Nuaym said that the Quraysh should not take the deal because of this subterfuge. This would end the siege.
Finally, the Quraysh and the Jews communicated with each other, and they were on the verge of a full onslaught against the Muslims, but negotiations broke down. The Jews indeed asked for hostages to ensure that the Quraysh would fight to the very end, and the (forewarned) Quraysh turned the Jews down, fearing that the Jews would betray the noblemen to Muhammad.
(4) The coalition’s animals were dying.
This practical reason for the coalition’s withdrawal is beyond dispute. Generally, the Arabs did not feed their animals, in this case horses and camels, but allowed them to graze. However, Muhammad had ordered the Medinans to harvest early, so this took away the animals’ food. And even if he had not ordered this, then the pasture lands were gone after nearly a month. Indeed, the source documents say through the mouths of the Quraysh and Ghatafan to the Jews that “[t]hey had no permanent camp, that the horses and camels were dying.”
To sum up this section, it may be said fairly that Muhammad won a great victory with little fighting. He had three thousand troops at this disposal. The only opposing tribe left in the region was the Jews. Nuaym the deceitful go-between was right up to a point. When the coalition left, the Jews were left powerless, outnumbered, and alone, without allies. This spells trouble for them.
Sources: Ibn Ishaq, p. 458-59; Tabari vol. 8, p. 23-24.
The aftermath of the withdrawal for the Qurayza Jews
After the withdrawal of the coalition, the Jews were isolated, whereas Muhammad had 3,000 jihadists, signaling disaster for the Jews. The tragic drama unfolds in five stages.
(1) Traditions state that as the prophet was taking a bath, the (non-Biblical) angel Gabriel appeared to him.
Gabriel tells him the battle is not finished. Muhammad is ordered to fight the Qurayza Jews.
When Allah’s Apostle returned on the day (of the battle) of Al-Khandaq (i.e. Trench), he put down his arms and took a bath. Then Gabriel, whose head was covered with dust, came to him saying, “You have put down your arms! By Allah, I have not put down my arms yet.” Allah’s Apostle said, “Where (to go now)?” Gabriel said, “This way,” pointing towards the tribe of Bani [tribe] Quraiza. So Allah’s Apostle went out towards them. (Bukhari)
This next hadith shows a regiment of Gabriel (Muslim warriors) marching towards the fortresses of the Jews.
Narrated Anas: As if I am just now looking at the dust rising in the street of Banu Ghanm (in Medina) because of the marching of Gabriel’s regiment when Allah’s Apostle set out to Banu Quraiza (to attack them). (Bukhari and Muslim no. 4370 and see no. 4371)
These traditions about Gabriel’s leadership are designed to give divine support for the atrocity that is about to be unleashed. Today, we may see this as fanciful, but to millions of Muslims this is real. Be that as it may, one thing is clear. Muhammad had taken off his armor and was enjoying a bath, so he did not feel immediately threatened by these Jews. They had not lined up in battle array to wage war.
But even if Muhammad had felt threatened, why not expel the Jews? Soon Islam will be so powerful that it will expel all Jews (and Christians) from the Arabian Peninsula). Muhammad had expelled two tribes of Jews a few years earlier. In fact, he conquers the mainly Jewish city of Khaybar in AD 628. Therefore, it would be inaccurate to assert that if Muhammad had simply expelled the Jews, they would constitute a later substantial and serious threat. He is on the rise militarily.
(2) It is odd that during Muhammad’s twenty-five-day siege of the Jews, he employed a poet to abuse them.
The Prophet said to Hassan, “Abuse them (with your poems), and Gabriel is with you (i.e. supports you).” (Through another group of sub-narrators) Al-Bara bin Azib said, “On the day of Quraiza’s (besiege), Allah’s Apostle said to Hassan bin Thabit, ‘Abuse them (with your poems), and Gabriel is with you (i.e. supports you).’” (Bukhari)
This shows how valued poetry was in seventh-century Arabia. In some instances, it could resemble a smear campaign, to use the language of today. However, Muhammad assassinated poets who mocked him. But now that he has the power, he gets to employ a satirical poet without fear of reprisal. In fact, he refers to the Jews as brothers of monkeys, citing a legend that he believed, namely, that God turned some disobedient Jews into apes. (Ibn Ishaq, pp. 461-62).
(3) The Jews did not mount a strong resistance.
How could they do this, when Muhammad had just withstood such a large coalition and still had at his command 3,000 jihadists?
Then something strange happened while the Jews were negotiating the terms of surrender. They called for a man named Abu Lubabah, a nominal or half-committed Muslim who may have opposed Muhammad on several occasions. They asked him, “Abu Lubabah, do you think we should submit to Muhammad’s judgment?” He said yes, but then he gestured with his hand to his throat to indicate slaughter. Immediately afterwards, he felt that he had betrayed Muhammad. But why? Scholars are not sure. Maybe Abu Lubabah believed that he had signaled imminent death to the Jews, although Muhammad wanted to keep this brutality a secret. The Jews would have resisted submission on these gruesome terms. Watt speculates that the Muslim go-between may have been standing firm in his own clan’s alliance with the Jews and gave away too much information. Regardless, this must be emphasized: It is not whether he gestured that is in dispute, but the dispute is over why he felt that he betrayed Muhammad. Be that as it may, this means that the outcome was not in doubt—as the hand to the throat indicated.
Source: Ibn Ishaq, p. 462; Watt, Muhammad at Medina, pp. 188-89; 214-17
(4) Muhammad proposed that the Jews submit to the judgment of Sad bin Muadh.
He was the leader of a large Medinan tribe, the Aws (or Aus), some of whom favored old alliances with the Jews. The leader was an elderly man who was wounded during the siege. His verdict was short and simple—but bloody and cruel.
When the tribe of . . . Quraiza was ready to accept Sad’s judgment, Allah’s Apostle sent for Sad who was near to him. Sad came, riding a donkey and when he came near, Allah’s Apostle said (to the Ansar) [or Helpers], “Stand up for your leader.” Then Sad came and sat beside Allah’s Apostle who said to him. “These people are ready to accept your judgment.” Sad said, “I give the judgment that their warriors should be killed and their children and women should be taken as prisoners.” The Prophet then remarked, “O Sad! You have judged amongst them with (or similar to) the judgment of the King Allah.” (Bukhari)
It should be noted from this passage that Sad bin Muadh sat next to Muhammad. Was there undue influence from Muhammad on the wounded old man who was about to die and meet Allah? Muhammad had often preached hell fire in the mosque. That is, Sad knew that he was dying, so he wanted to demonstrate his allegiance to the prophet and Islam. The best way, as the circumstances presented themselves, was to decide on death and enslavement, the ultimate penalty signaling the ultimate commitment. Sad made the prophet glad. Shortly after this verdict the elder in fact died from his wound.
Sources: Ibn Ishaq, pp. 463-64; Tabari vol. 8, p. 34.
(5) The sentence: Death by decapitation for around 300-600 men and pubescent boys, and enslavement for the women and children. Ibn Ishaq says that the number may have been as high as 800-900 (p. 464).
Muhammad was wise enough to have six clans execute two Jews each in order to stop any blood-feuds. The rest of the executions were probably carried out by Muhammad’s fellow Emigrants from Mecca, as the heads and bodies were dragged into trenches in the business district of Medina.
Source: Watt, Muhammad: Prophet and Statesman, p. 174
How did the executioners decide on which boy to slaughter or leave alive? This hadith gives the obvious answer.
Narrated Atiyyah al-Qurazi: I was among the captives of Banu [tribe] Qurayzah. The (the Companions) examined us, and those who had begun to grow hair (pubes) were killed, and those who had not were not killed. I was among those who had not grown hair (Abu Dawud; see Ibn Ishaq, p. 466)
This next hadith indicates that a woman was delirious. She was killed.
Narrated Aisha . . . No woman of Banu [tribe] Qurayzah was killed except one. She was with me, talking and laughing on her back and belly (extremely), while the Apostle of Allah . . . was killing her people with the swords. Suddenly a man called her name: Where is so-and-so? . . . I asked: What is the matter with you? She said: I did a new act. [Aisha] said: The man took her and beheaded her. [Aisha] said: I will not forget that she was laughing extremely although she knew that she would be killed. (Abu Dawud)
The following narrative says that Muhammad took one woman for himself.
The apostle had chosen one of their women for himself, Rayhana bint Amr . . . one of the women of . . . Qurayza, and she remained with him until she died, in his power. The apostle had proposed to marry and put a veil on her, but she said: “Nay, leave me in your power, for that will be easier for me and for you.” So he left her. She had shown repugnance towards Islam when she was captured and clung to Judaism. (Ibn Ishaq, p. 466)
Shortly afterwards, though, she converted to Islam and a messenger informed Muhammad of this, and he reacts to the good news: “This gave him pleasure.” It is wrong to believe that this was Muhammad’s motive to execute so many Jews, but this woman does provide an unforeseen, extra benefit.
This hadith gives a hint on how the wealth was distributed.
People used to give some of their date palms to the Prophet (as a gift), till he conquered Bani [tribe] Quraiza and Bani An-Nadir, whereupon he started returning their favors. (Bukhari)
More specifically, Ibn Ishaq says the spoils were divided among the Muslims thus:
Then the apostle divided the property, wives, and children . . . among the Muslims, and he made known on that day the shares of horse and men, and took out the fifth. A horseman got three shares, two for the horse and one for the rider. A man without a horse got one share (p. 466).
A jihadist horseman was generally wealthier than a horseless jihadist, so this reveals elitism in “egalitarian” Islam. Also, Muhammad was unable to collect any spoils from the departed Meccans and their allies, so how was he supposed to reward his jihadist? The wealth of the Jews. Apart from the details of how the prophet distributed the spoils here, the division of twenty percent for him and eighty percent for his warriors conforms to a “revelation” just after the Battle of Badr in AD 624. In Sura (Chapter) 8:1 and 41, which deals with this battle, Allah grants him and his fighters these percentages.
Allah also allows jihadists to have sex with female slaves. Do we need to discuss this topic any further in the context of these Jewish women and girls?
Sources: Ibn Ishaq, pp. 464-66; Tabari, vol. 8, pp. 27-41.
Summary of the aftermath for the Jews
Since all the names and politics can be confusing, here is a quick overview of the facts found in the previous section “the aftermath for the Qurayza Jews.”
1. After the Meccans and their allies depart, the Jews are left powerless and outnumbered before 3,000 Muslim jihadists.
2. While the Jews were negotiating the terms of surrender with Abu Lubabah, he gestures to his throat, which indicates slaughter. This means that the flow of the events headed in one direction.
3. Sad bin Muadh is the leader of the Aws tribe.
4. This tribe had old alliances, whatever they were, with the Qurayzah tribe of Jews.
5. However, the Aws fought alongside Muhammad.
6. The Jews sided with the coalition (though the Jews did not actually fight).
7. Thus, the old alliances between the Aws and Jews are weakening.
8. After Muhammad’s attack on the Jews, some of the Aws plead with Muhammad to be lenient, such as expulsion.
9. Muhammad turns down this request for mercy—a key point, which supports no. 2. The outcome is never in doubt.
10. Instead, Muhammad appoints Sad bin Muadh to decide, and everyone agrees to abide by his decision.
11. Sad decrees slaughter and enslavement, wanting to firm up his allegiance to Islam before he dies. He dies shortly thereafter from his wound.
12. Muhammad says that Sad’s verdict is the judgment of “King Allah.” It is right and just. Sad makes him glad.
13. Even though everyone agrees to abide by the verdict, Muhammad still does not show mercy, as the men and boys are handcuffed behind their backs and beheaded, and the women and children are enslaved. He takes one of the beautiful, recently “widowed” Jewish women for himself instead of taking the path of mercy.
14. Muhammad gets twenty percent of the Jewish property (movable, immovable and human), and the jihadists get eighty percent, to be distributed as he sees fit.
In any steps leading up to an atrocity, something wrong is bound to be revealed, and this appears to be no. 9. As noted, Muhammad could have exiled the Jews, as he had done to the Jewish tribes of Qaynuqa and Nadir a few years earlier. Or he could have executed only the leaders, if he believed that they stirred up his enemies—assuming that they really did this, as the Islamic sources allege.
Something is also wrong with step no. 13. Even though everyone agreed to abide by the verdict, who could have complained—justly complained—if Muhammad had announced this? “We agreed to abide by the tribal chief’s verdict, but as I watch the men and boys being handcuffed and observe all the tears from the women and children, I’m sure no one would object if we showed mercy and exiled them and executed only the few trouble-makers. After all, I often say that Allah is most merciful. I set the example for my community and the world!” But this is wishful thinking. He took one of the beauties (now a widow) for himself, instead.
Why does he not show mercy? The answer is found in no. 14. Muhammad needs to reward his jihadists, since they collected no spoils from the departed coalition—Allah gives him permission in Sura 33:27 (see the next section, “the Quran”). And what makes this entire episode doubly heinous is that Muhammad and his jihadists could have had all of the wealth of the Jews after their banishment, but he still did not take this merciful option. But if he had taken it, would he have earned all the money (and a new “bride”) coming from the enslavement of Jewish women and children?
Allah seems to celebrate this slaughter and enslavement in Sura 33:25-27:
25 Allah turned back the unbelievers [Meccans and their allies] in a state of rage, having not won any good, and Allah spared the believers battle [q-t-l]. Allah is, indeed, Strong and Mighty. 26 And He brought those of the People of the Book [Qurayza] who supported them from their fortresses and cast terror into their hearts, some of them you slew [q-t-l] and some you took captive. 27 And he bequeathed to you their lands, their homes and their possessions, together with land you have never trodden. Allah has power over everything. (Majid Fakhry, An Interpretation of the Qur’an, NYUP, 2004; insertions are mine)
These verses reveal three truths.
First, Allah helps the Muslims in warfare or battle (three-letter Arabic root is q-t-l in v. 25) against a much-larger foe, so Allah endorses Islam in battle. Also, verse 25 confirms that Muhammad had nothing substantial to fear from the Jews. “Allah turned back the unbelievers . . . and Allah spared the believers battle.” In down-to-earth terms, Muhammad still had at his disposal a large, weather-beaten army. The prophet had expelled two other tribes (Qaynuqa and Nadir), so he could have done the same to the Qurayza—as indeed they requested. But the prophet for humanity declined this merciful and humane option.
Second, Allah permits the enslavement and beheading of Jews, so any Muslim familiar with the background of this verse knows that beheading as such has been assimilated into the Quran. The word q-t-l in verse 26 means slaughter. What is so troubling about the verse is that it seems to celebrate the “terror” that Allah threw into the Jews’ hearts. Indeed, when Abu Lubabah the mediator approached the Jews during negotiations, the women and children were crying. Allah gladly terrorized them.
Finally, Allah permits Muhammad to take the Jewish clan’s property on the basis of conquest and his possession of all things. This is a dubious revelation and reasoning. Allah speaks, and this benefits Muhammad materially. This happens too often in Muhammad’s life.
If anyone is looking for a down-to-earth reason for Muhammad’s attack on the Qurayza Jews (instead of “Gabriel’s leadership”), then he does not need to look any further than verse 27. The prophet confiscated wealth. After all, the Meccans and their allies withdrew without allowing Muslims to take their wealth. So how was Muhammad going to reward his jihadists? He was following a bad custom of winner-take-all in seventh-century Arabia. It is a pity that he could not rise above this, as the prophet for all of the world, the last and the best of all the prophets.
For more translations of these verses, the readers may go to this one, which has multiple translations.
Defenses of this atrocity
(1) Muhammad was following his culture.
W. M. Watt follows this tact. He writes:
So far were the Muslims who killed them [the Qurayza Jews] from feeling any qualms that one of them, describing the return from the deed, wrote that they returned with the head of their victim “five honorable men, steady and true, and God was with the sixth of us.” This is so much in keeping with the spirit of pre-Islamic times that it is almost certainly authentic; but, even if not, it shows the attitude of the early Muslims. (Muhammad at Medina, p. 328)
This is a remarkable statement from Watt. Five Muslims (plus a sixth) returned after the executions, carrying the head of one of the slaughtered victims, and “God was with the sixth of us” (or the sixth Muslim). This represents the attitude of the early Muslims? God was with all of them during the slaughter? The problem with the “he’s only following his culture” defense is that Muhammad is no ordinary tribal leader; if he were, specialists in Arab culture might read about this atrocity and move on, concluding that, though a difficulty, it has no lasting impact. However, Muhammad claims universality for his religion. He and his followers after his death waged wars of worldwide conquest to prove this universality. Thus, the stakes are too high to retreat to this “culture” defense today.
(2) Muhammad was following the Law in the Old Testament.
This line of defense seems to say that the Qurayza Jews got what they deserved from their own Scriptures. If so, then this is a completely misguided comment on this atrocity against the Jews. This sectarian polemicist even quotes Deuteronomy 20:12-14 (see his note 26a. See this article at a Muslim website that quotes this passage in Deuteronomy and one in Numbers.)
In reply, however, this defense turns everything on its head and misapplies the true Scriptures. This severe command was given to Moses for a specific purpose and for a specific time (c. 1,400 BC) and for a specific place (the holy land). It was never intended to be followed outside of the holy land at a later, vaguer time and for self-serving purposes. Were the Qurayza Jews carrying out this ancient command of Moses in the Arabian Peninsula in the seventh century AD so that Muhammad had to take revenge? The corollary opposite is true. Even if we grant the non-Biblical prophet Muhammad credit for understanding the Torah (and that is giving him way too much credit because the Quran is filled with confusion about the Bible), then he was misinterpreting the Law of Moses by waging war at the wrong time, the wrong place, and for self-serving reasons. He is the one who forced Arab polytheists to convert or die; he is the one who said that all Jews and Christians Muslim 019) should be forced out of the Peninsula.
However, to imply that Muhammad was carefully following the Old Law is to assume too much. Hence, this defense is yet another example of tribalism at its worst. Because the ancient Hebrews did this 2,000 years before Muhammad lived, he is justified in doing this to the Jews in his day in Medina. All the Jews of all times meld into one species—the same tribe. But this yanks a Biblical text way out of context and anachronistically misapplies it to another era and context. It is best to analyze Muhammad in his own context and set of circumstances. Did the Qurayza Jews really fight against him? No fighting took place, not even between the coalition and the Muslims.
Finally, Muhammad suffers from the distinct disadvantage of living six hundred years after Jesus, who showed us a better way. We compare—implicitly or explicitly—the two founders, and then the two diverge widely from each other. Thus, all reasonable people sense that this wholesale slaughter and enslavement is an unjustifiable atrocity.
(3) The Jews broke (Sura 33) the treaty and fought against Muhammad.
Let’s take the two aspects (breaking the treaty and fighting) one at a time.
The Islamic sources say that the Jews broke the treaty, so let’s assume this, only for the sake of argument. Yet the early sources also reveal the specific names of the Jewish leaders who instigated the rupture in the treaty. Why did not Muhammad put only them on trial? Why did he have to exterminate every man and adolescent boy and enslave the women and children? This is tribalism at its worst—and greed for Jewish wealth (Sura 33:27).
As for fighting against Muslims, modern historians, using simple logic and the early sources, agree that the Jews did not march out in battle formation; they never sallied out of their fortresses and killed Muslims en masse or even one of them, so the Jews did not actually fight. In fact, no substantive fighting during the month-long siege took place even between the Quraysh and Ghatafan on the one hand and the Muslims on the other. Moreover, after these allies withdrew from Medina, Muhammad was too strong militarily, for he still had at his disposal 3,000 hardened veterans. This is why the Jews never mounted a vigorous resistance when they were besieged. Finally, the Quran says that the Muslims were spared a battle. Allah says in Sura 33:25 that he turned away the huge coalition. So how was Muhammad really threatened by a Jewish sub-group that was much smaller than the Quraysh and Ghatafan?
Also, as noted briefly, the numbers do not add up for an attack by the Jews after the coalition left. Recall that Ibn Ishaq says that possibly 900 Jewish men and pubescent boys were butchered. Let’s grant that number for a moment. On the other side, the sources say that Muhammad had 3,000 men in his army. How could 900 men and boys fight against 3,000 jihadists? Even if we double the number to 1,800 Jewish men and boys, how could they fight against a large Muslim army that had just withstood a huge coalition of non-Muslim tribes? What about the Medinan Arab tribe, the Aws, who still had alliances, such that they were, with the Jews? The Aws fought for Muhammad; would they now fight against him? No evidence suggests even a hint that the Aws were on the verge of switching sides. The alliances quickly dissolved into thin air. To repeat, Muhammad was never seriously threatened or in real jeopardy from the Jews. If he imagined Gabriel commanding him to fight, then Muhammad was actually adding up these numbers. He correctly concluded that the Jews were isolated and outnumbered and that he could do what he wanted with them.
But Muslim polemicists do not allow this high number for the Jews, for it makes Muhammad’s atrocity seem worse, if that is possible. Sectarian Maulana Muhammad Ali says that the number of Jews was 300 (see note 26a). Paradoxically, and perhaps unwittingly, this commentator makes the prophet of humanity seem worse with this low number. In no way were 300 Jewish men and boys ever a real threat against 3,000 Muslim jihadists. Clearly, expulsion of the Jewish community was the better option, not butchery and enslavement. But Muhammad was unable to collect any spoils from the departed Meccans and their allies, so he looked to the Jews. The women and children became human spoils.
This inconsistency happens too often in Muslim polemics. For example, Muhammad assassinated individual critics and opponents. To justify this, polemicists argue that he was defending a fragile and fledgling community. On the other hand, other polemicists argue that Islam was a strong and full-fledged State, so it was allowed to protect its “dignity. The key is to choose the contradictory argument that fits the need at the moment.
Finally, to the victor goes the writing of the history books. Muhammad is the one who gets to call the actions of the Jews a break in the treaty. But are they the only ones to blame? When Muhammad moved to Medina in AD 622, three major tribes of Jews thrived in Yathrib (pre-Islamic name of Medina). When he dies of a fever in AD 632, no major group was left, and the number of individual Jews is in dispute. In these ten years Muslim polemicists would have us believe that all conflicts were everyone else’s fault. When Muhammad either sent out or went out on seventy-four raids, small assassination hit squads, or full scale wars, he was always acting defensively and hence justly. However, this is absurd on its face, as anyone who knows human nature must conclude. In the complicated give-and-take of many wars and conflicts, it is rarely only one side that is blameless entirely. More to the point, when did the Jews ever slaughter Muslim men and boys and enslave women and children, so that Muhammad would be justified in taking like-for-like revenge on them after the allies left?
Thus, even if we assume that the Jews broke the treaty, and even if we assume—contrary to fact—that the Jews forcefully fought against Muhammad before and after the coalition left, he still did not have to kill every man and every pubescent boy and enslave all the women and children, did he? Could he not have set the example for the world and punish them in a more lenient and humane way?
(4) Sad bin Muadh, the leader of the Aws, made the decision, so Muhammad is blameless.
As already noted, this line of defense is wrong. Muhammad could have called off the trial. Some of the Aws begged him to show mercy, but he turned down this request. Next, he could have told imaginary Gabriel (read: the prophet’s calculations) to get lost. Further, passing off the verdict to Sad bin Muadh reveals not only extra-sly political acumen in Muhammad, but also cowardice. He did not want to make this hard decision. Maybe he feared the old alliances between the Aws and the Jews, but the alliances did not last. The Aws fought for Muhammad, whereas the Jews opposed him. Would the Aws flip-flop so easily? This did not happen in point of fact. Be that as it may, Sad sat next to Muhammad, and when Sad issued the verdict, he made the prophet glad. “O Sad! You have judged amongst them with (or similar to) the judgment of the King Allah.” Was there undue influence from Muhammad on Sad who was dying and about to meet Allah?
(5) Put in perspective, the atrocity is no big deal.
Reza Aslan, a young intellectual Iranian, in his book No god but God (Random House, 2005), says that the Qurayza tribe amounted to a tiny fraction of Jews in Medina and its environs (p. 94). Therefore, Muhammad’s execution of them is not a “genocide” (Aslan’s word). His implication is that this act against one tiny tribe of Jews is minor and therefore not extreme, but proportional.
In reply, however, the number of the Jews who remained in Medina is under dispute, but the evidence suggests that there was not one dominant group, though individuals may have been left (Watt, Muhammad at Medina, pp. 216-17). Next, tribalism ruled in Arab culture (and still does in many places), and Muhammad eliminates an entire tribe. Though not a genocide, it is excessive even for the Jews’ “brazen” (Aslan’s word) crime. It is simply underhanded to throw in the word “genocide” as if it is supposed to make Muhammad’s excessive punishment seem acceptable. Eliminating a tribe? That’s no big deal when we compare it to a genocide, so Aslan implies. This kind of confused defense of Muhammad’s indefensible actions permeates Muslim literature today.
(6) The West has committed atrocities, so who are Christians to complain?
The answer to this is simple. First, the West and Biblical Christianity are not identical. Second, it is always better to compare a founder (Jesus) of a religion with another founder (Muhammad). And this is where the similarities break down completely. Third, the Medieval Crusaders are not foundational for Christianity. Only Jesus and the New Testament authors are. Fourth, the “West” does not claim divine inspiration, but Muhammad did.
Despite these six defenses, anyone whose mind has not been steeped in a lifetime of devotion to Islam knows that Muhammad’s action was factually and objectively excessive, regardless of his culture that he lived in. And excess is never just, as even Allah himself states when he rebukes his favorite prophet for another of his acts of cruelty (see this hadith, Abu Dawud 4357, and Crucifixion and Mutilation). Sadly, though, Allah does not reprimand his favorite prophet, but celebrates the atrocity in Sura 33:25-27.
The evidence in this article alone demonstrates that violence is embedded in original Islam. Even a reliable hadith shows Allah reprimanding Muhammad for another of his cruelties.
It is time for Muslim leaders to renounce violence clearly and specifically, not vaguely: “Yes, we denounce all forms of violence” . . . . They must go deeper than this. They must stop denying the dark past, found in the Quran itself and in the example of their prophet. They must, instead, be clear. “We denounce these specific verses and passages in the Quran and hadith that are violent. These specific acts and words happened in the seventh century (and later centuries), and we have moved beyond all of them. We now want peace.”
A peaceful presentation of Islam is not full disclosure. It is time to be honest. Only then can interfaith dialogue even begin. | <urn:uuid:38a1918f-6ea1-43aa-8597-b529e0c55c14> | CC-MAIN-2021-25 | https://jmateacher.com/2020/04/07/muhammads-atrocity-against-the-qurayza-jews/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-25/segments/1623487616657.20/warc/CC-MAIN-20210615022806-20210615052806-00356.warc.gz | en | 0.973979 | 10,483 | 3.640625 | 4 |
Captioning is the text version of speech and other sound that can be provided on television, DVDs, online videos, and at cinemas and theatres.
Captioning is usually displayed on the bottom of a video screen or on a separate screen and in some cases is positioned to show which character is speaking or where the sound is coming from. Colouring may also be used to distinguish between sounds.
Types of captions
Captions are either selected as desired (closed captions), usually by turning the captions function on or off, or they are included so that they automatically appear on a screen (open captions). You may see the 'CC' symbol for closed captions or the 'OC' symbol for open captions on TV program guides, DVDs and accessible cinema session guides.
Who uses captions?
Captions are particularly useful for people who are Deaf or hearing impaired, as well as those who are viewing content in a noisy environment, teaching or training and who are learning English.
Top of page | <urn:uuid:3c855932-e151-41c2-b852-419242f5644a> | CC-MAIN-2021-17 | https://mediaaccess.org.au/about/what-is-captioning | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-17/segments/1618038098638.52/warc/CC-MAIN-20210417011815-20210417041815-00051.warc.gz | en | 0.938942 | 210 | 3.1875 | 3 |
1. A tragic poet, the son of Morsimus and a sister of the poet Aeschylus, was the pupil of Isocrates, and according to Suidas (s. v. Ἀστυδ
.) wrote 240 tragedies and gained the prize fifteen times. His first tragedy was brought upon the stage in Ol. 95. 2. (Diod. xiv. p. 676.)
He was the author of an epigram in the Greek Anthology (Anal.
3.329), which gave rise to the proverb Σαυτὴν ἐπαινεῖς ὥσπερ Ἀστυδάμας ποτέ
. (Suidas, s. v. Σαυτὴν κ. τ. λ.
; D. L. 2.43 | <urn:uuid:e97761bf-276c-454c-85ad-3709aa914e6f> | CC-MAIN-2017-22 | http://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus:text:1999.04.0104:entry=astydamas-bio-1&toc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.04.0104%3Aalphabetic+letter%3DA%3Aentry+group%3D4 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-22/segments/1495463607726.24/warc/CC-MAIN-20170524001106-20170524021106-00137.warc.gz | en | 0.888455 | 203 | 3.0625 | 3 |
||This article includes a list of references, related reading or external links, but its sources remain unclear because it lacks inline citations. (June 2014)|
He was born in Germany in 1897, the son of Nathan Krautheimer (1854–1910) and Martha Landman (Krautheimer) (1875–1967). Krautheimer's cousin, Ernst Kitzinger, would also become a prominent Byzantinist. Krautheimer fought in the First World War as an enlisted soldier in the German army (1916–18). Between 1919–23, he initially studied law at, successively, universities in Munich, Berlin, and Marburg under faculty who included Heinrich Wölfflin, Adolf Goldschmidt and Werner Weisbach. During these years, he briefly worked on the state inventory of Churches for Erfurt (Inventarisierung der Erfurter Kirchen für die Preussische Denkmalpflege). In 1924 he married Trude Hess (1902 - 1987), who subsequently also studied art history and became a noted scholar and collector herself. He completed his dissertation in Halle under Paul Frankl in 1925 with the title Die Kirchen der Bettelorden in Deutschland (1240–1340). Frankl's work remained a strong influence for Krautheimer throughout his life. Willibald Sauerländer contends that it was Krautheimer who later introduced Frankl’s work to the United States. The systematizing methodology of Krautheimer's mentor, Frankl, "never left Krautheimer" according to Willibald Sauerlander.
In 1927 he completed his habilitation under Richard Hamann in Marburg. The same year, while researching at the Bibliotheca Hertziana in Rome, Krautheimer developed the idea for a handbook of Roman churches with a colleague, Rudolf Wittkower, later to become the Corpus Basilicarum. In 1928 he accepted a privatdozent teaching position at Marburg. Except for studies-in-residence at the Hertziana (1930/31, 32/33) he remained at Marburg. The Krautheimers fled Nazi persecution, leaving Germany for good. Between 1933–35 Krautheimer worked on the Corpus, accepting paying employment from Frankl’s son in the city. The ever-declining political situation for Jews in Axis-alliance countries compelled the Krautheimers to emigrate to the United States of America. Krautheimer found a position at the University of Louisville, Kentucky, a university he purportedly had never heard of. At his request, Louisville hired another fleeing art historian, Krautheimer’s friend from school days, Justus Bier. Krautheimer moved to Vassar in 1937 at the request of Vassar’s Art Department chair, Agnes Claflin. That same year saw Krautheimer’s first volume of the Corpus Basilicarum Christianarum Romae, a scholarly inventory and documentation of the early Christian churches in Rome eventually running to five volumes. The set would not be completed until 1977. Following US entry into World War II, he and Trude became naturalized citizens. Richard volunteered for duty as a senior research analyst for the Office of Strategic Services for the years 1942–44. Here he analyzed aerial photographs of Rome to assist in the protection of historic buildings during bombing. While still at Vassar, he taught (with lecturer status) at New York University (1938–49). He moved to NYU permanently in 1952 as the Jayne Wrightsman Professor of Fine Arts. The early 1950s were devoted to researching his one monograph on an artist, Lorenzo Ghiberti, published jointly with his wife in 1956. He would serve for one semester as acting Director of the Institute of Fine Arts at New York University.
Krautheimer next engaged in what he called his most difficult book to research and write: the survey volume on early Christian architecture for the Pelican History of Art. The manuscript was completed in 1963 and published two years later. The volume turned out to be one of the finest syntheses of late antique/early medieval architecture published and brought Krautheimer his widest readership. He revised and reissued the work twice, in 1975 and 1979. After a second tome on Ghiberti in 1971, Krautheimer retired from NYU as Samuel F. B. Morse Professor Emeritus and returned to Rome. Wolfgang Lotz, friend and fellow architectural historian, offered him a residence at the Bibliotheca Hertziana. There, Krautheimer completed his long-standing research on the Corpus Basilicarum. In these final years he set to work writing two of his most synthetic and lyrical works on art history. Rome: Profile of a City (1980) and The Rome of Alexander VII (1985) combined social history, vast breadth of archival knowledge and insightful architectural history into single volumes. In both cases, Krautheimer selected comparatively neglected periods in Roman history to offer a compelling narrative of the interaction of public works and patronage. While assisting friends with plans for his 100th birthday, Krautheimer died at 97 at the Palazzo Zuccari. His wife had preceded him in death seven years before. His many students at New York University included Howard Saalman, Leo Steinberg, James S. Ackerman, Frances Huemer, Marvin Trachtenberg, Slobodan Curcic, and Dale Kinney.
- [dissertation] Die Kirchen der Bettelorden in Deutschland, 1240–1340. Cologne, 1925.
- [habilitation] Mittelalterliche Synagogen. Marburg-Wittenberg, 1927.
- Mittelalterliche Synagogen. Berlin: Frankfurter Verlags-Anstalt, 1927.
- Zur venezianischen Trecentoplastik. Marburg an der Lahn: Verlag des Kunstgeschichtlichen Seminars der Universität Marburg an der Lahn, 1926–1935.
- Opicinus de Canistris; Weltbild und Bekenntnisse eines avignonesischen Klerikers des 14. Jahrhunderts. London: The Warburg Institute, 1936.
- "Introduction to an Iconography of Medieval Architecture." Journal of the Courtald and Warburg Institutes 5 (1942): 1–33, reprinted in: Studies in Early Christian, Medieval and Renaissance Art. Edited by James S. Ackerman et al. New York: New York University Press, 1969.
- "Sancta Maria Rotunda." Arte del Primo millennio, Atti del II convegno per lo studio dell'arte dell'alto medio evo tenuto presso l'Università di Pavia nel settembre 1950. Edited by Edoardo Arslan. Turin: 1953: 21–7.
- and Krautheimer-Hess, Trude. Lorenzo Ghiberti. Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1956
- "Mensa-coemeterium-martyium." Cahiers archeologiques 11 (1960): 15–40.
- "The Carolingian Revival of Early Christian Architecture." Art Bulletin 24 (1942): 1–38. Reprinted in a slightly revised version in Studies in Early Christian, Medieval and Renaissance Art (above): 203–56.
- "Riflessioni sull'architettura paleocristiana." In Atti del VI Congresso Internationale di Archeologia Cristiana, Ravena 23–30 settembre 1962. Studi di Antichità Christiana 26. Vatican City: 1965, pp. 567–79.
- Early Christian and Byzantine Architecture. Baltimore: Penguin Books,1965.
- Ghiberti's Bronze Doors. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1971.
- Corpus Basilicarum Christianarum Romae: The early Christian Basilicas of Rome (IV–IX Centuries). Vatican City: Pontificio istituto di archeologia cristiana, 1937–1977.
- Rome: Profile of a City, 312–1308. Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1980.
- Three Christian Capitals: Topography and Politics. Berkeley: University of California Press, 1983.
- The Rome of Alexander VII, 1655–1667. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1985.
- Kleinbauer, W. Eugene. Research Guide to the History of Western Art. Sources of Information in the Humanities, no. 2. Chicago: American Library Association, 1982, pp. 69–70.
- Kleinbauer, W. Eugene. Modern Perspectives in Western Art History: An Anthology of 20th-Century Writings on the Visual Arts. New York: Holt, Rinehart and Winston, 1971, p. 18; pp. 66; 70, 81, 87 cited, 92 [his method of Carolingian art research discussed].
- Bazin, Germain. Histoire de l'histoire de l'art: de Vasari à nos jours. Paris: Albin Michel, 1986, pp. 435, 542.
- Metzler Kunsthistoriker Lexikon: zweihundert Porträts deutschsprachiger Autoren aus vier Jahrhunderten. Stuttgart: Metzler, 1999, pp. 225–28.
- Wendland, Ulrike. Biographisches Handbuch deutschsprachiger Kunsthistoriker im Exil: Leben und Werk der unter dem Nationalsozialismus verfolgten und vertriebenen Wissenschaftler. Munich: Saur, 1999, vol. 1, pp. 377–86.
- Sauerländer, Willibald. "Richard Krautheimer:" Burlington Magazine 137 (February 1995): 119–20. | <urn:uuid:a7ea9c73-c064-4954-a87b-9560dba9bc6b> | CC-MAIN-2015-35 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Krautheimer | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2015-35/segments/1440645151768.51/warc/CC-MAIN-20150827031231-00293-ip-10-171-96-226.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.811459 | 2,104 | 2.890625 | 3 |
In the digital age, connectivity and bandwidth are important, even if you’re in Low Earth Orbit (LEO). And when you’re performing research and experiments that could help pave the way for future missions to the Moon, to Mars, and other deep-space destinations, it’s especially important. Hence why NASA recently upgraded the ISS’ connection, effectively doubling the rate at which it can send and receive data.Continue reading “Upgraded ISS Now Has a 600 Megabit per Second Internet Connection”
On December 11th, 2017, President Trump issued Space Policy Directive-1, a change in national space policy which tasked NASA with the creation of an innovative and sustainable program of exploration that would send astronauts back to the Moon. This was followed on March 26th, 2019, with President Trump directing NASA to land the first astronauts since the Apollo era on the lunar South Pole by 2024.
Named Project Artemis, after twin sister of Apollo and goddess of the Moon in Greek mythology, this project has expedited efforts to get NASA back to the Moon. However, with so much focus dedicated to getting back to the Moon, there are concerns that other projects being neglected – like the development of the Lunar Orbital Platform-Gateway, a central part of creating a sustained human presence on the Moon and going on to Mars.Continue reading “Is NASA Sacrificing Sending Astronauts to Mars in Order to Get to the Moon Sooner?”
In the coming decades, NASA has ambitious plans to send astronauts back to the Moon and conduct the first crewed mission to Mars. In order to accomplish these lofty goals, the agency is investing in cutting-edge technology and partnering with major aerospace companies to create the necessary spacecraft and mission components.
One such component, which will allow astronauts to travel to and from the lunar surface, is Lockheed Martin’s concept for a reusable lunar lander. The concept was presented today at the 69th annual International Astronautical Congress ( ) in Bremen, Germany, where space agency and industry experts were treated to the latest in space exploration advancements.
In the coming decades, NASA intends to mount some bold missions to space. In addition to some key operations to Low Earth Orbit (LEO), NASA intends to conduct the first crewed missions beyond Earth in over 40 years. These include sending astronauts back to the Moon and eventually mounting a crewed mission to Mars.
To this end, NASA recently submitted a plan to Congress that calls for human and robotic exploration missions to expand the frontiers of humanity’s knowledge of Earth, the Moon, Mars, and the Solar System. Known as the National Space Exploration Campaign, this roadmap outlines a sustainable plan for the future of space exploration. | <urn:uuid:cd365e61-dad0-4125-b1ec-c39c4e6aa7db> | CC-MAIN-2021-21 | https://www.universetoday.com/tag/lunar-orbital-platform-gateway/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-21/segments/1620243991178.59/warc/CC-MAIN-20210516171301-20210516201301-00218.warc.gz | en | 0.930946 | 559 | 2.78125 | 3 |
Automatic Braking Could Save Countless Lives
Autonomous Emergency Braking Explained
Autonomous Emergency Braking systems could reduce the number of people killed or seriously injured on the road by seventeen thousand over ten years, Thatcham has claimed. This assumes it is fitted to every new vehicle from 2015. The impact of such technology could, therefore, be comparable to the benefits felt in the eighties when legislation first required motorists to wear seatbelts. There was then a fifty percent reduction in casualties in a short period. Autonomous Emergency Braking – or AEB – comes in various forms and each manufacture has its unique twist on the recipe. In general terms, however, it works by monitoring the road ahead via laser/radar then calculates the stopping distance to the nearest hazard. This might be a lorry, etc. If the distance becomes to small – perhaps because the motorist fails to notice that the hazard is losing speed - the system typically warns him/her via a beeping tone and warning light. If the motorist fails to react - perhaps because he/she panics or is distracted – it can override the driver and perform a full-power emergency stop. This has one of two effects. Either the vehicle misses the hazard completely or the severity of the impact is reduced. The latter – at the very least – minimises personal injury and the cost of repair to cars, etc.
Blind Spot Monitoring, Lane Departure And Attention Assist
But there is more to modern vehicles than automatic braking systems. Blind Spot Monitoring – which again is available in various forms from various manufacturers – makes changing lane significantly safer. In general terms, the system presents the motorist with a warning light in the wing mirror when a vehicle is concealed. Blind spots, of course, are typically caused by rear pillars, etc. Warning lights enable the motorist – even if the vehicle is completely obscured – to recognise there is a hazard and maintain a safe line. And there is more. If the motorist signals to change lane when the light is illuminated, it might flash to emphasis the risk. There might be a beeping tone too. Very clever. Lane Departure Warning, in contrast, scans the road for lane markings. It can then inform the motorist that the vehicle is wandering off line (perhaps because the driver is distracted). Advanced systems automatically steer back to the intended route. This is emphasised by a buzz in the steering. Furthermore, Attention Assist scans for signs of fatigue. These systems – again, in general terms – recognise that when a driver is alert there are consistent, small, steering movements. As such, a lack of input followed by a sharp correction suggests tiredness. The vehicle then recommends rest via its dashboard. | <urn:uuid:37d44676-ac11-4896-a807-e5393cec35ad> | CC-MAIN-2017-39 | https://www.motoring.co.uk/car-news/automatic-braking-could-save-countless-lives_65282 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-39/segments/1505818686117.24/warc/CC-MAIN-20170920014637-20170920034637-00357.warc.gz | en | 0.946438 | 555 | 2.625 | 3 |
or Guebres. The original natives of Iran (Persia), who
adhered to the religion of Zoroaster, and (after the conquest of their
country by the Arabs) became waifs and outlaws. The term is now applied
to fire-worshippers generally. Hanway says that the ancient Ghebers
wore a cushee or belt, which they never laid aside.
Source: Dictionary of Phrase and Fable, E. Cobham Brewer, 1894
More on Ghebers from Infoplease:
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- Gabar: meaning and definitions - Gabar: Definition and Pronunciation
- Parsees - Parsees or Ghebers. Fire-worshippers. We use the word for Persian refugees driven out of their ...
- Jehennam - Jehennam The Gehenna or Inferno of the Arabs. It consists of seven stages, one below the other. The ... | <urn:uuid:6c89b2f7-aba6-4d4e-bb8b-456181f69d0d> | CC-MAIN-2015-40 | http://www.infoplease.com/dictionary/brewers/ghebers.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2015-40/segments/1443737961332.92/warc/CC-MAIN-20151001221921-00137-ip-10-137-6-227.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.872625 | 250 | 2.859375 | 3 |
Monday after breakfast we head for a tour of the Tabak (tobacco) museum in Bünde. This sounds funny now in our PC world but this industry was very important for our ancestors. The first tobacco factory in Northwest Germany opened in 1843. Tobacco had been introduced in Europe to the nobility as a treasure from new worlds.
Our ancestors most often needed a second occupation to make ends meet, as farming and especially tenant farming was not enough to support a family. The northwest of Germany was a leading source for the manufacture of linen from the flax plant. The production and spinning of the flax into linen could be done during the winter months and in the evening after farming. But as the Industrial Revolution spread this occupation needed less manpower and the people were out of work. Once tobacco was more prevalent the manufacture of cigars was off and running. The tobacco arrived in ships mainly from the U.S. in the harbor in Bremen and then transported inland to smaller towns in the countryside where there were factories and home workers who made the cigars. Many of our ancestors brought this trade to the New World with them. | <urn:uuid:1e467969-e9d4-4be0-9b6d-6977c6dbfb28> | CC-MAIN-2015-40 | http://www.familytreetours.blogspot.com/2011/06/northwest-germany-tour-finding-stories.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2015-40/segments/1443737916324.63/warc/CC-MAIN-20151001221836-00051-ip-10-137-6-227.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.98391 | 229 | 2.84375 | 3 |
The competition to build Birmingham Town Hall was won by "the unknown young Joseph Hansom, a man of various talents, who later built Roman Catholic Churches in Gothic style (e.g. Arundel in Sussex), founded The Builder, and invented the Hansom Cab. [Dixon and Muthesius 149]
- Birmingham Town Hall (1832-34; with Edward Welch)
- The church of Our Lady and St Philip Neri, Sussex (1868-73; later designated cathedral status as Our Lady and St Philip Howard)
- Church of the Holy Name of Jesus, Manchester (1869-71)
Architectural Works not Illustrated
- Victoria Terrace, Beaumaris, Isle of Anglesey (1830-35)
- Baptist Chapel, Leicester (1845) (known as the Pork Pie Chapel)
- St Bueno's College, Tremeirchion, Clwyd (1846-49)
- St George's Church, York (1849-50) (first pro-cathedral of York)
- St Cuthbert's College, Ushaw, Co. Durham (1849-51) (Exhibition Hall and Great Library)
- St Walburge's Church, Preston, Lancs (1850-54 and 1866) (tallest church spire in England)
- Liverpool School for Training Catholic Schoolmistresses (1853-56)
- St Clare's Abbey, Darlington, Co. Durham (1855-57)
- Plymouth Cathedral, Devon (1856-58)
- St Wilfrid's Church, Ripon, Yorks (1860-62)
- Lartington Hall, Barnard Castle, Yorks (1862) (substantial additions and alterations including landscaping and porte-cochère)
- Fort Augustus, Loch Ness, Scotland (1876-1878) (conversion of Hanoverian fort to Benedictine Abbey)
- The Hansom Cab (patented 1834)
The Hansom Dynasty
- St Francis Xavier Catholic Cathedral, Adelaide (1856-60), by Joseph's younger brother, Charles Francis Hansom
- St Joseph's Roman Catholic Church and Priest's House, Greenwich, London (1880-81), by Joseph's eldest son, Henry John Hansom
Curl, James Stevens. Oxford Dictionary of Architecture and Landscape Architecture. 2nd ed. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2006.
Dixon, Roger, and Stefan Muthesius. Victorian Architecture. 2nd ed. London: Thames and Hudson, 1985.
Evinson, Denis. Joseph Hansom. Unpublished MA dissertation. University of London , 1966.
"Hansomly done." Country Life. 8 April 2009: 58-61.
Harris, Penelope. The Architectural Achievement of Joseph Aloysius Hansom (1803-1882), Designer of the Hansom Cab, Birmingham Town Hall, and Churches of the Catholic Revival. New York and Lampeter: Edwin Mellen, 2010.
Jones, Nick. "The Many Lives of Joseph Aloysius Hansom." Building. Issue 17 (30 April 2010): 42-44.
Pevsner, Nikolaus, and co-authors in the Buildings of England series, as specified for individual works (please see these works, where further bibliographical sources can be found).
Last modified 15 August 2014 | <urn:uuid:53eec6b6-6c7e-40ad-9ba4-53b1d2d66dc2> | CC-MAIN-2014-52 | http://www.victorianweb.org/art/architecture/hansom/index.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2014-52/segments/1418802769550.123/warc/CC-MAIN-20141217075249-00134-ip-10-231-17-201.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.858547 | 710 | 2.5625 | 3 |
Car Sickness in Pets
Humans are not the only species to get car sick. Dogs and cats can also get a queasy stomach when traveling in the car (or even by boat or air). Most often car sickness is caused by the stress of being in the car and not the motion of the car.
Signs that your pet is feeling uneasy: excessive drooling, crying out in distress, immobility or acting afraid to move, vomiting or regurgitation, urinating and/or defecating.
Some tips that may help:
- Help your pet become familiar with riding in the car by choosing a park or open space about 5-10 minutes away from your home. If you have a dog, take them out for a walk, play ball or frisbee for a bit before heading back home. Once you return home, finish your session with a treat or meal time. Try doing this as frequently as you can to help your pet become used to car rides.
- Don't feed your pet a full meal prior to going on a car ride. If possible, feed a smaller portion of their meal or a few treats to help keep them from getting sick. Water is also fine.
- There are some over-the-counter medications that may be useful; they don’t cause sedation, but can reduce nausea and vomiting. A veterinarian should be consulted before any drugs are given (either OTC or prescription) just to be sure the pet is healthy, the dosage is correct, and that the medication won’t harm your pet.
- Make an appointment with us to discuss your pet's needs - there is a pet prescription medication for dogs called Cerenia that we can provide to you for longer road trips, and even a prescription medication available for travelling cats.
- Fresh air is good for anyone who's feeling a little carsick, including your dog or cat, but don't open the window enough so he can escape or get his head out the window. This can be especially damaging to a pet's eyes.
If you'd like to discuss your pet's specific needs about riding in the car, whether it's a short trip to the vet office, or a long move across the country, we welcome you to schedule a consultation with one of our doctors to discuss prevention of car sickness prior to their appointment. | <urn:uuid:f61b5a1b-b67b-4d63-84a6-b92e387cff26> | CC-MAIN-2017-47 | http://metvetpets.com/car-sickness-in-pets | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-47/segments/1510934805649.7/warc/CC-MAIN-20171119134146-20171119154146-00107.warc.gz | en | 0.956864 | 481 | 2.5625 | 3 |
What Do Animals Do All Day?
Wendy Hunt and Muti
Wide Eyed Editions
This is a follow-up and in some ways, a companion volume to What Do Grown-ups Do All Day? The author and illustrator take us to fourteen different habitats – every spread has lots to look at – and for each, on the following spread, introduces us to eight residents, every one of which briefs us on its role in that particular ecosystem.
Some of the job descriptions will make young children laugh. The Decorator Crab that resides on coral reefs and sticks pieces of sponge onto its shell as camouflage describes itself as a ‘fashion designer’ …
while the Large-eared Horseshoe Bat calls itself a ‘sound engineer’ since it makes use of sound waves and echoes to locate moths in the dark.
I certainly have no desire to encounter the Striped Skunk, a forest resident that sprays stinky ‘perfume’ lasting several days. and describes its role as ‘perfumier’.
Another forest dweller the North American Porcupine tells readers its an ‘acupuncturist’.
I particularly liked the Death Stalker Scorpion’s description of itself s ‘brain surgeon’s assistant’. (Researchers are using its venom in a cure for brain tumours.)
If you were to visit the wetland reed beds in Somerset you might come across animals who describe themselves as ‘sleigh-rider, ‘aerobatic flyer’, ‘camper’, ‘trapeze artist’, ‘sun-seeker’, ‘submariner’, ‘opera singer’ and ‘synchronised swimmer’. Can you think what their common names might be?
An attractive, somewhat quirky book that provides plenty for children to talk about.
The focus here is on the visual, with fifteen animals being featured in Julia Groves’ first picture book. (Sixteen if you count the butterfly on the title page) None is named until the final spread where detailed information about each of them is given in tiny print.
A single line of text accompanies each illustration that evokes the nature of the particular creature, so for instance, ‘Fleeting ripples trace the runner’ accompanies the picture of the Plumed Basilisk Lizard; ‘Slowly stalking, majestic and silent.’ is the Jaguar and …
The rainforest is, as the book’s blurb tells us, a ‘precious and endangered habitat’; Julia Groves imaginative presentation of some of its inhabitants offers young readers an opportunity to enjoy what most of us will never see in the wild. | <urn:uuid:a654d5bd-1459-4785-b54f-9e2daf8d1222> | CC-MAIN-2019-30 | https://redreadinghub.blog/2018/01/27/what-do-animals-do-all-day-rainforest/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-30/segments/1563195524290.60/warc/CC-MAIN-20190715235156-20190716021156-00427.warc.gz | en | 0.932223 | 580 | 2.578125 | 3 |
Salt should never be used to flavor your baby’s food – whether it is homemade baby food or jarred food!
Many parents wonder about adding salt to their baby’s food. In fact, many parents want to add salt to baby’s food to give the food more flavor and to hopefully tempt baby into eating the baby food. It would seem that in such small amounts, adding a bit of salt to baby food would not be harmful.
The truth is, adding salt to baby food may be dangerous. Not only is adding salt to baby food possibly dangerous, it is just not necessary.
Many parents have chosen to make homemade baby food so that they will have control over the ingredients their babies are eating. It is the lack of fillers, salt and other additives that often sways parents into making baby food. Your baby has a clean palate and does not know that foods may taste better if salted.
Why start adding salt and forming a “dependancy” on it? You don’t want your baby to rely on salt to help her eat foods. Keeping high amounts of sodium out of baby’s diet is important. Added salt in baby food may lead to a series of health issues including high blood pressure and kidney failure.
Try flavorful herbs and spices to perk up the flavor of foods and awaken your baby’s taste buds!
What does salt do to the kidneys? What Adding Salt May Do To Baby’s Health?
After your body has taken what it needs from the food, waste is sent to the blood. If your kidneys did not remove these wastes, the wastes would build up in the blood and damage your body. Your kidneys measure out chemicals like sodium, phosphorus, and potassium and release them back to the blood to return to the body. In this way, your kidneys regulate the body’s level of these substances. The right balance is necessary for life, but excess levels can be harmful.” National Kidney & Urologic Disease Information Clearing House
Your baby has a fragile system and the kidneys are one of the most fragile. Baby’s kidneys are unable to process a high amount of added salt. Too much salt from sources other than natural foods like veggies and fruits, breast milk and/or formula may damage baby’s kidneys and possibly even cause brain damage.
Adding Salt to a “Meal” or Baked Good Recipe that Baby Will Eat
As we mentioned, adding salt to baby’s food is not recommended. Besides the possible health risks, you want to keep your baby from establishing a dependency on salted foods. There are however instances where adding salt is acceptable. Many baked goods recipes, such as banana bread, call for salt as an ingredient. The amount of salt in a baked good recipe generally is between 1/4 teaspoon to 1 tablespoon, depending on the recipe and yield of the recipe. In this instance, as with sugar, your baby will probably ingest about 3 grains of sale in a 1 inch sized piece of banana bread; remember that the salt is spread throughout the recipe.
You are not adding 1 teaspoon of salt to the small piece of bread. The above is also true for a homemade “meal” recipe.
There are many soups, casseroles and other dishes that call for a “dash” of salt or 1/4 teaspoon to 1 teaspoon of salt. While we seldom add salt to any of these types of recipes (personal preference), offering your baby a bit of broccoli/cheese casserole that had 1/2 teaspoon of salt in the whole recipe should pose no harm. As with baked goods, remember that the salt is spread throughout the recipe. The most important thing is that you not add salt to baby’s foods as a seasoner. For example, do not add salt to baby’s squash puree to give it more flavor. Baby does not need a shake of salt with her veggies or meats. A shake of salt directly on baby’s potatoes is far different than a shake of salt in the family’s casserole dish.
“Hidden” Sources of Salt
Rutgers University notes the following: “Unfortunately, most of the sodium Americans eat today is added to food in the form of sodium chloride, or table salt. Food manufacturers also add table salt to food in the process of preserving and processing, as well as flavor enhancing. Sodium is also hidden as a part of other chemical additives, such as sodium nitrate, sodium benzoate saccharin, and monosodium glutamate. As a result, many Americans unknowingly consume three to five times more sodium than they need.”
Below you will find a list of sources of sodium compiled from ABC.go Health.
Prepared and Other Foods High in Salt/Sodium:
- Soups, vegetables, chilies and pastas in cans or soup-powder mixes
- Processed meats (such as packaged Deli meats), shellfish and other seafood
- Instant-cooked cereals
- Frozen dinners like pot pies
- Seasoning mixes (taco mixes, gravies and other sauces)
- Some pancake, muffin and other bread mixes
- Salted butter or margarine
- Salad dressing
- Soy Sauce
- Dutch-processed cocoa and instant cocoa mixes
- Instant noodles, rice and potatoes
- Health Foods
Even foods that sound healthy may be loaded with sodium. Check the labels on these “health foods” before you buy.
- Soy protein foods products like marinated tofu or miso.
- Processed cheeses including American, blue, Roquefort, Parmesan cheese, feta and cottage cheeses.
- Milk-based drinks including buttermilk
- Premade Asian foods made with teriyaki or soy sauce (unless you can control the sauce content)
- Cold cereals containing 200 milligram or more of sodium
Remember to always read and check the labels of the foods you buy. | <urn:uuid:ad175377-35c4-4b9f-a75a-0780d29b90b0> | CC-MAIN-2015-22 | http://wholesomebabyfood.momtastic.com/saltinbabyfood.htm | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2015-22/segments/1432207929023.5/warc/CC-MAIN-20150521113209-00176-ip-10-180-206-219.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.940641 | 1,249 | 2.546875 | 3 |
The diddley bow is a single-stringed American instrument which influenced the development of the blues sound. It consists of a single string of baling wire tensioned between two nails on a board over a glass bottle, which is used both as a bridge and as a means to magnify the instrument's sound.
It was traditionally considered a starter or children's instrument in the Deep South, especially in the African American community, and is rarely heard outside the rural South, but it may have been influenced to some degree by West African instruments. Other nicknames for this instrument include "jitterbug" or "one-string", while an ethnomusicologist would formally call it a "monochord zither".
The diddley bow derives from instruments used in West Africa. There, they were often played by children, one beating the string with sticks and the other changing the pitch by moving a slide up and down. The instrument was then developed as a children's toy by slaves in the United States. They were first documented in the rural South by researchers in the 1930s.
The diddley bow is typically homemade, consisting usually of a wooden board and a single wire string stretched between two screws, and played by plucking while varying the pitch with a metal or glass slide held in the other hand. A glass bottle is usually used as the bridge, which helps amplify the sound. The diddley bow was traditionally considered an "entry-level" instrument, normally played by adolescent boys, who then graduate to a "normal" guitar if they show promise on the diddley bow. However currently, the diddley bow is also played by professional players as a solo as well as an accompaniment instrument.
The diddley bow is significant to blues music in that many blues guitarists got their start playing it as children, as well as the fact that, like the slide guitar, it is played with a slide. However, because it was considered a children's instrument, very few musicians continued to play the diddley bow once they reached adulthood. The diddley bow is therefore not well represented in recordings.
One notable performer of the instrument was the Mississippi blues musician Lonnie Pitchford, who used to demonstrate the instrument by stretching a wire between two nails hammered into the wood of a vertical beam making up part of the front porch of his home. Pitchford's headstone, placed on his grave in 2000 by the Mt. Zion Memorial Fund, is actually designed with a playable diddley bow on the side as requested by Pitchford's family.
Other notable traditional players include Lewis Dotson, Glen Faulkner, Jessie Mae Hemphill, Compton Jones, Eddie "One String" Jones, Napoleon Strickland, Moses Williams, James "Super Chikan" Johnson and "One String Sam" Wilson. Willie Joe Duncan was also notable for his work with a very large electrified diddley bow he called a Unitar. Some members of the Motown band "The Funk Brothers" are said to have learned to play the guitar on the diddley bow. Great bluesman Buddy Guy learned to play music on a two-string homemade diddley bow before getting his first guitar (a Harmony acoustic).
Recent performers who use similar instruments include New York City-based jazz pianist Cooper-Moore, American bluesman Seasick Steve, Samm Bennett, Danny Kroha, One String Willie, and blind musician Velcro Lewis. Jack White makes one at the beginning of the movie It Might Get Loud, then after playing it quips "Who says you need to buy a guitar?". Seasick Steve recorded a tribute song to his diddley bow on his song "Diddley Bo" from his 2009 album, Man From Another Time.
- American Patchwork: Songs and Stories of America, part 3: "The Land Where the Blues Began" (1990). Written, directed, and produced by Alan Lomax; developed by the Association for Cultural Equity at Columbia University and Hunter College. North Carolina Public TV; A Dibb Direction production for Channel Four.
- It Might Get Loud, a 2008 documentary about the careers and influences of prominent rock guitarists, features Jack White building a diddley bow from scratch and playing a tune on it.
- Louis Dotson "Sitting on Top of the World" on Bothered All the Time, Southern Culture SC 1703
- Willie Joe (Duncan) and His Unitar – The track "Unitar Rock," is available on Teen Beat Vol 4. Ace CDCHD 655. "Twitchy" and "Cherokee Dance" are available on The Specialty Story Specialty 5SPCD-4412-2.
- Glen Faulkner – "Cotton Pickin' Blues," "Louisiana Blues," "Glory, Glory, Hallelujah," "Get Right Church And Lets Go Home," on The Spirit Lives On: Deep South Country Blues and Spirituals in the 1990s, Hot Fox HF-CD-005 (German CD, now out of print).
- Jessie Mae Hemphill – two tracks (one accompanied By Compton Jones) on Heritage of the Blues: Shake It, Baby, HighTone HCD 8156. Two tracks (accompanied by Compton Jones and Glen Faulkner) on Get Right Blues, Inside Sounds ISC-0519.
- Compton Jones – One track, "Shake 'Em On Down," on Afro-American Folk Music from Tate and Panola Counties, Mississippi, Rounder 1515 (CD). With booklet notes by diddley bow scholar David Evans.
- Eddie "One String" Jones – One String Blues, Takoma Records CDTAK 1023. Nine tracks, the first one an interview of Eddie Jones where he tells how he built his instrument. The booklet notes includes a drawing and some photographs of his instrument and of him playing.
- "The Oven's On" LP 2007 by Velcro Lewis and His 100 Proof Band.
- "The Bronze Age" CD 2009 by the Velcro Lewis Group.
- "The Almanac of Bad Luck" LP 2009 by Tijuana Hercules.
- "Fall To Pieces" 45 single 2010 by the Velcro Lewis Group.
- Lonnie Pitchford – Pitchford was another diddley bow master. He can be heard on four tracks on National Downhome Blues Festival Volume One Southland SCD-21, "Train Coming Around the Bend," "My Babe," "Mary Had a Little Lamb" and "One-String Boogie." Two tracks on All Around Man Rooster R2629 "Real Rock Music: Crawlin' Kingsnake" and "My Babe." One track on Living Country Blues, Evidence ECD 26105-2 ("Boogie Chillen"). Also, another "One-String Boogie," and "My Baby Walked Away" on American Folk Blues Festival '83; "Johnny Stole An Apple," Living Country Blues USA - Volume 7: Afro-American Blues Roots; "My Baby Walked Away" on Living Country Blues USA - Volume 9: Mississippi Moan and (yet another) "One String Boogie" on Living Country Blues USA - Volume10: Country Boogie
- Napoleon Strickland – One track, "Key to the Blues," on Bottleneck Blues, Testament 5021 (CD). (This same cut also appears on the CD Africa and the Blues).
- One String Willie - 7 tracks on CD "A Store-Bought Guitar Just Won't Do," 10 tracks on CD "You Gotta Hit the String Right to Make the Music Swing"
- Moses Williams – four tracks on a double-LP anthology of Florida blues produced by the Florida Folklife Program. (Drop on Down In Florida, Florida Folklife LP 102-103). This LP is long out of print, but a free CD Music from the Florida Folklife Collection from the Florida Folklife Program presents a cut of Williams playing and singing "Which Way Did My Baby Go?"
- "One String Sam" (Wilson) –Two cuts ("I Need $100" and "I Got to Go") from the 1973 Ann Arbor Blues and Jazz Festival on Please Mr. Foreman: Motor City Blues, Schoolkids' Records SKR2101-2. Two tracks on Rural Blues Vol 1 (1934-1956), Document Records B000000J8B ("I Need $100" (studio version) and "My Baby Ooh").
- "White Magick Summer" LP 2010 by the Velcro Lewis Group.
- Cigar box guitar
- Đàn bầu
- Musical bow
- Slide guitar
- Washtub bass (Gut bucket) | <urn:uuid:29e7fd1f-6a35-43a8-9e9a-0203fc39712d> | CC-MAIN-2018-39 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diddley_bow | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-39/segments/1537267155413.17/warc/CC-MAIN-20180918130631-20180918150631-00030.warc.gz | en | 0.94399 | 1,799 | 3.234375 | 3 |
September 17, 2017
The Sanctuary | Hazelwood, Missouri
Ninety-nine of the psalms identify the author or authors in the superscriptions, which are included in the Hebrew text as the first verse rather than being separated from the psalms as frequently done in translation. The oldest is Psalm 90, identified with Moses and dating possibly from about 1500 bc. Seventy-three psalms are identified with David and would have been written in the tenth century bc. (See Psalms 3-9, 11-32, 34-41, 51-65, 68-70, 86, 101, 103, 108-110, 122, 124, 131, 133, 138-145.) Psalms 72 and 127 are identified with Solomon. Asaph, a Levite and chief musician of David, is identified with twelve psalms. (See Psalms 50, 73-83.) Eleven psalms are attributed to the sons of Korah. Korah was a great-grandson of Levi. (See Psalms 42, 44-49, 84-85, 87-88.) Psalm 89 is identified with Ethan the Ezrahite. We are not certain of his identity, but this was the name of a wise man who lived in Solomon’s time as well as a Levitical musician contemporary with David.
Why the Book Is Called “Psalms”: The Book of Psalms takes its English title from the Septuagint title Psalmoi, a word that means “hymns” sung to musical accompaniment. Although the Hebrew mizmor, meaning “a song sung with musical accompaniment,” appears fifty-seven times in the superscriptions, the title of the book in the Hebrew text is Tehillim, meaning “praises.”
In addition to the title Tehillim, a portion of the book is identified as “the prayers (tefillot) of David.” (See Psalm 72:20.) This is an ancient title for a book comprised of Psalms 3-72.
Original Audience: A common view is that the Psalter was intended for use in corporate worship during the second temple period. A close reading of the text suggests, however, that it was also useful for individuals, not only for the community, and that a specific intended audience is those in exile or tribulation. For these readers, it is a source of hope and comfort.
Key Apostolic Insights: The New Testament quotes from, alludes to, or paraphrases the Old Testament in nearly 800 verses. The book most frequently appealed to is Psalms, which is referred to 206 times. The Psalms show that Christ, the promised Messiah, is the Son of God and the Son of Man. As the Son of God, the Messiah is God Himself in human existence. As the Son of Man, He is a physical descendant of David. The psalms foretell the Messiah’s birth, important events in His life, His betrayal, His sufferings, His death, His resurrection, His ascension, His second coming, and the Millennium. The Psalter also anticipates the proclamation of the gospel, the Messiah’s bride, and the gifts given to the New Testament church upon His ascension.
The Structure of the Psalter: Since the Psalter is a collection of psalms by a variety of authors, the structure of the book as we now have it is not original with any of the authors whose psalms appear in the book. Its structure is, rather, the result of composition done after all the individual psalms were completed. There were earlier collections, some smaller and some larger, but the result was a book intentionally shaped to serve a theological purpose. (See, e.g., Psalm 72:20.) The traditional outline of the book follows its division into five books by the Masoretic Text. A common explanation of this division is that these five books correspond in some way to the five books of the Torah (i.e., the Pentateuch). The idea here is to read Psalms 1-41 in conjunction with Genesis; Psalms 42-72 with Exodus; Psalms 73-89 with Leviticus; Psalms 90-106 with Numbers; and Psalms 107-150 with Deuteronomy. It is difficult, however, to identify thematic links between the five books of the Pentateuch and the Psalter, and more recent scholarship questions whether these are the most significant structural features of the Psalter and whether the New Testament writers viewed the five-book division of the Psalms as significant for their purposes. More recent views of the structure of the Psalter include the following:
Canonical. Brevard Childs has suggested that we can dispense with discussion about any previous shape of the Psalter and focus on its present shape and structure. We do not need to be concerned with how the present shape came to be; all we need to be concerned with is that this is the shape found in the canon.
Compositional. The compositional approach sees the current shape of the Psalter as reflecting an inspired work bringing together previously existing materials in a form intended to advance a specific theological purpose. One compositional approach sees the Psalter as a collection of prayers for the Jewish people in exile, functioning as a replacement for temple worship.
A compositional/canonical approach seems most satisfying, because it recognizes the obvious facts concerning the variety of authors and evidence of previous collections now reshaped into the current canonical form. The following points seem evidently true:
- The Psalter is a composition with a specific purpose and literary strategy.
- The Psalter is composed for individuals, not only for the community.
- The Psalter is composed for those in exile or tribulation as a source book for hope and divine comfort.
- The framework of the Psalter is messianic: It focuses on Zion theology and the Kingdom of God, by which we mean the physical restoration of Davidic hope, the ultimate fulfillment of the promise God made to David that the Messiah would descend physically from him to rule on David’s throne in Zion. The selection and arrangement of the psalms are intended to explore the relationship between the Law of Moses and Israel’s hope for the future, or, as we might say from the Christian perspective, the relationship between law and grace. The final form of the Psalter is also intended to explore the meaning of the Davidic Covenant in view of the apostasy and exile of the House of David.
Next Lesson: In our next lesson, we plan to examine why Psalms 1 and 2 form the introduction to the book of Psalms and cast the themes that are found throughout the book. | <urn:uuid:cc264284-2e70-4bd8-971a-91e77531a0fe> | CC-MAIN-2019-04 | https://danielsegraves.com/2017/09/20/the-messiah-in-the-psalms-lesson-3/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-04/segments/1547583658981.19/warc/CC-MAIN-20190117123059-20190117145059-00162.warc.gz | en | 0.957372 | 1,400 | 3.140625 | 3 |
Subsets and Splits