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A 25-year-old man in a coma may have had his recovery kickstarted after researchers 'excited' his brain tissue with ultrasound pulses.
The man was showing minimal signs of being conscious and understanding speech before the treatment, but a day after scientists at the University of California, Los Angeles (UCLA) beamed ultrasound waves into his brain, his responses improved measurably. Three days later he regained full consciousness and language comprehension.
Researchers targeted the patient’s thalamus – the part of the brain that regulates consciousness – with low-intensity pulses of ultrasound energy. This excited the neutrons in his thalamus and, the researchers believe, triggered the man’s brain to 'wake up'.
"Until now, the only way to achieve this was a risky surgical procedure known as deep brain stimulation, in which electrodes are implanted directly inside the thalamus," said Martin Monti, the study’s lead author. "Our approach directly targets the thalamus but is noninvasive," he said.
The ultrasound device, which is about the same size as a coffee saucer, creates a small ball of sound waves that can be pointed at different parts of the brain to simulate tissue. In this study, researchers placed the device by the side of the man's head and activated it 10 times for 30 seconds each over a 10-minute period. The device is safe to use because it only emits a tiny amount of energy – less than is used in conventional ultrasound scans.
"It is possible that we were just very lucky and happened to have stimulated the patient just as he was spontaneously recovering," Monti said, but if this technology was the cause of the man's recovery, it may lead to new ways to treat patients in comas. It could, the study suggests, be used as a low-cost way to 'wake up' patients in a vegetative or minimally conscious state. Currently, Monti said, there is almost no effective treatment for those patients.
This is the first time the technique, called low-intensity focused ultrasound pulsation, has been used to treat severe brain injury. The device was pioneered by another UCLA researcher, Alexander Bystritsky, who co-authored a study about the man’s condition in the journal Brain Stimulation.
This isn't the first time, however, that the effect of ultrasound waves on brain tissue has been investigated by researchers. In 2013, researchers at the University of Arizona found that by applying ultrasound waves to specific parts of the brain they were able to alter a patient’s mood. The research may one day lead to the development of non-drug based treatments for conditions such as depression. | <urn:uuid:2859e004-2c83-45a5-a080-5bce0b3154fb> | CC-MAIN-2018-34 | https://www.wired.co.uk/article/ultrasound-coma-recovery | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-34/segments/1534221215261.83/warc/CC-MAIN-20180819165038-20180819185038-00078.warc.gz | en | 0.973294 | 551 | 2.9375 | 3 |
In 1990, the United Nations Development Program (UNDP) introduced the Human Development Index (HDI), which serves as a comprehensive metric that measures community freedoms, the richness of human wellbeing, and the capabilities of individuals within societies. In particular, the HDI considers three dimensions of human wellbeing: health, measured by life expectancy; education, measured by mean years of schooling and expected years of schooling; and standards of living, measured by income per capita. In the UNDP’s most recent calculations of the HDI in 2016, the United States of America received a score of 0.920, which ranked as the tenth-highest score in the world. Yet, even within highly developed countries such as the United States, vast inequalities exist.
In fact, inequalities reflected by national indicators are often exacerbated when examined on a local level. Baltimore City is a perfect microcosm of the disparate levels of human development within the United States. By traveling from the northwest end of Baltimore to the west side of the inner city, the visible transition from affluence to poverty, opportunity to hardship, and health to suffering is palpable. To quantitatively estimate these inequalities, we applied the UNDP’s methodology for calculating the HDI at the neighborhood level in Baltimore City. The disparities that these calculations uncovered were shocking, and our research about their histories and consequences led to an in-depth whitepaper about human development in Baltimore City. The results of this research show that in Baltimore City, children raised in two different neighborhoods separated by a single street could be living in environments that are worlds apart.
Some neighborhoods, such as Greater Roland Park/Poplar Hill—which outperformed the United States’ national HDI with an index score of 0.979—have levels of health, education, and standards of living that are on par with countries with the highest levels of human development in the world, such as Singapore and Australia. By contrast, the neighborhood of Upton/Druid Heights has the lowest HDI across Baltimore City with an index score of 0.725; which falls outside the top 90 countries in the world, and ranks lower than countries such as Thailand and Colombia. These inequalities are a reflection of stark disparities within the health, education, and standards of living components of the HDI. For example, life expectancy ranges by 20.2 years across Baltimore City, as children born in Cross-Country/Cheswolde can expect to live until they are 87.1 years of age, whereas children born in Clifton-Berea have a life expectancy of only 66.9 years.
Disparities in HDIs across Baltimore City also have strong connections to social issues of the city’s past and present. As a result of Baltimore City’s deeply ingrained history of racial segregation and discrimination, neighborhoods that are predominately black/African-American are disproportionately impacted by low HDIs. In a city with a resident population that is 27.7 percent white and 62.4 percent black or African-American, white residents account for over 60 percent of the population in the ten neighborhoods with the highest HDIs. By contrast, seven of the ten neighborhoods with the lowest HDIs have a population that is over 90 percent black or African-American. These realities are perpetuated by systemic forces and unequal access to essential health, education, and economic resources that work to restrict inclusive human development in Baltimore City.
Furthermore, this research sheds new light on Baltimore City’s homicide epidemic. Recent studies in the field of social sciences, such as research published by the Woodrow Wilson Center for International Scholars, have suggested that social and material inequalities exacerbate homicide rates and chronic violence in urban settings. Given Baltimore City’s 343 homicides in 2017, which set a citywide record-high homicide rate at 55.8 killings per 100,000 people, research about the impacts of inequality in Baltimore City is ever more imperative.
In Human Development Index Disparities in Baltimore City, the Regional Economic Studies Institute discusses these issues in detail, and identifies three strategies for working towards inclusive human development growth in Baltimore City, including expanding access to a healthy lifestyle, matching school resources to specific student needs, and reducing inequalities in economic opportunity. Encompassed in these strategies are discussions of specific policy priorities for Baltimore City, such as increasing the availability of healthy food in distressed neighborhoods, ensuring access to infant and maternal healthcare resources, creating safe and student-centered school environments, and expanding access to higher education. By adopting an inclusive approach to human development through investing in social policies that benefit neighborhoods that have been systemically excluded, Baltimore City as a whole can become more equitable and prosperous. | <urn:uuid:32fde43b-9f79-456e-99ef-7c2855c17de2> | CC-MAIN-2021-10 | https://www.engagetu.com/2018/06/27/measuring-human-development-baltimore/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-10/segments/1614178376144.64/warc/CC-MAIN-20210307044328-20210307074328-00564.warc.gz | en | 0.946411 | 946 | 3.421875 | 3 |
ERIC Number: ED045343
Record Type: Non-Journal
Publication Date: 1968-Sep
Reference Count: N/A
Relating Aerospace to Physical Science Grades 7-12.
Williams, Mary H.; Rademacher, Jean
This guide is intended to provide the teacher of secondary school physical science classes with a source of information about recent applications, discoveries, and innovations in aerospace. Each section of the guide is subdivided into parts in which objectives are listed, background information for the use of the teacher and/or the student is presented, and activities are suggested. Where problems involving numerical calculation are provided, answers are given. Sections on astronomy, earth science, units of measurement, heat and heat engines, sound and light, electricity, atomic and nuclear physics, and chemistry are included. Each section has a number of subsections, each dealing with a single topic. At the end of each section is a list of resource materials including books, films and other media. The resource lists are collected into a general bibliography, and a list of distributors and publishers is appended. [Not available in hardcopy due to marginal legibility of original document.] This work was prepared under an ESEA Title III contract. (Author/AL)
Publication Type: N/A
Education Level: N/A
Sponsor: Bureau of Elementary and Secondary Education (DHEW/OE), Washington, DC.
Authoring Institution: Lincoln Public Schools, NE.
Identifiers - Laws, Policies, & Programs: Elementary and Secondary Education Act Title III | <urn:uuid:9eec1d55-630e-4a6a-8539-1091cebd2b4a> | CC-MAIN-2018-09 | https://eric.ed.gov/?id=ED045343 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-09/segments/1518891814311.76/warc/CC-MAIN-20180223015726-20180223035726-00220.warc.gz | en | 0.888458 | 318 | 2.5625 | 3 |
- The Virtual Technology Recognition Project is designed to provide an
opportunity for classroom teachers to share best practices and receive recognition
for their achievements in the area of integrating technology into the curriculum.
- Teachers are asked to submit lessons that demonstrate how technology is being
used to support and enrich curriculum objectives.
- Teachers whose projects have earned exemplary status have the option of
submitting student project entries (maximum of three).
- Award winning lessons/projects will be showcased at a District-wide
Recognition and Award Ceremony (October 2008) and will become part of the
Broward Enterprise Education Portal.
- Honorable mention nominations will also be recognized during the Recognition
and Award Ceremony.
- All winners and honorable mentions will be awarded instructional technology-based
- Certificates for participation will be issued to all teachers whose plans meet
criteria as a shared best practice in BEEP.
- Award winning and honorable mention student projects will also be and
showcased during the VTRP celebration.
- Project begins NOW! Submission deadline is May 1, 2008. (New Date!)
- Any SBBC teacher may submit technology-rich lessons, projects, or WebQuests through BEEP to qualify for participation in the Virtual Technology Recognition Project.
- Lesson/Project/WebQuest plans must be created through BEEP and sent to the VTRP jury
- Be certain to download and review the corresponding scoring rubrics. An evaluation committee will review submitted entries and publish them as a Shared Best Practice if they meet established criteria. Download Lesson Plan Rubric Download Project-based Rubric
- Lesson plans, project based learning plans, and/or WebQuests that integrate technology into the curriculum must be aligned to both the Sunshine State Standards and the National Technology Standards for Students (NETS-S) @ http://cnets.iste.org/students/
- Participants or teams must utilize the lesson plan, project-based learning plan, or WebQuest activity template found within BEEP.
- If a project is being submitted in collaboration with a teacher or team of
teachers, names of each of the members of the development team should be
noted in the description of the project plan (i.e. This project was developed in collaboration with Mary Smith, ABC Elementary and Nancy Jones, XWZ Elementary).
- Project-based plans may be in a WebQuest format. Participants will use the
activity template as a ‘teacher page’ providing users with Description of WebQuest, targeted Standards, how the WebQuest can be used, and the URL of the WebQuest.
- Technology integration is NOT limited to computers and may include calculators, television, videoconferencing, digital cameras, video recorders, camcorders, scanners, smartboard, handhelds (i.e. Palm or iPAQ), iPods, etc.
- Selected participants must be willing to have a portion of their lesson or Project Based Learning Plan(s) videotaped and televised (web or TV).
The most exemplary lessons will be chosen by a selection committee that reflect:
- Creative or innovative integration of technology into the curriculum.
- Clearly written lesson and/or project-based plan that proceeds through a
logical sequence of activities.
- Curriculum/Technology objective(s) that support Sunshine State and
National Educational Technology Standards.
- Evidence that activities fulfill the curriculum and technology objectives.
- Ability to measure its impact on student achievement.
- Ease of replication in other classrooms of similar type and level.
- Plan includes extensions that challenge students to further investigate and/or apply selected standards in new and different ways.
- Addresses accommodations or modifications for special needs students (if
Teachers may submit as many lessons/projects as desired in any of the following categories:
- Career and Technical (Vocational) Education
- Fine and Performing Arts
- Foreign Language
- Health and Physical Education
- Language Arts
- Media/Information Literacy
- Social Studies
- Other (please specify) ______________________
- Supporting documents may be worksheets, rubrics, sample tests, and assessments.
- Documents may be submitted in any of the following formats: Adobe Acrobat Reader (.pdf), HTML Pages (.htm, .html), Inspiration (.isf), Kidspiration (.kid), Microsoft Office - Excel, PowerPoint, Word (.xls, .ppt, .doc), or Text File (.txt).
Note: Keynote Presentations must be saved either as a PDF, Flash, QT movie.)
- Title of the lesson must appear on all supporting documents.
Note: the file size per supporting attachment should not exceed 9.5 mb
- The recommended browsers are Netscape Navigator 7.0, Firefox, or Safari on the
MacIntosh, Internet Explorer 5.0 or higher on the PC.
- Copyrighted material can be used AFTER first obtaining permission from the
publisher or owner of the resource(s).
- You must also include a description of the resource so that teachers who don't
have that resource available in the school can choose a substitute.
- It is fine to use commercially available material as a springboard for your own
material, but the content and ideas should differ significantly from the original. Author must reference the source of his/her idea.
- Review the attached the Copyright Guidelines for Multimedia document to insure that both you and your students fulfill the requirements and guidelines. What should I do to prepare to submit my lesson or project plan online?
- Choose your best classroom-tested lessons that infuse technology throughout your plan or project.
- Gather all the resources you need to build it.
- Design, develop, and refine your project ideas using the most appropriate template or *instance within BEEP. (Instances include: Unit Plan (tab), Supplementary Content VTRP Project Based Learning Plans, Lesson Plan (tab): Supplementary Content VTRP lesson plan, Activity (tab): Supplementary Content VTRP lesson activity
- Plan, develop, record, and refine your ideas using this format.
- Reference the rubrics provided to self-assess the plan throughout the development process.
- Include all attachments needed for the lesson/project plan in an electronic format.
NOTE: In the event that your project is selected as a winner or receives honorary
status, it is highly recommended that you capture the process as the plan is being
implemented, using a digital still and/or video camera!
- Once your lesson, project plan and/or WebQuest has been submitted, you will receive notification that it has been received.
- Members of our evaluation team will review the plan. If your plan meets established criteria, it will be published as a SHARED BEST PRACTICE within BEEP.
- If there are recommendations or revisions that need to be made, your plan will be returned. You may resubmit your plan once revisions have been made PRIOR to the March 1st deadline.
- VTRP winners and honorable mentions will be notified by March 30, 2007.
- Publishers of the winning/honorable mention exemplary lessons/projects during the (2006-2007) school year will receive technology-based awards at a Districtwide Recognition Celebration in the Spring of 2007 (date TBA).
- If your project is selected as a top winner or honorable mention, you will have the opportunity to submit your students’ work for publication in the BEEP student portal.
Guidelines are as follows:
• Student entries must be tied to selected (exemplary) best practices.
• Project entries must be student
written and student–produced
• Maximum of 3 entries (per teacher
submission) may be produced
• Entries can be submitted by an
individual, group, or class
• Project must fulfill copyright
• Project must be in digital format
Margaret (Peggy) Livingston
7200 W. Oakland Park Boulevard
Sunrise, Florida 33351
Telephone: 754-321-0475 Fax: 754-321-0477 | <urn:uuid:695f1046-154b-4a7a-bc8c-06c4a3d11ab8> | CC-MAIN-2015-14 | http://www.broward.k12.fl.us/it/VTRP/faq.htm | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2015-14/segments/1427131298576.76/warc/CC-MAIN-20150323172138-00136-ip-10-168-14-71.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.881658 | 1,691 | 2.734375 | 3 |
Class Diagrams Examples
Purpose: Illustrate Abstract Factory design pattern.
Summary: Abstract Factory is creational software design pattern. This pattern provides interfaces for creating families of related or dependent objects without specifying their concrete classes.
Purpose: Describe domain area for an Integrated Library System (ILS), also known as a Library Management System (LMS) - Library, Catalog, Book, Patron, Account.
Summary: Library Domain Model describes main classes and relationships which could be used during analysis phase to better understand domain area for ILS or LMS.
Purpose: Show some domain model for online shopping - Customer, Account, Shopping Cart, Product, Order, Payment.
Summary: Example of a UML class diagram representing online shopping domain. Each customer could have some web user identity. Web user could be in one of several states and could be linked to a shopping cart.
Purpose: Domain model describing common types of bank accounts.
Summary: This example shows several subtypes of Bank Account using UML generalization sets. Bank accounts could be grouped into UML generalization sets based on different criteria. Example diagram shows bank accounts topology with two orthogonal dimensions and with corresponding power types Liability Type and Account Type.
Summary: This example shows several subtypes of Health Insurance Policy using UML generalization sets. One generalization set is Coverage Type - Job Based Coverage, Self Coverage, and Benefits Coverage, and another set is based on Insurance Plan - HMO, POS, PPO, FFS.
Summary: A domain model for the Hospital Management System is represented by several class diagrams.
Ward is a division of a hospital or a suite of rooms shared by patients who need a similar kind of care. In a hospital, there are a number of wards, each of which may be empty or have on it one or more patients. Each ward has a unique name.
The doctors in the hospital are organised into teams (also called firms). Each team has a unique name or code (e.g. Orthopaedics or Pediatrics) and is headed by a consultant doctor or an attending physician.
Purpose: Represent domain model ("model of the real world") for Digital Imaging and Communications in Medicine (DICOM) - Patient, Visit, Facility, Imaging Service Request, Scheduled Procedure Step, Modality Performed Procedure Step.
Summary: UML diagram example represents DICOM extended domain, abstract description of the real world objects used in the Modality-IS Interface. Modality is a piece of medical imaging equipment, e.g. computed tomography (CT) or ultrasound (US).
Purpose: An example of UML class diagram representing DICOM Application Hosting API, defined in Part 19 of DICOM Standard (PS 3.19-2011). The Application Hosting API describes interfaces between two software applications - Hosting System and Hosted Application, exchanging medical data while located on the same system.
Summary: The DICOM Application Hosting API defines three interfaces - Application, Host, and DataExchange interface. Hosting System provides a variety of services such as DICOM object retrieval and storage to Hosted Application. The latter processes provided medical data, potentially returning back some newly generated data sets.
Purpose: The purpose of the domain diagram is to show major "things" used during software licensing and protection process using Sentinel HASP, and relationships between those things.
Summary: When software vendor purchases a Sentinel HASP LDK, the vendor is provided with a unique batch code and corresponding vendor key. Each protected software product has some features and is associated with a batch code. An entitlement can contain one or more products and is associated with the customer who placed the order. The customer could be either an individual customer or a company.
Purpose: Examples of UML class diagram representing most important interfaces and classes of Java™ util.concurrent API. Several java.util.concurrent.* packages support high-level concurrency features in Java with the new concurrent data structures in the Java Collections framework.
Summary: Executors define a high-level API for launching and managing threads to support large-scale applications mostly by adding thread pool management abilities. Concurrent collections reduce the need for synchronization and are designed to support concurrent access and modifications of the large collections of data. The Future<V> interface represents the result of an asynchronous computation.
Purpose: An example of implementation level UML class diagram to illustrate usage of Android Camera API (Android 3.1 Platform, API Level 12).
Summary: CameraDemo class extends Android's Activity class. An Activity is a single, focused thing that a user can do with Android. Activity usually interacts with user, and the Activity class takes care of creating a window in which we can place our user interface. CameraDemo activity will create a Preview object and will hold reference to. Preview holds back reference to the activity as its Context. The Preview object will create a Camera object and return it to the CameraDemo activity.
Purpose: Show implementation details of several HASP classes realizing the HASP Java Native Interface Proxy component.
Summary: The HASP Aladdin package includes 4 classes. These classses are implementation of the HASP Java Native Interface Proxy component you can find on the Sentinel HASP licensing component diagram.
Purpose: An example of UML object diagram which shows some runtime objects involved in the login process for a web user.
Summary: An instance of Login Controller class is associated with instances of User Manager, Cookie Manager, and Logger. Login Controller, User Manager, and Hibernate User DAO (Data Access Object) share a single instance of Logger. | <urn:uuid:45edc8c7-025a-4c39-bd43-3decfbd3d765> | CC-MAIN-2015-35 | http://www.uml-diagrams.org/class-diagrams-examples.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2015-35/segments/1440645257890.57/warc/CC-MAIN-20150827031417-00346-ip-10-171-96-226.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.880454 | 1,169 | 2.640625 | 3 |
What African Entrepreneurs Can Teach Us About Overcoming Challenges
The Democratic Republic of the Congo -- home to one of the globe's most fatal conflicts-- is on the brink of another crisis. According to the country’s constitution, President Joseph Kabila’s final term in office ended on Dec. 19. However, he initially refused to step down from power -- leading to arrests, bloodshed and even a media blackout.
The latest news: The government of the DRC says it will push back next month's presidential election to April 2018, in a move that is expected to keep Kabila in office until the delayed vote.
Nevertheless, things remain shaky. And most people's take on doing business in the Congo has them thinking: “This doesn’t look like a place where entrepreneurship can thrive.”
But we beg to differ. As leaders of an organization that promotes entrepreneurship in the Congo, we’re seeing firsthand how even under the most difficult of circumstances, African entrepreneurs possess a high level of grit, persistence, resourcefulness and ingenuity all entrepreneurs could learn from.
In fact, we believe that were countries like the Congo granted the same opportunity as those in the West -- meaning the same access to supportive infrastructure, capital and markets -- they would likely challenge America in the competitive landscape of business.
Lessons from Africa
Our initial thought here is, let’s reject our paternalistic predispositions to “save Africa” and instead focus on learning from the bright minds who are overcoming the odds and improving both themselves and their countries through entrepreneurship. Here are three common challenges we’ve seen African entrepreneurs overcome in brilliant ways:
1. Having multiple people depend on their success.
In the back of every entrepreneur’s mind is the fact that these individuals' livelihoods depend on their company’s success. Adding to that pressure is the fact that, according to an Intuit study, just 60 percent of new businesses -- anywhere -- survive for more than three years. In the Congo, this reality is often magnified, as many households do not have any margin for error. Entrepreneurial success can literally mean the difference between full bellies and starvation.
Western business gurus often talk about the necessity of a do-or-die commitment, and a Congolese entrepreneur we work with -- named Kimbale Mughunda Raphael -- is living this high-stakes scenario in a very real sense. He has an extended family of 16 relatives and neighbors who depend on his tomato farm’s revenue for survival.
Mughunda’s business exists in a very crowded market with extremely thin margins, so he has to get creative in order to ensure his family’s well-being. Like a Silicon Valley startup offering a promo code to attract loyal customers, he began offering a promotional giveaway of free zucchinis to anyone who purchased more than 50 kilograms of tomatoes.
It worked. Giving away free zucchinis incentivized larger purchases and grew a base of wholesale buyers, rather than end users. This widened his profit margins, gave him an edge over the competition and bolstered his ability to support his family.
Mughunda demonstrates the type of marketing innovation and nimble business strategy that helps young companies here scale outward and rise to the top. As entrepreneurs, these people are responsible for creating value in society and preserving the livelihoods of their loved ones (and, ultimately everyone's loved ones). In order to do that, we must realize and understand how our ventures affect others. Embrace that, and let it be part of your drive for success every day.
2. Finding a market need.
A recent CB Insights study crowned “a lack of market need” as the top reason startups fail. In order to beat the odds and establish a firm footing in a new market, entrepreneurs must quickly design solutions that are responsive to market realities. This is a tall task, especially when it comes to identifying, researching and analyzing those realities.
Denis Sangara, another entrepreneur we work with, noticed that his country was producing some of the best green coffee beans in the world. However, he also noticed that this commodity wasn’t being sold or consumed locally -- it was all being shipped overseas.
In his eyes, this was an opportunity to launch a successful small business. The only problem, though, was that he knew very little about coffee. So, he took it upon himself to aggressively learn about the local and global coffee industries. He traveled across East Africa to meet coffee producers in-person, and he read books such as A Good African Story: How a Small Company Built a Global Coffee Brand and The Starbucks Experience.
Just 18 months later, Sangara is now co-owner of Café Kivu, which is currently in the process of opening its third brick-and-mortar location in the Congo. Additionally, the company just exported its first batch of packaged coffee to Greece, as part of its effort to market branded Congolese coffee to the global marketplace.
Sangara illustrates the drive and curiosity entrepreneurs need when they research market needs. He identified a glaring gap within a demographic, tirelessly conducted market research, learned the tricks of the trade and then built a business that has consistently satisfied the need. Take note of this studious and methodical approach, and mimic it in your own go-to-market strategy.
3. Building a viable product.
Especially in the digital era, developing a new product or service requires rapid prototyping, testing and iteration. The faster a feedback loop can be executed, the more effective the development process will be. Given this reality, it’s no surprise that, as revealed in a 2016 Innovation Leader study, 82 percent of businesses surveyed said they followed “lean startup” methodology when creating products.
Mughunda isn’t selling a tech product, nor does he have access to fancy tech tools that facilitate a fast feedback loop. Still, he finds a way to intuitively follow the same lean business model that is commonly championed in Silicon Valley. He conducts customer development in nearby village markets to find out what is in demand. Then, he prototypes his offerings, offers samples of them in the market and collects feedback. This approach helped him grow local demand for tomatoes, and it’s how he validated his zucchini-promotion hypothesis.
Testing and iteration is the best way for modern entrepreneurs to find out whether they have created a model that works, especially when the context calls for high adaptability due to complex environments or rapidly changing markets. It doesn’t matter if you think you have a terrific offering; the market gets to decide that, not you.
It’s essential to gather and utilize consumer insights to fine-tune your business model. Luckily, modern consumers are eager to voice their opinions. In fact, according to Market Force, 83 percent of shoppers say they filled out multiple customer feedback surveys in 2015.
Continual small iterations based on small experiments will eventually land you at a solid product-market fit that is based upon the realities of the market -- not ideas you generated in a silo.
One thing is certain: African entrepreneurs are already succeeding in the face of tremendous obstacles. In many ways, they don’t need “more entrepreneurship” — rather, they need ecosystems and institutions that support their inherent entrepreneurial tendencies and talent.
We believe American entrepreneurs can take their ventures to new heights by learning from the commitment, grit, resilience, speed and agility possessed by the brilliant people we work with every day. | <urn:uuid:2e9c1331-c27b-49b0-80ed-1075eebb4a9b> | CC-MAIN-2018-17 | https://www.entrepreneur.com/article/290952 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-17/segments/1524125945648.77/warc/CC-MAIN-20180422193501-20180422213501-00514.warc.gz | en | 0.958204 | 1,554 | 2.625 | 3 |
Elif's TP8 Plan
To provide clarification and practice of sentences/phrases related to clothes shopping in the context of clothes shopping
To practice students' listening listening for specific information tasks by listening to a short audio
To provide accuracy speaking practice in a role play in the context of shopping
To provide review of clothes vocabulary in the context of shopping at a clothes shop
Procedure (38-49 minutes)
T asks students "You learnt about black friday/clothes. So, did you buy anything? How often do yo do shopping? What do you think about online shopping? Do you like to go to the shops?" T asks and elicits answers from the studenets.
T says "To buy clothes, we need to go to the shops. Now, we will listen to a listening/conversation at a clothes shop. Please, listen carefully and number the sentences." T plays the audio twice. After that, students pair check their answers. T elicits answers and give feedback. Before T plays the audio again, T says "Now, listen carefully again, look at the sentences and write S for shop assistant and C for customer." Students pair check before whole class feedback. T elicits answers from the whole class and gives feedback. T gives out the transcript for language analysis stage.
T asks students to look at the transcript and tell what customer says, shop assistant says etc. T writes down the sentences on the board. T asks CCQs and clarify meaning. T can write more examples. T clarifies the form by asking questions and eliciting answer. T clarifies pronunciation. T highlights the stress, students drill chorally and then individually. T writes down any words that can be problematic to the students.
T points at section C of the handout. T says "Now, please read the short dialogues and fill in the blanks with the sentences. You have 4 mins." T monitors. Students pair check before the whole class feedback.
T makes pairs, one takes handout A, the other takes B. T says "Now, A will be shop assistant and B will be a customer. Complete the blanks in the dialogue by asking the questions to each other. So for example, who starts first? (Shop Assistant-T reads the sentence) Now, look at B's paper, it's blank. So she'll write what I said." T notes down any language errors. Students check with other groups. Then, T projects the answers on the board.
T asks students to write three clothes on a piece of paper. T divides the class into two, on group is shop assistant and other group is customer. T says "If you're a customer, go and ask the shop assistant if they have what you want to buy. If you're shop assistant, decide if you have it or don't." T repeats the instruction again if needed. T continues "You need to speak at least three(depending on the number of the students) shop assistant/customers. When I clap, change the roles. You have 7 mins." T monitors and helps students if needed. T makes note of good language and vocab use. T writes down the errors. | <urn:uuid:5c6dea81-392a-4da9-88cd-77963d9e092a> | CC-MAIN-2023-40 | https://www.englishlessonplanner.com/plans/32981 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-40/segments/1695233511000.99/warc/CC-MAIN-20231002132844-20231002162844-00851.warc.gz | en | 0.943966 | 683 | 3.296875 | 3 |
A variety of Florida alternative-certification programs attracted a more qualified-on-paper group of teacher candidates compared to traditionally certified teachers, but varied in how effective their graduates were in the classroom, concludes a study recently released by the National Center for Analysis of Longitudinal Data in Education Research.
The study underscores the diversity in the alternative preparation world in the Sunshine State.
Georgia State University researcher Tim R. Sass used a "value added" technique to examine the growth in test scores by students taught by teachers from three certification routes in Florida: The "Educator Preparation Institute" certification option, run mainly by community colleges; district-run alternative certification; and certification by the American Board for Certification of Teacher Excellence, a national, online alternative-route program.
Then, he compared the results with those of graduates from traditional certification programs. As you probably know, value-added uses student's past performance to predict how well he or she will do in the future, and then compares the difference, holding constant factors that could bias scores.
Because this isn't a randomized experiment, it's still possible that the studies are capturing something other than teacher effectiveness, so keep that in mind.
Here's a rundown of the findings:
Alternative routes attracted a different population of teachers.
Teachers in the alternative-route programs tended to have stronger credentials than those of Florida's teacher colleges; they graduated on average from more competitive colleges, tended to pass the licensing tests on the first time, and had higher SAT scores.
In addition, teachers recruited through the alternative routes had about two additional college science courses compared to traditionally prepared teachers. This was not the case in mathematics, however.
The quality of the alternative routes varied.
The paper found that the EPI completers tended to do worse than traditionally prepared teachers, or about 3 to 4 percent of a standard deviation lower. By contrast, the ABCTE teachers boosted math achievement on average by 6 to 11 percent of a standard deviation more than traditionally prepared teachers. They were only slightly better in reading, however.
This finding about ABCTE is especially interesting. It directly contradicts another study from a few years back, which found that ABCTE teachers tended to do far worse than other teachers in mathematics.
Both studies relied on small sample sizes of ABCTE teachers, so the paper urges caution in drawing conclusions on this point. It's still as good a reminder as any why it's important to look across several studies before drawing conclusions about any one program's effectiveness.
The district-prepared teachers didn't tend to do much better or worse than those who were traditionally certified.
The larger point in the CALDER paper—that alternative routes vary widely in quality—backs up a lot of existing research that the differences between traditional and alternative routes to teaching are smaller, on average, than the differences among them.
The amount of coursework in the route was not related to effectiveness.
The ABCTE route requires no formal coursework for candidates, but those teachers were the highest performing in mathematics.
Coursework has long been a hot topic in the teacher education field. A 2009 study from Mathematica Policy Research also found no relationship between teachers from "high" and "low" coursework in alternative routes and their impact on student achievement, but those findings were contested by another scholar. | <urn:uuid:2d062c9b-c2a9-4dca-9f60-7e7edcc61b96> | CC-MAIN-2014-52 | http://blogs.edweek.org/edweek/teacherbeat/2012/03/alternative_routes.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2014-52/segments/1418802765722.114/warc/CC-MAIN-20141217075245-00054-ip-10-231-17-201.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.967118 | 674 | 2.65625 | 3 |
Aquatics facility maintenance and operation is a critical component
of maintaining health and safety. Past outbreaks have commonly
found operation and maintenance lapses to be serious contributors
to disease outbreaks and injuries.
The Facility Maintenance and Operation Technical Committee sought
to lay the foundation for operational improvement. This included
examination of all aspects required for an aquatics facility to be
maintained and operated in a safe, sanitary manner to reduce
illnesses and injuries, including preventive maintenance;
maintaining the facility’s structural integrity; providing
recommendations for seasonal start-up and closure procedures;
routine maintenance procedures during the operating season for
facility cleaning and disinfection, including food and beverage
service areas; ensuring proper operation and maintenance of
disinfection, lighting, ventilation, and electrical equipment; and
Here are five specific questions the Facility Maintenance and
Operation Module addresses, and a summary of the recommendations
1. What are the necessary steps to safely close and reopen
an aquatics facility for long as well as short-term closures?
Recommendation: Long- and short-term closures both
lead to concerns about maintaining water quality and patron safety.
Using a cover will help prevent patron entry. Recirculating and
treating water during short-term closures and using a cover for
long-term closures will help prevent the pool from becoming a
breeding ground for vectors such as mosquitoes.
2. What should the operations manual and equipment
inventory for an aquatics facility include?
Recommendation: Operations manuals should include:
• Fecal/vomit and body fluid contamination response protocols
• Basic information, chemical data, and operation and maintenance instructions. Any added features, renovation work and new code requirements.
• A summary of key criteria for each aquatic feature
• Chemical data for each chemical system in the facility
• Instructions for the operation and proper maintenance of the aquatics facility
Create a maintenance log with dates and activities for future
planning and budgeting. Accurate records should be maintained,
including personnel, budget and equipment. The equipment inventory
- Equipment name and model number,
- Manufacturer and contact information,
- Local vendor/supplier and technical representative, if applicable, and
- Replacement or service dates and details.
3. What should daily records of pool operation and
maintenance at an aquatics facility include, and which operational
items should be inspected daily?
Recommendation: Monitoring and testing records should include:
• Disinfectant residuals, pH and combined chlorine
concentrations logged when measured
• Operating pressures of water recirculation pumps and
filters, and the corresponding rate of flow meter readings, logged daily
• Amounts of chemicals added, along with kind and amount of
chemicals received at facility
• Cyanuric acid levels (if used)
• Equipment maintenance and malfunctioning, including dates
and times of all equipment calibration
• Pool water temperature when sanitizer and pH tests run (if
• Time of filter backwash or cleaning, logged weekly
• Calcium hardness, total alkalinity and Saturation
• Microbiological testing — dates/times samples were
taken, and the results
• Any equipment failure, power outage or error resulting in
the interruption of the circulation, filtration or disinfection
systems for more than one hour
• Daily attendance at the facility. A guest sign-in book can
be used for this purpose.
Inspection results including, but not limited to, the following
should be recorded daily before the pool opens:
- Skimmer baskets, weirs, lids, flow adjusters and suction outlet
lines are free of any blockage
- Inlet and return covers and other fittings are in place, secure
- Safety warning signs are posted around the pool or spa,
including emergency instructions and phone numbers, and
- An entrapment prevention system that is operational is on the
4. What should a comprehensive plan for preventive
maintenance at an aquatics facility entail?
Recommendation: The best maintenance plan is one that
follows the manufacturer’s and pool designer/engineer’s
recommendations for all equipment.
A pool maintenance plan is similar in many ways to the purchase of
a new vehicle. When a new vehicle is bought, a manufacturer’s
maintenance schedule is included. The schedule lists the
maintenance items that should be followed, such as rotating tires,
changing oil and performing major tune-ups.
Likewise, the pool operator should perform an inventory of all
equipment used in the pool operation. For each piece of equipment,
the operator should develop a list and schedule of maintenance
items. By following this maintenance schedule, the operator can
help prevent costly repairs in the future.
Aquatics facilities need increased sophistication in plan
maintenance and monitoring.
5. How should excessive glare and reflection on the pool
surface be mitigated?
Recommendation: Windows and natural lighting need to be
evaluated seasonally and throughout the operating day. Light levels
also may be altered by dirty windows. Ensure that windows are
cleaned regularly to eliminate any buildup of material that would
affect light transmission. In addition to discomfort, annoyance,
interference and eye fatigue, glare reduces the visibility of an
Without clear vision, there are increased chances for accidents
that can cause injuries or potential drowning. Glare can be from
reflections as well as direct lighting problems.
The Facility Maintenance and Operation Module recently closed its
public comment period. The next steps involve a review and response
by the MAHC Steering Committee and the Technical Committee, as
Once all sections have been posted for public comment and those
comments are considered and addressed, the entire Model Aquatic
Health Code will be posted for another comment period prior to | <urn:uuid:290033dc-2abe-497c-acde-0ae557cc5f0d> | CC-MAIN-2016-07 | http://www.aquaticsintl.com/best-practices/tools-of-the-trade.aspx?dfpzone=general | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-07/segments/1454701155060.45/warc/CC-MAIN-20160205193915-00046-ip-10-236-182-209.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.901525 | 1,221 | 2.5625 | 3 |
David Bourget (Western Ontario)
David Chalmers (ANU, NYU)
Rafael De Clercq
Jack Alan Reynolds
Learn more about PhilPapers
Philosophers have not taken the evolution of human beings seriously enough. If they did, argues Peter Munz, many long-standing philosophical problems would be resolved. One of the philosophical consequences of biology is that all the knowledge produced in evolution is a priori established hypothetically by chance mutation and selective retention rather than by observation and intelligent induction. For organisms as embodied theories, selection is natural. For theories as disembodied organisms, it is artificial. Following Karl Popper, the growth of knowledge is seen to be continuous from "the amoeba to Einstein." Philosophical Darwinism brings perspective to contemporary debates. It has far-reaching implications for cognitive science and artificial intelligence, and questions attempts from the field of biology to reduce mental events to neural processes. Most importantly, it provides a rational postmodern alternative to what the author views as the unreasonable postmodern theories of Kuhn, Lyotard, and Rorty.
|Keywords||Knowledge, Theory of Evolution Natural selection|
|Categories||categorize this paper)|
|Buy the book||$23.20 used (86% off) $95.17 direct from Amazon (39% off) $137.40 new (12% off) Amazon page|
|Call number||BD177.M86 1993|
|ISBN(s)||0415086027 9780415086028 9780203419687 9781134884841 9781134884834 9781134884797 9781134884810|
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Chris Buskes (2013). Darwinism Extended: A Survey of How the Idea of Cultural Evolution Evolved. Philosophia 41 (3):661-691.
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Charles Darwin (1975). Charles Darwin's Natural Selection: Being the Second Part of His Big Species Book Written From 1856 to 1858. Cambridge University Press.
Timothy Shanahan (2004). The Evolution of Darwinism: Selection, Adaptation, and Progress in Evolutionary Biology. Cambridge University Press.
Edward S. Reed (1978). Darwin's Evolutionary Philosophy: The Laws of Change. Acta Biotheoretica 27 (3-4).
Charles Darwin (1963). On the Origin of Species by Means of Natural Selection. New York, Heritage Press.
Samir Okasha (2006/2008). Evolution and the Levels of Selection. Oxford University Press.
Robert Brandon, Natural Selection. Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy.
John Beatty (1984). Chance and Natural Selection. Philosophy of Science 51 (2):183-211.
Jerry Fodor (2008). Against Darwinism. Mind and Language 23 (1):1–24.
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Is Copy and Paste Programming Really a Problem?
Is Copy and Paste Programming Really a Problem?
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But it’s also a natural way to get stuff done – find something that already works, something that looks close to what you want to do, take a copy and use it as a starting point. Almost everybody has done in at some point. This is because there are times when copy and paste programming is not only convenient, but it might also be the right thing to do.
First of all, let’s be clear what I mean by copy and paste. This is not copying code examples off of the Internet, a practice that comes with its own advantages and problems. By copy and paste I mean when programmers take a shortcut in reuse – when they need to solve a problem that is similar to another problem in the system, they’ll start by taking a copy of existing code and changing what they need to.
Early in design and development, copy and paste programming has no real advantage. The code and design are still plastic, this is your chance to come up with the right set of abstractions, routines and libraries to do what the system needs to do. And there’s not a lot to copy from anyways. It’s late in development when you already have a lot of code in place, and especially when you are maintaining large, long-lived systems, that the copy and paste argument gets much more complicated.
Why Copy and Paste?
Programmers copy and paste because it saves time. First, you have a starting point, code that you know works. All you have to do is figure out what needs to be changed or added. You can focus on the problem you are trying to solve, on what is different, and you only need to understand what you are going to actually use. You are more free to iterate and make changes to fit the problem in front of you – you can cleanup code when you need to, delete code that you don’t need. All of this is important, because you may not know what you will need to keep, what you need to change, and what you don’t need at all until you are deeper into solving the problem.
Copy and paste programming also reduces risk. If you have to go back and change and extend existing code to do what it does today as well as to solve your new problem, you run the risk of breaking something that is already working. It is usually safer and less expensive (in the short term at least) to take a copy and work from there.
What if you are building a new B2B customer interface that will be used by a new set of customers? It probably makes sense to take an existing interface as a starting point, reuse the scaffolding and plumbing and wiring at least and as much of the the business code as makes sense, and then see what you need to change. In the end, there will be common code used by both interfaces (after all, that’s why you are taking a copy), but it could take a while before you know what this code is.
Finding a common design, the right abstractions and variations to support different implementations and to handle exceptions can be difficult and time consuming. You may end up with code that is harder to understand and harder to maintain and change in the future – because the original design didn’t anticipate the different exceptions and extensions, and refactoring can only take you so far. You may need a new design and implementation.
Changing the existing code, refactoring or rewriting some of it to be general-purpose, shared and extendable, will add cost and risk to the work in front of you. You can’t afford to create problems for existing customers and partners just because you want to bring some new customers online. You’ll need to be extra careful, and you’ll have to understand not only the details of what you are trying to do now (the new interface), but all of the details of the existing interface, its behavior and assumptions, so that you can preserve all of it.
It’s naïve to think that all of this behavior will be captured in your automated tests – assuming that you have a good set of automated tests. You’ll need to go back and redo integration testing on the existing interface. Getting customers and partners who may have already spent weeks or months to test the software to retest it is difficult and expensive. They (justifiably) won’t see the need to go through this time and expense because what they have is already working fine.
Copying and pasting now, and making a plan to come back later to refactor or even redesign if necessary towards a common solution, is the right approach here.
When Copy and Paste makes sense
In Making Software’s chapter on “Copy-Paste as a Principled Engineering Tool”, Michael Godfrey and Cory Kapser explore the costs of copy and paste programming, and the cases where copy and paste make sense:
- Forking – purposely creating variants for hardware or platform variation, or for exploratory reasons.
- Templating –some languages don’t support libraries and shared functions well so it may be necessary to copy and paste to share code. Somewhere back in the beginning of time, the first COBOL programmer wrote a complete COBOL program – everybody else after that copied and pasted from each other.
- Customizing – creating temporary workarounds – as long as it is temporary.
- Microsoft’s practice of “clone and own” to solve problems in big development organizations. One team takes code from another group and customizes it or adapts it to their own purposes – now they own their copy. This is a common approach with open source code that is used as a foundation and needs to be extended to solve a proprietary problem.
When Copy and Paste becomes a Problem
When to copy and paste, and how much of a problem it will become over time, depends on a few important factors.
First, the quality of what you are copying – how understandable the code is, how stable it is, how many bugs it has in it. You don’t want to start off by inheriting somebody else’s problems.
How many copies have been made. A common rule of thumb from Fowler and Beck`s Refactoring book is “three strikes and you refactor”. This rule comes from recognizing that by making a copy of something that is already working and changing the copy, you’ve created a small maintenance problem. It may not be clear what this maintenance problem is yet or how best to clean it up, because only two cases are not always enough to understand what is common and what is special.
But the more copies that you make, the more of a maintenance problem that you create – the cost of making changes and fixes to multiple copies, and the risk of missing making a change or fix to all of the copies increases. By the time that you make a third copy, you should be able to see patterns – what’s common between the code, and what isn’t. And if you have to do something in three similar but different ways, there is a good chance that there will be a fourth implementation, and a fifth. By the third time, it’s worthwhile to go back and restructure the code and come up with a more general-purpose solution.
How often you have to change the copied code and keep it in sync – particularly, how often you have to change or fix the same code in more than one place.
How well you know the code, do you know that there are clones and where to find them? How long it takes to find the copies, and how sure you are that you found them all. Tools can help with this. Source code analysis tools like clone detectors can help you find copy and paste code – outright copies and code that is not the same but similar (fuzzier matching with fuzzier results). Copied code is often fiddled with over time by different programmers, which makes it harder for tools to find all of the copies. Some programmers recommend leaving comments as markers in the code when you make a copy, highlighting where the copy was taken from, so that a maintenance programmer in the future making a fix will know to look for and check the other code.
Copy and Paste programming doesn’t come for free. But like a lot of other ideas and practices in software development, copy and paste programming isn’t right or wrong. It’s a tool that can be used properly, or abused.
Brian Foote, one of the people who first recognized the Big Ball of Mud problem in software design, says that copy and paste programming is the one form of reuse that programmers actually follow, because it works.
It’s important to recognize this. If we’re going to Copy and Paste, let's do a responsible job of it.
Published at DZone with permission of Jim Bird , DZone MVB. See the original article here.
Opinions expressed by DZone contributors are their own. | <urn:uuid:409e9e3e-b062-4a17-a0b2-11039e4114f6> | CC-MAIN-2019-51 | https://dzone.com/articles/copy-and-paste-programming | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-51/segments/1575540532624.3/warc/CC-MAIN-20191211184309-20191211212309-00215.warc.gz | en | 0.955633 | 1,912 | 2.671875 | 3 |
US researchers linked to Harvard University found older women who ate lots of food high in saturated fats had worse memories than others.
By contrast, those who ate more monounsaturated fats - found in olive oil, sunflower oil, seeds, nuts and avocados - had better memories.
Dr Oliva Okereke, from the Brigham and Women's Hospital in Boston, Mass., which is affiliated to Harvard Medical School, said: "When looking at changes in cognitive function, what we found is that the total amount of fat intake did not really matter, but the type of fat did."
She and fellow researchers made their conclusions after looking at results from 6,000 women over 65, who carried out a series of mental tests over four years and answered questionnaires about their diet and lifestyle.
Dr Okereke added: "Substituting in the good fat in place of the bad fat is a fairly simple dietary modification that could help prevent decline in memory."
Having a poor memory can be a harbinger of Alzheimer's in elderly people, although the former by no means always leads to the latter.
The report is published in the journal Annals of Neurology.
It follows other research showing a link between high cholesterol and a higher risk of developing Alzheimer's, the most common form of dementia. | <urn:uuid:60c0a681-a3ee-4134-99b6-c01605061b4f> | CC-MAIN-2016-50 | http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/health/news/9278413/Red-meat-and-butter-could-raise-Alzheimers-risk.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-50/segments/1480698544097.11/warc/CC-MAIN-20161202170904-00160-ip-10-31-129-80.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.969336 | 270 | 2.625 | 3 |
The present study examined whether an immigrant integration policy effort that is geared toward the educational inclusion of all adolescents may actually work toward the reduction of the gap between immigrant-background and non-immigrant students in their sense of social belonging at school. This study posited that a relatively lower sense of belonging at school among immigrant-background adolescents may be a manifestation of systemic social exclusion that permeates the educational system of a given country, thus hypothesizing that a public policy approach may be effective as a systemic intervention. A series of hierarchical generalized linear modeling analyses of data from 52,446 children across 2,248 schools in 25 countries was conducted. The results suggested that government efforts to formulate and enforce educational policies for immigrant integration may have some positive effect on the social inclusion of immigrant-background adolescents in school settings. This study has substantial significance as it provides an evidentiary base on the tangible impact of multicultural policies. | <urn:uuid:62bc043d-b50a-469b-af2d-e51386e48318> | CC-MAIN-2017-34 | http://mipex.eu/immigrant-integration-policy-future-generations-cross-national-multilevel-analysis-immigrant | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-34/segments/1502886105195.16/warc/CC-MAIN-20170818233221-20170819013221-00017.warc.gz | en | 0.944818 | 179 | 2.828125 | 3 |
Many hypotheses have been proposed to explain high species diversity in Amazonia, but few generalizations have emerged. In part, this has arisen from the scarcity of rigorous tests for mechanisms promoting speciation, and from major uncertainties about palaeogeographic events and their spatial and temporal associations with diversification. Here, we investigate the environmental history of Amazonia using a phylogenetic and biogeographic analysis of trumpeters (Aves: Psophia), which are represented by species in each of the vertebrate areas of endemism. Their relationships reveal an unforeseen ‘complete’ time-slice of Amazonian diversification over the past 3.0 Myr. We employ this temporally calibrated phylogeny to test competing palaeogeographic hypotheses. Our results are consistent with the establishment of the current Amazonian drainage system at approximately 3.0–2.0 Ma and predict the temporal pattern of major river formation over Plio-Pleistocene times. We propose a palaeobiogeographic model for the last 3.0 Myr of Amazonian history that has implications for understanding patterns of endemism, the temporal history of Amazonian diversification and mechanisms promoting speciation. The history of Psophia, in combination with new geological evidence, provides the strongest direct evidence supporting a role for river dynamics in Amazonian diversification, and the absence of such a role for glacial climate cycles and refugia.
Amazonia is one of Earth's premier hotspots for terrestrial vertebrate endemism and species diversity . Explaining this high diversity and understanding how it was assembled over time have concerned evolutionary biologists for over a century . Although allopatric speciation is widely acknowledged as the primary mechanism underlying Amazonian species richness and endemism, debates about the temporal and spatial history of diversification, as well as the drivers and rate controls of these patterns, remain unresolved. Indeed, few empirically supported generalizations have emerged.
Among the numerous proposed causal mechanisms for the rate control of speciation and the origin of areas of endemism within Amazonia, two are predominant. One is the refuge hypothesis , which identifies orbital forcing of climate, and consequent cyclical expansion and contraction of rainforest, as the promoter of isolation and differentiation. A second explanation proposes that tectonically mediated river dynamics [4,5] have been primarily responsible for the isolation of forest biotas. Despite these two general and often-cited hypotheses , it is broadly understood that, while multiple causation has been operable , rigorous testing of these and other alternatives has been lacking [6,7]. It has been widely assumed that speciation driven by isolation in forest refuges implies a relatively young history for Amazonian diversity, whereas rivers qua isolating barriers suggest a relatively older biotic history because of the belief that major features of the Amazonian drainage substantially predate Quaternary climatic fluctuations .
These predictions have not been evaluated with respect to a large-scale model of Amazonian diversification owing to substantial uncertainty over the palaeogeographic and environmental history of the region from the Miocene to the present [9–13]. Two large-scale palaeogeographic models for this time period have been proposed. Both accept evidence that much of western Amazonia was covered by a large, mostly freshwater, long-lived lake system, Lake Pebas, which formed by the Early Miocene and grew to a million square kilometres in the Middle Miocene (by approx. 16.0 Ma) as Andean uplift delivered more water to the developing Solimões Basin [9,14,15]. The highly dynamic lake system was probably bounded on the east by the Purus Arch, located approximately 300 km west of Manaus [12,13,15]. Under the first hypothesis, this deltaic, fluvial and lacrustine environment would have precluded extensive, long-term terra firme habitats until the Late Miocene, when the Purus Arch was breached and a transcontinental Amazon drainage created around 11.8–10.0 Ma [8,12]. This was followed by a sixfold increase in sedimentation on the Amazon fan between 6.8 and 2.4 Ma, and then a fourfold increase from 2.4 Ma to the present, which was interpreted as increased sedimentation during Plio-Pleistocene glacial cycles.
An alternative palaeogeography for western Amazonia points to a younger, Plio-Pleistocene origin for a transcontinental Amazon River drainage [10,11,13]. Based primarily on Plio-Pleistocene stratigraphy and palaeoenvironmental analysis, it has been proposed that a continuous sedimentary system between the Solimões Basin in the west and the Amazon Basin in the east did not appear until approximately 6.0–5.0 Ma to approximately 2.5 Ma (; see electronic supplementary material).
Each model has profound consequences in understanding the assembly of the Amazonian biota. The first implies that western Amazonian terra firme forests and at least part of the current drainage system were in place by the Late Miocene (approx. 11.0–9.0 Ma), whereas the second predicts that the drainage system and those forests are much younger than previously assumed, and are Plio-Pleistocene in age. The temporal and spatial history of endemic clades in Amazonia has the potential to test these models and provide additional insights and predictions in the absence of critical geological data.
The monotypic trumpeters (Psophia; Psophiidae) have distant relationships to cranes (Gruidae) and limpkins (Aramidae) , and include species in each of the major areas of endemism within Amazonia (see electronic supplementary material). Trumpeters have long been of interest to those trying to understand the history of diversification within this region and have been a key exemplar supporting the refuge hypothesis . Here, we use phylogenetic and biogeographic analyses, along with independent estimates of the Psophia time-tree, to reveal an unexpectedly ‘complete’ picture of diversification within Amazonia that makes predictions about its geological and environmental history. These results are also used to evaluate alternative drivers of allopatric speciation, including tectonically mediated landscape change and orbitally driven climatic cycles, and provide new evidence for the relative importance of these historical processes in shaping the assembly of Amazonia's extant biota.
2. Material and methods
(a) Sampling, distribution and morphological variation
We obtained DNA from fresh tissue (n = 47) and museum specimens (n = 15) for a total of 62 individuals (electronic supplementary material, table S1), including representatives of all species and subspecies that have been described to date. Psophia is one of the few avian genera endemic to Amazonia, with species in all major areas of endemism [1,17–19]. To better understand their distribution, we accessed and georeferenced the available locality information (electronic supplementary material, figure S1 and appendix S1). Morphological variation (plumage patterns) was assessed through examination of skin specimens belonging to all Psophia taxa housed at the AMNH and MPEG collections (see electronic supplementary material).
(b) Data collection
Standard methods were used to extract, isolate, amplify and sequence mitochondrial and nuclear genes (electronic supplementary material). We obtained sequences of the mitochondrial genes cytochrome b (cyt b, 993 bp) and NADH dehydrogenase 2 (ND2, 1041 bp) for all 62 Psophia individuals and outgroups. Sequences of the intron 7 of the nuclear gene beta fibrinogen (BFib7, 950 bp) were collected for 48 Psophia individuals (representing all taxa except Psophia obscura, for which there was no fresh tissue available). Sequences of the nuclear gene RAG2 were obtained for 24 individuals representing 22 species from five different avian orders, plus a representative of the northern clade of Psophia (Psophia crepitans) and one representative of the southern clade (Psophia viridis; electronic supplementary material, table S2). All primers used are given in electronic supplementary material, table S3.
(c) Phylogenetic analysis
Following previous studies , we included the limpkin (Aramidae: Aramus guarauna), a crane (Gruidae: Grus canadensis), a rail (Rallidae: Rallus limicola) and the sunbittern (Heliornithidae: Heliornis fulica) in a preliminary analysis, with a stork (Ciconiidae: Ciconia ciconia) as a more distant outgroup. This analysis confirmed Aramus and Grus as being most closely related to Psophia, and these were used as outgroups. Phylogenetic analyses were performed using maximum likelihood (ML) and maximum parsimony (MP) in PAUP* , and Bayesian inference (BI) in MrBayes v. 3.1 . Evolutionary models for ML were selected by Modeltest v. 3.7 , under the Akaike information criterion, and for BI analyses by MrModeltest . Bayes factors were employed to determine the optimal number of partitions to be used by the Bayesian analysis , and convergence for all parameters was assessed by evaluating stationarity of the Markov chain using Tracer v. 1.5 and by sampling of tree topologies using AWTY (see electronic supplementary material). Because of the fact that outgroups are distantly related to the ingroup, we performed an additional phylogenetic analysis in BEAST without outgroups to confirm rooting. The relaxed molecular clock analysis implemented in BEAST simultaneously estimates topology and branch lengths, and thus allows rooting in the absence of outgroups .
(d) Molecular dating
Two independent estimates were used to date the diversification history of Psophia. First, a bracket for substitution rates for cyt b, from 1.6 (0.008 substitutions per site per lineage per Myr ) to 2.1 per cent (0.01 substitutions per site per lineage per Myr ) was used to calibrate the Psophia tree using the strict-clock option in BEAST . A likelihood ratio test did not reject a molecular clock within Psophia.
The second approach was designed to date the basal node of Psophia; thus, a dataset was constructed using the slowly evolving nuclear protein-coding gene RAG2. The taxon sampling included two species of Psophia, representing the northern and the southern clade, plus representatives of other avian lineages (electronic supplementary material, table S2) . An ML tree with branch lengths was analysed by penalized likelihood (PL) with the truncated Newton (TN) algorithm implemented in r8s . The RAG2 matrix was also analysed by a Bayesian approach in BEAST using a relaxed clock model (uncorrelated lognormal) and applying a Yule process as the tree prior. Three analyses of 20 million generations each were run, and the outputs were combined to estimate divergence dates and confidence intervals. Convergence was evaluated as mentioned above for Bayesian analyses.
Three minimum age calibrations were used (electronic supplementary material, table S4): crown anseriforms at 66 Ma, origin of Fregata lineage at 53 Ma and stem sphenisciforms at 60 Ma. Additionally, the basal-most node of the Neoaves was constrained between 100 and 85 Ma based on previous molecular dating analyses that used nuclear data , and on biogeographic evidence that several groups of Neoaves (e.g. parrots, passerines) were already diversifying when New Zealand became isolated from other landmasses, around 85 Ma [32,33]. From the RAG2 dating analysis, we calculated divergence dates and confidence intervals (PL and Bayesian methods) for the northern versus southern split in Psophia (P. crepitans and P. viridis), using these results to calibrate the species-tree derived from the combined mtDNA data (cyt b and ND2). To calculate the errors under PL, 1000 trees were randomly sampled from the Bayesian stationary distribution, independently dated, and the results summarized to obtain median values and 95 per cent credibility intervals of node ages.
(e) Population variation and structure
A main prediction of the refuge model is contraction and expansion of forest and non-forest ecosystems with consequent changes in population sizes; we therefore used several approaches to test for past demographic fluctuations. Estimates of nucleotide diversity and statistical tests for detecting past population growth were performed in DnaSP v. 4.10.2 . Independent assessments of demographic expansion were obtained for taxa with more than 10 individuals by analysing pairwise nucleotide differences (mismatch distribution) implemented in Arlequin and through extended Bayesian skyline plots (EBSP) estimated in BEAST (see electronic supplementary material).
(a) Species and species limits
Traditionally, three ‘biological’ species of Psophia have been widely recognized . Our genetic and museum-based analyses, however, confirm that two of these are not monophyletic and the third includes several distinct taxa. Our data instead identify eight diagnosably distinct phylogenetic species , each endemic in a major area of endemism (figure 1; electronic supplementary material, figure S1 and table S1).
(b) Phylogeny and biogeography
Phylogenetic analysis of 2181 bp of mtDNA using all methods of phylogenetic reconstruction recovered a single well-supported topology (figure 1; electronic supplementary material, figure S2), with only node 5 having relatively poor support values. The data identify two main clades (figure 1). North of the Amazon River, Psophia napensis (Napo area of endemism) is the sister species of P. crepitans (Guiana and Imeri areas) and Psophia ochroptera (Rio Negro area). A second clade of five species is distributed south of the Amazon, with Psophia leucoptera (Inambari area) being the sister group to all others, P. viridis (Rondônia area) the sister to the remaining three and Psophia obscura (Belém area) resolved as the sister of Psophia dextralis (Tapajós area) and Psophia interjecta (Xingu area).
Phylogenetic analyses of BFib7 recovered the northern and southern clades found in the mtDNA analysis with high bootstrap support, but with no internal resolution (electronic supplementary material, figure S3). A 4 bp deletion was common to taxa in the northern clade. Within the latter, all individuals of P. ochroptera shared the same haplotype. The only individual of P. napensis was a heterozygote and shared one of its two haplotypes with P. crepitans. More importantly, the haplotype network including all 48 individuals (96 alleles) for which BFib7 sequences were obtained (25 distinct haplotypes) revealed that in both clades, the ancestral haplotypes (central in the network) and the greatest haplotype diversity are found in eastern Amazonia, with derived haplotypes (tips of the network) and lower diversity being present in the western populations (electronic supplementary material, figure S4), suggesting that the most recent common ancestor of Psophia was originally in eastern Amazonia.
(c) Temporal pattern of diversification
Time estimates using different data and methods are consistent in dating the basal split (figure 1, node 1) of Psophia as being of Late Pliocene age (table 1; electronic supplementary material, figures S5 and S6). Four divergences within Psophia took place in western Amazonia approximately 2.0–0.7 Ma in the Late Pliocene–Middle Pleistocene (figure 1, nodes 2–5), whereas the remaining two species lineages in southeastern Amazonia arose in the Middle Pleistocene (figure 1, nodes 6 and 7).
(d) Population history within species of Psophia
Intraspecific nucleotide diversity in mtDNA was generally low (electronic supplementary material, table S5), with the highest values being found for P. viridis (0.450%) and P. napensis (0.315%). Despite the denser sampling, both P. crepitans and P. leucoptera exhibited low values (0.079% and 0.097%). BFib7 nucleotide diversity within species varied from all individuals of P. ochroptera having the same haplotype to a high of 0.333 per cent within P. napensis.
Mitochondrial haplotype networks for P. crepitans in the Guianan area of endemism and P. leucoptera in Inambari are composed of one most common haplotype with several other haplotypes directly connected to it by one or two mutational steps (electronic supplementary material, figure S7). Also, for these two taxa, most test statistics were significant, rejecting the null hypothesis of demographic stability (electronic supplementary material, table S5). The results for P. crepitans and P. leucoptera are indicative of recent population expansion. A different pattern is seen in P. viridis mtDNA: not only is the nucleotide diversity higher within this taxon, but the test statistics are all non-significant (electronic supplementary material, table S5), and the haplotype network shows clear signs of structure (electronic supplementary material, figure S7). Mismatch distribution analyses of mtDNA and EBSP based on both mtDNA and BFib7 data also show evidence for population expansion in both P. crepitans and P. leucoptera (electronic supplementary material, figure S8 and table S6). Based on mismatch distribution analysis, the values estimated for τ and mutation rates for mtDNA derived from molecular clock analysis, the time since the demographic expansion ranged from about 7000 to 10 000 years ago for P. crepitans, and from 8000 to 12 000 years ago for P. leucoptera. EBSP analyses indicate expansion between 40 000 years and the present, with a great reduction in the confidence intervals for population size over the last 20 000 years (electronic supplementary material, figure S8).
There is little geographical structuring of populations within most areas of endemism, and in several instances specimens from very distant localities share identical haplotypes (e.g. at L1, L2 and L3; figure 1). Importantly, in some cases specimens from the headwaters of large rivers delimiting areas of endemism have the same haplotypes as those found close to their mouths (e.g. at I1 and I2, and at D2 and D3; figure 1). There is no evidence in the mtDNA data for the sampled specimens of inter-taxon hybridization at the headwater regions of the different areas of endemism. Thus, the pattern seen in Psophia points to a lack of isolation-by-distance of populations within areas of endemism, but strong isolation between adjacent areas.
(a) Testing the refuge hypothesis
The last glacial maximum (LGM), with its estimated 5–6°C drop in temperature, had a major climatic and environmental influence on Amazonia and has been predicted to represent favourable conditions for the creation of refuges . Our data suggest that speciation in Psophia was unaffected by LGM environmental change. All species were established prior to the LGM (table 1); more significantly, all existed prior to the first three major glacial maxima (figure 2). Thus, if these cycles had an influence on the distribution of rainforests within Amazonia, that history of perturbation was neither sufficient to disrupt the geographical patterning of genetic diversity in Psophia nor, presumably, to extirpate populations in any interfluvium. We further note that prior to approximately 1.0 Ma, the climate response (sensitivity) to orbital forcing was less than in the Pleistocene , and at the same time global climate was warmer, thus making it more difficult to sustain the refuge hypothesis (figure 2; electronic supplementary material).
Our data suggest, however, that population demography of individual species may have been variably influenced by glacial conditions and recovery from them, as documented recently for frog assemblages in the Brazilian Atlantic forest . In P. leucoptera in the Inambari area of endemism and P. crepitans in the Guianan area there is evidence of population expansion after the LGM (also see electronic supplementary material). But in other species, most notably P. napensis in the Napo and P. viridis in Rondônia, there is strong genetic structuring in mtDNA, suggesting the presence of widespread forests in those areas during the LGM. Importantly, the coalescence of alleles sampled from the current populations is much more recent than the origin of the different species, indicating that any demographic events detected by these data occurred after, and were not directly related to, the speciation events.
The history of Psophia is therefore inconsistent with the refuge hypothesis as a generator of species diversity. The environmental effects of glacial cycles, and the LGM in particular, were apparently localized rather than regional across Amazonia; thus we conclude that the driver of speciation in Psophia was not climatic cycles. Our approach provides a rigorous methodology to test further the efficacy of the refuge hypothesis (see electronic supplementary material).
(b) Testing alternative palaeogeographic histories of Amazonia
Our results (figure 1) provide support for diversification occurring between 3 and 0.5 Ma, and for patterns of speciation being strongly associated with river locations, suggesting that drainage evolution, and not refugia, was the main driver of diversification.
These results also support a palaeogeographic model of Amazonian history in which a transcontinental Amazon River and its western drainage system were established in Plio-Pleistocene times [10,11,13], and not in the Early–Late Miocene [8,9,12,14]. This conclusion is strengthened by the inference that, as the clade arose, species of Psophia have been tied ecologically to terra firme forest, and behaviourally to a lifestyle as terrestrial foragers. Critical also is the observation that species' distributions are precisely limited by the large river systems within Amazonia, and that multiple lines of evidence point to these rivers as the isolating barriers for sister species.
An alternative model of speciation—sequential long-distance dispersal or ‘island hopping’ across pre-existing rivers— is not supported, as we do not see any evidence of mtDNA gene non-monophyly involving individuals of taxa in different interfluvia, even with samples collected close to river boundaries between taxa, indicating lack of current and recent dispersal across rivers. On the other hand, data show evidence of high levels of gene flow within interfluvia. These facts point to large rivers as strong and long-lasting barriers for these birds.
(c) A palaeobiogeographic model for Amazonia
Our data and interpretations provide a framework for a palaeobiogeographic model that integrates the phylogenetic and biogeographic history of Psophia with current knowledge about the palaeogeographic history of Amazonia over the past 3.0 Myr (figure 3). Under a vicariance model of speciation, the Psophia time-tree is predictive of the temporal history of the Amazonian drainage system, but we interpret these ages as isolating events rather than as specific geological arguments for river entrenchment at their current location.
Geological evidence [11,13] points to the lowlands of western and central Amazonia being covered with extensive fluvial and lacustrine conditions (figure 3a) in the Late Pliocene, in which terra firme forest would have been found primarily on the uplands of the Andean forelands, the Brazilian and the Guianan shields, and the Amazon sedimentary basin. Our data indicate a separation of Psophia into two lineages north and south of the present-day Amazon River between 2.7 and 2.0 Ma (figure 3b and table 1, node 1). Both genetic (electronic supplementary material, figure S4) and palaeogeographic [11,13] evidence support the ancestral distribution of Psophia being in eastern Amazonia, followed by subsequent westward expansion. This is consistent with a Pliocene age for the establishment of the transcontinental Amazon River based on recent geological interpretations [11,13].
Between 2.0 and 1.0 Ma a vicariance event associated with the current location of the Madeira River isolated P. leucoptera in the Inambari area of endemism (figure 3c and table 1, node 2). This was followed by another isolating event on the south bank of the Amazon at approximately 1.3–0.8 Ma, associated with the current location of the Tapajós River, which gave rise to P. viridis in the Rondônia area of endemism (figure 3d and table 1, node 3).
Just prior to approximately 1.0 Ma, the drainage system of northwestern Amazonia began to organize. We propose that a vicariance event north of the Solimões River isolated P. napensis in the Napo area of endemism (figure 3d and table 1, node 4). There is currently no easily identifiable barrier between P. napensis and species to the east, although the lower Rio Japurá separates P. napensis and P. ochroptera in the south near the Solimões River. Moreover, the mid-Rio Negro basin is occupied by extensive areas of open vegetation growing over white-sand soil, which may have formed over ancient palaeochannels and today may function as a barrier for forest species .
At about approximately 1.0–0.7 Ma, the lower Negro River was established as a barrier, resulting in the creation of the Negro area of endemism , as well as the separation of P. ochroptera and P. crepitans (figure 3e and table 1, node 5). The palaeogeographic mechanism for this vicariance event apparently involved the establishment of the current course of the lower Negro River in response to a series of neotectonic faulting events [10,47,48] (see electronic supplementary material). Supporting this molecular dating result, Soares et al. found evidence for an age of about 0.4 Ma for the initiation of sedimentation covering the Miocene Novo Remanso formation along the lower Negro River.
Finally, two major river barriers were established on the Brazilian Shield during the last 1.0 Myr. The first was associated with the Tocantins River at approximately 0.8–0.5 Ma (figure 3f and table 1, node 6), which isolated the Belém area of endemism and its endemic species, P. obscura. This age estimate is consistent with a north-northwesterly trending Tocantins palaeodrainage of Plio-Pleistocene age that shifted sharply northeast in the Middle/Late Pleistocene to form the modern-day river . This event was followed at 0.5–0.3 Ma by another involving the Rio Xingu, which created the Tapajós area of endemism housing P. dextralis and the Xingu area of endemism with P. interjecta (figure 3f and table 1, node 7).
(d) Generality of the model
Our palaeobiogeographic model describes the causal spatio-temporal linkages between palaeoenvironmental evolution and speciation within Psophia during the Plio-Pleistocene. Major rivers are the primary distributional boundaries for a significant proportion of Amazonian vertebrates, but the importance of river dynamics in promoting allopatric speciation has not gained wide acceptance. It has long been thought that major features of the Amazonian drainage were entrenched well before current species arose and that, unlike forest refugia, they therefore could not be drivers of speciation . Moreover, some meandering rivers such as the Juruá and Purus appear not to have acted as primary barriers for speciation in some terra firme vertebrate taxa [50–52]. Nevertheless, many Amazonian terrestrial vertebrate groups of the terra firme forest exhibit taxonomic disjunctions across the same rivers that separate reciprocally monophyletic lineages in Psophia, and these interfluvial areas harbour high endemicity [17,18,53]. Recent molecular phylogenies have also revealed multiple examples of disjuncts associated with major rivers [54–58].
It is difficult to compare the pattern seen in Psophia with other taxa in the same areas of endemism because few rigorous time-trees have been determined for these groups, and most studies only report sequence divergences among taxa. In Psophia, the Solimões-Amazonas, Negro and Madeira rivers are associated with older divergences, whereas the rivers of the Brazilian shield (Tapajós, Xingú and Tocantins) are related to younger diversification events. Compared with Psophia, slightly larger genetic divergences across the Amazon River are seen in Capito barbets (5% uncorrected divergence ) and Glyphorhynchus woodcreepers (4.9–6.6% uncorrected divergence ), whereas smaller distances separate species of Xiphorhynchus woodcreepers (1.6–1.9% corrected ) and Pteroglossus araçaris (several divergences less than 1.5 Myr ). None of these argue for Miocene vicariance across the Amazon River. It has recently been argued that most clades of vertebrates diversified within Amazonia prior to the Pleistocene [8,52], an argument based on a geological model that postulates a mid-Miocene establishment of the terrestrial environment in western Amazonia, as well as Miocene and Pliocene ages for ‘crown groups’ of vertebrates using molecular dating. Our study does not address crown group ages, but rather ages of species origins. Comparable age estimates for species in other groups are uncommon in the literature, as it is necessary to have a resolved taxonomy with species limits that adequately represent diversity, complete species sampling and well-dated trees (see electronic supplementary material). Thus, we agree with Rull that the use of genera, or any other group of species, as surrogates for the age of Amazonian taxa significantly overestimates the timing of speciation within those groups.
Large-scale mountain building, small-scale neotectonic change at regional and local landscape levels, and Milankovich forcing of climate all can influence river dynamics. Extreme climatic events have created cold or dry conditions, which have led to significant reductions in Amazonian river size and discharge in the past . These have the potential to eliminate or dampen the effects of riverine vicariance barriers, especially in headwaters, which would promote cosmopolitanism of biotas, followed by barriers then reappearing during subsequent wetter periods. Thus, drainage evolution is dynamic and probably important for understanding the origin of current diversity patterns. These patterns may also be related to shifts in vegetation zones associated with climate change. Teasing apart this multiple causation will depend on other well-dated studies of speciation.
Our palaeobiogeographic model offers the potential to reframe the analysis of Amazonian diversification, first by linking the temporal history of specific speciation events to identifiable changes in the history of the Earth and by providing a more precise temporal framework, and, second, by refocusing attention on the role played by river dynamics in driving allopatry (and therefore diversification). The model is expected to have the most generality for terrestrial, understorey taxa in terra firme forests. Importantly, the same forces of the Earth's history that influence river evolution also create dynamic change in biome composition and distribution. Only by integrating riverine dynamics, climatic and biotic landscape change, and other manifestations of the Earth's history will we truly begin to answer how Amazonian diversity was generated.
Support from NSF AToL EAR-0228693, the AMNH F. M. Chapman Memorial Fund, and the L. J. and L. C. Sanford Funds is acknowledged. C.C.R. and C.Y.M. acknowledge support from FAPESP and CNPq, and A.A. from CI-Brazil, WWF-Brazil, MMA, CNPq, FMNH Marshall Funds and NSF (DEB-0515672 and DEB-0543562). Advice and ideas were provided by the participants of the Biogeography Working Group (NESCent; NSF EF-0423641). We thank Ross D. E. MacPhee and Mark Bush for comments on an early draft, and J. Flynn for guidance. J. M. Bates, R. Gaban-Lima, F. M. d'Horta, M. P. D. Santos and J. D. Weckstein are greatly acknowledged for assistance in fieldwork. For providing tissue samples, we thank the following: M. Robbins and A. T. Peterson (KUMNH), J. Dean and G. Graves (NMNH), D. Dittmann and R. Brumfield (LSUMNS), and D. Willard and S. Hacket (FMNH).
- Received May 27, 2011.
- Accepted July 5, 2011.
- This journal is © 2011 The Royal Society | <urn:uuid:08aacae7-2a39-417f-a55e-8cb26744f281> | CC-MAIN-2017-04 | http://rspb.royalsocietypublishing.org/content/279/1729/681 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-04/segments/1484560281069.89/warc/CC-MAIN-20170116095121-00085-ip-10-171-10-70.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.928224 | 7,108 | 2.59375 | 3 |
Vaccinations and ImmunizationOne of the huge benefits of living in this day and age is the availability of vaccines to protects you from diseases that could injure or kill you.
Here at Anchorage Medical & Surgical Clinic we stock a wide variety of vaccines, from the standard ones needed for people living in the United States to those necessary if you are planning to travel to other parts of the world. We’re one of the few places in Anchorage to stock the yellow fever vaccine.
Vaccines we have on hand:
Pneumococcal 23 (pneumonia)
Pneumococcal 13 (pneumonia)
Pertussis (Whooping Cough)
In addition we can order other vaccines and usually get them within a day. Examples include:
HPV (Human Papillomavirus)
MMR (Measles, Mumps and Rubella)
The word vaccine refers to the actual agent swallowed or injected into your body. The term vaccination refers to the process of getting the agent into your body, either by shot or by mouth. After your body reacts to the vaccine you become immune to the disease and you can say you have been immunized. However the general public often uses the terms vaccination and immunization interchangeably. | <urn:uuid:325ffddb-ff8f-41c6-895c-0258dc7f3ca4> | CC-MAIN-2020-34 | https://anchoragemedicalclinic.com/vaccinations-and-immunization/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-34/segments/1596439738555.33/warc/CC-MAIN-20200809132747-20200809162747-00341.warc.gz | en | 0.923932 | 260 | 2.703125 | 3 |
1. Sharks are vital to the ocean food chain, and in keeping the overall population healthy with weeding out sick or injured animals. They are also key elements in maintaining the right ratio between species.
2. Sharks can also boost tourism. Ok, not in the Hollywood movies, but in real life shark diving is a growing industry.
3. Sharks are perfectly-engineered. Scientists study sharks for several reasons: for their efficient moving in the water, their skin, and even bacteria-resistant surfaces.
4. Sharks can help reduce carbon in seas by eating dead fish that collect on the seafloor.
+1. They are one of the earthlings, and part of the biodiversity. :)
We eliminated one of the points as it was about eating sharks, as in our opinion this is absolutely unacceptable. | <urn:uuid:27187e3f-8f15-4875-90cc-0a60bf43778f> | CC-MAIN-2021-04 | https://www.aldabraexpeditions.com/blog/5-of-the-many-reasons-sharks-are-important-for-the-planet | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-04/segments/1610703517159.7/warc/CC-MAIN-20210118220236-20210119010236-00776.warc.gz | en | 0.96862 | 167 | 2.78125 | 3 |
Isn’t this little foal cute? It is an abundistic (aka pseudo-melanism) zebra. In animal species that normally have black markings on a paler background color, excessively abundant markings (abundism) which merge or overlap produce an effect called pseudo-melanism. The background color may still be discerned between the markings, but to the casual observer, or from a distance, the animal appears to be black or melanistic.
You can also get zebra with tan stripes, tan muzzles and dark eyes. They are called white zebra and are leucistic, like white tigers. If an animal looks albino but has partial pigmentation, it may be leucistic. Leucism is a genetic condition in which there is partial loss of pigmentation in an animal resulting in white, pale, or patchy coloration. | <urn:uuid:b5ecc9dd-bfce-4a4c-bac9-4956c73f9b7d> | CC-MAIN-2020-29 | https://thisbugslife.com/2019/10/24/231416/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-29/segments/1593655892516.24/warc/CC-MAIN-20200707111607-20200707141607-00275.warc.gz | en | 0.931007 | 180 | 2.703125 | 3 |
Differentiating Between Industrial Hemp and Marijuana
Are hemp and marijuana the same or are they different things? The truth is somewhere in the middle. Chris Bond takes the time to lay it out for us.
There is a bit of confusion as to what constitutes industrial hemp and what constitutes cannabis. Is it the same plant? Is it different? Opinions vary from the highest levels of government on down to the common citizen. Plainly and simply put: they are not the same thing. They are closely related, but industrial hemp is not marijuana and marijuana is not industrial hemp. If you come away with nothing else here, remember that.
Both plants are members of the same species, Cannabis sativa, but they are not the same thing. Many people, including some in academia, believe hemp is nothing more than just male cannabis plants. However, this is not true. They are genetically different. The primary difference between them is that hemp and marijuana have dramatically different levels of the psychoactive chemical delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC). In hemp, THC levels are generally less than one percent. Legally, hemp is generally required to be less than 0.3 percent THC as these levels are not thought to have any psychoactive effects. Marijuana plants, on the other hand, range in their respective levels of THC. On average, they have between three and twenty percent, though many cultivated species have levels of more than thirty percent.
Besides having different levels of THC, hemp and marijuana are grown differently for different market purposes. Some of the differences between the two are also semantical. “Marijuana” generally refers to the flowering tops and leaves of cannabis varieties that deliver some amount of body or head high to the user. “Hemp” often refers to the leaves, stalks, fibers, or seeds of the hemp plant grown for their industrial or commercial use.
Botanically, most biologists consider hemp and marijuana to be varieties of the same species (Cannabis sativa). So, how can two plants that are almost genetically identical be so different in function and form? Think of the differences in dogs. All dogs are classified as Canis familiaris, but we have all seen the great variation in their sizes, colors, and temperaments. Though they are closely related and genetically similar enough to cross breed, nobody is going to confuse a Great Dane with a Chihuahua. Industrial hemp and marijuana are no different; they are of the same genus and species but have different characteristics.
Hemp leaves tend to be skinnier than marijuana’s wider leaves. Hemp also tends to be a taller and skinner plant, while marijuana grows fuller, fatter, and shorter. Not to add even more confusion, but there are similar physical differences between the different marijuana types of sativa, indica, and ruderalis. As noted above, the primary difference between marijuana and hemp is in their chemical compositions. Hemp, having little to no THC, tends to have high levels of cannabidiol (CBD). The level of CBD, of course, is not the main defining factor as sativa, indica, and ruderalis marijuana strains can have varying degrees of CBD in tandem with varying degrees of THC.
There is a wide gap between the cultivation methodologies for hemp and weed. Hemp crops can tolerate a wide range of temperatures and are grown in many parts of the world, whereas marijuana plants are usually restricted to warmer climates. The typical growing season for hemp crops is between 100 and 120 days. Marijuana’s range is generally more like 60-90 days.
Industrial hemp plants are grown as close together as four inches, often in large plots, with up to 50 plants per square foot. This dense planting reduces branching and flowering, meaning industrial hemp plants are typically grown as a single main stalk with a few leaves and branches. Hemp growers that wish to realize high yields grow their plants tall. They can be towering, with some species reaching heights of up to 15 feet. Hemp is grown primarily for its two types of fiber, bast and hurd. Bast is the outer portion of the hemp stem and hurd is the pith or interior fiber.
When cannabis is grown for marijuana, it is almost always done with the intent to produce and harvest the female flowers (and often the leaves). The female flowers are short, clustered, and full of THC. So, unlike hemp cultivation, marijuana is cultivated to encourage the plant to become bushy with wide branches and heavily foliated to promote flowers and buds. This requires that plants be well-spaced, generally six to 10 feet apart, with no more than two plants per square yard. That’s more than 200 times more space than a single hemp plant is afforded.
It should be noted that growers that produce both hemp and marijuana (or produce one crop near a grower who produces the other) do so at their own risk. Cannabis plants are open-, wind-, and insect-pollinated, and hemp and marijuana are related closely enough to cross breed (again, think of dog species). Cross-pollination between the two crops would spell disaster for the quality and intent of either. It could reduce the desired psychoactive effects of marijuana or render a hemp crop illegal due to increased THC levels. Even the cross-pollination of a hemp crop with inferior hemp plants (or a marijuana crop with inferior weed plants) is not desirable. Some fiber and seed crops are valued based on their purity and any dilution of that could make a crop less marketable.
All these differences do not cover the full spectrum of variations between industrial hemp and marijuana, of which there are thousands. This does not even consider the scores of differences in legal opinion, laws, ordinances, and other governance pertaining to the differences between the two crops, regardless of the intended use and if based in science or popular opinion. The bottom line is: they are very closely related, but are not the same plant.
Written by Chris Bond | Certified Permaculture Designer, Nursery Technician, Nursery Professional
Chris Bond’s research interests are with sustainable agriculture, biological pest control, and alternative growing methods. He is a certified permaculture designer and certified nursery technician in Ohio and a certified nursery professional in New York, where he got his start in growing. | <urn:uuid:e76e10b5-fa91-490d-8cab-2cd7f53099e6> | CC-MAIN-2023-14 | https://www.maximumyield.com/differentiating-between-industrial-hemp-and-marijuana/2/17368 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-14/segments/1679296948632.20/warc/CC-MAIN-20230327123514-20230327153514-00599.warc.gz | en | 0.95889 | 1,304 | 2.53125 | 3 |
Greek Drama and Sophocles' Oedipus Rex
Can you avoid your destiny?
Below, you will find documents/links to our daily lesson materials from class. Please note that not all materials will be posted here. Some stories, presentations, and other assignments/related materials must be picked up from Miss Muhlbaier in class.
-Myth of Oedipus (read and discussed; this is what the ancient audience would have known before coming to see the play)
-Assignment: Students must synthesize the information from today's introduction, as well as the myth of Oedipus, and the information from the Greek actor/mask handout(assignment is on the bottom of the second page of this handout)tocomplete a diary where they pretend to be the Greek actor that is about to play the role of Oedipus.
-Lesson: The Parados and the Role of the Chorus (Students read the Parados on their own and chose a sentence, phrase, and word from the text that stood out to them; then, students worked in groups to first discuss their collected text samples and then analyze and apply their text samples to determine what the Chorus is saying and the role of the Chorus at this particular point in the play.)
-Assignment: The Role of the Chorus
-Are you smarter than Oedipus?
-Assignment: The Blind Man and the Elephant (read story and answer questions)
-HOMEWORK: Greek Drama & Oedipus Rex Take-Home Test (due Tuesday, April 3)
--"And They All Fall Down" Project (due by 6 a.m. Monday, April 9)
"Dionysian Festival" featuring Kung Fu Panda | <urn:uuid:66b49dad-3305-4d21-b733-590513c840b5> | CC-MAIN-2022-27 | https://www.crhsd.org/Page/733 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-27/segments/1656103945490.54/warc/CC-MAIN-20220701185955-20220701215955-00589.warc.gz | en | 0.932169 | 402 | 3.6875 | 4 |
If you read up on how the biotech community wants us to embrace genetically modified organisms and their associated toxic herbicides in order to "feed our growing population", one would think that as the numbers of the human race increase, we are in trouble of not having enough food to go around.
That's what they would like us to believe. This couldn't be further from the truth.
According to the World Resources Institute, we waste an astounding 1.3 billion metric tons, or approximately 1/3 of our food supply each year. And according to JoAnne Berkenkamp, a senior advocate with the Natural Resources Defense Council, “When you look at our food system farm to fork, a stunning 52% of all produce in the US goes uneaten,” That is enough food to feed 2 billion people and then some. How is this possible?
One of the reasons is our desire to have that perfect piece of produce. Current industry standards reject any fruit or vegetable for an array of reasons, from mild discoloration, inadequate size or slightly miss-shapen. | <urn:uuid:7f13e5d0-38ea-415f-ad57-cd9e84805c62> | CC-MAIN-2018-13 | https://www.momsacrossamerica.com/blog?page=17 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-13/segments/1521257648205.76/warc/CC-MAIN-20180323083246-20180323103246-00563.warc.gz | en | 0.956246 | 221 | 2.828125 | 3 |
About The Course
This is a past/archived course. At this time, you can only explore this course in a self-paced fashion. Certain features of this course may not be active, but many people enjoy watching the videos and working with the materials. Make sure to check for reruns of this course.
During each week of the course, you will watch as chefs reveal the secrets behind some of their most famous culinary creations — often right in their own restaurants. Inspired by such cooking mastery, the Harvard team will then explain, in simple and sophisticated ways, the science behind the recipe.
Topics will include: soft matter materials, such as emulsions, illustrated by aioli; elasticity, exemplified by the done-ness of a steak; and diffusion, revealed by the phenomenon of spherification, the culinary technique pioneered by Ferran Adrià.
To help you make the link between cooking and science, an “equation of the week” will capture the core scientific concept being explored. You will also have the opportunity to be an experimental scientist in your very own laboratory — your kitchen. By following along with the engaging recipe of the week, taking measurements, and making observations, you will learn to think both like a cook and a scientist. The lab is also one of the most unique components of this course — after all, in what other science course do you get to eat your lab?
Before your course starts, try the new edX Demo where you can explore the fun, interactive learning environment and virtual labs. Learn more.WAYS TO TAKE THIS EDX COURSE FOR FREE: Simply Audit this Course
Can't commit to all of the lectures, assignments, and tests? Audit this course and have complete access to all of the course material, tests, and the online discussion forum. You can decide what and how much you want to do. This option is free to all.Try for a Certificate
Participate in all of the course's activities and abide by the edX Honor Code. If your work is satisfactory, you'll receive a certificate to showcase your achievement. This option is free to all.WAYS TO TAKE THIS COURSE FOR A FEE: Earn Harvard Credit
Optionally, you can enroll in the traditional, semester-long course at Harvard Extension School. Courses are offered in fall or spring semesters, or both. You have the option to enroll for undergraduate or graduate credit and will receive grades on a Harvard transcript. Learn more about the course on the Harvard Extension School website. | <urn:uuid:7b2a064a-ba59-4133-9eb1-d040db6f225c> | CC-MAIN-2019-22 | http://massiveopen.com/courses/edx-spu27x-science-amp-cooking-from-haute-cuisine-to-soft-matter-science-5/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-22/segments/1558232258147.95/warc/CC-MAIN-20190525164959-20190525190959-00399.warc.gz | en | 0.947941 | 519 | 3.125 | 3 |
|Questions I Seek to Answer|
|Progress is made in the field of Science by questioning and conducting investigations.
~ California State Science Standards
|* Why are Coot chicks rusty orange after hatching? Is it a warning color to animals that would prey upon them? It is a means of camouflage? (Note that the Tule seed heads are brown/orange at this time.)? a fascinating article appeared in 1994 entitled "Parental choice selects for ornamental plumage in American coot chicks" (Nature 37l: 240-243) written by B. Lyon, J. Eadie, and L. Hamilton along with a commentary by Mark Pagel, "Parents prefer pretty plumage," in the same issue on page 200. As the case reveals, the authors concluded that coot parents "feed ornamented chicks over non-ornamented chicks, resulting in higher growth rates and greater survival for ornamented chicks."
*What Do Ruddy Ducks have blue bills? Is this showy color helpful in breeding purposes?
* What causes flowers to bloom at different times of year? Does it have to do with temperature, climatics, genetics? Does it have to do with ability to attract pollinators? (Note the milkweed blooming just as the Monarchs arrive.) Is bloom time related to the optimal time for the plants seeds to enter the soil?
* Why are so many of the wildflowers at the preserve yellow? Does it have to do with attracting pollinators and if so which pollinators favor yellow flowers?
* If it is true that Indian Warriors (Pediculars densiflora) are parasitic upon other plants, how can one tell which plant host it is feeding upon without digging it up?
* What is the name of the little hover fly that's colors and actions are so much a bee? Does it also seek nectar and help to pollinate flowers? It's a bombyliid fly! They are pollinators.
* Why do the flowers from post 3 to the edge of the vernal pool seem to grow in miniature? Is the soil thinner here? Does the soil lack the minerals plants require for growth?
* When the bloom of Diogene's Lanterns aka Yellow Globe Lily (Calochortus amabilis) is fading and before it produces it's seed pod, it turns red/orange. Of what benefit is this to the plant? Does this color warn animals from eating it? Is this red color stored sugars as in fall leaves?
* Does the thick litter of oak leaves and pine needles help retain moisture in the soil of the forest floor just as a layer of mulch helps retain moisture in my gardens at home? Also, what is the role of the mold and fungus that grows in the leaf litter? Decay?
* Which animal is digging up the buried eggs (2 to 3 inches deep) and having feasts? What sort of eggs were they? ( If they were snake eggs do I really want to know?)
* There is a coyote that marks his territory by defecating mid trail or atop rocks or logs. Often the stool is runny. Does this mean that he is ill or is he eating things that do not agree with his digestive track?
* Which animal is marking with the very strong smelling urine? I'm being respectful and not hiking at dawn or dusk. Are there any other measures I should be taking?
* Which animal is turning over football sized rocks and digging shallow holes? Is it after insects, grubs, eggs, or is it simply opportunistic?
* Is there a flora guide just for vernal pools? Many of the plants on the CNPS list don't show up in my guides.
* Which is the water fowl with the haunting cry that is almost like sad laughter? I never see it. Could it be some sort of loon riding low in the water? I have read that their bones are not hollow like most birds. Why would a loon visit the vernal pool? There are no fish here. Could a loon live on tadpoles and insects?
* Why does no one else come here? Am I really the only person keeping a journal documenting the vernal pool? Have the scientist moved on to other, FUNDED projects? I keep praying to meet a botanist, a geologist, an entomologist...where are you?
* Why do I see fewer and fewer honeybees?
* I see a lot of feathers on the path in late July. Is this time molting season?
* The basalt rocks at post 4...flow that is eroding or "lava bombs"? | <urn:uuid:900e23f7-9f1f-4d14-af78-65008c21a74c> | CC-MAIN-2014-49 | http://webspace.webring.com/people/vm/marybethsclass/qs.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2014-49/segments/1416931010631.60/warc/CC-MAIN-20141125155650-00086-ip-10-235-23-156.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.959247 | 962 | 3.15625 | 3 |
Audio Track 15: Labeling of “the patient” and criteria of “madness”.
Professor Keirsey had his lecture course on Madness taped on cassettes in 1982. They were rediscovered after his death by chance and some sections of the tapes were partly recovered. This post is the fifteenth audio track (there was nothing recoverable on the 13th ,14th). More audio tracks will follow.
Track 1: The beginning of History of Madness lecture course
He surveys the idea of madness “as far back as we can go”. At the end of the course, he talks a little about his theory of madness: which he called at the time, “Wholistic Theory of Madness” based social field theory and Temperament.
Once asked what was the most important thing he wanted people to get from his work, he said:
“I want people to understand that there is no such thing as madness.”
Track 15: Labeling of “the patient” and two of the four criteria of “madness”.
Labeling versus “diagnosis”: the relieving of responsibility of the family dysfunction.
Madness: 1) repetitive, 2) appears unreasonable | <urn:uuid:97afb1c4-7710-4c2f-a4b7-48a523e5b55c> | CC-MAIN-2019-22 | https://professorkeirsey.wordpress.com/page/2/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-22/segments/1558232256586.62/warc/CC-MAIN-20190521222812-20190522004812-00017.warc.gz | en | 0.97726 | 261 | 2.75 | 3 |
A technologically-savvy city is no longer fodder for fantasy film; it’s an expectation. We live in a time where technology can and should make our urban environments more efficient in terms of energy consumption, transportation, land use, citizen participation and government processes. The Internet of Things — an interconnected network of technological devices, users and data — has already fundamentally changed the way we live compared to even a decade ago. (Read more in this month’s cover story, “The Internet of You” by Robin Epley.)
And as our cities grow more connected — from the services they offer, to the residents within their boundaries and the needs of their communities — they are generating a massive amount of data, with the potential to generate so much more. The 2013 federal Open Data Policy (in which data is made available to the general public via open data portals) allows cities to find gaps in services, such as identifying food deserts or inefficiencies in our transportation systems. They allow civic technologists to access information regarding a community’s assets and needs, which in turn allows anyone to identify (and build) potential solutions. You can access the City of Sacramento’s open data portal at http://data.cityofsacramento.org. Roseville’s can be found at data.roseville.ca.us. The City of Elk Grove’s is at gisdata.elkgrovecity.org.
Access to this information gives rise to civic hackathons and app competitions during which developers can use the information available to solve real problems in their own cities. Last year, local firm Apptology won California’s Health Data Code-a-Thon with an app that helped connect WIC users to vendors that accept their benefits. (The California Health and Human Services open data portal can be found at chhs.data.ca.gov.) On June 4, in participation with the National Day of Civic Hacking, local developers created a mockup app called OreoSwamp that plotted food deserts, transportation lines and food access points. Built out and with the right community partners, this kind of technology has the potential to have a massive impact on food insecurity.
There is an obvious role for private enterprise to play in making our cities more efficient, provided cities and their residents retain ownership of the data these technologies generate. (The City of Sacramento builds ownership of its data into all contracts with outside vendors.) Sacramento recently announced a partnership with Google’s crowdsourced GPS app, Waze. The City will gain access to Waze’s real-time updates on traffic incidents and flow, and in exchange the City will provide Waze information on upcoming construction and road closures. Everybody wins.
A focused effort to streamline the processes of how data is gathered, what gets released and how and when it is released enables cities to better identify problems and solutions; it makes them more nimble and at less risk of growing stagnant.
And stagnation is the very opposite of our goal. The new Mayor’s Office for Innovation and Entrepreneurship has a fund of $10 million to put toward highlighting and strengthening Sacramento’s startup sector. Part of that money will go to a grant program called RAILS (Rapid Acceleration, Innovation and Leadership Sacramento) that will put $1.5 million annually into training programs, coworking spaces, innovation labs and other assets designed to launch new ideas into lucrative businesses. Additional funds will go into investing in startups themselves, both through local and national VCs, with the city effectively becoming a limited partner in venture capital funds.
The alterations being made now to how our cities function, in the Capital Region and throughout the nation, will have a fundamental impact on how they evolve and continue to meet the needs of an increasingly digital society. We want to know what’s happening in your locality. How is the IoT impacting your city, what changes are being made and most importantly, as a player in our increasingly-smart cities, what do you want to see in the years to come? | <urn:uuid:caef36a1-cc49-4455-98ca-82a73f42631f> | CC-MAIN-2019-09 | https://www.comstocksmag.com/commentary/smart-cities-hinge-open-data | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-09/segments/1550249501174.94/warc/CC-MAIN-20190223122420-20190223144420-00081.warc.gz | en | 0.939683 | 835 | 2.703125 | 3 |
If you’ve ever tossed a piece of expired food that looked perfectly fine, or wondered whether that chunk of moldy cheese was supposed to be moldy, you’re not alone. There’s a lot of confusion over food date labels in the United States, which can make it difficult to know when your food has actually gone bad. “Sell by,” “use by,” and “expires on” labels aren’t just vague—their definitions can vary by region or company. And this confusion leads to huge amounts of food waste.
CNBC reports that new legislation was introduced this week in the U.S. Senate and House which would reform and standardize food date labeling. The legislation, which was introduced by Connecticut Senator Richard Blumenthal and Maine Congresswoman Chellie Pingree, aims to protect consumers while also cutting down substantially on the amount of good food that ends up in the trash. If passed, the bill would establish a national date labeling system, and require companies to distinguish between labels indicating peak quality (when the food is at its freshest) and labels indicating foods are no longer safe to consume.
Food waste is becoming a major problem in the United States. The U.S. annually discards up to 40 percent of its food supply and, as CNBC notes, that percentage has risen sharply over the last four decades. American consumers are currently wasting up to 50 percent more food than they did in the 1970s. Blumenthal and Pingree hope that making food labels clearer will reduce waste by making it easier for consumers to know when food has genuinely gone bad.
“Before taking a swig of milk, many Americans glance quickly at the date label and toss it away, without realizing that it still may be perfectly safe to consume," Blumenthal explained in a statement. "Items at the grocery store are stamped with a jumble of arbitrary food date labels that are not based on safety or science. By establishing a uniform national date labeling system, this commonsense legislation will provide consumers with clarity that will help them save money on their grocery bills and prevent perfectly safe food from going to waste.” | <urn:uuid:6deee35a-b32c-470b-9305-b2006a5957fc> | CC-MAIN-2022-40 | https://www.mentalfloss.com/article/80372/new-food-waste-bill-could-make-date-labels-less-confusing | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-40/segments/1664030335058.80/warc/CC-MAIN-20220927194248-20220927224248-00424.warc.gz | en | 0.963202 | 448 | 3.140625 | 3 |
Very few Americans are aware of the overwhelming scientific consensus on global warming (Maibach 2013). There’s a huge gap between the agreement the public thinks there is between scientists and the actual agreement among scientists. It’s because of this lack of awareness that several studies investigated what the agreement is among scientists.
When researchers surveyed climate scientists on the cause of global warming 97% of the actively publishing climatologists said that “human activity is a significant contributing factor in changing mean global temperatures” (Doran 2009) Researchers found the same patterns when they analysed public statements of climate experts (Anderegg 2010). When researchers looked into how the scientific consensus on global warming evolved from 1996 to 2009 they found a steady increase in the agreement among scientists (Bray 2010). The latest survey on the scientific literature found that 97% “endorsed the consensus position that humans are causing global warming” (Cook 2013). | <urn:uuid:11430ed2-70b8-443a-9b2b-1838a810bab1> | CC-MAIN-2019-43 | https://www.realskeptic.com/tag/edward-maibach/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-43/segments/1570986707990.49/warc/CC-MAIN-20191020105426-20191020132926-00413.warc.gz | en | 0.907419 | 189 | 3.046875 | 3 |
Please share this presentation with others who would like to become self-sufficient and save money on their energy bills.
Do NOT recklessly spend all the extra money saved from reduced energy bills. Try to invest it wisely to look after family members and prepare for possible emergencies in the future.
This presentation is ONLY being made available for a short time frame and will be REMOVED in the near future if Mark comes under too much pressure from big energy companies, if you can not follow the rules above, please CLOSE THIS WINDOW IMMEDIATELY to free up your slot for the next person in line.
If you agree to all the above, click the "I Agree" button below to proceed to the following private presentation.
56 year old geography teacher Mark Edwards created his home-power system after his family was left cold and powerless following an unexpected flood..
He set out to create a power method that was cheap, easy to obtain (or build), easy to move and could use a constant source of power to create energy - meaning no dependency on sun, gas or wind.
He now uses this power source to drastically cut electricity bills and keep his family safe in times of crisis.
We have the potential to produce all of our electricity from clean energy sources
Today, we have the technology and the know-how to move beyond our dependence on polluting power plants by using clean, safe, and free renewable energy. By harnessing the potential of zero point magnetic energy, we can transform how we produce electricity.
A clean energy future will rely not just on renewable energy, but also
on better use of the energy we currently produce. By making the energy we produce last longer, or by increasing "energy efficiency," we can avoid the need for new polluting power plants. We can increase energy efficiency by using available technologies that do the same amount of work but use less energy, like a computer that goes to sleep when it's not in use.
I'm talking about a simple device that can be used by any family around the world and can even change the course of the entire energy industry!
Over the past year over 17000 people have also already successfully used the very same technique to get over tragic milestones such as hurricanes, snow storms or floods.
Based on technology we use on a daily basis, not only can it generate enough power to last through long harsh winters when temperatures outside go below zero, but it can ameliorate your power bill all year long.
I'm sure you're already intrigued and you want to know all about how this system works. Take the quiz to find out!
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Right here's what uses one of the most power in your house:
Air conditioning and heating: 47% of energy make use of.
Water heating system: 14% of power make use of.
Washing machine and clothes dryer: 13% of electricity use.
Lighting fixtures: 12% of power use.
Fridge: 4% of energy make use of.
Electric oven: 3 4% of power usage.
TELEVISION, DVD, wire carton: 3% of power usage.
Dishwasher: 2% of power usage.
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Farm Animals Cut and Paste Activity
Students will color the animal halves then cut and paste the back half of each animal to the front half. This activity includes a horse, chicken, pig, and cow. There is no answer key for this worksheet.
Grade recommendation: prek-k
Skills: practice cutting | fine motor skills | farm animals | coloring | thinking skills | visual perception
Item 3478 | 1 page | Publisher: T. Smith Publishing ©2008 | by Tracey Smith
Printing Tip: If a worksheet page does not appear properly, reload or refresh the .pdf file.
Click the worksheet preview for the full printable version of
Farm Animals Cut and Paste Activity.
Here are some of the ways our visitors are using this worksheet. Be the first to share your thoughts about this worksheet! | <urn:uuid:efb078bc-26d9-4ff0-888f-5fe864f2c7d2> | CC-MAIN-2015-11 | http://www.tlsbooks.com/farmanimalcutandpaste.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2015-11/segments/1424936463411.14/warc/CC-MAIN-20150226074103-00068-ip-10-28-5-156.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.82855 | 172 | 4.15625 | 4 |
He originated countless ideas for monitoring and control devices which continue to improve society's comfort, health and security, as well as generate business and employment for Minnesotans.
Fuel cells have played a key role in the space program including the Apollo flights to the moon, and Thorsheim’s work played a key role in successful fuel cell design and control. Fuel cells can produce electricity and water at high efficiency when provided with hydrogen and oxygen. Being reversible, fuel cells can also produce hydrogen and oxygen when provided electricity and water. Thus, fuel cells, in one or the other mode, are capable of providing three of the key resources for space flight: electrical power, water to drink, and oxygen to breath. The difficult task which Thorsheim addressed was to control the pressures of the two gasses so that maximum efficiency was obtained, and so that the membrane between the two gases – where the catalytic process takes place – would not be exposed to potentially membrane-rupturing gas differential gas pressures between the gases which would destroy the fuel cell, and place anything and anyone in the environment in danger. He invented a special control used to monitor gas flows into fuel cells for the production of electric power. His work led to an important control device for this space age technology.
The auto exhaust analyzer was especially important in early efforts to reduce air pollution cause by automobile engines. The device measures the proportion of unburned hydrocarbons and carbon dioxide in a car’s exhaust gases. Shop equipment fitted with this analyzer was sold by Ford Motor Company to its dealers so they could determine when a tune-up was needed to reduce air pollution. This analyzer could also burn an exhaust gas sample to determine the amount of unburned gasoline, thereby contributing to energy savings. In 1970 - Industrial Research selected his invention of the automobile exhaust analyzer as one of the one hundred significant developments in America.
In 1962, Thorsheim invented and developed the first effective fuel cell control developed for use in the then fledgling commercial fuel cell market (Honeywell World, August 6, 1962). The fuel cell was a revolutionary continuous-feed battery which produced electrical power directly from fuel (hydrogen-oxygen) through a chemical reaction. Electrical power is produced by the fuel cell without any smoke, noise, noxious fumes or vibration. Moreover, it has an efficiency of up to 7o percent compared to 35 percent for a steam turbine, or 15 percent for an automobile. Uses of fuel cell are many and varied: from providing power for boats to locomotives, auxiliary power for space vehicles, to producing power for homes and industry. The controller for the fuel cell is used in the space program. "I was pretty proud when it was on the moon," he said.
A long time scientist for Honeywell who invented everything from a fuel cell used in space to reflective body bands for bicyclists and joggers. His inventions have achieve the highest goal in preventive medicine: to prevent respiratory illness in millions and actually prevent respiratory death in thousands if not millions.
Other aspects of his work deserve mentions: his work on degree-days in determining the optimum time to harvest peas and corn in Minnesota; his work on devices to simplify and expedite work in home kitchens; his work on Glo-Jo to improve safety for night bicycle riders or hikers. He also developed reflective safety straps used by student crossing guards, resulting in greater safety for those students performing this very valuable service.
Thorsheim invented special devices such as a degree-day computer designed to monitor the growing cycle of certain plants. This required measurement of the number of hours that plants such as beans were exposed to sunshine above a certain temperature. He invented a clever meter which used two small clocks running together. One clock measured total time while the other measured temperature-time, varying its rate according to temperature. Between the two, degree-day calculations were made. This permitted close control of ripening periods.
Thorsheim also developed a special balanced fluid pressure control which solved the problem of varying water temperatures in mixed temperature systems due to pressure variations. A device to control water temperature in faucets, showers and tubs was constructed and worked very nicely.
Another interesting invention was the degree-day computer Thorsheim invented to monitor the growth cycle of certain plants. This invention involved measuring the number of hours that plants such as beans and peas were exposed to sunshine above a certain temperature. Two clocks were used to run together and function as a clever meter; one clock kept track of total time while the other measured only the time during which the plants received enough energy from the sun to grow. The device is reported to be in use today by the Green Giant Company.
Early transistor development was another area of Thorsheim’s creativity. He worked on the housing designs for transistors and assisted in developing a special impact formed housing which was used in the early mass production versions.
He was a member of Honeywell’s first Corporate Research Unit. Both patented and non-patented ideas received recognition for their major technical contributions to product engineering and design. Honeywell’s military products used some of his sensor and mechanical actuating device concepts. He authored many internal Honeywell papers and memos and contributed many ideas that led to new design solutions for Honeywell’s control, safety, and security systems.
Thorsheim also worked on his own time, with the approval of Honeywell, on everything from a toy submarine to a spice rack.
Joseph O. Thorsheim
(1906 - 1986) His career was a mixture of music, teaching, inventing and consulting. He was known for originality and innovation in creatively solving mechanical and electro-mechanical problems. Safety considerations were essential factors in most of his projects because they concerned control or high temperature, flammable liquids, explosive materials, and other environmental hazards. Thorsheim was the creator of 18 patented inventions assigned to Honeywell and countless other inventions that were not patented because of government security policies.
A Honeywell physicist and engineer, he invented the first effective hydrogen-oxygen fuel cell control, and an auto exhaust analyzer that was cited as one of the most significant inventions of 1970. In 1962/63, he received patents on the Celmaster™ - the automatic fuel cell pressure control - a revolutionary idea to provide power for diverse needs such as homes, industry, transportation, and auxiliary power for space travel vehicles. In 1970/71, his pioneering invention of the automobile exhaust analyzer, designed to combat air pollution, was put into use by the Ford Motor Company. | <urn:uuid:32999e5b-5468-40dc-b5ce-8fe997af1d3c> | CC-MAIN-2020-29 | https://www.mninventor.org/copy-31-of-2011-richard-thorud | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-29/segments/1593655896905.46/warc/CC-MAIN-20200708062424-20200708092424-00296.warc.gz | en | 0.968251 | 1,342 | 3.421875 | 3 |
The National Climatic Data Center preliminary analysis for October was posted late Friday. Unlike the cold average for the U.S., the average global temperature for land and ocean combined was 0.57°C (1.03°F) above the 20th century average of 14.0°C (57.1°F). This makes it the sixth warmest in history. The average land temperature alone was also the sixth warmest, while the average ocean temperature was the fifth warmest. For the year to date, the January through October average is tied with 2007 as the fifth warmest. (Note: The preliminary analysis was made before data from Canada were available, so global averages may change slightly.)
Other than the U.S. and northern Europe, nearly all land areas were warmer than average. The warmest regions relative to normal were in the high latitudes of the Northern Hemisphere, particularly Alaska and northern and eastern Russia. In the Southern Hemisphere, New Zealand reported the coldest October in 64 years, with some all-time record low October temperatures. On the other hand, Darwin, Australia had its warmest month since records began in 1941:
The previous record for the month of October and for any month of the year was 34.4°C, most recently in October 2008. This October, the daily maximum temperature during the month reached 35.0°C on 13 days, the highest on record for any month, and there were another 4 days with 34.9°C.Record warm temperatures have continued into November in Australia, where Adelaide in South Australia has recorded its first ever spring heatwave of 8 consecutive days above 35°C; 5 consecutive days are required for a heatwave, and the previous record was 4 in 1894.
Images (click to enlarge): October 2009 global temperature departures from average, historical departures since 1880; from National Climatic Data Center | <urn:uuid:1628c66e-a3bf-488c-920d-9b51d8f87af8> | CC-MAIN-2019-13 | http://capitalclimate.blogspot.com/2009/11/october-global-temperature-sixth.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-13/segments/1552912202450.64/warc/CC-MAIN-20190320170159-20190320192159-00458.warc.gz | en | 0.975943 | 382 | 3.359375 | 3 |
Item 16 - Charity Among the Urban Drifts
Charity Among the Urban Drifts
“Winter of Thirty Seven,” in The Moss Rose for 1850. New York: Nafis & Cornish and St. Louis: Van Dien and MacDonald, 1849.
Catalog Record | Enlarged Image | Adopt a Gift Book Home
This illustration of the sale of a load of wood accompanied a moral tale concerning the importance of the Odd-Fellow organization. The winter of 1837 was a hard one in America and many major cities were locked in by ice and snow. Set in Rochester, New York, this story involves a poor man who can not pay a teamster for a load of wood to heat his home. A rich man passing by overhears and comes to the rescue, paying the bill. The poor man was an out of work Odd-Fellow and the rich man was following the Odd-Fellow’s code to assist the poor in a time of need. In the end, everyone is warm and happy! | <urn:uuid:f34f0969-9625-4eac-8210-c5a7a2f9adb0> | CC-MAIN-2016-18 | http://www.americanantiquarian.org/content/item-16-charity-among-urban-drifts | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-18/segments/1461860111365.36/warc/CC-MAIN-20160428161511-00195-ip-10-239-7-51.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.952845 | 215 | 2.53125 | 3 |
Reinventing evolution is a peculiar task. Evolution is, if anything, an endlessly inventive process, constantly spawning novelties and innovation, and imagination is not adequate to explain the variety we find now. Evolution led to mushrooms and oak trees, mosquitoes and jellyfish, paramecia and people...each one representing a reinvention in itself. How can we improve on that?
We can't. Evolution does have the constraint that new features should have local, short term utility, though, and organisms inherit the constraints imposed on them by ancestral adaptations. So let's play the game of imagining we could go back in time and change a few features of life that function well, but with a mind to improving them for far future generations.
In the pre-Cambrian period, about 600 million years ago, our worm-like ancestors had a central task to perform: reproduction. This involved shedding sperm and eggs into the water, nothing more, and they co-opted the openings and apparatus that they already had handy for excretion to do the job. Shedding gametes, shedding feces…similar tasks, right? That expedient sharing of those two functions had long-term consequences we live with right now: Our reproductive organs are coupled to our organs of excretion, which later also got tangled up with our hind limbs. Now we have to deal with yeast infections and a pelvis that doubles as both a birth canal and a base for posture and walking.
What if that worm-like ancestor instead used its other body opening, the mouth, to expel gametes? Reproductive function would be moved forward, away from other messy, but necessary functions. Of course, it would mean that a kiss would be fraught with major new connotations and consequences, but I think we could cope.
Those same pre-Cambrian ancestors are thought to have been literally brainless, and only later would they evolve a central nervous system. Initially, they had only a simple strip of nervous tissue, and later still, part of that strip grew larger and more complicated to form a proper brain. There's no particular necessity that the brain would form in the head--that's again a product of convenience, since more sensory organs were located in the front of the animal, and induced an enlargement of the local part of the nervous system to cope with their input.
So let's meddle again, and instead put the brain somewhere near the middle of the animal. In that position, it can be better protected by the mass of bone and muscle in the chest, and also be more conveniently located relative to the heart and circulatory system. It changes our head from a bulbous housing for a crucial, delicate organ, all poised on a fragile stalk of a neck, to a flexible sensory and feeding apparatus.
Approximately 450 million years ago, our ancestors evolved paired fins. The pectoral (or front) fins evolved first, and later another pair formed in the pelvic region, and then…no more. There was no absolute proscription against additional limbs--some ancient fish, such as the Acanthodians, had multiple pairs between the pectoral and pelvic fins--but our lineage stopped with two pairs.
Let's add more. We don't need to be greedy. Just a single additional pair, for a total of six limbs, would be enough. Six would be very stable, and further, when our particular ancestors needed a pair for tool use and carrying things, they wouldn't need to teeter precariously on just two legs--they'd have four for locomotion. The centaur form would be stable and versatile.
As long as we're playing with the number of appendages, why settle for just five fingers? The first vertebrates to crawl onto the land in the late Devonian didn't. Our early terrestrial ancestors tinkered quite a bit with digit numbers 360 million years ago, with six, seven, and eight-fingered forms, before settling on five as enough. Eight-fingered hands would be interesting--imagine what a piano player could do!
We estimate that about 260 million years ago, in the Permian era, our ancestors evolved a new feature of their metabolism: They were warm-blooded. This was a great innovation that I don't recommend meddling with, since it allows for higher and more constant rates of activity, but there was one peculiarity in the way we handled one little problem. Sperm need to develop at a cooler temperature than the rest of the body. The solution: suspend the testicles in a bag outside the body, where the breezes would keep them cool. I contend that this is an awkward and inelegant way to deal with it (My fellow males know all about some of the other problems dangling delicate bits of our anatomy in exposed places can cause.) Some of our fellow mammals have fixed the problem in cleverer ways--elephants, for instance, keep their testicles tucked deep inside their bodies--and I propose that we adopt similar internal solutions.
The line that led to the mammals evolved in parallel with the dinosaurs, but with a difference in lifestyle. Two hundred million years ago, our ancestors lived a mostly nocturnal life, and our eyes lost features that only work in the bright light of the day, like color vision. We re-evolved the additional color pigments only about 100 million years ago. Thus, we're 100 million years behind on the visual refinements found in animals that didn't have to live in the dark for so long: the birds. 'Eagle-eyed' is a good thing: Let's give mammals the acuity and color capabilities of avian eyes.
Approximately 20 million years ago, the apes branched off of the primate tree and did something very unusual: They lost their tails. A feature that had characterized our lineage for a half billion years was reduced to a tiny stub, for reasons no one knows. Let's bring tails back. Furthermore, let's add to it the versatility that evolved in the New World Monkeys: Let's make it fully prehensile. Having an extra manipulatory appendage would be handy, and I think a nice long tail would be rather stylish, too. (As an aesthetic recommendation, I suggest we keep it furry: A rat-like tail just wouldn't be as attractive.)
We have a long history of many small changes, each one imposing new constraints on subsequent possibilities and shaping our current form. Reinventing the whole process could lead to something that looks as different from our current shape as we do from an insect. In this entirely hypothetical exercise I've imagined a result that is grossly different. Why not have a six-limbed organism, the two forelimbs used for manipulating objects with an assist from a prehensile tail, with a small head used for feeding, reproduction, and sensing the world around it with a pair of highly sensitive eyes, and a large brain safely ensconced in the chest? It would work at least as well as what we've got now, although it may be a less probable outcome.
PZ Myers is a biologist and associate professor at the University of Minnesota, Morris. He is the editor of Pharyngula, a biology Web log. | <urn:uuid:46c5615c-a376-4e34-9eba-c5d8a03aa538> | CC-MAIN-2020-05 | https://www.forbes.com/2006/04/15/evolution-life-reinvention_cx_pm_06slate_0418evolution.html?boxes=custom | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-05/segments/1579251681625.83/warc/CC-MAIN-20200125222506-20200126012506-00129.warc.gz | en | 0.963181 | 1,484 | 3.1875 | 3 |
Reception Class Work
What we love doing in Reception
The children recently wrote down what they love doing most. Here are a few examples of what they wrote:
Rainforests Around the World
Reception have been learning about the Rainforests around the world, with a focus on the Amazon.
The children have loved creating leaves, flowers, vines and parrots (with colourful feathers!) which, along with the butterflies, have transformed our classroom into the rainforest, complete with a jungle hut the children love to make-believe in!
We have collected sticks from the grounds and painted them to make stick insects and we have compared and contrasted rainforest animals with the native British fauna we have been searching for in our school woodland in the glorious sunny weather we have had since term began.
The children's skill at reading is developing apace and they are enthusiastically reading through the non-fiction and fiction rainforest books we have for them to explore.
Following our cross-curricular approach, the children have written rainforest poems to develop their use of rhyming words, they have learned and written about the lifecycle of a butterfly and have been introduced to symmetry when creating painted butterflies.
Miss Hemsley says, "Well done to all the Reception children for your super Rainforest learning!"
Creating 2D and 3D pictures
The Reception children worked individually, in pairs or in a small group to create a 2D or 3D picture using natural materials they had found in situ in the school grounds.
They were all very inspired by our Rainforest topic, saying, "Let's build a rainforest!", and then placing twigs into the ground and adding grasses and leaves on top as the canopy of their 3D rainforest. | <urn:uuid:18b6cee9-25cd-4167-84c6-a87ea021fdf2> | CC-MAIN-2015-40 | http://www.skippershill.com/early-years/reception-class-work/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2015-40/segments/1443737933027.70/warc/CC-MAIN-20151001221853-00246-ip-10-137-6-227.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.972271 | 361 | 2.984375 | 3 |
What is Ethereum? A beginner’s guide to understanding the world’s second-largest cryptocurrency and the technology behind it”
Ethereum is the second-largest cryptocurrency in terms of market capitalization, just behind Bitcoin. Unlike Bitcoin, which was created primarily as a decentralized digital currency, Ethereum is designed as a decentralized platform for building decentralized applications (dApps) using smart contracts. In this article, we will explore what Ethereum is, how it works, and why it’s gaining traction in the world of cryptocurrency.
What is Ethereum?
Ethereum is a decentralized, open-source blockchain platform that enables developers to build decentralized applications. Ethereum was created by Vitalik Buterin in 2015 as an improvement on Bitcoin’s blockchain technology. While Bitcoin’s blockchain is primarily used for peer-to-peer transactions, Ethereum’s blockchain is designed to support smart contracts, which are self-executing contracts that can be programmed to automatically execute when certain conditions are met.
How does Ethereum work?
Ethereum works on the principle of a distributed network of nodes that all participate in the validation of transactions and smart contracts. The Ethereum blockchain records all transactions and smart contracts in a secure, tamper-proof ledger that is distributed across the network.
Smart contracts are the heart of Ethereum’s functionality. They allow developers to create applications that can run autonomously, without the need for intermediaries. Smart contracts can be programmed to execute automatically when certain conditions are met, such as the transfer of funds or the completion of a specific task.
Why is Ethereum gaining traction?
Ethereum’s smart contract functionality has opened up a wide range of possibilities for developers and businesses. With Ethereum, developers can create dApps that can perform a wide range of functions, from financial services to gaming to supply chain management. This has led to the rise of the decentralized finance (DeFi) movement, which is a fast-growing sector of the cryptocurrency industry that aims to create decentralized financial applications.
Another factor driving Ethereum’s popularity is its scalability. Ethereum is currently undergoing a major upgrade called Ethereum 2.0, which is designed to improve the network’s scalability, security, and energy efficiency. This upgrade is expected to significantly improve the speed and capacity of the Ethereum network, making it more attractive to developers and businesses.
In summary, Ethereum is a decentralized platform that enables developers to build decentralized applications using smart contracts. With its smart contract functionality and scalability, Ethereum has become a popular platform for building decentralized finance applications and other dApps. As Ethereum continues to evolve and mature, it’s likely that we will see even more innovative applications built on top of the platform.
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Feel free to contribute! | <urn:uuid:dac104b6-73ef-4b77-8b5e-796f685b2270> | CC-MAIN-2023-14 | https://dobaat.com/what-is-ethereum-a-beginners-guide-to-understanding-the-worlds-second-largest-cryptocurrency-and-the-technology-behind-it/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-14/segments/1679296943746.73/warc/CC-MAIN-20230321193811-20230321223811-00644.warc.gz | en | 0.923803 | 574 | 2.84375 | 3 |
In the past few weeks alone, topics of cybersecurity have swarmed the news as reports of cyber attacks are being discovered and publicly announced. For example, Cravath Swaine & Moore LLP, a US law firm, confirmed a security breach in their computer networks. And they weren’t the only law firm. Others reported security breaches in their video conferencing systems, where hackers could listen in to private meetings. Some have suggested that by targeting law firms, hackers are able to access confidential information, maybe even for the purpose of insider trading.
Cybercrime has no bounds. Large corporations like Target and General Motors, government agencies like the US Office of Personnel Management, and small companies like law firms are all victims of cyber attackers. With some attacks, the hackers are able to get into systems and access data for a long period before there is any suspicion of a security breach. Therefore, it’s important to note a few possible symptoms of a system hack and what can be done about it.
Signs That You’ve Been Hacked
Because you can be infiltrated by hackers long before you notice, it’s always best to assume there’s a security problem when you notice anything unusual about your system or device. Waiting until evidence piles up that you’ve been hacked, assume there’s a problem so you’re always on your guard.
Is your computer running slow or unreliably? We often think that slow performance is because we’ve been running too many programs, but sometimes it can be because of a hack. Is your computer unable to update or your antivirus fails to install? In these cases, malware or viruses can prevent updates from happening. Are you noticing a lot of unusual connections on your PC or server? If your network or computer is making regular access to web addresses or other connections, it could be a hacked connection that downloads information from your computer or server. Do random toolbars and pop-ups appear on your window browser? Or if there’s unusual programs listed in your computer’s program listings, it’s very likely that you’ve hacked. Those are just a few items that may show that you’ve been hacked and all of your information is compromised.
How to Respond to Being Hacked
Sometimes the first important step is to change your passwords. Make sure to change the passwords for every account. And be sure to use passwords that would be difficult for a hacker to discover. If you have an antivirus program on your computer, follow its instructions related to malware. Run a scan to detect any possible hacks. If you have a backup copy of your computer’s factory setting, save anything important stored on your computer and reset your computer to the factory settings. Doing so will restore the computer and remove anything that’s been downloaded or installed. However, if you don’t know how to do any of those things or you think the problem has gotten too out of hand, talk to professionals. Seek out an expert to help you clean up the malware and get your devices and systems the protection it needs.
Source: BBC News | <urn:uuid:26c88f52-73c2-4d00-b188-a22a65cba0c1> | CC-MAIN-2019-13 | https://intrinium.com/youve-been-hacked-signs-and-responses/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-13/segments/1552912203464.67/warc/CC-MAIN-20190324165854-20190324191854-00536.warc.gz | en | 0.941052 | 644 | 2.546875 | 3 |
What Is Bounce Flash?
Bounce flash is light from a flash that has been bounced off another surface before it gets to the subject. Most commonly, this refers to light that is bounced off a wall or ceiling from a hotshoe mounted flash, but it could be light from any kind of flash or strobe, bounced from any surface.
On-camera flash, whether is is from a built-in flash or a hotshoe flash, is not great for photography. It fills in the shadows on the same axis as the camera lens and this creates a flat looking image that can be very unflattering when used with people. Off-camera flash, where the flash is positioned away from the camera but still pointing at the subject, gives a much better light but it can be complex and expensive. Bounce flash can be used to create the same effect as an off-camera flash, but by using one that is on camera! Instead of aiming the flash at the subject, you aim it at the ceiling or wall, or some other reflective surface. The flash bounces off that surface and onto the subject as if the flash was positioned where the surface is, rather than on the camera.
Not only can this create a nice off-axis directional light, but it can also soften the harshness of a hotshoe flash or bare bulb strobe by spreading the light out and wrapping it around your subject. It’s a powerful and simple tool to use when you are working in a relatively enclosed space with plenty of surfaces to bounce the light from.
As I mentioned, you can also bounce off other subjects, like reflectors. This helps to soften the light or tint the light with the colour of the reflector (gold, for example).
- What Is A Reflector?
- What Is A Diffuser?
- What Is Fill Flash?
The light on this pocket tripod is nice and soft and you’d be forgiven for thinking this was a complex setup with softboxes and all kinds of accessories. In fact it was simply a hotshoe mounted flash that was bounced off the ceiling in a relatively small room. This created a nice even lighting that produced only minimal, very soft-edged shadows on the table from the tripod and ballhead. | <urn:uuid:8ac26c05-ca5b-4d6e-9fc9-a2508513f327> | CC-MAIN-2020-24 | https://shuttermuse.com/glossary/bounce-flash/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-24/segments/1590347406785.66/warc/CC-MAIN-20200529214634-20200530004634-00088.warc.gz | en | 0.949526 | 461 | 2.703125 | 3 |
"My child's speech is fine. Why would he need therapy?"
Many children often make it to preschool before a teacher or adult expresses concerns about their language skills. Today I will share information about preschool language disorders.
Let's begin by discussing the difference between speech and language.
Speech and language, although often intertwined, are two separate entities. Speech is the oral, spoken communication of language. Language is a system, comprised of symbols and words that convey meaning and may be expressed via gestures, sign-language, reading, writing, body-language etc.
When assessing if a child may demonstrate signs of a language impairment, we need to look at both receptive and expressive language skills. A preschool-aged child with difficulties in the area of receptive language may appear confused when given directions at home or in the classroom. Additionally, understanding "Who", "What", and "Where" questions may be challenging.
If your child's preschool teacher indicates that your child appears disengaged, confused, or doesn't interact with peers, this is also of concern. There are many possibilities that need to be explored before determining how to best support your child. Can the child hear? Can the child see? Is the child able to understand the language that is being used when others are speaking to him or her?
I could be incredibly interested in learning about a topic, but if you try to inform me about said topic while speaking in French, I will be lost. I may appear uninterested, disengaged, distracted etc. after a while, because I cannot understand one word of what is being said. My point is, sometimes receptive language difficulties look like something else.
A child with expressive language difficulties may have trouble forming sentences, naming common nouns, asking questions, using correct pronouns (e.g. "He is a boy" v. "Him is a boy"), or retelling a familiar story with a clear beginning, middle, and end. Also, children with expressive language difficulties may point to things or take adults to the items they want rather than naming what they need (e.g. "I need a drink").
If a child is 4 years old and is not consistently using 4+ word utterances ( e.g. "I have a dog. Pink is my favorite color."), there may be reason to suspect an expressive language disorder. By the time a child is between 3-4 years of age, pronouns like "I, me, you, they" and some plurals such as "toys, hats, dogs" should be also present.
If you suspect that your child may be behind in their ability to understand or use language, contact a speech-language pathologist in your area. In addition to providing you with (hopefully) helpful information about preschool language disorders, I hope the key takeaway from this post, now that you are more informed, will be TRUST YOUR GUT.
The preschool years are a formative language learning time in a child's life and there are many professionals willing to lend a helping hand. Please, don't "wait and see". Contacting a professional for a second opinion does not make you any less of a parent.
You are not a failure. Your child is not "broken". In fact, you are doing an amazing job! Do not be discouraged. Be informed and be proactive if you have concerns.
If you'd like to learn more about the signs and causes of preschool language disorders, please check out this ASHA page. | <urn:uuid:e11f8e1e-007b-4856-b15b-b44c17726476> | CC-MAIN-2020-29 | https://www.cultivatingcommunication.com/single-post/2018/07/24/Preschool-Language-Trust-Your-Gut | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-29/segments/1593655896374.33/warc/CC-MAIN-20200708031342-20200708061342-00114.warc.gz | en | 0.960536 | 715 | 3.734375 | 4 |
Today’s Essential Reads
On Dec. 8, for the first time, federal environmental experts linked underground water pollution with fracking, reports ProPublica. The gas drilling method – also known as hydraulic fracturing – caused contaminants found in central Wyoming. And now, said the New York Times, fracking may have been linked to earthquakes as well.
After hearing more than 11 hours of testimony in a meeting last week, Colorado regulators Tuesday approved tough new rules governing chemicals used in the controversial process of hydraulic fracturing. Also known as “fracking,” hydraulic fracturing is a process whereby a slurry of water, sand and chemicals are pumped into a well at very high pressure to force natural gas out of shale rock formations. The new rules require companies to publicly disclose the chemicals—and their concentrations—found in the fracking fluid.
Earthquakes weren’t recorded around Youngstown until D&L Energy Inc. began injecting wastewater from drilling into a 9,300-foot disposal well in December 2010. From March through Nov. 25, there were nine in an area of about 4.5 square miles west of the shaft, according to the state-coordinated Ohio Seismic Network.
A new environmental impact report by the US Environmental Protection Agency finding that hydraulic fracturing – known as “fracking” – in Wyoming was the likely source of contamination of groundwater appears not to have put a damper on interest in extracting shale gas in the Karoo.
BP OIL SPILL:
The offshore oil and gas industry is too fractured and compartmentalized to safely manage complex deepwater wells like BP’s ill-fated Macondo, according to a third investigative report into the causes of the 2010 Gulf of Mexico oil spill. The National Academy of Engineering report released Wednesday hewed closely to the findings of other government-authorized investigations by a joint Coast Guard-Interior Department Marine Board panel and by a presidential commission, repeating well-worn findings about mistaken test results, cut corners and a series of bad decisions that alone may not have caused a blowout, but compounded to create the worst offshore oil spill in U.S. history.
Five of the 57 ingredients in dispersants approved by the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency for use on oil spills are linked to cancer, finds a new research report based on data obtained through a Freedom of Information Act request by environmental groups on the Gulf of Mexico.
With Congress poised to consider a bill that could dedicate billions from BP oil-spill fines to coastal-restoration projects in the Gulf Coast, a new study says those projects could create jobs and launch a cutting-edge environmental business in Louisiana.
Cameron International Corp. (CAM) told a federal appeals court its right to a jury trial would be infringed under a plan to have a judge determine which companies should be blamed for the 2010 BP Plc oil spill in the Gulf of Mexico.
Some residents near the Fukushima No. 1 plant might have been exposed to up to 19 millisieverts of radiation during the first four months of the nuclear crisis, the Fukushima Prefectural Government said Tuesday. | <urn:uuid:62f4bcb1-5d45-4a4f-85ee-16d009fca4a8> | CC-MAIN-2016-44 | http://www.stuarthsmith.com/news-round-up-december-14-2011/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-44/segments/1476988719677.59/warc/CC-MAIN-20161020183839-00541-ip-10-171-6-4.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.954471 | 637 | 3.203125 | 3 |
What is the history of the Americans with Disabilities Act?
I've looked on the internet and could really find anything and i have more question I have to answer and I hate to spend so much time on one question, when I can just ask for help. Thank you.
2 Answers | Add Yours
You can find all the information you could hope to find on the Americans with Disabilities act at the ADA's homepage, which is listed in the sources section. On the 17th anniversary of the act's being signed into law, President Bush said, "This legislation became one of the most successful and compassionate reforms in our Nation's history, helping to ensure that individuals with disabilities are better able to develop meaningful skills, engage in productive work, and participate fully in the life of our Nation." A link to the complete text of the bill is in the sources section as well.
A long list of the groups that worked to pass the ADA is at wikipedia (see the sources section). Justin W. Dart, who co-founded the American Association of People with Disabilities, was responsible for bringing these groups together to advocate for the rights of the disabled. Another influential supporter of the ADA was James S. Brady, former press secretary to Ronald Reagan who was injured and left disabled in the assassination attempt on the former president.
Visit the links below for more information.
The Americans with Disabilities Act ( July 26 1990) is a policy that needs all of the public buildings in USA to be handicapped-accessible, and also forced the employers to make reasonable accommodations to handicapped workers. When hiring, employers cannot discriminate against disabled interviewees. It was signed by George W. Bush, and this act was put into practice so as to stop companies from rejecting disabled people.
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Join a community of thousands of dedicated teachers and students.Join eNotes | <urn:uuid:72032b46-a695-4766-80d4-c9eb3547033f> | CC-MAIN-2014-49 | http://www.enotes.com/homework-help/what-history-american-disability-act-36541 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2014-49/segments/1416931005387.19/warc/CC-MAIN-20141125155645-00111-ip-10-235-23-156.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.976474 | 381 | 3.359375 | 3 |
The Secret Behind 432Hz Tuning
Tune yourself to the heartbeat of our planet ...
To understand the healing power behind 432Hz, you must first learn about another frequency, 8Hz. It is said that 8Hz is the fundamental “beat” of the planet. The heartbeat of the Earth is better known as Schumann resonance and is named after physicist Winfried Otto Schumann, who documented it mathematically in 1952.
Schumann resonance is a global electromagnetic resonance, which has its origin in electrical discharges of lightning within the cavity existing between the Earth’s surface and the ionosphere. This cavity resonates with electromagnetic waves in the extremely low frequencies of approximately 7.86Hz – 8Hz.
The “ordinary” thought waves created by the human brain range from 14Hz to 40Hz. This range only includes certain types of dendrites belonging to brain cells, predominantly within the left (the more rational) hemisphere of the brain, which is the center of activity.
If the two hemispheres of our brain are synchronized with each other at 8Hz, they work more harmoniously and with a maximum flow of information. In other words, the frequency of 8Hz seems to be the key to the full and sovereign activation potential of our brain.
8Hz is also the frequency of the double helix in DNA replication. Melatonin and Pinoline work on the DNA, inducing an 8Hz signal to enable metosis and DNA replication. A form of body temperature superconductivity is evident in this process.
What 8Hz has to do with 432Hz tuning
432Hz resonates with the frequency of 8Hz
On the musical scale where A has a frequency of 440Hz, the note C is at about 261.656 Hz. On the other hand, if we take 8Hz as our starting point and work upwards by five octaves (i.e. by the seven notes in the scale five times), we reach a frequency of 256Hz in whose scale the note A has a frequency of 432Hz.
According to the harmonic principle by which any produced sound automatically resonates all the other multiples of that frequency, when we play C at 256 Hz, the C of all other octaves also begins to vibrate in “sympathy” and so, naturally, the frequency of 8Hz is also sounded. This is why (together with many other mathematical reasons) the musical pitch tuned to 432 oscillations per second is known as the “scientific tuning.”
This tuning was unanimously approved at the Congress of Italian musicians in 1881 and recommended by the physicists Joseph Sauveur and Felix Savart as well as by the Italian scientist Bartolomeo Grassi Landi.
In contrast, the frequency chosen in London in 1953 as the worldwide reference frequency and which all music today has been tuned to, has come to be defined as ‘disharmonic’ because it has no scientific relationship to the physical laws that govern our universe.
Natural healing with 432Hz
432Hz is the harmonic intonation of nature
According to the above information, playing and listening to music that has been tuned to 432Hz would make your body, and the organic world which surrounds it, resonate in a natural way. This would fill you with a sense of peace and well-being, regardless of the kind of song chosen to play or listen to.
Opening your ears for music that has been tuned to the “scientific” 432Hz frequency would benefit the entire planet and everyone who lives on it, while listening to music tuned to the “disharmonic” 440Hz frequency does harm by causing stress, negative behaviors and unstable emotions.
Listening to 432Hz music resonates inside your body, releases emotional blockages, and expands consciousness. 432Hz music allows you to tune into the knowledge of the universe around us in a more intuitive way.
The neo-cortex of the brain, 90% unassigned becomes awakened in this synchronization, and one then operates in all brain cell dendrites with the maximum information flow possible on that scale.
" Ordinary" awareness brain waves ranges from 14-40 hz. Here one is operating only in some brain cell dendrites, and predominantly with the left brain as the centre of activity, where information flow is billions of times slighter (like using an old PC 386 compared to a parallel process Pentium IV, or an old Mac Performa, compared to a Parallel processing G4).
In other words at 8 hz one is an operating supercomputer, or congressing towards Superconsciousness.
It is often cited that humanity only uses 10% of the brain (for someone like Einstein, who profusely meditated his equations in ecstasies), and Einstein relays in his General Relativity Theory, that were the other 90% to become assigned, e = mc4 would result.
Einstein states that the body would transform into pure energy: the resurrection/ascension of the Gnostic traditions of the west, the Rainbow Body and Diamond Body as it is known to the Tibetan Buddhists and Taoists of the far east. 8 hz then is possible the key to such a potential full Sovereign brain activation.
At the least it is a Golden Midway Bridge towards that internal Revolution.
Dr. Andrija Puharich demonstrated in the late 1970s (Proto-Communication II), that 8 hz could not be blocked by any electromagnetic shielding metal or even a triple vacuum. Which implies that it rotates through the Virtual (Everywhere and Everywhen) and quantum non-local hyperspace, constantly. Ortho-rotating through what the Hermetic Gnostic and Shaman Psychonauts may have attempted to grapple with under the term, loosely appropriated as "Spirit", and the Taoistic Wu Chi.
A film was made in the Himalayas in the 1930's showing a group of Tibetan monks, who with the use of ordinary Tibetan musical instruments, would gather into a pie-shape configuration and direct their playing towards a huge boulder that was located on the ground roughly one hundred fifty feet away and at the base of sheer rising mountain wall. About three minutes after the 'concert' began, the boulder began to vibrate and lift off the ground. A moment later, it shot up about 150 feet into the air and landed on a ledge above it, where other monks were using the boulders to seal the entrance of meditation enclaves that they had cut into the sides of the mountain. | <urn:uuid:dc46c31f-1a12-47bb-8e37-4e14928e6aae> | CC-MAIN-2019-43 | https://www.psytshirt.com/index.php/blog/psychedelic-clothing-432Hzmusicofhealing/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-43/segments/1570986703625.46/warc/CC-MAIN-20191020053545-20191020081045-00096.warc.gz | en | 0.951829 | 1,339 | 3.015625 | 3 |
Can you be more specific with locating the information (on www.sarc.com) pertaining to how spoofed e-mail messages (your 6/19 post) are achieved?
The information I was referring to can be found in the "technical details" section of each virus' data sheet. For example, the following explanation of e-mail header spoofing can be found in the data sheet for the W32.Klez.H worm:
This worm often uses a technique known as "spoofing." When it performs its e-mail routine, it can use a randomly chosen address that it finds on an infected computer as the "From:" address. Numerous cases have been reported in which users of uninfected computers received complaints that they sent an infected message to someone else.
For example, Linda Anderson is using a computer that is infected with W32.Klez.H@mm. Linda is not using an antivirus program or does not have current virus definitions. When W32.Klez.H@mm performs its e-mailing routine, it finds the e-mail address of Harold Logan. It inserts Harold's e-mail address into the "From:" portion of an infected message that it then sends to Janet Bishop. Janet then contacts Harold and complains that he sent her an infected message, but when Harold scans his computer, Norton AntiVirus does not find anything--as would be expected--because his computer is not infected.
If you are using a current version of Norton AntiVirus and have the most recent virus definitions, and a full system scan with Norton AntiVirus set to scan all files does not find anything, you can be confident that your computer is not infected with this worm.
There have been several reports that, in some cases, if you receive a message that the virus has sent using its own SMTP engine, the message appears to be a "postmaster bounce message" from your own domain. For example, if your e-mail address is [email protected], you could receive a message that appears to be from [email protected], indicating that you attempted to send e-mail and the attempt failed. If this is the false message that is sent by the virus, the attachment includes the virus itself. Of course, such attachments should not be opened.
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Researchers at the Scripps Institution of Oceanography at UC San Diego and Yale University report that accelerated warming in the tropical Indian Ocean can influence rainfall, ocean salinity, and circulation in the Atlantic Ocean.
Shineng Hu, a postdoctoral researcher at Scripps Oceanography and Alexey Fedorov, a professor of oceanic and atmospheric sciences at Yale University, said the Indian Ocean warming might have the effect of bolstering the Atlantic meridional overturning circulation (AMOC), a flow of water in the Atlantic Ocean that moderates Europe’s climate to a large extent. This effect appears to be compensating for a slowing of the AMOC that has been trending in recent decades.
Their computer model analysis, funded in part by the National Science Foundation, provides more evidence of the complexity of the relationships among climate drivers through what scientists call global teleconnections. In this case, the ocean phenomena are 5,000 miles apart and separated by land masses.
“Indian Ocean warming is one of the most robust features of anthropogenic warming,” said Hu. “Its sea-surface temperature is now 1 degree C (1.8 degrees F) warmer than it was in the mid-20th century, more pronounced than other tropical ocean basins.”
Hu and Fedorov ran models to simulate the effects of this warming beyond the Indian Ocean and were surprised to find the AMOC flow grew stronger in lockstep with the warming.
“Our results demonstrate that very different components of the climate system can be intrinsically connected,” said Fedorov. “We have shown that the warming of the tropical Indian Ocean relative to the other two tropical ocean basins can effectively control the strength of the Atlantic meridional overturning circulation . The greater the relative warming is, the stronger the AMOC becomes. Consequently, should the Indian Ocean warming slow down in the future, the AMOC might decline faster.”
The fate of the AMOC has been a central plot point in global warming scenarios and even Hollywood movies. The circulation cycles warm water from the tropics north toward Greenland. There, colder, saltier water sinks and returns southward closer to the seafloor. Scientists have surmised that if that flow were to slow down or stop, catastrophic results ranging from dramatic global sea-level change to extreme cooling in Europe would ensue. The most likely causes of such a slowdown are local sources such as the large-scale melt of glaciers in Greenland and of sea ice in the Arctic Ocean. The thought among scientists is that the flood of freshwater on the surface ocean in the north Atlantic would alter the physics of the AMOC, stifling it if not bringing it to a full halt.
What is the relationship between Indian Ocean warming and the AMOC? The two researchers suggest that the warming sets in motion a chain reaction. The warm water evaporates into the atmosphere, creating more precipitation around the Indian Ocean. The heat thus dissipates in that region, but in doing so, influences other prevailing air flows in the tropical Atlantic Ocean and elsewhere. The effect of that is to stifle rainfall over the tropical Atlantic Ocean, which means more saline water at the surface flows toward high latitudes, supplying the salt that the circulation needs to keep moving.
The authors of the Indian Ocean study argue that their finding suggests a need for scientists to take the global influence of the Indian Ocean into greater consideration.
“This work shows that tropical ocean temperature patterns, by modulating rainfall over the Atlantic and surrounding continents, can drive AMOC change,” said Scripps climate modeler Shang-Ping Xie, who works with Hu but was not involved with the study. “This is an interesting idea worth further evaluation with observations and model experiments.”
The study, “Indian Ocean warming can strengthen the Atlantic meridional overturning circulation,” appears in the journal Nature Climate Change.
Hu’s work was supported by the Scripps Institutional Postdoctoral Fellowship. | <urn:uuid:11e3cbe2-4399-428f-92f0-6bbbf08422e6> | CC-MAIN-2022-27 | https://scripps.ucsd.edu/news/atlantic-ocean-circulation-influenced-tropical-indian-ocean-warming-trends-say-researchers | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-27/segments/1656104240553.67/warc/CC-MAIN-20220703104037-20220703134037-00424.warc.gz | en | 0.928558 | 820 | 3.625 | 4 |
The Worst Kind of Presidential Corruption
Lots of people are worried about corruption and conflicts of interest in a Donald Trump administration. Those are grim words, but imprecise ones. To understand what the biggest problems would probably be, some broader perspective is required.
Presidential corruption is hardly a new theme in American history. Many of the Founding Fathers, including George Washington, engaged in rampant land speculation. That didn’t work out so badly. Their commercial motives gave them reason to favor independence from Britain and later to finance the building of infrastructure for a growing nation. A more insidious instance of conflict of interest stemmed from the extensive slaveholding of many politicians, which surely made them less eager to embrace abolition. So corruption can have favorable or unfavorable consequences.
Which is likely to be the case with Trump?
Many of the concerns about him start with his refusal to disclose much about his income, asset holdings and business interests. Even if he does not put his commercial interests before the national good, it will be harder for him to act with full legitimacy and credibility because he’s left so much to wonder about when it comes to his motives.
The upshot is that the possibility of conflict of interest will impose the biggest problems for those areas where a president’s legitimacy and credibility are most important, and also where the president has the most unilateral power. Those factors point to foreign policy as the most significant trouble area.
On most domestic issues, the U.S. president faces checks and balances, meaning Congress and the courts could assert control if needed. Furthermore, presidents with lasting influence are those who pass policies that are reaffirmed or extended by subsequent administrations, and that also limits the dangers from bad domestic policy.
Standard political economy suggests that the worst forms of corruption usually are decentralized. If you have to pay off 13 different bureaucrats to get a project through, the chance that one of them will hold you up, or that the aggregate of the bribes is simply too costly, is pretty high. Conversely, a single payment at the top can be a way to grease the wheels for big projects, some of which may be beneficial for the nation as a whole (imagine simply passing cash to a president for him to fix the country’s airports).
Or consider the value of domestic property as a potential source of conflict of interest. If Trump really put the value of his hotel properties before the national interest, that might encourage a lot of policies to foster urban growth, travel, and tourism. Those policies might not spread their benefits efficiently, but they are hardly the worst outcome imaginable. A lot of the most scathing critiques of Trump refer to his proposed climate-change policies, but those seemed common to most of the other Republican candidates, and they are not a result of Trump’s particular asset holdings.
Note that congressmen currently hold stock and other asset portfolios and they are not required to put them into blind trusts. Maybe that’s not the best system, but it has not brought national ruin, and it is not responsible for most of the ailments facing our legislative branch, such as polarization and gridlock.
But when it comes to foreign policy, all of these factors change for the worse, in part because the president has so much unilateral power. It's hard for a president with perceived conflicts of interest to make credible commitments to allies because the allies can’t be confident that a president will stick to a proposed agreement or course of action. The result is an unraveling of alliances, a decline in international trust and possibly dangerous rearmament and nuclear proliferation. It’s hard for a subsequent president to reverse those losses.
Hostile powers or lukewarm neutrals also will be confused if foreign policy is not run in the usual predictable, bureaucratized fashion. That raises the risk of conflict or it makes an amelioration of tensions less likely.
Furthermore, imagine what would happen if members of the executive branch invited direct or indirect bribe payments from foreign powers. Large, corrupt, and partially hostile countries such as Russia and China – not Denmark – would probably make the biggest offerings. The Founding Fathers were especially worried about foreign bribes when they wrote the emoluments clause of the Constitution.
Or imagine that a U.S. president acted to preserve or extend the value of his properties abroad in lieu of pursuing the national interest. That would give the large countries most likely to grant favors and play “crony capitalism” (China?) the most sway with such a president, hardly a desirable filter for influence.
To guard against these dangers (and not just for this president-elect), Congress should reassert some of its prerogatives in foreign policy and judge foreign-policy appointments with extra strictness. If there is to be only partial disclosure of a president’s finances, let’s insist on information about international connections, which has a clear constitutional basis.
In the meantime, you can at least be glad that no president would want to nuke his own hotels.
This column does not necessarily reflect the opinion of the editorial board or Bloomberg LP and its owners.
To contact the author of this story:
Tyler Cowen at [email protected]
To contact the editor responsible for this story:
Jonathan Landman at [email protected] | <urn:uuid:710975c7-406f-4d78-bb31-8258923811ff> | CC-MAIN-2017-26 | https://www.bloomberg.com/view/articles/2016-12-09/the-worst-kind-of-presidential-corruption | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-26/segments/1498128320070.48/warc/CC-MAIN-20170623151757-20170623171757-00341.warc.gz | en | 0.958287 | 1,091 | 2.515625 | 3 |
How does your food shopping affect the planet? Well, think of it like this – consuming just one egg emits between 260 and 330g of CO₂ to the atmosphere. That's because before that egg can reach your plate, animal feed has to be produced and delivered to the hen that laid it.
That hen then needs heating pumped into the shed it shares with the other hens on the farm, and their eggs have to be transported, often by van, to the shop you buy them from, where they're stored in refrigerators. There's also the packaging that must be made to store the eggs and the process of cooking them to consider.
All of this takes energy, which, more often than not, is generated using fossil fuels. We can analyse the carbon footprint of a particular food item by working out the number of greenhouse gases that are emitted during the production of raw materials, industrial processing, transport, storage, cooking, consumption, and waste. This is called the "cradle-to-grave" approach.
It can help people better understand how the things we use every day affect the world around us. With that in mind, here are four simple rules to help you reduce the carbon footprint of your food basket during your next shopping trip.
1. Diversify your protein sources
Of all livestock, cows require the most pasture land and the most feed from land-intensive crops. Their burps also generate large quantities of planet-warming methane, making the carbon footprint of beef on average four times higher than pork and poultry. Lamb has a high carbon footprint, and its consumption should be also reduced.
Grains, beans, lentils, soy and tofu, nuts and seeds, mushrooms, and seaweed all contain high levels of protein and require far smaller inputs than animals to grow, giving them a very low carbon footprint. A recent study showed that it's possible to reduce dietary greenhouse gas emissions by 80 per cent, just by reducing meat consumption by 70 per cent and dairy consumption by 65 per cent.
2. Organic doesn't mean low carbon
In the absence of calculated carbon footprints on food labels, consumers commonly use other information on labels to estimate the environmental impact. But these can often mislead. Consumers may associate "organic" or "free-range" with higher environmental quality (low pesticide intensity and more natural animal rearing), and by extension assume that they are low-carbon products. But while some organic products, such as milk or olive oil, typically have a lower carbon footprint than regular equivalents, the reverse is true for soy milk and organic and free-range eggs versus barn eggs. For pasta, there's generally no difference between organic and non-organic varieties.
Of course, caring for animal welfare and supporting the limited use of chemical fertiliser are important considerations too. But avoid using these keywords to estimate the carbon burden of foods.
3. Local isn't always best
Buying local products doesn’t guarantee a smaller carbon footprint. Transport is an important contributor to the carbon cost of foods but its not the only carbon cost. In fact, the carbon contribution of transport is higher in low-carbon than high-carbon foods. To this extent, the "food miles" concept, should not be used as an indicator of carbon footprint, because it only considers the transport element of the carbon footprint.
A recent study showed that it's possible to reduce dietary greenhouse gas emissions by 80 per cent, just by reducing meat consumption by 70 per cent and dairy consumption by 65 per cent.
For instance, transport does not increase the footprint for high-carbon products such as meat by much, and it may transpire that lamb from New Zealand in the season of slaughter has lower carbon emissions than British lamb out of season, primarily because of the much lower carbon footprint at rearing, due to more favourable weather that allows the animals to eat more grass and less animal feed. On the other hand, green beans from Kenya or asparagus from Peru will have a low carbon footprint at production, but their carbon footprint is much increased by the flight that gets them to supermarket shelves in the UK.
Going local is useful for fruit and vegetables in season, but the carbon emitted by growing them in greenhouses in winter means that importing from a country where the produce is in season is usually more sustainable. Of course, best of all would be to eat in synchrony with the natural seasons where you live, if possible.
The carbon footprint of transport can be lower for processed products too. Shipping ground coffee instead of coffee beans or concentrated orange juice rather than oranges implies only transporting the final product, without the waste or the extra water, and using less refrigeration and less packaging. As a result, concentrated orange juice emits less CO₂ than fresh orange juice, and grinding coffee where beans are grown may be more sustainable than importing the beans to be ground elsewhere.
4. Packaging matters
Plastic packaging is not always the evil it's made out to be. Some packaging options, particularly tin and glass, are very heavy, and so can only be transported in smaller quantities. This means that their transport requires more energy per unit of food. As a result, switching from these types of materials to plastic, which is considerably lighter, can reduce carbon emissions. This is particularly the case if the plastic is recyclable.
Plastic packaging can be better than no packaging in some cases. In extending the shelf life of fresh produce, plastic can be an ally in reducing food waste – which produces methane if it goes to landfill.
Where packaging is unavoidable, or necessary to preserve food, select the simplest packaging and ensure it's recyclable.
Luca Panzone is a Lecturer in Consumer Behaviour at Newcastle University and Natasha Auch is a PhD Candidate in Behavioural Economics, Newcastle University. Luca Panzone receives funding from Global Food Security (BBSRC/NERC/ESRC); N8 Agri-food, Institute for Research on Sustainability, Newcastle University and Unilever. John Kazer (Carbon Trust) and Lucia Rehackova (Newcastle University) provided assistance during the writing of this article. Natasha Auch receives funding from ESRC and Unilever. | <urn:uuid:fa0e59d0-84d9-418b-bc23-f4504edb3895> | CC-MAIN-2022-27 | https://www.sbs.com.au/food/article/2020/06/05/4-ways-make-your-grocery-shopping-more-climate-friendly | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-27/segments/1656103917192.48/warc/CC-MAIN-20220701004112-20220701034112-00746.warc.gz | en | 0.948042 | 1,269 | 3.484375 | 3 |
Kessel: Blowing toward energy independence
The winds are blowing all across America. We’re waking up to the need to reduce our dependence on oil and other fossil fuels through wind farms both on land and in the water. This is an exciting time for the wind industry as new technologies are being perfected that could result in wind power accounting for as much as 20 percent of this country’s energy production.
Actually, wind is nothing new to America. Windmills were erected in the 1800s and served as storage facilities, meeting places and landmarks. Our ancestors were fascinated with windmills and hundreds of these old machines can be seen throughout New York. Even here on Long Island, locales such as Watermill and East Hampton have windmills that were erected decades ago. And, towns throughout the state have windmills on farms and in town and village squares to celebrate their heritage. Now, however, windmills are become a sign of America’s willingness to consider alternatives to fossil fuel plants that carry with them emissions that contribute negatively to air quality.
Many states, including New York, are taking a leadership role in encouraging wind development. Here in New York, for example, Gov. David Paterson is leading the charge for wind development both on land and offshore. Dozens of wind farms are either operating or are under development in upstate New York. Even in major cities such as Buffalo, wind development is proceeding at a rapid place.
New York is fertile ground for wind energy. Dozens of developers are approaching private utilities like Con Ed and National Grid, and public power companies, such as the Long Island Power Authority and New York Power Authority, to develop projects that can be as small as one megawatt and as large as five hundred or more megawatts. And, with the backing of the administration and the race to meet New York’s goal of producing 25 percent of our energy through renewables in five years, it’s not out of the question that windmills will dot this state from the Atlantic Ocean to the North Country.
Experts estimate that up to 5,000 megawatts of electricity, enough for over two and a half million homes, can be produced off the shores of Long Island, New Jersey and Connecticut.
Wind’s time has finally arrived, and several years from now, New York can be the wind capital of the world. One of the answers to our energy woes is clearly blowin’ in the wind.
Richard Kessel is president of the New York Power Authority.
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- Kicking asphalt | <urn:uuid:cab0ba5f-f5a9-4ea8-8db9-fc3d9dbdb063> | CC-MAIN-2014-10 | http://libn.com/2008/11/04/kessel-blowing-toward-energy-independence/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2014-10/segments/1393999646172/warc/CC-MAIN-20140305060726-00038-ip-10-183-142-35.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.953518 | 682 | 2.625 | 3 |
Diabetes is nothing to smile about. The disease can cause serious damage to your body. It can even harm your teeth.
Oral health problems
Fewer people overall are developing diabetes. If you already have the disease, though, you need to be aware of its complications. You may know that you have to pay special attention to your feet and eyes. But you should add your teeth and gums to that list.
Why? People with diabetes are more prone to infections, especially when their blood sugar isn’t under control. High blood sugar can allow bacteria to grow in your mouth. These bacteria, along with food particles, form plaque. Plaque is a thin film that can build up on your teeth. If it isn’t removed, it hardens and becomes tartar. It can then lead to tooth decay and other oral health problems.
If you don’t take care of your teeth, you may eventually end up with gum disease (gingivitis or periodontitis). It can cause bleeding and swollen gums. It may even result in tooth loss. People with diabetes are more likely to lose their teeth, especially as they grow older. That, in turn, can lower quality of life. Like any infection, gum inflammation also makes it harder to manage your diabetes.
Along with gum disease, you may also be at higher risk for other oral problems:
- Dry mouth
- Bad breath
- Burning sensation in the mouth
- Thrush, a type of fungus that causes painful white patches to grow inside the mouth
Healthy mouth tips
You can prevent many oral health problems. First, see your dentist for regular checkups. Every 6 months is best. But your dentist may want to see you more often if needed. Also be sure to tell your dentist that you have diabetes. You may need to postpone some dental work if your blood sugar isn’t under control. Bring a snack and your diabetes medicine with you to your dental appointment to take after your treatment.
Here are other tips for a healthy mouth:
- Brush your teeth every day. Ideally, you should do so after you wake up, after every meal, and before bedtime. Use a toothpaste that contains fluoride. It can help prevent gum disease.
- Floss at least once daily. Or use a dental pick. Both help remove plaque for cleaner teeth.
- Keep your blood sugar at a healthy level. If you are on medicine for your diabetes, take it as you normally would before any dental visits.
- Eat a healthy diet. Limit foods that are high in sugar. They can promote plaque buildup and hence tooth decay.
You should also check your mouth and teeth regularly for any problems. Tell your dentist if you have pain, ulcers that don’t heal, or a loose tooth. Also watch for any of the following signs of gum disease:
- Bleeding, red, or swollen gums
- Receding gums
- Pus between your gums and teeth
- Lingering bad breath or taste
- Discomfort or a difference in how your teeth feel when you bite down
Online Medical Reviewer: Hurd, Robert, MD | <urn:uuid:3a1fee55-41c9-43cc-bf89-4e4042046770> | CC-MAIN-2019-30 | https://sgmh.org/poor-oral-health/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-30/segments/1563195530246.91/warc/CC-MAIN-20190723235815-20190724021815-00229.warc.gz | en | 0.942125 | 654 | 3.3125 | 3 |
As this map shows, the Quebec Act extended Quebec's frontier into the Ohio Valley. (Light blue area was added to dark blue area.) This was intended to please the fur traders of Quebec and to discourage a westward push by the Thirteen Colonies to the south. There was some logic to this distribution of territory, because at this time the few white men who had penetrated the area were French and their access was through the St. Lawrence and Great Lakes waterways.
British common law common law: law based on custom and usage and confirmed by previous decisions of judges (precedent). It is not codified or written down.was to apply in criminal cases, but French civil law, as administered by the seigneurs seigneur: a landowner in New France whose estates were originally granted by the King of France. He also administered justice within his seigneury., would be used in disputes over property. Seigneurial dues were also restored.
The Roman Catholic church was allowed to collect tithes tithe: a portion, usually one-tenth, of your yearly produce (from land, animals or work) given to support the church and clergy. and Roman Catholics could sit on governing bodies. There was no elected Assembly, but an appointed legislative Legislature: the branch of government responsible for making laws. council made laws with the governor's governor: an appointed representative of the Crown sent to govern a colony. consent. | <urn:uuid:9a08f279-1f1f-4f06-a172-247e75932294> | CC-MAIN-2022-21 | https://canadahistoryproject.ca/1774/1774-02-quebec-act-terms.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-21/segments/1652662533972.17/warc/CC-MAIN-20220520160139-20220520190139-00180.warc.gz | en | 0.983898 | 291 | 3.8125 | 4 |
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By Melinda Young
The recommended ways of ruling out patient pregnancy before starting a new contraceptive include a pregnancy test, the date of the patient’s last unprotected sexual intercourse, and the patient’s symptoms. But there often are cases where it is difficult to rule out pregnancy.
The authors of a new study concluded that when medical providers cannot rely on standard practices for diagnosing a potential pregnancy, they might rely on anticipatory medicine by projecting possibilities.1
“Medical providers take this seriously and spend a lot of time ruling out pregnancy before contraception,” says Eliza Brown, MA, MPhil, researcher and doctoral candidate in sociology at New York University. “Ruling out pregnancy is often quite difficult, even if it seems like a preliminary step before moving on to determine the best mode of contraception. It might be too early to accurately use a urine pregnancy test.”
A provider may recommend emergency contraception for a patient soon after unprotected sex. “But for those who had unprotected sexual intercourse seven or eight days ago, the provider is in a bit of a tricky situation,” Brown explains. “It’s too late for emergency contraception and too early to accurately use a pregnancy test, but the patient still wants to go home with contraception. Providers lean on their theoretical knowledge about how pregnancy works.”
If a woman is pregnant and begins to take a contraceptive, it could pose a risk to her pregnancy. Then, because the woman is on hormonal birth control, she might not expect menstrual bleeding, so it could be months before she realizes she is pregnant, Brown explains.
“There might be a substantial period of time before they see a doctor about the pregnancy, and they might drink alcohol or have other behaviors they wouldn’t have if they knew they were pregnant,” Brown adds.
Using anticipatory medicine, clinicians can consider these possibilities:
“One of the interesting parts of the study’s findings is about what providers and patients make of patient reports,” Brown says. “For the most part, providers are putting a lot of trust in patients’ reports and making decisions based on their memory of whether they had sexual intercourse and when it occurred.”
Patients also report which protection they used (if any) and the length of their menstrual cycles. Providers base their decision on the information.
“But there are times when patients’ information might be interpreted differently by the provider and patient,” Brown explains. “Say the patient saw some vaginal bleeding, and say that is implantation bleeding.”
When patients report vaginal bleeding, providers need to rule out pregnancy as the cause, using some other criteria, such as whether the bleeding is lighter than the patient’s typical menstrual bleeding.
“Overall, providers and patients absolutely rely on one another,” Brown says. “Without having [certain] physical evidence, sometimes it’s difficult to come to a conclusion.”
When pregnancy is ruled out through a urine test, providers can begin discussing types of contraception. But if this is not possible, they need to rule out possibilities, she says.
“Providers can say, ‘Let’s talk about your cycle and the pull-out method,’” she adds. “It might be difficult to come to a resolution, so we can see how patients and providers will go back and forth to rule out pregnancy.”
Anticipatory medicine is a growing area of sociology and medicine in which medical care transitions to preventing and managing conditions that have not yet manifested, Brown says.
“Providers are in a situation where they need to project a diagnosis into the future,” Brown explains. “It’s unlike other areas, where there is a chance of XYZ happening, so let’s just wait and see later.”
Instead, providers want to make a decision that anticipates various possibilities. “This is so patients aren’t sent away without receiving the treatment they came in to seek in the first place,” Brown says. “You anticipate various scenarios and act according to what is the most likely scenario.”
Anticipatory medicine in contraceptive counseling involves turning toward theoretical knowledge about what might be occurring in the patient’s body. “It’s a way to look into the future, and there still is a lot of uncertainty,” Brown says.
For example, a patient might say there was no intercourse at all. “But relying on this self-report is complicated unless the provider knows this patient has never had sex or has been abstinent for a long period,” Brown says. “There are obstacles to determining those dates for sexual intercourse and last menstrual period.”
Some patients might track their periods on a cellphone app. This report could be more accurate, or at least give the provider more information to explore. The provider might say, “You said your last unprotected sexual intercourse was June 20, and your last period was June 18.”
The most surprising finding in the study was how much time providers spend ruling out pregnancy and how difficult it is to do that, Brown says.
“The previous recommendations seem kind of cut-and-dry until you get into the weeds of it,” Brown says. “Think about how complex it is to quickly go through the information with a patient about when they last had intercourse, the length of their menstrual cycle, when they took their last birth control pill, and when they had a miscarriage or thought they might be pregnant.”
Financial Disclosure: Consulting Editor Robert A. Hatcher, MD, MPH, Nurse Planner Melanie Deal, MS, WHNP-BC, FNP-BC, Author Melinda Young, Author Susan Wysocki, Editor Jill Drachenberg, Executive Editor Shelly Morrow Mark, and Editorial Group Manager Leslie Coplin report no consultant, stockholder, speaker’s bureau, research, or other financial relationships with companies having ties to this field of study | <urn:uuid:76fdb90b-0c55-4f9b-9c36-ccdffe41588e> | CC-MAIN-2020-34 | https://www.reliasmedia.com/articles/146661-study-results-highlight-challenge-of-ruling-out-pregnancy-during-contraceptive-counseling | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-34/segments/1596439735963.64/warc/CC-MAIN-20200805153603-20200805183603-00004.warc.gz | en | 0.949594 | 1,271 | 2.734375 | 3 |
Gettysburg was a turning point in the Civil War because it shifted the advantage from the South up to the North, where they maintained their edge and went on to win the war. In the beginning of the war, the South had the momentum, because they had pride for what they were fighting for and they were defending their home turf. But as the war waged on, they were loosing moral, as well supplies. The battle of Gettysburg would have been a huge moral booster for them, seeing as if they had not won a battle in a long time. Also, this battle was taking place in the North, while most of the other battles had been fought in the South. If the South won, they would have been able to bring much needed resources back down to their bases.
Since the North won, the South became devastated. Not only had they not been able to get more supplies, but even their leader, Robert E. Lee, was giving up. In a letter to the president he wrote, “I therefore, in all sincerity, request Your Excellency to take measures to supply my place”. He did not feel as if he was fit for the job anymore, and it showed. To add on to their troubles, the battle of Gettysburg had one of the highest mortality rates for both sides. Both sides had about the same number of people die, but the South did not have enough men to replace the dead. They lost 20,000 to 25,000 men, but only had a total of 1,200,000. Although this was a negative turning point for the South, it was a very positive turning point for the North. Even thought they lost 230, 040 men in the battle, they had in total six million men. This battle also allowed Abraham Lincoln to give the Emancipation Proclamation, which allowed slaves in rebelling states to be free. This boosted moral in the North, and also changed the whole reason of the war. Before, the war was viewed as a war about states rights: the South was upset that the federal government was dictating what individual states could do. Once Lincoln gave his speech, the reason for the war switched to being about slavery. This speech did not cause the end of the war, though. Lincoln and his army needed to find a way to completely end it, and the way they did was through a strategy called “total war”.
“Total war” is when an army goes all in to completely deplete the resources of their opponents. This even includes going after civilians, which is where the controversy comes in. Some view it as excessive, and aggressive to attack the innocent citizens living in the area. But in this situation of the Civil war, it was acceptable for Grant, Sheridan, and Sherman to conduct a total war campaign in the Confederacy. The war had been going on for much longer than they all had originally thought, and it needed a way to be ended. The quickest way to do this was to take all the South’s resources. They destroyed towns and cities, along with farmland and railroads. This made the Confederates unable to support themselves. Vicksburg, a key city to the Confederacy, was very tough to capture because of its position. The only way it was captured was when the Union went full out on it. It caused many citizens to live in caves, but it did give them complete control of the Mississippi River. Grant told Sherman, “Do all the damage to railroads and crops you can… If the war is to last another year, we want the Shenandoah Valley to remain a barren waste.”One specific way they destroyed the South was destroying railroads, a tactic known as “Sherman Neckties”. This was when the Union would heat up the railroad, and morph them into shapes so the trains couldn’t travel along them. Along with this, they also slaughtered livestock, and stole crops for themselves. Although an aggressive and devastating tactic, total war lead to the end of the Civil War.
For both sides, the end of the war a big sign of relief. For the North, they were happy that they had won, and that the country was whole once again. And for the South, they were happy simply because it was over and they could stop fighting. The soldiers were especially relieved, because the war had gone on for a lot longer than they thought. When the Northern soldiers celebrated the victory, their general told them to stop, because now the men they had defeated were their countrymen. Although the war separated the country, one side winning brought them back together. This end of the war meant there needed to be a lot of healing and patriotism between the two sides. But for some extremist confederates, the end of the war was devastating because now freed slaves were considered equal. One man, John Wilkes Booth, took it to the extreme and assassinated Lincoln. The assassination created uproar from all places in the United States, and causes citizens to mourn their great leader. The country mourned in may ways for Lincoln, through parades and poems. Lincoln’s death was a sad way to end the Civil War, at a time where the country was finally starting to heal. | <urn:uuid:8fb1644f-56b2-413c-bb60-b71d94ed7f8a> | CC-MAIN-2019-09 | https://elliewilson1314.wordpress.com/2014/04/28/160/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-09/segments/1550249490870.89/warc/CC-MAIN-20190223061816-20190223083816-00173.warc.gz | en | 0.990267 | 1,073 | 3.90625 | 4 |
Benefits of eating almonds
Almonds are considered one of the most nutritious nuts and they contain a large number of beneficial properties for our organism.
They are an ideal food as an appetizer, raw or roasted, being very healthy for the human body due to their high content of minerals such as phosphorus, iron, calcium, potassium, etc. and vitamins E, A, D, C, PP, B1 and B2.
Almonds daily consumption on a regular basis and in small quantities can bring us different benefits, among them; we will highlight the following ones:
-Almonds prevent from suffering cardiovascular diseases.
-They help to lose weight. They are rich in fiber, protein and a healthy type of fat. In addition, they help to reduce hunger and the desire to eat.
-They are very good for the brain, their content in amino acids and oils help the brain to maintain the concentration, at the same time, the frequent consumption of almonds drives the brain to have a greater activity, helping to reduce the risk of suffering from degenerative diseases like Alzheimer’s. Their consumption also helps to minimize stress and reduce the risk of insomnia.
-Almonds are rich in tyrosine, a key amino acid for the production of dopamine, known as the “hormone of happiness” which in turn is a neurotransmitter responsible for transmitting signals between neurons and controlling mental and emotional responses, therefore, they are fundamental for well-being or motivation.
-The high content of phosphorus and calcium in almonds makes them a powerful food to protect bones, teeth and muscles.
-They protect the skin, their content in vitamin E, one of the most powerful antioxidants, predicts premature aging.
– They help to fight diabetes by controlling blood sugar levels.
-Almonds reduce the risk of suffering a heart attack.
-They reduce cholesterol; their content in fatty acids, antioxidants and monounsaturated fats helps to reduce levels of LDL cholesterol, also known as bad cholesterol.
-During pregnancy, almonds intake is very beneficial for their high content of folic acid, promoting the proper development of the fetus. | <urn:uuid:c34e66c2-2c29-4e56-92fd-6a4c8a74d486> | CC-MAIN-2020-05 | http://iberianalmond.com/benefits-of-eating-almonds/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-05/segments/1579251671078.88/warc/CC-MAIN-20200125071430-20200125100430-00387.warc.gz | en | 0.937033 | 437 | 2.84375 | 3 |
There are many times when an intransitive verb is technically translated with an English passive expression. For instance, 決まる, the first verb we’ll be looking at, can either be translated as “to be decided/settled.” However, just because it’s translated as this doesn’t mean that there isn’t a transitive passive equivalent with a different nuance. In this lesson, a handful of these kinds of verbs will be looked at carefully so that you may get the sense of when to use which.
The verbs 決まる and 決める create an intransitive-transitive verb pair meaning “to be decided/to decide.” However, 決められる (to be decided) also exists. This means that one must truly look at the meanings of both 決まる and 決める carefully to make tales of how 決まる and 決められる may differ.
Firstly, it’s important to understand that although they share basic meanings, there are plenty of instances that only one or the other may be used.
決まる indicates a matter that is fixated/settled upon as a natural conclusion. The agent of the action, even if one exists, is not emphasized at all. 決める is the opposite of this. The agent is emphasized and its presence is felt in any form that it takes.
The Diet member whose guilty verdict was decided in court will be made to resign his seat.
I can’t make up my mind.
Idiom Note: In Japanese, “to make up one’s mind” is 腹を決める. Essentially, the Japanese use the “gut” as the reference point for gut decisions. The reason why 決める is switched to 決まる in Ex. 2 is to emphasis the lack of control the speaker has in making up his own mind. This incapability goes well with the lack of volition that 決まる has in the outcome of things.
Every evening, I wake up at a fixed time to go pee.
Negotiate with your lecturer beforehand and decide upon a date and time.
Dress up nicely with a pink suit.
Meaning Note: 決める can be used to mean “to dress up (nicely).” 決まる may also be used to indicate that one’s attire/appearance is good looking.
(The player) successfully carried out a squeeze and took back three points.
One pattern that 決まる is only used in is に決まっている. This is a highly subjective statement used to indicate that whatever it follows is undoubtedly so without a shadow of a doubt. This attaches directly after nouns, adjectives, and verbs.
(His) story is littered with contradictions; it’s without a doubt that he himself is the criminal.
When a typhoon comes, it’s a guarantee that the trains will be late.
決める, when used in に決める, is very similar to にする. The use of 決める over する is used to emphasize the decision aspect.
I have decided to drink aojiru.
Word Note: 青汁 is a Japanese drink made from green leafy vegetables. An American equivalent would be something like V8.
I’ve decided to study abroad at Massachusetts.
I’ve decided to study abroad at Massachusetts.
Grammar Note: Although it's not wrong to have two に phrases in one sentence, whenever it can be helped, one of the に usually has to go. In 10a. the particle へ is used, but in 10b. the first に is kept and 決める is preceded by を. The nuance difference of using を instead of に indicates that the decider had at least more than one option and after some thought chose. The use of に does not imply a decision process from multiple options. Incidentally, the use of the particle を can emphasize satisfaction to the decision (See Ex. 11 below).
I’ve decided to stay in Ōita.
When に決めている is after a noun, it shows what is always decided upon.
When the family gathers, we make a habit of going to Drivein-Tori.
Daily allowance is set to 1000 yen including lunch.
The difference between using こと or よう before に決める is rather small. With こと, you demonstrate what you’ve decided to do. With よう, you demonstrate what you’re determined to try to do.
[We’ve settled/we’re determined] not to play together.
In the realm of sports, 決める can indicate a successful move. In the realm of martial arts, it can mean “to immobilize” with certain techniques. As for 決まる, its use in sports indicates that a match is settled.
It appears that (he) is immobilized from the overhook, but (the match) is not entirely settled.
As for 決められる, one thing that must be noted is that sometimes it is simply the potential form of 決める.
I had been unable to decide on my own, but I’ve finally been able to decide.
決められる always implies an agent even if it isn’t explicitly expressed. In Ex. 17, the ‘indirect passive’ is used. This is because the speaker is upset that what was to become of his/her dental treatment was decided by the doctor without full consent. In the rest of the examples that follow, 決められる is used as a normal passive verb with the agent either expressed or readily obvious.
My dental treatment plan was arbitrarily decided.
In the year 325 AD, the First Council of Nicaea was convened, and the Vernal Equinox was decided upon to be March 21st.
By vote from participating countries, the prime meridian was decided upon to be the merdian that goes through the Greenwich Observatory.
The United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea was created in 1982, and the extent of national waters was set to be within 12 nautical miles.
定まる and 定める are more formal equivalents to 決まる and 決める. For instance, 定まる can also indicate that a decision has been settled. However, 定まる implies that a certain situation is maintained by said decision. When 定められる is used, as was the case for 決められる, the agent is either explicitly stated or obvious and there is volition behind the action. There is no volition implied with 定まる.
It is not the case that one’s destiny is fixed.
The focus of the Democratic Party of Japan has been set.
Why is that Emperor Kanmu set the capital to Kyoto?
Each state and city tax authority sets its own system of taxation.
Those eyes were like that of a tiger’s locked onto its prey.
In the following examples, 定まる would not be used instead. 定められる happens to be the verb of choice in technical circumstances. This is likely because the agent needs to be unambiguous.
I want to know the upper limit on working hours set by law.
The names set by the “Food Product Labeling Standards” are listed.
焦げる is a verb meaning “to be burned” by some sort of fire or heat. Its transitive equivalent is 焦がす. The transitive version, however, can be used in non-literal expressions, widening its range of usage. 焦がされる gets used to mean “to get burned” by the fault of someone or something. The agent, then, is emphasized with it. With 焦げる, there is no ‘culprit’ involved.
Have you ever unintentionally burned at pot or frying pan while cooking?
The white shirt got burnt by the iron.
My hair got burnt by someone with a lighter, and so what sort of care should you do when your hair gets burned?
In your experiences with your husband, have you ever had a situation where he heated the ingredients for too long and burned them?
Grammar Note: Ex. 31 is a perfect example demonstrating a bridging context for how one can see the interconnection between light honorifics and the passive. In this case, 焦がされる should be interpreted as the light honorific form of 焦がす, but interpreting as the passive does not really alter the meaning of the sentence.
I was flushed from the sun.
The verb かかる and かける as we know have many usages. The most basic meaning of the two is “to be hung” and “to hang” respectively. The former has no volition entailed in it. However, かける always does. Thus, when you use かけられる, the agent of the action is always implied if it isn’t explicitly stated.
Orthography Note: As the sentences below demonstrate, かかる and かける have various spellings depending on nuance.
There is a prize for 100,000 yen.
The mirror hung up on the wall above the table caught her eye.
What should I do to repel a spell cast on me by someone?
Why was it that Christ was put on the cross?
There is a magnificent rainbow suspended in the sky.
There is a picture of the nightscape hung up in the hotel.
伝わる is an intransitive verb meaning “to be handed down/transmitted/circulated” and its transitive counterpart is 伝える, which is typically translated as “to convey/transmit/communicate/propagate.” 伝わる does not imply personal volition, and so whenever there is an agent with volition involved, when used in a passive sense, 伝えられる becomes your choice.
I can’t get across what I want to say.
I will introduce a recipe passed down from generation to generation in my family.
Noise from above can be heard through the walls.
It’s say that diamonds conduct heat well.
Buddhism was propagated to Japan by Koreans.
Rice cultivation was propagated to the Japanese Archipelago by people who had migrated there from Mainland China and the Korean Peninsula.
To “gather/assemble” in the intransitive sense is 集まる. In the transitive sense, it’s 集める. Because the intransitive sense can also be translated in English as “to be gathered,” some may confuse it with the passive of the transitive form, 集められる. However, as continues to be the case for all the other examples in this lesson, 集められる has an agent, and the action involved is done by the volition of said agent. 集まる has no volition entailed.
There are always various ingredients from all over the world gathered on the dinner table.
The circumstance is that support is gathering for Abe’s cabinet.
There are always people gathered around that person.
Tons of complaints are being gathered from customers.
Through what sort of routes do the blood that is gathered by donations transfused into patients?
The verb 収まる can be translated as “to settle into/be settled into/installed/in one’s place.” Essentially, it refers to things being in place and settled. That’s why it can even refer to a weapon being sheathed. When used to refer to payment having been paid, it’s spelled as 納まる. Conversely, 収める・納める handles the transitive twist of these meanings. As is the case with all the other verbs, 収まる・納まる has no volition. Therefore, 収められる・納められる is the correct passive expression when there is a willful agent involved.
Even despite being full, it smoothly settles in one’s stomach.
99.2% of the taxes that you ought to pay within two years is paid to the national treasury.
To sheathe a sword.
Important medieval materials and heritage items are dedicated (here).
Buddha statues are installed in the holes of the walls.
まざる and まじる both mean “to be blended/mixed.” まざる is closer to “to be blended” whereasまじる is closer to “to be mixed.” The use of the character 混 is to emphasize things being mixed but technically separate whereas the character 交 is used to emphasize that things are blended together as one. Both まざる and まじる have zero volition. It is まぜられる that you need to use for when things are mixed together with an active agent.
Nylon is blended into this fabric.
If you mix in a vegetable curry, which has little spice, it becomes a mild flavor.
Blood is mixed in the phlegm.
Buildings big and small are mixed together.
A black foreign substance was mixed in the tap-water from the faucet in the lunch room.
Spelling Note: When used for saying that a foreign substance is mixed in with something, the spelling 雑ざるmay occasionally be used.
To draw a picture with coloring materials mixed with oil.
Of course, 混ぜられる can also be the potential form of 混ぜる.
It’s good because you can also mix it in juice.
The verb 育つ means “to grow up.” Because it can also be translated as “to be raised/brought up,” some confuse it with 育てられる. However, there is no active agent with 育つ. To express an active agent in the passive sense, 育てられる, the passive form of the transitive form, needs to be used. Of course, there is also the fact that 育てられる may also be used as the potential form of 育てる.
I’d like to donate something back, even if it’s just a little, to the town I grew up in.
I was born in Tokyo and raised in Ōsaka.
Is it really true that there are people who were raised by animals?
I was raised by a family of monkeys. | <urn:uuid:f8caed87-fb6e-44ad-9857-40d064946f10> | CC-MAIN-2019-09 | https://www.imabi.net/intransitivevspassive.htm | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-09/segments/1550247487624.32/warc/CC-MAIN-20190218175932-20190218201932-00048.warc.gz | en | 0.750305 | 3,300 | 2.78125 | 3 |
Two Engineers Harness Solar Power to Help Sandy Victims
Back in 2010, when graduation still seemed remote and intangible, Rob van Haaren and Garrett Fitzgerald agreed to celebrate their Ph.Ds—whenever they might finish—by piloting a pair of motorcycles from New York City to California. Van Haaren was from Holland, and he wanted to see the country.
Of course, their plan had a unique twist that seemed only appropriate for two doctoral candidates in earth and environmental engineering, who share a passion for renewable energy and low-impact living: Van Haaren, 25, and Fitzgerald, 27 planned to consume no gasoline during their cross-country odyssey. Instead, they would modify electric powered vehicles, build solar arrays they could tow behind them in small trailers to harvest the sun’s energy, and recharge their rigs while they give demonstrations about the vehicle’s systems.
Graduation is finally here for Fitzgerald—van Haaren will follow next fall—and the pair’s ambitious plan hasn’t exactly proceeded as expected. And thank God it hasn’t—just ask the hundreds of Hurricane Sandy victims relying on the pair’s charging station to power the lights, phone chargers, refrigerators, computers and clinic housed inside the St. Gertrude Parish and Youth Center in Far Rockaway Beach, Queens.
“It was always about educational outreach,” Fitzgerald says. “But we never could have predicted this.” Says van Haaren, “Sandy came obviously as a horrible storm, but for us it was a good way to make use of this system.”
When the pair initially dreamed up their cross-country idea, neither of the two students had even built anything solar. Their dissertations also had little to do with the project. Fitzgerald was focused on finding ways to permanently store carbon dioxide in the ground or permafrost areas. Van Haaren specialized in finding ways to integrate renewable energy sources into the electricity grids.
Yet they dove in with enthusiasm in 2011, after months of discussing the idea, they decided first to jettison the motorcycles in favor of an electric car, and then set up a website, wrote letters and lobbied potential sponsors. In the end, they raised about $14,000 from supporters and about $21,000 in donated solar panels and electronics from corporate sponsors, including solar panel manufacturer First Solar, and a company called Outback Power.
In summer 2012 they mounted their portable solar array, which has 72 panels and measures 20 feet by 60 feet when fully deployed, on a modified landscaping trailer. They believed it would be capable of charging 110 volt and 220 volt systems—enough power for about 200 miles of driving on a sunny day. To test it out, they hooked up with an electric vehicle advocacy group called “Driving Congress Green,” towed their rig to Hershey, Penn. to provide free power to food vendors at a FarmAid concert site. The pair continued to tag along with the organization afterwards, displaying their solar arrays and charging their electric vehicles at events held in statehouses across the northeast and South.
Then Hurricane Sandy hit and a colleague asked for help. Van Haaren and Fitzgerald towed their vehicle down to St. Gertrude’s, where relief workers were handing out food, water and blankets and desperately needed power.
“Before us the power was being provided by generators,” Fitzgerald says. “But there was a fuel shortage going on, so it was not a steady supply of electricity.”
On Thanksgiving, their Columbia rig cranked out enough juice to feed 150 people at a solar-powered turkey dinner.
As power returned, Van Haaren and Fitzgerald were contacted by organizers working with the Museum of Modern Art and PS1. They agreed to move their solar array to Rockaway Beach to power an art installation and public space aimed at providing a gathering place for local residents and raising awareness about extreme weather events.
Fitzgerald already has a job lined up at the Rocky Mountain Institute consulting on renewable energy related fields. Van Haaren is starting a company, called DivvySolar.com, that will help people invest in solar installations.
As for their road trip? Prospects remain hazy. “Everything about the system works, we just need to locate the vehicle to do it,” he says. “If we can’t do it this summer, we will just go straight in to the working world.” | <urn:uuid:73e085fb-befe-4ed3-bcd2-182f49b781c9> | CC-MAIN-2019-26 | https://news.columbia.edu/news/two-engineers-harness-solar-power-help-sandy-victims | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-26/segments/1560627999273.79/warc/CC-MAIN-20190620210153-20190620232153-00484.warc.gz | en | 0.960665 | 922 | 2.703125 | 3 |
Blogger is for blogging, which is an art form in and of itself, deserving of a full exploration beyond the scope of a Web 2.0 primer.
However, Blogger can also be used as a simple learning platform. Instead of posting the diary/journal type entries, called posts, that a blogger would post, you can post prayers, reflection question, stories, content, and announcements. You can also easily embed graphic images, including photos, and video. Finally, you can post from a computer, or from your email. Each post can be its own lesson, tutorial, retreat or demonstration.
Readers, or participants can engage in simple conversation using the comment box under each post. You can also give the special email address connected with a blog (or lesson, or book-read, or reflection, whatever you want to call it) to others who can help author the content.
We used Blogger at the 2012 NCCL Tech Boot Camp, and many people posted using the email account. However, when folks tried to create their own accounts, we ran into an odd difficulty. Apparently Blogger (owned by Google), saw a lot of account creations coming from one location. We are guessing they thought we were hackers, and shut down the projects. This will not happen when you create your account, and follow the tutorial at http://nccltechbootcamp.blogspot.com (Blogspot is another domain name owned by Blogger). Learn Blogger, and dream of how you can easily create an online environment for collaborative learning!
If you believe that you can now create a Blogger with Blogger, and use it for online reflections, learning or teaching – click the “Like” button. Once you create something to engage your learners or colleagues, come back and tell us about it. We’d love to hear from you. | <urn:uuid:59ab6aef-7bfb-42c8-982a-bc9c95a906c3> | CC-MAIN-2018-30 | https://catechesis20.wordpress.com/2012/05/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-30/segments/1531676590051.20/warc/CC-MAIN-20180718041450-20180718061450-00081.warc.gz | en | 0.938161 | 381 | 2.609375 | 3 |
Measurement of combustion gas by high-energy X-ray Compton scattering is reported. The intensity of Compton-scattered X-rays has shown a position dependence across the flame of the combustion gas, allowing us to estimate the temperature distribution of the combustion flame. The energy spectra of Compton-scattered X-rays have revealed a significant difference across the combustion reaction zone, which enables us to detect the combustion reaction. These results demonstrate that high-energy X-ray Compton scattering can be employed as an in situ technique to probe inside a combustion reaction.
- combustion reaction
- Compton scattering
- laminar flame
ASJC Scopus subject areas
- Nuclear and High Energy Physics | <urn:uuid:08d87c34-0f51-4764-b55e-55ab5c4c70f7> | CC-MAIN-2020-29 | https://okayama.pure.elsevier.com/en/publications/densitometry-and-temperature-measurement-of-combustion-gas-by-x-r | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-29/segments/1593655887377.70/warc/CC-MAIN-20200705152852-20200705182852-00019.warc.gz | en | 0.85142 | 139 | 3 | 3 |
Place four pebbles on the sand in the form of a square. Keep adding as few pebbles as necessary to double the area. How many extra pebbles are added each time?
Make a set of numbers that use all the digits from 1 to 9, once and
once only. Add them up. The result is divisible by 9. Add each of
the digits in the new number. What is their sum? Now try some other
possibilities for yourself!
For this challenge, you'll need to play Got It! Can you explain the strategy for winning this game with any target?
All at the same time, Ben passed a third of his counters to Jack, Jack passed a quarter of his counters to Emma, and Emma passed a fifth of her counters to Ben.
They all passed on more than one counter.
After this they all had the same number of counters.
How many could each of them have started with? | <urn:uuid:5c6708cc-f923-4fe1-bb78-208fcd7596cf> | CC-MAIN-2015-40 | https://nrich.maths.org/2382 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2015-40/segments/1443737913815.59/warc/CC-MAIN-20151001221833-00113-ip-10-137-6-227.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.974373 | 198 | 2.828125 | 3 |
A Helmholtz-Zentrum Berlin (HZB) research team published a paper in the journal Science earlier this month on the development of a perovskite/silicon tandem solar cell that achieved 29.15% efficiency. That’s a new world record.
Solar cell efficiency record
This beats the previous achievement of 28% efficiency. The long-term efficiency target for a perovskite/silicon tandem solar cell is 30%, so this is an excitingly close step to that goal.
And even better, scientists are optimistic that 30% for this type of panel can be surpassed, thus achieving even greater solar energy efficiency.
Silicon is currently the standard material in solar cells, and perovskite and silicon have been developed separately as semiconductor materials for solar panels. Scientists see perovskite as having untapped potential, and they’ve been experimenting with it by combining it with other materials.
In this case, the scientists combined it with silicon and got a result they were pleased with.
Eike Köhnen, PhD student and shared first author of the study, said:
29.15% efficiency is not only the record for this technology but is at the very top of the entire Emerging PV category in the NREL [National Renewable Energy Laboratory] chart.
How it works
So why did the perovskite/silicon combination work so well? HZB explains:
Solar cells consisting of two semiconductors with differing band gaps can achieve considerably higher efficiencies when used in tandem compared to the individual cells on their own. This is because tandem cells use the solar spectrum more efficiently. In particular, conventional silicon solar cells primarily convert the infrared components of light efficiently into electrical energy, while certain perovskite compounds can effectively utilize the visible components of sunlight, making this a powerful combination.
Also, using perovskite and silicon together doesn’t increase the cost of the solar panels, which is really important as the world scales up the use of solar energy.
The research team used a 1 cm x 1 cm (0.4 inch x 0.4 inch) panel, so of course scaling up is needed, but the research team is confident this is doable. Further, after 300 hours of simulated use, the tandem solar cell retained 95% of its original efficiency.
Illustration: Composition of the tandem solar cell. Eike Köhnen/HZB
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Subscribe to Electrek on YouTube for exclusive videos and subscribe to the podcast. | <urn:uuid:61873c8e-363c-48ff-abfd-807b438a447e> | CC-MAIN-2023-14 | https://planetcalling.com/2020/12/25/scientists-set-a-solar-cell-efficiency-world-record/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-14/segments/1679296949035.66/warc/CC-MAIN-20230329213541-20230330003541-00710.warc.gz | en | 0.899273 | 538 | 3.546875 | 4 |
In Revelation we read Christ hates what Nicolaitians do. Who were Nicolaitians and what they do?
Two possible answers.
1. If you separate word "nicolaitian," two words combined: nicos and laity. "Nicos" means, in Greek, 'ruler.' "Laity" means normal people in church. Not leaders. In Matthew 20:25-28, Jesus tells His disciples [simple English]: "You know Gentile rulers boss them. And Gentile rulers have authority over rulers themselves. Other high authorities boss rulers. You must be different. If you want become great, first you must become servant. If you want to be first, you must become slave. Son of Man same. He did not come so people serve Him. No. He came so He can serve. He gives His life to rescue many people."
But look at most church leaders! They are bossy. They like to make rules and tell others -- laity -- "you must obey."
When I first learned sign language, Heloise, my teacher, informed me how much deaf hate, hate if hearing people try boss them. Jesus hates, same way, when church leaders try boss people in church. Why? Because if people follow church leaders then people never learn to pay attention to Holy Spirit.
In Matthew 23, Jesus very, very angry with Pharisees and men who teach law to Jews. Why? Two reasons: 1) they make up more and more rules and tell people they must obey. 2) they do not follow God's rules and not follow their own rules. They are hypocrites.
Many church leaders today same. They maybe 'nicolaitians.' Maybe this is meaning. Interesting -- end every letter to churches in Revelation, Jesus says, "He who has ear, let him hear what Spirit says to churches." This does not mean only hearing people. Meaning: pay attention to Holy Spirit. When men make rules for other men, happen, no one pays attention to Holy Spirit.
2. Other meaning for 'Nicolaitians' -- they maybe group in church who try to combine pagan beliefs and Christian beliefs. They hear they are 'free in Christ,' so they think meaning they can sin. This is traditional belief about "Nicolaitians."
Maybe both meanings true? When some leaders boss other people, make more rules, then leaders begin to have group follow them, not follow Holy Spirit. If leaders tell followers they are free to sin because Christ makes them free, then leaders are leading to sin, not leading to God. Easy to understand Christ very angry with them. | <urn:uuid:83e7f828-3bc9-4441-ba8d-379311e8f06f> | CC-MAIN-2016-30 | http://www.setterfield.org/Nicolaitians.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-30/segments/1469257827782.42/warc/CC-MAIN-20160723071027-00153-ip-10-185-27-174.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.962158 | 540 | 2.734375 | 3 |
A Look at Plastics
The term plastic encompasses a broad range of materials. In addition, each has its own special properties and variations when it comes to properties such as hardness, heat tolerance, and resiliency. Nonetheless, each of them is made of organic condensation or addition polymers
and can be made into fibers, films, or objects..
There are many methods used to classify plastics. The most common method is to classify them according to their polymer backbone. Plastics can, however, also be classified according to the glass transition temperature or thermoplastic versus thermoset.
No matter the classification, all plastics are polymers, which is a long chain of atoms that are bonded to one another. These chains are comprised of monomers, which are repeating molecular units. Most plastics are made of carbon polymers or carbon polymers
combined with nitrogen, oxygen, sulfur, or chlorine in the backbone, which is the main path linking the units together. Plastic is then customized by hanging different molecular groups to the backbone.
History of Plastic
Experiments with plastic have been performed for centuries. In fact, even the Old Testament makes reference to natural materials that were used in the same way as plastic is used today. The exact year when plastic was first created or discovered, however, is a matter of dispute because
the term plastic is so loosely defined.
The discovery of ebonite, or hard rubber, in 1851, however, had a major impact on the plastics industry. Ebonite was the first thermosetting material to be prepared that also involved its own unique chemical modification of naturally occurring material.
Yet, it took several years for ebonite to be used to its potential.
As rubber technology was further being developed, collodion was also being manufactured. Collodion is a cellulose solution that is part of an alcohol-ether mixture. Alexander Parkes, an English inventor, noticed that a solid residue was left after solvent in the collodion evaporated. In
his word, this residue was a hard, horny elastic and waterproof substance. He later patented the process in 1856 in order to waterproof woven fabrics.
In 1862, a new formulation was unveiled at the Great Exhibition in London. This early plastic was created by dissolving cellulose nitrate in a solvent. After being placed on a heated rolling machine, the mixture could be shaped. The first company to dedicated to manufacturing products from
the material, the Parkesine Company, was established in 1866. The company failed, however, in 1868. A year later, the Xylonite Company was opened by Daniel Spill, who was an associate of Parkes. This company also went bankrupt in 1874.
In the United States, plastic compounds were also on the rise. John Wesley Hyatt experimented with cellulose nitrate in the 1860s. In 1865, he became involved in developing a method for creating billiard balls with alternative materials. He
developed balls made of ivory dust, cloth, and shellac, which was covered with a collodion coating.
Wyatt and his brother, Isaiah, went on to create a process for producing a material made of camphor and cellulose nitrate in 1870. By 1872, the term celluloid had been coined for the product. The brothers went on to establish the Celluloid Manufacturing Company, which was later
renamed the American Cellulose Chemical Corporation and was ultimately absorbed by the Celanese Corporation.
By the 1900s, the use of plastic and all of its variations took off. Today, it is the most used material in the United States industry, with nearly every product containing plastic in one way or another. | <urn:uuid:30fa2ac2-5718-42ea-a215-45a1cc4f4de2> | CC-MAIN-2013-20 | http://www.plasticsindustry.com/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2013-20/segments/1368703298047/warc/CC-MAIN-20130516112138-00079-ip-10-60-113-184.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.977264 | 758 | 3.625 | 4 |
Utah is a state located in the Mountain West subregion of the Western United States of America, whereas Syria is a country located in Western Asia. Today in this article, we will discuss the comparison between Utah and Syria regarding various aspects.
Is Utah bigger than Syria?
The total area of Utah is 84,899 sq mi, and the total area of Syria is 71,500 sq mi. Utah is bigger than Syria by 13,399 sq mi. Utah is around 1.19 times bigger than Syria.
Area of Utah: 84,899 sq mi ( 219,887 km2 )
Area of Syria: 71,500 sq mi ( 185,180 km2 )
According to the United States Census Bureau, the total population of Utah as of 1st July 2021 was estimated to be around 3,337,975.
Based on the World Bank data, the total population of Syria as of 2020, was estimated to be around 17,500,657.
Here is some more data comparison between Utah and Syria.
The capital city of Utah is Salt Lake City, and the capital city of Syria is Damascus.
Utah: Utahn, Utahan
ISO 3166 Code
Utah Time Zone:
UTC − 7 (Mountain Time Zone)
UTC − 6 (Mountain Daylight Time)
Syria Time Zone:
UTC + 2 (Eastern European Time)
UTC + 3 (Eastern European Summer Time)
Coordinates of Utah:
39° 18′ 19.8″ N, 111° 40′ 13.08″ W
Coordinates of Syria:
35° 0′ 0″ N, 38° 0′ 0″ E
You may also like to read: | <urn:uuid:9d5b70ab-aa34-4c30-ac44-bfdcfd543f5c> | CC-MAIN-2022-40 | https://cyprusandaxi.com/utah-vs-syria-comparison/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-40/segments/1664030335396.92/warc/CC-MAIN-20220929225326-20220930015326-00057.warc.gz | en | 0.892219 | 394 | 2.984375 | 3 |
Ernest Hemingway, American journalist and author, was born in Oak Park, Illinois on July 21, 1899. He began his career as a reporter for The Kansas City Star at the age of 17. When the United States joined World War I, Hemingway quit his job to volunteer as an ambulance driver for the Italian army. He was seriously wounded shortly after arriving and was sent home. His novel "A Farewell to Arms" (1929) was born out of this experience. When the war ended, Hemingway continued his career as an international newspaper reporter. In the 1920s Hemingway joined a group of American expatriates in Paris which he later depicted in his novel "The Sun Also Rises" (1926). Drawing on his experiences as a reporter, Hemingway’s most ambitious work,"For Whom the Bell Tolls" (1940), is set in Spain during the Spanish Civil War. Hemingway wrote "The Old Man and the Sea" (1952) – his story of an elderly fisherman struggling with a giant marlin – while living in Cuba. This remains one of the best-read of his works to this day. In 1954 Hemingway received the Nobel Prize in Literature for his work. Over his lifetime he wrote seven novels, six short story collections, and two works of nonfiction.
“There is nothing noble in being superior to your fellow man; true nobility is being superior to your former self.”
1 of 10 | <urn:uuid:cb7899d7-4367-440c-b0d8-9820498c9bac> | CC-MAIN-2014-15 | http://m.csmonitor.com/Books/2012/0720/Ernest-Hemingway-10-quotes-on-his-birthday/True-nobility | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2014-15/segments/1397609537308.32/warc/CC-MAIN-20140416005217-00643-ip-10-147-4-33.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.992287 | 309 | 2.875 | 3 |
Image Source: http://www.amazon.com/JFK-Unspeakable-Why-Died-Matters/dp/1439193886
November 22, 1963 - A Day That Will Live in Infamy
The 50th anniversary of the murder of President John F. Kennedy at Dealey Plaza, Dallas, Texas will be November 22, 2013.
James Douglass, author of the extraordinary 'must read' book above, wrote on page 142:
We have no evidence as to who in the military-industrial complex may have given the order to assassinate President Kennedy. That the order was carried out by the Central Intelligence Agency is obvious. The CIA’s fingerprints are all over the crime and the events leading up to it.LewRockwell.com has covered the issue of JFK's murder over the years and recently posted a piece by a well known JFK researcher, John Judge.
A Call to Ocupy the Grassy Knoll in 2013
Few people know that Robert Kennedy believed his brother was murdered by a political conspiracy and told close associates that he would reopen the investigation if he was able to be elected into the White House. Even fewer people know that Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr. was high on his list of possible running mates for the presidency in 1968. All these deaths served to kill public hope for social and political change and left the rising Military Industrial Intelligence Complex warned about by outgoing President Eisenhower in 1963, and a permanent war economy and Cold War and nuclear arsenal were left in place to grow, along with the power of the intelligence agencies and the national security and police state who were clearly suspect of playing a role in these murders.The City of Dallas and the Dallas Police Department were key players in covering up the JFK murder investigation, largely because Lyndon Johnson was an extremely powerful and ruthless.Texas senator with considerable control over everything in TX, including the Texas Democrat political machine, the police and LBJ also had deep ties to Texas billionaires and Wall Street. Some researchers believe that LBJ was the mastermind behind JFK's assassination and researcher Phillip F. Nelson wrote a book documenting his investigation on this issue: LBJ: The Mastermind of JFK’s Assassination.
Anticipating ever larger crowds on the 50th anniversary of JFK’s assassination on November 22, 2013, the Coalition has applied for a legal permit in advance over the last three years, only to be told no permit can be issued more than a year in advance. Despite that rule, the Dallas Parks and Recreation Department informed me this year that a permit has been issued to the Sixth Floor Museum and the City of Dallas for the use of Dealey Plaza for the entire week from November 19-24, for exclusive use of the area and that no other permit can be issued for our event. The Director of the Sixth Floor Museum, Jessica Langford, has stated in the Dallas Morning News that they have no event planned for the Plaza, but they wanted to be “proactive” in preventing “a circus atmosphere” and the presentation of “conspiracy theories” in 2013. They also know quite well how many will be there listening. At one point she was asked what sort of an event they want to hold and she told the DMN reporter that she was not sure, “maybe a Moment of Silence”. This direct and content-based refusal of permit for the use of a public and historical site violates the protections of the First Amendment for free speech and expression.
Now the City of Dallas is denying a permit to the JFK organizers, truthers and researchers for the week of November 19-24, 2013.
EconomicPolicyJournal.com has also followed the JFK murder and recently posted a most interesting piece that asserts that George H.W. Bush was on the ground at Dealey Plaza as a CIA operative carrying out the murder of a popular president.
A few points to start out: NBC is not an impartial media outlet. George H.W. Bush is not a respectable, admirable man or a national hero. And "33" is not an insignificant number- It is quite relevant and meaningful, in some circles at least.
NBC is owned by General Electric, a "defense contractor and the 2nd largest company in world according to Forbes", which has received over $16 billion dollars in bailouts from American taxpayers. They build and sell engines for the F-16 fighter aircraft and Apache Block III helicopters. For them, war is literally a profit racket; so it makes sense that they would "honor" warmongers.
NBC news far from impartial- they shill for the military-industrial complex and in 2003, fired Pulitzer Prize winning journalist Peter Arnett after Arnett reported the truth from Iraq....
There are no photos of George H.W. Bush in Dallas on the morning of John F. Kennedy's assassination standing in front of the Texas Book Depository in Dealey Plaza, but the photos can be seen here. The photo of the FBI memo acknowledging that Bush was a CIA opeative at that time can be seen here: "FBI director J. Edgar Hoover wrote this memo 5 days after the assassination, naming George Bush as a CIA officer... "The substance of the forgoing information was orally furnished to Mr. George Bush of the Central Intelligence Agency and Captain William Edwards of the Defense Intelligence Agency on November 23, 1963, by Mr. V.T. Forsyth of this Bureau."
Despite the well orchestrated government cover-up at all levels (Congress, LBJ, FBI, CIA, Dallas PD, Texas public officials), much truth has surfaced on JFK's murder and researchers continue to diligently pursue the truth despite the 1964 Warren Commission ordering that all non-published official material be sealed for 75 years (2039). The public only got the government sanitized version of JFK's murder. However, Oliver Stone's 1991 film JFK stirred up an intense hornets nest and Congress passed the 1992 JFK Records Act that created the Assassination Records Review Board (ARRB), a committee that supposedly decides what records will be released. Although many records were released, it's generally believe that many critical records were not released and researchers continue to fight for the release of these records, here.
President Kennedy’s remains may have been laid to rest but his legacy and the quest for truth, justice and peace have not and continue to haunt us to this day. During JFK’s presidency, Vietnam combat deaths were 182 (16 in 1961, 53 in 1962 and 118 through 11/22/63). On 10/11/63, JFK issued National Security Action Memorandum 263 making it official that the US would withdraw from Vietnam. On November 21, 1963, JFK was given a list of the recent Vietnam casualties and he told his Assistant Press Secretary Malcolm Kilduff “After I come back from Texas, that’s going to change. Vietnam is not worth another American life”. The next day, JFK was dead. Had President Kennedy not been murdered, there would be no Vietnam War Memorial with the names of 58,261 dead Americans from a senseless war he morally opposed and was committed to ending. Nor would there be millions of dead Vietnamese, Cambodians, Laotians and others.
The Vietnam era is far from being consigned to the dustbin of history and in fact still lives on today in the very same US foreign policy that was responsible for the murder of President Kennedy. If anything, the evil forces that murdered President Kennedy are far more powerful and insidious today than they were in the 1963.
For this reason, President Kennedy’s soul and legacy will never rest until truth and justice prevail and neither will America, the American people and the Kennedy family. Indeed, truth and justice are what President Kennedy not only devoted his entire life too but also sacrificed his own life for in his courageous and relentless quest to save America and humanity from the scourges of murderous militarism gone mad.
It’s as if this injustice has inflicted an evil curse upon America from which we will never be able to recover our personal, family and national honor until truth and justice prevail. In many ways, the American people and the Kennedy family are forever and umbilically connected to that fateful day in Dallas on November 11, 1963.
Above all, it should be about what President Kennedy would want and anyone even remotely familiar with the works of this extraordinary man would categorically conclude that that President Kennedy would settle for nothing less than the truth because above all, he was truly a champion for truth and justice who abhorred the raw and absolute concentration of the very same secretive powers that murdered him.
But so long as that truth remains buried, the curse will follow all of us. If President Kennedy’s life meant anything to him, his family and the American people, it’s long overdue for all of us to honor his life and death with the truth because his scared soul can never rest in peace until he knows that his life had meaning and that his death fulfilled his destiny. | <urn:uuid:be47fbb3-d9d7-450b-9742-85fcb1a0403a> | CC-MAIN-2015-22 | http://judymorrisreport.blogspot.ca/2012_12_01_archive.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2015-22/segments/1432207928562.33/warc/CC-MAIN-20150521113208-00162-ip-10-180-206-219.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.970449 | 1,840 | 2.671875 | 3 |
Flashcards in Lecture 9: Epithelial Glands Part II Deck (13):
What is the difference between parenchyma, and stoma, and septa?
- The components of the gland derived from epithelium (secretory units and ducts) comprise the parenchyma.
- The connective tissue capsule surrounding the entire gland as well as the connective tissue partitions separating the lobules and lobes comprise the stroma.
- Septa (trabeculae) are extensions of the capsule into the epithelial components of the gland that divide the gland into subdivisions called lobes and lobules.
Give the difference between a lobule and a lobe
Lobes: A lobe is a subdivision of a compound gland separated from adjacent lobes by septae.
- Lobules: A lobule is a subdivision of a lobe. Lobules are separated from each other by delicate septae. Each lobule is equivalent to a simple, branched gland.
Define an Acinus
* Acini are the secretory components of a lobule.
* Acini may be serous, mucous, or sero-mucous (mixed)
* Basement membrane covers the outer surface of the acinus.
* Myoepithelial cells are found between the basement membrane and the secretory cells of the acinus.
- Myoepithelial cells are derived from epithelium but are characterized by extensive actin bundles resulting in contractility.
- Myoepithelial cells help to express the secretions of the acini into the intercalated ducts.
What are intralobular ducts?
What are the two types of intralobular ducts?
- Intralobular ducts are ducts that lie within a lobule.
- Intercalated Ducts
- Striated Ducts
Describe intercalated ducts
- Drain the secretory acini.
- Lined by simple squamous epithelium transitioning to low cuboidal epithelium.
- Involved in bicarbonate/chloride ion exchange.
Describe Striated Ducts
- Lined by cuboidal epithelium transitioning to columnar epithelium with basal striations (for active transport).
- Actively reabsorb sodium ions; passively reabsorb chloride ions; actively secrete potassium ions.
Describe Interlobular Ducts
- Interlobular ducts are formed by the confluence of two or more striated ducts and are found in the septae between adjacent lobules.
- These ducts are lined with pseudostratified columnar epithelium.
Describe Intralobar Ducts
(Yes, you are officially being fucked with now.)
- Intralobar ducts are joined by the confluence of two or more interlobular ducts.
- Intralobar ducts are lined with columnar epithelium transitioning into stratified columnar epithelium
Describe Lobar Ducts
- They are formed by the confluence of two or more intralobar ducts.
- Lobar ducts are lined with stratified columnar epithelium.
Review Slide 10 on Lecture 9 to make sure you understand the hierarchy of all those ducts and lobes and shit.
Describe the 4 minor salivary glands and their general function
- Located throughout the oral cavity and include:
- Von Ebner’s glands, labial glands, palatal glands, and buccal glands.
- These glands keep the surface of the oral cavity moist.
What are the 3 Major Salivary Glands and give their purpose
- Parotid glands: The parotid glands are composed only of serous acini.
-Submandibular glands: The submandibular glands are mixed glands with both mucous and serous acini, but the serous acini are predominant. Serous secretory cells form a crescent-shaped configuration around the mucous acini; these are called serous demilunes.
- Sublingual glands are also mixed glands, but the mucous acini are predominant. | <urn:uuid:6cbc2c00-d9f8-4bbb-a6ba-ef1848deec42> | CC-MAIN-2019-35 | https://www.brainscape.com/flashcards/lecture-9-epithelial-glands-part-ii-5377496/packs/7997484 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-35/segments/1566027313936.42/warc/CC-MAIN-20190818145013-20190818171013-00504.warc.gz | en | 0.88714 | 893 | 3.296875 | 3 |
Presbyterian tradition, particularly that of the Church of Scotland, traces its early roots to the Church founded by Saint Columba, through the 6th century Hiberno-Scottish mission. Tracing their apostolic origin to Saint John, the Culdees practiced Christian monasticism, a key feature of Celtic Christianity in the region, with a presbyter exercising "authority within the institution, while the different monastic institutions were independent of one another." The Church in Scotland kept the Christian feast of Easter at a date different from the See of Rome and its monks used a unique style of tonsure. The Synod of Whitby in 664, however, ended these distinctives as it ruled "that Easter would be celebrated according to the Roman date, not the Celtic date." Although Roman influence came to dominate the Church in Scotland, certain Celtic influences remained in the Scottish Church, such as "the singing of metrical psalms, many of them set to old Celtic Christianity Scottish traditional and folk tunes", which later became a "distinctive part of Scottish Presbyterian worship".
Presbyterian history is part of the history of Christianity, but the beginning of Presbyterianism as a distinct movement occurred during the 16th-century Protestant Reformation. As the Catholic Church resisted the reformers, several different theological movements splintered from the Church and bore different denominations. Presbyterianism was especially influenced by the French theologian John Calvin, who is credited with the development of Reformed theology, and the work of John Knox, a Scotsman and a Roman Catholic Priest, who studied with Calvin in Geneva, Switzerland. He brought back Reformed teachings to Scotland. The Presbyterian church traces its ancestry back primarily to England and Scotland. In August 1560 the Parliament of Scotland adopted the Scots Confession as the creed of the Scottish Kingdom. In December 1560, the First Book of Discipline was published, outlining important doctrinal issues but also establishing regulations for church government, including the creation of ten ecclesiastical districts with appointed superintendents which later became known as presbyteries.
In time, the Scots Confession would be supplanted by the Westminster Confession of Faith, and the Larger and Shorter Catechisms, which were formulated by the Westminster Assembly between 1643 and 1649. | <urn:uuid:0417c549-2629-4e4f-8e52-c429b2ffd389> | CC-MAIN-2018-34 | https://www.know.cf/enciclopedia/en/Presbyterianism | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-34/segments/1534221211000.35/warc/CC-MAIN-20180816132758-20180816152758-00400.warc.gz | en | 0.96587 | 462 | 4.03125 | 4 |
Is a 100% clean, renewable energy future by the year 2050 possible? On EcoJustice Radio, Stanford Professor Mark Z. Jacobson went into the details on why the most efficient and socially and environmentally just way is to transition away from fossil fuels and nuclear to Wind, Water, and Solar energy solutions.
Tag: nuclear power
San Onofre Nuclear Waste Dangers Compound
Since it was closed for safety violastions in 2012, the dangers of San Onofre Nuclear Generation Station (SONGS) between Orange County and San Diego have only continued to loom. Listen to this EcoJustice Radio interview with activists from Public Watchdogs explain how the nuclear waste being buried on the beach poses serious dangers to California.
Ontario: Nuclear Waste Repository Proposed for Great Lakes
The fate of a proposed nuclear waste facility near the Canadian shores of Lake Huron is left to the “democratic process” within a small Ontario nuke-dependent town, while failing to consult the 40 million people whose drinking water could be affected.
Decommissioning San Onofre: Money Over Meltdown
San Onofre’s nuclear reactors are permanently shut down. However, Southern California Edison has left tons of highly radioactive nuclear waste that will remain on site for decades, if not longer. San Onofre’s spent fuel contains 89 times the amount of radiation (Cesium-137) released from Chernobyl. What is being done to rectify this situation?
Mapping the Pro-Nuclear Brain
Scientists ask the Pro-Nukers: “Do the positive possibilities that nuclear energy poses outweigh the negative? How would building more nuclear power plants in the US affect animals, plant life, people, and the economy? Should the US dedicate more time, money, and energy into creating more power plants or should the US try and shut down what power plants it already has?” Then they map the answers on the brain…
Freezing Fukushima: The Solution
“Utilizing new technologies, we will freeze the 100-square miles surrounding the devastated plant, surgically remove it, towing it by barge to the Arctic where it will remain frozen, rendering it harmless. Comments regarding global warming will be addressed in a private conference at a later date.”
Clean Energy Possibilities, Amory Lovins Interviewed By Arnie Gunderson
Arnie Gunderson of Fairewinds interviews Amory Lovins, preeminent environmental thinker and co-founder of the Rocky Mountain Institute. With forty years of energy policy experience, Amory Lovins has dedicated himself to the idea that our energy future does not have to look like our energy past. Listen in as Arnie and Amory discuss transitioning towards a clean energy economy in the US and around the world. | <urn:uuid:f7069284-a92c-496a-800d-fe62769b39bc> | CC-MAIN-2023-14 | https://wilderutopia.com/tag/nuclear-power/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-14/segments/1679296948965.80/warc/CC-MAIN-20230329085436-20230329115436-00515.warc.gz | en | 0.912665 | 574 | 2.546875 | 3 |
The president who gave his inaugural address on Martin Luther King Jr.'s birthday was in no mood for good humor or challenging cliches and bromides. Nor did the man who invented eloquence inspire with the soaring rhetoric of the prince of the civil rights movement. He echoed the Declaration of Independence and the Constitution, and quoted a few lines from Abraham Lincoln, but he was determined to make the day more political than presidential, more prosaic than poetic, more pompous than patriotic and proud.
He suggested that our mothers and daughters are still unable to earn a living equal to the pay of men, even though statistics make clear that whatever gender gap remains, it's a gap created mostly by women making choices and trade-offs that are different from those of our fathers, husbands and sons. Historian Jay Winik observes that the president's speech was one that "could have been given 50 years ago."
The president continues to appeal to separation, to division, to littering the national landscape with regiments of straw men and women in the name of the politics of polarization. Intolerance and prejudice certainly remain in the culture, but no longer as a national attitude and not without corrective appeals to public exposure and legal remedies.
The visual trumped the verbal at this inauguration. If the speech failed to express unifying commonalities, the television camera surveying the crowd in Washington told the real story, of children raised to the shoulders of their parents, of beaming black, white and brown faces of young and old, of the gorgeous harmony of the Brooklyn Tabernacle Choir lifting the music of "The Battle Hymn of the Republic" to the sky, and of the beautiful Beyonce belting out "The Star Spangled Banner" (even if she did lip-synch it).
A grace note was provided by Richard Blanco, the young Cuban poet, speaking of the "many prayers, but one light breathing color onto stained glass windows."
They made it a day to be proud of America. Only an authentic grudge could not see the idealism that brings us together beyond political partisanship. This was the real and natural diversity that animates Lincoln's "mystic chords of memory," reaching out to "the better angels of our nature." Not even a president stuck in a time warp could spoil that. | <urn:uuid:27c25c0c-1f31-4880-a556-80dec79ee7c9> | CC-MAIN-2013-20 | http://townhall.com/columnists/suzannefields/2013/01/25/diversity-with-conceit-n1496638/page/2 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2013-20/segments/1368706933615/warc/CC-MAIN-20130516122213-00022-ip-10-60-113-184.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.95975 | 472 | 3.015625 | 3 |
From the Author
"For although religion does not explain everything about a people's
behavior, as the mother of morals and definer of justice it has ever
been a chief arbiter of man's conduct." (Anon., The Path of Buddhism,
Our goal in writing this book is to make the religious
beliefs of the majority of humanity understandable to those who do not
come from the same religious background. They are each greatly
summarized. Thus, the point needs to be made that each section consists
of what could be called "orthodox generalizations", and that the
personal beliefs of individuals or of sects within the various religious
traditions will be quite different in some areas covered.
the main section of this book, we have striven to use material from each
religion about itself (such as denominational pamphlets, correspondence
courses, conversations with believers and interviews with clergy), with
our own additional commentary supplied only in order to make ideas
foreign to the North American mind more easily grasped. If we have
confused, or rendered anything inaccurate it is our own misunderstanding
of the material that we consulted, and the fault is ours alone. In
addition, several appendices have been added in order to examine some
areas of special interest (at least for us) in greater depth. These
appendices are written from our own perspectives.
so much time overseas (Douglas) and with so many international
university students (Gary), we became intrigued by how much better we
could understand and be accepted by people of other cultures if we got
to know a little about their religions (or the religion that influenced
the culture that they were raised in). Rather than just knowing
geography and perhaps a bit of political news (as you would tend to get
from the media or a modern/western program, article or book about a
place), knowing religion helps in being able to relate to others
culturally, even if they are not practicing a religion.
that religions and cultures are very tightly interrelated. So tightly,
in fact, that having knowledge of the 3 general categories of religions
which came out of the 3 areas of the world (China, India, Near East)
gives a person a real advantage in better understanding both people and
cultures. Although we are largely dealing with generalizations, we have
sought to find a tentative starting point in discussing things that a
novice might otherwise lack. The first half of this book is devoted to
religions beyond Christianity. As the world increasingly becomes a
smaller place, a basic understanding of the different religions of
others that one increasingly meets at work and socially will become more
We have spent much of the book describing the many
branches of Christianity. This was not only because it happens to be the
authors' religious background, but also because it gives a perspective
of how much variation exists in the largest religion in the world today.
The Orthodoxy of the Middle Ages can no longer be seen in the lives of
individual Christians, let alone their hundreds and hundreds of church
organizations. People used to think that religions were monolithic, but
they turn out to be much more heterodox than was originally assumed.
is our prayer that this book will prove helpful and useful to the
reader in better understanding all the varied beliefs of humanity and
that it may be a tool for the user to also come to better understand
other people of whatever religious background.
Antion, MA Douglas Ruml, CFM, MA
From the Back Cover
"This compendium of World Religions serves as a valuable reference work
for layman and scholar. The authors devoted several years in
researching, analyzing and organizing this work. Their research involved
extensive travel and combing through volumes of manuscripts and
conversations with the converts of various religions. The material is
presented in an unbiased and objective manner that allows the reader to
easily compare the teachings of a particular religion with their faith.
the material is organized systematically enabling the reader to easily
navigate the principal tenants of each religion. Along with the
theological and philosophical foundations, the authors present in
logical sequence the historical, social and cultural backgrounds that
influenced the development of each religion.
authenticity are hallmarks of this work. The compendium has served as a
basic textbook in college classes for over a decade and has stood the
scrutiny of students and scholars. One is drawn into the work largely
due to the clarity of thought and readability of the material. It is
rare to find a work of this nature that lends itself useful to student
and scholar. This work will serve student and instructor well in the
study of world religions."
- Donald Ward, Ph.D.
Internet changing the world in ways past generations never imagined,
understanding other peoples, cultures and religions has become crucial.
Gary Antion and Douglas Ruml have produced a compact resource that will
prove invaluable to those involved in international business, and will
help avoid mis-understandings across a wide spectrum of human activity.
Part of the power of the book comes from the organization of the
material. Each religion is presented in the same format and under the
same headings. It makes finding what you are looking for a cinch. This
is a valuable book to have close at hand, whether you are a writer, a
business person, or just curious about what you hear on the news."
Ronald L. Dart, Christian Education Ministries | <urn:uuid:d99e6a8f-abb3-4183-b01f-36ea1d2018be> | CC-MAIN-2015-22 | http://www.amazon.com/World-Religions-Brief-Gary-Antion-ebook/dp/B004J4VWD2 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2015-22/segments/1432207929411.0/warc/CC-MAIN-20150521113209-00015-ip-10-180-206-219.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.942672 | 1,166 | 2.5625 | 3 |
Drypoint on 240gsm Arches etching paper, 2009, Ed 25. by Chris Diedericks
The main inspiration for Flying Lesson was the discovery of Meta Biology, a dystopian poem by Matthew Ford on the Internet.
We were taught from school to deal with future shock,
Yesterday already a footnote
In the Global History Text, we rush with open arms
Towards the next new miracle,
Ready to deal with the fear of not knowing
What our generation will become
After the Solstice, when all people sleep.
Waiting at the bottom of the ocean
For cast off news, machines monitor
Flux and pattern in the Text:
A slithering binary map of all events.
Anticipating failures far ahead, they intensify
The conditioning to compensate,
While in our every living cell wait
The genetic masons, benignly fixing flaws,
Until a blueprint is relayed to them.
They re-craft our DNA.
Philosophers agree -
This is the end of evolution.
No longer the incidental egg for passing on
Family traits, merely for survival,
No more the coded legacy
Carried like a manual,
Freed from the tyranny of mutation and selection.
Projections show no more
Of nature's accidental heroes will exist
Next year. The automatic masons pick them out.
One Orchid was preserved, one Bee,
But fewer people go to see them.
I pressed my ear to the ground, but I all could hear
Was the Earth growl impotently back,
Like a stomach whose last meal had been creation.
- Matt Ford
However, in retrospect, I believe that Flying Lesson mainly deals with escapism. Escapism is mental diversion by means of entertainment or recreation, as an "escape" from the perceived unpleasant aspects of daily stress. It can also be used as a term to define the actions people take to try to help relieve feelings of depression or general sadness. Escapist societies are common in dystopian novels for example Fahrenheit 451, where society uses television and "seashell radios" to escape a life with strict regulations and the threat of a forthcoming war.
Some believe that this diversion is more inherent in today's urban, technological existence because it de facto removes people from their biologically “normal” natures. Entire industries have sprung up to foster a growing tendency of people to remove themselves from the rigors of daily life. Principal amongst these are fiction literature, music, religion, sports, films, television, role-playing games, pornography, recreational drugs, video games and the Internet. As subtly suggested in Flying Lesson, activities that are normal parts of a healthy existence (e.g., eating, exercise, sexual activity) can also become avenues of escapism when taken to extreme.
In the context of being taken to an extreme, the word "escapism" carries a negative connotation, suggesting that escapists are unhappy, with an inability or unwillingness to connect meaningfully with the world. | <urn:uuid:9a4b0678-d21d-41a0-8072-77cc31d353ea> | CC-MAIN-2019-26 | http://chrisdiedericks.co.za/exhibitions/cold-sweat/flying-lesson/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-26/segments/1560627998605.33/warc/CC-MAIN-20190618023245-20190618045245-00343.warc.gz | en | 0.922149 | 628 | 2.578125 | 3 |
Thousands gathered to witness India’s second attempt to send a landmark spacecraft to the Moon on Monday, a week after a fuel leak forced the launch to be postponed.
Indian scientists offered ritual prayers at temples near the base, according to media reports, and said they were confident there would be no repeat of the problem that led to countdown being halted 56 minutes before last week’s launch.
The South Asian nation is bidding to become just the fourth nation — after Russia, the United States and China — to land a spacecraft on the Moon.
The fresh launch attempt for Chandrayaan-2 — Moon Chariot 2 — is scheduled for 2:43 pm (0913 GMT).
With light rain falling on the Satish Dhawan Space Centre at Sriharikota, an island off the coast of southern Andhra Pradesh state, President Ram Nath Kovind joined 7,000 dignitaries and flag-waving school children waiting for the launch.
The official countdown started late Sunday and the Indian Space Research Organisation (ISRO) said the fuelling of the Geosynchronous Satellite Launch Vehicle (GSLV) MkIII, India’s most powerful rocket, was going according to plan.
ISRO chief K. Sivan told The Hindu newspaper late Sunday that there was “no chance for any technical fault to arise now”.
“When the technical fault happened, we stopped the countdown, identified the issue, and rectified it.”
– Destination Moon –
The rocket will take up an orbiter, a lander and a rover, and has been almost entirely designed and made in India.
The 2.4-tonne (5,300-pound) orbiter is expected to circle the Moon for about one year, taking images of the surface, looking for signs of water, and studying the atmosphere.
The lander — named after Vikram A. Sarabhai, the father of India’s space programme — will carry the rover and be placed on the surface near the lunar South Pole.
ISRO scientists will remotely control the rover named Pragyaan — “wisdom” in Sanskrit — as it carries out experiments. It will work for one lunar day, the equivalent of 14 Earth days, studying rocks and soil on the Moon’s surface.
Experts said setbacks such as the halt to the first launch were to be expected because of the complexity of the mission.
“In such an ambitious and prestigious mission like Chandrayaan, one cannot take a chance even if a small flaw is detected,” Rajeswari Pillai Rajagopalan, head of space policy at the New Delhi think tank the Observer Research Foundation, told AFP.
Former NASA scientist Kumar Krishen said India’s space agency should be praised for taking on ambitious projects like Chandrayaan-2.
“We should keep in mind that space exploration is risky as many systems have failed in the past and many lives lost,” he told AFP.
Aside from propelling India into rarefied company among spacefaring nations, Chandrayaan-2 also stands out because of its low cost.
About $140 million has been spent on preparations for the mission, a much smaller price tag compared with similar missions by other countries.
The United States — which is marking the 50th anniversary of Neil Armstrong becoming the first human on the Moon — spent the equivalent of more than $100 billion on its Apollo missions.
Chandrayaan-2, and India’s space programme as a whole, are a source of national pride.
Prime Minister Narendra Modi has vowed to send a manned mission into orbit by 2022, and India hopes to seek out commercial satellite and orbiting deals.
The new mission comes almost 11 years after the launch of India’s first lunar mission — Chandrayaan-1 — which orbited the Moon and searched for water. | <urn:uuid:0edfe3dd-b294-4c25-9e5a-1186dafb22f9> | CC-MAIN-2021-39 | https://smarteagles.net/2019/07/22/india-counts-down-to-new-bid-to-launch-moon-mission/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-39/segments/1631780057580.39/warc/CC-MAIN-20210924201616-20210924231616-00168.warc.gz | en | 0.940139 | 809 | 2.921875 | 3 |
Like any other living being in this world, rats can also fall sick and they also show certain symptoms of illness and also need to be cured. Sometimes they can get injured like they might be having an injured tail or having sprained bones. Sometimes they might be having deep wounds of bite from other rodents or from the other rats as well. In another case some rats have also been reported to having the respiratory disorders which might be due to any infections. In these cases a proper medication is required so as to help them out in breathing and get recovered quickly.
Usually if you see any of the symptoms of sickness in a rat as discussed above, it is strongly suggested to visit a veterinary doctor or practitioner. There are some points of sickness of a rat which cannot be handled by you and it is strongly demanded to call to a vet in order to take the situation under control. However some people really hesitate to pay heavy bills of the vet and try to cure the problems of sickness of rat at home by themselves. In these cases it is necessary to have enough information so that you should know the proper symptoms and kind of care which should be given to the patient rats so that their disease can be cured and controlled in time. On the other hand if you think you cannot handle the situation anymore, you should immediately take it to a vet and should not risk its life anymore.
Certain tips to care for a rat
There are some typical symptoms which should be noted and if any of these is found wrong, then immediate recovery action should be taken. Some of these are as follows:
Ø The nose of a rat should always be dry and if it found running, then it is a sign of a respiratory infection.
Ø Sometimes the rats can also be exposed to moths, mites or ticks. It is advised to examine every time you purchase the bedding and food packages for your rat.
Ø If someone is smoking around, then the smoke of cigarette can also cause respiratory problems for a rat. This situation also demands immediate medical care.
In addition to this, some rats may also acquire injuries while passing through corners or having bitten by other creatures. These issues should also be addressed with great concern. | <urn:uuid:85a7c7b4-ae69-4af0-ad6b-4ede8f511b00> | CC-MAIN-2020-05 | http://pestanimal.com/symptomssickrat.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-05/segments/1579251778168.77/warc/CC-MAIN-20200128091916-20200128121916-00133.warc.gz | en | 0.973617 | 446 | 2.546875 | 3 |
How many schools in urban areas go beyond the call of the average school and encourage their students to pursue higher forms of education? Schools in such areas are notorious for lower graduation rates and even lower numbers of students who continue to college, tech schools or vocational schools. This is rational due to the fact that these areas are usually lower income, crime-ridden and run-down. So the question becomes, do middle and high schools in these areas do enough to encourage their students to strive for more?
Stewart Middle School in Norristown has put effort into the well-being of their students through programs like an on-site garden and student trips to Cabrini to urge their students to consider some sort of post-graduate schooling. They have developed an affiliation with Cabrini for both these programs so students realize that additional schooling is actually a possibility for them.
There are schools in other “bad” areas that attempt this same feat and offer programs for this purpose, but there is still a gap recognizable to the students themselves that more can be done. Priorities differ from school to school and where higher education lies is not always towards the top of the list. In a society where the most successful is often judged on the degree you hold, the opportunities students from these areas hold are certainly fewer.
Many students are often discouraged from college primarily because of financial reasons. Many students have admitted that they wish their teachers and counselors had offered more information on financial aid. In addition to this, many colleges don’t make it any easier for these students who jump through the hoops of applying for schools.
In applying for colleges during high school, it is all about deadlines. Deadlines for applications, financial aid, housing; the list goes on. In schools that don’t advertise these deadlines and promote their assistance, it is difficult for students to understand the application process and some give up on the procedure entirely.
It is clear that these programs and affiliations are advantageous in many students’ decisions to move on to higher forms of education. It is therefore only logical to see that these efforts need greater priority in the schools they are found in and crucial that they be implemented in the schools that they’re absent in.
Most low-income students from urban high schools hope and plan to go to college. And based on the Center for Higher Education Policy Analysis (CHEPA) survey results, “77 percent value a career that requires a college education, 80 percent want to learn about things that interest them and 82 percent want to be able to earn more money.”
There are many actions these schools can take to improve what they’re doing in the way of encouragement to continue schooling. Stewart Middle School established relations with Cabrini so that the students tour the school and experience what the school offers both in terms of academics and activities and social aspects. The students from Cabrini who are also participating in their gardening program talk to the students about the advantages of higher learning.
These small engagements do more for the students than just expand their relations, they offer the knowledge and support the students need to aspire to be more and do greater than they thought possible.
You do not need to go to extraordinary odds to help others do extraordinary things.
CHEPA’s six challenges related to the process of applying to college:
1. Students in part make college-related decisions based on their perceptions of financial aid availability.
2. A high school’s culture of preparation makes a difference in students’ access to college and financial aid-related information.
3. Students need accurate and timely information about college and financial aid.
4. Group seminars on financial aid information can be helpful in concert with follow-up sessions, but cannot supplant one-on-one support and counseling.
5. Even after applying for college and financial aid, many students require individualized, sustained support throughout the process.
6. Parents require information and knowledge about college and financial aid. | <urn:uuid:c9eb88bd-6656-44d9-bac2-4f5e56dbcaa3> | CC-MAIN-2014-49 | http://theloquitur.com/when-education-meets-encouragement/?doing_wp_cron=1367556390.3665640354156494140625 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2014-49/segments/1416400379555.49/warc/CC-MAIN-20141119123259-00086-ip-10-235-23-156.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.972206 | 815 | 2.5625 | 3 |
In the age of cell phones and social media, capturing attention is more difficult than ever before. And, maintaining student attention once harnessed is an entirely different challenge in itself. But since attention is key to successful learning, this is an obstacle that must be overcome.
What can educators do to create captivating lesson plans? These teacher-tested tips and ideas will excite, engage and motivate students to learn.
Why Capturing Attention Matters
Capturing and maintaining student attention isn’t just important for ensuring that students get good grades. It’s necessary to help them truly learn the subject matter at hand and also prepares them for skills they’ll need later in life.
Our ability to pay attention is influenced by a combination of factors, including attention, memory, interest and awareness, says developmental molecular biologist John Medina, author of “Brain Rules.” In order to remember something, we need to be interested in that idea, creating an emotional connection. In other words, creating experiences that capture and maintain student attention goes far beyond teaching.
Start The Day with Established Routines
Establishing routines for the start of the school day lets students know what’s expected and how to act, Stacia Levy, Ed.D. writes. A standard procedure helps students understand that they need to be come to attention when asked, sit in their seats by a certain time, prepared and ready to work. This can also help eliminate distracting behaviors such as being on their phones or talking during lessons.
A warm-up period is helpful too, says the team at Room 241. This time can be held at the beginning of class, and is an opportunity to review what was learned the day before and prepare to learn new material. Brainstorming, thinking aloud, reflecting on the past day’s work and predicting the content of the next lesson are all ways that students can get their brains into learning mode.
Mind breaks give students a bit of relief from a tough topic and help transition between units. Puzzles, for example, get students thinking in new ways, Riya Sander at Getting Smart writes. And since puzzles are games, students likely won’t feel as though they’re learning even when using essential problem solving skills.
In addition to helping students maintain focus between lessons or subjects, puzzles can also be used during the morning routine. It’s a way for students to socialize and think outside the box at the beginning of the day, which can help wake them up and get them engaged in the classroom.
Add Focus Activities and Attention Hooks
Every new activity or unit should be preceded with a focus activity, educator Shari Edwards writes at Scholastic.
“Research tells us that our brains seek out novelty and often ignore what they think they’ve already heard. That three- to five-minute portion of the lesson that focuses students on the topic might just be one of the most important parts of the lesson,” she says.
That means starting a unit with an unexpected and fun burst of knowledge can really attract students to learning more about the idea. One of Edwards’ favorite focus activities to hook students she calls The Tackle Box. This is essentially a container tools and props that can be used to introduce a new lesson. Whipping out an unexpected object can pique student curiosity and make them wonder how the new lesson is going to relate.
Other examples of warm-up activities that instill focus include crosswords, which can introduce new vocabulary, and pop quizzes, which can be completed in teams. These activities stimulate the brain and encourage creative, active engagement from the very beginning, explains Bronwyn Mortimer at education services provider Navitas. This also establishes a positive view of the lesson or activity, which can boost interest in the lessons to follow.
Neurologist and teacher Judy Willis agrees it’s important to draw student attention to a topic before it’s presented. She offers the idea of advertising for an upcoming unit with posters, clues or puzzle pieces in the days leading up to the first lesson. She says that this primes the reticular activating system (RAS) to choose which sensory input will be used for the lesson when it is revealed.
“The RAS is a virtual editor that grants attention and admission to things that have changed in the environment with priority to changes that signal threat. If the change is assessed as not threatening, the RAS focuses on sights, sounds, movements, smells, and other changes that provoke curiosity or are recognized as potential sources of pleasure.”
Stimulating the RAS builds anticipation and makes student brains eager to find out more about that particular concept or idea.
Try a Variety of Interactive Lesson Formats
Varying lesson and activity formats can keep students engaged. In particular, interactive lessons are much more engaging than standard lecture formats, education writer Janelle Cox says. With the jigsaw cooperative learning method, for example, students work in teams to complete a task.
Asking students to interact with each other in a hands-on environment keeps things interesting and engages them in critical content. These formats can change with individual and partner work to ensure students are exposed to a number of learning styles.
Similarly, creating a pro and con grid allows students to see a topic from different angles, Justin Raudys at elementary math learning platform Prodigy writes. He suggests having students create a pro and con grid, where they explore the advantages and disadvantages of a suitable issue related to a lesson you’ve covered.
There are a number of ways teachers can engage students on their responses. One idea is to have an open discussion about anonymous answers. For older students, you might ask students to explain their answers and back them up with reasoning and facts to create an analytical thinking activity.
Another idea for keeping the lesson interesting is to utilize different materials. “As teachers, it’s up to us to seek out new resources that may benefit our classes, and bringing technology into our lessons is a great way to motivate students,” says teacher trainer Cristina Cabal.
Since most of today’s students are more accustomed to looking at a screen than a book, it’s important to use visuals and colorful materials like flashcards and infographics. Plus, there are many online resources for finding and organizing these materials so that you can always keep things new without spending too much precious time.
Another idea is to have students to draw a picture related to the lesson. For example, you might ask students to sketch the bones of the hand after a unit on the human body, or to illustrate a character’s journey after reading a book. These assignments allow teachers see how students interpret the main points of a unit and organize information, says teaching and learning consultant Barbi Honeycutt, Ph.D. Plus, they’re an interesting addition to a book or lecture-based unit that might need a hands-on element to keep students engaged and attentive. | <urn:uuid:55f481b9-2591-4cd9-b4b0-9b28ea95fe36> | CC-MAIN-2023-40 | https://blog.planbook.com/capturing-attention/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-40/segments/1695233506421.14/warc/CC-MAIN-20230922170343-20230922200343-00437.warc.gz | en | 0.943539 | 1,437 | 4.125 | 4 |
Ptolemy V Epiphanes
|Ptolemy V Epiphanes|
Tetradrachm issued by Ptolemy V Epiphanes, British Museum
|Reign||204–181 BC (Ptolemaic)|
Ptolemy V Epiphanes (Ancient Greek: Πτολεμαῖος Ἐπιφανής, Ptolemaĩos Epiphanḗs, reigned 204–181 BC), son of Ptolemy IV Philopator and Arsinoe III of Egypt, was the fifth ruler of the Ptolemaic dynasty. He inherited the throne at the age of five, and under a series of regents, the kingdom was paralyzed. The Rosetta Stone was produced during his reign as an adult.
Ptolemy Epiphanes was only a small boy when his father, Ptolemy Philopator, died. Philopator's two leading favorites, Agathocles and Sosibius, fearing that Arsinoe would secure the regency, had her murdered before she heard of her husband's death, thereby securing the regency for themselves. However, in 202 BC, Tlepolemus, the general in charge of Pelusium, put himself at the head of a revolt. Once Epiphanes was in the hands of Tlepolemus he was persuaded to give a sign that his mother's killers should be killed. The child king gave his consent, it is thought more from fear than anything else, and Agathocles along with several of his supporters were killed by the Alexandrian mob.
War with Egypt and Macedonia
Antiochus III the Great and Philip V of Macedon made a pact to divide the Ptolemaic possessions overseas. Philip seized several islands and populated places in Caria and Thrace, whilst the Battle of Panium (198 BC) definitively transferred Coele-Syria, including Judea, from the Ptolemies to the Seleucids.
Antiochus then concluded peace, giving his own daughter Cleopatra I to Epiphanes in marriage (193–192 BC). Nevertheless, when war broke out between Antiochus and Rome, Egypt ranged itself with the latter power.
In manhood, Epiphanes was a passionate sportsman; he excelled in athletic exercises and the chase.
The Egyptian Revolt
Great cruelty and treachery were displayed in the suppression of the native rebellion, and some accounts represent Epiphanes as personally tyrannical. In 197 BC, Lycopolis was held by the forces of Ankmachis (also known as Chaonnophris), the secessionist pharaoh of Upper Egypt, but he was forced to withdraw to Thebes. The war between North and South continued until 185 BC with the arrest of Ankmachis by Ptolemaic General Conanus.
In 183 BC/184 BC, the rebels in Lower Egypt surrendered on the basis of terms that Epiphanes had personally promised to honor. However, showing himself treacherous and vindictive, he had them put to death in a cruel manner.
The Memphis Decree, published in three languages on the Rosetta Stone and other stelae, announced the rule and ascension to godhood of Ptolemy V, and contained concessions to the priesthood, and has been termed a reward for the priests' support.
The elder of Ptolemy V's two sons, Ptolemy VI Philometor (181–145 BC), succeeded as an infant under the regency of his mother Cleopatra the Syrian. Her death was followed by a rupture between the Ptolemaic and Seleucid courts, on the old question of Coele-Syria.
Ptolemy V's reign was also marked by trade with other contemporaneous polities. In the 1930s, excavations by Mattingly at a fortress close to Port Dunford (the likely Nikon of antiquity) in present-day southern Somalia yielded a number of Ptolemaic coins. Among these pieces were 17 copper mints from the Ptolemy III to Ptolemy V dynasties, as well as late Imperial Rome and Mamluk Sultanate coins.
- Bevan, Chapter 8.
- British Museum. "History of the World in 100 Objects:Rosetta Stone". BBC.
- Hildegard Temporini (ed.) (1978). Politische Geschichte: (Provinzien und Randvölker: Mesopotamien, Armenien, Iran, Südarabien, Rom und der Ferne Osten)], Part 2, Volume 9. Walter de Gruyter. p. 977. ISBN 3110071754. Retrieved 1 November 2014.
- Bevan, Edwyn Robert (1927). A History of Egypt Under the Ptolemaic Dynasty. Methuen. OCLC 876137911.
- Clayton, Peter A. (2006). Chronicles of the Pharaohs: The Reign-by-Reign Record of the Rulers and Dynasties of Ancient Egypt. Thames & Hudson. ISBN 0-500-28628-0.
- Ptolemy V Epiphanes entry in historical sourcebook by Mahlon H. Smith
Ptolemy V EpiphanesBorn: 209 BC Died: 181 BC
Ptolemy IV Philopator
204 BC–181 BC
with Cleopatra I
Ptolemy VI Philometor | <urn:uuid:55f157b7-4b30-43cb-b4df-9bbe4ebf9503> | CC-MAIN-2015-18 | http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ptolemy_V_Epiphanes | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2015-18/segments/1429246636104.0/warc/CC-MAIN-20150417045716-00043-ip-10-235-10-82.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.92571 | 1,166 | 2.953125 | 3 |
(Natural News) Lots of people are waking up to the dangers of conventional produce and sticking to organic varieties, but a recent study serves as a reminder of why it’s also important to go organic when it comes to cow’s milk too.
The study, which was published in the Public Health Nutrition journal, found that a significant amount of the conventional milk sold in the U.S. contains dangerous contaminants. For the study, researchers randomly purchased half-gallon jugs of conventional and organic milk at various retail stores. All told, they studied 35 samples of conventional milk from 18 different brands alongside 34 samples of organic milk from 10 different brands. →
Read more via Non-organic cow’s milk found to contain TOXIC chemicals like pesticides and growth hormones — NaturalNews.com
(NaturalHealth365) A major part of the liver’s job is to help your body digest all the food that you consume. This includes the coffee you drink, the sodas you may occasionally sneak in, and any pharmaceutical drugs you take, in addition to your usual diet. But, if you’re struggling with chronic fatigue, you’ll want to understand much more about the importance of the liver. →
Read more via How chronic fatigue is caused by unhealthy liver function — NaturalHealth365
(NaturalHealth365) The numbers are truly staggering. In fact, worldwide, a fracture – due to osteoporosis – is estimated to occur every 3 seconds and a vertebral fracture every 22 seconds!
Conventionally speaking, many doctors tend to say that osteoporosis is ‘largely genetic;’ yet, they admit that risk factors include smoking, obesity and lack of physical activity. This obvious contradiction in thinking shows us how confused Western medicine is about this condition.
Read more via Osteoporosis MYTHS exposed and a science-based solution revealed — NaturalHealth365 | <urn:uuid:2cd7e741-5384-404b-bff5-dd1859224c8a> | CC-MAIN-2023-14 | https://freedomforhumanity2016.wordpress.com/tag/dairy-products/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-14/segments/1679296949107.48/warc/CC-MAIN-20230330070451-20230330100451-00274.warc.gz | en | 0.934178 | 394 | 2.875 | 3 |
If memory leak checking is turned on, a scan for memory leaks is automatically performed just before the program being tested exits. Any detected leaks are reported. The program should not be killed with the kill command. Here is a typical memory leak error message:
Memory leak (mel): Found leaked block of size 6 at address 0x21718 At time of allocation, the call stack was: foo() at line 63 in test.c main() at line 47 in test.c
A UNIX program has a main procedure (called MAIN in f77) that is the top-level user function for the program. Normally, a program terminates either by calling exit(3) or by returning from main. In the latter case, all variables local to main go out of scope after the return, and any heap blocks they pointed to are reported as leaks (unless global variables point to those same blocks).
It is a common programming practice not to free heap blocks allocated to local variables in main, because the program is about to terminate and return from main without calling exit(). To prevent runtime checking from reporting such blocks as memory leaks, stop the program just before main returns by setting a breakpoint on the last executable source line in main. When the program halts there, use the showleaks command to report all the true leaks, omitting the leaks that would result merely from variables in main going out of scope.
For more information, see showleaks Command. | <urn:uuid:0276f820-25af-4b9a-ba3c-ecd47432bf1e> | CC-MAIN-2017-17 | http://docs.oracle.com/cd/E19205-01/820-7597/6nirj05is/index.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-17/segments/1492917126538.54/warc/CC-MAIN-20170423031206-00383-ip-10-145-167-34.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.926145 | 300 | 3.3125 | 3 |
A set of recordings of native Irish speakers compiled by a German professor and the Royal Irish Academy in the 1920s has been digitized and put online. The Royal Irish Academy Library collaborated with the Digital Humanities Observatory to bring the collection, which features now extinct dialects, to the public.
In 1926 the government of the recently formed Irish Free State asked German professor Dr Wilhelm Doegen to come to Ireland to make recordings in the Gaeltacht and other areas where gaeilge (the Irish language) had significantly declined. The digitization project’s post-doctoral researcher Eoghan O Raghallaigh explained, “The motivation for the original scheme in the 1920’s was to capture as broad a range of the dialects of Irish still spoken throughout the country. This was vital, as this was the last chance to capture recordings of the language before it disappeared from many of the counties included in the collection.”
Doegen had attracted the government’s attention for his work recording teangacha (languages). Between 1909 and 1914 Doegen made recordings with the Odeon Recording Company for the purpose of teaching foreign languages at Borsig High School where he worked as a múinteoir (teacher). During the First World War thug sé cuairt ar (he visited) over 70 prisoner of war camps where he recorded over 250 languages and dialects. In 1920 he founded the Lautarchiv, now part of the Humboldt University in Berlin and continued recording cainteoirí (speakers).
The Royal Irish Academy’s Irish Studies Committee helped organized the recordings, finding suitable speakers and making arrangements ceirnín (to record) them. Doegen came to Ireland with his assistant Karl Tempel in 1928. He spent a week at Coláiste na hOllscoil Corcaigh (University College Cork) recording speakers from Waterford, Tipperary and East Cork. They spent a seachtain (week) at Mercy Convent in Killarney recording speakers from Kerry and West Cork. Other recordings were done by Tempel between 1930 and 1931.
Speakers’ scéalta (stories), songs, prayers, parables and other items were recorded on wax matrices that were transported to Berlin and then transferred onto shellac. A full set of the recording was given to the Royal Irish Academy and another set was divided between University College Cork, University College Galway and Queen’s University Belfast. After receiving a dheonú (grant), the Royal Irish Academy began work on web publication of the recordings in 2008. Academy librarian Siobhan Fitzpatrick worked as the bainisteoir tionscadail (project manager). The team has digitized the content from the shellac and reduced some of the background noise. The recordings are available in several different formats to accommodate different user riachtanais (requirements). In addition, they transcribed speaker details from survey forms and uploaded annotated transcriptions of the content.
Visitors with only a cupla focal (couple words) don’t have to worry. O Raghallaigh said, “For people who don’t speak Irish, we have provided translations of the material. For those who do speak Irish, they will undoubtedly find it fascinating to listen to native Irish as it was spoken in those parts of the country from which it has now disappeared.”
The team hopes that the results will be used and enjoyed by a wide audience for a multitude of críocha (purposes). O Raghallaigh, “we expect that it will be of great interest to scholars such as linguists, folklorists, musicologists and local historians, and most importantly, we hope that anyone with an interest in Irish heritage will explore and enjoy this unique archive, which includes the voices of people born before the famine.”
You can learn more about the project and listen to the recordings at www.doegen.ie. | <urn:uuid:a6dd681e-180f-4953-b7e7-3aec2fcf81da> | CC-MAIN-2019-18 | https://www.irishcentral.com/news/historic-audio-project-preserves-native-irish-speakers-from-the-1920s-online-228088061-237783281 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-18/segments/1555578528481.47/warc/CC-MAIN-20190420020937-20190420042937-00247.warc.gz | en | 0.959164 | 832 | 3.28125 | 3 |
Though the school authorities admitted that 12-year-old Ajay Devnath appeared to be depressed, the boy did not get any counselling. Although a professional counsellor visits the SCD Barfiwala School thrice a week, Devnath’s depression was ignored.
His teachers say the boy was struggling to cope with his academics and family problems. “School teachers themselves recommend students to the counsellors, but its hard to keep tab on each and every student when we have over 50 students in one class. Even if he was depressed, I was not able to notice,” Prachi Pimple, his class teacher.
Rupa Roy, principal of Balmohan Vidya Mandir, said the faulty system depends only on teachers to recommend students to counsellors. Teachers need to be trained to identify signs of depression among students. “Most schools do not have full-time counsellors. Every school should have an in-house counselling centre and students should be given freedom approach the counsellors directly. Many times students are afraid to speak in front of teachers. Schools can adopt systems such as ‘anonymous letters’ and fellow classmates can also be allowed to report if they find their friend is depressed,” she said.
Teachers must stop shirking responsibility, citing poor student-teacher ratio, says Rekha Vijayakar, director of Guru Harikrishan High School, Santa Cruz. “Teachers need to be more alert and immediately refer them to counsellors if they see behaviour change in students,” she said. | <urn:uuid:2edeaa84-c789-4cb4-b223-1097b67364bd> | CC-MAIN-2015-06 | http://www.dnaindia.com/mumbai/report-mumbai-school-failed-to-counsel-depressed-student-1794825 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2015-06/segments/1422122080417.25/warc/CC-MAIN-20150124175440-00103-ip-10-180-212-252.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.977301 | 334 | 2.515625 | 3 |
Manchester Withington MP Jeff Smith is supporting a network of parents and carers in Greater Manchester who are campaigning to protect children from illegal and harmful levels of air pollution.
Breathing dirty air can stunt the growth of children’s lungs, particular those children living with asthma (1 in 11 in the UK). Pollution is also a driver of health inequalities as children living in the most deprived areas are four times more likely to have underdeveloped lungs.
Road transport is one of the main sources of harmful levels of air pollution across Greater Manchester. The Government has been taken to court three times in three years over its failure to put in place effective plans to bring this type of pollution under control, with NGOs such as Client Earth arguing that they are passing the buck onto cash-strapped local authorities instead.
The Clean Air Parents’ Network in Greater Manchester seeks to promote understanding of the serious health risks associated with air pollution among parents and inspire action through sharing stories, experiences and skills to influence decision-makers.
‘We need to do everything we can to protect children from the dangers of air pollution, and that starts with understanding the risks.
As new plans to tackle air pollution across Greater Manchester are about to be unveiled, parents and carers are uniting to demand action clean up our air.
This network is a great example of how communities of people can be brought together, in order to work with local politicians.” | <urn:uuid:0ce44405-b553-4a79-ab72-1f6f1531b3c2> | CC-MAIN-2020-05 | https://jeffsmithmp.com/2018/08/31/jeff-welcomes-clean-air-parents-network-in-greater-manchester/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-05/segments/1579250601040.47/warc/CC-MAIN-20200120224950-20200121013950-00071.warc.gz | en | 0.947445 | 292 | 2.53125 | 3 |
Student Test Taking Strategies
Ah-Clems Web Page for Students?
Chuck full of information about tests and learning skills. Choose tips from online sites, books or e-mail the doctor about a question.
Tips for true/false questions, multiple choice, essay and number problems. You will also find general strategies and test examples.
Even a section on the Regents Exam!
Strategies for Taking Tests?
The site contains characteristics that make for a poor test taker; what to avoid!? There is information on how to prepare for the test.?
This site helps students prepare for SAT, PSAT, and ACT tests. You will find study guides, information, and much more.
12 Help Site, The?
All you want to know about test taking. Find out? how to prepare weeks in advance for an exam, the pre-exam, during the exam, and post-exam.? | <urn:uuid:759aba4e-d4fe-4e41-acb9-2a47a81e7fc6> | CC-MAIN-2014-52 | http://www.middleschool.net/tstquiz/test.htm | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2014-52/segments/1418802771164.85/warc/CC-MAIN-20141217075251-00041-ip-10-231-17-201.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.80751 | 189 | 2.546875 | 3 |
On April 18th 1891, a train crash in Kipton, Ohio took the lives of 11 people and was caused by railroad engineer’s watches not being in sync (4 minutes difference). This accident led to new strict standars for railroad watches in 1893. Where today’s trains are controlled by high-tech systems using GPS, in those days the network heavily relied on the railroad watches to safely operate and control the train time table.
Due to the 1891 accident (and many accidents before), the Railroad Timepiece Standards Commission presented new guidelines, referred to as the General Railroad Timepiece Standards. These guidelines consisted of:
- Be open face (no lid over the dial), size 18 or 16 (size 18 equals 44.86 mm, size 16 equals 43.18 mm)
- Plain white dial, bold black hands, and bold Arabic numbers
- Have the winding stem at 12 o’clock
- Be lever set (to set the time, the case had to be opened, lever pulled out to set the hands, to prevent an accidental change, rather than pendant set)
- Have a minimum of 17 jewels, a double roller, steel escape wheel, micrometric regulator and grade on back plate
- Be adjusted to at least 5 positions (stem up, left side up, right side up, face up and face down)
- Temperature compensated for 34 to 100 degrees Fahrenheit
- Keep time accurately to within a gain or loss no more than than 30 seconds a week.
By adopting these standards, the watches used by railroad engineers would be reliable, more accurate and easier to read. Some railroad companies adopted more strict guidelines for the watches used by their engineers. Many had an officer that was responsible for maintaining, setting and repairing these watches. Engineers were not allowed to reset the watches themselves, for example.
Of course, we are talking pocket watches here. These watches were mainly made by manufacturers such as Ball, Elgin, Waltham and Hamilton. Although wristwatches were already widely available after WW1, the railroads kept on using the “railroad grade” pocket watches for quite some time. The last ones were said to be delivered until the late 1950’s even. Between 1891 and the 1950’s, the trains changed and this also required more strict guidelines for the watches that were being used. I can also imagine that anti-magnetism played a role for these watches.
In the 1950’s the wristwatch was also used by the railroads, using the same type of specifications for accuracy and esthetics. Ball introduced the Trainmaster for example, and Elgin and Bulova (with their tuning-fork movements) followed as well. All have white faces with bold Arabic numerals on the dial, for good readability. In the 1970’s, brands like Seiko and Pulsar were introducing railroad watches with highly accurate quartz movements.
Longines RailRoad Watch
These wristwatches bring me also to Longines. This year, Longines introduced their Longines RailRoad watch. A beautiful white faced piece with black Arabic numerals and a reference to the original 1960’s model that beared R.R.280 (RailRoad 280 caliber) on te dial, only now featuring R.R.888 on its dial (referring to today’s caliber L888.2). The hand-wound caliber 280 has been used in other Longines watches as well, like the Sport Chief.
The RR280 was used for the railroad watch by Longines (that was used by the Canadian railways for example) and was a modified version of the regular caliber 280. It had an additional hacking feature, a swan-neck regulator for fine adjustment and it was regulated in 5 positions. Below, an image of the original Longines Railroad watch with RR280 movement (photo from Matthew Bain’s website):
The new Longines RailRoad (reference L2.803.4.23.0) is much bigger than the original version, that measured 35mm instead of the 40mm of today’s model. However, a lot of details are very similar on this Longines Heritage version of the RailRoad RR.888.
The Arabic numerals, the reference to the movement caliber on the dial, the Longines logo, shape of the hands, case and bezel. A very good re-interpretation of that 1966 Longines railroad watch. On the new Longines RailRoad, you’ll find the word “Automatic” printed on the dial, below the RR.888, which is something I do not particularly fancy (nor see the use of it), but that’s about the only thing I can criticize about it. Oh, the lug size of 21mm will also make it more difficult for people who like to put it on another strap as 21mm is not a very common size (like 20mm or 18mm).
On the positive side, this watch has no date window which is to me much more important than the “Automatic” wording on the dial. Kudos for Longines to ‘get it’ that heritage pieces don’t need a date window in most cases (like the Longines Legend Diver that we reviewed here).
The caliber referral is a smart thing by Longines, especially when it concerns a caliber that has ‘888’ in its name. Longines is very popular in Asia, and ‘888’ on the dial surely won’t harm additional sales.
An off-white dial with black painted Arabic numerals give a wonderful contrast and follow the General Railroad Timepiece Standards of 1893 for sure. The black hands are very readable and I have to say that I love the leaf shaped hour and minute hands and the long slender seconds hand. The Longines logo has been applied just below the “Longines” wording on the dial.
I don’t get the ‘0’ on the dial to be honest, perhaps it is a train-thing though. However, the pocket watches as shown in this article do not show a ‘0’ but just a ’12’. Also the later quartz Seiko railroad approved watches have a ’12’ instead of a ‘0’. In any case, the original 1960’s Longines railroad watch also has the ‘0’ on top of the dial.
The 40mm case is made of stainless steel, with a nice polished finish on the sides and bezel and brushed luges. The signed Longines crown fits the watch perfectly, not too small and certainly not too big. A slightly domed crystal with anti-reflective coating has been used on top.
The back of the watch shows an engraving of a train, inspired by those used on pocket watches. “The Longines RailRoad” has been engraved in there as well, as it were a book title. Next we find some engravings on water resistance, Swiss made, sapphire crystal, stainless steel, a serial number and the reference number. TMI, but I’ve touched that subject many times before.
Under the hood there is Longines caliber L888.2, a movement exclusively built for Longines by ETA (caliber A31.L01). It has a power reserve of 64 hours, which is quite a lot. Both Longines and ETA belong to the Swatch Group as you probably know, so Longines has a nice advantage of using ETA movements exclusively developed and produced for them. Since 1984, Longines has not been producing in-house movement nor do they want to (as you can read in the interview I did with Longines CEO Walter von Känel here), instead they use ETA movements but tadaaa… ones that are not being used by other watch manufacturers (within or outside the Swatch Group) in case of these exclusives. It doesn’t make the movements in-house, but in the end the result is more or less the same, exclusivity of specific movements.
Then there’s the price of the watch, which is €1580 Euro (including 21% VAT). The minor things like the 21mm lug size and “automatic” wording on the dial are marginal stuff compared to all the things that are good about this watch. The Longines RailRoad L2.803.4.23.0 is simply a good watch and a great buy for a couple of reasons: the heritage of railroad watches and the Longines railroad from the 1960’s in particular are an interesting story to this watch, the exclusive Longines caliber L888.2 has a big power reserve and the white dial with two Arabic numeral scales printed in black make this watch different from most other watches out there.
More information via www.longines.com | <urn:uuid:ee039429-8a41-4ed4-b910-d9e0a8f3665c> | CC-MAIN-2017-17 | https://www.fratellowatches.com/longines-railroad-review/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-17/segments/1492917121453.27/warc/CC-MAIN-20170423031201-00310-ip-10-145-167-34.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.95702 | 1,841 | 3.671875 | 4 |
Controversial topics make many teachers want to run away from the curriculum screaming, but for ESL teachers they offer an unequalled opportunity to foster discussion in the classroom. Though you may feel queasy at the idea of teaching some topics, use the following strategies to make it a teaching triumph rather than a classroom catastrophe.
How to Teach Controversial Topics
Introducing the Topic
Before giving students any materials supporting one side or the other about a controversial topic, ask them what they already know about it. This is only the first of many opportunities for discussion in your class. If you are teaching adults, you may be surprised at the experience your students may already have with a given issue. Also, letting students volunteer information may give you a heads up that they could have deep personal connections to the topic.
Present Both Sides of the Issue
Though you almost certainly agree with either one side of a controversial issue or the other, leading a unit on a touchy subject requires the teacher to be the moderator. As such, it is your responsibility to present both sides of the issue no matter where your opinions lie. You can present both sides by giving students two separate selections, each supporting the opposite opinion, or by presenting material that covers both points of view in one piece. Either way, make sure your students understand the issue, the problems connected with it and any unfamiliar vocabulary they may encounter.
After presenting both sides of the issue and making sure students understand the controversy, give small groups of students an opportunity to discuss the arguments each side presents. They will be sure to offer their own opinions, perhaps vehemently, and you should not pressure them with discussion as an entire class. As students talk about the issue, they will be able to help each other further understand the arguments posed by each side. Just be sure that all groups are allowing free expression from everyone. You may have to step in if one or two students are being bullied by opposing opinions. You want all your students to feel free to speak and express themselves even if their opinion is the minority. Remember, you are the facilitator.
Express Your Own Opinion
After introducing both sides of the issue and allowing students to discuss their opinions, you can express your own opinion on the subject. Waiting until this point to uncover your own view point gives your students the freedom to express themselves honestly without fear of repercussion. Students can be intimidated to support a point of view in conflict with their teacher’s. If you wait until students have already had the opportunity to discuss their opinions, you remove the intimidation that comes with disagreeing with the teacher.
Present a Case Study
Case studies are always a great opportunity to foster discussion. A good case study will not have a clear cut or straightforward course to a happy ending. Not only will struggling with the situation encourage discussion, it will provide a more lifelike and realistic use for language. Life itself is not cut and dry, and if your students will be using language in real world situations they will have to express themselves in difficult circumstances. Encourage your students to take risks and express their opinions.
Facilitate (More) Discussion
Now that students have heard both sides of the issue, discussed the topic with their peers, learned where you stand on the issue and looked at a real life case study, it is time to discuss the issue again. Go back to the discussion questions you provided at the beginning of the unit and allow students to express any changes in their opinions or share things that they have learned. The goal in teaching a controversial subject is not to sway students to one opinion or the other, but they may change the way they feel after further discussion. They may also strengthen the beliefs they had at the beginning of the unit, but hopefully they can express themselves more clearly and give strong support for their beliefs.
When handled correctly, controversial topics can be a gold mine of conversation in the ESL classroom.
Though it is sometimes necessary to create discussion over supplied curriculum topics, using controversial issues in the classroom allows a natural and emotional pathway to conversation. If you are sensitive to your students’ opinions and aware of their feelings, tough to tackle topics just might provide the best lessons all year.
Example controversial topics:
- Using animals in medical research helps people
- Gay marriages are wrong
- Women will never be equal to men in the workplace
- You can’t have a happy family life and a successful career at the same time
- Marriage is outdated
- The death penalty is acceptable in some cases
- Foreigners shouldn’t be allowed to vote
- Celebrities earn too much money
- Military service should be obligatory
- War is never an option for solving international disputes
- Torture can be acceptable in some cases
- Curfews keep teens out of trouble
- We are becoming too dependent on computers
- Smoking should be banned worldwide
- Single-sex schools are evil
- Homework is harmful
- A woman’s place is in the home
- Committing suicide should be made legal
- A man should have a wife for the family and a mistress for pleasure
- Soft drugs should be legalized.
- Those who can - do, those who can’t – teach
- You will be happier if you stay unmarried
- Software piracy is not really a crime
- We do not really need religion
- Your race affects your intelligence
- Euthanasia should be legal
- Obesity is a disease
- Video games contribute to youth violence
- Drinking age should be lowered
- Steroids should be accepted in sports
- Cloning has a lot of benefits
- Prenuptial agreements make families stronger
- Corporal punishment should be allowed in schools.
Have you ever taught any controversial topics? What topic was it and how did it go? We’d love to hear your thoughts in the comments below!
P.S. If you enjoyed this article, please help spread it by clicking one of those sharing buttons below. And if you are interested in more, you should follow our Facebook page where we share more about creative, non-boring ways to teach English. | <urn:uuid:30e24a0e-e094-4dae-9924-bf757e659e5c> | CC-MAIN-2017-17 | http://busyteacher.org/4686-33-controversial-topics-and-how-to-teach-them.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-17/segments/1492917122629.72/warc/CC-MAIN-20170423031202-00409-ip-10-145-167-34.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.950185 | 1,252 | 3.5 | 4 |
Do you ever wonder what a beverage filling machine is? How does it work? What is the basic idea behind the packaging of your carbonated drinks, water, and wine, etc.?
It can help the manufacturing industry to increase the work efficiency and promote the product quantity, thus the beverage filling machine is an essential equipment during the manufacturing process. They are usually employed for packaging beverage, but they are also widely used for the packaging of many other products, like food and pharmaceutical package. These liquid filling machines require more comprehensive techniques and sterility, hygiene and safety are the basic requirements of liquid food filling machines
However, different products require different beverage filling machines. And these products are packaged in in a prescribed amount in a tin can, a plastic bottle or a glass bottle.
The beverage filling machines can be classified differently according to their degree of automation. They could be categorized as automatic, semi-automatic and fully automatic machines.
It is important to note that there are various types of filling machines in the market when we talk about the working principles. Here we will only look at the working principles of liquid filling machine.
Liquid Filling Machine:
Based on the working principle, liquid filling machines are divided into atmospheric pressure, pressure and vacuum filling machines. The ordinary liquid filling machines work by gravity, in which the liquid is filled due to its weight into particular bottles. However, it is necessary to meet special requirements to maintain the viscosity and gas bearing of the fluids. Notable examples of this are milk bottles and grape wine etc.
The vacuum filling machines fill a bottle with the pressure below atmospheric pressure in a bottle. They are suitable for filling high viscosity liquids such as syrup, oil, and fruit wine, etc. This filling machine is very efficient and employs a very simple structure.
The pressure liquid filling machines need to have greater pressure than the atmospheric pressure to be functional. This type of filling is further divided into “equal air pressure filling” and “high-pressure filling.” In “equal air pressure filling,” the pressure of the liquid reservoir gets equal to the pressure of the bottle, and so the liquid proceeds into the bottles by their weights. The high-pressure filling, on the other hand, works by the pressure difference between the liquid reservoir and the bottles. This machine is suitable for filling gaseous liquids, such as beer, soda, champagne, etc. | <urn:uuid:01c85e86-df24-4c4b-83d1-4b06adcf2524> | CC-MAIN-2024-10 | https://filltechgroup.com/do-you-know-how-beverage-filling-machines-work/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2024-10/segments/1707947474663.47/warc/CC-MAIN-20240226194006-20240226224006-00480.warc.gz | en | 0.943891 | 491 | 2.75 | 3 |
Access to nutritious meals critical for seniors
Researchers say food delivery programs play a crucial role in senior health
By Lisa Owens Viani
March is National Nutrition Month, but not everyone has access to healthy food. Older people are some of the hardest hit, with low-income seniors sometimes forced to choose between buying good food and paying for their medications or even their rent. Other seniors can suffer from malnutrition when they become isolated without family members to help out.
A related issue is that many older people are hospitalized for one reason or another. If sent home without follow-up care — including access to nutritious meals — they often end up back in the hospital. A recent study by researchers at San Francisco State University and Merritt College found that one simple but effective program — Meals on Wheels (MOW) — improves seniors' health and reduces the number of return hospitalizations.
The interdisciplinary study was conducted by Darlene Yee-Melichar, SF State professor and Gerontology Program coordinator; Mary Louise Zernicke, dietary manager program director at Merritt College; and Visakha Som, an SF State student who was working toward her master’s degree in public administration in 2017. The team analyzed data on 1,078 people from a national survey of older Americans to explore the impact of MOW and similar food delivery programs on health, hospitalizations and food insecurity. Their analysis, published in the journal Trends in Geriatric Healthcare, shows that older adults who received home-delivered meals had improved health outcomes and reduced hospitalizations.
MOW works by providing nutritious meals at least five days a week. “Certain nutrients become even more important for older adults,” said Yee-Melichar. “You can be eating a lot of food but not getting adequate nutrition. Good nutrition can help address many health conditions.”
“If the federal government doesn’t help, I’m fearful that some of these elders won’t get the meals they need to survive and thrive."
Som managed a MOW program for several years and saw an important opportunity for hospitals to provide preventative medicine through food service programs. “The Affordable Care Act really put pressure on hospitals and institutions to be more accountable to their patients,” said Som. “It wasn’t just ‘We’re discharging you and we hope we don’t see you again in 30 days.’ Instead, there was more an attitude of ‘We’re going to do some things to make sure we don’t.’”
The researchers are concerned that federal support for MOW — which represents 35 percent of its funding — may be in danger due to steep domestic budget cuts under the Trump administration. MOW delivers millions of meals every day to homebound senior citizens, says Yee-Melichar, and while the service is partially funded by donations, those contributions are not always consistent.
“If the federal government doesn’t help, I’m fearful that some of these elders won’t get the meals they need to survive and thrive,” she said. “It would be very short-sighted not to see that providing elders with meals in their homes can help avoid hospitalizations and also help people remain independent rather than being institutionalized, which is more expensive in the long run.”
As simple as it may sound, a nutritious meal can make all the difference to older people. Som, Yee-Melichar and Zernicke see food as preventative medicine. “We believe food can be positioned as a medically necessary intervention to combat diabetes, cancer, dementia and many other diseases,” said Som.
Republished from SF State News | <urn:uuid:f85db35d-72ff-406b-b5b7-f16b8dd5fcaf> | CC-MAIN-2019-51 | http://chss.sfsu.edu/news-announce/access-nutritious-meals-critical-seniors | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-51/segments/1575540523790.58/warc/CC-MAIN-20191209201914-20191209225914-00376.warc.gz | en | 0.958068 | 781 | 2.546875 | 3 |
e is an important constant, which occurs in nature. Euler worked a lot and did a lot on e.
Another expression of π is also pasted. This expression reaches to π quite efficiently and can be used in some graduation and post-graduation courses. Any help needed on inclusion in curricula will be obliged.
How do I make expressions? There are certain numbers and theories in me. There is a pattern in these. These patterns, I try to explain in mathematical expressions. As an example (-1) ^ (n+1) is actually talking of odds and evens. For when n is odd + sign is returned. And when n is even - sign is returned. So (-1)^(n+1) talks of odds and evens. | <urn:uuid:d772520c-6c45-42f2-bce6-215e1577da13> | CC-MAIN-2018-22 | http://theotherday-kirtivasan.blogspot.com/2018/04/pythashastri-more-expressions-on-e-and.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-22/segments/1526794867374.98/warc/CC-MAIN-20180526073410-20180526093410-00227.warc.gz | en | 0.966727 | 160 | 2.71875 | 3 |
Psalm 19 declares the glory of the divine as seen in the creation, then moves to the importance of divine revelation (‘the law’). However, there are so many familiar yet dense phrases in this broad-ranging and interesting psalm that it’s not quite fair to pick just a couple of central themes. Read the text here >>
From the very first verse (‘The heavens declare the glory of God’) we read phrases that resonate in our experience and memories.
Then, anyone who has sung Handel’s The Messiah will certainly recognise ‘Their sound is gone out’ and have the tune of that chorus in mind (an exciting sing — even if it sometimes feels a little like practising your scales and arps. It works.)
From verse 7 on we are reminded by this ‘Psalm of David’ how valuable in the search for an upright yet humble life is the divine guidance in the word, which is:
More to be desired than gold, yea, than much fine gold: sweeter also than honey and the honeycomb. (v. 10)
These references to God’s law and commands might be taken as a nod to the ten commandments which appear in the associated reading from Exodus for the week. However, in the light of all the subsequent guidance and New Testament teaching, that’s like harking back to the technology of that phonograph or to black and white silent movies. We have been moving from a few strict rules to a river of gracious wisdom.
My most-used reference books sit conveniently on my desk by the window, close at hand. Fine, but I happen to be on the other side of the world and, perhaps to your relief, I shall thus refrain from extensive comment on the options. Here are some brief notes:
- Songs no. 7 and 8 in TiS refer to this psalm, although neither covers the full lectionary reading.
- Isaac Everett draws on verse 1 in an easy, singable refrain. As usual, he assumes the verses will be spoken rather than sung to a background vamp.
- PFAS presents a whole six options; 19E is of particular interest since it reminds me that:
- Last time we sang this (January 2013) we used ‘By the rivers of Babylon’ which picks up another much-quoted verse (the last): ‘Let the words of my mouth…’ Children will enjoy this little chorus and perhaps even remember it. The text is on the SWUC Music Dropbox.
After excellent family times nearer the Pole Star than the Southern Cross, all of which I understand to declare the glory of God, Hon. Webmaster hopes to be home with gyros partially upright this Sunday to enjoy whatever is arranged.
You may notice that you have been automatically transferred to http://www.psalmsinthesouth.net — hopefully without annoying advertisements !! This is now the correct URL for bookmarking or reference purposes.
The pic from Augsburg above reminds me that this was the city where in 1518 Martin Luther was interrogated on the ’95 Theses’, and subsequently excommunicated. | <urn:uuid:ce6efb97-3691-4af4-91ff-3193484729c0> | CC-MAIN-2022-21 | https://psalmsinthesouth.net/2014/09/30/psalm-19-5-october-2014/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-21/segments/1652662522270.37/warc/CC-MAIN-20220518115411-20220518145411-00721.warc.gz | en | 0.939987 | 670 | 2.515625 | 3 |
Khalil Gibran (January 6, 1883 – April 10, 1931) was an Arab-American artist, poet, and writer
From the clutches of Pharaoh
To the paws of Nebuchadnezzar,
To the iron hands of Alexander,
To the swords of Herod,
To the talons of Nero,
and the sharp teeth of Demon . . . into whose hands are we now to fall, and when will Death come and take us, so we may rest at last?
With the strength of our arms we lifted the columns of the temple,
and upon our backs we carried the mortar to build the great walls
and the impregnable pyramids for the sake of glory. Until when shall we continue building such magnificent palaces and living in wretched huts?
Until when shall we continue filling the bins of the rich with provisions, while sustaining weak life on dry morsels?
Until when shall we continue weaving silk and wool for our lords and masters while we wear naught except tattered swaddles?
Through their wickedness we were divided amongst ourselves; and the better to keep their thrones and be at ease, they armed the Druze to fight the Arab, and stirred up the Shiite to attack the Sunnite, and encouraged the Kurdish to butcher the Bedouin, and cheered the Mohammedan to dispute with the Christian.
Until when shall a brother continue killing his own brother upon his mother’s bosom?
Until when shall the Cross be kept apart from the Crescent before the eyes of God?
Oh Liberty, hear us, and speak in behalf of but one individual, for a great fire is started with a small spark. Oh Liberty, awaken but one heart with the rustling of thy wings, for from one cloud alone comes the lightning which illuminates the pits of the valleys and the tops of the mountains. Disperse with thy power these black clouds and descend like thunder and destroy the thrones that were built upon the bones and skulls of our ancestors.”
Hear us, Oh Liberty; Bring mercy,
Oh Daughter of Athens; Rescue us,
Oh Sister of Rome; Advise us,
Oh Companion of Moses; Help us,
Oh Beloved of Mohammed ; Teach us,
Oh Bride of Jesus; Strengthen our hearts so we may live;
Or harden our enemies so we may perish And live in peace eternally.
From Spirits Rebellious, Khalil Gibran
Khalil The Heretic / Khalil Gibran | <urn:uuid:2b18d1cc-15b8-4412-b40a-f9622d6289ac> | CC-MAIN-2023-23 | https://www.laghoo.com/2012/01/khalil-the-heretic-khalil-gibran/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-23/segments/1685224653501.53/warc/CC-MAIN-20230607010703-20230607040703-00702.warc.gz | en | 0.906494 | 525 | 2.9375 | 3 |
A quarter of all antelope species are threatened with extinction, according to the IUCN Red List of Threatened Species™.
The results, compiled by the Antelope Specialist Group of IUCN’s Species Survival Commission, show that out of 91 species of antelope, 25 are threatened with extinction. The status of several species has become worse since the last complete assessment of all antelopes in 1996.
“Unsustainable harvesting, whether for food or traditional medicine, and human encroachment on their habitat are the main threats facing antelopes,” says Dr Philippe Chardonnet, Co-Chair of the IUCN Antelope Specialist Group. “Most antelopes are found in developing countries which is why it’s critically important that we collaborate with local communities there since it is in their own interest to help preserve these animals.” | <urn:uuid:1fedc7f6-550a-4f0b-9d27-58a790f02925> | CC-MAIN-2014-10 | http://www.iucnredlist.org/news/antelope-species-extinction-danger | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2014-10/segments/1394010845496/warc/CC-MAIN-20140305091405-00082-ip-10-183-142-35.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.93176 | 180 | 3.484375 | 3 |
Wikipedia consists of a large volume of entities (a.k.a. articles), which is a great resource of knowledge to be utilized in many NLP tasks. To maximize the use of such knowledge, resources created from Wikipedia need to be structured for inference, reasoning, or any other purposes in many NLP applications. The current structured knowledge bases, such as DBpedia, Wikidata, Freebase, YAGO, among others, are created mostly by bottom-up crowdsourcing, which lead to a significant amount of undesirable noises in the KB. We believe that the structure of the knowledge should be defined top-down rather than bottom-up to create clean and valuable knowledge bases. The first step should be to classify multi-lingual Wikipedia articles into well-defined and fine-grained categories, instead of the existing, cumbersome Wikipedia categories.
Extended named entity (ENE) hierarchy defines about 200 categories in a top-down manner to categorize Wikipedia entities. Compared with Wikipedia categories, which includes not only categories but also topics or related issues, ENE categories consists only of clean “categories” and the hierarchy consists of up to 4 levels. The current ENE categories have been used to annotate the November 2017 Japanese Wikipedia snapshot. A new version of annotation on the 201901 Wikipedia snapshot will be provided and will be shared on October 2019.
This year’s shared-task is planned to categorize Wikipedia entities in 30 languages with the largest number of users, shown below. We will provide annotated data for the training. The annotated corpus consists of 780K Japanese articles (entities) that have already been categorized into ENE categories by supervised machine learning methods, and the less reliable data (around half of the total data) are manually verified. There are cross-language links between different language Wikipedia. For example, out of 780K Japanese articles, about 511K articles have link to English articles. We can use this as the training data and the task is to categorize the remaining 5.3M English Wikipedia articles (English Wikipedia has about 5 million articles). Similarly, the training data will be available in the other languages. Derived from Wikipedia, this dataset will be subject to the Creative Commons Attribution Share-Alike license. The Japanese Wikipedia entities, together with the annotations, are given in the form of JSON documents. The fully annotated dataset with the multilingual links will be shared via downloading and database querying.
We will provide not only the training data, but also the cleaned, relevant Wikipedia information in JSON format. Participants can leverage all the resources available, explicitly provided by the organizers or not, to improve entity categorization in this task. All submitted systems will be evaluated against a test dataset with ground truth (not publicly available to participants) by the organizers. Note that participants have to categorize all the data and only a small test dataset will be used for the evaluation.
30 languages are the followings:
English, Spanish, French, German, Chinese, Russian, Portuguese, Italian, Arabic, Indonesian, Turkish, Dutch, Polish, Persian, Swedish, Vietnamese, Korean, Hebrew, Romanian, Norwegian, Czech, Ukrainian, Hindi, Finnish, Hungarian, Danish, Thai, Catalan, Greek, Bulgarian
Resource by Collaborative Contribution (RbCC)
The most notable of this project is RbCC. We believe the Shared Task is a good framework to motivate the researchers to develop technologies on a defined task. Researchers have used different technologies to optimize their systems based on the training data, expecting similar performance on the test data. However, their efforts may be abandoned if the task is changed or the evaluation results are not satisfactory. To fully utilize the efforts by the participants, we propose to design the tasks so that the efforts will be collectively useful for future use. Towards this objective, we propose to create resources via a collaborative manner, dubbed Resource by Collaborative Contribution (RbCC).
Beyond simply a shared task, we are planning to create resources for multi-lingual Wikipedia articles from the submitted systems by ensemble learning, e.g., if the majority participants in a specific language agree on the category of an article, we may create the category resource by the majority decision. For the unsure ones, the shared-task can be run again with enlarged data (bootstrapping) or by annotating some more data (active learning) before running the shared-task again.
October, 2019: Provide the data including all 30 language Wikipedia data and annotated Japanese categorized information in JSON format. All of the Wikipedia information is based on 201901 version
October 2019 – July 2020: Formal run.
August 2020: Evaluation Results Released
December 2020: Workshop at NTCIR-15
Jiewen Wu (A*STAR, Singapore)
Christophe Gravier (Université de Lyon, France)
Hsin-Hsi Chen (National Taiwan University)
Haizhou Li (National University of Singapore, Singapore) | <urn:uuid:a7a54b38-bbae-4ed0-a686-bf8066b960d2> | CC-MAIN-2021-43 | https://aip.riken.jp/labs/goalorient_tech/lang_inf_access_tech/shinra2019-ml-categorizing-wikipedia-in-9-languages/?lang=en | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-43/segments/1634323585828.15/warc/CC-MAIN-20211023224247-20211024014247-00048.warc.gz | en | 0.890505 | 1,017 | 3.1875 | 3 |
The most common formula for finding the area of a triangle is K = ½ bh, where K is the area of the triangle, b is the base of the triangle, and h is the height. (The letter K is used for the area of the triangle to avoid confusion when using the letter A to name an angle of a triangle.) Three additional categories of area formulas are useful.
Two sides and the included angle (SAS): Given Δ ABC (Figure ), the height is given by h = c sinA. Therefore,
Reference triangles for area formulas.
Two angles and a side (AAS) or (ASA): Using the Law of Sines and substituting in the preceding three formulas leads to the following formulas:
Three sides (SSS): A famous Greek philosopher and mathematician, Heron (or Hero), developed a formula that calculates the area of triangles given only the lengths of the three sides. This is known as Heron's formula. If a, b, and c are the lengths of the three sides of a triangle, and s is the semiperimeter, then
One of many proofs of Heron's formula starts out with the Law of Cosines:
Example 1: (SAS) As shown in Figure 2 , two sides of a triangle have measures of 25 and 12. The measure of the included angle is 51° Find the area of the triangle.
Drawing for Example 1.
Use the SAS formula:
Example 2: (AAS and ASA) Find the area of the triangle shown in Figure 3 .
Drawing for Example 2.
First find the measure of the third angle of the triangle since all three angles are used in the area formula.
Example 3: (AAS orASA) Find the area of an equilateral triangle with a perimeter of 78.
If the perimeter of an equilateral triangle is 78, then the measure of each side is 26. The nontrigonometric solution of this problem yields an answer of
The trigonometric solution yields the same answer.
Example 4: (SSS) Find the area of a triangle if its sides measure 31, 44, and 60.
Use Heron's formula:
Heron's formula does not use trigonometric functions directly, but trigonometric functions were used in the development and proof of the formula. | <urn:uuid:ae4f4a92-a920-47b9-88a1-6ca9deb98151> | CC-MAIN-2017-22 | https://www.cliffsnotes.com/study-guides/trigonometry/trigonometry-of-triangles/areas-of-triangles | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-22/segments/1495463608642.30/warc/CC-MAIN-20170526051657-20170526071657-00025.warc.gz | en | 0.881098 | 481 | 4.5 | 4 |
This is the final part in a four-part series discussing the eight dimensions of wellness.
Much as a vehicle relies on several parts working together as a whole, there are numerous dimensions of wellness – eight in fact – that contribute to our health: physical; environmental; financial; psychological/emotional; social; spiritual; occupational and intellectual. Experts say it is important to focus on each dimension individually as well as be aware of how each plays a role in our overall health.
Read tips from Indiana University experts on how to improve spiritual and intellectual health.
The quest for spiritual wellness is a personal one, as it involves defining one’s own values and beliefs in order to find meaning and purpose in life. No matter how you choose to define spirituality, it involves a sense of awareness of the relationship between yourself and the world around you, according to Kevin Ladd, professor of psychology at IU South Bend.
Ladd said there has been a gradual shift in the religious landscape over the past few decades.
“We are no longer thinking of being religious as being tied to a specific group,” he said. “We are seeing a privatization of spirituality, which is being connected beyond oneself with a larger reality but not necessarily inside guidelines offered by a traditional community.”
Ladd said individual spiritual connections can be established in this manner, but then you miss the benefits and values that come along with participating in group activities, like establishing “kindred connections.”
Ladd suggests finding alternatives for spiritual membership and activity, such as meditation, yoga or group study.
The real challenge comes after we establish the “inward” spiritual connection, he said.
“Spirituality is a moving inward that balances with a moving outward,” Ladd said. “Once you develop an individual spirituality and purpose, it has to go somewhere else. It’s important not to be satisfied in just yourself but to show action.”
Practicing gratitude is also a way to improve spiritual wellness, Ladd said. He suggests self-reflecting by journaling or saying aloud a few good things that happened to you each day, even if it’s something as small as finding a good parking spot at work or running into an acquaintance while out for lunch.
“The important component here is that it’s intentionally cultivated,” he said. “We tend to be wrapped up the practical details associated with day-to-day life. We need to set aside time to reflect on how all those routine activities shape who we are and how we relate to the world around us.”
Taking part in activities to learn new skills and expand your knowledge is what intellectual wellness is all about, said Betsy Watson, director of IU’s Lifelong Learning Program.
Watson encourages people to spend at least 15 to 30 minutes each day engaging your mind, whether that’s reading the news, taking a class, participating in a book club or doing something else that piques your interest.
In addition to broadening your knowledge, it can help you increase your self-confidence, expand your social network and perfect your day-to-day responsibilities, she said.
“You will find that you are energized by this action, so you can go back to your other tasks with a brighter step,” Watson said.
For those who are naturally curious, it is fairly easy to incorporate more learning into their daily routine. They likely already follow up on things they hear on the radio, see on TV or read in the newspaper. But others might need to be more intentional about expanding their knowledge.
Watson suggests signing up for one of the 35-plus different courses offered each semester through the Lifelong Learning Program, or participating in Mini University during the summer. Topics include skill-based classes, such as language acquisition or improv acting, and more traditional lecture-based classes in history, the humanities, current events and more.
Watson pointed out that some professors will allow people to audit their regular, semester-length credit courses, as well. She also suggests taking advantage of the many lecture series, cultural events, recitals and performances that take place on campus throughout the academic year. Many of these are open to the public, and some are even free of charge.
“Learning is so narrowly defined sometimes,” Watson said. “But it’s really all-encompassing and meant to be fun.” | <urn:uuid:dc752b3b-c159-4237-bad6-93f9f5930183> | CC-MAIN-2023-14 | https://news.iu.edu/live/news/24639-part-4-iu-experts-share-tips-on-the-8-dimensions | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-14/segments/1679296948867.32/warc/CC-MAIN-20230328135732-20230328165732-00339.warc.gz | en | 0.958043 | 934 | 2.578125 | 3 |
Fine lines and wrinkles are not the only ones that can make your skin look dull and aging. Uneven skin tone due to pigmentation can also have the same effect, especially if you got brown spots and dark uneven patches on the face, décolletage, hands, and other parts of the body.
What exactly is pigmentation?
Also known as hyperpigmentation, pigmentation is a common skin concern that refers to an increase of melanin (color pigment) appearing as flat and darkened spots on the skin which vary in size and color.
Pigmentation frequently appears on the face and hands, as well as neck, chest and other body parts that are regularly exposed to sun.
Hyperpigmentation can occur in all skin tone, in any age and can affect both men and women.
Although hyperpigmentation is a harmless condition, it can take in many forms and can be bothersome for many people. These include:
- Age or liver spots – smaller, darkened patches on the face and other body areas frequently exposed to sun.
- Melasma – larger patches of gray or dark colored skin that usually appear on the face. It can be triggered by changes in hormone levels especially during pregnancy.
- Freckles – small brown patches that can occur anywhere on the body, but more common on the face, chest and arms. They are inherited and can be more pronounced when exposed to sun.
- Post-inflammatory hyperpigmentation – this occurs when skin trauma or injury heals and leaves some sort of discoloration (like acne).
Why do I have skin pigmentation?
Skin pigmentation is caused by higher levels of melanin (the natural pigment that gives your skin, hair, and eyes color). There are a number of factors that can trigger an increase in its production. These include:
- Sun exposure – This is the leading cause of skin pigmentation, as UV exposure triggers the production of melanin. Excessive sun exposure can also make your age spots and other forms of hyperpigmentation a lot darker.
- Hormonal influences – This is the main cause of melasma and is especially common in women. It is believed to occur when the hormones (estrogen and progesterone) stimulate the production of melanin, especially when skin is exposed to the sun. Hormone treatments can also cause hyperpigmentation.
- Skin injuries or trauma – Acne, atopic dermatitis, and other skin injuries like cuts of burns can leave the skin discolored and darkened after the healing of the wound.
- Certain illnesses and medications – Autoimmune diseases and metabolic disorders can also cause hyperpigmentation. It can also be triggered by some medications like antibiotics and chemotherapy drugs.
How can I brighten my skin or remove pigmentation?
As excessive UV exposure is the leading cause of pigmentation, it is only important to stay out of the sun or wear a broad-spectrum sunscreen with an SPF of at least 30.
Use a Good Sunscreen
We recommend Clear Defense SPF 45 or Sheer Defense Tinted SPF 46 from Dr. Sylvia Skin Care. Both products are oil-free and non-greasy and can protect your skin without causing breakouts.
It is also recommended to try non-invasive aesthetic treatments and products that can help you achieve clearer skin.
If you’re looking for brown spot treatments that really work, Limelight IPL is worth considering. It uses an FDA-cleared “intense pulse light” technology to address skin surface problems such as dark spots, freckles, and pigmentation.
It can be used on any part of the face, neck, and décolleté with dark spots, skin redness, and tiny facial veins (telangiectasia)
Limelight works by delivering pulses of light at the skin to draw spots and patches on the top layers. This will then scab and fall off after three to four days. The brown spots may turn darker after the procedure, but this is normal. It may look like that it has gotten worse, but it will soon get better after a few days, revealing brighter skin.
Just be sure to avoid sun exposure (without protection) or artificial tanning at least two weeks before and after the treatment.
There are many reasons why a chemical peel is great for your skin. It can greatly improve the appearance of your skin by treating acne, fading mild scars, and evening out discoloration.
Chemical peels work by peeling the outer superficial layer of the skin. It then helps rebuild collagen and cell growth regeneration from the deeper layers of the epidermis.
At Cutis Laser Clinics, we offer a number of chemical peels that can brighten your skin. The Cutis Crystal Peel is one great option, as it has been successfully used to lighten age spots, freckles, uneven skin tone, and discoloration conditions on the face and body.
There is also the VI Peel, a medical-grade chemical peel that can reduce or eliminate age spots, freckles, and hyperpigmentation. It can also clear acne skin conditions, and soften lines and wrinkles. This provides significant results after 5 to 7 days.
After the treatment, your skin may appear tan or reddish. The solution will also be left on your skin and can only be washed after four to five hours. Don’t worry and rest assured that this is safe and will give your skin a tanned appearance.
Pearl Laser Resurfacing
Pearl Laser Resurfacing is a US FDA-cleared device that can help you deal with sun damage, wrinkles, and other skin problems like acne scars and hyperpigmentation. It treats the dermis and the epidermis of the skin to give you efficient results.
Pearl uses pulses of light directed at the top layer of the skin to remove a portion of the sun-damaged skin surface. This causes the skin to produce a natural protective dressing, which will peel off after three to five days. This will then reveal a fresher and healthier-looking skin with a “pearly” glow.
There is downtime of five to seven days, but you can see noticeable improvements after just one treatment. You can also continue to get another session to maintain optimal results. This is because the sun can continuously damage our skin over the years.
Skin Lightening Obagi
Obagi, a well-known professional skincare brand, offers safe and effective products that can lighten the skin and treat spots and hyperpigmentation.
They have topical treatments with prescription strength of 4% hydroquinone, a well-known and safe skin-lightening ingredient that can be used at home.
It is important to know that Obagi can only be used with a prescription from an aesthetic doctor. This also requires consistent follow-up and supervision to make sure that your skin is reacting well to the product.
A consultation with an aesthetic doctor in Singapore is advisable to learn more about the Obagi’s skin lightening products and to know which one is right for you.
Phytofloral and Tranexamic Acid
In Cutis Laser Clinics, we provide safe prescription supplement formulated with clinically-proven ingredients that help maintain healthy, radiant skin from within. This supplement contains Phytofloral and Tranexamic acid, two ingredients that have been found in clinical studies to be safe and effective in treating melasma and brown spots.
Phytofloral is a natural antioxidant that comes from non-chemical processed tomatoes with colorless carotenoids. These are the only type of carotenoids that can absorb both UVA and UVB light. It helps lightens the skin by protecting it from environmental damage that causes age spots, sunburn, and pigmentation.
Tranexamic acid, meanwhile, is made from an amino acid (protein) called lysine. This was discovered in clinical studies to reduce melasma safely if used in lower concentrations.
Schedule your Consultation Today
Don’t let pigmentation make your skin look dull, uneven, and aging. Contact Cutis Laser Clinics today and schedule a consultation with our Harvard-trained aesthetic doctor, Dr. Sylvia Ramirez, to find out which of the treatments mentioned is suitable for you. | <urn:uuid:6af51afd-9ddc-4f95-b05b-88cdb7aee2c5> | CC-MAIN-2019-09 | https://www.cutislaserclinics.com/blog/what-is-pigmentation-and-how-can-i-get-rid-of-it/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-09/segments/1550247481766.50/warc/CC-MAIN-20190217071448-20190217093448-00365.warc.gz | en | 0.936057 | 1,726 | 3.140625 | 3 |
A Historical flashback of Acupuncture
Acupuncture is an ancient traditional method of treatment that has been applied for 5000 years.
It is known as traditional Medicine in China, where the first University of the Imperial Medical Academy was founded, from which books about the learning and application of acupuncture have come out.
Acupuncture is traditionally combined with appropriate nutrition, physical exercise, use of herbs etc.
Nowadays, all these can be replaced by the use of specific medicines in small doses and contemporary techniques as well, such as physiotherapy, electrotherapy, laser, tests of food intolerance and the maintenance of an individual healthy diet etc.
For medical appointment or a free personal briefing, contact the doctor, on working days and hours. | <urn:uuid:a5c7e054-ef0e-4da9-95be-fade3e167029> | CC-MAIN-2019-30 | http://parousi.gr/index1.php?p=history1 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-30/segments/1563195525973.56/warc/CC-MAIN-20190719012046-20190719034046-00222.warc.gz | en | 0.95341 | 147 | 2.75 | 3 |
Always taking care of your oral health is necessary to prevent dental problems and also possibly serious health issues in some cases. While regularly brushing and flossing are the necessities, you also need to visit your dentist for regular cleanings at least twice a year. Teeth cleaning is the primary key to detect and correct the initial problems such as cavities and gingivitis before they further escalate into more severe issues.
Fluoride is a naturally existing mineral that is present in many edible items but is mostly found in water. Minerals are added to and lost from the tooth’s outer layer known as the enamel either by remineralization or demineralization. When minerals are expended out of this layer due to acids formed from plaque bacteria and sugars in the mouth, demineralization takes place. On the other hand, when minerals such as calcium, fluoride, and phosphate are reinserted on the enamel layer from the water or foods that we consume, remineralization happens. It is a well-known fact that anything over a certain limit causes problems or damages. In these cases too, excess demineralization without enough remineralization to fix the enamel layer can develop decay on the teeth. Tooth cleaning will not only stop these problems early but will also save you time, money and pain. Children over the age of four or five have to visit their dentist for teeth cleaning at least twice a year. At Eledent hospitals, we provide comfortable and painless dental cleanings to detect, deter and prevent gum diseases.
The most useful aspect about fluoride is that it helps counter tooth decay by delivering the tooth more resistance against acid attacks from sugars and plaque bacteria in the mouth. It further inverses the early decay that happens in teeth. In children under the age of six, fluoride occurs to be incorporated while the development of stable teeth, producing a hindrance to acids from demineralizing the teeth. This also enables Fluoride to help speed up the remineralization as well as disrupt the acid generation in predominantly existing teeth in both children and adults.
Fluoride treatment for teeth is a procedure where a dentist applies this mineral in the form of a foam, gel or varnish. These procedures comprise a much higher amount of fluoride than that found in food or even in tubes of toothpaste and mouth rinses. The varnish is painted on the teeth, the foam is put into a mouth guard for a few minutes, or the gel is washed on or applied through a mouth guard.
If you’re worried about your child being prone to other dental problems such as cavities, then the fluoride treatment for kids at Eledent is the best solution. This not only retains the fluoride content balance on the enamel but also prevents other oral diseases. The fluoride treatment for ₹21,799.49
Adults is also a part of the fluoride treatment service at eledent. We cater to the complete care of your dental health by providing various other treatments. All services at Smilekraft conform to the highest standards of sterilization, material and equipment quality control, and radiation safety. | <urn:uuid:5e24c39e-cd00-4af5-9518-c0f69a5ce468> | CC-MAIN-2019-26 | https://www.eledenthospitals.com/service/fluoride-treatments/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-26/segments/1560627998100.52/warc/CC-MAIN-20190616102719-20190616124719-00250.warc.gz | en | 0.950771 | 648 | 3.109375 | 3 |
Texas has been making significant strides in its education system, with a strong focus on improving its educational standards and outcomes. The state has witnessed a remarkable increase in the number of college graduates over the past decade, leading many to question whether Texas has claimed the title of the most educated state in the USA. This article delves into the factors contributing to Texas’ educational success, exploring the initiatives that have been implemented and assessing the validity of its claim to this prestigious title.
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Educational Attainment in Texas
Texas, the second-largest state in the United States, places importance on educational attainment to drive social and economic development. An analysis of educational attainment in Texas reveals the state’s progress in providing educational opportunities across various levels of education and demographic groups.
Overall Educational Attainment
When considering the overall educational attainment in Texas, it is noteworthy that the state has made significant strides in recent years. According to data from the U.S. Census Bureau, 29.2% of Texas residents aged 25 and older hold a bachelor’s degree or higher, which is slightly lower than the national average of 32%.
Educational Attainment by Level
Examining educational attainment by level in Texas reveals a mixed picture. At the bachelor’s degree level, Texas surpasses the national average, with 27% of residents holding a bachelor’s degree compared to the national average of 19.6%. However, when it comes to advanced degrees like master’s or doctoral degrees, Texas falls slightly below the national average.
Educational Attainment by Demographic Groups
Educational attainment in Texas varies among different demographic groups. While the state demonstrates improvement in closing educational gaps, disparities still exist. White and Asian residents tend to have higher educational attainment levels compared to Hispanic and African American residents. Efforts to address these disparities and promote educational equity remain an ongoing focus.
Comparison to Other States
To gauge the educational progress in Texas accurately, it is essential to compare the state’s performance to other states in the nation. By examining Texas’ position in relation to the national average and comparing it to top-ranked states and neighboring states, we can gain insights into where Texas stands.
Texas vs. National Average
When compared to the national average, Texas lags slightly in terms of overall educational attainment. However, considering the size and diversity of Texas, the state has made commendable progress in providing educational opportunities across its vast population.
Texas vs. Top-Ranked States
When contrasting Texas with top-ranked states in terms of educational attainment, there is certainly room for improvement. While states like Massachusetts, New Hampshire, and Connecticut boast the highest levels of educational attainment, Texas is still striving to reach similar heights.
Texas vs. Neighboring States
In comparison to its neighboring states, Texas fares reasonably well in terms of educational attainment. It outperforms some neighboring states in certain metrics, indicating that the state has placed a significant focus on educational development.
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Factors Affecting Educational Attainment
Several factors contribute to educational attainment levels in Texas. Examining the quality of schools and universities, access to education, education funding, and economic factors offers insights into the influences on educational outcomes.
Quality of Schools and Universities
The quality of schools and universities plays a vital role in educational attainment. Texas boasts numerous renowned educational institutions that offer rigorous academic programs. However, disparities in the quality of education among different districts and schools within the state remain a challenge.
Access to Education
Ensuring equal access to education for all residents is crucial for improving educational attainment. Texas has made efforts to expand access to education through initiatives like online learning, dual-credit programs, and workforce development partnerships. However, disparities in access still exist, particularly in rural areas where resources may be limited.
Education funding significantly impacts the quality of education and educational outcomes. Texas has faced challenges in adequately funding its education system. While the state has made efforts to address this issue, continued investment in education remains imperative.
Socioeconomic factors, such as poverty rates and economic inequality, can influence educational attainment. Texas faces economic disparities that can impact access to quality education, particularly for disadvantaged communities. Addressing these disparities and providing resources to ensure educational equity for all students is essential.
Higher Education in Texas
Higher education plays a critical role in fostering innovation, research, and intellectual growth. Texas has a significant number of colleges and universities, encompassing both public and private institutions.
Number of Colleges and Universities
Texas boasts an extensive higher education system, with over 170 colleges and universities spread across the state. This diverse range of institutions provides various academic and vocational opportunities for students.
Top-Ranked Universities in Texas
Several universities in Texas have gained recognition for their academic excellence and research contributions. The University of Texas at Austin, Texas A&M University, and Rice University are just a few examples of institutions that consistently rank highly in national and international university rankings.
Tracking graduation rates is crucial to understanding the success of higher education institutions. Texas has seen improvements in graduation rates in recent years. However, continued efforts are needed to ensure students have the necessary support and resources to complete their degrees.
Availability of Advanced Degrees
Texas offers a wide array of advanced degree programs, including master’s and doctoral programs. These programs contribute to the state’s intellectual capital and play a key role in attracting talent and fostering innovation.
This image is property of i.insider.com.
K-12 Education in Texas
A strong K-12 education system is vital for preparing students for higher education and future success. Texas’s education landscape includes both public and private schools, as well as charter schools.
Public School System
The Texas public school system serves a vast and diverse student population. Efforts have been made to improve the quality of education, enhance curriculum standards, and provide additional resources to support student achievement.
Private and Charter Schools
In addition to public schools, Texas is home to numerous private and charter schools. These schools offer alternative educational options and cater to diverse learning needs. However, disparities in access and quality can still exist between public and private schools.
Quality of Education
Ensuring a high-quality education for every student is a priority for Texas. The state has implemented various initiatives to improve educational quality, such as accountability systems, teacher professional development programs, and curriculum enhancements. However, ongoing efforts are necessary to address disparities and raise overall educational standards.
Achievement gaps remain a significant challenge in Texas K-12 education. These gaps often disproportionately affect economically disadvantaged students, English language learners, and students with disabilities. Strategies focusing on equity and targeted support for underperforming student groups are essential for addressing these gaps.
Education Policies and Initiatives in Texas
Texas has implemented various education policies and initiatives to improve educational outcomes and close achievement gaps across the state.
State Education Policies
Texas has enacted policies aimed at improving student performance, enhancing teacher quality, and increasing accountability within the education system. Initiatives like the Texas Education Agency’s A-F Accountability System and the implementation of rigorous curriculum standards reflect the state’s commitment to educational improvement.
College Readiness Initiatives
To enhance college readiness, Texas has implemented programs like Advanced Placement (AP) courses, dual-credit programs, and college and career counseling. These initiatives aim to provide students with the necessary skills and support to succeed in post-secondary education.
Efforts to Close Educational Gaps
Addressing educational gaps remains a top priority for Texas. The state has implemented targeted interventions, such as the Texas GEAR UP program, which aims to increase college access and success for low-income students. Continued efforts are crucial to ensure equal educational opportunities for all students.
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Challenges and Opportunities
While Texas has made significant progress in its education system, several challenges persist. Addressing these challenges and embracing opportunities is essential for improving educational outcomes and fostering future success.
Economic disparities can significantly impact educational attainment. Texas faces challenges related to income inequality, poverty rates, and access to resources, particularly in economically disadvantaged areas. Recognizing and addressing these disparities is vital for ensuring educational equity.
Achieving educational equity is a continuous challenge. Texas must focus on providing equal access to high-quality education for all students, regardless of their socioeconomic background, race, or ethnicity. This requires targeted strategies, resource allocation, and community engagement.
Like many states, Texas faces a shortage of qualified teachers in certain subject areas and geographic regions. Addressing teacher shortages requires attracting and retaining highly qualified educators, providing competitive salaries, and offering professional development opportunities.
Impact of COVID-19
The COVID-19 pandemic has undoubtedly had a significant impact on education in Texas. School closures, remote learning challenges, and disruptions in educational progress have presented new obstacles. Addressing the long-term effects of the pandemic on educational attainment will be a priority moving forward.
Community and Parental Involvement
Community support and parental engagement play a crucial role in promoting educational success and creating a supportive learning environment.
Importance of Community Support
Community engagement and support are essential in bolstering educational outcomes. Collaborative efforts between schools, families, and community organizations can provide additional resources, mentorship, and enrichment opportunities for students.
Parental Engagement in Education
Parental involvement is a vital component of educational attainment. When parents are actively engaged in their children’s education, it has a positive impact on academic performance, school attendance, and overall educational achievement. Texas encourages parental involvement through various initiatives and programs.
Role of Extracurricular Activities
Extracurricular activities play a vital role in a well-rounded education. Involvement in sports, arts, clubs, and other activities promotes social skills, teamwork, and personal development. Encouraging a robust extracurricular environment can contribute to the overall educational experience for Texas students.
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Implications for Texas
The educational attainment levels in Texas have wide-ranging implications for the state’s future social, economic, and cultural development.
Benefits of an Educated Population
An educated population offers numerous benefits to the state. Higher educational attainment is associated with increased earning potential, improved job prospects, and reduced rates of poverty. A well-educated workforce also attracts businesses, drives innovation, and contributes to economic growth.
Economic Growth and Innovation
Investing in education and fostering a highly skilled workforce is crucial for economic growth and innovation. Texas’s commitment to improving educational attainment contributes to the state’s ability to attract businesses, support entrepreneurship, and maintain a competitive edge in today’s knowledge-based economy.
Social and Cultural Development
Education plays a pivotal role in social mobility and cultural development. Higher levels of educational attainment can lead to reduced social inequalities and contribute to the overall well-being of communities. Texas’s focus on educational attainment aligns with the state’s vision of creating a prosperous and inclusive society.
While Texas may not currently hold the title of the most educated state, it has made significant strides in improving educational attainment levels. Through efforts focused on increasing access to education, closing achievement gaps, and implementing policies and initiatives to enhance educational quality, Texas has taken positive steps to provide opportunities for its diverse population. Continued dedication to addressing challenges such as economic disparities, teacher shortages, and the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic will be crucial for Texas to further elevate its ranking among the most educated states. By embracing the opportunities presented by an educated population, Texas can position itself as a leader in economic growth, innovation, and social progress. | <urn:uuid:c1135f2c-9d49-46be-8aa5-95c238091042> | CC-MAIN-2024-10 | https://texasmentor.org/is-texas-the-most-educated-state/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2024-10/segments/1707947475806.52/warc/CC-MAIN-20240302084508-20240302114508-00198.warc.gz | en | 0.942982 | 2,417 | 2.921875 | 3 |
Posted by Patricia on 3/5/2014 to Baby Bedding
Did you know that about 2,000 babies die in the U.S. each year of Sudden Infant Death Syndrome (SIDS)? This is the sad truth, according to the American Academy of Pediatrics (AAP) and the National Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). Even worse is the fact that the total number of Sudden Unexplained Infant Deaths (SUIDs) sits at about 4,000 each and every year in America.
Experts say that a large percentage of these deaths occur in the babies’ beds and can be prevented by ensuring that babies only sleep on and in the proper bedding. Talking about the need to secure your baby a safe sleep, Southwest Health District Health Director Dr. Jacqueline Grant said, “Recommendations from the AAP, endorsed by the CDC, can help improve the safety of your baby’s sleep environment and reduce the likelihood of SUID.”
The AAP and CDC recommend the following:
First of all, adults must stop sleeping in the same bed with their babies. Tragically, infants sleeping with adults can die of SIDS due to accidental strangulation or suffocation. Instead, the recommendation is for adults to put their babies to sleep in the same room, not the same bed.
Next, parents need to only have their babies sleeping on firm bedding that meets safety standards. This means that infants have no business sleeping on sofas, beanbags, waterbeds, or even faux-bearskin rugs. Hand-in-hand with this tip is to only use properly-fitted sheets and blankets to protect babies from accidental strangulation.
Not only do surfaces need to be firm, but other soft items such as teddy bears and pillows need to be kept out of infants’ beds. Babies can be suffocated, trapped and strangled by these seemingly-innocent soft products.
Last of all, babies need to sleep on their backs.
To learn more about keeping your baby safe and happy in bed, visit the AAP guidelines and the CDC. | <urn:uuid:923fa90e-f97c-48eb-a60e-93878e32c790> | CC-MAIN-2022-27 | https://www.signaturelittleones.com/Baby-Bedding-The-Key-to-a-Happy-Safe-Baby-_b_29.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-27/segments/1656103322581.16/warc/CC-MAIN-20220626222503-20220627012503-00657.warc.gz | en | 0.928128 | 438 | 2.984375 | 3 |
Kevin Schmidt, W9CF
I give an animated plot of the radio frequency current and magnetic field in a conductor. For completeness, I include the derivation of the result, however similar descriptions can be found in most electromagnetism texts.
|x ( x ) =||(3)|
|x ( x ) = ( ) - = -||(4)|
|+ = 0 .||(5)|
|+ = 0 .||(7)|
|+ = 0 .||(8)|
Outside the conductors, the same calculation shows that the fields
satisfy the wave equations
|+ = 0|
|+ = 0||.||(9)|
The skin depth in copper is about .005 centimeters for the 160 meter band, .002 centimeters for the 20 meter band, .001 centimeters for the 6 meter band, and .0003 centimers for the 70 centimeter band. It is easy to see that the spatial variation of the fields in vacuum is much smaller than the spatial variation in the metal. Therefore, for the purposes of evaluating the fields in the conductor, the spatial variation from the wave length outside the conductor can be ignored.
The main effect on the form of the fields inside the conductor is governed by the shape of the conductor. For the usual case where the surface of the conductor is flat on the length scale of the skin depth, and the conductor is much thicker than the skin depth, the solution is straightforward. Note that flat on the length scale of the skin depth means that the radii of curvature of the surface should be much larger than a skin depth. Since the external fields are changing on the scale of either the curvature of the conductor or the wave length, and the tangential components of and must be continous across the boundary (this is normally shown by applying Stokes theorem to Maxwell's curl equations above) the tangential components inside also change tangentially in the same way. Similarly the normal component of is continuous, so the normal component of is continuous. The result is that the tangential dependence of the magnetic field just inside the material is identical to the dependence outside. The second derivatives in the tangential direction will be of order one over the length scale squared. Since the length scales outside are so much larger than those inside, these second derivatives cannot give a contribution anywhere near the value of 2i/ needed to solve Maxwell's equations inside. To an excellent approximation, the dependence of the fields normal to the surface must give this entire contribution and
|+ = 0||(10)|
|= e (i - 1)d/||(11)|
If we take the divergence of the curl of Maxwell equation,
we get the divergence of is zero. Taking the divergence of
this, the largest terms are from the normal component. Again, since the
skin depth is so much smaller than the other length scales, the only way
to obtain a zero divergence result is to have a negligible component of
normal to the surface. Plugging back in to Maxwell's equations,
the magnetic and electric fields in the conductor are
|=||e (i - 1)d/|
|=||- x e (i - 1)d/||(12)|
Notice that the skin depth being so small dominates Eq. 10, so for conductors many skin depths thick, you will always get this exponential decay as you move away from the surface. In particular you will still get this behavior even for surfaces with large radii of curvature once you are many skin depths from the surface.
The current density is given by Ohm's law = , or
|= - x e (i - 1)d/ .||(13)|
Plots of the magnetic field and the current density are shown in figure 1. It is amusing to see that the current is not all flowing in the same direction in the conductor. From the figure, we see that there is a wave traveling and decaying into the conductor. When the current density is a maximum at the surface, the current deeper than about 1.5 skin depths is flowing in the opposite direction. The magnetic and electric fields have the same behavior.
To verify the usual results, integrate the current density to get the equivalent surface current,
|= dd = x||(14)|
|p = Re dd = ||2 .||(15)| | <urn:uuid:8d58a68b-189a-4992-9e0c-0d44d763e696> | CC-MAIN-2014-42 | http://fermi.la.asu.edu/w9cf/skin/index.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2014-42/segments/1413507445159.36/warc/CC-MAIN-20141017005725-00286-ip-10-16-133-185.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.896534 | 903 | 3.4375 | 3 |
Disruptive digital technologies are transforming everyday activities, business models and customer behaviours and the automotive industry is no exception following the development of connected autonomous vehicles.
Although fully autonomous vehicles are not expected on the roads until 2025 (and some consider even that date to be optimistic), elements of the underpinning technology are already in use, for example, autonomous emergency braking systems. In any event, there is no doubt that the rise of autonomous vehicles will provide a number of benefits ranging from increased road safety and more streamlined transport networks to creating new jobs in the technology and automotive sectors.
- A study has calculated that humans are at fault in more than 90% of car accidents 1.
- The Eno Centre for Transportation in the United States concluded that if 90% of cars on American roads were autonomous, the number of accidents would fall by almost 80%.
- A report by McKinsey estimates that commuters worldwide could save 1 billion hours every
day once autonomous vehicles go mainstream.
However, in conjunction with these benefits, there will also be a number of challenges to overcome on the road to Level 5 automation 2. This note will focus on some of them:
- How will existing laws adapt to this emerging technology?
- What will stakeholders do to exploit Big Data opportunities?
- How will liabilities be backed-off across supply chains?
International framework - the need for change
The existing international framework is in need of a refresh. The challenge is whether the UK waits for the international community to agree an update to the existing framework or takes the initiative by updating its domestic legislation.
The current law in many parts of the world relating to traffic rules for vehicles is either governed by the Vienna Convention on Road Traffic, 1968 (Vienna Convention) or its predecessor the Geneva Convention on Road Traffic, 1949 (Geneva Convention). Both treaties share the concept of a driver being in charge of vehicles and that the driver must at all times be able to control their vehicles.
However, several important countries, including the UK and US, did not sign and ratify the Vienna Convention. This has some important consequences because the Vienna Convention is seen as being more restrictive than its predecessor (which has been signed and ratified by the UK) - although it should be noted that a recent amendment has been agreed which allows for autonomous driving provided there is a manual override option present in the vehicle. Therefore, for countries that only ratified the Geneva Convention, there is more scope to develop their laws independently as we move away from conventional driving.
However, in order to move towards fully automated driving – where there is no driver present or the driver is relegated to the role of occupant – the current law (with its focus on driver control or manual overrides) needs to evolve.
The UK Government has acknowledged the need for legal amendments in its publication, "The Pathway to Driverless Cars" 3. It has promised that it will review and amend domestic regulations by summer 2017 to accommodate certain aspects of driverless technology. And this acknowledgement is not just limited to the UK; in 2015 the Transport Ministers of the G7 states and the European Commissioner for Transport approved a declaration highlighting the need to take steps to implement a uniform legislative framework which could apply across borders.
All these acknowledgements and declarations are laudable but the timetable for some, in light of the changes required, appear to be very ambitious and careful consideration is required to ensure a consistent international framework is developed (especially in relation to the testing of autonomous vehicles) which will be difficult given that different countries are at varying stages of implementation.
The UK is already making progress: for example, the Vehicle Technology and Aviation Bill has introduced a new insurance framework which requires insurance cover for autonomous vehicles for both times when the driver is in control and when the vehicle takes charge in the automated mode. The Bill has received positive feedback from the insurance industry, providing clarity as to how they should design their insurance products to cater for the autonomous vehicle revolution.
In the "Internet of Things" world, where connected autonomous vehicles are sharing large volumes of structured and unstructured data at high speeds from a variety of sources (e.g. collecting data from car sensors, computing data using on-board IT systems, and sending/receiving data using electronic communications systems), Big Data opportunities represent big business.
This Big Data will vary, ranging from information on driver behaviour and traffic data to environmental data (e.g. weather conditions) and data on obstacles/emergencies ahead. Clearly, some of this data will include personal data and so vehicle manufacturers (OEMs) will need to consider data protection laws when it comes to the processing and storing of such data. This is especially true in light of the new General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR) coming into force in May 2018.
The main issues to consider from a data protection perspective are likely to be: (i) how to ensure individuals are properly notified about what personal data is collected, how it is used and who it is disclosed to; (ii) whether individuals are given any choice about the data collection; (iii) whether personal data could be used in a way which is potentially damaging or intrusive to the individuals (e.g. if their movements are mapped in order to target them for particular goods or services); and (iv) ensuring personal data is appropriately protected and secured. In any event, driver personal data collected for Big Data purposes will need to be subject to robust documented risk assessments so that organisations can demonstrate their compliance with the strict new rules in the GDPR. Failure to comply with the GDPR could give rise to very serious penalties, including fines of up to 4% of annual worldwide turnover.
The risks associated with non-personal data are also increasing. The Network and Information Security Directive, which will need to be implemented by EU member states by May 2018, will require operators of critical national infrastructure (including in the transport sector) to implement appropriate technical and organisational measures to manage network security risk, and to notify regulators of network security breaches regardless of whether personal data is affected. Failure to comply with the Directive could also lead to serious penalties: regulators will be able to impose penalties on infringing operators that are "effective, proportionate and dissuasive" (although we will need to wait for Member States' implementing legislation before knowing the precise level of such penalties).
Aside from understanding the data protection issues, OEMs, insurers and other stakeholders will also need to improve their capabilities when it comes to analysing Big Data efficiently so they can leverage its benefits to better understand their customers and their needs and create stronger relationships (e.g. personalised products and services to vehicle owners or cheaper car insurance for good drivers). This could be through internal changes (hiring data scientists to help analyse data sets) and/or external changes (procuring new software technologies to help them analyse data better). The latter requires an understanding of negotiating and contracting with software suppliers, including:
- agreeing an appropriate scope of licence aligned to the licensee's needs (e.g. is it sufficient for the software to be used for internal business purposes only or is a broader use required?);
- where data is also hosted by the supplier, understanding how data is kept secure, where it is hosted from and how it will be accessed post-termination (e.g. will the supplier back-up data and be liable for loss or corruption of data, will the format the data is provided in post-termination be capable of use by the licensee or any replacement supplier without incurring additional cost or effort?);
- appropriate warranties and indemnities need to be provided by the supplier to protect the licensee (e.g. third party IP infringement indemnities); and
- robust service levels need to be agreed (e.g. the supplier must commit to ensure the software is available for use by the licensee and all users during agreed times).
Liability - its shift and potential impact
In the fully autonomous driving world, where the vehicle is taking control out of drivers' hands, we will see a shift from personal liability to product liability with a focus on OEMs ensuring their products are designed safely to avoid accidents that could damage property or cause injury to people.
This shift will impact subcontracting relations as OEMs seek to back-off their enhanced liability to customers across increasingly complex supply chains. Historically, OEMs have benefitted from a powerful negotiating position vis-à-vis their supply chain: often imposing contractual indemnities on their subcontractors that are triggered in the event the OEM suffers loss or damage due to a subcontractor act or omission. However, as supply chains become more and more complex and technology dependant, we anticipate a shift in that balance of power as OEMs find themselves opposite larger and more sophisticated technology providers. Complex negotiations will no doubt arise as subcontractors seek to carve-out liability in specific circumstances (e.g. where a vehicle owner has failed to update software with new patches to resolve defects). Both suppliers and OEMs will need to carefully consider the risks to determine what can be accepted in this new world.
Insurance premiums and insurance cover will also be disrupted. Given that the majority of accidents are caused by humans (see "Key Statistics" above), motor insurance premiums will drop due to the reduced number of accidents. Thatcham Research has estimated that insurance premiums could fall by as much as 50% by 2025 4. Although, on the plus side, the number of times insurers have to pay out on accidents will also fall due to the reduced number of accidents.
Despite this disruption to a core source of revenue for motor insurers, we anticipate new insurance opportunities arising as a result of this shift to product liability to cover risks such as software defects, negligent acts or omissions committed by in-house software developers and cybersecurity as well as the more prosaic risks that will continue to apply to autonomous vehicles such as insurance cover for weather-related risks, theft and vandalism.
Digital technologies are disrupting the traditional automotive industry. Whilst Level 5 autonomous vehicles are years away, OEMs, suppliers, insurers and other stakeholders need to start thinking now about how they will adapt to take advantage of Big Data opportunities, appropriately back-off enhanced liabilities across supply chains and open up new sources of revenue as traditional business models fall-away.
1. National Highway Traffic Safety Administration's 2008 National Motor Vehicle Crash Causation Survey
2. According to the Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE), there are 6 levels of motor vehicle automation ranging from no automation (Level 0) to full automation (Level 5). | <urn:uuid:d4d644fe-1786-458e-a24e-1ca6e16ec3ed> | CC-MAIN-2019-51 | https://www.twobirds.com/en/news/articles/2017/global/autonomous-vehicles-rise-of-the-machines | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-51/segments/1575540506459.47/warc/CC-MAIN-20191208044407-20191208072407-00505.warc.gz | en | 0.947188 | 2,137 | 2.796875 | 3 |
The mindful and affirmative statements from Indian and Pakistani leadership show that the governments of both the countries have significant pressure, internally and externally, to move forward in the direction of seeking solution.
Since both the countries have established communication at different levels and opened borders for the people from different walks of life are interacting with each other graciously. The mutual and reciprocal activities are being conducted which indicate that the people of both the countries want to live in peace and harmony. Both nations are showing remarkable optimism to build strong neighbourly relations. Corroborating peoples’ aspirations, the government heads of both the countries are also found fervent in winning the game in their account
Prior to their first meeting, the two newly elected Prime Ministers of India and Pakistan –” Manmohan Singh and Shaukat Aziz – are expressing great deal of optimism in their statements. Mr. Manmohan Singh, commenting on Aziz’s visit to India, said that India was very serious about composite dialogue and wanted to see progress. On the other hand both Pakistani President Pervez Musharraf and the Prime Minister Shaukat Aziz are also looking desperate to make a break through with India on the solution on Kashmir.
However, despite opening the arms of friendship and showing eagerness to talk on the issue, the leaderships of both India and Pakistan are yet to show any flexibility on their prime positions on Kashmir. During his first visit to Kashmir, the Indian Prime Minister, Manmohan Singh loudly repeated Indian stand on Kashmir by recalling Kashmir as an integral part of India and refusing to accept any line of control in Kashmir. He also refused to talk on holding plebiscite among Kashmiris. On the other hand, though Pakistani President General Pervez Musharraf is showing his extensibility by vocalizing various options but he didn’t seem formable on his stand that the Kashmir issue should be resolved according to the will of the people of Kashmir which signals to hold the plebiscite. Remember, the UN Security Council Resolution had passed a resolution on 21st of April 1948 which states; “both India and Pakistan desire that the question of the accession of Jammu and Kashmir to India or Pakistan should be decided through the democratic method of a free and impartial plebiscite”. However, India later denied acting on the resolution giving the reason as unfeasible for them.
In the present atmosphere, it is considered that Kashmir is the only but core issue between India and Pakistan. It is equally important to resolve for the rest of the world especially for the region to bring the stability and peace in South Asia. The other leaders of SAARC nations repeatedly endorsed demands that the future of South Asia largely depends on the relationship between India and Pakistan. Since the creation of Pakistan and India, unfortunately, both the nations have been in the status of war primarily due to the dispute on Kashmir. As the issue is deeply rooted among the two nations since their birth, it requires huge confidence, enormous trust, mutual understanding and maturity in their relationships at all levels before they enter into the phase of negotiating the solution on Kashmir.
It is good to see that the heads of both India and Pakistan are making efforts sensibly and cautiously to build friendly relations. However, the newly elected governments both in Pakistan and India are also looking keen to jump into the final phase as quickly as possible. The newly elected Prime Minister of Pakistan Shaukat Aziz who has just started his leading political career in Pakistani politics is looking for an opportunity next door. Only having few months in the role of Premiership, he decided to visit India to talk on the most critical issue of Kashmir. On the other hand, in India, Manmohan Singh, having spent only few months as a Prime Minister visited Kashmir and spoke on the issue. It seems that the Premiers of both the governments want to record their names in history books on their debuts.
However, the leaders of both India and Pakistan have to keep in mind that the people of India and Pakistan, by nature, are heart-warming, emotional, excitable, impassioned, susceptible and temperamental. As quickly they show love as quickly they can turn to animosity if the things don’t go their way. The half century old bitter and enmity relations will require time to develop maturity in the friendly relations and to understand each others’ stand points. Still more people to people contact is required at different levels. The steady and progressive interactions, for some time, in the fields of trade, technology, art and media are required to generate mutual interest and confidence among the people before talking on the crucial geo-political matters. Any pre-mature discussion on a sensitive issue of Kashmir will have a greater risk of miscarriage.
Half a century old critical issue cannot be resolved in few months’ political exercises and speeches. There is still a need of obtaining consensus from the people of India and Pakistan before their leaders commence for table-talk on the issue. More forums, debates and open discussions of the people of different walks of life are required to be held at different levels on the issue of Kashmir. There is a need for the governments of both the countries to provide opportunities to their thinkers, scholars, journalists and politicians to meet and discuss the Kashmir issue in a fair and free atmosphere and bring their suggestions to the public.
Most importantly, there is a need of engaging the people of Kashmir into the process of analyzing and seeking the solution. The leaders of both sides of Kashmir should be allowed to freely meet each other and pave way towards the resolution of Kashmir. Then there is a need of continuous tripartite dialogues between the representatives of India, Pakistan and Kashmir (of both sides). | <urn:uuid:a316d612-527b-4d9d-8b27-fdd18b3ea8b0> | CC-MAIN-2024-10 | https://mediamonitors.net/kashmir-solution-needs-more-apperceptions/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2024-10/segments/1707947474440.42/warc/CC-MAIN-20240223153350-20240223183350-00693.warc.gz | en | 0.966551 | 1,159 | 2.9375 | 3 |
The times and cost barriers of distance have fallen tremendously over the past 100 years. increased speed and capacity and lower cost communications have been a major force facilitating international business expansion. The jet airplane has revolutionized the communications field by making it possible for people to travel around the world in less than 48 hours.
One essential characteristic of the effective business enterprise is the face-to-face meeting of those responsible for directing the enterprise. Without the jet airplane,face-to-face contact so essential to business management would not have been possible because the amount of time required to travel the distance involved in international operations would be too great. The jet aircraft has made it possible for executives to be in face-to-face contact at regular intervals throughout the year.
COMMUNICATIONS AND TRANSPORTATION TECHNOLOGYA second major communications development has been the enormous improvement in the ability to transmit data electronically. The cost of transmitting voice, facsimile, television and data has declined continuously since the end of world war II. The declining cost and incresing availability of transportation and electronic communications have made it possible to man age geographically dispersed operations. A similar revolution has occurred in transportation technology. Physical distribution has declined in cost and in the time required for shipment . A letter from china to New York is now delivered in eight days--faster than domestic mail in many countries. The cost of shipping automobiles from INDIA and JAPAN, KOREA by specially designed auto-transport ships is less than the cost of shipping from detroit to either U.S. coast over land.
COMMUNICATIONS AND TRANSPORTATION
The modern world of communication has become another major factor of global business success as recent survey says like so . | <urn:uuid:f5593af4-02a4-41ba-8d88-438f8841762b> | CC-MAIN-2019-26 | https://www.shazidamain.com/2010/02/communications-and-transportation.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-26/segments/1560628001014.85/warc/CC-MAIN-20190627075525-20190627101525-00004.warc.gz | en | 0.949506 | 354 | 3.109375 | 3 |
What gives a 3D image of the brain?
The most recent update, three-dimensional amplified MRI (3D aMRI), captures the brain in motion in real-time, and with unprecedented detail, making it a tool healthcare providers could use in diagnosing aneurysms and conditions that obstruct the brain.
Can your brain tell the difference between 2D and 3D?
Visual information is initially represented as 2D images on the retina, but our brains are able to transform this input to perceive our rich 3D environment.
Why is the three-dimensional structure of the brain important for its function?
Abstract. Three-dimensional (3D) shape is important for the visual control of grasping and manipulation and for object recognition.
What are the 4 structures of the brain?
Rotate this 3D model to see the four major regions of the brain: the cerebrum, diencephalon, cerebellum, and brainstem.
What part of the brain controls balance?
The cerebellum is located behind the brain stem. While the frontal lobe controls movement, the cerebellum “fine-tunes” this movement. This area of the brain is responsible for fine motor movement, balance, and the brain’s ability to determine limb position.
Is human vision 2d or 3D?
Scientists record visual cortex combining 2-D and depth info. Summary: We live in a three-dimensional world, but everything we see is first recorded on our retinas in only two dimensions.
How does 3D vision work?
3D vision relies on both eyes working together to accurately focus on the same point in space. The brain is then able to interpret the image the each eye sees to create your perception of depth. Deficiencies in depth perception can result in a lack of 3D vision or headaches and eyestrain during 3D movies.
How can I see in 3D?
Hold the center of the printed image right up to your nose. It should be blurry. Focus as though you are looking through the image into the distance. Very slowly move the image away from your face until the two squares above the image turn into three squares.
Are humans 3D?
Humans are three dimensional beings. Objects in 3D space have different lengths, different heights and different widths. Certain theories in physics suggest that our universe may have additional higher dimensions. Humans, being three dimensional organisms, cannot sense or perceive these dimensions.
How does the brain process visual information?
Visual information from the retina is relayed through the lateral geniculate nucleus of the thalamus to the primary visual cortex — a thin sheet of tissue (less than one-tenth of an inch thick), a bit larger than a half-dollar, which is located in the occipital lobe in the back of the brain.
How is the brain organized and what do its higher structures do?
The brain has three main parts: the cerebrum, cerebellum and brainstem. Cerebrum: is the largest part of the brain and is composed of right and left hemispheres. It performs higher functions like interpreting touch, vision and hearing, as well as speech, reasoning, emotions, learning, and fine control of movement.
How does the brain process information?
Information processing starts with input from the sensory organs, which transform physical stimuli such as touch, heat, sound waves, or photons of light into electrochemical signals. The sensory information is repeatedly transformed by the algorithms of the brain in both bottom-up and top-down processing.
How is data stored in the brain?
At the most basic level, memories are stored as microscopic chemical changes at the connecting points between neurons (specialized cells that transmit signals from the nerves) in the brain. Three types of neurons are responsible for all information transfer in the nervous system.
What are the 3 stages of information processing?
Information processing also talks about three stages of receiving information into our memory. These include sensory memory, short-term memory, and long-term memory. In order to keep information in our short-term, or working, memory, we need to rehearse it.
How does the brain receive the information from the environment?
For example, sensory neurons send information from the eyes, ears, nose, tongue, and skin to the brain. Motor neurons carry messages away from the brain to the rest of the body.
How does the brain receive the information from receptor?
The brain recieves information from receptors in the form of neural signals. Responses to external stimuli are due to the sequential working of the motor neurons, brain and sensory neurons, called the reflex arc.
How does the brain receive stimuli?
Afferent or sensory neurons collect stimuli received by receptors throughout the body, including the skin, eyes, ears, nose, tongue as well as pain and other receptors in the internal organs. Sensory information is transmitted to the central nervous system, which includes the brain and spinal cord.
What are neurons and how do they transmit information?
Neurons are the cells that pass chemical and electrical signals along the pathways in the brain. They come in many shapes and sizes. Their shapes and connections help them carry out specialized functions, such as storing memories or controlling muscles.
Which part of the brain is responsible for the processing of afferent information from all parts of the body?
Located in the central part of the brain, the thalamus processes and coordinates sensory messages, such as touch, received from the body.
What part of the brain interprets visual information?
The occipital lobe is the back part of the brain that is involved with vision.
Which lobe of the brain is responsible for visual information?
the occipital lobe
The parietal lobe processes information about temperature, taste, touch and movement, while the occipital lobe is primarily responsible for vision.
Which part of the brain is responsible for the processing of afferent information from all parts of the body refer to CH 6?
Thalamus: The thalamus is the relay center of the brain. It receives afferent impulses from sensory receptors located throughout the body and processes the information for distribution to the appropriate cortical area. | <urn:uuid:13dd8844-7cfb-4c21-80da-c5be94371468> | CC-MAIN-2022-21 | https://goodmancoaching.nl/how-does-the-brain-structure-3d-visual-data/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-21/segments/1652662619221.81/warc/CC-MAIN-20220526162749-20220526192749-00008.warc.gz | en | 0.926758 | 1,289 | 3.75 | 4 |
Why we need Tor
Using Tor protects you against a common form of Internet surveillance known as “traffic analysis.” Traffic analysis can be used to infer who is talking to whom over a public network. Knowing the source and destination of your Internet traffic allows others to track your behavior and interests. This can impact your checkbook if, for example, an e-commerce site uses price discrimination based on your country or institution of origin. It can even threaten your job and physical safety by revealing who and where you are. For example, if you’re traveling abroad and you connect to your employer’s computers to check or send mail, you can inadvertently reveal your national origin and professional affiliation to anyone observing the network, even if the connection is encrypted.
The solution: a distributed, anonymous network
Tor helps to reduce the risks of both simple and sophisticated traffic analysis by distributing your transactions over several places on the Internet, so no single point can link you to your destination. The idea is similar to using a twisty, hard-to-follow route in order to throw off somebody who is tailing you — and then periodically erasing your footprints. Instead of taking a direct route from source to destination, data packets on the Tor network take a random pathway through several relays that cover your tracks so no observer at any single point can tell where the data came from or where it’s going.
To create a private network pathway with Tor, the user’s software or client incrementally builds a circuit of encrypted connections through relays on the network. The circuit is extended one hop at a time, and each relay along the way knows only which relay gave it data and which relay it is giving data to. No individual relay ever knows the complete path that a data packet has taken. The client negotiates a separate set of encryption keys for each hop along the circuit to ensure that each hop can’t trace these connections as they pass through.
Once a circuit has been established, many kinds of data can be exchanged and several different sorts of software applications can be deployed over the Tor network. Because each relay sees no more than one hop in the circuit, neither an eavesdropper nor a compromised relay can use traffic analysis to link the connection’s source and destination. Tor only works for TCP streams and can be used by any application with SOCKS support.
For efficiency, the Tor software uses the same circuit for connections that happen within the same ten minutes or so. Later requests are given a new circuit, to keep people from linking your earlier actions to the new ones.
Tor can’t solve all anonymity problems. It focuses only on protecting the transport of data. You need to use protocol-specific support software if you don’t want the sites you visit to see your identifying information. For example, you can use Tor Browser while browsing the web to withhold some information about your computer’s configuration.
Also, to protect your anonymity, be smart. Don’t provide your name or other revealing information in web forms. Be aware that, like all anonymizing networks that are fast enough for web browsing, Tor does not provide protection against end-to-end timing attacks: If your attacker can watch the traffic coming out of your computer, and also the traffic arriving at your chosen destination, he can use statistical analysis to discover that they are part of the same circuit. | <urn:uuid:26745c14-5f2b-4f16-a863-6f77f8961aaa> | CC-MAIN-2019-09 | https://tech4hunt.com/tor-browser-7-0-2-windows/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-09/segments/1550247481122.31/warc/CC-MAIN-20190216210606-20190216232606-00528.warc.gz | en | 0.923776 | 697 | 2.84375 | 3 |
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