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Kindergarten Science Overview
The Kindergarten Science program consists of hands-on experiences in which students are taught to investigate and explore. The Inquiry-based, hands-on science curriculum is designed to provide children with exciting science experiences that extend their fascination with the world and help them learn the science skills and concepts they will need later in school and in life.
The Science Curriculum for Kindergarten consists of two basic units:
Animals Two By Two: This unit provides young students with close and personal interaction with some common land and water animals. Appropriate classroom habitats are established, and students learn to care for the animals. In four activities the animals are studied in pairs. Students observe and care for one animal over time, and then they are introduced to another animal similar to the first but with differences in structure and behavior. This process enhances opportunities for observation, communication, and comparison.
The Senses: Senses begins with a challenge to the children to use all their senses to describe common objects and to begin to think about how different senses tell them different things about objects in their world. This introduction is followed by groups of learning experiences that encourage the children to focus on and extend each of the five senses. Classroom activities are supplemented with walks outside the school. Simple description is followed by comparing, sorting, and classifying objects by various properties. The senses are compared one with the other, and discussions raise the questions of what it would be like not to be able to hear, or see. Throughout the unit, discussions, charts, and the children's own science notebooks are used to encourage recording through drawing and building a language description.
Through other classroom experiences which integrate with reading and math, students will also explore weather and basic health concepts. By the end of kindergarten, students will have a beginning understanding of the following Iowa Core Standards
Science as Inquiry
· Ask questions about objects, organisms, and events in the environment.
· Plan and conduct simple investigations.
· Use tools to gather data and extend the senses.
· Use mathematics in scientific inquiry.
· Use data to construct reasonable explanations.
· Communicate investigations and explanations.
Earth and Space
· Understand and apply knowledge of observable information about daily and seasonal weather conditions.
· Understand and apply knowledge of events that have repeating patterns.
· Understand and apply knowledge of the characteristics of living things and how living things are both similar to and different from each other and from non-living things.
· Understand and apply knowledge of the basic needs of plants and animals and how they interact with each other and their physical environment.
· Understand and apply knowledge of good health habits. | <urn:uuid:7d2a17f0-9f1d-458e-afa6-62e89f8e362d> | CC-MAIN-2019-51 | https://www.fdschools.org/departments/curriculum-instruction-and-assessment/curriculum-what-we-teach/elementary-k-4/kindergarten/science | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-51/segments/1575541308604.91/warc/CC-MAIN-20191215145836-20191215173836-00250.warc.gz | en | 0.941952 | 541 | 3.84375 | 4 |
Biomechanics of Human Motion: Basics and Beyond for the Health Professions
by Barney F. LeVeau
Biomechanics of Human Motion: Basics and Beyond for the Health Professions presents a straightforward approach to the basic principles, theories and applications of biomechanics and provides numerous techniques and examples for approaching biomechanical situations enhanced by healthcare professionals.
Building on his previous work, Dr. Barney LeVeau uses clearly defined, concise terms and real-life applications rather than advanced mathematics to make teaching and learning biomechanics easier. Based upon the concept of force, the text illustrates how force is applied to the human body and how the body applies force to various objects. The emphasis is upon the pertinent factors that guide the reader to an understanding of biomechanics at a beginning level.
Chapter Topics Include:
• Strength of material such as loading and stress-strain relationships
• Composition and Resolution of Forces such as graphic method and mathematical method
• Equilibrium such as static, first condition and second condition
• Dynamics such as kinematics and kinetics
• Application such as stability and balance, motion analysis, and gait
• Simple explanations of biological & mechanical concepts
• Contemporary articles at the end of each chapter providing readers with information beyond the basics
• Over 240 images illustrate biomechanical situations and computations
• User-friendly, uncomplicated mathematical formulas and examples
Biomechanics of Human Motion: Basics and Beyond for the Health Professions provides students and clinicians of all allied health professions with a basic background and solid foundation on which to build a solid understanding of force and biomechanics. | <urn:uuid:2aa952ed-da70-4779-9b89-833926a8538f> | CC-MAIN-2023-40 | https://dentalbooks.net/biomechanics-of-human-motion-basics-and-beyond-for-the-health-professions | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-40/segments/1695233510942.97/warc/CC-MAIN-20231002001302-20231002031302-00189.warc.gz | en | 0.891434 | 342 | 2.828125 | 3 |
The Germanna Foundation’s four-fold mission is designed to preserve the early German-American heritage that began in colonial Virginia through lively programs of:
- Land conservation;
- Preservation of historic structures, sites, and cemeteries;
- Education of the general public as well as the tens of thousands of descendants of those early settlers, and
- The development of strong international relations with counterparts in Germany.
Let’s examine in greater detail each key element of the Germanna Foundation’s four-fold mission:
The Foundation owns and manages 179 acres of forested land called Siegen Forest located between the Rapidan River and Virginia Route 3 in Orange County, Virginia, which was part of the original Germanna tract on which Lt. Governor Alexander Spotswood and the Virginia General Assembly settled the first colony of Germans in 1714.
The land is not only significant as part of the original Germanna settlement in the 18th century, but also because it was a site of significant Civil War activity at Germanna Ford on the Rapidan River in the 19th century.
The Foundation’s Visitor Center, Library and Memorial Garden are located on this land, which is adjacent to the Locust Grove campus of the Germanna Community College, whose site was a gift from the Foundation to the Commonwealth of Virginia in 1969.
In recent years, the Foundation has developed hiking trails on the land with the assistance of skilled professionals and dedicated volunteers, including the Wilderness Battlefield Grounds Force and the Stonewall Jackson Area Council Boy Scouts; one trail boasts a bridge over a ravine, built as an Eagle Scout project.
The Foundation is committed to wise stewardship of the beauty of this historic area through work with the Commonwealth of Virgina and private-sector conservation groups as well as making the educational value of this historic site available to groups interested in flora and fauna.
In addition to its land at the Germanna settlement, the Foundation owns and manages several other significant historic properties. One is the Peter Hitt cemetery site in FauquierCounty. Peter Hitt, a son of one of the 1714 settlers, was a Revolutionary War soldier.
The Foundation maintains this historic piece of land with the goal of caring for it and making it available to researchers and descendants.
The Foundation also owns Salubria, a 1740s Georgian style plantation mansion with 19 acres of wooded grounds and a terraced boxwood garden located in Culpeper County, 8 miles west of our Visitor Center.
The mansion was built for the widow of Lt. Governor Spotswood by her second husband, The Reverend John Thompson.
A magnificent structure that had never been damaged by the insertion of heating, plumbing, or electricity, Salubria is a rare treasure that the Foundation is committed to preserving according to the highest standards in the field of historic preservation.
To that end, the trustees work with the Department of Historic Resources of the Commonwealth of Virginia, which holds a historic easement on the property, and with other preservation organizations and leaders.
Important trustee-led planning for the future of this property is underway with the goal of making this splendid site more accessible to historians, scholars, students, and the general public.
Education is central to the Germanna Foundation mission. The key components in our educational endeavors are as follows:
Our Visitor Center is a haven for large numbers of descendants of these early German settlers, and is prepared to serve many more of them through interpretive exhibits that tell the Germanna story, and through our research library which contains extensive printed materials and archival files about Germanna immigrants, their homeland, and their families.
The Visitor Center welcomes the general public as well, and volunteer docents there guide visitors through the exhibits and library five days a week, year-round.
Since its formation in 1956, the Foundation has published 18 books that cover a wide range of historic topics relating to the Germanna settlements as well as genealogies of many of the families. Several of these books have gone into their second or third printing, and a number of new titles are currently under development.
Annual Conference and Reunion
The Foundation’s annual Conference and Reunion has been held each July since 1956. The program includes guided tours of historic sites in Orange, Culpeper, Fauquier, and Madison Counties that are associated with the Germanna settler families. Also, local and nationally-recognized speakers who present talks on topics of German-American interest, genealogy, colonial history, archaeology, and historic preservation.
An important component of the reunion weekend is the Kids Kamp, structured especially for the children and grandchildren of those attending. This day-long event, which is held at Salubria, offers hands-on experience in colonial Virginia life including foodways, cooking, clothing, games, and a taste of archaeology.
The Foundation’s members receive a newsletter three times a year. This professionally-designed two-color publication of 12 to 16 pages carries information about Foundation activities and programs, informative articles about Germanna-related historic sites in Germany and the United States, an occasional article in German for the Foundation members who live there, and messages from the president of the trustees and the president of the membership association.
The Foundation’s website, www.germanna.org., contains historical information, news, profiles of trustees, directors, and staff, program promotion, a Germanna shop where all publications, CDs, and related items can be ordered online, historical articles, book reviews, and more.
Finally, the foundation offers educational opportunities to college and graduate students through supervised summer internships that provide hands-on experience in research, public relations, and the administration of a historic site and organization. Students who have taken advantage of the opportunity come from other states besides Virginia and include students from Germany.
The development of strong ties with home villages and descendants located in Germany has been an important part of the Foundation’s mission since its inception.
A founding trustee and generous benefactor, investment banker Ernst Flender of New York City, was a native of the Siegerland, home region of the 1714 settler group. Ties with researchers and genealogists in Siegen remain strong to the present. Official delegations from Germany have visited the Germanna Foundation over the years.
The Germanna Foundation is a charter member of the Deutsch-Amerikanische Gesellschaft(DAG) in Siegen and that organization hosts members of the Foundation for an annual dinner when they visit Germany.
Every summer since 2003 the Foundation has sponsored a 10-day trip to Germany for 25-35 of its members. The group visits the villages in the Siegerland area of North Rhine-Westphalia, the Rhineland-Palatinate, and in the Kraichgau area of Baden-Wuerttemberg from which the original settlers came.
Close ties have developed with the various Burgermeisters (mayors) in the towns and with the Heimatvereine, the local historical and civic improvement organizations in the towns.
In turn, some members of these group have visited the Germanna Foundation when in the United States, and some have attended the annual Germanna Conference and Reunion.
Members of our trustees have met with board members of the DAG to discuss ways we might cooperate on student exchanges and on au pair exchanges.
The Foundation’s Germany-based trustee is an officer of the DAG. The trustees’ planning includes efforts to expand the international ties in coming years. | <urn:uuid:dcf62f14-3622-40f8-b2c7-82f5f9a7d4e0> | CC-MAIN-2017-39 | http://germanna.org/about/mission/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-39/segments/1505818687711.44/warc/CC-MAIN-20170921082205-20170921102205-00340.warc.gz | en | 0.948731 | 1,564 | 2.59375 | 3 |
THE PLANETARY BOUNDARY LAYER
USING AN AIRBORNE MICROWAVE RADIOMETER
Bruce L. Gary
It is now possible to measure the temperature field of the planetary boundary layer with mesoscale spatial sampling using a microwave radiometer aboard an airplane. This report illustrates what is possible using actual measurements from the Microwave Temperature Profiler, MTP, which is installed on a semi-permanent basis in the NASA DC-8 aircraft.
The question sometimes arises "Can the airborne Microwave Temperature Profiler work at planetary boundary layer altitudes?" The answer is "yes" which surprises some because all published MTP results are for flight at altitudes in the 10 to 21 km region. Surely, some compromises on low-altitude performance had to have been made in designing the MTP for high altitudes, it is assumed. However, the compromises are minimal, and the high-altitude MTPs, especially the MTP/DC8 (aboard the NASA DC-8), work just fine at low altitudes. Low altitude performance is changed in the sense that the altitude region for which useful T(z) can be retrieved is smaller, being inversely proportional to ambient pressure. However, the altitude resolution is better. This web page presentes results of a PBL flight.
On August 18, 1996, the DC-8 flew over the ocean at low altitude just west of San Francisco.
Figure 1. Ground track for two flight segments at constant altitudes of 0.3 km, A to D, and 0.9 km, E to F.
The figure shows two level flight tracks at 0.3 and 0.9 km altitude, just prior to landing at the Ames Flight Research Center's Moffett Field.
Figure 2. T(z) profiles from 90-second averages of MTP retrieved temperatures, corresponding to flight between points A and B in Fig.1. The thick horizontal line indicates the DC-8 altitude. The Y-axis is pressure altitude.
Profile #1 in Fig. 2 is the northernmost of the set of 5 profiles, and since it is noticeably colder than Profile #2 we may assume that during the descent that occurred just before Profile #1 was taken the warmest part of the inversion layer, at 1.0 km, was even cooler than shown in Profile #1. This will be confirmed in a later figure, in the validation section. The trend for a warming inversion layer continues during the 8 minutes represented by this figure.
Figure 3. T(z) profiles corresponding to flight between points B and C in Fig.1.
This figure shows a stabilizing in inversion layer temperature during this 8-minutes of flight data, located in the middle of the first, southbound flight track.
Figure 4. T(z) profiles corresponding to flight between points C and D in Fig.1.
During the first 4 profiles, labelled 11 through 14, the inversion layer
cools about 2 K, followed by a 1 K warming.
Figure 5. T(z) profiles corresponding to flight between
points E and F in Fig.1, which is the second level flight leg with the
DC-8 at a new altitude of 0.9 km, near the inversion layer top .
The ascent to 0.9 km should have brought the DC-8 to within 0.1 km of the inversion layer top, the warmest altitude of the PBL, and the 5 T(z) profiles in this figure confirm this prediction. A warming trend within the inversion layer continues during this southesaterly flight segment.
Since it is not possible to use radiosondes to validate the MTP profiles (since there are none at the ocean locations of this flgiht), we must rely upon the in situ air temperature measurements during ascent and descent portions of the flight. Since MTP has evidence for the presence of mesoscale dynamics over 50 km distances, care must be taken in making the OAT verus MTP comparisons. The next figure shows the relevant ascent and descent portions of in situ air temperature, or Outside Air Temperature, plotted versus altitude, OAT(z). It also includes 3 MTP profiles taken close to the ascent and descent regions.
Figure 6. The thick black traces are OAT(z) profiles, and the thin colored traces are MTP retrieved T(z) profiles. The cold arm of the OAT(z) trace corresponding to the descent just prior to the first MTP profile in Fig. 2 ((i.e., it is located just north of Point A in Fig. 1). The warm arm of the OAT(z) trace is for the beginning and ending portions of the flight, located southeast of Point F in Fig. 1. The 3 MTP profiles are from the previous figures, and retain their numerical identification.
In this figure we are able to compare MTP retrieved T(z) with OAT(z) for two regions, near Point A and near Point F (in Fig. 1). Remember that the trend for MTP profiles 1 through 5 in Fig. 2 is for increasing warmth at inversion layer altitudes while flying south. Extrapolating backwards would produce a predicted T(z) in approximate agreement with the cold arm of the OAT(z) trace. The warm arm of the OAT trace was taken at three locations. Below 1 km the warm arm of OAT(z) is between Point D and E; the portion between 1 km and 1.7 km is near Point F, and the warm arm of OAT(z) extending down from the top of the figure is from a region near the airport (taken during the beginning of the flight), located southeast of Point F. The MTP profile labelled 21 is close to Point F, and it is compatible with the OAT(z) warm arm.
Figure 7. The bottom two traces are MTP-based temperature at altitudes 0.5 km and 1.0 km during the two flight segments. Each symbol is a 90-second average. The dashed blue trace is dT/dz at 0.6 km.
This figure illustrates the temperature changes noted in the above commentary. Note the good "precision" of all measurements. For 90-second averages, corresponding to approximately 15 km of ground track distance, MTP retrieved temperature exhibits a stochastic scatter of approximately 0.1 K. Lapse rate is measured at a remote altitude, in this case in the middle of the inversion layer, with a stochastic scatter of approximately 0.3 K/km, or 3% of the adiabatic lapse rate.
Figure 8. Color-coded temperature on a time/altitude field. The portion to the kleft of the dark vertical band corresponds to flight from Point A to D, while the portion to the right corresponds to flight between Points E and F. (Disregard the colors at 0 km.)
This figure perhaps has greater visual appeal, but it contains in one image the same information found in the previous several figures. The altitude quantization is apparent, as is the temporal averaging interval (90-seconds). For those with experience in mesoscale PBL meteorology dynamics there may be patterns present that I do not recognize. My competence ends at this interface between measurment and atmospheric theory, so I cannot state whether measurements like these have scientific value.
This site opened: January, 8, 2000. Last Update: January 27, 2000 | <urn:uuid:88eb4415-94a5-4482-855f-2e30bcf40d0b> | CC-MAIN-2017-17 | http://reductionism.net.seanic.net/bgary.mtp/PBL/pbl.htm | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-17/segments/1492917123549.87/warc/CC-MAIN-20170423031203-00164-ip-10-145-167-34.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.919681 | 1,559 | 3.46875 | 3 |
National Adoption Month is an initiative of the Children's Bureau that's been celebrated each November since 1990. To bring attention to the importance of sibling connections for children and youth in foster care, this year's theme is "Promoting and Supporting Sibling Connections." See our overview of resources on increasing national awareness and bringing attention to the need for permanent families for children and youth in the U.S. foster care system. Then see what research resources we have available at Dewey on adoption and the foster care system.
If you're interested in sticking with the theme of this year's National Adoption Month, you might want to search the terms "Foster children" or "foster care" AND "siblings," in Social Services Abstracts or Academic Search Complete. Some other topics to research are teens in foster care and "aging out" of the system, useful keywords for this subject would be "aging out" AND "foster care."
Help is available! Contact Elaine Lasda Bergman, at (518) 442-3695 or [email protected]. Appointments available - or drop in during weekly Social Welfare office hours from 4-7pm on Tuesdays.
Blog Created By: Kristen Thornton-De Stafeno
Image Credit: Child Welfare Information Gateway | <urn:uuid:04032b0b-a7d5-4a09-9fbf-2dace8558a19> | CC-MAIN-2018-51 | https://library.albany.edu/dewey/blog/2016/10/topics-social-welfare-national-adoption-month | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-51/segments/1544376828501.85/warc/CC-MAIN-20181217091227-20181217113227-00625.warc.gz | en | 0.909724 | 270 | 2.625 | 3 |
What does it mean to wake up? Maimonides, in his Laws of Repentance (Chapter 3) writes that the function of the shofar is to wake a person up. “Those who forget the truth in the emptiness of the passing time…” should heed the blast of the ram’s horn and stir from their slumber. Nowadays, it is common in activist quarters to speak of people who have recognized certain systemic injustices as being “woke.” Maimonides and the activists are speaking to the same point. There is a crying need to step out of the familiar and often lazy thinking about our own and society’s actions. We are called to take an unvarnished look at our society, and ourselves.
I want to suggest that the first place we should be looking is the criminal justice system. Can we think differently about our carceral system (the justice system in the way that it impacts those who are themselves incarcerated, formerly incarcerated, and their families and communities)?
When the State of Israel was young, questions about what a justice system should be like were in the air. This is how the Rishon le-Tziyon, the Sephardic Chief Rabbi of Israel, Rabbi Ben Zion Meir Hai Uziel responded in 1952.
From this we derive that the punishment of imprisonment is distant from and opposed to the laws and punishments of the Torah of Israel. This is also logical since not only does this punishment not reform the criminal, rather it reduces him to very low moral level, since he is constantly found in the company of criminals similar to himself, and he spends time in idle conversation with them—sometimes even ugly and contemptible conversation. This company habituates him to a life of idleness which are a curse to him and others. This prison and the uniform of a prisoner, and the degraded and ugly living conditions in the prison, their tables and their beds, and all the more so when they are accompanied by hard labor, degrade the prisoner in his own eyes and in the eyes of his children and his wife and family. The moral degradation of a person in his own eyes removes his feelings of embarrassment and therefore he gives himself over to sin, from which he will never return. The opposite is the case, he will continue to sin in order to free himself from the worry for his support and the support of his children and wife all of his time in prison, when he is dependent upon those who provide him with food and water.
Rav Uziel makes three points. First, imprisonment is not a punishment that is grounded in Jewish law or tradition. In Jewish law, the only time a person is subjected to imprisonment is when they are awaiting judgement in very specific cases.* However, imprisonment as a punishment in and of itself is nonexistent.
Second, imprisonment does not make sense since it does not lead to reforming a criminal but rather puts criminals into the community of other criminals so that they do not reform, but actually become worse offenders.
Finally, the prison is physically and mentally degrading, thus leading a person to believing that the only option they have is a life of crime.
Before we immediately dismiss the idea of doing away with imprisonment as naive—“Sure the prison system is not perfect, but what is the alternative?”—let us sit with Rav Uziel’s critique for a minute. If prison does not really “work”—that is, if prison benefits neither prisoner nor society—why would we have it? Well, does it work? According to National Institute of Justice statistics, within three years of release, about two-thirds (67.8 percent) of released prisoners are rearrested. Within five years of release, about three-quarters (76.6 percent) of released prisoners are rearrested. If a company manufactured cars, two-thirds to three-quarters of which were defective, that company would soon go out of business. A recidivism rate this great points to the obvious conclusion that prisons are doing almost nothing to rehabilitate prisoners. At the same time, the fact that the released prisoners are re-offending points to the fact that the current system is not making the society any safer.
A recent study also claims that the societal costs of our carceral system are enormous. Some of the societal costs of incarceration include the wages people no longer earn while imprisoned — $70.5 billion — and the amount of lifetime earnings they will likely lose out on — $230 billion — after they get out because of employment restrictions and discrimination against the formerly incarcerated, the study says.
The formerly incarcerated also have a mortality rate that is 3.5 times higher than people who were not incarcerated, according to the study, and researchers estimated the cost of their shortened lives to be $62.6 billion. As for the communities where incarcerated people live, the researchers believe the biggest cost — $285.8 billion — is the criminogenic effect of prison, or the theory that prison reinforces criminal behaviors that carry over into a community.
Are we awake yet?
The United States imprisons more people than any other country on the planet. There are more than 2.3 million people in prison, according to this report by the Prison Policy Initiative. The carceral system disproportionally impacts the Black community. While African-Americans are 13% of the general population of the United State, they make up 40% of the prison population.
Are we awake now?
What can be done? The current system of imprisonment is broken seemingly beyond repair. It seems insane, though, to just shut it down, right? There are those—prison abolitionists—who suggest shutting down the system as a whole and investing the enormous resources into restorative justice and transformative justice efforts.
However, there are some immediate things that we can do as a society, short of complete and immediate abolition. Get rid of determinate sentencing. Get rid of mandatory minimums. We commission judges to try cases because they are supposed to be the arbiters of justice not the agents of vengeance for a community. Reintroduce earned parole. We should incentivize prisoners to study, to better themselves spiritually, and psychologically. While we still have prisons we should transform them into a way-station where a majority of the prisoners can go through and come out the other side as productive members of society.
We must make re-entry into society easier. We have to make it illegal to ask job applicants for their criminal history until a tentative job offer has been proffered, and then only relevant criminal history would be reason for not hiring. (If you embezzled funds, you can still drive a bus.) We have to make it illegal to ask for criminal background checks in rental applications, and for government housing. We should decriminalize nonviolent drug offenses and used the money saved for addiction prevention and drug rehabilitation programs.
“Awaken sleepers from your sleep, rouse yourselves from your slumber, investigate your deeds and repent…”
* When a person hits another person and the second person is badly injured. The court imprisons the first person to see whether the case is a capital case or not. Another type of imprisonment is actually an alternative capital punishment. On that see here.
Resources and actions:
Support Proposition 57: The Public Safety and Rehabilitation Act in the November election
Call your councilmember and tell them to support the Fair Chance Act
Bryan Stephenson, Just Mercy: A Story of Justice and Redemption | <urn:uuid:5fe84282-bd31-4d97-b78c-426fad2f3161> | CC-MAIN-2021-17 | http://www.justice-in-the-city.com/wake-up-on-tshuvahrepentance-criminal-justice-reform/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-17/segments/1618038061562.11/warc/CC-MAIN-20210411055903-20210411085903-00001.warc.gz | en | 0.972287 | 1,538 | 2.578125 | 3 |
2008 National Planning Conference: Practice Keynote
By Meghan Stromberg
Senior Editor, Planning
Ian McHarg advised planners to "consider all the factors as explicit information in planning decisions" in is seminal book, Design With Nature. In the 30-some years than have passed since then, the tools available to planners to help them to make informed decisions and create innovative solutions to challenges have changed dramatically. Furthermore, the basis of those tools, geographic science, has applications that reach far beyond the realm of physical planning.
That was the message of Tuesday's 2008 National Planning Conference Practice Keynote. In "Creating Our Future — The Geographic Approach," president and founder of ESRI Jack Dangermond took planners through the history of GIS, explained how planners and others are using the evolving technology in their work today, and looked forward to its far-reaching applications for the future.
"You and I live in a time period that is unparalleled, a world that has many problems: a growing population, global warming, social conflicts, and food shortages [among them]. Planners may see these issues more clearly than most," Dangermond said. To tackle these local and global concerns, we'll have to take a geographic approach — a concept that Dangermond said is already familiar to planners. He said that a framework, geographic science, already exists for understanding and managing our planet.
Planners are the greatest users of GIS, said Dangermond. While that continues to be true, the technology has become far more widespread. Companies, for instance, use it to locate new chain stores. Governments use it in economic development, to attract the kinds of businesses that belong and will be successful. Health organizations are using GIS to understand and find solutions to epidemics like AIDS and cancer. The information, he said, doesn't simply come from dots on a map, but from an understanding of a rich mixture of data and knowing how to use those data together to informed decisions.
GIS, Dangermond stressed, is not just about managing and manipulating data. Today, it is also about sharing models and methods for conceptualizing planning processes now available online and rapidly changing how GIS is being used. "The concept of volunteering geographic information is not new, but the web provides a new format to do this," he said. "It doesn't replace an authoritative source, but is another resource we can exploit."
He pointed to popular applications from companies like Google that allow planners and other professionals — as well as laypeople — to share and combine information in ways never before imagined. "I can take a Google Earth basemap and viewer, but overlay some more sophisticated data and publish it for others to use. I'm pulling in volunteered GIS into my professional GIS for everyone to see and use."
"[The web] is helping to bring the geographic approach into everything we do," he said, adding that this is only the beginning. Speeded up computer performance, greater bandwidth, and other technological improvements mean that the use of GIS will increase and continue to evolve. Already, workers in the field in any industry can also be analysts by using a mobile device and server environment to add newly gained information to existing data and evaluate it in real-time. Planners can digitally sketch various options over layers of pertinent information, knowing immediately how the placement of a house, for instance, could affect runoff and how many trees would be lost.
Ultimately, though, Dangermond sees the application of geographic knowledge as central to bigger problems. "I think the world needs a new approach, and a geographic approach is the way to do it."
Send an e-mail to [email protected] for permission to reprint this article. | <urn:uuid:c22eef99-6826-439d-98ee-a8d9ae31d641> | CC-MAIN-2015-40 | https://conference.planning.org/conference/previous/2008/coverage/dangermond.htm | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2015-40/segments/1443737946509.72/warc/CC-MAIN-20151001221906-00239-ip-10-137-6-227.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.946128 | 755 | 2.546875 | 3 |
NEW YORK (AFP) - It's official, at least according to America's most celebrated groundhog: spring is just around the corner.
In an annual ritual with early roots in German folklore and rather more in US media-showbiz, a Pennsylvania groundhog named Punxsutawney Phil was interpreted Saturday as predicting an early end to winter.
According to his handlers at the ceremony in the town of Punxsutawney, Phil was brought out of his burrow and did not see his shadow, meaning, obviously, that the seasonal shift is in the offing.
"And so ye faithful,/ there is no shadow to see/ An early Spring for you and me," Phil announced later on his website: www.groundhog.org.
Last year, Phil was said to have seen his shadow and predicted a long winter - a verdict that caused some controversy among groundhog and weather cognoscenti, given that it had been an exceptionally mild winter anyway.
The groundhog, or rather his long line of ancestors and lookalikes bearing the same name, is a national media star and was at the centre of a Bill Murray comedy Groundhog Day.
Groundhog Day falls each year on Feb 2, attracting large crowds. It started with a German tradition in which farmers monitored the animal's behaviour closely to make decisions about when their fields should be planted.
Several wannabe groundhog prognosticators sometimes emerge in other parts of the country, notably in New York City. But Punxsutawney, which claims to have held its first Groundhog Day in the 1800s, is the undisputed headquarters. | <urn:uuid:eb85a3f0-5aab-44a5-bbd5-c4fa7ea3ab2e> | CC-MAIN-2018-43 | https://www.straitstimes.com/world/us-winter-almost-over-phil-the-groundhog | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-43/segments/1539583512014.61/warc/CC-MAIN-20181018194005-20181018215505-00178.warc.gz | en | 0.980452 | 334 | 2.5625 | 3 |
Attention: Health Care Professionals: EPA Sponsors Free, Online Training on Health Effects of Air Particles on Children
Release Date: 12/06/2012
Contact Information: Donna Heron 215-814-5113 / [email protected]
PHILADELPHIA (Dec. 5, 2012) - - As part of its commitment to protect children's health, the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency has joined with the Agency for Toxic Substances & Disease Registry (ATSDR) and the Mid-Atlantic Center for Children’s Health and the Environment to promote a free, on-demand webinar on the effects of particle pollution on children.
Particulate matter is the term for solid or liquid particles found in the air. Some particles are large or dark enough to be seen such as soot or smoke. Others are so small they can be detected only with a microscope. When particulate matter is breathed in, they can penetrate deep into the lungs and pose health risks including aggravating asthma symptoms. Children are especially vulnerable because their respiratory systems are still developing.
The online training was developed by the American College of Medical Toxicology as part of its cooperative agreement with ATSDR. The webinar is presented in two one-hour segments. The first hour focuses on defining particulate matter and how it gets into the environment; trends in air quality; air quality regulations; air quality effects on public health; and finding air quality information. The second hour centers on the clinical impacts of particulate matter in the environment, sensitive populations, and appropriate interventions.
The course is targeted to health professionals including nurses, doctors, physician assistants, pharmacists, and other care providers. Public and environmental health professionals will also benefit from this training. Continuing education credits are available include CME (for physicians); CME (attendance for non-physicians), CNE (for nurses), CEU (for other professionals), and CPE (for pharmacists). But the training must be taken before March 22, 2013 to qualify for the CEUs.
The webinars can be accessed at http://www.acmt.net/ACMT_Webinars.html . | <urn:uuid:aa1a46df-c150-4514-8e1e-0ebb397ff6ac> | CC-MAIN-2017-30 | https://yosemite.epa.gov/opa/admpress.nsf/8b770facf5edf6f185257359003fb69e/69c674f43b74bfa485257acc00541260!OpenDocument&Start=1&Count=5&Expand=2 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-30/segments/1500549426372.41/warc/CC-MAIN-20170726182141-20170726202141-00005.warc.gz | en | 0.936372 | 453 | 2.9375 | 3 |
Having Pioneered the Field of Optimal Material Design, Konstantin Lurie is Shaking up the Materials World Again With the Notion that Materials Can Change in Space and Time
When you hear the word “material,” what comes to mind? You probably imagine something solid and static—a brick, a chuck of concrete, a piece of metal. A material can be shaped, combined with other materials, and formed into structures. But regardless of what happens to it, a material’s properties will remain unchanged; steel will still behave like steel whether it is sitting on a desk or shaped into a beam in a skyscraper.
Konstantin Lurie, professor of mathematical sciences at WPI, wants the world to begin to think of materials in a new way—as dynamic entities whose properties can change, in space as well as time. Lurie is internationally known for his pioneering work on optimal material design, which he began in the 1960s. His research revealed that materials should be combined into composites in order to maximize the desirable qualities of a resulting material layout.
“A composite is a formation made of two or more different materials represented on a micro-scale,” he says. “The assembly will offer the optimal performance at each and every point in the construction. The external load will perceive this formation as something homogenous—something intermediate between the two materials.”
Lurie’s work in this area gave birth to a new field in applied mathematics, one that has attracted a large community of scholars who have produced hundreds of papers. But after two decades spent helping to advance this new discipline, Lurie began to feel that it—much like the materials he had been studying—was becoming static.
“I was the one who introduced this idea and I remain excited about it,” he says, “but by the early 1990s I had the feeling that it was somewhat exhausted, theoretically. Many conceptual issues had been resolved, and the theoretical difficulties that remained were mostly technical.”
At the same time, Lurie began to wonder if the traditional way of thinking about materials wasn’t limited, and, in fact, he discovered that it was. He began by pondering what would happen if a habitual static material was at work in a dynamic environment. He realized that it would not adequately respond to the temporal change in its working condition and, as a result, would not produce the maximum optimization effect. To make such a reaction possible, the material itself would need to be able to change its properties in time, as well as space.
Thinking about material formations as dynamic, that is, capable of changing their properties in space and time (unlike static substances), could lead, Lurie realized, not just to a new way of thinking about what materials are and can become, but to whole new classes of materials with previously unimaginable properties.
In the intervening years, Lurie has once again inaugurated a new field of inquiry by establishing the fundamental tenants of an area he calls dynamic materials. He says the key to understanding how static and dynamic materials differ is to look at how they relate to the environment around them. Static materials are closed systems that do not interact with the environment. To produce dynamic materials, Lurie says “you have to allow for the nonstop exchange of mass, momentum, and energy with the environment. The system is, in principle, open, thermodynamically.”
He says living organisms, which are perpetually exchanging mass and energy with the environment, are the only naturally occurring dynamic materials. There are a number of manmade examples, the simplest being a rocket. As a rocket burns its fuel, gasses are expelled from the nozzle and a force is applied to the rocket, propelling it skyward. Throughout its flight, mass, energy, and momentum are exchanged with the environment. “So a rocket is a real-world example of a dynamic material,” Lurie says. A particular aspect of dynamic materials is that, with the input of energy, they can temporally change their properties. “A dynamic material is not manufactured once for all,” Lurie notes. “Rather, it is brought into being and maintained because it is duly operated in space-time.”
He sketches out a simple example to demonstrate how one might go about creating a dynamic material. He notes that electrical engineers define a transmission line as a linear array of cells that have a specific inductance and capacitance. Now suppose, he says, that you could create a transmission line with a periodic array of alternating cells filled with immovable dielectrics characterized by two different sets of properties (properties 1 and 2)—in other word, you would have a static layout in which cells with properties 1 and 2 alternate in space. Now imagine that you could install a switch that would instantaneously "flip over" the inductance and capacitance of each cell by turning the cells with property 1 into those with property 2, and vice versa. At regular intervals, you activate the switch.
"Now," he says, "you have a dynamic material—a double-periodic array of materials in space and time, the so called checkerboard structure. An electromagnetic wave traveling through such a structure will, for certain ranges of the checkerboard structural parameters, accumulate energy supplied by an external agent at the moments of temporal switching.
"At the moments of temporal switching, this structure would turn the work applied by the external agent against the wave, adding to the wave's energy. The checkerboard supports nonstop energy pumping due to a proper arrangement of the traveling wave routes, accompanied by the simultaneous elimination of reflections," Lurie says. "It works like a laser, but based on entirely different physical principles. And this would be a robust system requiring no substantial frequency adjustment and implemented on either a macroscopic or microscopic scale."
"The effects produced by the spatial and temporal dependency of material properties go very far and very wide," he adds. "Very interesting effects emerge due to that."
How interesting? Lurie envisions a number of exotic materials that could become possible as dynamic formations built with an assist from leading-edge technology. One set of examples are the negative index materials, so called because they are characterized by negative refractive index. Such materials will be able to bend light or other electromagnetic energy around an object—in effect, rendering the object invisible. Other materials might actively respond to shock waves to prevent their penetration into a building or vehicle. Such a material could keep the occupants of a tank or personnel carrier safe from the blast of a roadside bomb.
"Dynamic materials will give designers many possibilities that would simply be unthinkable if they were limited to static materials," Lurie says. "We could see whole new classes of materials and materials that behave in ways that no one has ever seen before." | <urn:uuid:2fb76753-07d8-447a-9c76-e7fb20528b70> | CC-MAIN-2018-34 | https://www.wpi.edu/academics/departments/mathematical-sciences/research/new-life-materials | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-34/segments/1534221209585.18/warc/CC-MAIN-20180814205439-20180814225439-00002.warc.gz | en | 0.959706 | 1,409 | 2.65625 | 3 |
Cathedral Square & Marian Statue
The grand Cathedral Square lies directly in front of Salzburg Cathedral, in the heart of the baroque historic district. The Marian Statue enthroned upon the square was built out of marble in the 18th century.
Cathedral square description
Archbishop Wolf Dietrich was the power behind construction of Cathedral Square. It is characterized by its architectural unity and exceptional beauty. Standing right on the square are the cathedral itself, the Residenz (official residence of the prince-archbishops) and one wing of St. Peter’s Monastery. This square connects to two other famous city squares, the Residenzplatz and Kapitelplatz, as well as through various arcades with the Franziskanergasse.
This statue was clearly influenced by other Marian statues located in Vienna and Munich. In this case, the statue of the Immaculata, the Virgin Mary, was commissioned by Archbishop Sigismund Graf Schrattenbach. Between 1766 and 1771, brothers Wolfgang and Johann Baptist Hagenauer created the figure, a combination of sculpted marble and cast lead.
From the middle of the arcades leading to Franziskanergasse, the somewhat classicistic Marian statue appears to be precisely located on the central axis of the cathedral. It unites optically with the angels on the cathedral façade and is crowned by the crown which is installed there.
Cathedral Square today
Due to its self-contained form, Cathedral Square has proven itself as the ideal venue for performances of the famous “Jedermann” morality play by Hugo von Hofmannsthal during the Salzburg Festival. During the summer months, the stage and audience grandstand invite you to enjoy a pleasant break amid the bustling historic district. In winter, the Salzburg Christkindlmarkt is held here, while autumn treats us to a series of events including Ruperkirtag. | <urn:uuid:257283f0-1dbf-4d74-8235-4f87ad7fc78f> | CC-MAIN-2018-43 | https://www.salzburg.info/en/sights/squares-streets/domplatz-marienstatue | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-43/segments/1539583516003.73/warc/CC-MAIN-20181023023542-20181023045042-00309.warc.gz | en | 0.940149 | 403 | 2.578125 | 3 |
Probabilistic reasoning starts with priors and then updates them based off of evidence. Artificial neural networks take this to the extreme. You start with deliberately weak priors, then update them with a tremendous quantity of data. I call this "big data".
In this article, I use "big data" to mean the opposite of "small data". By this, "big data" refers to situations with so much training data you can get away with weak priors. Autonomous cars are an example of big data. Financial derivatives trading is an example of small data.
The most powerful recent advances in machine learning, such as neural networks, all use big data. Machine learning is good at fields where data plentiful, such as in identifying photos of cats, or where data can be cheaply manufactured, such as in playing videogames. "Plentiful data" is a relative term. Specifically, it's a measurement of the quantity of training data relative to the size (complexity) of the search space.
Do you see the problem?
Physical reality is an upper bound on data collection. Even if "data" is just a number stored momentarily on a CPU's register there is a hard physical limit to how much we can process. In particular, our data will never scale faster than where is the diameter of our computer in its greatest spacetime dimension. is polynomial time.
Machine learning search spaces are often exponential or hyperexponential. If your search space is exponential and you collect data polynomially then your data is sparse. When you have sparse data, you must compensate with strong priors. Big data uses weak priors. Therefore big data approaches to machine learning cannot, in general, handle small data.
Past performance is no guarantee of future results.
Suppose you want to estimate the mean variance of a Gaussian distribution. You could sample points and then compute the mean variance of them.
If you did you'd be wrong. In particular, you'd underestimate the mean variance by a factor of . The equation for standard deviation corrects for this and uses in the denominator.
An estimate of the variance of a Gaussian distribution based solely on historical data, without adjusting for statistical bias bias will underestimate the mean variance of the underlying distribution.
Underestimating mean variance by a factor of can be solved by throwing training data at the problem because a factor of vanishes as approaches infinity. Other learning environments are not so kind.
Big data uses weak priors. Correcting for bias is a prior. Big data approaches to machine learning therefore have no built-in method of correcting for bias. Big data thus assumes that historical data is representative of future data.
To state this more precisely, suppose that we are dealing with a variable where . In order to predict from past performance , it must be true that such a limit exists.
Sometimes no such limit exists. Suppose equals 1 for all positive integers whose most significant digit (in decimal representation) is odd and 0 for all positive integers whose most significant digit (in decimal representation) is even.
Suppose we want to predict the probability that an integer's first significant digit is odd.
The average never converges. The average oscillates from ½ up to just over ¾ and back. You cannot solve this problem by minimizing your error over historical data. Insofar as big data minimizes an algorithm's error over historical results, domains like this will be forever out-of-bounds to it.
Big data compensates for weak priors by minimizing an algorithm's error over historical results. Insofar as this is true, big data cannot reason about small data.
Yet, human beings can predict once-per-century events. Few of us can do it, but it can be done. How?
Transfer learning. Human beings use a problem's context to influence our priors.
So can we just feed all of the Internet into a big data system to create a general-purpose machine learning algorithm? No. Because when you feed in arbitrary data it's not just the data the increases in dimensionality. Your search space of relationships between input data increases even faster. Whenever a human being decides what data to feed into an artificial neural network, we are implicitly passing on our own priors about what constitutes relevant context. This division of labor between human and machine has enabled recent developments in machine learning like self-driving cars.
To remove the human from the equation, we need a system that can accept arbitrary input data without human curation for relevance. The problem is that feeding "everything" into a machine is close to feeding "nothing" into a machine, like how a fully connected graph contains exactly as much information as a fully disconnected graph.
Similar, but not equal. Consider Einstein. He saw beauty in the universe and then created the most beautiful theory that fit a particular set of data.
Consider the sequence . What comes next?
- It could be
- It could be
- It could be
- It could be
You could say the answer depends on one's priors. That wouldn't be wrong per se. But the word "priors" gets fuzzy around the corners when we're talking about transfer learning. It would be more precise to say this depends on your sense of "beauty".
The "right" answer is whichever one has minimal Kolmogorov complexity i.e. whichever sequence is described by the shortest computer program. But for sparse data, Kolmogorov complexity depends more on your choice of programming language than the actual data. It depends on the sense of beauty of whoever designed the your development environment.
The most important thing in a programming language is what libraries you have access to. If the Fibonacci sequence is a standard library function and the identity operator is not then the Fibonacci sequence has lower Kolmogorov complexity than the identity operator .
The library doesn't even have to be standard. Any scrap of code lying around will do. In this way, Kolmogorov complexity, as evaluated in your local environment, is a subjective definition of beauty.
This is a flexible definition of "beauty", as opposed to big data where "beauty" is hard-coded as the minimization of an error function over historical data.
Programming languages like Lisp let you program the language itself. System-defined macros are stored in the same hash table as user-defined macros. A small data system needs the same capability.
No algorithm without the freedom to self-alter its own error function can operate unsupervised on small data.
―Lsusr's Second Law of Artificial Intelligence
To transcend big data, a computer program must be able to alter its own definition of beauty. | <urn:uuid:1a116d4e-baad-4f52-a071-9ec5eb2ccb6a> | CC-MAIN-2020-24 | https://www.lesswrong.com/posts/xkWEJPwEArWFKH5jM/small-data | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-24/segments/1590347439019.86/warc/CC-MAIN-20200604032435-20200604062435-00372.warc.gz | en | 0.916769 | 1,381 | 3.328125 | 3 |
DHCP - Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol
Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol (DHCP) is a protocol for assigning dynamic IP addresses to devices on a network. With dynamic addressing, a device can have a different IP address every time it connects to the network. In some systems, the device's IP address can even change while it is still connected. DHCP also supports a mix of static and dynamic IP addresses.
DHCP Simplifies Network Administration
Dynamic addressing simplifies network administration because the software keeps track of IP addresses rather than requiring an administrator to manage the task. This means that a new computer can be added to a network without the hassle of manually assigning it a unique IP address. Many ISPs use dynamic IP addressing for Internet subscribers.
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This second Study Guide describes the basics of Java, providing an overview of operators, modifiers and control Structures. Read More »Network Fundamentals Study Guide
Networking fundamentals teaches the building blocks of modern network design. Learn different types of networks, concepts, architecture and... Read More » | <urn:uuid:6dd2576c-5f83-4e6c-b114-ca86a5497923> | CC-MAIN-2019-26 | https://www.webopedia.com/TERM/D/DHCP.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-26/segments/1560627998808.17/warc/CC-MAIN-20190618163443-20190618185443-00289.warc.gz | en | 0.820975 | 393 | 3.578125 | 4 |
Respiratory minute volume
|TLC||Total lung capacity: the volume in the lungs at maximal inflation, the sum of VC and RV.|
|TV||Tidal volume: that volume of air moved into or out of the lungs during quiet breathing (VT indicates a subdivision of the lung; when tidal volume is precisely measured, as in gas exchange calculation, the symbol VT or VT is used.)|
|RV||Residual volume: the volume of air remaining in the lungs after a maximal exhalation|
|ERV||Expiratory reserve volume: the maximal volume of air that can be exhaled from the end-expiratory position|
|IRV||Inspiratory reserve volume: the maximal volume that can be inhaled from the end-inspiratory level|
|IC||Inspiratory capacity: the sum of IRV and TV|
|IVC||Inspiratory vital capacity: the maximum volume of air inhaled from the point of maximum expiration|
|VC||Vital capacity: the volume of air breathed out after the deepest inhalation.|
|VT||Tidal volume: that volume of air moved into or out of the lungs during quiet breathing (VT indicates a subdivision of the lung; when tidal volume is precisely measured, as in gas exchange calculation, the symbol VT or VT is used.)|
|FRC||Functional residual capacity: the volume in the lungs at the end-expiratory position|
|RV/TLC%||Residual volume expressed as percent of TLC|
|VA||Alveolar gas volume|
|VL||Actual volume of the lung including the volume of the conducting airway.|
|FVC||Forced vital capacity: the determination of the vital capacity from a maximally forced expiratory effort|
|FEVt||Forced expiratory volume (time): a generic term indicating the volume of air exhaled under forced conditions in the first t seconds|
|FEV1||Volume that has been exhaled at the end of the first second of forced expiration|
|FEFx||Forced expiratory flow related to some portion of the FVC curve; modifiers refer to amount of FVC already exhaled|
|FEFmax||The maximum instantaneous flow achieved during a FVC maneuver|
|FIF||Forced inspiratory flow: (Specific measurement of the forced inspiratory curve is denoted by nomenclature analogous to that for the forced expiratory curve. For example, maximum inspiratory flow is denoted FIFmax. Unless otherwise specified, volume qualifiers indicate the volume inspired from RV at the point of measurement.)|
|PEF||Peak expiratory flow: The highest forced expiratory flow measured with a peak flow meter|
|MVV||Maximal voluntary ventilation: volume of air expired in a specified period during repetitive maximal effort|
||This article may require cleanup to meet Wikipedia's quality standards. The specific problem is: article requires more precise statements and consensus on normal values. (November 2010)|
Respiratory minute volume (or minute ventilation or expired minute volume) is the volume of gas inhaled (inhaled minute volume) or exhaled (exhaled minute volume) from a person's lungs per minute. It is an important parameter in respiratory medicine due to its relationship with blood carbon dioxide levels. It can be measured with devices such as a Wright respirometer, or can be calculated from other known respiratory parameters. Note that although its name implies that it is a volume, minute volume is actually a flow (it represents a volume change over time).
Several symbols can be used to represent minute volume. They include: , MV, and VE.
Determination of minute volume
Minute volume can either be measured directly or calculated from other known parameters.
Measurement of minute volume
Minute volume is the amount of gas inhaled or exhaled from a person's lungs in one minute. It can be measured by a Wright respirometer or other device capable of cumulatively measuring gas flow, such as mechanical ventilators.
Calculation of minute volume
If both tidal volume (VT) and respiratory rate (ƒ or RR) are known, minute volume can be calculated by multiplying the two values. One must also take care to consider the effect of dead space on alveolar ventilation, as seen below in "Relationship to other physiological rates".
Physiological significance of minute volume
Blood carbon dioxide (PaCO2) levels generally vary inversely with minute volume. For example, a person with increased minute volume (e.g. due to hyperventilation) should demonstrate a lower blood carbon dioxide level. The healthy human body will alter minute volume in an attempt to maintain physiologic homeostasis. A normal minute volume while resting is about 5–8 liters per minute in humans. Minute volume generally decreases when at rest, and increases with exercise. For example, during light activities minute volume may be around 12 litres. Riding a bicycle increases minute ventilation by a factor of 2 to 4 depending on the level of exercise involved. Minute ventilation during moderate exercise may be between 40 and 60 litres per minute.
Relationship to other physiological rates
where is alveolar ventilation, and represents dead space ventilation.
- Zuurbier, M., Hoek, G., van den Hazel, P., Brunekreef, B. (2009). "Minute ventilation of cyclists, car and bus passengers: an experimental study.". Environmental Health 8 (48). doi:10.1186/1476-069x-8-48.
- Int Panis, L (2010). "Exposure to particulate matter in traffic: A comparison of cyclists and car passengers". Atmospheric Environment 44: 2263–2270. doi:10.1016/j.atmosenv.2010.04.028.
- Overview at healthsystem.virginia.edu
- Overview at ccmtutorials.com
- Physiology at MCG 4/4ch3/s4ch3_15
- What is minute ventilation | <urn:uuid:e7951c50-65ed-4d6a-b462-e7b2bfb3792a> | CC-MAIN-2015-11 | http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Respiratory_minute_volume | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2015-11/segments/1424936463956.95/warc/CC-MAIN-20150226074103-00055-ip-10-28-5-156.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.838158 | 1,280 | 2.875 | 3 |
A gene linked to autism spectrum disorders (ASD) actually alters individual brain cells’ ability to process information, researchers at MIT’s Picower Institute for Learning and Memory report in the June 10 advance online edition of Nature Neuroscience.
The finding focuses on a faulty molecular mechanism that may underlie ASD’s cognitive impairments. The discovery could lead to future treatments targeting a brain enzyme that controls the formation of a neuronal structure called dendrites, according to lead author Li-Huei Tsai, Picower Professor of Neuroscience and director of the Picower Institute.
Dendrites are neurons’ spiky, branchlike projections. Dendrites at the apex of the cell body are known as apical; dendrites that emerge from the bottom are called basal. Basal dendrites, studded with synapses, receive electrical signals sent by other neurons within the brain.
Researchers have pointed to aberrant dendrite formation as the culprit behind developmental and psychiatric disorders such as autism and schizophrenia.
Basal dendrites that are too sparse or badly formed “change the connectivity within the brain,” said study co-author Froylan Calderon de Anda, a postdoc at the Picower Institute. “The flow of information among brain regions is affected.”
Forging a pathway
Deleted or duplicated genes on chromosome 16 have been tied to ASD. Some of the genes on chromosome 16 are known to help shape brain cells, but the molecular pathways controlling the formation of basal dendrites is not well-understood.
Tsai, who is also a Howard Hughes Medical Institute investigator, Calderon de Anda and colleagues from Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine looked at a gene encoding an enzyme that helps shape dendrites in the cortex, hippocampus and amygdala — brain regions associated with complex cognitive functions.
The researchers found that underexpressing the gene led to too few dendrite branches; overexpressing it created too many.
Calderon de Anda, who studies how neurons grow and take shape, said it was surprising to see a specific molecular pathway dedicated to basal dendrites.
“Everybody thought dendrites were just dendrites, and the molecular pathways were the same [for the two types of dendrites],” he said. “But they don’t share pathways. Now it’s clear it’s more complex. Basal dendrites share more in common with the formation of axons [the long thin projections that transmit electrochemical signals to other neurons] than with apical dendrites.”
Next steps include developing animal models to manipulate the enzyme produced by the targeted ASD gene, hopefully shedding light on how malformed dendrites affect cognition.
This work was supported by the Simons Foundation Autism Research Initiative. | <urn:uuid:2cd220be-e97d-4b17-92ff-f7abab7fe5a2> | CC-MAIN-2018-43 | http://news.mit.edu/2012/picower-researchers-identify-brain-cell-aberration-tied-to-autism-0611 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-43/segments/1539583512434.71/warc/CC-MAIN-20181019191802-20181019213302-00053.warc.gz | en | 0.917233 | 589 | 3.421875 | 3 |
Rûm, also Roum or Rhum (in Arabic الرُّومُ ar-Rūm, Persian/Turkish Rum), is a very indefinite term used at different times in the Muslim world to refer to the Balkans and Anatolia generally, and for the Byzantine Empire in particular, for the Seljuk Sultanate of Rûm in Asia Minor, and for Greeks inhabiting Ottoman empire or modern Turkish territory as well as for Greek Cypriots. The name is a loan from the Byzantine-Greek self-designation Ρωμιοί "Romans". The city of Rome itself, by contrast, is known in Arabic as روما Rūmā.
The Qur'an includes Surat Ar-Rum (i.e., the Sura dealing with "The Romans" or "The Byzantines"). The Byzantine Greeks, as the continuation of the Roman Empire, called themselves Ρωμιοί or Ρωμαίοι Rhomaioi, Romans, and the Arabs, therefore, called them "the Rûm", their territory "the land of the Rûm", and the Mediterranean Sea "the Sea of the Rûm." They called ancient Greece by the name "Yūnān" (Ionia) and ancient Greeks "Yūnānī" (similar with Hebrew "Yavan" יוו for the country and "Yevanim" יוונים for the people). The ancient Romans were called either "Rūm" or sometimes "Latin'yun" (Latins).
Later, because Muslim contact with the Byzantine Greeks most often took place in Asia Minor, the term Rûm became fixed there geographically and remained even after the conquest by the Seljuk Turks, so that their territory was called the land of the Seljuks of Rûm, or the Sultanate of Rûm. But as the Mediterranean was "the Sea of the Rûm", so all peoples on its north coast were called sweepingly "the Rûm".
After the Fall of Constantinople, Mehmed II declared himself Kayser-i Rum, literally "Caesar of the Romans". However, later Ottoman Sultans abandoned this title and did not persist in claiming it. During the sixteenth century the Portuguese used "rume" and "rumes" (plural) as a generic term to refer to the Mamluk-Ottoman forces they faced then in the Indian Ocean.
Under the Ottoman Empire's Millet system, Greeks were in the "Rum Millet" (Millet-i Rum). The term "Urums", also derived from the same origin, is still used in contemporary ethnography to denote Turkic-speaking Greek populations. "Rumaiic" is a Greek dialect identified mainly with the Ottoman Greeks.
In Al-Andalus any Christian slave girl who had embraced Islam was named Roumiya. Also the legendary lover of King Roderic and daughter of Count Julian is named La Cava Rumía — her affair being the putative cause of the Moorish invasion of Hispania in 711. The crusades introduced the Franks (Ifranja), and later Arabic writers recognize them and their civilization on the north shore of the Mediterranean west from Rome; so Ibn Khaldun wrote in the latter part of the fourteenth century.
Al-Rūmī is a nisbah designating people originating in the Byzantine empire. Historical people so designated include:
- Suhayb ar-Rumi, a companion of Muhammad
- Mawlānā Jalāl-ad-Dīn Muhammad Balkhī (Rumi), the thirteenth century Persian poet
- Qāḍī Zāda al-Rūmī, fourteenth century mathematician
- Tadj ol-Molouk Ayrumlu, Former Queen of Iran
- W:Rûm Province, Ottoman Empire.
- W:Rumelia, from Turkish Rum eli meaning 'country of the Romans'.
- W:Erzurum, from the Turkish pronunciation of Arabic أرض روم arḍ Rūm, 'Land of the Romans'.
- Edirne Ciğeri, a Turkish meat dish also referred to as "Rumeli Ciğeri".
- W:Rumi calendar, a calendar based on the Julian Calendar, used by the Ottoman Empire after Tanzimat.
- W:Mevlana, great Persian poet who is sometimes referred to as Rumi.
- Rumiye-i Suğra, the name of the region in Ottoman Empire which included Tokat, Amasya, and Sivas.
- Rumçi, another term used to refer to the Greeks during the Ottoman times.
- ↑ Ozbaran, Salih, "Ottomans as 'Rumes' in Portuguese sources in the sixteenth century", Portuguese Studies, Annual, 2001
- ↑ Miguel de Cervantes, Don Quixote, Part I, Chapter 41 (Spanish text, English text). | <urn:uuid:dea778ee-cb48-47e5-b75f-21cbd9ec99a2> | CC-MAIN-2015-18 | http://orthodoxwiki.org/R%C3%BCm | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2015-18/segments/1429246655962.81/warc/CC-MAIN-20150417045735-00276-ip-10-235-10-82.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.938712 | 1,073 | 3.453125 | 3 |
Bioswales are added to sites to remove silt and pollution from stormwater runoff. Similar to bioretention areas and rain gardens, bioswales are a variation of the traditional grassland swale seen throughout Broward County.
Bioswales consist of depressed land that serves as linear drainage areas. They are shallow, naturally or artificially formed ditches that are filled with vegetation, compost or another natural water filter. They are designed to maximize the time water spends traveling through them, which allows more contaminants to be trapped. Bioswales are different from traditional swales because a fabricated soil bed replaces the native soil with a sand/soil mix that meets permeability requirements. They also include native grasses and plants with deep root structures. These plants slow the flow of water and enhance filtration.
Bioswales are commonly used in parking lots, where water is filtered from the pavement into the depression and travels the length of the lot before being released into the watershed or a storm sewer.
- An increase in groundwater recharge because more water can infiltrate the soil.
- A reduction in the volume of runoff water on a site by almost 30 percent.
- Combined treatment and transportation of stormwater.
- An increase in the aesthetic value of yards and neighborhoods.
- Bioswales must be functional, maintainable and attractive to ensure long-term success.
- While similar in design, bioswales are more linear than bioretention areas or rain gardens, and are designed for conveyance.
- Only shallow slopes are effective. Steep slopes result in rapid travel and less filtration.
- Check for or consider installing dams that may enhance pollutant removal.
- They are primarily used for small sites and may not be effective on larger sites.
- Choosing the proper landscaping is critical to the performance of a bioswale:
- Select native vegetation with deep root structures.
- Select species that withstand the frequent and substantial water flow. Plants that can tolerate both wet and dry conditions may work best.
- Consider the flow path to maximize conveyance. Bioswales may be more linear or curvaceous, depending on site characteristics.
- Design the planting layout to allow for easy access and to facilitate periodic removal of sediments without significant disruption or removal of plant materials.
- A lack of consideration for these details can lead to failed plantings and site flooding.
See the Retrofit Considerations page for guidance when integrating bioswales into an existing water management system.
Bioswales divert stormwater from nearby impervious surfaces into a vegetated ditch that will filter out silt and pollution. Courtesy of Sue Donaldson, UNR Cooperative Extension
Incorporating functional green spaces into developments, like these infiltration gardens, increases property value and creates a more pleasant environment for living. Courtesy of Diana Guidry
The land is gently sloped away from the road to encourage water to percolate through the soil instead of overburdening a storm drain. Courtesy of Eric Livingston | <urn:uuid:667fa5c7-2144-46b6-96e2-a57475a734c3> | CC-MAIN-2017-26 | http://www.broward.org/Stormwater/Pages/Bioswales.aspx | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-26/segments/1498128320226.61/warc/CC-MAIN-20170624050312-20170624070312-00617.warc.gz | en | 0.90218 | 623 | 3.265625 | 3 |
(NAPSI)—Don’t let foodborne illness become the secret ingredient in your favorite fall recipes.
Still an uninvited guest at many events, food poisoning sends more than 100,000 Americans to the hospital each year—and it can also have long-term health consequences.
Fortunately, by following a few simple steps, you can avoid most problems. Here are some tips from the Food Safety and Inspection Service (FSIS) of the U.S. Department of Agriculture.
• Washing your hands is still a simple but effective way to stop the spread of many illness-causing bacteria anytime of year. And don’t forget to rinse your hands well under running water and dry them using a clean towel or air-dry.
• An estimated one-fifth of U.S. households can their own food. However, many home canners are not aware of the risk for botulism, a rare but potentially fatal form of food poisoning that has been linked to improperly canned food. The bacteria that cause botulism, Clostridium botulinum, are found in soil and can survive, grow, and produce a toxin in sealed jars of food.
The only protection against botulism food poisoning in low-acid home canned foods is the heat applied during canning. Using traditional methods that were handed down over generations or using boiling water instead of a pressure cooker can be deadly. Consult the USDA’s “Complete Guide to Home Canning” to ensure you are canning safely.
• If you are serving food at a fall party, remember to keep hot foods hot and cold foods cold. Hot foods should be held at 140° F or warmer.
On the buffet table, you can keep hot foods hot with chafing dishes, slow cookers and warming trays. Cold foods should be held at 40° F or colder. You can keep foods cold by nesting dishes in bowls of ice. Otherwise, use small serving trays and replace them as needed.
• If you are cooking foods ahead of time for your party, be sure to cook them thoroughly to safe minimum internal temperatures—145° F for steaks, roasts and chops with a three-minute rest time, 160° F for ground meat and 165° F for poultry and ground poultry, as measured with a food thermometer.
• If you’re making seasonal cookies, never eat raw cookie dough. The uncooked eggs in the dough may contain salmonella or other harmful bacteria. | <urn:uuid:2043e541-cf41-4501-90a0-3be4e477fd80> | CC-MAIN-2020-16 | http://singleagain.com/a-few-simple-steps-for-a-safer-fall-kitchen/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-16/segments/1585370502513.35/warc/CC-MAIN-20200331150854-20200331180854-00426.warc.gz | en | 0.948642 | 517 | 3.125 | 3 |
We’ve looked at an array of different biofuel sources ranging from used cooking oil and algae to farm and municipal waste. This is essential as the percentage of airline emissions becomes a bigger part of our overall greenhouse gas situation. The Guardian reports, “A 2017 estimate said air travel accounted for 2.5% of all carbon dioxide emissions, with the total emissions expected to quadruple by 2050.”We’ll look here at how some of the early efforts have panned out and examine a late-breaking surprise or two.
According to the Guardian, “A Qantas plane powered partly by mustard seeds has become the world’s first biofuel flight between Australia and the United States, after landing in Melbourne on [January 30, 2018].”
A major test, the 15-hour flight used a blended fuel 10-percent of which came from the brassica carinata, a mustard seed used as a fallow crop between regular crop cycles.
Qantas’ Boeing Dreamliner 787-9 “Reduced carbon emissions by 7 percent compared with the airline’s usual flight over the same LA to Melbourne route. Compared pound for pound with jet fuel, carinata biofuel reduces emissions by 80% over the fuel’s life cycle,” according to the Guardian. Qantas has flown with biofuels since its first trials in 2012, using a 50-percent blend of used cooking oil.
Daniel Tan, an agriculture expert from the University of Sydney, said mustard seed could double as a valuable crop and a source of sustainable fuel for farmers.
“Almost within a day after harvesting, they can press the oil out in their own shed and use it straight into their tractors,” he said. “Basically it’s good for growing, and also farmers can also use it. If they grow wheat every year it’s not good for the soil. They can grow mustard seed in between the wheat crops, every second or third year, press the oil and use it locally or export it for use in aviation fuel. One hectare (about 2.5 acres) of the crop can be used to produce 400 liters of aviation fuel or 1,400 liters of renewable diesel.
“A lot of the biodiesel now being processed is actually from waste oil from places like fish and chip shops. A lot of these oils can be processed, but the problem is that they can’t get consistent supply. The big problem with the biodiesel industry in Australia is mainly the continuity of supply.” Qantas hopes to use biofuels, supplied by U. S. company SG Preston, on all Los Angeles-based flights by 2020.
Other Airlines, Other Approaches
Other airlines, perhaps with less faith in the power of mustard seeds to move large jets, are using a wide array of plant and waste materials to produce jet fuel.
An Alaska Airlines Cooperative
Alaska Airlines, Boeing and SeaTac Airport have been cooperating on using farm and municipal waste to produce renewable jet fuel, but Boeing’s efforts have stretched as far as the United Arab Emirates, where a plan to develop halophyte plants (which can thrive in salt water) continues with the Khalifa University. Boeing also works with partners in biofuel development on six continents, a sign of deep involvement and earnest commitment.
A letter from Paul McElroy, with Boeing Commercial Airplanes Environment Communications, explains the company, “led the approval of the first pathway and that fuel has been flown successfully on thousands of commercial flights. Boeing continues to work tirelessly within ASTM, the international standards body… develop and commercialize new sources of aviation biofuel.”
His letter notes, “Boeing is now partnering with the U.S. Federal Aviation Administration and other stakeholders to gain approval for a biofuel called HF-HEFA (high freeze-point-hydrotreated esters and fatty acids), which is produced from fats, oils and greases. Known as ‘green diesel’ when used in ground transport, global production capacity exceeds 1 billion gallons annually. To verify this fuel’s performance and characteristics, Boeing tested two blends of HFHEFA on its ecoDemonstrator program’s 787 and 757 flight test airplanes. Approval of this fuel would make a price-competitive sustainable biofuel available that could meet more than 1 percent of global aviation fuel supply needs.”
Alaska Airlines wants to lead in these ambitions. “As an airline, we require large volumes of fuel to run our business. While technology and operational flying efficiencies have reduced the amount of fuel we use and the associated emissions, they are not enough to lower emissions to achieve industry-wide goals of carbon neutral grown by 2020, and a 50% reduction in emissions by 2050, compared to a 2005 baseline. In 2016, They partnered with Gevo on three commercial flights using alcohol-to-jet fuels, completed two
“Alaska was the first domestic airline to fly multiple scheduled flights using aviation biofuel, and we have committed to use only aviation biofuels that meet stringent sustainability criteria.” Alaska’s 2020 goal of using sustainable aviation biofuel in at least one airport is a work in progress, with several mileposts showing the airline’s progress. In 2016, Alaska partnered with Gevo and completed three biofuel flights using fuel produced by the alcohol-to-jet (ATJ) process. They flew twice on biofuel that used corn as a feedstock, and that November, flew from Seattle to Washington, D. C. on ATJ made from post-harvest forest residues.
Alaska also partnered with Boeing and the Port of Seattle to conduct a $250,000 biofuel infrastructure feasibility study, a major step towards bringing biofuels to all air carriers at Sea-Tac Airport.
The Port of Seattle encourages further development of SAF, with a goal of having all commercial flights powered by sustainable fuels by 2028. The Port sees its roles in providing infrastructure, financing, land use, advocacy and partnerships as crucial to the plan’s success. A note on financing shows assistance from some heavy hitters in the environmental world. The Port reports, “In 2017, Carbon War Room/Rocky Mountain Institute and SkyNRG investigated the feasibility of using different airport revenue streams at Sea-Tac to help bring down the cost to all airlines compared to petroleum jet fuel, as well as support the build-out of fueling infrastructure. The report identified a range of funding sources, and included ways an airport could be involved without directly paying for fuel.”
United’s Far-Flung Suppliers
Other airlines have similar goals and timelines. United Airlines, in a letter expressing its goals, claims to have improved its fuel efficiency by 45 percent since 1990, “but that’s only the first step.” United is working toward “a collective industry goal of 1.5 percent average improvement of annual fuel efficiency through 2020, carbon neutral growth beginning in 2020 and a 50 percent reduction airline CO2 emissions by 2050. United hopes not only to be a good corporate citizen but to guard against oil price instability. Its efforts led the Natural Resources Defense Council (NRDC) to name United a “Leading Airline for having a strong range of commitments and supply chain implementation.”
United became the first airline globally on SAF on an ongoing daily basis. AltAir Fuels in Los Angeles supplies fuels made from agricultural wastes and non-edible natural oils. AltAir fuels lower greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions more than 60 percent compared to petroleum-based products. AltAir’s fuels are certified for sustainability by the Roundtable for Sustainable Biomaterials.
Since 2015, United partnered with Fulcrum BioEnergy, a company pioneering conversion of waste and household trash into low-cost, sustainable aviation fuel. United will have Fulcrum SAF refineries near all its U. S. hubs, producing nearly one-billion gallons in their first ten years of operation, nearly three times the amount United uses yearly. This will keep trash out of landfills, lower United’s emissions, and probably power other operation’s fuel needs.
A Worldwide Organization Promotes SAF
Irina Slav, writing for the industry watchdog Oilprice.com, tells us, “The International Air Transport Association has set an ambitious goal for its members: transporting a billion passengers on flights using biofuel by 2025. The goal is a demonstration of IATA’s efforts to help cut carbon dioxide emissions. The aviation industry is a major source of these, after all.”
She goes on to explain that although biofuels might cut into Big Oil’s profit margins, such alternatives will not grow big enough to be a major threat to the oil business. More expensive than regular jet fuel, some biofuels price themselves out of a very competitive market.
The International Air Transit Association (IATA) backs the drive to promote biofuels. Chief Executive and Managing Director Alexandre de Juniac says, “We want 1 billion passengers to have flown on a SAF (Sustainable Aviation Fuel)-blend flight by 2025. That won’t be easy to achieve. We need governments to set a framework to incentivize production of SAF and ensure it is as attractive to produce as automotive biofuels.” IATA estimates, though, that only half a billion passengers might fly on “biofueled” flights by the target date. You can see the organization’s biofuel report here.
Ms. Slav explains that loan guarantees and capital grants might help if sometimes skeptical banks will cooperate. The industry hopes to trend toward carbon neutral growth and reduce net emissions. Currently, emissions average between 114 grams of CO2 per kilometer on long-haul flights and 260 grams per kilometer for shorter flights. IATA suggests biofuels could cut this by as much a 80 percent. Ms. Slav concludes that the economics will be the tricky part, with producers concentrating on reducing costs and governments providing incentives and probably regulation. Look for higher fares and greater Big Oil activity in biofuels, she cautions.
More to Come
With Zunum and Airbus coming forward with medium-size, medium-range single-aisle airliners, and Pipistrel and the MAHEPA organization coming forward with hybrid small aircraft, biofuels will have a promising place in near-future aviation. We have only shown a few players here, with much more to come on the national and international front in the near future. | <urn:uuid:6506d81c-de8d-4451-9ac5-1a6e96210554> | CC-MAIN-2018-51 | http://cafe.foundation/blog/biofuels-from-many-sources/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-51/segments/1544376823339.35/warc/CC-MAIN-20181210123246-20181210144746-00425.warc.gz | en | 0.94036 | 2,199 | 3.28125 | 3 |
Save 70% on video courses when you use code OCTVID during checkout. Offer ends Oct. 17. Shop now.
This book covers topics ranging from the general principles of .NET through the C# language and how its used in ASP.NET and Windows Forms. Written by programmers for programmers, the content of the book is intended to get readers over the hump of the .NET learning curve and provide solid practical knowledge that will make developers productive from day one.
I. THE .NET FRAMEWORK.1.1. A Quick Introduction to .NET.
Dispelling the Myth of the .NET Virtual Machine. Microsoft Intermediate Language (IL). An Introduction to .NET Memory Management. The .NET Framework Type System. The .NET Framework System Objects. C#-A New Programming Language. How Objects Describe Themselves. Component Object Model (COM) Interoperability. Windows Forms, Web Controls, and GDI+. Tools. Assemblies, the .NET Packaging System. Programming with Attributes. Security. Ready, Set, GO!1.2. The Common Language Runtime.
Overview. The CLR in Relation to .NET.1.3. IL Intermediate Language.
Language Inter-Op. Hello IL. Functions. Classes. ILDASM. Metadata. Reflection API.1.4. Working with Managed Extensions to C++.
The C++ Extension Keywords. Using the C++ Compiler for Managed C++. Garbage Collected Classes. The #using Directive. The String. Mixing Managed and Unmanaged Code. Pinning Managed Code. Managed Interfaces. Creating Value Types. Creating and Using Delegates. Calling Custom .NET DLLs from Your Managed C++ Code. Using Managed and Unmanaged C++ DLLs in Your _.NET Programs. Using Properties in Your C++ Classes. Ensuring the Alignment and Packing of Your C++ Structures.1.5. Introducing Visual Studio.NET.
The Integrated Development Environment (IDE). Section A: The Main Editing Area. Section B: Solutions, Classes, Items, and Help. Section C: The Toolbox and Server Explorer. Section D: Tasks, Output, Search Results, and Watches. Section E: Properties, Dynamic Help, and Favorites. Debugging Programs.
II. THE C# LANGUAGE.2.1. C# Basics.
The C# Type System. Programming Concepts. Arrays. struct Classes. Interfaces. Delegates.2.2. Advanced C#.
.NET Collections. Attributes. XML Serialization.
III. WINDOWS FORMS.3.1. Introduction to Windows Forms.
The Hello Windows Forms Application. Creating and Using an Event Handler. Defining the Border Style of the Form. Adding a Menu. Adding a Menu Shortcut. Handling Events from Menus.3.2. User Interface Components.
Dialogs. Creating Dialogs. Using Controls.3.3. Data Bound Controls.
Data Binding Strategies. Data Binding Sources. Simple Binding. Simple Binding to a DataSet. Complex Binding of Controls to Data. Binding Controls to Databases Using ADO.NET. Creating a Database Viewer with Visual Studio and ADO.NET.3.4. Windows Forms Example Application (Scribble .NET).
Resources in .NET. Localization Nuts and Bolts. .NET Resource Management Classes. Creating Text Resources. Using Visual Studio.NET for Internationalization. Image Resources. Using Image Lists. Programmatic Access to Resources. Reading and Writing RESX XML Files.3.5. GDI+: The .NET Graphics Interface.
The Basic Principles of GDI+. The Graphics Object. Graphics Coordinates. Drawing Lines and Simple Shapes. Using Gradient Pens and Brushes. Textured Pens and Brushes. Tidying up Your Lines with Endcaps. Curves and Paths. The GraphicsPath Object. Clipping with Paths and Regions. Transformations. Alpha Blending. Alpha Blending of Images. Other Color Space Manipulations.3.6. Practical Windows Forms Applications.
Using the Properties and Property Attributes. Demonstration Application: FormPaint.exe.
IV. WEB TECHNOLOGIES.4.1. ASP.NET.
The New Web. ASP.NET Essentials. Hello ASP.NET. Adding Some Meat.4.2. .NET Data Access.
DataLayer. Employee and Department Class.4.3. WebForms.
Introduction to ASP.NET WebForms. UserControls. HeaderControl. ASPX Pages.4.4. WebServices.
Echo Service. Returning User-Defined Types. XML Attributes.
V. COMPONENT USAGE.5.1. Assemblies.
What Is an Assembly? Single File Assembly. Multiple File Assembly. Assembly Attributes. Loading Assemblies at Runtime.5.2. Signing and Versioning.
DLL Hell. Global Assembly Cache. Versioning. Side-By-Side Assemblies. Custom Binding: Application Configuration.5.3. COM Interoperability.
The World of COM. .NET COM Support. Exposing .NET Components as COM Objects.5.4. Threads.
Multithreading 101. Thread Synchronization. Extending .NET Threads.Index. | <urn:uuid:d8c4de0c-9e36-4178-8e74-45894661fc4d> | CC-MAIN-2021-43 | https://www.informit.com/store/c-sharp-and-the-.net-framework-9780672321535?w_ptgrevartcl=InformIT+Visual+Tutorial+6%3A+Vampire+Bots+in+C%23+(Part+1+of+2)_25325 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-43/segments/1634323585181.6/warc/CC-MAIN-20211017175237-20211017205237-00109.warc.gz | en | 0.678455 | 1,114 | 3.328125 | 3 |
January 27, 1975
In 1973 CIA director James Schlesinger told Senate Armed Services Committee chairman John Stennis that he wished to brief him on a major upcoming operation. "No, no, my boy," responded Senator Stennis. "Don't tell me. Just go ahead and do it, but I don't want to know." Similarly, when Senate Foreign Relations Committee chairman J. W. Fulbright was told of the CIA subversion of the Allende government in Chile, he responded, "I don't approve of intervention in other people's elections, but it has been a long-continued practice."
Late in 1974, investigative reporter Seymour Hersh revealed that the CIA was not only destabilizing foreign governments, but it was also conducting illegal intelligence operations against thousands of American citizens.
On January 27, 1975, a concerned Senate voted overwhelmingly to establish a special 11-member investigating body along the lines of the recently concluded Watergate Committee. Under the chairmanship of Idaho senator Frank Church, with Texas senator John Tower as vice chairman, the select committee was given 12 months (later extended to 16) and hired 150 staff to complete its work.
Early that year, Church and Tower met with President Gerald Ford and his top national security advisors, securing a pledge of cooperation from the administration. The committee proved itself to be both responsible and cautious with sensitive materials, combing through more than 100,000 classified and unclassified documents to piece together a complicated history of past intelligence abuses. Conducting much of its work behind closed doors, the panel interviewed 800 individuals, including former CIA directors, FBI officials, and counterintelligence officers and agents, and conducted 250 executive and 21 public hearings.
To educate the public about the misdeeds of national intelligence agencies, the committee held televised hearings in the Senate Caucus Room. After gaveling to order the first hearing, Chairman Church dramatically displayed a CIA poison-dart gun to highlight the committee's discovery that the CIA directly violated a presidential order by maintaining stocks of shellfish toxin sufficient to kill thousands. Critics saw this as evidence that the committee’s work was a vehicle for Senator’s Church presidential ambitions.
Despite this criticism, the committee released its carefully documented final report in April 1976, concluding that Congress should and must provide consistent and ongoing surveillance of the intelligence community. Congress responded by creating permanent intelligence oversight committees in the Senate and House.
Historian Henry Steele Commager assessed the committee's legacy. Referring to executive branch officials who seemed to consider themselves above the law, he said, "It is this indifference to constitutional restraints that is perhaps the most threatening of all the evidence that emerges from the findings of the Church Committee." | <urn:uuid:57ec5eb8-1ff3-4350-a8f7-346cf0db96f8> | CC-MAIN-2020-24 | https://www.senate.gov/artandhistory/history/minute/Church_Committee_Created.htm | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-24/segments/1590348504341.78/warc/CC-MAIN-20200605205507-20200605235507-00376.warc.gz | en | 0.965286 | 542 | 2.578125 | 3 |
This site will detail all aspects of repetitive strain injury through the types of repetitive strain injury, symptoms of RSI, tests for RSI, causes of RSI, how repetitive strain injury can be prevented and treated, and advice with regards to repetitive strain injury in the workplace.
Repetitive strain injury (RSI), which can also be referred to as repetitive stress injury is an umbrella term for a number of specific injuries caused by the repeated movement of a particular part of the body. Specifically, repetitive strain injury is known as an occupational overuse syndrome that affects nerves tendons and muscles.
There has been a recent exacerbation of repetitive strain injury cases with the advent of the computer into mainstream society. This most well known type of RSI injury is known as Carpal tunnel syndrome. Sufferers of carpal tunnel syndrome will often get disabling pain and feel a tingling in the thumb and the first two fingers after having developed sheaths that cover muscle tendons which in turn swell increasing pressure on the nerves causing the sufferer pain.
Carpal tunnel syndrome is only one form of repetitive strain injury. Unfortunately, RSI can manifest itself in a number of different guises and through numerous repetitive activities. Any activity where the body will be required to perform repetitive tasks is at risk of repetitive strain injuries unless the correct posture or position is assumed. Manual workers using vibrating equipment and sports people are also in a high risk group of developing a condition known as Hand Arm Vibration Syndrome.
A list of common repetitive strain injury categories are as follows -
- Cubital tunnel syndrome
- DeQuervain's syndrome
- Diffuse RSI
- Dupuytren's contracture
- Dystonia (writers cramp)
- Gamekeeper's thumb
- Raynauds disease
- Thoracic outlet syndrome
The good news is that there are preventative measures that can be taken against getting repetitive strain injuries, warning signs denoting early repetitive strain injury and treatments available - the repetitivestraininjury.org.uk site will provide advice in these matters.
If you believe that symptoms described on this site sound similar to your own symptoms that have been directly caused as a consequence of your employment, you may be able to make an injury claim against your employer. Additional information can be found at the Workplace Injury website.
In some cases it it possible to sustain whiplash injuries as an RSI. For more information please visit our dedicated whiplash injury site. | <urn:uuid:2cfdf10a-6fba-4c54-a717-3b827ea67d85> | CC-MAIN-2015-35 | http://www.repetitivestraininjury.org.uk/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2015-35/segments/1440645356369.70/warc/CC-MAIN-20150827031556-00125-ip-10-171-96-226.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.952415 | 509 | 2.625 | 3 |
Learn About Niemann-Pick Type C
Niemann-Pick Type C (NPC) is a fatal, genetic disorder affecting children and adults, approximately 1:100,000 births. There are no FDA approved treatments. It's commonly referred to as "Childhood Alzheimer's".
How do you get NPC?
Everyone has two NPC genes that, if working correctly, help cells move and dispose of naturally occurring cholesterol in the body. In most people, both of these genes work properly. In NPC carriers, only one gene works normally. Because carriers are symptom free, we had no idea Marian was at risk. Should both parents carry a faulty gene, there is a 1 in 4 chance their child will suffer from NPC.
What happens next?
The age of onset of NPC symptoms varies widely. Signs can appear at any age, from birth to adulthood. Generally, the earlier neurological signs appear, the faster the disease progresses, which compromises quality of life and leads to death.
What will NPC do to children and adults without medicine to slow or stop the disease progression?
Months or years after an enlarged spleen and/or liver develop, neurological symptoms unfold as the disease progresses. An active child slowly begins struggling with balance and coordination: falling down progresses to an inability to walk, sit, lift the arms, nod the head, and finally the heartbreak of not being able to move at all. Difficulty in swallowing will follow, leading to choking and feeding tubes, frequent hospitalizations and vulnerability to pneumonia.
Loss of short term memory will begin and will lead to learning delays—children and adults lose the ability to read and write. Patients can forget when they've eaten and where they are.
Dementia often follows. Speech becomes slurred and slips away over time. Hearing loss develops and worsens, and the child's ability to control eye movement fails. Seizures often develop, some so frequent they run together—for days on end. Ultimately, NPC children endure years of suffering as their bodies, mobility, speech, and memory fails them, despite everything they are doing to hold on.
We Need Your Help: Time Is of the Essence
NPC is always fatal. Without medicine, half of NPC patients won't live to see age 10, some won't live to see the age of 5.
Two things are certain to the NPC community:
1. Time cannot be wasted. Without treatment, our loved ones – NPC patients – will decline. Decline will result in permanent and irreversible damage, decreasing the quality of life, ultimately causing death.
2. Experimental treatments work and need to remain available. We are at risk of losing the two main medicines that slow the progression.
This generation of patients with NPC can be saved while continuing to advance science.
Lives are hanging in the balance.
Your choice to support NPC patient access today may be the difference.
Save Our Medicine Campaign
The past two years have been particularly challenging. We now have two existing investigational treatments for NPC that can be removed from patients at any time.
Both patients and their doctors find these medicines beneficial. We need to ensure continued access to these medications.
Recent hurdles have included:
• Clinical holds of one therapy
• Adrabetadex Expanded Access Program (EAP) closed to all new patients by Mallinckrodt in January 2021
• After Mallinckrodt agreed to provide medicine and allow patients into EAP in May 2021, FDA put the Adrabetadex EAP on partial clinical hold in June 2021 with limited patients allowed access, and threat of termination by June 2022
• FDA turned down approval for a second treatment, Arimoclomol, on June 17, 2021, making continued access to this treatment uncertain
• Lack of clarity regarding pathway forward to save existing medicines | <urn:uuid:614827a7-fd00-4618-8db7-78b492e34e6a> | CC-MAIN-2023-40 | https://www.hopeformarian.org/npc | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-40/segments/1695233506528.19/warc/CC-MAIN-20230923162848-20230923192848-00214.warc.gz | en | 0.939431 | 784 | 3.3125 | 3 |
Contributed by Hubbard Free Library
Purchase a reproduction of this item on VintageMaineImages.com.
The Cotton Mill was built in 1845.
The building is 252 feet long and four stories high and contained over 15 thousand spindles.
Two hundred workers were required during peak production. The mill employed child labor and had to meet Hallowell School Board standards at its mill-run school.
The mill closed in 1890 and the machinery was sold.
From 1909 to 1915 the first floor was occupied by Electrophone, a company that invented one of the world's first electric automobile horns. Shoe manufacturing took place in the mill from the 1920 to 1966.
In 1979 the Advisory Council on Historic Preservation approved participation with the Department of Housing and Urban Development to convert the mill into housing for the elderly. It became the Cotton Mill Apartments.
About This Item
- Title: Hallowell Cotton Mill, Academy Street, ca. 1885
- Creation Date: circa 1885
- Subject Date: circa 1885
- Location: Hallowell, Kennebec County, ME
- Media: Photographic print
- Dimensions: 11.6 cm x 12.5 cm
- Local Code: B-55
- Object Type: Image
Cross Reference Searches
Standardized Subject Headings
- Textile industry--Maine--Hallowell
- Textile factories--Maine--Hallowell
- Cotton manufacture--Maine--Hallowell
- Child labor--Maine--Hallowell
For more information about this item, contact:Hubbard Free Library
115 Second Street, Hallowell, ME 04347
Use of this Item is not restricted by copyright and/or related rights, but the holding organization is contractually obligated to limit use. For more information, please contact the contributing organization. However, watermarked Maine Memory Network images may be used for educational purposes.
Please post your comment below to share with others. If you'd like to privately share a comment or correction with MMN staff, please use this form. | <urn:uuid:d39651be-c7d6-4d97-b009-4ce8ea18287a> | CC-MAIN-2022-05 | https://www.mainememory.net/artifact/29188 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-05/segments/1642320300658.84/warc/CC-MAIN-20220118002226-20220118032226-00279.warc.gz | en | 0.903071 | 460 | 2.671875 | 3 |
Table 2 – GM crops that are under development for future production in Africa
|GM crop||Mode of Propagation||Mode of pollination||Agents of pollination||Agents of seed dispersal||Recommended Isolation distance (m) for pure seed production (1%)|
|Banana (Musa spp.) || underground stem (corm)|| cultivated bananas are sterile ||insects (but cultivated bananas are sterile)||none required, the flowers are sterile|
| Cassava, Manioc, Yuca (Manihot esculenta Crantz)|| stem cuttings ||predominately cross-pollination, limited self-pollination in varieties with many branches||insects and wind ||insects and animal|| 30 1,2|
| Cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.) || Seed || predominately self-pollination || insects ||wind, , animals, and water || 8100 – 200 1,3 |
| Cowpea (Vigna unguiculata (L.) Walp.)|| Seed || predominately self-pollination || insects || Dehiscent pods, ants, birds, and rodents
|| 501 |
| Maize/corn (Zea mays L.) ||Seed || cross-pollination || Wind ||animals
|| 2001,3 |
|Potato (Solanum tuberosum L. || Tubers || self- and cross-pollination || insects || || 201,4,5 |
| African rice (Oryza glaberrima) ||Seed || predominantly self-pollination
|| insects and wind || buried in soil, water and animals || 1003,6* |
| Asian rice (Oryza sativa L.) || Seed|| predominately self-pollination
|| insect and wind || buried in soil, water and animals || 1003,6 |
| Sorghum (Sorghum bicolor (L.) Merr.) || Seed || predominately self-pollination || wind || wind, water and animals
|| 200- 4003 |
| Sweet Potato (Ipomoea batatas (L.) Lam.) || vine cuttings || predominately cross-pollination but rarely flower || insects || Birds and water
|| No report of pollen studies1,7 |
* based on Oryza sativa L. data.
1 Andersson, M.S. and Vicente, M.C. foreword by Ellstrand, N.C. (2010) Gene Flow between Crops and Their Wild Relatives. The Johns Hopkins University Press. Bartimore. Maryland
2 Halsey, M.E., Olsen, K.M., Taylor,N.J and Chavarriaga-Aguirre, P. (2008) Reproductive Biology of Cassava (Manihot esculenta Crantz) and Isolation of Experimental Field Trials. Crop Sci. 48:49–58 (2008). doi: 10.2135/cropsci2007.05.0279
3 OECD (2013) OECD Schemes for the Varietal Certification or the Control of Seed Moving in International Trade.
4 Conner, A.J., and Dale, P.J. (1996) Reconsideration of pollen dispersal data from field trials of transgenic potatoes. theor Appl Genet, 92: 505-508.
5 Conner, J. (2006) Biosafety Evaluation of transgenic Potatoes: Gene flow from transgenics Potatoes. International Symposium.
6 Messeguer, J., Fogher, C., Guiderdoni, E., Marfà, V., Català, M.M., Baldi, G. and Melé, E. (2001a) Field assessments of gene flow from transgenic to cultivated rice (Oryza sativa L.) using a herbicide resistance gene as tracer marker. Theor Appl Genet. 103:1151–1159
7 Haberle, S.G., and Atkin, G. (2005) Needles in a haystack: searching for sweet potato (Ipomoea batatas (L.) Lam.) in the fossil pollen record. In: Ballard, C., P. Brown, R.M. Bourke and T. Harwood (eds.). The sweet potato in Oceania: a reappraisal. Ethnology Monograph 19, Oceania Monograph 56; Stucky, J.M., and R. Beckmann, 1982. Pollination biology, self-incompatibility, and sterility in Ipomoea pandurata (L.) G.F.W. Meyer (Convolvulaceae). American Journal of Botany, 69(6): 1022-1031. | <urn:uuid:71360a91-fc63-44fd-8aef-1c3997fca2cb> | CC-MAIN-2021-49 | http://nepad-abne.net/public-awareness/coexistence-between-gm-and-non-gm-crops/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-49/segments/1637964362879.45/warc/CC-MAIN-20211203121459-20211203151459-00426.warc.gz | en | 0.670529 | 1,016 | 2.890625 | 3 |
Listening to Children's Voices: Literature and the Arts as Means of Responding to the Effects of War, Terrorism, and Disaster
Gangi, Jane M., Barowsky, Ellis, Childhood Education
Since the United Nations set up its office of the High Commissioner for Refugees (UNHCR) in 11951, the number of refugees has escalated from one million (Wilkes, 1994) to almost 33 million (UNHCR, 2008). Since the Holocaust, in which six million Jews, as well as millions of Roma, homosexuals, and others were killed, close to five million more people have been victims of genocide; many of those victims have been children (Springer, 2006). During World War I, 20% of the casualties were civilians; in World War II, 50% were civilians; now, 90% of wartime casualties are civilians (Ellis, 2004b; Warren, 2004)--again, many of the victims are children. Children also have been the direct targets in genocidal wars (Pearn, 2003). Millions more children endure and witness atrocities. In the last decade, some 10 million children have been traumatized by war and civil unrest (Hamilton & Moore, 2004). There are 70 million landmines worldwide; close to 40% of those detonated maim or kill children (Mankell, 2003). In sub-Saharan Africa alone, 11.5 million children are orphans because of AIDS; by 2010, that number is expected to almost double (Ellis, 2005).
Clearly, more and more children are forced to deal with crushing hardships. The responsibilities of adults worldwide to attend to the affected children have never been greater. In this article, we first give an overview of the psychological risks for children who experience war, terrorism, and disaster. We then listen to the voices of children through their literature.
The impact of genocidal war, armed conflict, and civil strife is measured not only by physical damage, but also by persistent emotional trauma. While physical injury resulting from armed conflict is not to be minimized, children are even more devastatingly affected by the emotional trials of attack and injury, and by the disappearance of their parents, friends, and loved ones. The helplessness of neither knowing whether their family is alive nor having a body to bury fosters an irreconcilable despair in children, as do their subsequent attempts to flee to safety. Thus, children suffer not only from the impact of violence but also from the loss of a secure and predictable environment (Yule, 2000).
Unable to provide for their own safety, children depend heavily upon adults to ensure their survival. Under pervasively threatening conditions, children become emotionally vulnerable (Veenema & Schroeder-Bruce, 2002). When family and community structures break down, children often struggle to re-establish a sense of order. They become prey to the manipulation of authority figures who offer the appearance of rescue and security. This vulnerability, paired with poverty and lost community resources, makes these children more likely targets for recruitment as child soldiers (Uppard, 2003).
The emotional response to violence trauma does not end with the armed conflict, but rather continues through the often prolonged relocation process. Adjustments to accompanying stressors must be addressed at various stages, such as "(1) while in their country of origin; (2) during the flight to safety; and (3) when having to settle in a country of refuge" (Fazel & Stein, 2002, p. 366). This journey from direct target of violence to passage through the gauntlet of asylum-seeking protocol has been shown to leave its mark on children. Traumatic experiences consistently and frequently result in mental health disorders (Barenbaum, Ruchkin, & Schwab-Stone, 2004), including posttraumatic stress disorder (Berman, 2001; Kinzie, Cheng, Tsai, & Riley, 2006; Morgos, Worden, & Gupta, 2007-2008), depression (Thabet, Abed, & Vostanis, 2004), somatization responses (Hinton, Chhean, Fama, Pollack, & McNally, 2007; Mollica, Poole, Son, Murray, & Tor, 1997), anxiety disorders (Al-Jawadi & Abdul-Rhman, 2007), and behavioral acting-out, as well as other internalizing behaviors, such as elective mutism. … | <urn:uuid:a8388123-cf81-4f88-a5c0-6084d8488621> | CC-MAIN-2016-22 | https://www.questia.com/read/1G1-206851504/listening-to-children-s-voices-literature-and-the | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-22/segments/1464049282327.67/warc/CC-MAIN-20160524002122-00091-ip-10-185-217-139.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.949037 | 889 | 2.953125 | 3 |
phloem(redirected from Pressure flow hypothesis)
Also found in: Thesaurus, Medical, Encyclopedia.
Related to Pressure flow hypothesis: Mass flow hypothesis
The tissue of vascular plants that conducts food produced by photosynthesis to all parts of the plant and consists of sieve elements, fibers, and parenchyma.
(Botany) tissue in higher plants that conducts synthesized food substances to all parts of the plant
[C19: via German from Greek phloos bark]
the part of a vascular bundle consisting of sieve tubes, companion cells, parenchyma, and fibers and forming the food-conducting tissue of a plant.
[< German (1858), irreg. < Greek phló(os) bark (variant of phloiós) + -ēma deverbal n. ending]
A tissue in vascular plants that conducts food from the leaves to the other plant parts. Phloem consists primarily of tube-like cells that have porous openings. In mature woody plants it forms a sheath-like layer of tissue in the stem, just inside the bark. See more at cambium, photosynthesis. Compare xylem.
Tissue that carries food in plants.
Switch to new thesaurus
|Noun||1.||phloem - (botany) tissue that conducts synthesized food substances (e.g., from leaves) to parts where needed; consists primarily of sieve tubes|
vascular tissue - tissue that conducts water and nutrients through the plant body in higher plants
sieve tube - tube formed by cells joined end-to-end through which nutrients flow in flowering plants and brown algae | <urn:uuid:5de61951-3159-4f63-90f8-4bf124b8dafe> | CC-MAIN-2017-34 | http://www.thefreedictionary.com/Pressure+flow+hypothesis | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-34/segments/1502886102663.36/warc/CC-MAIN-20170816212248-20170816232248-00436.warc.gz | en | 0.897831 | 353 | 2.9375 | 3 |
Yukaghir, also spelled Yukagir or Jukagir, self-name Odul, remnant of an ancient human population of the tundra and taiga zones of Arctic Siberia east of the Lena River in Russia, an area with one of the most severe climates in the inhabited world. Brought close to extinction by privation, encroachment, and diseases introduced by other groups, they numbered some 1,100 in the late 20th century. Although they still generally inhabit the upper valley of the Kolyma River, the once-nomadic people are for the most part engaged in hunting, fishing, and reindeer herding. The domestication of reindeer probably started in the mid-17th century, just before Russian conquest.
The Yukaghir can be classified into two divisions—the Northern, or Tundra, and the Southern, or Kolyma, Yukaghir. Their dialects are not mutually intelligible, and (until the late 20th century) multilingualism in several combinations of Russian, Chukchi, Even, and Sakha (Yakut) was common. Few of the younger Yukaghir speak their mother tongue, and because of assimilation they are generally monolingual or bilingual in Sakha or Russian.
The Yukaghir economy once depended heavily on seasonal migrations of elk and wild reindeer; these were killed in large numbers from canoes at water crossings or tracked by ancient methods. Fishing, next in importance, was based on biannual runs in major rivers. Molting waterfowl also were taken in quantity. The meat supply was supplemented by the gathering of berries, nuts, and other products of trees and shrubs. The groups’ activities involved cooperative methods and seasonal movements. Permanent homes were occupied only in winter; skin or bark shelters were used in warmer weather. Metal was rare, and most implements were of bone or antler.
The Northern Yukaghir were patrilocal (centred on the male’s family) while the Southern Yukaghir were matrilocal. Inheritance in both groups was patrilineal. Small family groups were generally organized into clans. Each clan was guided in matters of food provision and clan defense by an able adult male. Although the Yukaghir were Christianized in the 18th century, they retained many traditional beliefs, including the practice of shamanism. | <urn:uuid:b52e8f74-ea00-479f-ba97-508db6fee28f> | CC-MAIN-2016-44 | https://www.britannica.com/topic/Yukaghir | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-44/segments/1476988719465.22/warc/CC-MAIN-20161020183839-00385-ip-10-171-6-4.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.9789 | 494 | 3.765625 | 4 |
One dangerous disease now is lung cancer. Many people already suffer from this disease. It would be better if you understand the symptoms of this cancer that commonly felt. By understanding the symptoms of this cancer, it will make you better understand if there are problems in your body that are similar to the symptoms of this cancer. Today many people don’t understand the symptoms of this cancer at all.
Because there is no understanding of the symptoms of lung cancer, many people today are not alert. This disease could affect anyone. Understanding the symptoms allows you to take the right action if you feel uncomfortable with your lungs. With fast action, it makes this disease easy to cure. But if you are aware of getting this disease in the chronic category it will make it difficult for you to cure this disease. Many experts say that if it is in the chronic category it is very difficult to cure this dangerous disease.
Causes of Lung Cancer
There are so many things that can cause lung cancer. In general, these cancer patients are people who smoke. Indeed cigarettes are the main cause of this one cancer. The smokers are susceptible to this disease because they inhale too much cigarette smoke containing dangerous substances. In cigarettes also contained nicotine which makes a person very susceptible to this disease. What you should know is that for those of you who are not smokers, you can still affected by smoking if you are often in a place where there are many smokers. It would be better to avoid smoking because it is not good for your health.
For those of you who often smoke and feel the symptoms of lung cancer that is there then you better check yourself out. Another cause of this cancer is polluted air. Now the air in a big city is very polluting. Thus people who inhabit the city will also be vulnerable to this cancer. There is even an industrial city in China, where most of the population has this cancer. After doing a lot of research, it stated that the main cause of this cancer in the city is very dirty air which can even considered toxic.
Prevention of Lung Cancer That You Can Do
Seeing the many symptoms of lung cancer above does make you need to be vigilant. But there are many ways to prevent this cancer that you can do. One way you can do is not smoke. This one method is very effective because most people affected by this disease are smokers. Indeed, it is possible that smokers who are not active are also affected, but the possibility is very small unless the person is often associated with smokers. You also need to be aware that if you are dealing with someone who is smoking, you can absorb the smoke released by the smoker.
If you feel you are indeed a person who likes to smoke and feel symptoms of lung cancer, you better check yourself out. There are other efforts that you can do to prevent this cancer. The method is to use a mask when you go to a place that has dirty air. Having a mask makes dirt not easy to enter into the lungs. | <urn:uuid:0463665c-1375-40b0-b2e3-743524566cd1> | CC-MAIN-2019-26 | https://pharmacyincity.com/causes-and-prevention-of-lung-cancer/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-26/segments/1560627999838.27/warc/CC-MAIN-20190625132645-20190625154645-00013.warc.gz | en | 0.97487 | 605 | 2.6875 | 3 |
Men may have larger noses than women because they generally have more muscle, demanding larger noses to breathe in more oxygen, researchers say.
Modern humans have smaller noses than ancient humans, including Neanderthals, the closest extinct relatives of modern humans. Scientists have suggested human nose size is linked to how much oxygen a person's body needs — the skeletons of ancient humans suggest they had larger body masses than modern humans, and so may have needed larger noses to help supply them with the greater levels of oxygen those bodies would have needed. However, because fossil skeletons of ancient humans are often fragmented and incomplete, researchers could not confirm whether nose size was linked with body mass. [Men vs. Women: 6 Key Physical Differences Explained]
Past research of a wide range of modern humans globally also revealed that men generally have larger noses than women, and typically have larger nasal cavities and airways behind the nose as well. In addition, men consume more oxygen during nasal breathing than women. Still, this did not confirm that differences in nose size are due to how much oxygen people need — perhaps nose size was linked to some other function, or no function at all.
To help answer these questions about nose size, researchers analyzed when nose size begins to change in the sexes. They focused on 18 female and 20 male volunteers, all of European descent, relying on nearly 300 data points from X-rays and other physical exams gathered from them from ages 3 to more than 20 years from the Iowa Facial Growth Study.
The researchers found that males and females had similar nose sizes when they were young. However, male noses usually start growing larger than female noses during adolescence, coinciding with how males generally consume more oxygen and energy than females upon puberty. All in all, the male noses they examined were about 10 percent larger than female noses on average.
"As body size increases in males and females during growth, males exhibit a disproportionate increase in nasal size," said study lead author Nathan Holton, a biological anthropologist at the University of Iowa. "This follows the same pattern as energetic variables such as oxygen consumption."
Males typically gain more lean muscle during adolescence than females, which demands more energy and oxygen. The finding that male noses may get larger during adolescence as well suggests nose size is linked with oxygen consumption. The scientists detailed their findings online Oct. 31 in the American Journal of Physical Anthropology.
These findings might also yield insights on human evolution.
"The large noses in groups like Neanderthals may be constrained to be large because they had greater mass and therefore required more oxygen," Holton told LiveScience. "With the reduction in body mass seen in modern humans, these constraints would be lifted and noses would reduce in size."
The researchers acknowledge their research looked at fewer than 40 people, all of European descent, which might raise questions about whether or not these findings apply generally to all men and women. Still, the fact that past findings suggest men generally have larger noses than women globally suggests this research could hold true of people overall. | <urn:uuid:af09fb03-18ba-4fc5-9aa4-0e45c0052e38> | CC-MAIN-2016-30 | http://www.livescience.com/41276-why-men-have-larger-noses.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-30/segments/1469257827080.38/warc/CC-MAIN-20160723071027-00278-ip-10-185-27-174.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.971444 | 612 | 3.765625 | 4 |
Start learning with our library of video tutorials taught by experts. Get started
Learn to create a simple game in Unity, and get introduced to the basics of scripting and game functionality.
Learn how to craft materials like wood, metal, and glass and light your scene inside the Unity 3D game engine.
Learn how to establish a clear production pipeline to transition your characters from 3ds Max to the Unity 3D game engine.
Learn to rig a car model in Autodesk Maya for use in animation, games, design visualization, and visual effects.
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Find out how to set up the HumanIK rigging system in Autodesk Maya and start creating realistic skeletons for your 3D characters.
Explore the world of modeling and texturing game props and assets, from tools to furniture, in Autodesk Maya.
A practical guide to constructing 3D buildings that can be used to populate video game environments
Explore the world of modeling and texturing game props in 3ds Max, from cloning to painting textures.
A practical guide to modeling and texturing 3D urban environments for games in 3ds Max. | <urn:uuid:577eb152-cff4-4280-8d65-9fe800629972> | CC-MAIN-2014-23 | http://www.lynda.com/allcourses?lpk0=320&pod=ci_blog&category=game-design_1461&author=adam-crespi_1086872 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2014-23/segments/1405997888216.78/warc/CC-MAIN-20140722025808-00210-ip-10-33-131-23.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.876879 | 290 | 2.6875 | 3 |
UN Climate Change Conference Shows Progress
in Implementing the Paris Climate Agreement
Marking the next step on the way to international implementation of measures to limit global warming and other climate impacts of increased greenhouse gas emissions, the 23rd Conference of the Parties (COP-23) for the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change was held in Bonn in November 2017.
This was the first time that all 197 parties to the Convention had met together and that a small-island state (Fiji) had presided over the conference. And, significantly, it was the first time that the U.S. government did not host a pavilion at the annual conference (the only developed country not to do so). In fact, the U.S. government was viewed more as an impediment than a facilitator, and it was up to an unofficial delegation of state governors, businesses, and environmental organizations to show the remarkable progress that is being made in the U.S. at the state and local level on climate issues.
For most of the nations present, the Fiji spirit of togetherness prevailed with an agreement to promote a “Talanoa” dialogue, reflecting the Fiji culture of inclusive, participatory, and transparent dialogue. The purpose of Talanoa is to share stories, build empathy, and make wise decisions, characteristics that would be good for the Trump administration to recognize. A “Bula [Welcome] Center” was established for the official delegates, and a separate dedicated “Bonn Center” was provided for the civil society representatives. With the Fijian cultural impetus, the conference provided the first formal dialogue between civil society organizations and national governments. Reflecting this dialogue, a new wave of climate action was announced from not only countries, but also cities, states, regions, business, and civil society.
From the official statements made at the conference, it is clear that most nations have now committed to policies and actions leading to a climate goal of “well below 2 degrees C by 2100.” The Trump Administration’s announcement that the US would withdraw from the Paris Agreement “unless a better deal could be reached” has not slowed implementation of the Agreement. No other nations have expressed interest in renegotiating any part of the Paris Agreement and the US stands alone today as the only country not to have signed. In fact, the rapid pace of ratification of the Agreement, which was put in place by November 2016, has allowed the inclusion of some early actions before 2020. Given that the overall targets will be difficult to meet, all countries have been glad to see this increased pace of implementation. The world is moving on.
Emphasizing this point, and in another first, an unofficial US delegation represented state governments, businesses, and non-governmental actors at the meeting. A “U.S. Climate Action Center” pavilion provided a venue for the promotion of climate-friendly policies and clean energy by these subnational groups. The Center was an initiative of We Are Still In (https://www.wearestillin.com/us-action-climate-change-irreversible). The We Are Still In alliance consists of hundreds of companies pledging sustainability and climate action, working to decouple economic growth from emissions. The Center provided a focus for a positive message of change emphasizing state, city and business actions. During the conference, more than 100 U.S. leaders held 44 events in support of the Paris Agreement. The program and speakers can be found at the web site above.
Center events included a presentation, by UN Special Envoy for Cities and Climate Change Michael Bloomberg and California Governor Jerry Brown, of a new America’s Pledge (https://www.americaspledgeonclimate.com/) showing how states, cities, and business climate-related actions are keeping the U.S. on track to meet its Paris carbon reduction goals. More than 2,500 U.S. cities, counties, and businesses have signed the pledge. Four governors attended (Brown of California, McAuliffe of Virginia, Brown of Oregon, and Inslee of Washington), and six other governor’s offices were represented. All of the states represented are members of the U.S. Climate Alliance, a coalition of 14 states and Puerto Rico. The Alliance governments are now working closely with Canada and Mexico on a climate dialogue.
Coal and other fossil fuels were on the agenda in both venues, with the official U.S. delegation hosting a panel on the clean and efficient use of fossil fuels and nuclear power, noting that “it is undeniable that fossil fuels will be used for the foreseeable future, and it is in everyone’s interest that they be efficient and clean”( https://www.voanews.com/a/climate-talks-bonn-us-delegation/4107686.html). The unofficial U.S. group focused on moving beyond coal to clean energy, and decarbonizing the US power grid, challenging the economic case for the coal industry, and noting that “phasing out U.S. coal in line with the Paris Agreement would be good for consumers, investors, and the wider economy.”
D. James Baker was the longest serving Administrator of the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (1993-2001) and worked closely there with EPA on ocean and coastal protection. He is currently a consultant for the United Nations Food and Agriculture Organization for the Global Forest Observations Initiative, helping developing countries reduce emissions and become more climate-resilient. Most recently, he was the Senior Strategic Advisor and Director of the Global Forest and Land-Use Program at the Clinton Foundation. He also served as the President and CEO of the Academy of Natural Sciences in Philadelphia and was a scientific advisor to former Vice President Al Gore on the Oscar-winning film An Inconvenient Truth and is the author of the book Planet Earth: The View from Space, published by Harvard University Press. | <urn:uuid:3413fcc0-ebae-4a55-912a-3b32d106812d> | CC-MAIN-2019-47 | http://saveepaalums.info/US+moving+forward+on+climate?shared=email&msg=fail | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-47/segments/1573496665575.34/warc/CC-MAIN-20191112151954-20191112175954-00327.warc.gz | en | 0.952237 | 1,217 | 2.671875 | 3 |
For being the most famous gladiator to ever live, there is a surprising dearth of information about the man called Spartacus. Yes, his slave rebellion against the Roman Republic in 73 B.C.E. and the managerial skills with which he conducts it are both documented and recounted multiple times by both Greek and Latin authors, but none of them truly elaborate on how Spartacus fell in with the Romans, nor how and why the man became a gladiator at all. Every author agrees that he was from Thrace and later became a slave and gladiator in Italy. Two important ancient sources label him a mercenary soldier before being captured and sold as a slave to the arena. By examining the historical accounts of the various military campaigns that Rome waged in the twenty years before the rebellion and with careful application of logic to their chronology, I will argue that the missing link between his freedom as a Thracian and enslavement as a gladiator occurred during his service in the army of Lucius Cornelius Sulla in his campaign against Mithridates and that Spartacus arrived in Italy during Sulla’s second march on Rome in 82 B.C.E.
Joshua Will, ’10 Evanston, IL
Sponsor: John Gruber-Miller | <urn:uuid:d938ab14-3ced-44f5-ae43-2bd0073e89e1> | CC-MAIN-2018-22 | http://symposium.cornellcollege.edu/2010/04/05/oh-spartacus-where-art-thou/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-22/segments/1526794864558.8/warc/CC-MAIN-20180521220041-20180522000041-00313.warc.gz | en | 0.982017 | 254 | 3.8125 | 4 |
Wartime in North Africa with Sarah Abrevaya Stein
Under the Nazi, Vichy, and Italian fascist regimes, Jews as well as some Muslims, were subject to race law and internments in North Africa. Join UCLA professor Sarah Abrevaya Stein, co-editor (with Aomar Boum) of The Holocaust and North Africa and the forthcoming Wartime North Africa as she discusses the experiences of North African Jews during World War II, why their histories have been marginalized and the relationship between Jews and Muslims during that period and how it reverberates today.
The event listed here is hosted by a third party. My Jewish Learning/70 Faces Media is not responsible for its content or for errors in the listing. | <urn:uuid:150dfb0d-833a-48fe-aacb-4a45fa549b94> | CC-MAIN-2024-10 | https://www.myjewishlearning.com/the-hub/wartime-in-north-africa-with-sarah-abrevaya-stein/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2024-10/segments/1707947475701.61/warc/CC-MAIN-20240301193300-20240301223300-00453.warc.gz | en | 0.977878 | 148 | 2.5625 | 3 |
Period 9/10 Final Copy
In the novel White Oleander by Janet Fitch, Astrid has been through many life changing
experiences. A new obstacle awaits her throughout the time she spends at each foster home. Her loss of
identity shifts her faith throughout the story. Astrid’s identity evolves during the periods of time and
locations she traveled through.
As time goes by, Astrid changes mentally from living with her mother to her current location.
Living with her mother then moving into different foster homes mold Astrid’s thoughts. Astrid has not
learned to live a normal life; she only has been convinced to live by how her foster parents and “friends”
tell her to live. Unfortunately she still has her mother’s killer mentality that always stays with her. The
first hint that we (the reader) get of this act of violence is when she almost killed the girl with the knife
at the first foster home, “…Knocked her down. Sat on her, my knees in her, slipping into her neck, the
indentation at the base of her skull like a well…Spit it out, I whispered in her ear”. As time goes by,
Astrid begins to break down mentally, her physical state changes positively and negatively.
Throughout the year Astrid has endured much pain and suffering, although she understands she
still is beautiful. Astrid’s connection to each foster parent is her beauty as when Starr buys her the pink
dress. This pink dress is a symbol of feeling wanted and being comfortable with another Guardian
besides her mother. As time progresses Astrid understands the advantage of being beautiful with the
slow increase of confidence each foster parent gives her. Olivia is the prime example of who taught her
this method, “It’s a man’s world…You’ll figure out what men want how to give it to them.” Astrid
embraces these words to build confidence in her beauty to perhaps “use” men. Astrid’s... | <urn:uuid:82238d09-0c20-462f-985a-35ffbd2f8281> | CC-MAIN-2016-50 | http://www.studymode.com/essays/White-Oleander-Essay-469849.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-50/segments/1480698541696.67/warc/CC-MAIN-20161202170901-00023-ip-10-31-129-80.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.959289 | 451 | 3.125 | 3 |
This article is a collaboration between MedPage Today® and:
SEATTLE -- People who altered their normal sleep patterns in order to get up early for school or work may have upset their natural circadian rhythms, which seemed to have an impact on their eating habits, researchers reported here.
Study participants with a shortened phase angle associated with dim light melatonin onset -- that is, they went to sleep before the normal time of melatonin release -- ingested an average of 369 calories more compared with others with a longer phase angle (P=0.027), said Kelly Baron, PhD, MPH, of the Feinberg School of Medicine at Northwestern University in Chicago, and colleagues.
They also found that participants with short phase angle ate more carbohydrates (P=0.013) and ate meals more frequently (P=0.02), according to their report at the Associated Professional Sleep Societies meeting.
However, subjective sleep quality and sleep duration were not correlated with phase angle, and their was no overall correlation with body mass index (BMI) or overall body fat, they added. They did observe that phase angle was inversely associated with body fat in men (P=0.04).
Baron said the study was one of the first to show the relationships between sleep and metabolics. She pointed out that going to bed too early may prove as problematic as going too late.
"The use of this information could be leading us toward precision medicine and understanding what is the right schedule for your body and getting your body on the right schedule," she said.
But she cautioned that "these measures of sleep are not yet ready for prime time in the clinic. Í think that as we learn more about these measures, we may be able to use it in the clinic."
In commenting on the study, David Rapoport, MD, professor of medicine at the New York University Langone Medical Center in New York City, told MedPage Today that "looking at the relationship of sleep as a driver of metabolic activity is a very popular area of investigation. People have looked at it in a variety of different ways. They are looking at phasing of sleep rather than integrity and duration of sleep. It makes perfect sense that metabolism and sleep are regulated by the same areas of the brain."
Rapoport said he agreed with Baron that more study is needed before the results can be translated into treatment, but he added that "these findings are relevant to the obesity epidemic."
Using telephone and web-based interviews, Baron's group recruited 97 nonshift workers, ages 18 to 50 (mean age 26.7), who reported good sleep quality and got more than 6.5 hours of sleep a night. More than half of the participants were women (61) and 36 were men. A little over 60% self-identified as white. About 40% of the group were students; 80% were either students or were working.
The group's mean BMI was 24 kg/m2 and their mean body fat was 30.4%.
"While the average body mass index was in the normal range, about one-third ... were either overweight or obese," Baron pointed out.
The average bedtime for the participants was 11 p.m., which is later that the general population, Baron explained, but not surprising because many in the group described themselves as "night owls." The average dim light melatonin onset was 2.1 hours, she said.
Baron explained that people produce melatonin starting 2 hours before bedtime. But people who are used to getting up at 8 a.m. on weekends will get up at 6 a.m. on work days, so they go to sleep earlier, shortening the normal phase angle, she said.
The participants went through a 7-day period for completing questionnaires and recording sleep and activities with actigraphy, which confirmed a 6.5-hour sleep period. They completed food diaries in the 7 days before spending one night in the clinical research unit. They had blood draws taken to determine melatonin levels. In addition, they were weighed each morning and their height was measured to determine BMI. Body fat was measured using dual emission x-ray absorptiometry.
Baron's group reported that the timing of sleep appeared to influence food intake behaviors, such as eating fast food and lower level of fruits and vegetables, as well as other health behaviors (alcohol consumption, smoking habits, sedentary lifestyles. More recently, sleep timing has been linked to obesity, diabetes, and the risk for metabolic syndrome.
As a limitation, Baron noted that the study population consisted of healthy adults who did not have metabolic abnormalities.
But the results indicate that "circadian misalignment in everyday life may impact risk for obesity," her group wrote.
Baron disclosed no relevant relationships with industry.
Rapoport disclosed no relevant relationships with industry.
- Reviewed by Robert Jasmer, MD Associate Clinical Professor of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco | <urn:uuid:65de050e-8294-4204-9181-a903c7a9ba67> | CC-MAIN-2017-39 | https://www.medpagetoday.com/meetingcoverage/apss/52037 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-39/segments/1505818693240.90/warc/CC-MAIN-20170925182814-20170925202814-00018.warc.gz | en | 0.976567 | 1,015 | 2.765625 | 3 |
J. ERIC S. THOMPSON
MAYA CREATION MYTHS
STUDIOS DE CULTURAL MAYA
Vol. V M6xico, 1965
U. N. A. M.
MAYA CREATION MYTHS
By J. Eric S. THOMPSON
Assemblage of the many fragments of creation myths recorded
within the Maya area can be of value not only for the insight
they allow into pagan thought but also because of the in-
formation they can supply on relations both between Maya
highlands and lowlands and also between each of those areas
and other parts of Mexico. The material is widely scattered and
in some cases difficult of access, and clearly what has been
recovered represents but a small fragment of the lore on the
subject current in Middle American when Cort6s stepped ashore
on Good Friday of 1519. Chance has largely decided what
should or should not be preserved. It is a sad thought that
perhaps only one European was sufficiently interested to collect
and set down in detail such legends as the lowland Maya told
their families in their homes or recited to strangers around the
campfires of some group of itinerant merchants. The possible
exception is Fray Andr6s de Avendafio y Loyola, but his treatise
on the priests and prophecies, idols and calendar of the Yucatec
The effect of time and degree of European contact on rate
of loss of pagan detail to European elements in myths is a
matter of some interest. Old World influence is apparent in
Mexican myth very soon, for the story of people with ears so
long that they wrap themselves up in them when they go to sleep
appears in a native source, Histoyre du Mechique, probably
composed in 1543, two decades after the Spanish conquest.
Naturally, myths were never frozen into immutable patterns of
words and incidents in pre-Columbian times, but some present-
day creation myths show complete mestization.
STUDIOS DE CULTURAL MAYA
Other problems raised concern center of diffusion of the
concept of multiple creations and destruction of the world
and the period or periods when specific incidents came to be
shared by peoples of the Mexican plateau and the lowland
Because they are the most detailed, legends of the various
creations from the Valley of Mexico and its environs are first
presented for points of comparison with Maya myths.
Valley of Mexico
The reason for the fullness of data from this region probably
lies in the fact that there were persons interested in putting the
different versions in writing soon after the Spanish conquest,
before the attrition which all paganism had to face had becorie
There are five main nahuatl sources: written in the Codex
Chimalpopoca (two versions) and the Historia de los mexicanos
por sus pinturas; painted in Codex Vatican A with commentary;
and sculptured on the famous Aztec calendar stone and other
stone objects (Beyer, 1921).
Codex Chimalpopoca comprises three distinct manuscripts,
the first being the Anales de Cuauhtitlan and the last Leyenda
de los soles. Both, written in nahuatl, derive from independent
sources. The Anales, by an unidentified author, dates from
about 1570; the Leyenda is dated 1558; the Historia. . por sus
pinturas survives in a Spanish version of 1547, a copy of a
lost original. Codex Vatican A, a pictorial and hieroglyphic
book, derives from a lost original of about 1550. All, accord-
ingly, are largely uncontaminated by European ideas.
Minor variations, notably in the succession of world crea-
tions and destruction will not be discussed in view of the fact
that the Valley of Mexico material is presented primarily for
comparative purposes. The scheme here followed seems most
likely to be the original, but the variants may well have been
current before the Spanish conquest. All are essentially uniform.
Each creation is known as a sun. In outline they are:
First Creation. 4 Ocelotl (jaguar) was its name. Tezca-
tlipoca was the sun. The world was inhabited by giants. After
13 x 52 years it was ended by jaguars devouring the giants.
MAYA CREATION MYTHS
Second Creation. 4 Eecatl (wind) was its name. Quet-
zalcoatl was the sun. After 7 x 52 years it was ended by terrible
winds which swept away houses, trees, and people. The few
survivors were turned into monkeys.
Third Creation. 4 Quiauitl (rain) was its name. Tlaloc
was the sun. After 6 x 52 yeas it- was ended by fire raining
down from the sky and the forming of lava (volcanic eruptions).
The sun burned all the houses. The people were children. The
survivors were turned into birds.
Fourth Creation. 4 Atl (water) was its name. Chalchihui-
tlirue was the sun. After 13 x 52 years it was ended by floods.
The mountains disappeared and the people were turned into
fites. According to one version two persons survived because
Tefcatlipoca ordered them to bore a hole in the trunk of a very
large ahuehuetl tree, and to crawl inside when the skies fell.
Tne pair entered and survived the floods. Later, they annoyed
Teicatlipoca who changed them into dogs by cutting off their
heads and sticking them on their buttocks.
Fifth Creation. 4 Ollin (movement) was its name. Tonatiuh,
the sun god, was its sun. Eventually an earthquake will bring
it to an end. Men were created from bones rescued from the
underworld realm of the death god by Quetzalcoatl. Blood
which he drew from his penis dripped on the bones, bringing
them to life.
The gods created four men and Tezcatlipoca and Quetzal-
coatl turned themselves into great trees. "With the men and
trees and gods they raised the sky with its stars as it now is.
hen the sky was raised Tezcatlipoca and Quetzalcoatl walked
across it, and made the road which appears in the sky, and
they were there and ever after are there with their abode
In the sixth year after the flood, Centeotl, the maize god,
was born; two years later the gods created men; in the four-
teenth year the gods decided to make the sun because the world
was still in darkness, but this did not happen till the twenty-
sixth year after the flood.
Deities supporting the heavens and trees set at the (four)
points of the compass appear in Codices Borgia and Vatican
B, and world directional trees are a conspicuous feature of
Codex Fejervary-Mayer. All three codices are pre-Columbian
STUDIOS DE CULTURAL MAYA
and certainly originated outside the Valley of Mexico, probably
somewhere in the area embracing Puebla, northern Oaxaca
and southern Veracruz, so those two elements clearly had a
far wider distribution than the Valley of Mexico.
So much for Central Mexico.
A large part of the Popol Vuh recounts the adventures of
the sun and his brother on earth before the former took up
his duties as the present sun; a smaller part tells of the creations
and destruction of the world (Recinos, 1950). The book was
written in Quich6 employing European script in the second 1)alf
of the sixteenth century and so is somewhat later in date tian
the Valley of Mexico sources; On the other hand, the nore
isolated Quich6 were presumably less exposed to Spanish
influence than the natives of the Valley of Mexico. Certainly
the Popol Vuh is easily the best source for highland Maya
mythology. The creations according to this sources are:
First Creation. Man was made of mud. Consequently the
figure "melted away, it was soft, did not move, had no strength;
it fell down, it was limp, it could not move its head; its face
fell to one side, its sight was blurred, it could not look behind.
At first it spoke, but it had no mind. Quickly it soaked in the
water and could not stand". The gods were so dissatisfied that
"they broke up and destroyed their work and their creation".
It is not clear whether the whole world was destroyed at that
time, but man was created afresh.
Second Creation. Men were made of wood of the pito tree,
women of reed, after divination by the old pair of gods of
divination had shown pito wood, the beans of which like maize
grain were used in divination, a better substance than maize.
The people looked, talked and multiplied like men, but they
lacked souls and minds, their faces were without expression
and their flesh yellow. They did not remember their lord and
creator, and for that reason they were destroyed.
A heavy resin fell from the sky; the face of the earth was
darkened and a black rain fell day and night. Animal demons
killed the people, breaking and devouring their flesh. The
MAYA CREATION MYTHS
domestic animals and the utensils attacked their owners. The
dogs asked them why they had not fed them, but, instead,
always had a stick handy to beat them. The turkeys and the
dogs kept for eating said "you ate us, now we shall kill you".
The metates complained of how they had suffered when the
maize was ground on them, but now it was their turn they said.
The pots and griddles accused man of burning them and
clamored for revenge. The stones of the hearth did likewise.
When the wooden men tried to escape to the roof crests, the
houses collapsed; the trees and the caves refused them shelter.
The race was annihilated; from the survivors descend the
Third Creation. Next, the ancestors of the present race
were made of dough of yellow maize and of white maize, fii
four men and then four women. They pleased their creators
by thanking them for their creation, preservation, and all the
blessings of this life. They were too wise; there was danger
that they would equal the gods in wisdom. Consequently, Heart
of Heaven blew mist into their eyes, diminishing their knowledge
and wisdom. The world was still in darkness. Finally, the
morning star rose before the assembled people. The priests
burned copal and then the sun appeared. Even the animals
turned to face the rising sun. It rose with unbearable heat,
drying the muddy surface of the earth. Certain gods and deified
animals and hobgoblins (Zaqui coxol, little men of the forest)
were turned to stone.
That the present world would end in destruction is not
indicated in the Popol Vuh, but there is an extraordinary re-
ference to that event in testimony give in 1563 by the Mer-
cedarian Friar Luis Carrillo de San Vicente. The area to which
this relates is not specified, but it is definitely in the highlands
of Guatemala, and quite probably that part occupied by the
Quich6. According to this friar, old Indians on the point of death
pass their idols on to others, bidding the recipients guard, honor
and venerate them because those who follow their law and
custom will prevail, whereas the Spaniards who were upstarts
must come to an end, and "when they were dead, these gods
must send another new sun which would give light to him who
followed them, and the people would recover in their genera-
tion and would possess their land in peace and tranquility."
(Scholes and Adams, 1938, Document 46).
STUDIOS DE CULTURAL MAYA
Thus, for the Quich6 we have three races of man created,
two destruction of man in the past with a third destruction and
a fourth creation promised for the future. In connection with
the divination of the old pair (Xpiyacoc and Xmucane) to
decide whether man should be of pito wood or of maize, it
should be noted that the equivalent pair in the Nahua pantheon,
Oxomoco and Cipactonal, made a divination to find out who
should break open the mountain to obtain maize (Part 2).
In the Annals of the Cakchiquels (Recinos, 1953: 46-67),
neighbors but enemies of the Quich6, there are very brief re-
ferences to this same series of traditions. One race of man
was made of earth, but was useless. He was fed with wood and
leaves (confused recollection of the creation of men of wobd?),
but neither walked nor talked; he had neither blood nor flesh.
Subsequently man was made of inaize dough mixed with-blood
of tapir and serpent. Thirteen men, but fourteen women were
created. "Then they talked. They had blood, they had flesh.
They married and multiplied."
The Mam Maya of Santiago Chimallenango in the western
highlands of Guatemala retain memories of three creations, a
mixture of Maya and Christian themes (Wagley, 1949: 51).
First Creation. People said to have been monkeys. They
were destroyed by a flood of burning pitch.
Second Creation. Some say the second race comprised
moles. A flood destroyed it.
Third Creation. The first people were St. Joseph and the
Blessed Virgin Mary. St. Joseph made the earth. It was per-
fectly flat. As it was always dark, St. Joseph made the sun and,
later, the moon. Jesus was born and in four days grew to full
size. He said to his father "Do not he troubled, father for I
am going to make another world and you will be able to help
MAYA CREATION MYTHS
Then Jesus began to make the mountains and valleys and
canyons for the rivers. He made the moon less bright than the
sun so that people could sleep at night.
In the Mam town of San Miguel Acatin a cycle of stories,
some of which refer to the creation, also attach to Jesus (Siegel,
1943: 125). The Jews caught and crucified God, but He set
a ladder on the cross and climbed to heaven. The cock crew
and the world became clear. In the last sentence it seems possible
that the author's use of the word "clear" rises from a misunders-
tanding of the Spanish se aclaro, became bright. Clearly, the
ladder as a symbol of the Passion, the denial of St. Peter and
the darkness at noon have modified this version of the coming
of light to the world, a favorite motif in all these Middle Amer-
ican creation stories.
The Jacalteca recount (La Farge and Byers, 1931: 113)
that the world was once in darkness. When the sun (apparently
Jesus) rose, the Spaniards hid in caves and under the water,
but were killed. Perhaps we may presume that those under the
water were drowned. We are reminded of the belief recorded
by Fray Luis Carrillo de San Vicente that the present world
would end with the destruction of the Spaniards.
Almost the same stories of the creation as are given below
for the Mopan, Maya are current among the Kekchi (Gordon,
1915; Burkitt, 1920: Dieseldorff, 1926-33, vol. 1. pp. 4-5).
Burkitt was the author, whose name was withheld, of the myths
published by Gordon. Dieseldorff obtained his version from
the German Paul Wirsing who lived among the Kekchi for
very many years. There are some grounds for thinking that the
Kekchi borrowed these stories from the Mancih6 Chol, a large
part of whom they absorbed in the sixteenth and seventeenth
The late Mrs Elsie McDougall passed on It me information
of Sefior Viaux, resident in ,Alta Vera Paz. that an old Kekchi
ESTUDIOS DE CULTURE MAYA
woman attributed skulls in a cave near Coban to people living
before the creation of the sun. When the sun appeared they
stayed in caves for the light was so bright they could not see.
By day they made pots; at night they came to the surface.
The Zutuhil conserve memory of a flood, at wihch time men
were turned into animals (Rosales, 1949:801).
Maya lowlands. Precolumbian
Archaeological evidence for the cosmological beliefs of the
Maya is not plentiful but does point to world directional trees
and Atlantean figures upholding the sky as ideas current
during the Classic period.
The so-called crosses of the Tablet of the Cross and of the
Foliated Cross at Palenque have long been regarded as probable
word directional trees. Dating from around A.D. 700, both have
been published many times. To these should be added the scene
on the lid of the sarcophagus of the burial of the Temple of the
Inscriptions at the same site (Ruz, 1954, fig. 8). A conven-
tionalized tree rises from immediately behind a person in an
awkward half-reclining position. Beneath, and probably serving
as base of the tree is a mask combining death symbols with
the sun glyph; perched on the tree is a bird.
In Codices Borgia (pp. 49-53) and Vatican B (pp. 17-18)
the world directional trees similarly rise from immediately
behind figures reclining in similar awkward positions and also
have birds perched on them. The figures are gods or god im-
personators. With the group must belong the scene on Dresden
codex p.3 of a tree rising from behind a sacrificial victim with
gaping incision for the removal of his heart. On the tree perches
a vulture who apparently has removed one eye of the victim,
reminding us of the Maya expression colop u ich, pulling out
of the eye, which occurs so frequently in the Ritual of the
Bacabs, frequently as the title of a god (Roys, 1965).
Possibly scenes on the reliefs of the Temple of the Panels,
Chichen Itza (Ruppert, 1931. pl. 11) treat of directional trees
MAYA CREATION MYTHS
for-there are four of them in the south panel with a bird
perched on each one. At the bottom of the panel there is a
line of monkeys.
Yucatec. Colonial Period.
Material on creations and destruction of the world are
.found in the Books of Chilam Balam of Chumayel (Roys, 1933:
99). Mani and Tizimin (Barrera Vasquez and Rend6n, 1948:
153), reduced to writing in the colonial period.
First Creation. This took place in a katun 11 Ahau, which
is the first in the round of thirteen katuns (20-year periods)
whigh together form the Maya ritualistic cycle of two hundred
and sixty years of 360 days, the framework of all Maya
mythology, history and prophecy.
The principal actors are Oxlahun-ti-ku (Thirteen god or
Thirteen gods) and Bolon-ti-ku (Nine god or Nine gods). The
former apparently is a collective term for a group of sky gods,
the latter for a group of gods of the underworld, night and
darkness. It would seem that like the Chacs each group can
be regarded as a single deity or number of gods with similar
functions. In a struggle between the two Nine god emerged
victorious; Thirteen god "was seized, his head was wounded,
his face was buffeted, he was spit upon and he was turned
round and was robbed of his canhel (symbol of the four world
directions?) and of his black facial painting."
This passage is not clear, but in the Lacandon account of
the creation given below the creator god is killed and buried
by Cizin, lord of the underworld, and his two sons, perhaps
a parallel to the defeat of the sky god by the underworld god
in the Books of Chilam Balam. Ah Muzencab, bee gods, who
seem to be the same as the Bacabs mentioned below, are also
involved in the struggle, apparently on the side of Nine god.
There is also an occult passage treating of agricultural products,
some of which were carried to the thirteenth heaven while
others remained on earth.
There follows the only reference to a human (?) race of
this creation: "After that the fatherless ones and those without
husbands disintegrated. They were alive, but they had no
judgement. Then they were smothered by the sand in the midst
STUDIOS DE CULTURAL MAYA
of the sea. There would be a coming and going of water. The
water will come when the canhel is robbed. The sky will fall,
it will fall upon the earth when the four gods, the four Bacobs,
were set up who brought about the destruction of the world."'
The above account clearly shares features with the version
in the Popol Vuh of the first creation and destruction in which
the men of mud, without intelligence or judgement, disintegra-
ted. In the Yucatec version we are not told that they were
of mud, but they were without judgement, and they dis
Bishop Landa, the great sixteenth-century source on the
Yucatec Maya, tells us concerning the Bacabs "These, they
said, were four brothers whom God, when he created the world,
placed at its four parts holding up the sky so that it should
not fall. They said also of these Bacabs that they escaped when
the world was destroyed by the flood. To each they gave other
names thereby designating the part of the world in which God
has set each one holding up the sky."
Second Creation. Immediately following the statement about
the setting up of the Bacabs, the narrative continues:
Then after the destruction of the world was completed,
they set up the red tree of abundance [to the east], pillar of the
sky, sign of the dawn of the world, tree of the Bacab, for the
yellow cock oriole to perch on.
Then the white tree of abundance was set up to the north
for the white bunting to perch on. Support of the sky, sign of
destruction was the white tree of abundance.
Then the black tree of abundance was set up to the west
of the flat land, as a memorial of the destruction of the world,
for the black-breasted pidz'oy bird to perch on.
Then the yellow tree of abundance was set up to the south
of the flat land, a memorial of the destruction of the world,
i The above translation is mainly based on that of Roys, but it differs from
others published in two important points. The Mani and Tizimin versions have
hutlahi, 'disintegrated.' the Chumayel version has hullahi, 'pierced.' In view of
the disintegration ascribed in the P'opol Vuh to the men of mud, the former
seems more logical. Puczikal is heart and, by extension, judgement. The latter
fits better in view of other sources which speak of the first creatures without
judgement. Mucchahi tumen u yam zuz, 'smothered by the sand.' Other translations
render this 'buried in the sands,' but mucchahal is 'choked, smothered, drowned,'
and tumen is instrumental.
MAYA CREATION MYTHS
forithe yellow-breasted pidz'oy bird to perch on, for the yellow
coqk oriole to perch on, the timid yellow bird.
: Then the green tree of abundance was set up in the center
of the land, a memorial of the destruction of the world."
Following this the plate of another katun was erected and
the red, white, black and yellow Piltec were placed respectively
to the east, north, west and south of the world. The account
"However, Ah Uuc Cheknal was set up for all the earth.
He came to [or from] the seventh layer of the earth. Then he
descended to fecundate [or trample on the back of] lizam-
Kab-ain (Lizard with alligator paws). Then he descended to
the abutment of the angle between heaven and earth. They
traveled to the four waxes [?I, to the four layers of stars.
There was no light in the world; there was no sun; there was
no night; there was no moon. Then they saw that the dawn was
coming. Then the dawn came. During the dawn thirteen infinite
series and seven was the count of the creation of the world.
And then it dawned for them."
Itzam-Kab-Ain probably is to be identified with the celestial
dragons, which are in my opinion the Itzamna, rain-sending
dragons which are so prominent in the art of the Classic period
and in the codices (Thompson, 1943). Al Uuc Cheknal is
unknown outside this context. His name means something like
seven times stud animal owner or he who fertilizes the young
growing maize seven times, but to have the latter meaning the
growing maize must be regarded as an animal or bird. It is in
this sense that Ah Uuc Cheknal copulates with Itzam-Kab-Ain,
mounting on his back. Creation as a result of pairing of a
celestial deity of light with a terrestrial goddess of darkness.
with frequent references to "the lust" of creation, is narrated
in passages in the Ritual of the Barabs (Roys, 1965) and a
similar pairing of the sun god with the moon goddess, who is
also a deity of the soil and the crops, is a feature of the Mopan
myth of the creation outlined below.
A sixteenth century source (Relaciones de Yucatan, 1:51)
says the Maya knew of the flood and the fall of Lucifer (the
downfall of Oxlahun ti Ku ?) and that the present world would
end with fire.
In support of the suggestion made above that the men of
the first creation according to the Books of Chilam Balam were
STUDIOS DE CULTURAL MAYA
of clay because they disintegrated, another sixteenth-century
source (Relaciones de Yucatan, 1:79) informs us that God
made the first man of earth, and he was called Anon, and in
confirmation of this the Motul dictionary has the entry "Anom,
the first man, Adam." However, the Ritual of the Bacabs (Roys,
1965) has Anom in the plural, indicating that the creation was
not of a single man, and that is in agreement with most pre-
Another source (L6pez de Cogolludo, 1867, bk. 4, ch. 7)
says that the flesh and bones of the first man were of earth
mixed with dry grass and his hair was of the same dry grass.
Yucatec. Present Day
From material collected by Tozzer (1907:153-54) and
Redfield and Villa (1934: 330-31) a Yucatec series of four
creations and three destruction of the world may be recons-
First Creation. The Sayamuincob built the now ruined
archaeological sites and the great stone roads while the world
was still in darkness, before the sun was created. They were
dwarfs but they could carry great loads on their backs. They
were also called P'uz, hunchback or bent in Yucatec, but in
other Maya languages, e, g. Tzotzil, the word signifies dwarf.
They had magical powers and needed only to whistle to bring
together stones in their correct positions in buildings or to
bring firewood from the bush to the hearth by itself. The people
became wicked and it was announced that there would be a
flood. The little people built great stone tanks like the
underground storage reservoirs as boats, but as they did not
float the people were drowned. According to the version
recorded by Tozzer there was then a great road suspended in
the sky stretching from Tulfim and Coba to Chich6n Itza and
Uxmal, a detail remininiscent of the great Cobi-Yaxuna road.
When the sun appeared the dwarfs were turned to stone. Their
images are to be seen today in many of the ruins. Tozzer
illustrates one of these. It is an Atlantean figure from Chichen
Itza and is of short stature.
The story of the P'uz is told also in .Socotz, British Hon-
duras (Thompson, 1930: 166). On old village sites in the
MAYA CREATION MYTHS
forest one comes upon old metates worn by use to trough-like
pilas. These are the boats of the P'uz, the tiny folk. They forgot
to worship God and He told them he would send a flood to
destroy them. They decided not to make boats of wood as
those might rot before they were needed, so they made them
of stone. When the flood came the P'uz got in their stone boats,
but as these did not float all the little folk were drowned.
Zayanuincob is translated as "the adjusters" by Tozzer,
but I suspect that was due to his misunderstanding the word
ajustar given in the Pio Perez dictionary for zay. Zayanuincob
[sic] can be translated as "the twisted men" or "the disjointed
men", suggesting a connection with hunchback. The word may
also be connected with zay, 'ant', for there is also a Yucatec
tradition of an ancient race called chac zay uincob, red ant
men. They were industrious like the ants which takes out the
red earth and make straight roads through the forest. The old
people also spoke of those people as yichobe bei yichob colelcab,
those with eyes like of bees, or canal ubaacilob, the meaning
of which is uncertain, although canal would be 'on high.' The
flood which ended this creation was haiyokocab, water over the
earth, comparable to the terms haycabal and haycabil used in
the books of Chilam Balam.
The belief that people were turned to stone when the sun
rose presents an interesting parallel to the events narrated in
the Popol Vuh in connection with the rising of the sun.
Second Creation. Next there lived the dz'olob, a term Tozzer
renders as "the offenders', but I have not succeeded in finding
that meaning. A flood also ended this age.
Third Creation. The macehuals came into being. The age
ended with yet another flood, this one called hunyecil or
bulcabal. Macehual, a nahua loan word, means the common
people, and here probably indicates that the people were the
same as the present-day Maya. The Motul dictionary, a six-
teenth-century source, says of hunyecil "general flood, in which,
the Indians used to say, only a maguey [henequen] point
separated the water from the sky." In fact hunyeci means one
point of a henequen (leaf).
Fourth Creation. This is the present world in which we
live. It contains a mixture of all previous peoples to inhabit
STUDIOS DE CULTURAL MAYA
Bacabs and Bees
The moment is opportune to note some links between the
Bacabs and other creatures of these creation myths. In the
material just given it was remarked that the dwarfs of the first
creation were also known as the people with eyes like those
of bees. In a Quich6 creation story from Chichicastenango
recorded by Tax (1949: 129) it is said that before the flood
the people decided to go underground to save themselves. God
in disapproval changed them into bees. Moreover, among
deities associated with the creation in the books of Chilam
Balam, as noted are the Ah Muzencab, who are the patron
deities of the bees and have the bodies of bees (Redfield and
Villa, 1934: 117). Landa informs us that beekeepers regarded
the Bacabs and especially the Bacab called Hobnil as their
special advocates. Hobnil is a name for the hollow logs the
Maya use as beehives.
The Atlantean figures so common at Chich6n ItzA wear
loincloths which terminate in unusual elongated oval tassels.
the interiors of which are cross-hatched or, rarely, decorated
with patterns. There are grounds for identifying these as bees
wings. In a much illustrated vase in the British Museum from
Isla de Sacrificios (Joyce, 1914, pl. XVIII, n" 10; Seler,
1902-23, 5:323) an anthropomorphized bee has wings of the
same type, and one can see that this is the common way of
illustrating insect wings other than those of the butterfly on
the Mexican plateau.
This peculiar ornament is found in the Maya Classic period.
The reliefs in Temple 22, Copan, depict two individuals who
hold up a celestial dragon, and as the dragon represents the
sky, they are, in fact, skybearers. Both have knotted cloths with
cross-hatched areas in their headdresses (Thompson, 1966).
The Mopan Maya of southern British Honduras have a long
story of the life of the sun and moon on earth, in which there
are references to the creation of the world. As noted, the
Kekchi have the same cycle of legends and they may have
obtained these from the Manche Chol (p. 19).
MAYA CREATION MYTHS
According to the Mopan version (Thompson, 1930:119-40)
the son of Adam and Eve was placed in heaven and wore the
sun's crown, but it was too hot for him. At the end of seven
years he caused a flood into which he plunged to cool off.
Once more cool, he resumed his solar duties. The people
complained to Adam that many had been drowned and they
feared the same thing would happen again. Adam suggested
that one of three brothers living with their grandmother Xkitza
might take on the job. The second son was agreeable, and was
sent to travel across the sky to see how he liked it. He did not
like it at all, for he found the landscape very monotonous;
it was a dull, flat plain without hills or valleys, seas or rivers.
Were the world more interesting, he said, he would be happy
to be the sun for ever. The messenger reported this.
The world became dark for a short while; the hills and
valleys, the rivers and seas were made. The boy tried again
and at journey's end he was enthusiastic. "Now the world is
beautiful. I will be the sun for ever; I will never grow old,
but will always be strong and do my work. "The messenger
told him the time had not yet come; for the present the first
sun would continue to do his work.
Sun wooed the girl who was to become the moon. They were
the first people to have sexual intercourse, and for that reason
the moon is mother of mankind, goddess of love and of
childbirth. After many adventures on earth, sun and his
wife and his brothers ascended to the sky to take up their
duties, the two brothers becoming morning and evening stars.
However, in contradiction to this, we are also told that the
younger brother was turned into a monkey, an incident in the
creation stories which will be discussed in Part 2.
Another story of the Mopan (Thompson, 1930:150) nar-
rates that jaguars existed before man was made. The creator,
taking some mud, started to fashion men. The jaguar was
watching, but the creator did not wish him to observe the
process. He gave the jaguar a jar and a calabash full of holes,
and sent him to fetch water from the river, hoping to finish
the creation while the jaguar tried to fill the jar with water
scooped up with the leaking calabash. The jaguar was unsuc-
cessful in filling the jar till the frog called to him "Chohac,
chohac, chohac. Smear mud over the holes." By the time he
had thus filled the jar, the creator had made thirteen men and
STUDIOS DE CULTURAL MAYA
twelve guns. The jaguar learned after being shot twice in the
paw that man was to be the master.
The incident of the leaking calabash has a parallel in the
Popol Vuh: the twins send their grandmother with a leaking
jar to fetch water while they search for the ball-game
Creation myths of the Lacandon have been recorded by
Bauer and Bauer (1952:233-36). The gods once lived on earth
and built the great buildings now in ruins.
As for the first creation, Hachacyum, the creator, made the
Lacandon men, his wife made the women; Ah Metsabac, collec-
tor of black dye to form the rain clouds, made the Tzeltal
Maya, the Mexicans and the Guatemalans; Acyanto, 'our
helper,' created the Americans. These people were of clay.
Hachacyum made the people of each totem of a different
clay. The figures had red eyebrows and green beards, and
were dressed like the gods. Cisin, god of the underworld, in
mischief made their eyebrows and beards black. He also made
figures in imitation of those of Hachacyum. Hachacyum passed
a palm leaf over the fire and waved it over the clay figures.
Thereupon all came to life, but those Cisin had made turned
into the totemic animals of the Lacandon.
The world was then flat. Cisin and his two sons killed
Hachacyum and buried him, but Hachacyum came to life and
created the underworld with the aid of two other gods. One
of them, Acanchop, made secure the foundations of the earth
(acan means founded) with huge rocks and cross beams. When
the underworld was completed Hachacyum burst open the
ground beneath Cisin so that as the former ascended to make
the heavens the latter fell through into the underworld.
Ah T'up, Hachacyum's youngest son, also made some clay
figurines which came to life. His brothers were provoked and
shot and killed them, but they came alive again. After this had
happened about five times, the brothers beheaded them,
whereupon they stayed dead. When Ah T'up saw the people
he had created they had become palm trees, xaan (Sabal mexi-
cana). The father said the trees would remain on earth and
grow here. One informant said there were four such trees in
MAYA' CREATION MYTHS
The present world will be ender after the last Lacaridon
dies by the jaguars of Cisin eating the sun and moon (Cline,
1944). According to another version (Baer & Baer, 1949) at
the end of the world all the Lancandon will gather at Yax-
chilan. The gods will behead all single men, hang them by
their heels, and gather their blood in bowls to paint their house.
The final resting place of souls when the world ends will be
in the highest of the four heavens, that of Chembekur, which
is in complete darkness (Baer & Baer, 1952).
The mention of trees and the other informant's mention of
four trees in heaven makes it reasonably certain that this is a
broken down memory of the world directional trees which in
Maya thought were ceiba trees.
According to Cline (1944) Hachacyum was buried by his
brother-in-law. On the fourth day the body had so swollen that
it split the earth, forming a big crevasse, by which Hachacyum,
who was not really dead, climbed out. He was now more
powerful than Cisin whom he banished to the middle of the
earth. As noted (p. 21), these details supply an interesting
commentary on, perhaps an amplification of, the fight between
Oxlahun-ti-ku and Bolon-ti-ku. One is also reminded of the
incident in the Popol Vuh in which Zipacna, believed to lie
dead at the bottom of a deep pit, frees himself after three days
and kills his opponents (Recinos, 1950:101).
A fragment of a Chol creation myth has been recorded by
Arabella Anderson (1952). God wanted to destroy men and
replace them with a new race. Therefore, he made darkness.
The jaguars would go forth to kill all men; they would not
sleep because it was always night and thus they would kill all
men. One man closed his house very carefully with thick wall
boards and went up to the ridge of the house. When the god
found him there alive, he tore off the man's head and stuck
it on his anus, and the man was changed into a spider monkey,
perhaps the Spaniards were changed into howler monkeys.
There follows the incident of Pandora's box to be discussed
later. Destruction of all men by jaguars we have noted in
Nahuatl creation myths and, set in the future, among the
Lacandon. The beheading and sticking of the head on the rump
STUDIOS DE CULTURAL MAYA
to form a new being we found in the Leyenda de los soles
version of the fourth creation.
The Tzotzil Maya of Larrainzar retain a myth recording
three creations of the world (Holland, 1963:71-72).
First Creation. The world was completely flat; there was
no sun, only a feeble light. The people were imperfect; they
did not die. This angered the gods who sent a flood to end
the world. Only the priests escaped death because they were
monkeys, both spider and howler monkeys, and so were able
to save themselves by climbing the tallest trees.
Second Creation. People were again imperfect because they
did not remain dead; after three days they came to life again
and lived for ever. This also displeased God who determined
to destroy the world with a torrent of hot water. When the
water began to fall some people took refuge in caves, but all
died. The human bones often found in caves are remains of
Third Creation. God decided to try again, and sent his
son, Jesus Christ, to earth to create the third world. The first
inhabitants were three ladino couples. They were wealthy and
occupied themselves in reading and writing. God then created
the Indians to do the hard work.
The Tzotzil of San Andr6s Larrainzar retain belief in four
gods who sustain the world on their shoulders. Known as Kuch
[cuch] Uinahel Balumil, 'sky [and] earth bearers,' they are
set at the corners of the world. Their slightest movement
produces an earth tremor or even an earthquake. The gods of
the four cardinal points occupy positions intermediate between
those of the Cuch Uinahel Balumil. They are associated with
world directional colors, but not in the arrangement of those in
YucatAn and the Maya codices (Holland, 1963:92).
Material from another Tzotzil village, San Pedro Chenalh6
amplify the above material (Guiteras Holmes, 1961:156-57,
176,182,186-87, 194,253-54, 282,287).
First Creation. The world was once overrun with jaguars;
it belonged to them, that is why God the father had to kill them.
MAYA CREATION MYTHS
[This seems to have been before man was first created.] The
fist men were of mud. They could not stand erect and at
fist they could not talk. Someone, seemingly a Jew, came to
teach them, but he taught them to sin. The people died from
a flood but some escaped in a box floating on the water. They
turned into monkeys because they ate charcoal when their
food gave out.
Second Creation. People of this [?] creation stayed dead
only three days.
Third Creation. God made Adam and Eve of clay. There
are ladinos in the world because the woman sinned with a
white dog, and Indians because she sinned with a yellow dog
and gave birth to Indians. Long ago [this creation?] there was
another sun, Lucibel lucifer? He gave little heat; soil and
vegetation did not dry so man could not burn the felled land
to make milpa. The child Jesus offered to be the sun, promis-
ing to give more heat. He and his mother ascended to heaven,
he to be the sun, she the moon.
The earth is square and surrounded by sea. The sky rests
on four posts. Beneath is another square on which the dwarf
people, the yohob, live. The sun is drawn in his cart across the
sky by [dead?] human beings. They hand it over at sunset
to the dwarfs underneath. The sun continues his journey below
the earth but just above the dwarfs, and the latter protect
themselves from his heat by covering their heads with mud.
Information from the Tzeltal-Maya village of Oxchuc
(Villa, 1946:570) closely parallels the above Tzotzil world
view. In Oxchuc belief the flat earth is supported by four thick
columns, at the bases of which live dwarfs only a foot tall
and black because the sun passes so close to them [in his
journey through the underworld]. Four more columns, set on
the earth, hold up the heavens. There is some doubt as to
whether these are at the cardinal points or at the N.W., N.E.,
S.W. and S.E. "corners" of the earth.
From Tenejapa, another Tzeltal town, a fragmentary crea-
tion legend has been recovered by Barbachano (1946:34). The
first men were without clothes and, not knowing how to make
32 ESTUDIOS DE CULTURAL MAYA
fire, they were cold. They could not talk. The creator ordered
Mam to make a flood. God [in a subsequent creation] made
fruit trees so that man could have food and he took maize
from the ants who took it out of hills. When man began to eat,
he began to talk.
The above covers published material on creations of the
world to the best of my knowledge. Before discussing the
various sources, certain myths attached to them will be noted,
the first of which deals with the discovery of maize. | <urn:uuid:d1cdb556-2095-4b3a-a975-745210bee751> | CC-MAIN-2015-06 | http://ufdc.ufl.edu/UF00095452/00001 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2015-06/segments/1422115862432.8/warc/CC-MAIN-20150124161102-00152-ip-10-180-212-252.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.961753 | 10,544 | 2.65625 | 3 |
Constitutional Framework. The basic governmental structure of Mizoram, like that of most other Indian states, is determined by the national constitution of 1950. The governor, appointed by the president of India, is the head of state and is assisted by the chief minister, the Council of Ministers, and the unicameral Legislative Assembly (Vidhan Sabha).
Administration. The state is divided into several administrative districts, each headed by a deputy commissioner. The state is served by the High Court of Guwahati (Assam), and there is a permanent bench in Aizawl. Lower courts include district council and village courts. In Mizoram, the judiciary is not separate from the executive branch of government.
The legislative assembly election was held on 28 November 2018 to elect members of the 40 constituencies in Mizoram. Mizo National Front won 26 seats in the election. This was the first time that Congress does not have any government in any of the states in Northeast India. The current CM of the state is Zormathanga, leader of | <urn:uuid:d4564463-e673-48de-8c9a-352c640983de> | CC-MAIN-2023-50 | https://www.voiceofsevensisters.com/mizoram-politics/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-50/segments/1700679100476.94/warc/CC-MAIN-20231202235258-20231203025258-00486.warc.gz | en | 0.971221 | 215 | 2.84375 | 3 |
Although mortgage interest rates have hit a historic low, many households are paying over a third of their income on housing costs. According to an Ipsos MORI survey commissioned by the BBC's Panorama programme, 31% of household surveyed spend over a third of their income on a mortgage or rent. There are a number of reasons why this may be the case, including a shortage of affordable housing, high property prices and an overheated rental market.
A Shortage of Affordable Housing:
The UK is not building enough houses each year to meet demand, according to figures produced by the housing and homeless charity Shelter. Since 2008, the construction market has been in the doldrums. The government attempted to boost the new-build market with phase 1 of the Help to Buy scheme. Launched in April 2013, this initiative was designed to encourage first-time buyers to purchase new-build properties by allowing them to borrow 20% of the purchase price from the government. Combined with a 5% deposit from the borrower, this left only 75% to be borrowed from a mortgage provider. The scheme has now been extended to cover all buyers and all properties.
Since the scheme began in April, there has been a 6% rise in the number of homes built in the UK.
High Property Prices:
The shortage of affordable property has been steadily pushing property prices up over the last few years. The average house price has been increasing by just over 3% per year and this trend looks set to continue. The Office for National Statistics (ONS) reported that property prices had reached a record high in August 2013. At that time, the average price for a property in the UK was £247,000. This is around ten times the average UK income.
Higher property prices mean that households are stretching themselves by taking out larger mortgages in order to buy their home. As a result, the financial benefits that could be gained from low mortgage interest rates are offset by higher levels of borrowing.
The research conducted for Panorama revealed that 46% of respondents think property prices in their local area are too high. In addition, 39% would like to see property prices fall.
The Rental Market:
Following the banking crisis, lenders have become much stricter about who they will lend to. When borrowers do pass the credit checks, lenders are insisting that they provide a deposit of at least 5% of the property's value. As a result, many people find that they are unable to buy their own home and have to turn to the rental market. With more people looking for properties to rent, landlords are able to push up rents. The average cost for renting a home from a private landlord in England and Wales reached a record high of £757 per month in September 2013. This is an increase of 2.1% over the past year. The problem is particularly acute in London, where the average rent is approximately £1,200 per month.
Paying high rents can prevent individuals from saving the money required to put down a deposit on a property.
Page 1 of 2 :: First | Last :: Prev | 1 2 | Next | <urn:uuid:23fe07da-792e-478b-9e86-ad140e3ac20a> | CC-MAIN-2019-51 | http://www.articlebiz.com/article/1051621070-1-over-one-third-of-income-spent-on-mortgages-or-rent-in-many-households/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-51/segments/1575540555616.2/warc/CC-MAIN-20191213122716-20191213150716-00512.warc.gz | en | 0.970897 | 629 | 2.625 | 3 |
Essentials of Special Education
What Educators Need to Know
- Available for pre-order. Item will ship after December 10, 2020
In this succinct yet comprehensive text, authors Lawless Frank and Richards guide readers through the essential basics that every educator needs to know about special education, covering everything from law to application.
Streamlined and accessible chapters address legal knowledge – Section 504, IDEA, ESSA, and FERPA—, assessment and identification, RTI, categories of disability, IEPs, accommodations, and co-teaching.
Designed to give new educators a focused introduction to critical concepts and terminology, this book also features supplemental online resources including an Instructor’s Manual, quizzes, and more.
Table of Contents
1. Legal Aspects of Special Education 2. Multi-Tiered Systems of Support and Response to Intervention 3. Assessment and Identification 4. Disabilities 5. Individualized Education Programs 6. Teaching Strategies 7. Collaboration and Co Teaching 8. Overarching Instructional Concerns
Catherine Lawless Frank is an Assistant Professor in the School of Education and Health Sciences at the University of Dayton, USA.
Stephen B. Richards is Associate Professor of Teacher Education in the College of Education and Human Performance at West Liberty University, USA. | <urn:uuid:fe6beecf-85c1-4b23-95a2-40f336733548> | CC-MAIN-2020-34 | https://www.routledge.com/Essentials-of-Special-Education-What-Educators-Need-to-Know/Frank-Richards/p/book/9780367416560 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-34/segments/1596439738674.42/warc/CC-MAIN-20200810102345-20200810132345-00373.warc.gz | en | 0.873879 | 263 | 3.203125 | 3 |
Sarcoidosis is a rare condition of granulomatous infiltration of many tissues of the body, including the heart. Cardiac sarcoidosis has been challenging to study, as it is often asymptomatic, although the initial presentation can be sudden cardiac death. The incidence and prevalence
rates have been difficult to establish and no expert agreed upon guidelines for diagnosis and management of cardiac sarcoidosis exist, and clinical manifestations are varied. The pathophysiology of granuloma formation in the myocardium as well as other tissues is governed by immune response
to some environmental antigen. Genetics is also thought to play a role, although gene alterations have not been extensively studied, and no specific set of genetic mutations has been identified to aid in identification of individuals at risk of developing disease. Epigenetic factors likely
play a significant role in modulation of gene expression with respect to immune response. There is no standardized screening tool for the identification of cardiac sarcoidosis. The presence of systemic sarcoidosis and new-onset third-degree heart block or ventricular arrhythmias warrants further
investigation for cardiac sarcoidosis. MRI and PET are useful in helping to identify cardiac sarcoidosis but are not stand-alone tests. Endomyocardial biopsy is the gold standard but has a low yield owing to the patchy nature of granuloma formation in the myocardium. Therapy should be instituted
early and involves immunosuppressive therapy with predominant use of corticosteroids. Arrhythmias, either ventricular or high-grade heart blocks, are managed with device therapy. Clinical presentation may warrant use of antiarrhythmic agents and/or catheter ablation. Survival and disease prognosis
are dependent on early diagnosis and treatment. This review details the current understanding of cardiac sarcoidosis and highlights diagnostic strategies and treatment with the aim of guiding the clinician to early identification of patients and implementation of appropriate management in
this rare disease entity.
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Document Type: Research Article
Publication date: 2015-10-01
More about this publication?
Cardiovascular Innovations and Applications (CVIA) publishes focused articles and original clinical research that explore novel developments in cardiovascular disease, effective control and rehabilitation in cardiovascular disease, and promote cardiovascular innovations and applications for the betterment of public health globally. The journal publishes basic research that has clinical applicability in order to promote timely communication of the latest insights relating to coronary artery disease, heart failure, hypertension, cardiac arrhythmia, prevention of cardiovascular disease with a heavy emphasis on risk factor modification. Cardiovascular Innovations and Applications is the official journal of the Great Wall International Congress of Cardiology (GW-ICC). It aims to continue the work of the GW-ICC by providing a global scientific communication platform for cardiologists that bridges East and West.
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Travis County, Texas
Travis County, Texas History, Genealogy, Old Photos, Postcards, Maps, and Information
Travis County, located in South Central Texas is surrounded by Williamson County to the north, Bastrop County to the east, Caldwell County to the south, Hays County to the southwest, Blanco County to the west, and Burnet County to the northwest. Austin, the county seat, is also the capital of Texas.
Cities, Towns & Communities
Austin - county seat | Bee Cave | Bluff Springs | Briarcliff | Cele | Creedmoor | Del Valle | Elgin | Elroy | Jonestown | Kimbro | Lago Vista | Lakeway | Littig | Manchaca | Manor | Marshall Ford | McNeil | Mustang Ridge | New Sweden | Oak Hill | Pilot Knob | Pflugerville | Point Venture | Rollingwood | Round Rock (mostly in Wiliamson County) | San Leanna | Sun Valley | The Hills | Volente | Webberville | West Lake Hills
Travis County 1858. This county lies on both sides of the Colorado River, about 150 miles from its mouth. Austin, the seat of the State Government, is in this county, on the east side of the Colorado River.
This is a good farming and stock-raising county, and is fast increasing in population and wealth ; there is plenty of timber for building and fencing, and a superior kind of stone, with which the public edifices and many private residences have been erected.
The total amount of taxation of this county is $13,262.98. There are 2399 negroes, 4326 horses, and 16,928 head of neat cattle, besides a large number of hogs, and some flocks of sheep.
Lands near Austin are held at high prices, but at some distance from town can be bought at moderate rates. When the slight obstructions in the Colorado have been cleared out, steam navigation will be open from Matagorda Bay to the city of Austin, for several months in the year. - Braman's information about Texas, 1858
History of Texas, together with a biographical history of Milam, Williamson, Bastrop, Travis, Lee and Burleson counties Digital book online from the Portal to Texas History. | <urn:uuid:753ab8a8-57d6-4987-816b-c7edf0f419ba> | CC-MAIN-2017-34 | http://www.historictexas.net/travis-county/travis-county-texas | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-34/segments/1502886109157.57/warc/CC-MAIN-20170821152953-20170821172953-00531.warc.gz | en | 0.924153 | 482 | 2.734375 | 3 |
In the early 19th century, Aristotle’s Meteorologica still guided scientific ideas about the climate. The model “sprang from the ancient Greek concept of klima,” as Ian Beacock writes at The Atlantic, a static scheme that “divided the hemispheres into three fixed climatic bands: polar cold, equatorial heat, and a zone of moderation in the middle.” It wasn’t until the 1850s that the study of climate developed into what historian Deborah Cohen describes as “dynamic climatology.”
Indeed, 120 years before Exxon Mobile learned about—and then seemingly covered up—global warming, pioneering researchers discovered the greenhouse gas effect, the tendency for a closed environment like our atmosphere to heat up when carbon dioxide levels rise. The first person on record to link CO2 and global warming, amateur scientist Eunice Newton Foote, presented her research to the Eight Annual Meeting of the American Association for the Advancement of Science in 1856.
Foote’s paper, “Circumstances affecting the heat of the sun’s rays,” was reviewed the following month in the pages of Scientific American, in a column that approved of her “practical experiments” and noted, “this we are happy to say has been done by a lady.” She used an air pump, glass cylinders, and thermometers to compare the effects of sunlight on “carbonic acid gas” (or carbon dioxide) and “common air.” From her rudimentary but effective demonstrations, she concluded:
An atmosphere of that gas [CO2] would give to our earth a high temperature; and if as some suppose, at one period of its history the air had mixed with it a larger proportion than at present, an increased temperature…must have necessarily resulted.
Unfortunately, her achievement would disappear three years later when Irish physicist John Tyndall, who likely knew nothing of Foote, made the same discovery. With his superior resources and privileges, Tyndall was able to take his research further. “In retrospect,” one climate science database writes, Tyndall has emerged as the founder of climate science, though the view “hides a complex, and in many ways more interesting story.”
Neither Tyndall nor Foote wrote about the effect of human activity on the contemporary climate. It would take until the 1890s for Swedish scientist Svante Arrhenius to predict human-caused warming from industrial CO2 emissions. But subsequent developments depended upon their insights. Foote, whose was born 200 years ago this past July, was marginalized almost from the start. “Entirely because she was a woman,” the Public Domain Review points out, “Foote was barred from reading the paper describing her findings."
Furthermore, Foote "was passed over for publication in the Association’s annual Proceedings.” Her paper was published in The American Journal of Science, but was mostly remarked upon, as in the Scientific American review, for the marvel of such homespun ingenuity from “a lady.” The review, titled “Scientific Ladies—Experiments with Condensed Gas,” opened with the sentence “Some have not only entertained, but expressed the mean idea, that women do not possess the strength of mind necessary for scientific investigation.”
The praise of Foote credits her as a paragon of her gender, while failing to convey the universal importance of her discovery. At the AAAS conference, the Smithsonian’s Joseph Henry praised Foote by declaring that science was “of no country and of no sex,” a statement that has proven time and again to be untrue in practice. The condescension and discrimination Foote endured points to the multiple ways in which she was excluded as a woman—not only from the scientific establishment but from the educational institutions and funding sources that supported it.
Her disappearance, until recently, from the history of science “plays into the Matilda Effect,” Leila McNeill argues at Smithsonian, “the trend of men getting credit for female scientist’s achievements.” In this case, there’s no reason not to credit both scientists, who made original discoveries independently. But Foote got there first. Had she been given the credit she was due at the time—and the institutional support to match—there’s no telling how far her work would have taken her.
Just as Foote’s discovery places her firmly within climate science history, retrospectively, her “place in the scientific community, or lack therof,” writes Amara Huddleston at Climate.gov, “weaves into the broader story of women’s rights.” Foote attended the first Women’s Rights Convention in Seneca Falls, NY in 1848, and her name is fifth down on the list of signatories to the “Declaration of Sentiments,” a document demanding full equality in social status, legal rights, and educational, economic, and, Foote would have added, scientific opportunities.
Learn much more about Foote and her fascinating family from her descendent, marine biologist Liz Foote. | <urn:uuid:35a2a569-258e-49e3-9ebc-3e7b6f3b388e> | CC-MAIN-2020-16 | http://www.openculture.com/2020/01/how-the-female-scientist-who-discovered-the-greenhouse-gas-effect-was-forgotten-by-history.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-16/segments/1585371876625.96/warc/CC-MAIN-20200409185507-20200409220007-00556.warc.gz | en | 0.959664 | 1,094 | 3.78125 | 4 |
Apple iOS iPhone/iPad Mobile Developer Certificate
Learn to create high-performance, visually stunning native applications for the iPhone, iPad and using current Apple’s Xcode development environment targeting iOS devices. This certificate will show you how to create native iOS applications using proper programming practices for mobile devices along with practical tips and techniques. Throughout this certificate students will develop applications to reinforce iOS programming concepts.
Note: Students are encouraged to bring an Apple mobile device that can run with the current version of iOS to class. Students should also be proficient in the use of the current Mac OS.
An Apple iOS iPhone/iPad Mobile Developer Certificate will be awarded upon completion of the following six core courses.
|CCTB711||Apple iOS iPhone/iPad Mobile: Level I|
|CCTB712||Apple iOS iPhone/iPad Mobile: Level II|
|CCTB713||Apple iOS iPhone/iPad Mobile: Level III|
|CCTB714||Apple iOS iPhone/iPad Mobile: Level IV|
|CCTB715||Apple iOS iPhone/iPad Mobile: Level V|
|CCTB716||Apple iOS iPhone/iPad Mobile: Level VI| | <urn:uuid:a1f15b4a-67d9-469a-9424-bc5372a16834> | CC-MAIN-2018-05 | http://www.nait.ca/program_home_67723.htm?utm_source=Computer%20Engineering%20Technology&utm_content=Apple%20iOS%20iPhone/iPad%20Mobile%20Developer%20Certificate | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-05/segments/1516084893629.85/warc/CC-MAIN-20180124090112-20180124110112-00642.warc.gz | en | 0.748766 | 245 | 2.515625 | 3 |
Recognized for personifying “Television with a Conscience,” the landmark PBS program is based on the book by New York Times columnist Nicholas Kristof and Sheryl WuDunn. The four-part series follows six actress-advocates as they travel to six countries and meet inspiring, courageous individuals who are confronting oppression and developing real, meaningful solutions through health care, education, and economic empowerment for women and girls.
The film premiered last October as part of public media’s Women and Girls Lead initiative. Watch the trailer for the doc after the jump. Continue reading →
ITVS Community Classroom and the film Half the Sky: Turning Oppression into Opportunity for Women Worldwide made a big splash at the National Council for the Social Studies (NCSS) conference in Seattle in November. This is the largest national gathering of social studies educators, drawing more than 3,500 people. ITVS hosted a screening of excerpts from the film to a crowd of more than 700 and Sheryl WuDunn gave a keynote address before the screening. NCSS awarded the honor of their national endorsement for the curriculum Community Classroom developed around the film. U.S. Department of Education Ambassador fellow Lisa Clarke moderated a panel discussion with representatives from local and national NGOs, and writes here about the importance of bringing this content into social studies curriculum nationwide.
The Half the Sky panel at the National Council for the Social Studies in Seattle, WA.
How many of you were born from mothers? This question, asked by Heidi Breeze from One by One at the 2012 NCSS Conference in Seattle,pointed to a paradox; if we all have a biological mother, then why is it so difficult to discuss maternal health issues in our classes? As a teacher, I’ve had conversations with my colleagues about if and how to discuss issues affecting women and girls in my contemporary world issues class. Our concerns included whether it is cognitively and developmentally appropriate to raise these issues – involving human sexuality, pervasive violence, and unsettling images – in our high school classrooms. Could we do so without portraying women as passive victims? Continue reading →
Which holidays are you celebrating this December: Hanukkah, Christmas, Kwanzaa, and New Year’s Eve? Add another to the list because today is Human Rights Day. On December 10, 1948, the United Nations adopted the Universal Declaration of Human Rights, and the UN now honors it annually. This year’s theme is the right to speak up in public life and politics.
Sheryl WuDunn, co-author of Half the Sky is coming to Seattle, Saturday Nov 17! Join us for a special screening of the new PBS documentary based on the book by her and Nicholas Kristof.
Inspired by the best-selling book by Pulitzer Prize winners Nicholas Kristof and Sheryl WuDunn, Half the Sky: Turning Oppression into Opportunity for Women Worldwideaddresses one of the central moral challenges of our time: the oppression of women and girls worldwide. Shot in six different countries, the series follows Kristof and a group of American actresses to some of the places in the world where gender inequality is most extreme, and introduces audiences to the indomitable individuals who are fighting to make a difference. This special screening will feature 45 minutes worth of clips focusing on access to education in Vietnam and human trafficking in Cambodia. View the trailer for the film series.
Following the screening will be a panel discussion featuring WuDunn and representatives from youth serving organizations including The Girl Scouts of Western Washington, International Rescue Committee, One by One, and Room to Read. The panel will be moderated by Lisa Clarke, a Washington Teacher Ambassador Fellow with the Department of Education. Continue reading →
From November 25 to December 10, Women and Girls Lead joins its partners in 16 Days of Action to eliminate gender-based violence. The 2012 global campaign focuses on the effects of militarism on women and girls.
Violence against women and girls is a global crisis that cuts across all countries, classes and cultures, touching the lives of women and girls in every community. According to the United Nations, approximately one out of every three women worldwide has been beaten, coerced into sex, or otherwise abused in her lifetime. Violence prevention is a central issue in the Women and Girls Lead campaign and many of our partners. Each year, we join efforts in a 16-day, all-out activism blitz to put gender-based violence into the public spotlight.
The 16 Days of Action to eliminate violence against women kicks off on November 25th, International Day for the Elimination of Gender-Based Violence, and ends on December 10th, Human Rights Day. More than four thousand organizations from 172 countries have participated in the campaign since it launched at the Center for Women’s Global Leadership (CWGL) at Rutgers in 1991. Women and Girls Lead is one of them, offering films that amplify the stories of survivors and educate the public about the factors that contribute to violence. Continue reading →
When women have equal control over their finances and the financial decision-making on the personal, community, and national levels, everyone benefits.
Known as the ‘cradle of humanity’, one-fifth of the Kenyan population lives on less than $1.25 a day. A country known for their world-class runners and safari adventures, Kenya is mired in poverty.
Ingrid Munro is the founder of Jamii Bora, a microfinance organization based in Nairobi, Kenya. In a country where 50% of the population lives below the poverty line, microfinance, health insurance, life insurance, and business school seem to be some of the best solutions to the countrywide struggle.
Microfinance is the practice of providing financial services—such as loans, savings, and insurance—to people with limited income and resources, who are typically excluded from the formal banking sector. These services include small loans (sometimes as little as $100) or savings plans to start a business or invest in income-generating projects. Continue reading →
Find us on yap.TV. Want a more social experience during the broadcast of Half the Sky? Eager to find exclusive behind the scenes content with the celebrity activists and change agents? yap.TV is a social TV program guide where you can chat with fans online while watching programs. Half the Sky will provide exclusive content for their yap.TV audience. To sign up today, download the yap.TV app, add Half the Sky to your favorites, and watch America Ferrera interview Urmi Basu in a short film about the caste system. Tune in with yap.TV for more conversations and exclusives during the broadcast on October 1st and 2nd.
The National Press Club, September 11, 2012 (photo credit: Joyce Boghosian)
“Half the Sky amplifies voices and powerful stories from the global movement for gender equity,” said Sally Jo Fifer, ITVS president and CEO. “We’re thrilled to join CPB and Show of Force in co-presenting, along with other partners, events that will bring together the people who can truly help change lives in the U.S. and abroad.”
The first event took place at The National Press Club on September 11th, followed by an evening reception hosted by the Meridian International Center on September 12th. The third event was a special screening in the Russell Senate Building on September 13th, marking our second Capitol Hill screening this year! Continue reading →
Drum roll, please…. ITVS is excited to announce the seventh season of Community Cinema, which offers free screenings for communities nationwide!
Half the Sky: Turning Oppression into Opportunity for Women Worldwide kick starts the seventh season of Community Cinema
Join Community Cinema this season as they kick-off the screening series with Half the Sky: Turning Oppression Into Opportunity for Women Worldwide by Maro Chermayeff. This landmark documentary miniseries (based on the bestselling book of the same name by Nicholas Kristof and Sheryl WuDunn) follows six actress-advocates — America Ferrera, Diane Lane, Eva Mendes, Meg Ryan, Gabrielle Union, and Olivia Wilde — as they travel to Africa and Asia and meet inspiring, courageous individuals who are confronting oppression and developing real, meaningful solutions.
Community Cinema takes on diverse issues from current news headlines, such as As Goes Janesville,Brad Lichtenstein’s three-year chronicle about the debate over the future of America’s middle class, a debate that has become a pitched battle over unions in the normally tranquil state of Wisconsin; Macky Alston’s Love Free or Die, a portrait of Gene Robinson, the first openly gay elected bishop in the high church traditions of Christendom, whose 2003 elevation in the New Hampshire diocese ignited a worldwide firestorm in the Anglican Communion; and Soul Food Junkies, Byron Hurt’s personal look at the black community’s love affair with soul food, its significance, and its health consequences. Continue reading →
The 11th season of Independent Lens kicks off with Macky Alston’s documentary Love Free or Die.
With a new home on Monday nights, Independent Lens is ready to kick off its 11th season with a slate of award-winning documentaries that focus on various issues in America. Independent Lens senior series producer Lois Vossen told Real Screen: “All of the films are meant to really be conversations where people talk about the big issues: the war on drugs, rape in the U.S. military, the U.S. economy, the demise of the middle class, gay marriage. All topics that have people sort of polarized – and our goal is to try and bridge that divide… More than anything I would say that’s what ties this to an election year – this idea of what’s happening in contemporary America.” | <urn:uuid:717284d1-7db9-4520-a85a-ad403aff8192> | CC-MAIN-2015-14 | http://beyondthebox.org/tag/half-the-sky/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2015-14/segments/1427131292567.7/warc/CC-MAIN-20150323172132-00156-ip-10-168-14-71.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.946325 | 2,039 | 2.640625 | 3 |
If you are reading this lesson, then you are pretty far through your geometry course. The focus of that course has probably concentrated on proving lines parallel and triangles congruent. In a traditional textbook, this is usually the first lesson in a unit about quadrilaterals. The two examples of this lesson model how to classify quadrilaterals with two methods: by all names that apply or the most precise name that applies. To be able classify quadrilaterals properly; you must know the definitions of quadrilateral and the special quadrilaterals.
Quadrilateral – four-sided figure
Parallelogram – a quadrilateral with both pairs of opposites sides parallel
Square – a parallelogram with four congruent sides and four right angles
Rhombus – a parallelogram with four congruent sides
Kite – a quadrilateral with two pairs of adjacent sides congruent and no opposite sides congruent
Rectangle – a parallelogram with four right angles
Trapezoid – a quadrilateral with exactly one pair of sides parallel
Isosceles Trapezoid – a trapezoid with the non-parallel sides congruent
Example 1 – Classifying a Quadrilateral
By appearance alone, classify the ABCD in as many ways as possible.
It is not usual for a person that is studying geometry to be asked to judge a shape by appearance alone, but in this case, that is what the directions ask you to do. If you are a verbal learner, then you are probably capable of just using the definitions to come up with your answer. A visual learner might find the above image with all the special quadrilaterals paired with their definitions. No matter how you learn best there are two names for ABCD:
All too often, students tend to only name it a parallelogram because it has two pairs of opposite sides parallel. The directions to classify it in as many ways possible and by definition, it is also can be named a quadrilateral. It is very important to read and follow the directions to a problem carefully.
Example 2 – Connecting Algebra and Geometry
Determine the most precise name for the quadrilateral with vertices:
The connection between algebra and geometry in this example is the because the shape is given as vertices on the coordinate plane and to prove what this shape is relies on two skills: finding the slope of a line and finding the distance of a line segment. Finding the slope of a line is a skill taught in the typical Algebra 1 course and finding the length of a line segment is usually taught early on in a Geometry course.
To help the visual learner, I like to graph the points on graph paper and create the shape by connecting the vertices. I have done that in the above image. From the appearance of the shape it appears to be a trapezoid, because side AB appears to be parallel to side CD. Even though it appears to be a trapezoid, a proper coordinate proof finds the slope and distance of every side.
Slopes of Sides
After calculating the slopes, you can see that this is definitely a trapezoid because sides AB and CD have the same slope and the other sides do not, thus this quadrilateral has exactly one pair of parallel sides. Next, I have to prove the lengths of the sides. If sides BC and DA are the same length, then it would be an isosceles trapezoid, but based on the graph it does not appear those two sides are the same length.
Lengths of the Sides
Since no side is the same length, this is not an isosceles trapezoid and the most precise name for this quadrilateral is trapezoid.
Example 3 – Using Properties of Special Quadrilaterals
For the given kite, find the values of the variables and then find the lengths of the sides.
This example introduces how to use the geometry of special quadrilaterals to write an equation that needs to be solved. Since the shape is a kite, by definition, there are two pairs of adjacent sides congruent. From the diagram, it is apparent that the top two sides are congruent and the bottom two sides are congruent. Since these sides are congruent we can write equations setting the algebraic expressions equal to each other:
2x – 12 = 2y – 10
3x – 2 = 2x + 7
To solve this system if equations, I will solve the blue equation first, because it has only one variable.
(1) 3x – 2 = 2x + 7
(2) x – 2 = 7
(3) x = 9
I change equation (1) into equation (2) by subtracting 2x from both sides. I change equation (2) into equation (3) by adding 2 to both sides and the value of x is 9. Now that I know the value of x, I substitute 9 into x in the orange equation.
(1) 2x – 12 = 2y – 10
(2) 2(9) – 12 = 2y – 10
(3) 18 – 12 = 2y – 10
(4) 6 = 2y – 10
(5) 16 = 2y
(6) y = 8
To solve the orange equation, I first substitute 9 in for x, which gives equation (2). I simplify 2*9 to give equation (3), then simplify 18 – 12 to give equation (4). To get equation (5), I add 10 to both sides. Finally, I divide both sides by 2 and use the symmetric property of equality to turn the equation around to arrive at equation (6) and the second answer to this problem.
x = 9 and y = 8
To find the lengths of the sides, I substitute 9 for x and 8 for y into the algebraic expressions representing the lengths of the sides of the kite.
3x – 2 = 3(9) – 2 = 27 – 2 = 25
2x + 7 = 2(9) + 7 = 18 + 7 = 25
2x – 12 = 2(8) – 12 = 18 – 12 = 6
2y – 10 = 2(8) – 10 = 16 – 10 = 6
So, the lengths of the sides are 25, 25, 6, 6 and x = 9, while y = 8.
As you can see, solving geometry problems can rely heavily on Algebra skills.
Conclusion – Classifying Quadrilaterals
To be able to classify and solve problems with quadrilaterals, you need to the definitions of the special quadrilaterals. It is also important to keep your algebra skills sharp, because many times, solving problems with quadrilaterals requires solving equations or find the slope of lines. | <urn:uuid:8ed8ecf1-7710-4c14-9438-e70ba15834d6> | CC-MAIN-2015-18 | http://mrpithemathguy.blogspot.com/2012/01/classifying-quadrilateral-geometry-how.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2015-18/segments/1429246640550.27/warc/CC-MAIN-20150417045720-00059-ip-10-235-10-82.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.923896 | 1,433 | 4.28125 | 4 |
This is the first book-length study of the humanities from Newman to Bologna in the Irish context. It focuses on unique characteristics of university policy in the National University that constrained humanities education. Ireland was a deeply religious country throughout the twentieth century but the colleges of its National University never established a theology or religion department. The official first language of Ireland is Irish but virtually all teaching in the Arts and Humanities is in English. The book examines the influence of such anomalies on humanities education and on Irish society in general. Has the humanities ethos of the Irish University departed radically from the educational ideals of John Henry Newman, its most illustrious ‘founder’? The book re-examines Newman’s vision for the university as well as responses to the 1908 Universities Act. It investigates how leading Irish educationalists and cultural theorists such as Padraig, Pearse, Denis Donoghue, J. J. Lee, Declan Kiberd and Richard Kearney nurtured an Irish humanities perspective in response to more established humanities traditions associated with F. R. Leavis, Edward Said, and Martha Nussbaum. The book employs a comparative approach in examining recent humanities movements such as Irish Studies and postcolonial studies. Humanities debates from other national contexts such as France, the US, and Asia are examined in light of influential work on the university by Samuel Weber, Immanuel Kant, Pierre Bourdieu and Jacques Derrida. This book will appeal to the general public and to students and scholars of Irish education, history and cultural theory.
This chapter examines the nature of the humanities in the Irish context. It looks at four influential approaches to the University in coming to a definition of the humanities. The writers discussed in regard to the four perspectives on the humanities are Samuel Weber, Immanuel Kant, Pierre Bourdieu, and Petrus Ramus. The chapter also examines the debate on whether religion is a recognised subject in the humanities.
This chapter examines influential anomalies in Irish education that constrained humanities education. It focuses on the language and religion questions. Ireland was a deeply religious country throughout the twentieth century but the colleges of its National University never established a theology or religion department. The official first language of Ireland is Irish but the vast majority of teaching in the Arts and Humanities is in English. These were two of the factors that constrained humanities education throughout the century.
This chapter examines the educational ideals of John Henry Newman in relation to the humanities model that was later put in place by the Irish Universities Act of 1908. Newman is regarded today as the “founder” of Ireland’s largest university, UCD, however the later college of the National College departed quite radically from the programme for education that Newman described at the founding of the Catholic University in 1854. This chapter also examines reaction to the 1908 Act and Padraig Pearse’s ideas on university education.
This chapter examines key debates and movements in the humanities subjects in Irish universities since the forties. The first section examines Irish language criticism in demonstrating how important the language question was for education in literature and philosophy in the university up to the seventies. New movements in the humanities subjects in Ireland such as Irish Studies and postcolonialism are also assessed in light of influential work by Declan Kiberd, Richard Kearney and others. This section looks towards an Irish humanities ethos by contrasting the practice of the Irish humanities with that espoused by F. R. Leavis in relation to the English tradition.
This chapter examines recent work on the university and the humanities in relation to the French university system and the Asian university system. The influential work of Pierre Bourdieu and Jacques Derrida on the university is examined in detail in order to point to important differences between the French and the Irish regard for the humanities. The final section discusses the recent rise in influence of the Asian humanities model in relation to the Irish university.
This chapter examines important changes that have come to the humanities in Ireland since the nineties. It examines how the IRCHSS and the HEA have radically transformed funding arrangements in the humanities. It also looks at how recent reports by the HEA – the Hunt Report – and by the British Government – the Browne Report – have served to overlook the importance of the humanities for a general education. It concludes by pointing to important opportunities available to the humanities in the Irish context. | <urn:uuid:c149ff42-5b8e-45f0-aed9-7f9cfce179a7> | CC-MAIN-2022-27 | https://www.manchesterhive.com/search?f_0=author&q_0=Michael+O%E2%80%99Sullivan | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-27/segments/1656103947269.55/warc/CC-MAIN-20220701220150-20220702010150-00117.warc.gz | en | 0.943117 | 884 | 2.859375 | 3 |
In celebration of the International Day of Peace, the National Peace Academy is launching a free online curriculum, “Peace, Peacebuilding and Peacelearning: A Holistic Introduction.” This study guide designed for budding peace and community change leaders from children to adults. It is intended for both seasoned practitioners and those who are new to peacebuilding and who wish to create significant, meaningful and sustainable change in their personal lives, their communities, and the world at large. It was designed to be explored across the span of 12 weeks.
Approximate Schedule of Curriculum Release Dates:
Week 1: Introduction: 5 Spheres of Peace (Available September 21, 2012)
Weeks 2-3: Personal Peace (Available on or before September 28, October 5)
Weeks 4-5: Social Peace (Available on or before October 12, 19)
Weeks 6-7: Political Peace (Available on or before October 26, November 2)
Weeks 8-9: Institutional Peace (Available on or before November 9, 16)
Weeks 10-11: Ecological Peace (Available on or before November 23, 30)
Week 12: Holistic Peace (Available on or before December 7)
More information is available here. | <urn:uuid:a26955dc-dd00-4d40-b23d-e4c5b58e7096> | CC-MAIN-2021-39 | https://creducation.net/free_online_curriculum_-_peace_peacebuilding_and_peacelearning/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-39/segments/1631780056548.77/warc/CC-MAIN-20210918154248-20210918184248-00063.warc.gz | en | 0.948763 | 257 | 2.796875 | 3 |
Subject(s): Science | Age: 11-14 | 14-16 | Post 16 | Type: Teacher guidance | Publication Year: 2000 - 2009
The materials in this resource are from the Secondary National Strategy ‘Progressing to Level 6 and beyond in science’ project. They were intended for science teachers who are focusing on helping their students in developing skills in researching scientific issues.
The Research skills teacher guidance file provides strategies for teachers using appropriate resources and should be read first - in conjunction with the Research skills steps table document. Both documents provide a breakdown of each key skill, with suggested strategies for moving students from one level, or ‘step’, to the next. These levelled skills are also presented in the Research skills pupil speak sheet so that students can assess their own progress and plan what they could do to improve. There is also specific teacher guidance on Supporting the writing of conclusions.
The teacher and classroom resources include:
• evidence cards which can be used to help students organise evidence for and against different theories around dinosaur extinction; photosynthesis and respiration; and plate tectonics
• an evidence decision maker to help students decide if evidence is strong or weak
• ideas for developing DARTs (Directed Activities Related to Texts)
• ideas for note taking strategies
HEALTH and SAFETY
Any use of a resource that includes a practical activity must include a risk assessment. Please note that collections may contain ARCHIVE resources, which were developed at a much earlier date. Since that time there have been significant changes in the rules and guidance affecting laboratory practical work. Further information is provided in our Health and Safety guidance. | <urn:uuid:bc5c48c9-6a8c-4d5c-98ba-ecfdbfb6ba07> | CC-MAIN-2015-35 | http://www.nationalstemcentre.org.uk/elibrary/resource/7397/research-skills | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2015-35/segments/1440646242843.97/warc/CC-MAIN-20150827033042-00006-ip-10-171-96-226.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.942784 | 337 | 3.53125 | 4 |
What is the pro's and con's of each ?
Do you mean 110VAC versus 220VAC mains power? Do you mean in the context of home electrical power (like a clothes drier that runs off of 220VAC versus 110VAC)? Or do you mean European power 230VAC at 50Hz versus US power at 110VAC and 60Hz? What is the context of your question? And where did 250 come from?
I meant "European power 230VAC at 50Hz versus US power at 110VAC and 60Hz"
There is a variation of the 250v and 110v, there is 120,130 and 140 and there is 220,230,240 and 250 volts hence most electric appliances have the ~ sign across the input voltage.
That made me chuckle. The "~" sign on the input voltage for appliances would mean AC, not approximately. The ~ sign is used for both, but in the context of the power mains, it stands for AC. It is definitely true that there are tolerances on the various AC mains standards, and when discussing a particular power grid, the nominal voltage is usually what is listed. There are some pretty unusual standards around the world.
With respect to the EU 230Vrms at 50Hz versus the US standard of 110Vrms at 60Hz, the higher voltge in the EU gives more power available with less loss in the wiring, but requires higher voltage rated components in the power supplies and in the devices that attach to the power mains. In typical US home wiring, there are two 110Vrms wires (Hot1 and Hot2) and one Neutral wire, and the two 110Vrms lines are 180 degrees out of phase. So you can wire 220Vrms to your clothes drier or other high-power devices, and wire either 110Vrms circuit to other devices. This flexibility provides a lot of the EU voltage advantage, while allowing most devices to use the easier 110Vrms requirements for safety spacings and component specs.
I've heard that 50Hz versus 60Hz does make a difference in how the human body reacts to accidental shocks (one makes it harder to let go or something), but I don't know the details of that.
can you get shock by touching only the neutral wire? I heard sometime the Voltage between neutral and ground is 30v
Good question. I don't think they have a traditional neutral conductor in the EU (I could be wrong), but for the US, the NEC (National Electric Code) specifies that each neutral wire be connected to earth ground at the circuit breaker panel. So at the breaker box, the AC voltage on all the neutral wires is zero with respect to earth ground (and the hots are all at about 110Vrms with respect to the neutrals and earth ground). The respective hot/neutral pairs head out from the breaker panel through the home or office and connect up to their respective distributed parallel loads (lights, machines, etc.). The AC current that powers the circuit is flowing in both the hot and neutral wires, so the voltage on the neutral wire with respect to earth ground out at the end of the power cable is determined by the current flowing and the resistance of the neutral wire length back to the breaker box. If you have several amps of current through several ohms of wire, you will get several volts rms on neutral at the end of a long run of cable.
But 30V is a pretty big voltage to get on your neutral wire, so if you are seeing it, I'd suspect some problem with the grounding of the neutral wire at the breaker panel, or else some resistive connections (maybe corroding wire nut connections) in the series distribution of the neutral wire.
The place that you more often get a 30V-level surprise shock in your home is when you handle the cable TV coax and happen to ground yourself to something. The cable TV coax outer shield conductor is earth grounded back in the distribution network somewhere in your neighborhood, which can be a long way away. You can easily get several 10's of volts rms between that point and the earth ground at your house. The first few times I got shocks while connecting up cable TV stuff, I thought I was losing my mind....:yuck:
I don't know about the US but here in Egypt the ~ sign is used mainly for approximation, the reason I believe that is because most AC/DC adapters have the following rating on them
input : ~220 VAC
output : ~12 VDC
Thanks for the replay but why does the US use 110 v in the first place?
I seemed to remember that the American inventory Thomas Edison was involved in coming up with the US power grid, so I used AskJeeves.com to search on this:
thomas edison and 110V AC power
It gave several hits, but this is basically what I was looking for. The combination 110/220VAC system worked well for the early American systems, and was considered a breakthrough invention at the time:
I'm not sure why the EU countries went more for a basic 230VAC system, and I have no idea about the 50/60Hz differences. Probably some interesting history in that as well. Maybe try AskJeeves....
Since power (in watts) is essentially volts times amps (ignoring the phase angle), doubling the voltage allows you to halve the amps. The same amount of work is done. Lower amps allows you to use smaller gauge wire (cheaper) and has lower line losses (I squared R) and less voltage drop in the line.
However, the higher the voltage, the higher the insulation requirements and the more danger to the user.
As for Edison, he was actually a major impediment in the development of AC power. Many of the frequencies and voltages used today are leftovers from the developments of Nikkoli Tesla, who designed the first 3 phase devices for Westinghouse. If you ever want to read some interesting (and sometimes gruesome) stories, look into the war that Thomas Edison (advocator of DC current) and George Westinghouse (advocator of AC current) got into in their efforts to control the early energy markets. Edison performed all sorts of psuedo-scientific experiments in electrocution to try to prove the inherent dangers of AC current vs DC current. It's actually one of the reasons that the infamous electric chair came into use in the USA for executions.
"Nikkoli Telsa, A Man Out Of Time" is a good start.
Welcome to PF, WFO - good post.
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This handbook has been prepared for school nurses, who can play an integral role in the screening and management of children with LTBI and TB disease. The booklet includes a section on TB fundamentals as well as suggestions for applying them in a school setting, including provision on DOT and working in collaboration with community providers in both the public and private sectors. The handbook was updated in 2015 and includes information on an additional treatment regimen.
This material is available on-line only.
Additional documents (forms):
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Combining the best of agricultural science and teaching, the agricultural education major prepares students to educate the next generation of agricultural leaders and consumers.
Highly sought after by employers, graduates can go on to teach high school and middle school agricultural science classes, as well as serve as FFA advisors, adult education instructors, community outreach coordinators, or university extension agents.
- Strengths of the program
- Participate in continuing professional development opportunities after receiving a degree or starting a career.
- The agriculture education program enhances communication and leadership skills for careers throughout agricultural education.
- Learn to develop curriculum and instructional materials for agricultural students.
- Benefit from the career and learning networks provided by agriculture, food, and natural resource educators.
- Engage in research and scholarly activities related to teaching, communication, distance delivery, and leadership in agriculture, food, and natural resources.
- Prepare for a successful career as an agricultural educator in secondary and postsecondary schools, as well as for agriculture, food, and natural resources industries.
- Teaching endorsement and study options
Teacher certification is an integral part of the agricultural education major. Graduates who wish to teach are eligible for a Washington state teaching endorsement, and are qualified to teach at the secondary-school level.
Students in agricultural education can specialize in:
- Soil Science
- Crop Science
- Animal Science
- Agricultural Economics
- Agricultural Technology and Production Management
- Food Science and Human Nutrition
- Natural Resource Science
- Career and Technical Education
- Signature courses & program information
Agricultural education is a science-based program that includes chemistry, biology, communication, and math classes, as well as a teacher education component that results in certification to teach agriculture.
The major includes technical agriculture courses in animal science; crops and soils; horticulture; and agricultural and resource economics.
See the WSU Catalog for degree requirements and talk with your academic advisor about planning and scheduling your courses. All students must meet requirements as outlined in the catalog in order to graduate.
- Scholarships & financial aid
A variety of state, federal, and university-sponsored programs are available to help students with educational costs.
For all students at WSU
Washington State University awards millions of dollars in financial aid and scholarships to students every year based on financial need, academic merit, or a combination of the two.
To get all the financial help WSU can provide, start by doing these two things:
- Complete the University's general scholarship application so you can be eligible for scholarship consideration, including departmental awards.
- Complete the FAFSA (Free Application for Federal Student Aid) so WSU can consider you for aid (scholarships, grants, loans, etc.) based on financial need. Get started here.
For agriculture majors
The College of Agricultural, Human, and Natural Resource Sciences (CAHNRS) annually awards more than $500,000 to students. For more information, see the CAHNRS scholarship page.
- Careers in agriculture education
More than 75 percent of the program’s graduates choose to teach the applied science of agriculture. There are many opportunities in Washington and nearby states to teach agriculture. Some agricultural education majors increase their employment options by also taking courses that lead to certification to teach science.
There are also a variety of non-teaching career areas that require the skills learned in the agricultural education program. Some of those non-teaching options include:
- 4-H Youth or agricultural extension agent
- FFA advisor
- Administrator of industry-based training/information programs
- Administrator of public relations programs
- High school career and technical education director
- Sales and service
- Government agencies, such as SCS, ASCS, and FmHA
- Public service organizations, such as Farm Bureau or livestock/crop commodity boards
- Peace Corps, agricultural missionary, or similar work with other international agencies
- Campus organizations and activities
The WSU Agricultural Education Club and Collegiate FFA are open to all students in agriculture-related majors. Membership offers an excellent opportunity to meet people with similar interests; not only is it fun, the advisors can help you stay on track for graduation.
The club participates in many activities, often in partnership with the nearby University of Idaho Ag Ed Club, every month. Club activities include volunteer work, ice skating, meetings, BBQs, FFA competition judging, potlucks, helping with the state FFA convention (which is held in May on the WSU campus), and anything else suggested by members.
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Principles are one of the most important things in your life; or, I want to persuade you, should be. There are many examples in history where individuals have risked their lives or died for their principles: principles are more important than the individual’s own life. I don’t want to suggest that you should believe this. But principles are exceptionally important.
If you don’t have strongly held principles, or don’t know what your principles are, how do you know how to behave in particular circumstances? How do you know what’s important to you? How do you know how to evaluate others’ behaviour; what your opinion is; which party to vote for; or what’s right or wrong?
You could borrow the principles of others. But how would you choose which others to borrow from? Maybe by their proximity to you in terms of class, race, religion. But are they more likely to be right just because they are similar to you in some respects? If you borrow your principles from others, what do you do if those principles do not serve you or your community well?
Robert Dilts, a pioneer in Neurolinguistic Programming (NLP), relates the following story (which he found on the internet and may or may not be true).
The parable of the monkeys
In an experiment, a number of monkeys are contained in a cage. In the cage is a rope. At the top of the rope a bunch of bananas has been placed. The problem for the monkeys is that, when a monkey climbs up the rope to retrieve the bananas, the rest of the monkeys are drenched with water. Soon enough they learn their lesson and stop trying to climb the rope for the bananas.
Then one monkey is taken away from the cage, and a new monkey is introduced. The new monkey attempts to climb up the rope for the bananas, but the other monkeys prevent it from doing so, to protect them from the deluge. After a while, another monkey is taken away from the cage and a new monkey introduced. The same occurs: this monkey tries to retrieve the bananas, but is prevented from climbing the rope by the remaining monkeys. This monkey replacement programme continues until all the monkeys in the cage have been replaced and none of them have experienced being drenched by water.
The bunch of bananas remains untouched. The monkeys maintain their behaviour of preventing each other from climbing the rope, but have no reason for this, other than tradition. The imperative to not climb the rope has become divorced from the consequences of the behaviour. I think the word for ‘principles’ about behaviour that have become removed from the consequences of that behaviour is prejudice.
Morality and principle
I’m not keen on the word moral. It suggests an imperative for behaviour without specifying the reasons for the required behaviour. It also suggests (without being bold enough to state it, because to state it would immediately reveal the fallacy) that there is a universal morality, or a common set of moral standards. An act is often said to be moral or immoral without reference to the principle on which the judgement is based. But unless an act has negative consequences, how can it be condemned?
(I suspect that the church focuses so particularly on sexual morality because it allows it to be prescriptive about people’s behaviour in a way that won’t get it into conflict with the political powers.)
A principle, as opposed to a moral, sets out the the rationale for the prescribed or proscribed behaviour. Morals give the appearance of being self-evident, but a principle can be interrogated and defended. Unlike morals, principles are consciously avowed. A person takes responsibility for one’s principles; principles are not easily borrowed or inherited.
Integrity and self-deception
Of all the principles one might hold, integrity should be very near the top. Without integrity, what other values could possibly be important? If I can deceive or cheat for my own substantial advantage (constituting lack of integrity), and at the same time claim to believe in justice, freedom, democracy, women’s equality, racial equality, animal rights (or whatever), to what extent can I truly say that I believe in those things? If I’m willing to exploit my own interests at the expense of others by lying or cheating, I am demonstrating a set of beliefs that contradict the principles I espouse. How can I claim to believe in justice when I am subverting justice for my own benefit? How can I claim to be concerned about the rights of others when I am willing to trample on them for my own benefit?
If integrity is so important, does that mean I have to always tell the truth? Telling the truth is not synonymous with integrity. In Spielberg’s film, Lincoln, the United States President is trying to steer a bill through Congress that will abolish the slave trade. But members of Congress will not pass the bill if they think that the civil war will be ended through talks with the Confederate. There are rumours that a delegation from the Confederacy is on its way to Washington, and the President is asked if this is true. He denies knowledge of such a delegation and is admonished by someone from his inner circle for doing so. But for him the principle of ending slavery was more important than his duty to tell the truth. Was his integrity compromised? I don’t believe it was – I think Lincoln would have had a clear conscience about not telling the truth in this context.
But there’s always a danger of justifying dishonesty with the excuse that you are saving another from distress, when in fact you are saving your own skin. You will have heard on numerous occasions people making this excuse: I only said that (lie) to spare his feelings. This seems like a good excuse: I’m lying for the benefit of someone else, rather than myself. But it is rarely true. Self-deception is to be scrupulously guarded against, since it is an insidious corrupter of integrity, and integrity is the basis for all other principles. And without principles, what of value do you possess?
I’d like to suggest another fundamental principle, almost as important as integrity, which may well hold a subset of further principles: All human beings are of equal value as human beings. Of course, in terms of social status, professional roles and so on, human beings assume very different degrees of status (a president is much more important than a street cleaner); but as human beings, everybody is of equal value. Would you subscribe to this principle? If so, what does it mean in practice, and are there any principles that override it?
Here’s another principle I’d like to recommend: Your first duty is to yourself (more accurately in principle form: a person’s first duty is to himself or herself). Make it a priority to nurture yourself and develop your skills and capacities so that you are happy and fulfilled and a force for good in the world.
One’s principles are an essential aspect of who one is. Principles are also fundamental to one’s purpose (which, in turn, is fundamental to individual fulfilment): your purpose must cohere with and be supported by your principles. Clarity about your purpose depends on clear principles.
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British General Allenby preparing to enter Jerusalem during World War I
Jerusalem Palestine Date:1918 Duration:2 min 0 sec Sound:NO SOUND
British General Allenby preparing to enter Jerusalem during World War 1. The commander-in-chief talking to commanders of Allied detachments and attaches before the ceremonies. Other soldiers stand nearby them holding guns in their hands. Officers stand on the platform. Soldiers gather in the field. Officer addressing the soldiers. (World War I; World War 1; WWI; WW1)
This historic stock footage available in HD and SD video. View pricing below video player.
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Allergic rhinitis ( hay fever) : causes, symptoms , treatment and prevention
Pulmonology / / April 20, 2016
Allergic rhinitis or "hay fever" - an inflammatory disease of the nasal mucosa, which is characterized by impaired breathing, mucous discharge from the nose, sneezing.The basis for all this are the allergic reactions.Also, allergic rhinitis - the reaction of different people in the open or closed allergens.
Open sources of allergic rhinitis include ragweed, grass and tree pollen, and mold spores.Internal sources include: dust mites, pet dander or mold that grows in damp enclosed areas - for example, in the carpets.Outdoor allergens cause seasonal allergic rhinitis (also known as "hay fever").Allergic rhinitis usually emerges and develops during the spring and summer.Indoor allergens can cause long-term chronic allergic rhinitis.
allergic process, called "atopy" (allergic diseases, the development of which belongs to the prominent role of hereditary predisposition to sensitization) occurs when the human body reacts to certain substances (foreign bodies) as "foreign invaders ??".The immune system operat
immunoglobulin E antibodies (IgE) are the key to allergic reactions.When an allergen enters the body, the immune system produces an antibody IgE.These antibodies are then attached to the mast cells, which occur in the nose, eyes, lungs and gastrointestinal tract of humans.
Mast cells (immune highly specialized cells of connective vertebrate tissue analogs blood basophils) is isolated inflammatory chemical mediators - such as for example histamine, which is the cause of atopic dermatitis (diffuse neurodermatitis, endogenous eczema) with symptoms such as sneezing, itching,coughing, wheezing, etc.Mast cells continue to produce more inflammatory chemicals that stimulate the production of IgE more, continuing the allergic process.
There are many types of IgE antibodies and each is associated with a specific allergen.That's why some people are allergic to cat dander, and others may be allergic to pollen.In allergic rhinitis, allergic response begins when an allergen comes into contact with the nasal mucosa.
Allergic rhinitis often "lives" in the family.If one or both parents have allergic rhinitis, there is a high probability that their children will also have the same disease.People with allergic rhinitis have increased risk of developing asthma and other allergies.They are also at risk for developing sinusitis, sleep disorders (including snoring and sleep apnea), nasal polyps and ear infections.
Causes of seasonal allergic rhinitis (hay fever)
Seasonal allergic rhinitis occurs only during periods of heavy traffic pollen or spores.
In general, seasonal allergies are the following sources:
- Ambrosia. Ragweed is the most dominant cause of allergic rhinitis, affects about 75% of people with allergies.One plant can release 1000000 pollen grains per day.Ambrosia, usually before noon can cause the most severe allergies;
- Herbs. herbs affect people from mid-May to late June.Allergy to grass often occurs late in the day;
- Pollen trees. Small pollen grains from certain trees, tend to cause allergy symptoms in late March and early April;
- mold spores. Mold spores that grow on dead leaves and release spores into the air, are common allergens during the spring, summer and fall.Mold spores can reach a maximum in the dry windy days in the afternoon and in the wet or rainy days - early in the morning.
Causes of chronic allergic rhinitis
allergens in the home can cause seizures in people year-round (perennial) allergic rhinitis.Examples of household allergens:
- house dust mites - particularly mite feces coated with enzymes that contain powerful allergens;
- pet hair;
- mold and fungus growing on the wallpaper, plants, carpets and upholstery.
Other causes of chronic nasal rhinitis
- aging process. Older people are at high risk of chronic rhinitis, as the mucous membranes become dry with age.In addition, the nasal passages supporting cartilage weakening that leads to a change in air flow.
Peristaltic rhinitis.Peristaltic rhinitis is caused by an overreaction of the body to such irritants like cigarette smoke or other air pollutants, strong odors, alcohol and exposure to cold.The nasal passages become red, bloodshot.This response - not allergic, although it is also associated with an increased number of white blood cells called "eosinophils".
- Vasomotor rhinitis. Vasomotor rhinitis (chronic nasal disease is associated with impaired nose vascular tone regulating), another type of non-allergic rhinitis caused by hypersensitive blood vessels and nerve cells in the nasal passages - in response to a variety of sources, including smoke, environmental toxins, temperature changes, andhumidity, voltage variation, and even sexual arousal.The symptoms of vasomotor rhinitis are like most of caused by allergies, but the eye irritation does not occur.
- Structural abnormalities of the nose.Some physiological features iakie such as a deviated septum may block the nasal passages.If deviated septum is not straight, but shifted to one side - usually the left.Sometimes a person may develop a so-called "cleft palate" - overgrowth of bones in the nose or tumors that cause nasal obstruction.In such cases, it may be useful for surgical intervention.
- Polyps .This soft tissues that develop from steblepodobnyh structures on the mucous membrane.They prevent the drainage of mucus and restrict airflow.Polyps usually develop from sinus infections, which cause proliferation of mucus membranes in the nose.They do not disappear on their own, they can multiply and cause a significant obstacle for normal breathing.
- Medicines and drugs. number of narcotic drugs can cause a runny nose, or reinforce it in people with health problems such as a deviated septum, allergies or vasomotor rhinitis.Decongestants Excessive use of nasal sprays for treatment of nasal congestion may, over time (3-5 days), cause inflammation in the nasal passages and reinforce rhinitis.Sniffing cocaine also strongly affects the nasal passages and can cause chronic rhinitis.
Other medications that can cause rhinitis include: oral contraceptives, hormone replacement therapy, anti-anxiety drugs (especially Xanax), certain antidepressants, drugs used to treat erectile dysfunction and some medicines for blood pressure, including beta-blockers andvasodilators.
- Estrogen in women. elevated estrogen levels typically increase swelling and mucus production in the nasal passages which can cause overloading of these passages.This effect is most obvious in women during pregnancy and usually disappears after their birth.Oral contraceptives and hormone replacement therapy containing estrogen may also cause nasal congestion in some women.
risk factors of allergic rhinitis
Allergic rhinitis is able to affect people of all ages.Allergy usually appears first in childhood.Allergic rhinitis - the most common chronic disease in children at any age, although it can develop at any age.Almost 20% of cases of allergic rhinitis caused by seasonal allergies, 40% - long-term (chronic) rhinitis, and others - mixed reasons.
- Family history of allergic rhinitis. Allergic rhinitis is likely to have a genetic component.People whose parents have allergic rhinitis, are at increased risk of developing allergic rhinitis in itself.The risk is greatly increased if this diagnosis have both parents.
- environmental effects. Wednesday at home or at work can increase the risk of exposure to allergens (mold spores, dust mites, animal hair) associated with allergic rhinitis.
Symptoms of allergic rhinitis
rhinitis Common symptoms are: runny nose and postnasal drip, when a drop of mucus in the throat goes from the back of the nasal passage, especially in the supine position.Symptoms can vary depending on the cause of rhinitis.Symptoms of influenza and sinusitis must also be differentiated from allergies and colds.
symptoms of allergic rhinitis symptoms occur in two phases: early and late.
symptoms early phase. symptoms appear early phase within a few minutes of exposure to allergens.This phase includes:
- runny nose;
- frequent or repeated sneezing;
- watery or itchy eyes;
- itching in the nose, throat or mouth.
Symptoms late phase - occur within 4-8 hours.This phase may include one or more of the following symptoms:
- and nasal congestion;
- stuffiness in the ears;
- irritability, a slight decrease of concentration, memory loss, slow thinking, and more;
- reduction of smell or taste;
- ear pain;
- bleeding from the nose.
In severe eye allergies may develop dark circles.Lower eyelid may be swollen.
diagnosis of allergic rhinitis
In most cases, the diagnosis is "allergic rhinitis" can be installed ??without testing - on the basis of the patient's symptoms.Allergy testing can be used to confirm the allergic response, the symptoms identified.
doctor may ask the patient the following:
- what time of day and in any season of the year most of the episodes of allergic rhinitis occur;Whether rhinitis associated with pollen allergens and outer.If symptoms occur throughout the year, the doctor suspects perennial allergic or non-allergic rhinitis;
- whether there is a family history of allergies;
- there is a patient history of other medical problems;
- women - whether they are pregnant or are taking there medicines that contain in their composition of estrogen (oral contraceptives, hormone replacement therapy);
- whether the patient uses other drugs, including decongestants, which can cause the opposite effect;
- whether the patient pets;
- whether the patient more unusual symptoms (examples: a bloody nose, obstruction of only one nasal passage, swelling, fatigue, sensitivity to cold, weight gain, depression, symptoms of hypothyroidism).
- Medical examination. doctor may examine the inside of the patient's nose with an instrument - "mirror."It is a painless study allows the doctor to check the redness and other signs of inflammation.Possible physical data of the patient as a result of the inspection may include:
- redness and swelling of the eyes;
- swollen mucous membranes of the nose;
- swollen turbinates or nasal polyps;
- fluid behind the eardrum;
- skin rashes;
- shortness of breath.
- Skin allergy tests. Skin tests - a simple method for the detection of common allergens.Skin tests are seldom required for the diagnosis of allergic symptoms to their treatment in the milder seasons.This kind of test is not suitable for children under 3 years.Importantly, patients should not take antihistamines for at least 12-72 hours before the test.Otherwise, an allergic reaction, even if it is in an organism, may not appear in the test.
Small amounts of suspected allergens are applied to the patient's skin using injection or scratches, or a few cells injected with allergens deep into the skin.Test injections may be more sensitive to the patient than standard injections.If allergy is present in about 20 minutes is formed on the skin of the patient swollen reddened area.
- Nasal swab. doctor may take a swab from the patient's nose.The nasal secretion is examined under a microscope to factors which may indicate the cause of the disease.For example, increasing the number of white blood cells or evidence of high infection eosinophils.High levels of eosinophils indicate an allergic condition, but their low number does not rule out allergic rhinitis.
- Analysis of IgE. may also be made for the production of blood tests it immunoglobulin IgE.New analyzes based on enzymes with IgE antibodies have replaced the old test RAST (radioallergosorbent test).These tests show elevated levels of allergen-specific IgE in response to specific allergens.Blood tests for IgE may be less accurate than the skin test.Tests should be performed only in patients who can not undergo routine testing, or when the skin test results are uncertain.
- Visual examination. patients with chronic rhinitis is very important to exclude sinusitis.Visual studies may be useful if other test results are ambiguous.In this case, may be used:
- computed tomography (CT) - may be useful in some cases, when suspected sinusitis or polyps in the sinuses;
- nasal endoscopy is used for chronic or seasonal rhinitis unconscious, to study every irregularity in the nasal structure.When endoscopy using a tube with a tiny camera on the end, which is inserted into the nose to see him in the aisles.
Treatment of allergic rhinitis
If rhinitis symptoms are caused by non-allergic condition, particularly if there are accompanying symptoms indicating serious problems, the doctor should treat any underlying disorders.If rhinitis is caused by medications decongestants, the patient may need to stop taking them or find alternatives.
A number of factors must be considered when choosing a method of treatment.These include:
- severity of the symptoms;
- frequency of symptoms (seasonal in comparison with the whole year, as well as during the week);
- age of the patient;
- the presence of other related rhinitis with diseases - such as asthma, atopic eczema, sinusitis or nasal polyps;
- patient preference in respect of certain types of treatment;
- type allergens;
- known and potential side effects of medication.
For patients with allergic rhinitis are many available treatment options.For example, such as:
- environmental controls environment (can help reduce exposure to allergens);
- flushing the nose (for some patients can provide great relief of symptoms);
- Various nasal (nasal) spray, including corticosteroids, antihistamines, nasal sprays, nasal spray, nasal cromolyn nasal decongestants and sprays.We do not recommend use of decongestant sprays for more than three consecutive days;
is also worth noting that the majority of sprays for the treatment of rhinitis in the form of ready-made aerosols involve nasal irrigation procedure and not directly wash.Unlike Irrigation washing may reduce a thick consistency nasal secretions, but does not solve the problem with their removal along with harmful bacteria.
08 May, 2016
08 May, 2016
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Current Affairs for IAS Prelims Exam 2017: October 2016 Questions IV
Current Affairs has become the cornerstone of preparation for IAS Prelims as well as IAS Mains Exam. The IAS aspirants should tackle Current Affairs in depth to understand its utility in IAS Preparation. Here, we have provided Current Affairs Quiz for IAS Prelims Exam Preparation.
Current affairs should be organized keeping in mind the syllabus of UPSC IAS prelims and mains. For anyone who is starting his/her preparation, current affairs should be given priority. We will continue to provide the current affairs questions for IAS Prelims 2017 to help you gain a better perception of how questions can be asked in the examination.
Current affair is the most dynamic and challenging portion of the IAS Prelims preparation which should be studied in depth. UPSC IAS prelims preparation requires a deep consolidation and fundamental knowledge of the current happenings.
Q1. Recently India has declared to eliminate the emission of harmful gas HFC-23 BY 2030. Which of the following statements is correct regarding this move?
a)HFC-23 has the global warming potential less than that of CO2.
b)HFC-23 is the byproduct of HCFC which is used as an industrial refrigerant.
c)HFC-23 is potent ozone depleting gas and hence eliminated under Kyoto protocol.
d)All of the above.
HFC-23, a potent greenhouse gas with global warming potential of 14,800 times more than that of CO2, is a by-product of HCFC-22, which is used in industrial refrigeration.
India announced to eliminate the use of HFC-23 by 2013 at a meeting of parties to the Montreal Protocol where final negotiations are taking place to substantially reduce the use of HFCs (hydrofluorocarbons) by 2030.
The Montreal Protocol on Substances that Deplete the Ozone Layer (a protocol to the Vienna Convention for the Protection of the Ozone Layer) is an international treaty designed to protect the ozone layer by phasing out the production of numerous substances that are responsible for ozone depletion.
Q2.The noble prize of 2016 in literature has been awarded to Bob Dylan for?
a)For having created new poetic expressions within the great American song tradition.
b)For having created new fusion of western and eastern music to propagate assimilation.
c)For having created a new form of music instrument relevant to all music kinds.
d)All of the above.
The 2016 Nobel Prize in Literature has been awarded to American singer-songwriter Bob Dylan, for having created new poetic expressions within the great American song tradition.
Dylan's music and lyrics spoke to a generation of people during the tumultuous 1960s and helped galvanize the civil rights movement. His influence continues to permeate through rock, pop and folk music today.
The Swedish Academy regarded him as a great poet in the English-speaking tradition. He drew parallels between his work and that of ancient Greek poets.
CURRENT AFFAIRS OCTOBER 2016 III
Q3. Recently Cabinet has approved revision of ethanol price to facilitate price stability to ethanol suppliers. Which of the following statements regarding the Ethanol Blended Petrol programme are correct?
a)Ethanol blending in petrol is done in order to reduce vehicle exhaust emissions.
b)Ethanol itself burns cleaner and burns more completely than petrol it is blended into.
c)In India, ethanol is mainly derived by sugarcane molasses, which is a by-product in the conversion of sugar cane juice to sugar.
d)All of the above.
The Cabinet Committee on Economic Affairs has approved the mechanism for revision of ethanol price for supply to Public Sector Oil Marketing Companies (OMCs) to carry out the Ethanol Blended Petrol (EBP) Programme effectively.
Ethanol Blended Petrol (EBP) Programme was launched by the Government in 2003 to promote the use of alternative and environment friendly fuels. This intervention also sought to reduce import dependency for energy requirements.
It is estimated that a 5% blending can result in replacement of around 1.8 million Barrels of crude oil. The renewable ethanol content, which is a byproduct of the sugar industry, is expected to result in a net reduction in the emission of carbon dioxide, carbon monoxide (CO) and hydrocarbons (HC).
Ethanol itself burns cleaner and burns more completely than petrol it is blended into. In India, ethanol is mainly derived by sugarcane molasses, which is a by-product in the conversion of sugar cane juice to sugar.
Q4. The special investigation team (SIT) on black money has asked the Securities and Exchange Board of India (SEBI) to furnish the details of all those investing through participatory notes (P-Notes). Consider the following statements regarding P-Notes:
1.P-Notes allow foreign investors to take exposure to Indian stocks without registering with Sebi.
2.P-Note instrument are issued by foreign portfolio investors (FPIs) registered with Sebi.
Choose the correct answer:
c)Both 1 and 2
d)None of the above.
Participatory notes are financial instruments used by investors that are not registered with the Securities and Exchange Board of India (SEBI) to invest in Indian securities.
Any dividends or capital gains collected from the underlying securities go back to the investors. Indian regulators are against participatory notes because they fear that hedge funds acting through participatory notes will cause economic volatility in India's exchanges.
Foreign institutional investors (FIIs) provide quick money entering the Indian capital market. Because of the short-term nature of investing, regulators have fewer guidelines for FIIs.
To invest in Indian stock markets without the hassle of involvement with the regulatory approval process, FIIs trade P-notes.
CURRENT AFFAIRS OF SEPTEMBER 2016
Q5. Which of the following statements is correct regarding the Women of India Festival 2016?
a)The Women of India Festival is Organized and sponsored by the Union Ministry of Women & Child Development.
b)The Women of India Festival is intended to highlight the successful start ups by women across India.
c)The Women of India Festival 2016 celebrates and promotes women entrepreneurs from across India.
d)Both (a) and (c).
Women of India Festival 2016 of organic products by women will offer on sale the biggest selection of organic products ranging from food, fabrics and furniture to wellness, personal care and solar products.
-->Organized and sponsored by the Union Ministry of Women & Child Development, the ‘Women of India Festival 2016’celebrates and promotes women entrepreneurs from across India.
-->Participants from the remotest areas of the country will travel to Delhi for the entire duration of the festival and sell their unique products in the capital.
-->The Women of India Festival is intended to highlight the health and environmental advantages of organic goods.
-->It provides a platform for women engaged in this economy and encourage the development of sustainable and easily accessible sales outlets for organic producers from remote areas.
-->Organic plants and food crops have also been found to contain higher amounts of salicylic acid which fights bowel cancer; it helps to fight stress and disease.
Q6. The Sveriges Riksbank Prize in Economic Sciences in Memory of Alfred Nobel 2016 was awarded jointly to Oliver Hart and Bengt Holmström for?
a) For their contributions to contract theory.
b) For deducing new formulae to compute HDI.
c) For giving new definition to social indexes.
d)All of the above.
Contract theory studies how economic actors can and do construct contractual arrangements, generally in the presence of asymmetric information. A standard practice in the microeconomics of contract theory is to represent the behavior of a decision maker under certain numerical utility structures, and then apply an optimization algorithm to identify optimal decisions.
Contract theory has had a deep and lasting impact on many fields of economics and other social sciences from corporate governance to constitutional law and politics.
The recent awardees research has helped to formulate theoretical tools to analyze both financial terms as well as allocation of control rights, property rights and decision rights in contracts. | <urn:uuid:e8a7c1f4-4a6d-42d0-aebe-1eaaef8d3737> | CC-MAIN-2021-21 | https://www.jagranjosh.com/articles/current-affairs-for-ias-prelims-exam-2017-october-2016-questions-iv-1476517338-1 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-21/segments/1620243991982.8/warc/CC-MAIN-20210511092245-20210511122245-00443.warc.gz | en | 0.923948 | 1,713 | 3.1875 | 3 |
In our Ask a Pilot series, pilot Spencer Marker answers one of your aviation-related questions each week. See past installments here and submit your own to [email protected].
Some years ago there was a lot of publicity about NextGen air traffic control and something called Free Flight. As I understand it, Free Flight would allow pilots to chose their own routes between cities and they would only talk to controllers to land and take off. Do you see this actually coming to pass and, if so, what are the benefits and do you think it will compromise safety?
Thanks for taking my question.
Hello there, Walt! It’s nice to see you write in again and thank you for the excellent question! The Next Generation Air Transportation System (NextGen) is an FAA initiative intended to modernize how air traffic is handled in the United States. The system is a combination of many new procedures and technologies to streamline the flow of airplanes from origin to destination. While we have already begun the process of modernizing our ATC system, there are still some technological and legislative hurdles to overcome.
The current system
Historically, air traffic in the US is managed primarily by the use of ground-based radar for tracking flights, and voice communication for coordination between pilots and controllers. While this system has worked well for many decades, the use of constant voice communications limits how many flights a controller can work, since only one person can talk on a radio frequency at a time.
Radar has its drawbacks too. The type of radar employed by the FAA isn’t usable in some sparsely populated parts of the country or over water. While procedures have long been employed to fly in these “Non-Radar Environments” and doing so is perfectly safe, both pilots and controllers would prefer to see greater coverage in these areas.
Additionally, when we fly, pilots use a series of airways (think highways in the sky) to define the route we will take. Because these airways are pre-established by the FAA and used by nearly all aircraft, flights aren’t always able to take the most efficient route. The result can be a zig-zagging and inefficient flight path. And on arrival, aircraft are often required to descend, then level off, only to descend and level off again. This forms a sort of stair-step arrival pattern and causes aircraft to burn more fuel and introduce more emissions into the environment.
The NextGen Air Traffic Control system was created to combat the inefficiencies in the current arrangement. The goal of NextGen is to create a data-driven system to allow the seamless coordination of thousands of flights. This will allow for more efficient flight paths, more direct routing, and greater coordination between airlines, aircraft and ATC.
And while NextGen may seem like a singular system, it is actually the combination of several new procedures and technologies. While it would be a rather long, boring column for me to explain every single component of the NextGen system, I’ll select some of the important ones to elaborate on.
- ADS-B: Probably the single most important piece of NextGen technology is Automatic Dependent Surveillance-Broadcast, or simply ADS-B. This radar replacement uses GPS technology to precisely determine the location of an aircraft and is used by ATC to keep flying aircraft separated. As part of the system, each aircraft has a transponder onboard that sends data to the controller and other aircraft about its position. This way controllers and other aircraft can have an accurate and instantaneous view of aircraft in the sky.
- Reduced separation: Using ADS-B and knowing the precise location of every aircraft in the sky allows controllers to space airplanes closer together. While this my sound counterintuitive to safety, consider this: Domestic air traffic in the US is expected to increase 50% in the next 20 years. To meet this new demand, more aircraft will be needed to ply the skies and to handle this extra capacity, regulators will need to make a choice: either increase the size of the airspace, which we can’t do, or try to put more airplanes in the same airspace safely. And NextGen is designed to do precisely that. Flying aircraft closer together allows for more aircraft in the same airspace, increases arrival and departure rates from airports, and allows more direct routing after takeoff. All while maintaining the same high level of safety we expect in air travel.
- Data Comm: While ATC currently employs voice communication, the NextGen system allows for pilots and controllers to communicate via Data Communications, or Data Comm. This system dramatically reduces the amount of radio “chatter” between pilots and controllers and instead relies on text communication between the aircraft’s computer and ATC. This has several benefits. It allows a controller to manage more airplanes at a time, since it expedites and simplifies the communication process. It also allows pilots to better understand clearances since they will be presented in text form and some can be uplinked directly into the flight computer.
- Routing: Employing GPS technology in the NextGen airspace system allows pilots to follow more efficient routes since they will no longer be tied to ground-based waypoints or FAA-designated airways. This direct routing increases efficiency and allows flights to reach their destinations sooner.
- Additionally, Optimized Profile Descent arrivals have been developed and are already in use at several major airports. OPDs allow a descent from cruising altitude to the airport area using near-idle engine thrust. This again saves fuel and since descents are started closer to the airport, the extra time spent at high altitude where the airplane is most efficient saves fuel, as well. And saving fuel decreases engine emissions, which is also good for the environment.
To sum up
All of these individual pieces work together to create a data-driven system that is integrated and significantly more efficient than the system it replaces. For consumers, it means fewer delays, quicker flights and lower emissions. For pilots, it means more direct routing, clearer communication and reduced fuel burn. While the FAA and the airlines are aware of the benefits of NextGen, legislative (read: funding) hurdles have yet to be overcome in Washington. However, I’m confident these issues will be resolved.
Learn more about the NextGen Air Traffic Control System here.
If you have a burning aviation question or if there’s something you’d like cleared up, drop us a line at [email protected] to get your question featured in an upcoming “Ask a Pilot” column.
The comments on this page are not provided, reviewed, or otherwise approved by the bank advertiser. It is not the bank advertiser's responsibility to ensure all posts and/or questions are answered. Editorial Note: The editorial content on this page is not provided by any bank, credit card issuer, airlines or hotel chain, and has not been reviewed, approved or otherwise endorsed by any of these entities.
Editorial Note: The editorial content on this page is not provided by any bank, credit card issuer, airlines or hotel chain, and has not been reviewed, approved or otherwise endorsed by any of these entities. | <urn:uuid:ad0fabbd-fb96-4bb4-9432-f248e4a7dec9> | CC-MAIN-2018-09 | https://www.johnnyjet.com/ask-a-pilot-with-spencer-what-is-nextgen/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-09/segments/1518891814101.27/warc/CC-MAIN-20180222101209-20180222121209-00161.warc.gz | en | 0.943055 | 1,475 | 2.609375 | 3 |
Cambridge University students are aiming to raise money to make a biometric device that could enable health workers in rural areas within developing countries to locate patient records more easily.
The £30 SimPrint device, developed by students on the Bill Gates scholarship programme, scans a patient’s fingerprint and brings up their records on a health worker's smartphone via a Bluetooth connection.
When a medical worker swipes a patient’s fingerprint it gets sent to the SimPrints application, which translates it into a unique numeric ID. This ID can enrol new patients, or seamlessly match existing patients to their health records, including medical status and next steps in their care.
The researchers say the records can be stored locally on the health worker’s phone or pulled from a cloud database.
The students believe the technology overcomes many of the problems associated with accurately identifying patients in developing countries, where paper-based patient records are often hard to come by or non-existent. "Matching patients digitally to health records is a big challenge when people don’t have national health numbers or fixed addresses, and lack formal IDs such as driver’s licenses," they say on the crowdfunding site they're looking to raise money on.
The students, who include Gates Cambridge Scholars Toby Norman, Daniel Storisteanu and Liz Dzeng, have a target of £15,000 to raise to enable them to hire four engineers in Kenya to finish developing the device. They have already raised over £8,000 through crowdsourcing organisation Indiegogo and the campaign has a week remaining.
The United Nations Refugee Agency is already said to have expressed an interest in the device, while Medic Mobile, a charity that aims to advance healthcare in the developing world with the help of technology, has agreed to test the device in the field.
"What's exciting about this technology is the incredible range of potential applications in healthcare and beyond once you can take biometrics mobile,” said co-founder Toby Norman. “We could use SimPrints to monitor if HIV patients are getting access to their drugs every day, reduce fraud in aid distribution, or improve the security of mobile banking for poor consumers - just to get started."
Find your next job with techworld jobs | <urn:uuid:8ac4146a-2748-4484-aeaa-82b1ed3c17e7> | CC-MAIN-2017-34 | http://www.techworld.com/news/apps-wearables/cambridge-students-create-fingerprint-scanner-for-rural-healthcare-3467623/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-34/segments/1502886101966.48/warc/CC-MAIN-20170816125013-20170816145013-00686.warc.gz | en | 0.941892 | 460 | 2.703125 | 3 |
Puhta-Laelatu Nature Reserve is situated on the lowlands of Western Estonia and is characterised by a disjunct coastline, shallow bays and islets. The area of the nature reserve is 3,058 ha, from which approximately 1,980 ha is under water – 150 ha of shallow coastal lakes and 1,830 ha of sea area.
The purpose of the nature reserve is to protect, restore and preserve the diversity of wildlife and the suitable habitats of protected species – natural and semi-natural communities. The coastal sea rich in islets offers favourable stopping points and nesting areas for migratory birds. On Puhtu peninsula, there is a species-rich broad-leaved deciduous forest that has evolved from a former park. One of the most species-rich meadow communities in Europe has formed in Laelatu due to traditional land use. Coastal meadows, overgrown loughs and former wooded pastures also increase the biodiversity.
There are internationally important areas in the nature reserve: the Ramsar site of Puhtu-Laelatu-Nehatu, both the Väinameri area of conservation and hosting birds as well as the Väinameri Sea that is an area of the Helsinki Convention but also an important bird area (IBA) belong to the Natura 2000 network.
There is a biology station, a research facility of the Estonian University of Life Sciences, that was founded on the islet of Puhtu in 1953 at the instigation of Professor Eerik Kumari. Laelatu Biology Station operates as a collaboration between the University of Tartu and the Estonian University of Life Sciences on the wooded meadow of Laelatu since 1985. It offers new opportunities for researching the rare communities of the wooded meadow. | <urn:uuid:2a7cd054-afb2-4cb6-8faf-c3f5ae39c258> | CC-MAIN-2020-34 | https://kaitsealad.ee/en/protected-areas/puhtu-laelatu-nature-reserve | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-34/segments/1596439737225.57/warc/CC-MAIN-20200807202502-20200807232502-00090.warc.gz | en | 0.935004 | 374 | 2.859375 | 3 |
What to expect inside the courtroom
If you have not attended a court hearing before, it may be a bit intimidating.
Courtrooms are formal settings, so you may not be used to such formalities. Get to know the dos and don'ts, what to expect in the courtroom and who might be there. It can make it easier to understand what's going on.
How to behave in in a courtroom
If you have never been in a courtroom before, here are a few Dos and Don'ts to consider.
- Dress appropriately for a formal environment or a job interview
- Stand when the judge enters and leaves the courtroom
- Address the judge as 'Judge'
- Stand when speaking to the court
- Turn your mobile phone off or put it on silent
- Take notes if necessary
- Raise your voice in the courtroom
- Use a mobile device
- Eat food in the courtroom
- Take photos, videos or audio recordings during your hearing
- Interrupt others
- Chew gum
You will not be expected to know all of the courtroom formalities. You will be directed on what to do during the case. For example:
- The judge or clerk will tell you where to sit when you enter the courtroom.
- If you need a break you can ask the judge.
- The judge will give instructions on when people can speak. If someone is interrupting, it would be normal for the judge to tell them that they will get a chance to speak after.
What to expect in the courtroom
Family Law cases are heard in camera. This means they are heard in private to protect the privacy of the family. It does not mean they are filmed, videoed or recorded.
The legal language used in a courtroom can sometimes be difficult to understand. Here is a glossary of terms that may help explain things for you.
If you are representing yourself, you will be required to speak to the judge and answer questions yourself. | <urn:uuid:1635e382-b728-41ff-a873-dd940801283d> | CC-MAIN-2023-23 | https://services.courts.ie/Family-Law/preparing-for-family-law-court/what-happens-in-the-courtroom | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-23/segments/1685224647459.8/warc/CC-MAIN-20230531214247-20230601004247-00261.warc.gz | en | 0.950362 | 409 | 2.71875 | 3 |
An energy export boom is sweeping U.S. forests. The trees are fast becoming a crucial energy supply for European power producers seeking to meet the European Union’s goal for renewable energy use and carbon emissions reductions. Blending in biomass to coal-fired power stations is an increasingly popular strategy to meet the European targets, which call for renewable sources to meet 20 percent of energy demand by 2020 and for a 20 percent cut in greenhouse gas emissions from 1990 levels.
Experts in life-cycle analysis, however, question whether burning biomass to generate power does Earth’s atmosphere much good. That’s because trees harvested expressly for power generation—which European Commission–financed research suggests will provide at least two thirds of utilities’ biomass supply needs through 2030—potentially could have grown larger and absorbed more carbon from the atmosphere if they had been left unharvested.
Regulators appear to be listening. Late last year, the Commission’s European Environment Agency and the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency concluded independently that harvesting trees for power generation and biofuels production could actually raise atmospheric carbon levels in some cases. As a result, both Washington, D.C., and Brussels are reassessing how to count emissions from biomass combustion.
And yet, even with that policy challenge lurking, the biomass industry is quickly expanding, especially in the southeastern United States, where giant pelletizing plants are popping up to turn trees into a ready-to-burn export commodity. In 2011 the power company RWE, based in Essen, Germany, commissioned the world’s largest wood pellet plant, near Waycross, Ga. The plant dries, crushes, and presses wood from local pine tree plantations into 750 000 metric tons of pellets annually—all of it destined for RWE power stations in the Netherlands and the United Kingdom.
Meanwhile, Enviva, based in Bethesda, Md., is fashioning itself into a formidable supplier of wood fuel. At the close of 2011, the firm began shipping pellets from its plant in Ahoskie, N.C., which produces 350 000 metric tons per year. Enviva is now building a still larger facility nearby in Northampton County, N.C., and is planning another in Courtland, Va.
European utilities are lining up for the pellets. Enviva has a contract to supply 480 000 metric tons to Belgium-based Electrabel, a subsidiary of the Paris-based GDF Suez Group. And in February, Germany’s E.On signed a multiyear deal for 240 000 metric tons annually.
Power producers assert that blending biomass into coal at their plants reduces annual greenhouse gas emissions by displacing some fraction of their coal consumption. For example, RWE estimates that the pellets from its Georgia plant will “save” around 1 million metric tons of CO2 per year. Such claims are based on the assumption that biomass energy is fundamentally carbon neutral because the carbon emitted during combustion is sucked back out of the atmosphere when the biomass grows back. To date, most regulators have agreed with the endorsement of the Society of American Foresters. The society argued in the Journal of Forestry last year that this simple accounting is reasonable in the United States, where forest inventories have increased year over year since the 1930s.
But many life-cycle analysts say that a closer look reveals several flaws in biomass power’s zero-carbon designation. The biggest is an opportunity cost that comes with every tree that’s cut down: the additional carbon dioxide that the tree would have sequestered had it been left to grow instead. “If you’re cutting down trees and burning them, you’re reducing your carbon [sequestering] stock,” says Eric Johnson, editor of the Environmental Impact Assessment Review.
Even where net reductions are likely, they may be delayed by decades. A February 2012 study commissioned by the National Wildlife Federation and the Southern Environmental Law Center, modeled proposed biomass expansions in the southeastern United States. In the study scenario, export-driven pellet production jumps from nearly 1.8 million metric tons to more than 3 million metric tons, while the number of local biomass power plants—burning mostly forestry leftovers and other waste biomass—more than doubles from 17 to 39. The study projected that new trees would need 35 to 50 years to recover the carbon dioxide emitted from the increase in biomass consumption.
Similar case studies estimate that biomass payback will come slower still for trees harvested from slower-growing northern forests.
Delayed carbon reductions represent a policy conundrum for biomass power generation, which competes against other renewable energy sources like photovoltaics and wind power. Solar and wind pay back the carbon debt from their manufacture and installation in just 5 to 10 years. And fast-acting climate solutions are more valuable, because most climate scientists agree that global temperature change should be kept under 2 °C to minimize extreme impacts predicted by models, such as blistering heat waves and radical shifts in precipitation.
It’s no surprise, then, that while the biomass power industry booms, international standards bodies and regulators are beginning to take a second look at its environmental bottom line. | <urn:uuid:f5d9d49b-389d-48d2-b21d-10c948347e5e> | CC-MAIN-2014-52 | http://spectrum.ieee.org/energy/renewables/europe-looks-to-north-americas-forests-to-meet-renewable-energy-goals | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2014-52/segments/1418802773061.155/warc/CC-MAIN-20141217075253-00049-ip-10-231-17-201.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.941584 | 1,058 | 3.078125 | 3 |
There is furore across the land as Africa’s most populous country, Nigeria has overtaken India as the country with the largest number of people living in extreme poverty.
The report issued by the World Poverty Clock said extreme poverty in Nigeria is growing by six people every minute, the highest number in the world.
Conversely, India unlike Nigeria is witnessing a decline in its level of extreme poverty.
The new report said at the end of May 2018, Nigeria had an estimated 87 million people in extreme poverty, compared to India’s 73 million.
According to the survey, in Africa the Democratic Republic of the Congo (D.R Congo) may soon overtake India as number two, while Africa may be home to additional 3.2 million people living in extreme poverty by the end of 2018.
With the report, the United Nations’ Sustainable Development Goal (SDG) to end extreme poverty by 2030 may be unattainable even as Africa faces major population increase.
According to the United Nations (UN), by 2050 around 2.2 billion people could be added to the global population and more than half of that growth will come from Africa.
It also predicts that Nigeria will become the world’s third largest country by then.
The World Poverty Clock report also states that of the 10 countries on this extreme poverty list, only Ethiopia is on track to meet the UN SDG of ending extreme poverty by 2030.
It also says outside the top 10, only Ghana and Mauritania are on track with the target.
See the list of top 10 extremely poor countries below.
Nigeria leads with 86.9 million people and is closely followed by D.R Congo with 60.9 million people.
Ethiopia is next with 23.9 million people, followed by Tanzania with 19.9 million.
Mozambique comes next with 17.8 million while Kenya has 14.7 million people living in extreme poverty.
The least four are Uganda, South Africa, South Sudan and Zambia with 14.2, 13.8, 11.4 and 9.5 respectively.
Source: Channels TV | <urn:uuid:72c37f94-ec96-4885-9d44-427ed37c0ed6> | CC-MAIN-2021-21 | https://maritimebits.com.ng/furore-as-nigeria-overtakes-india-in-worlds-extreme-poverty-ranking/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-21/segments/1620243991428.43/warc/CC-MAIN-20210514152803-20210514182803-00223.warc.gz | en | 0.949723 | 439 | 2.625 | 3 |
Are We Alone in the Universe
If you’re like millions of people, you look up at the night sky and you ask, “Are we alone in the universe?” Not surprisingly, scientists are looking for the answer. But how are they looking? And what are they looking for?
Why It Matters
For nearly all of Earth history, life was simple, single-celled. You wouldn’t know it was there unless you had a microscope. It would certainly be hard to detect from a far-off planet! Yet scientists are looking for signs of life on other planets and moons in our solar system. Some scientists are even looking for life in other solar systems. Looking for intelligent life may be easier than finding microbes. So far, with all this looking, no one has found any aliens. But there are lots more places and ways to look.
With the link below, learn more about the search for extraterrestrial life. Then answer the following questions.
- Sci Show. Astrobiology and the Search for Alien Life: http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=cuZrQUY5AF4
- What do astrobiologists study?
- What are the two major topics that astrobiologists study?
- What are two reasons that scientists think that planets or moons with water are the most likely to have life?
- How do astronomers tell if a planet in another solar system has water?
- How do SETI-project scientists look for life? What type of life are they looking for?
- As yet scientists have not found life elsewhere in the universe? Do you think they will in your lifetime? | <urn:uuid:74389004-b3e4-4be4-8317-6426136c59a0> | CC-MAIN-2016-22 | http://www.ck12.org/earth-science/Exoplanets/rwa/Are-We-Alone-in-the-Universe/r2/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-22/segments/1464056639771.99/warc/CC-MAIN-20160524022359-00196-ip-10-185-217-139.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.949176 | 344 | 2.984375 | 3 |
James Clay's presentation from the Future of Technology in Education 2011. …
James Clay's presentation from the Future of Technology in Education 2011.
In many institutions the structures, processes and procedures we have in place are there for many reasons; these may be for security, safety, financial, prevention, health and safety. Often change is blocked by these same reasons; reasons that exist because of politics, inertia and because we have always done it that way. It is easier not to change.
The result is that learners can often find that their learning experience is one of challenges, difficulties and frustration. Institutions that listen and act on the voice of their learners can find that students can be agents of change. | <urn:uuid:c5cd5676-fa22-413c-8cd1-e97afce5e594> | CC-MAIN-2015-06 | http://www.slideshare.net/jamesclay/agents-of-change-fotie-2011-9620534 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2015-06/segments/1422115862207.44/warc/CC-MAIN-20150124161102-00216-ip-10-180-212-252.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.969541 | 142 | 2.625 | 3 |
The Threat of COVID19 What Face Are African Youth Putting on Social Media
William Jackson, M.Ed.
Sponsor of African WordCamp, KidsCamp and EdCamp Conferences
Listening to the recent Webinars directed at women
leadership on the African continent by women is vital
to providing girls and women opportunities for safety,
access to medical care, equitable educational access,
integration of STEM, STEAM, STREAM to build the
continent of Africa to be a leadership role model
for the world. The United States administration is
many cases should be modeling what is going on in Africa.
Using the hashtag #VirtualConferenceAfrica listening to
young ladies like Natasha Wang Mwansa of Lusaka, Zambia
https://twitter.com/TashaWangMwansa and her inspiring
knowledge and seeing her energy is phenomenal.
Thanks to https://Africa.com/ and the leadership of
Teresa H. Clarke, Chair and CEO of Africa.com
This session “Women are Providing to Be Great Leaders
During COVID-19. Is the Pathway to Power?
The global pandemic has affected billions of people around
the planet. The majority of news agencies have been reporting
strategies similar to war-time to slow the progression of
this deadly disease.
Africa has not been spared from this murderous event, and
families, communities, cities and nations are self-isolating
themselves in historic numbers. The development of digital
technologies designed to allow for communication and
connections are inspiring African youth in creating content
that shares their feelings, ideas, creativity and innovation.
The increase in young African bloggers are building digital
influencers that are sharing necessary skills of using tech to
build new monetary streams of income to support their
families. Digital platforms are allowing youth to communicate
on platforms that offer chances to change behaviors, influence
thinking and bring information to mobile devices that can
potentially save lives.
The world is a global market place for intellectual sharing,
African youth are learning that careers and growth are coming
from intellectual content development not through traditional
lifestyles of agriculture and farming.
So much is based on intellectual design that even the US
government is monitoring content from Africa. Not allowing
Africans to travel to the US because of perceived security
issues that are false is making America look foolish.
African young people are building business relationships
that challenge the thinking, creativity and innovative
designs to build beyond what is seen to what can be
dreamed. As a parent and experiences as a Social Media
advocate, blogger and speaker I encourage youth to follow
their dreams and explore new opportunities to network,
collaborate, share and build.
Not to be afraid to learn and then apply that learning
in business and entrepreneurism. Not to be scared to
fail because failure builds courage, experience and drives
the desire to succeed.
The recent online webinars, “Leadership In Times of Crisis,
Crafting Strategy in the Face of Uncertainty” and “This Isn’t
the West – How Africa’s Informal Sector Reacts to COVID-19.”
Showing African youth and adults that success is there, they
have to work smarter for it.
African parents are the first role models, the first educators,
the first mentors and teachers for their children. So parents
need to remember if they are not teaching their children they
are putting them behind others that are teaching their children
to value of education, creativity and innovation.
African parents must consider “What Face Are African Youth
Putting on Social Media” and the consequences that will follow
both good and bad. Parents should be proactive as much as
possible and set realistic expectations for behaviors online,
have honest discussions with their children about the potential
The Internet is a representation of life, there is good, bad, evil
and places where youth, teens and young adults should not go.
There are places of encouragement, collaboration, cooperation,
safety, building foundations for Professional Learning Networks
(PLN) and Professional Learning Communities (PLC) that provide
African youth a foundation with mentors and role models that
can be found on the recent webinars.
The future greatness of Africa has always been reliant on it’s
youth, teens and young adults to learn, grow and be engaged
in all processes to build Africa. To dream the dreams of
innovation, discovery, research, building communities of
prosperity and providing new streams of business, ecommerce,
building of progressive growth and Africa preparing for the future.
COVID19 may just be the push Africa needs for it to see greatness
in the future and global influences in multiple influences
around the world.
Natasha Wang Mwansa of Lusaka, Zambia has made reference
for African youth, teens and young adults to take advantage
of these times for growth to be the future leaders Africa
will need in the future. Education is the key and governments
must be willing to allow African youth to contribute and do
the necessary works to make societal improvements.
To follow the discussion: https://VirtualConferenceAfrica.com/ | <urn:uuid:20d7e32d-f43c-41de-a2fe-8c4e401a9563> | CC-MAIN-2022-49 | https://myquesttoteach.com/2020/05/14/the-threat-of-covid19-what-face-are-african-youth-putting-on-social-media/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-49/segments/1669446710974.36/warc/CC-MAIN-20221204140455-20221204170455-00188.warc.gz | en | 0.908065 | 1,124 | 2.59375 | 3 |
The agapanthus belongs to the Agapanthoideae family and in turn to a subfamilial group of monocotyledons that are part of the order of the Asparagales plants that only have one only genus called Agapanthus L’Hér.
They are herbaceous plants, that is to say, that the stem has not produced a woody structure having the size it has, besides this they are plants that have rhizomes since their deep stems have no leaves and their texture is rough.
According to modern systems that are used to classify different types of species, it could be denoted in 2003 that agapanthus belongs to the sensu lato subfamily such as acacia , but in 2009 the membership of this genus of plants was confirmed. subfamily of the Agapanthoideae.
Description of the agapanthus
The agapanthus plant is very strong and comes from South Africa, has a characteristic that makes them recognize easily and is because it has sheets in the form of tapes which are flattened and very thick.
It has an inflorescence in the shape of an umbrela, meaning that its flowers are born from the stem but in the form of an open cluster with umbrella-shaped rods and with the ovary on top of the flower.
It can have a period of life greater than 2 years, they are rhizomes since their deep stems have no leaves and their texture is rough, in addition to being very tight, they are elongated, flat and with similar sides.
Their flowers are symmetrical as far as their radius is concerned, what can be called as actinomorphs, they have whorls of feminine and masculine gender which are white and blue and of big size and with 6 petals that covers the sexual organ of the flower.
The fruit of this plant is a kind of wrap which is found in the inflorescence which is covered by small stronger leaves and which are joined together around it.
As for the chemical processes that this plant has, it can be said that all the species of the agapanthus are producers of a type of mixture that they make to defend themselves from certain insects that usually eat parts of them, such as leaves or stems.
The agapanthus also present the quality of generating a substance that allows you to prevent fungi from growing and even killing them to avoid getting sick, thus allowing this beautiful plant to last in a tranquil way throughout its life.
Its name comes from the Greek agape which means love and the anthos meaning flower, so the translation of its name would be something like flower of love.
In some English countries it is called African Lily or by another common name like Blue Lily, in the Flemish language of South Africa known as Afrikaans is known as bloulelie and also as agapant. In Spanish-speaking countries it is known as African lily or also as blue tuberosa, but its most popular name is agapanthus.
Distribution and habitat of agapanthus
The Agapanthus is a type of plant that is native to the South African region such as the Freesia refracta , where the agapanthus that are evergreen, that is, that their leaves last for a long time can be obtained in the areas where there are winter rains in The area of the Cape in the eastern and western provinces, where once a year can change some of its leaves that are born from the tip of its stem. Those that are called deciduous, that is, those that shed their leaves in certain seasons of the year can be found in the regions where there are summer rains east of the Cape, as well as in Limpopo, Lesotho, KwaZulu-Natal, Swaziland and the free state of Orange.
Reproduction of the agapanthus
Agapanthus have the facility to grow and multiply by itself when it is already installed in a specific place, but the reproduction of agapanthus can also be done manually by planting it mainly during the spring or using agapanthus seeds , but in this way they can spend a considerable amount of time so that it can grow fully and flourish correctly.
To do it manually you just have to choose the agapanto of your choice, since among them there is a very large variety as its size since there are large and small, they have flowers of different colors that can go from white to pass through colors like pink and blue until you reach purple.
Agapanthus can be used for different types of decoration as in gardens, so the ideal is to choose an ideal place for your location before thinking of a large space for its growth to be prosperous, emphasizing that it can stand to be directly in the sun or in places with some shade, but if it is very sheltered, it will flower in less quantity but can withstand extreme cold climates. For an ideal crop it should be understood that although this plant can support almost all kinds of land, it is best to use one where it has good fertilization with organic aggregates such as compost.
The next thing is to plant the rhizomes of the plant, remembering that these are the deep stems that are devoid of leaves, which can be planted grouped or in rows very close to each other with the final shape that we want you to have. After this, it is very important to know the care of agapanthus, so it is important to know that this plant should be watered regularly as it begins to grow, tolerating little watering compared to others who need it more often, as this can have a good growth even in very hot summers.
While you are watching the development of agapanthus, it is recommended to use fertilizers or additives that release your product slowly at the end of winter and at the beginning of the spring season. It is also important to prune the flowers after flowering as this helps the plant save forces for the next outcrop season and thus decrease that this unintentionally multiplies by the seeds along the garden or field you want to decorate, without leave the stems and leaves dry.
Species of the Agapanthus
All plants of the agapanthus genus have similar characteristics despite being so different in several aspects, as is the case of their deep and thick stems, as well as their leaves that are long and in the form of loops which present inflorescences in the form of umbels. , which means that it is similar to an umbrella on the top of some branches are higher than its leaves. A botanist of French origin and whose name was Leighton in 1965 wrote a report in which he reported 10 species of agapanthus, where 4 of them had the advantage of keeping their leaves for a long time and the remaining 6 were deciduous. that their leaves fell during certain times of the year.
Many studies have shown that agapanthus have several species that can be categorized by subspecies that as previously said, are divided into evergreen or deciduous where some of them have different subspecies, and even mixtures between them that have turned the universe of these plants in a varied range of this genre. Among them we can find the following:
The agapanthus campanulatus is the most recognized species worldwide and is the source of most mixtures, which are known as Agapanthus campanulatus Headbourne and this is due to its attractive inflorescences. Of the species of this genus, this is the plant, which can reach a height of up to 1 m. When deciduous they lose their leaves in winter and you spend this time of the year with a silhouette similar to the rhizomes, which are characterized by not having leaves and then bloom again when the summer season arrives.
From this genus of agapanthus plants there are some variations among which we can recognize as:
It is a plant native to Africa that can reach 80 centimeters high and 50 centimeters wide. It is an agapanto that can get to lose all its leaves in winter but at other times it does not lose them in its entirety. You can live on land with little care but you can also survive on well-hydrated soils, as well as in very strong climates that can reach up to 15º C below zero. Its ideal climates are where there are climates not so cold or so hot, although it can survive under dry climates and near coasts.
This agapanthus presents white flowers in the form of balls and they are located at the end of these plants in which they are in the umbel, that is to say, they look like an umbrella, which have a brilliant effect. This kind of agapanthus are used in pots or placed in gardens, these can be adapted to drought climates, so their flowers will be born between the time when spring ends and at the end of summer. At the end of flowering the ideal thing is to eliminate the dry stem and add organic compound in the autumn season and when winter arrives the plant should be protected from very cold currents if it is in frozen areas.
This species of agapanthus is a plant that does not lose its leaves, besides having thick roots where a lot of nutrients are stored, with very thin leaves; This plant can measure about 30 centimeters and has a very strong green color. Like the other agapanthus they gather in umbels that stand out from their leaves like small stems where their flowering has blue pigmentation like Orchids.
This plant is used in gardens of different sizes as well as in places where there is not much water. This plant must be paid at least monthly while in the spring season and during the summer.
Agapanthus has no problems getting sick or even being a victim of pests, but this does not mean that care is lost because if there are snails, it is best to place special pesticides.
The agapanthus inapertus is a plant that is characterized by having deciduous leaves which is native to South African regions, its flowering is blue pigmentation of a somewhat strong intensity, and these are born while it is the summer season.
Agapanthus praecox is a plant very similar to agapanthus inapertus with the only difference that its leaves do not fall in the winter but its intense blue color is very similar.
The africanus agapanthus to which he could also identify as Agapanthus umbellatus , is Spanish will be appointed as African lily and even as an African agapanthus is native to South Africa, but also in other regions as it is widely used as an ornament. It can measure between 10 cm and 35 cm high and about 2 cm in diameter. It has an umbel that oscillates with about 30 intense blue flowers that can measure up to 5 cm wide.
This plant has a wide variety of colors among which you can find the most commonly recognized white, but there is also the orange Agapanthus and among its gamma is also the pink Agapanthus which could be recognized as Alba Roseus, which It is the one with the closest pink color, but this pigmentation only occurs when the white bloom is old. Despite the fact that these colors are very striking, the most frequent color is blue, when using them as an ornament they give an atmosphere of tranquility and serenity.
Cultivation techniques of Agapanthus
The most common and widely propagated Agapanthus plants are those with evergreen leaves and much larger spikes than the deciduous ones.
It is very important to know that at the moment we acquire the plant, we are dealing with a deciduous or perennial plant species, since we have to take into account the necessary requirements for its cultivation, which allows us to treat it as much as possible. , because they are very delicate plants that do not support much manipulation when transplanted.
Deciduous Agapanthus plants can be grown year-round in open spaces and in the growing area the temperature does not drop below 0 ° C, and if this is the case it will be enough to protect them with leaves or peat to ensure survival of the roots. However, in a situation of risk due to cold, the pot should be moved to a dark place and well prepared for this type of temperature.
Therefore the risks in both cases should be limited, and have at hand the necessary resources to not allow the cultivation area to dry completely. However, if the Agapanthus in pots is located in the open sky, it should also be protected with a transparent plastic.
The evergreen Agapanthus can not be grown outdoors, only in areas where frost is less frequent and lasting. In case they are in places exposed to the cold it is advisable to plant them in a pot and not directly on the ground and give them extreme protection during the winter season. They can only be planted outdoors, in areas where their winter temperature does not drop below -2 ° C, because due to exposure to cold, their leaves will suffer irreparable damage, acquire a yellowish color and fall off; however, its roots manage to overcome these temperatures.
The agapanthus plant can usually be sold directly in pots, and its transplantation can only be done at the end of the spring season. Considering that these plants are intolerant to be transplanted, it is important to emphasize that at the time of cultivation they should be placed at a prudential distance from each other at least 60 cm apart for medium-sized plantars. In this way, avoid further transplants as much as possible for at least 3 to 4 years.
When spring begins and we are sure that there are no risks due to frost, the Agapanthus can now be transplanted outdoors and thus removed from winter protected areas. When we plant the roots, they should be at least 8 centimeters deep, placing only one agapanthus per pot of approximately 20 cm, and no more than 2 in a pot that measures 25 cm in diameter. It must be taken into account that this plant produces new plant in the base.
As for the substratum, in order to make it of quality to have a good part of fertile land, one of peat and one of earth, take care that they are all equal parts, make sure to place carefully in the bottom of the pot many pieces of compact earth or mud, necessary so that a good drainage of the water is formed in the irrigation.
Once the first buds of Agapanthus re-emerge, the pot with the plant should be protected in a good place and watered with prudence. In the course of that time, it is During this period it is appropriate to place fertilizer every two to three weeks, for this we will use a fertilizer that is liquid and properly dissolved in the irrigation water.
In general, keeping Agapanthus plants in sunny places is the most beneficial, however, it would be preferable not to expose them directly to the sun’s rays during the hottest hours of the day. The Agapanthus plant in its growing period and in the spring season and during the summer, have to be watered abundantly but without reaching the excesses, and always taking into account that the substrate must be allowed to dry between each irrigation. However, during the other seasons they should be watered less frequently, but always taking care that the soil does not dry out completely.
Agapanthus plants do not tolerate manipulations, so transplants must be carried out sporadically, only when it is really necessary, as in the case of the pot insufficient in size and too small to support the plant that has changed and is growing
To conserve a plant with a beautiful flowering and a dense foliage, it is important to apply its fertilizer from the spring, using a fertilizer in liquid form that must be diluted in the irrigation water at least every 2 to 3 weeks, until they begin to see the new shoots. We must know that the pruning of agapanthus is not really necessary, for its care only the leaves and flowers that have dried up over time will be eliminated, thus preventing them from becoming carriers of parasitic diseases causing irreparable damage.
The Agapanthus, being a plant that benefits greatly from the sun’s rays, also has an excellent use implanted in pots, they are special for decorations of gardens or terraces.
For potting, it is appropriate to use one of approximately one gallon or perhaps even larger, with enough space where you can mix 60% of fertilized and prepared soil for cultivation and 40% of sand, for which it is recommended to wash it and sift it to eliminate its high salt content. The sand is used for drainage. It is advisable to check the pot and make sure it has a hole in the bottom, this will avoid excess water and humidity.
When the spring season starts it is advisable to place the plant outdoors in a place where it is exposed to enough light. However, when the frost is due to cover the plant with a cloth or plastic with air bubbles or finally with a cloth bag. The Agapntho plants should be watered regularly during the months of April and September, and between the months of May to August it is recommended to put small amounts of fertilizer at least once a month.
One of the most common and natural fertilizers are the grains made with cow dung, also those that contain NPK grains or compound with Nitrogen, Phosphorus and Potassium. The latter are available in local gardening shops, with their corresponding instructions for their use. Since the use of a lot of nitrogen would bring a rapid growth of its foliage and less growth of flowers.
After its flowering it can be left only until the frosts begin. If the temperature reaches -5 ° C it can be harmful for the plant, so it is recommended in these cases to keep it indoors at a temperature of approximately 8 ° C., But if your plant is used as a ground cover, it can not logically be used. move inside, so you should protect it with a thick layer of leaves or straw and cover it with plastic. It is not recommended, nor necessary to water the plant in winter, so we will prevent the plant from freezing due to the cold.
Plagues and diseases
Agapanthus is not a plant that is subject to pests and diseases. Generally they have some common enemies that are the snails, these are totally harmful for the green parts of the plant since it usually devours the leaves almost in its entirety. Sometimes they can not be visualized with the naked eye, so they can be eradicated using a special poison that can be purchased in the nurseries, but yes, be sure to take the necessary precautions to avoid damaging the plant when placing it.
This plant of Agapanthus can occasionally be affected also in the winter season, or in areas that have extreme humidity, this would cause the appearance of decay in its leaves. This propagation can be eliminated by cutting the infected leaves, and controlling the risks and excess moisture that cause such rot. There are several techniques for the elimination of pests in these plants, but the safest and most natural is controlling the cause of the appearance of these diseases.
When handling Agapanthus plants it is advisable to use gloves because they contain toxic substances that could cause irritation of the skin and mucous membranes.
Curiosities of the Agapanthus
- The flowers of Agapanthus as well as other beautiful flowers such as Delphinium belladonna are much appreciated as a floral ornament. It has a special elegance along the length of its stem that ends in a rounded cocoon and that gives that beautiful touch to all its floral set.
- These beautiful flowers of Agapanthus are easily found in florists throughout the year, although their flowering season in the northern hemisphere takes place between the months of May to September.
- Agapnathus plant is also known as Lily of the Nile, is a plant native to South Africa.
- As an ornamental or ornamental plant, it can be achieved with more frequencies in urban, medium and large urban gardening. The curious thing about this plant is that in hot climates, its behavior is rustic and does not require much maintenance, just remove its flowers and leaves dry.
- Generally it should be located in some area of the garden in full sun, but perhaps a little shade would not hurt.
- Its flowering is delayed, it can stay in the plant until almost two months.
- Although we speculate saying that it blooms from the months of May to September, but really its best time of flowering is ending the month of August.
- The flowers of Agapanthus are usually white and blue with soft shades of purple.
- A technique so that our Agapanthus flowers can last longer in the vase, we must cut the base of its floral, approximately one or two centimeters. It is advisable to make a cut in a biased way so that you have more contact with the water.
- You should change the water at least every two or three days, that will be enough, we can also put a conservator of flowers, this would be much better. | <urn:uuid:22c54103-2992-4ae8-b85b-1d77229a7d10> | CC-MAIN-2019-04 | https://remarkablog.com/agapanthus/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-04/segments/1547583705091.62/warc/CC-MAIN-20190120082608-20190120104608-00530.warc.gz | en | 0.973951 | 4,325 | 3.015625 | 3 |
Nutrition tips for healthy eating
Why does healthy eating seem so complicated? On a regular basis, you may be inundated with conflicting diet advice and nutrition misconceptions. Eating healthy doesn’t have to feel overwhelming. Here, you’ll find some guidance on ways that may effectively cut calories, tips on mindful eating and helpful suggestions on how to spend less on healthy foods.
What is a healthy diet?
Healthy eating is about balance. Following a healthy diet may improve your mood, may give you more energy and might feed your body good nutrients. According to the CDC, a healthy eating plan:1
- Emphasizes fruits, vegetables, whole grains
- Emphasizes fruits, vegetables, whole grains, and fat-free or low-fat milk and milk products
- Includes lean meats, poultry, fish, beans, eggs, and nuts
- Is low in saturated fats, trans fats, cholesterol, salt (sodium), and added sugars
- Stays within your daily calorie needs
You can enjoy your favorite comfort foods in moderation — even foods that might feel decadent, like desserts. However, the key may be to eat them only occasionally and balance them with healthy foods and physical activity.1
What are dietary guidelines?
Have you ever wondered how many fruits, vegetables and grain-based foods you should eat per day? Are you curious what a healthy eating pattern might include? Luckily, there are guidelines that are updated every year that are intended to help you understand healthy options (and why they’re healthy).
What are some calorie-cutting tips?
In order to lose weight, you may need to burn more calories than you take in. How do you cut calories from your diet, though, without feeling like may be missing out? Here’s a second tip: You may be able to make a change by rethinking how you eat.
What is mindful eating?
What you eat may be nearly as important as how you eat. Mindful eating is not a diet. It’s about slowing down and becoming aware of how you experience food.
Why am I so tired? How can I feel more energetic?
Instead of fueling up on coffee in the morning or eating a sugary snack mid-day, try this 4-week plan and recharge the natural way.
What is the Mediterranean diet meal plan?
The Mediterranean diet has been linked to improved heart health and is recommended by the Dietary Guidelines for Americans to help prevent chronic disease.2 See why this style of eating may be so popular in the Mediterranean countries of Greece, Spain, France and Italy—and why so many Americans may be falling in love with it, too.
How can I eat healthy on a budget?
With a little planning and creativity, you might be able to work healthier foods into your diet. See how you can save money by creating weekly menus and shopping a little differently, too. | <urn:uuid:6c79dca4-950e-4953-af57-1423727f05ce> | CC-MAIN-2021-49 | https://www.uhc.com/health-and-wellness/nutrition | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-49/segments/1637964363420.81/warc/CC-MAIN-20211207232140-20211208022140-00066.warc.gz | en | 0.953947 | 598 | 3.0625 | 3 |
Do not attempt to re-tell the book. Read further for when this information would be relevant. Write the Thesis Write one sentence that expresses the aspect of the literary analysis that you are discussing and your interpretation of it. Next, I explain that my opinion is correct with several key reasons.
You have to present arguments in support of a certain opinion. The simplest introduction includes things about the character which are relevant but not closely related to the developed discussion in your paper.
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The point is that having studied all materials and information sources it is possible to write a more persuasive introduction. Your analysis essay topic should be interesting both for you and your professor.
Of course, the latter option is more preferable as you can choose the topic you are interested in. There you should present a number of arguments and counter-arguments, i.
The deeper your analysis, the better your analysis essay writing will be. This section should also identify the sub-topics in the thesis and the order in which the sub-topics will be discussed in the critique.
It can direct your research and your argument so that your essay is tight, focused, and makes readers think. For example, with an informative essay, you should compose an informative thesis rather than argumentative. Amazing essays our future generation essays. Conversely, the formula for a thesis with only one point might follow this template: Refer to other publications that have similar premises and conclusions as yours.
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The thesis is the main assertion or argument of your critique and should express those ideas in a clear and concise way.
So, you can analyze peculiarities of the US economy in different times and epochs, or study some important social issues. Introductions pull the reader in and establish the background and organization for the entire paper. Topics can vary depending on your majors. However, they need to remember the importance of an introduction to their paper.
The final sentence of the first paragraph is usually the thesis sentence. It essentially presents an argument or an interpretation about that work. So, for example, if you are writing about historic events or a social issue you do not only describe it. Teachers will have different preferences for the precise location of the thesis, but a good rule of thumb is in the introduction paragraph, within the last two or three sentences.
Consideration of others essay writing social policy ireland essays on love town and country lovers essay writer writing an introduction narrative essay? Besides, it is possible to analyze essay outline and structure. Can you imagine having only five paragraphs in a six-page paper?HOW TO WRITE A LITERARY ANALYSIS ESSAY A character analysis of the Duke reveals that through for a word essay) that support your thesis statement.
Good literary analysis essays contain an explanation.
Do you find it hard to cope with the character analysis essay? From Hamlet character analysis to character bio template, we'll explain how to succeed. A character analysis essay is more than looking into the character but also looking into the character’s personality, Thesis Statement; Tips for Writing an Admission Essay.
Character Analysis thesis statement. Examples of thesis statement for an Character Analysis essay. bsaconcordia.com Custom Essay Writing Service. Custom Essay / Thesis statement / Character Analysis essay / How to write a Character Analysis Essay.
Character Analysis Essay Examples. Developing a clear, concise thesis for a literary analysis essay is highly important in guiding the reader through the essay and expressing your interpretation of the work. There is much preliminary work to do before actually writing the thesis.
Whether you’re writing an argumentative, informative, or a comparative paper, we have some tips for you on how to write a strong thesis statement. Menu. Home; there are different types of thesis statements. The thesis should match the essay. as is made clear through the struggles the main characters face in each book.
In this thesis. How do I form a thesis statement for a literary analysis essay? Update Cancel. ad by Jira Software, Atlassian. P2Discuss backgrounds of characters, allude to war and use quotes from text.
P3 Take of hendonism, ennui, excess and depression How do you write a thesis statement in essay writing terms? Please provide an example for a thesis.Download | <urn:uuid:f4c2c5c8-730c-4587-b9e9-9bb6ba5b12fd> | CC-MAIN-2018-51 | http://wozuqabucofilyl.bsaconcordia.com/how-to-write-a-thesis-statement-for-a-character-analysis-essay-7048570485.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-51/segments/1544376828318.79/warc/CC-MAIN-20181217042727-20181217064727-00523.warc.gz | en | 0.897053 | 1,034 | 2.515625 | 3 |
This lesson involves characteristics of the different types of communities (rural, urban, and suburban) on a second-grade level.
What are the characteristics of suburban, urban, and rural communities?
Other Instructional Materials or Notes:
If students are 1 to 1 with ipads, it will be easier to use the Padlet. If not, the teacher can type from their computer.
- 2-1 The student will demonstrate an understanding of the local community as well as the fact that geography influences not only the development of communities but also the interactions between people and the environment.
- 2-1.0 Geography influences the development of communities. To understand the connections between communities and the environment, the student will utilize the knowledge and skills set forth in the following indicators:
Lesson Created By: ErinWatson | <urn:uuid:82a624a3-1a0d-4aec-b0dd-762ccc55cb9d> | CC-MAIN-2021-17 | https://www.knowitall.org/lessons/three-different-types-communities-urban-suburban-and-rural | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-17/segments/1618039490226.78/warc/CC-MAIN-20210420183658-20210420213658-00234.warc.gz | en | 0.923814 | 168 | 4.03125 | 4 |
Source: , Mark Puliafico, Andy Johnson, and Jason Koerth for the NMC Teat Health Committee, edited by John Middleton and Eric Hillerton
The rate of new intramammary infections is related to a number of variables, not least of which is exposure of the teat end to mastitis-causing pathogens. These potential pathogens can be found in the cow’s environment, inside milking unit liners, colonizing or contaminating normal teat skin (especially near the orifice), or in colonized or infected teat skin lesions, e.g. abrasions, wounds, or fly bites. Disinfecting teats immediately after milking cluster removal at every milking kills a significant proportion of the potential pathogens on the teats, aids in healing of teat skin lesions, and helps optimize skin condition. This in turn reduces the chance of pathogens entering the mammary gland.
Post-milking teat disinfection is especially effective at reducing the number of pathogens associated with contagious mastitis, e.g. Staphylococcus aureus and Streptococcus agalactiae. While milking procedures can facilitate the spread of any type of mastitis pathogen, Staphylococcus aureus and Streptococcus agalactiae primarily spread from cow-to-cow during the milking process. Staphylococcus aureus, Streptococcus dysgalactiae and Trueperella pyogenes readily colonize teat skin lesions. Effectiveness of controlling infection with different mastitis-causing pathogens will vary according to the product being used. It has long been considered that post-milking teat disinfection may be less effective in reducing the new infection rate with “environmental” pathogens, such as coliforms and Streptococcus spp. other than Streptococcus agalactiae, e.g. Streptococcus dysgalactiae. Various products have approved claims to control some of these environmental pathogens. Hence, one should always consult the product label when selecting products to control a particular pathogen type. Notably, control of environmental pathogens should also be focused on other management practices, such as maintaining cows in a clean, dry environment, good pre-milking hygiene, and using milking machines designed, installed and operating to specification and appropriate standards. Even in well-managed herds where somatic cell counts are low, milking technicians should continue post-milking teat disinfection as a routine part of milking procedures.
Post-milking teat disinfectants can also be formulated to address specific environmental or weather conditions.
This Fact Sheet will address various types of post-milking teat disinfectants. Always thoroughly review manufacturer label claims and directions for mixing, use, and storage prior to deciding if a product is right for your farm.
The rate of new intramammary infections can be reduced by 70% or more by disinfecting all teats of all cows with an effective product immediately after every milking, compared with no disinfection. Teat disinfection does not affect existing mammary gland infections, but may reduce colonization of the teat end by mastitis pathogens and thus reduce the chance of new intramammary infections. Existing subclinical intramammary infections are best eliminated by antimicrobial therapy during the dry period or by culling chronically infected cows. Post-milking teat disinfection is an important step in preventing new intramammary infections and thus reducing the prevalence of mastitis in a dairy herd over the long term. Consistent application of post-milking teat disinfectants along with other milking time hygiene procedures and housing cows in a clean environment will lead to improvements in udder health, including fewer cases of clinical mastitis and/or lower herd somatic cell counts.
Acceptable methods for applying post-milking teat disinfectants include dipping or spraying. Either method should be done in a manner that thoroughly covers the entirety of all four teats. The disinfectant should be applied immediately after milking cluster removal at every milking.
Refer to NMC’s “Proper Storage and Handling of Teat Disinfectants” for additional information.
- Store teat disinfectants in cool, dry areas.
- Do not allow disinfectants to freeze.
- Keep containers closed to prevent contamination.
- Do not assume that all teat disinfectants will kill all pathogens. Some mastitis pathogens can survive in some disinfectants under certain conditions.
Instructions for use
- Follow manufacturer material safety data sheet (MSDS) and label instructions.
- Use teat disinfectants at the manufacturer recommended concentration.
- Do not dilute unless indicated on the label. If dilution is necessary, use the recommended type of water (e.g. pathogen-free, correct pH and hardness).
- Use a clean container for diluting and mixing the final product.
- Do not use expired product.
- Empty and clean disinfectant dip cups after every milking or if they become contaminated during milking.
- Ensure the supply of disinfectant is sufficient for the whole milking.
- Never pour used disinfectant back into the original container.
- Discard and replace damaged disinfectant dip cups.
- Only products that are formulated for spray application should be used in teat spray systems.
- Ensure the supply of disinfectant is sufficient for the whole milking.
- When manually applying the spray, use a lance or wand to extend the sprayer under the teats.
- Platform, fixed, or robotic sprayers should target the teats and provide complete coverage of all teats of all cows.
- The teat spray nozzle should provide spray droplets no less than 10 µm to limit inhalation and absorption by the operator.
Automated milking systems
- Only use products that are formulated to provide complete teat coverage when applied via AMS, noting that product application varies depending on type of AMS.
- Calibrate the system to achieve adequate coverage of all four teats.
- If any mixing or dilution of teat disinfectants is required, take the necessary steps to ensure that the products are mixed to the correct concentrations per manufacturer guidelines.
- Verify that the teat disinfectant is compatible with the materials of construction used in the delivery system.
Products to Use
Good teat disinfectants have efficacy against the major mastitis pathogens, are economical, easy to apply, and help maintain or promote good skin condition. Use only products that are registered or licensed with the appropriate regulatory authority in your jurisdiction. For example, the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) for the United States, the Veterinary Drugs Directorate (VDD) of Health Canada for Canada, or the European Medicines Evaluation Agency (EMEA) for Europe. In the United States, FDA regulates teat disinfectants as over-the-counter drugs and does not require proof of effectiveness. In contrast, in Canada, teat disinfection products must complete a full submission and approval process for veterinary drugs. This process includes evaluation of efficacy, safety, residue and manufacturing data. Products approved by the aforementioned agencies will generally claim to aid in the control of mastitis. Be aware of products that are attempting to mimic those that are registered, as well as unregistered or unlicensed products that may claim to be a disinfectant but have no label claim for mastitis control; avoid such products.
Dairy producers should request information from the manufacturer or supplier on the registration or licensing and results of controlled research studies showing efficacy
Testing Teat Disinfectants
Refer to NMC’s“Testing of Teat Disinfectants for Efficacy in Preventing Intramammary Infections” for additional information.
NMC recommends two methods for testing teat disinfectant efficacy or effectiveness. Efficacy is generally measured in controlled trials, whereas effectiveness usually refers to the product’s performance during its “real-world” application on the farm. Protocols for experimental challenge and natural exposure are described briefly below. NMC does not advocate for any efficacy trials using unapproved protocols.
Regulatory authorities in different jurisdictions will have specific requirements for registration or licensing. Approved products will have a license number, registration number, drug identification number or similar regulatory body approval designation that is shown on the container label.
Teat Disinfecting in Different Seasons
Barrier Teat Disinfectants
Barrier teat disinfectants are designed for use when environmental challenges pose a higher risk of intramammary infection to cows.
While NMC recognizes that there is no industry-wide definition for barrier teat disinfectants, in general, barrier disinfectants are designed to leave a protective barrier or film on teat ends and/or leave a plug in the teat canal. This film or barrier should remain intact over a period of time. The time period can range from approximately one hour to ensure the teat sphincter muscles have relaxed and closed post milking to the length of time between milkings. In addition, there are special barrier disinfectants that are used at dry off that last for several days.
Due to their film-forming properties, barrier disinfectants should not be applied to cows’ teats as a pre-milking disinfectant, as they are not easily removed with either paper or cloth towels and could leave a residue that would enter the milk stream. Most barrier disinfectants are unsuitable for spraying as they are too viscous and block spray nozzles. Barrier disinfectants should be tested for efficacy against common environmental pathogens, such as Escherichia coli, Klebsiella spp., and Streptococcus uberis.
Barrier disinfectants should also be tested for efficacy against common contagious mastitis pathogens, such as Staphylococcus aureus and Streptococcus agalactiae. Several barrier disinfectant products have proven effective in trials using NMC guidelines for testing efficacy of teat disinfectants.
Winter Teat Disinfectants
Winter disinfectants are designed for use in extreme winter weather conditions. Broadly, this relates to the changes in teat health caused by exposure to sub-freezing air temperatures, extreme wind chill, and changes in humidity. Cow housing system can be an important factor, as wind exposure can be greater in open-lot systems, whereas humidity levels may be higher in some confinement settings.
Cold temperatures cause the cow to use more of her energy to protect her body. Much like other animals (humans included), the energy is used to protect vital organs first. Further, blood flow to peripheral tissues is diminished to maintain body temperature. Cold temperatures also cause the skin to lose some of its natural oils and fatty acids, resulting in drying and chapping of skin.
Some winter teat disinfectants are formulated to improve skin condition by incorporating a minimum of 50% emollients. While these ingredients lower the freezing point of the teat disinfectant, they are not specifically included as a freeze point depressant. Even though the teat dips will not freeze at temperatures below the freezing point of water, this physical feature does not provide a protective barrier against cold temperatures. Hence, it is important to follow the manufacturer guidelines regarding use of teat disinfectant products during sub-freezing temperatures.
The wind chill chart below shows the relationship between ambient temperature, wind speed, and the risk of frostbite to human skin dependent on exposure time. Cows’ body temperature is slightly higher than humans, but the results are very similar.
There are two physical forms of winter teat disinfectants on the market today – liquids and powders, with liquid disinfectants being more common.
It is extremely important for the dairy producer to monitor weather conditions, as well as the animal’s housing environment during adverse cold conditions. This will be key to determining the type of post-milking disinfectant to use. As with any post-milking disinfectant, winter products should be tested for efficacy against common mastitis-causing organisms and should only be used according to manufacturer recommendations.
Recommendations for Avoiding Chapped or Frozen Teats in Cold Weather
- Disinfect all teats after every milking using a high emollient concentration product. Winter teat disinfectants with greater than 50% emollients may be useful in extreme conditions.
- Warm teat disinfectants during cold conditions to reduce drying time.
- Provide windbreaks for cows in outside areas.
- Closely monitor animals that have just calved; they are more susceptible to chapped and frozen teats.
- Monitor skin condition for chapping; refer to “NMC Teat Condition Portfolio.”
In warmer and dry conditions, such as summer, a lower emollient concentration may be used. In pasture systems at high latitudes, teats may be exposed to an excessive level of UV light during extended daylight lengths. A UV barrier teat disinfectant may be useful to minimize the risk of sunburn.
- Teat disinfection is an important part of the NMC mastitis control plan.
- Many new udder infections can be prevented with proper post-milking teat disinfection.
- Choose an appropriate teat disinfectant for the prevailing environmental and climatic conditions.
- Only use a product with proven efficacy or effectiveness.
- Handle teat disinfectants properly, as prescribed in the manufacturer’s MSDS.
- Use teat disinfectants at the manufacturer’s recommended concentration.
- Apply teat disinfectant to all teats of all cows immediately after every milking.
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1. Gamification ensures an equal in all fields
It has backed the idea that a game is intrinsically more appealing, engrossing, and exciting than other human pursuits. For at least the eighteenth century, education was the major sector to employ games for non-entertainment objectives.
Since 1820, the École Supérieure Diamond State Commerce in Paris has been disseminating “simulated trading,” which consists of placing its pupils in the position of merchants, competing for one against the other basically it gave a game-based learning advantage.
2. Setting the trend in business schools
Since the 1980s, the scope of educational games has been created in a variety of situations, including occupational training. It primarily targets adult audiences through what is now referred to as “serious games.” Serious game innovations in the education sector are specifically meant to impart data or abilities.
As a result, they strongly oppose video games, even if they can promote learning. As a major telecommunications provider and a large corporation, Orange confronts these games and the debates that surround them, both as part of its work on digital education and while coaching its staff.
1. The scope of Serious games in education :
Some thinkers argue that educational games are superior to universities for learning. Schooling is overly abstract and focused on theoretical information, which is so far removed from reality. Video games provide an alternative pedagogical paradigm that emphasizes the scope, the learner’s direct knowledge, and feedback loops that permit trial and error learning. Learner motivation is important.
2. The Mechanics behind combining games and education :
Motivation comes from the effects of training activity, not from the action itself. A game’s objective, on the other hand, is self-evident. Participating in the sport may be a goal in and of itself. In brief, it is considered that a game can depict undesirable behaviors as things that are in hot water for enjoyment. Failures, from this perspective, are learning experiences. We tend to test the boundaries of the game’s environment and learn the appropriate way to accomplish things through losing. The priority with video games, on the other hand, is that failure is less dangerous than in real life.
3. The urgency of linking serious games with education:
One will just restart the game. The accumulation of gaming in education structures begins. Because each level, each segment, builds on what was learned in prior levels, the vast majority of games increase in difficulty as the player goes, increasing the opportunities for action as the player continues to learn how to accomplish fundamental actions. Finally, gamers are explicitly encouraged to reflect on the benefits of gaming in education. They must associate with previous acts, which are frequently done in player communities. Games, like education, educate material in this way. However, games accomplish serious game innovation in the education sector through practice, whereas education, like its detractors, attempts to do so in an abstract manner.
Measuring the effects of games
Because of enhanced science performance and longer retention of science information, the educational benefits of serious games may facilitate learners’ comprehensive grasp of scientific concepts. The use of serious games in education was also found to be favorably connected to scientific learning performance. However, no significant variations in unwanted characteristics (e.g., complaint or disruption that affects other players’ gameplay experience) were found among teachers and learners in both serious game and nongame-aided learning techniques.
Serious game innovation has been shown to improve cognitive capacity, emotion, and mood in general learning. They were shown to be beneficial for learners in acquiring cognitive abilities and increasing the positive effect of learning after a review of 46 empirical investigations. According to self-reports, the use of the serious game in education may boost players’ overall pleasant mood and pleasure level. Serious game-assisted learning made players happy, and female players fared better in this learning method.
Learn and play: The Road Ahead | <urn:uuid:cff465f5-6ce6-4a2b-b9c8-0158f855089e> | CC-MAIN-2023-14 | https://dmg.studio/serious-games-reshaping-educational-sector/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-14/segments/1679296945333.53/warc/CC-MAIN-20230325130029-20230325160029-00511.warc.gz | en | 0.966821 | 810 | 3.6875 | 4 |
The skies over California's Sierra Nevada mountains are set to be a young man's dream over the next month. Among the attractions: a scientifically unrivaled aircraft, whirling breakneck winds, and a T-REX.
The aircraft is the HIAPER, a Gulfstream V outfitted with advanced weather-measuring tools. The winds are rotors, highly dangerous turbulent gusts that form over the mountains beneath cresting waves of air. The T-REX is not a dinosaur, but the Terrain-Induced Rotor Experiment, a research project being conducted by the National Center for Atmospheric Research.
The $81.5 million HIAPER is uniquely qualified to conduct the study because of its ability to reach 51,000 ft. and thus fly above the rotors. While up there, researchers will study the rotors from above, and their effects on the atmosphere. More researchers on the ground will study them with radars, lidars and weather stations. The goal is to increase forecasters' abilities to predict rotors, their location and intensity, along with studying the gravity waves that crest above them. T-REX is the first exploration of rotors of its kind and will be advised by scientist Joachim Kuettner, who first explored the waves as a young man himself in the 1930s.—Adam Raymond | <urn:uuid:288c6181-00ad-4aac-b903-56ac8e7a25ea> | CC-MAIN-2020-24 | https://www.popularmechanics.com/science/a511/2396436/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-24/segments/1590347441088.63/warc/CC-MAIN-20200604125947-20200604155947-00095.warc.gz | en | 0.949537 | 274 | 3.5625 | 4 |
The Color Connotations of Purple
The color purple is used by Christian churches during the Lenten period, tying it to the passion of Christ. It is linked both with sobriety and with moderation in general, a symbolism based on the idea that it is midway on the color spectrum between the red of passion and the blue of intellectualism.
The Roman custom of wearing cooling wreaths of violets at banquets may have influenced this perception. There were Greek precedents, judging by the name given to the quartz gemstone amethyst which literally means “not intoxicated.” Its temperate violet or cool purple hue made it the stone of Catholic bishops.(Amethyst Gemstone meaning. Crystalline quartz in shades of purple, lilac or mauve is called amethyst, a stone traditionally worn to guard against drunkenness and to instill a sober mind. The word amethyst comes from the Greek meaning "without drunkenness" and amethyst is believed to protect one from poison.)
Purple brings to mind wealth and pageantry. Purple and violet are considered luxurious and royal shades because of the great cost in ancient days for cloth dyed with scarce seashells along the Mediterranean seacoasts. In some cases, its cost was equivalent to the price of gold.(Purple's elite status stems from the rarity and cost of the dye originally used to produce it. Purple fabric used to be so outrageously expensive that only rulers could afford it. The dye initially used to make purple came from the Phoenician trading city of Tyre, which is now in modern-day Lebanon.)
The Roman emperor Nero forbade any of his subjects to wear his special color.
Females designated purple as their favorite color in a poll recently while men named it their least favorite color.
Decorators and psychologists tell us that purple is a color to be used sparingly. It is considered a “heavy” color, and long exposure to purple may become depressing to some. | <urn:uuid:dc162c49-f9a1-4172-8ad4-ad7772a03fbd> | CC-MAIN-2024-10 | https://colorfilled.blogspot.com/2018/03/the-color-connotations-of-purple_2.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2024-10/segments/1707947474671.63/warc/CC-MAIN-20240227053544-20240227083544-00587.warc.gz | en | 0.959902 | 407 | 3.25 | 3 |
Vitamin D 1000 IU is an excellent source of vitamin D. Adequate vitamin D intake is important for ensuring normal calcium absorption and maintaining proper calcium plasma levels. Thus, vitamin D has a critical role in the development and maintenance of bones and teeth. Studies have shown that supplementation with high doses of vitamin D maximizes bone health in adults and may decrease the risk of fractures in the elderly.
One of the main sources of vitamin D is from exposing skin to sunlight. However, this process can be limited by skin colour, sunscreen use, season and geographic location. People living close to the equator can easily produce vitamin D throughout the year, while those living farther away have to rely on foods and supplements for adequate vitamin D status. As few foods naturally contain high levels of vitamin D, supplementation is a great alternative to increase vitamin D levels. | <urn:uuid:803f10c6-2206-4479-b838-29ef71453907> | CC-MAIN-2019-39 | https://flnutrition.ca/shop/vitamins/vitamin-d-1000-iu/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-39/segments/1568514574182.31/warc/CC-MAIN-20190921022342-20190921044342-00131.warc.gz | en | 0.895945 | 170 | 2.890625 | 3 |
The following is a collection of facts and figures about Jerusalem, compiled and published on the occasion of “Jerusalem Day.” Nationalist Israelis mark Jerusalem Day on Wednesday to mark the anniversary of the conquest of East Jerusalem and the Old City in 1967. The celebrations include the “march of the flags,” where flag-bearing Jewish revelers march through the Palestinian neighborhoods of the Old City, often times while chanting racist, violent and ultra-nationalistic slogans. Any counter protest by Palestinian residents of the neighborhoods is rarely tolerated by police.
While Jewish Israelis celebrate the “reunification” of Jerusalem, data shows that the city is anything but unified. From concrete walls that separate to budgets that discriminate, East Jerusalem and West Jerusalem — despite being a part of the same municipality — are hardly the same, let alone a unified city. Palestinian residents of Jerusalem are just that – residents; they were not granted Israeli citizenship and do not have the right to vote in national elections, do not hold Israeli passports and if they spend a number of years abroad, they are regularly barred from returning.
The following figures were taken from the Israeli Central Bureau of Statistics (CBS – Heb), the Association for Civil Rights in Israel (ACRI) and Ir Amim (IA – Heb).
• Palestinians comprise more than one-third (37 percent) of Jerusalem’s residents (CBS)
• In Palestinian East Jerusalem, 75.3 percent of residents — and 82.2 percent of children — lived below the poverty line in 2012. (ACRI)
• Only 4.4 of the Jerusalem municipal welfare budget is allocated and spent in East Jerusalem. (Ir Imim)
• More than 100,000 Palestinian residents of Jerusalem live beyond the separation wall, drastically affecting their freedom of movement, economic livelihood and access to municipal resources (ranging from garbage collection to the naming of streets to law enforcement). (ACRI)
• Despite a theoretical legal right to live anywhere in the city, 99 percent of Jerusalem Palestinians live in East Jerusalem, data from 2009 shows. (Ir Amim)
• One-third of all Palestinian land in Jerusalem has been confiscated since 1967. Jewish homes have been built on much of that land. (ACRI)
• Israel has revoked the Jerusalem residency of 14,309 (an average of 6 per week) Palestinian residents since it conquered the city in 1967 through 2013. (ACRI)
• Only 9.5 percent of the Jerusalem municipal budget is allocated for projects and spending in East Jerusalem. Only 2.1 percent of cultural budget, 4.4 percent of the welfare budget and 1.1 percent of the business development budget is allocated and spent in East Jerusalem. (Ir Amim)
• Israeli law states that children over the age of three are entitled to free education, but only 6 percent of children aged three-four in East Jerusalem attend public kindergartens. There is a shortage of some 400 kindergarten classrooms. (ACRI)
• The number of students enrolled in ultra-Orthodox elementary schools in Jerusalem as a whole went up from 57.3 percent in the 2000/2001 school year, to 66.2 percent in 2011/2012. (CBS)
• A plurality of Jewish residents of Jerusalem define themselves as ultra-Orthodox or haredi (35 percent), and another 12 percent as “religious.” Twenty percent define themselves as secular. (CBS)
• The workforce participation rate in Jerusalem in 2013 was 51.3 percent, which is more than 10 percent less than the national rate. (CBS)
Jerusalem Day – from our archives:
Palestinians asked to close their shops for Jerusalem Day
Photo collage: Israeli forces arrest dozens in Jerusalem Day clashes
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The Commonwealth Youth Games concept was created by Scotland as a development opportunity to give athletes under 18 years of age an international multi-sport Games experience. It aims to bridge the gap between young athletes competing in their own sports specific events and the often daunting first experience of a senior multi-sport Games.
The first Youth Games were held in Edinburgh in 2000 as part of Scotland’s Millennium celebrations. Athletes from 14 countries competed in Edinburgh and the event quickly proved to be a great success. The Youth Games now attracts entries from all 70 nations and territories of the Commonwealth and has been the ideal introduction to multi-sport Games for a host of international stars.
About The Youth Games
In 2000, Commonwealth Games Scotland established the ‘Millennium’ Commonwealth Youth Games with the backing of the Commonwealth Games Federation (CGF). The inaugural Commonwealth Youth Games were held in Edinburgh in August 2000, supported by funding from sportscotland the national agency for sport and the Millennium Commission. The event aimed to give athletes under the age of 18 their first taste of an international multi-sport Games, preparing them to compete in future Commonwealth Games. 733 Athletes from 14 countries competed in eight sports over three days.Learn More | <urn:uuid:dded4b9c-9c5e-4dc4-86a7-fbba9464efa5> | CC-MAIN-2018-17 | https://www.teamscotland.scot/commonwealth-games/youth-games/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-17/segments/1524125945082.84/warc/CC-MAIN-20180421071203-20180421091203-00251.warc.gz | en | 0.949799 | 251 | 2.578125 | 3 |
Today is Albert Einstein’s 138th birthday. What a strange coincidence that his birthday is also on “Pi Day.” The world is a better place because he was in it and still feels the loss that he has left.
NAME: Albert Einstein
BIRTH DATE: March 14, 1879
DEATH DATE: April 18, 1955
EDUCATION: Luitpold Gymnasium, Eidgenössische Polytechnische Schule (Swiss Federal Polytechnic School)
PLACE OF BIRTH: Ulm, Württemberg, Germany
PLACE OF DEATH: Princeton, New Jersey
Nobel Prize for Physics 1921
Matteucci Medal 1921
Copley Medal 1925
Royal Astronomical Society Gold Medal 1926
Max Planck Medal 1929 (shared with Max Planck)
Benjamin Franklin Medal 1935 (by the Franklin Institute)
Time Magazine’s Person of the Century 1999
REMAINS: Cremated (ashes scattered at the Institute for Advanced Study, brain preserved)
BEST KNOWNF FOR: Albert Einstein was a German-born physicist who developed the general theory of relativity, among other feats. He is considered the most influential physicist of the 20th century.
It’s the birthday of the man who said: “I’m not much with people, and I’m not a family man. I want my peace. I want to know how God created this world. I am not interested in this or that phenomenon, in the spectrum of this or that element. I want to know His thoughts, the rest are details.” That’s the physicist Albert Einstein, born on this day in Ulm, Germany (1879). It is often said that he was a terrible student who couldn’t get a job after graduation. In truth, he was a good student, and always a star at math and physics. The issue wasn’t with his performance so much as his attitude toward his teachers, many of whom knew less than he did — he was cocky about the fact that he was self-taught in science, and he was generally disrespectful. After he graduated from Zurich Polytechnic, none of his professors wanted to write him a recommendation, which he needed to get a good job in academia. Instead, when he finally got a job, it was as a clerk in the Swiss Patent Office in Bern.
It turned out that the job suited him fine. During the day, he worked in the office as a “technical expert third class,” and in the evenings, in his rental flat in Bern, he was able to work on his scientific ideas. The year 1905 is often referred to as Einstein’s own personal annus mirabilis, or “year of miracles,” because it was during that year that he published four important scientific papers in just a few months. Among the groundbreaking observations in those papers, he proposed that the scientific community was wrong in its assumption that light was a continuous wave, and that in fact, it was made up of distinct particles; and he first proposed his theory of special relativity with its famous equation e=mc2. He was only 26 years old. Scientists were not immediately convinced that Einstein was right, particularly about light particles, and although e=mc2 is famous now, at the time it didn’t make much of a splash. He couldn’t even get a low-level teaching job at a university — all he got was a promotion to “second-class” at the patent office.
He worked his way up slowly. By 1909, he was able to quit his job at the patent office and he became an adjunct professor of theoretical physics in Zurich. In 1914, he moved to a teaching post in Berlin. He worked on a “General Theory of Relativity,” which he published in 1916.
In May of 1919, two astronomers in different parts of the world observed a total solar eclipse and verified one of Einstein’s theories in his General Theory of Relativity: that the gravitational field of the sun deflected light from stars, so they were actually in a different position than they appeared to be. The findings were announced in November in London, during a joint meeting of the Royal Astronomical Society and the Royal Society. The president of the Royal Society declared: “This is the most important result related to the theory of gravitation since the days of Newton. … This result is among the greatest achievements of human thinking.” The New York Times wrote about Einstein’s success in an article with the headlines: “Lights All Askew in the Heavens”; “Men of Science More or Less Agog Over Results of Eclipse Observations”; “Einstein Theory Triumphs”; “Stars Not Where They Seemed or Were Calculated to be, but Nobody Need Worry.” Suddenly, Einstein was famous. He said in 1919, “With fame I become more and more stupid, which of course is a very common phenomenon.”
In 1921, Einstein came to America for the first time for a lecture tour.
He got off the boat in Battery Park in Manhattan on April 2nd, 1921. The New York Times wrote: “A man in a faded gray raincoat and a flopping black felt hat that nearly concealed the gray hair that straggled over his ears stood on the boat deck of the steamship Rotterdam yesterday, timidly facing a battery of cameramen. In one hand he clutched a shiny briar pipe and with the other clung to a precious violin. He looked like an artist — a musician. He was. But underneath his shaggy locks was a scientific mind whose deductions have staggered the ablest intellects of Europe. One of his traveling companions described him as an ‘intuitive physicist’ whose speculative imagination is so vast that it senses great natural laws long before the reasoning faculty grasps and defines them.”
Thousands of people had waited for hours to welcome Einstein. Some enthusiastic Jewish spectators sang both “The Star-Spangled Banner” and “Hatikvah,” a Zionist anthem. He was paraded through the streets of New York in a motorcade that lasted all afternoon and all evening, and he didn’t make it to his hotel until 11:30 that night.
Einstein wrote some complimentary things about the United States: “What first strikes the visitor with amazement is the superiority of this country in matters of technology and organization. Objects of everyday use are more solid than in Europe, houses much more practically designed. […] The second thing that strikes the visitor is the joyous, positive attitude to life. The smile on the faces of the people in photographs is symbolical of one of the greatest assets of the American. He is friendly, self confident, optimistic — and without envy.” But that was Einstein’s public face. After the conclusion of his tour, in an interview with a Dutch newspaper, he said: “The vast enthusiasm for me in America appears to be typically American, though, and as far as I can judge I rather understand it: the people are so uncommonly bored, yes honestly much more so than is the case with us. And there is so little for them there anyhow. […] So folks are happy when they are given something to play with and which they can revere, and that they then do with exceptional intensity. Most of all it is the women, by the way, who dominate all of American life. The men are interested in nothing at all; they work, work as I haven’t seen anyone anywhere else. For the rest, they are toy dogs for their wives, who spend the money in the most excessive fashion and who shroud themselves in a veil of extravagance. They will do anything that’s in vogue and in fashion, and, as it happens, have thrown themselves among the throngs of the ‘Einstein-craze,’ Does it make an outlandish impression upon me, the crowd’s excitement here and there about my beliefs and theories, about which it doesn’t understand anything? I find it amusing and also interesting to watch them. I certainly believe that it is the magic of non-comprehension that attracts them.”
Despite his ambivalent feelings about his fame, Einstein was a good self-promoter, a natural speaker, and throughout his career, he was happy to be photographed. He didn’t need to be prompted to stick out his tongue or ride on a bicycle. People loved his goofy hair and vagabond image. He described himself to his cousin’s eight-year-old daughter: “I hear from Elsa that you are dissatisfied because you did not see your uncle Einstein. Let me therefore tell you what I look like: pale face, long hair, and a tiny beginning of a paunch. In addition an awkward gait, and a cigar in the mouth — if he happens to have a cigar — and a pen in his pocket or his hand. But crooked legs and warts he does not have, and so he is quite handsome — also no hair on his hands such as is often found on ugly men. So it is indeed a pity that you did not see me.”
Appears on the cover of:
Time, 18-Feb-1929, DETAILS: Einstein’s Field Theory
Time, 1-Jul-1946, DETAILS: Science Crossroads
Newsweek, 10-Mar-1947, DETAILS: Einstein, Godfather of the Atomic Age
Time, 19-Feb-1979, DETAILS: Rediscovering Einstein
Author of books:
Relativity: The Special and General Theory (1920, non-fiction)
The Meaning of Relativity (1922, non-fiction)
Sidelights on Relativity (1922, non-fiction)
Investigations on the Theory of the Brownian Movement (1926, non-fiction)
About Zionism: Speeches and Letters (1930)
Cosmic Religion: With other Opinions and Aphorisms (1931, essays)
Builders of the Universe: From the Bible to the Theory of Relativity (1932, non-fiction)
Essays in Science (1934, non-fiction)
The World As I See It (1934, political essays)
Out of My Later Years (1950, political essays)
Elie Cartan-Albert Einstein: Letters on Absolute Parallelism, 1929-1932 (1979, posthumous, with Élie Cartan)
Albert Einstein: The Human Side (1979, correspondance and essays)
The Born-Einstein Letters (1971, correspondence with Max Born)
The Collected Papers of Albert Einstein (1998, eight volumes)
Dear Professor Einstein\ Albert Einstein’s Letters to and from Children (2002, correspondence)
A Stubbornly Persistent Illusion: The Essential Works of Albert Einstein (2007, collected papers)
Appears on postage stamps:
USA, Scott #1285 (8¢, issued 14-Mar-1966)
USA, Scott #1774 (15¢, issued 4-Mar-1979)
Source: Albert Einstein
Source: Albert Einstein – Wikipedia | <urn:uuid:00637f1c-e321-4da7-b7c5-259826a85a68> | CC-MAIN-2017-43 | https://waldina.com/2017/03/14/happy-137th-birthday-albert-einstein-2/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-43/segments/1508187826114.69/warc/CC-MAIN-20171023145244-20171023165244-00280.warc.gz | en | 0.969908 | 2,372 | 2.78125 | 3 |
Touchscreen delay is something that can make or break the success of a mobile platform. It defines the user experience, and even though it’s not technically listed in the spec sheet, it’s a huge part of the user experience. The almost instantaneous response on the iPhone was part of its wow factor back in 2007. Navigating with your fingers seemed to almost look like you were moving physical objects. Android seems to be a bit behind on touch responsiveness, but Microsoft shows that it understands well its importance.
Microsoft Research has now released a video laying out the pathway to screens responsive enough to trick our brain into thinking we’re interacting with real objects. The company’s research team is showing off its advances in touch interfaces with a touch-display system two orders of magnitude less latency than current systems.
Paul Dietz of Microsoft Applied Sciences explains that most current touch displays come with 100ms response time. A few devices come with around 50ms delay, but that’s still noticeable and you definitely feel like you’re interacting with a tablet, not a real physical object. Now, squeezing the delay down to 10ms still produces lag. It’s only until we arrive at 1ms that you truly feel realistic interactions.
So that’s the bar where Microsoft wants to arrive in a decade. We’re definitely looking forward to that and it’s nice to see that the company is thinking in that direction. Check out the demonstration video below to see how much of a delay there really is on a tablet currently. | <urn:uuid:d39cf4d6-ee43-486a-b2ed-90228a294229> | CC-MAIN-2016-22 | http://www.phonearena.com/news/Microsoft-shows-whats-needed-to-solve-visible-touchscreen-delay_id27879 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-22/segments/1464050919950.49/warc/CC-MAIN-20160524004839-00097-ip-10-185-217-139.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.940688 | 319 | 2.59375 | 3 |
Researchers placed tiny microphones inside a pregnant woman's uterus and found that outside noises are much lower and muffled; about thirty decibels quieter!
Remarkably, when someone cracks a whip they actually make the tip of the whip move faster than the speed of sound. The crack is actually a miniature sonic boom.
You possibly already know that hearing loss affects millions of Americans every year, but did you know that hearing "gain" is also a widespread problem?
Did you know whispering behind someone's back rather then in front of them is better for secret telling?
Did you know a 10-month old baby is able to learn words?
Kids these days have so many electronic toys it’s possible to grow up without ever discovering the best toy in the world, the tin can telephone. Moms and Dads, take note! Lots of science-types agree that kids will remember a toy you build with them years after they have forgotten the latest plastic gizmo. Learn more on this Moment of Science.
Have you heard the term otoacoustic emissions? They are the noises that your ears generate and emit. Learn more on this Moment of Science.
Energy can neither be created out of nothing, nor disappear into nothing, all it does is change forms. Learn more on this Moment of Science.
Why do snakes have forked tongues and why do they flick them? Learn more on this Moment of Science.
A recent study shows men and women respond differently to stressors. Learn more on this Moment of Science. | <urn:uuid:644d5092-9b62-45c0-a4c0-8972d21c6244> | CC-MAIN-2016-18 | http://indianapublicmedia.org/amomentofscience/tag/sound/page/3/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-18/segments/1461860111809.10/warc/CC-MAIN-20160428161511-00107-ip-10-239-7-51.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.9402 | 314 | 3.171875 | 3 |
Annie Leonard's "Story of Stuff" project hit big with an eponymous viral video launched in 2007 that took on our entire consumer economy. Since then, she's gone on to look at the environmental impacts of bottled water, cosmetics and cap and trade.
Her latest project, developed in partnership with the Electronics TakeBack Coalition looks at the extended lifecycle of our billions of gadgets, and suggests developing a "green Moore's Law" for electronics.
It's "The Story of Electronics:"
The video covers the basics of the e-waste problem -- nothing new to readers of this site, of course -- from gadgets designed for obsolescence, to toxic inputs and toxic outputs, to the harsh reality of e-waste recycling in the developing world.
The video calls for reimagining how electronics are designed and disposed of, and while it's partly tongue-in-cheek, with a call for sending e-waste to IT company CEOs, Leonard also makes the point that electronics are not that technologically savvy in their design.
Instead, it's the profit motive that has led to cheap, hard-to-repair and hard-to-upgrade gadgets, Leonard argues. And the solution is to make producer responsibility the law of the land. By requiring electronics manufacturers to accept broken or unwanted electronics -- and handle all the costs of recycling and disposing of them -- the thinking goes that they will then be incentivized to build longer-lasting, more easily repaired and more easily upgradeable devices.
In typical "Story of Stuff" fashion, Leonard makes a quick and clear point about a big problem, and offers some tips on what you can do to get involved. But this really is a big problem, and one that we're only seeing slow progress on. Even though the biggest electronics companies -- HP, Apple, Dell, and Microsoft, among others -- are making headway, the problem will also require a political solution, and that has long been the biggest hurdle to overcome.
What do you think of the video above -- will it make a difference in the e-waste problem? Let us know in the comments below. | <urn:uuid:52e0e8a8-f44c-4146-b2d7-9d4412ce9314> | CC-MAIN-2013-48 | http://www.greenbiz.com/blog/2010/11/09/story-stuff-takes-e-waste-and-toxic-gadgets | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2013-48/segments/1386163046801/warc/CC-MAIN-20131204131726-00098-ip-10-33-133-15.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.952583 | 437 | 2.53125 | 3 |
Bain Boeuf – literally “beef bath”.
In the distant past, according to some people, the neighboring inhabitants brought their cows and oxen here to wash them.
Nowadays you won’t find any cattle on the beach and the remaining nearby plots of grazing lands are being fast “eaten up” by the ever hungry real estate development projects as the village adopts a sober mood of nearby Pereybère.
Anyhow, the beach is a beautiful place where you can enjoy the sun, sand and sea in a laid back atmosphere.
The melodious chirping of little canaries in the refreshing filaos grove along with the vermilion streaks of the sunset are terrific!
On 29th November 1810, shortly after the Battle of Grand Port, over 10,000 British troops and Indian sepoys landed here, a place known as Mapou at that time, to invade Mauritius.
They battled with the French to take possession of Isle de France (The name given to the island by the French when they annexed it in 1715).
Eventually the French General Decaen signed a capitulation treaty on 3rd December 1810.
To commemorate the landing of British army forces more than 200 years ago Anne The Princess Royal unveiled, during her visit in Mauritius, a monument at the beach near Cap Malheureux on 2nd December 2010.
Photo Gallery - (click on image to enlarge)
Did I say you won’t find any cattle on the beach?
Yes, that’s absolutely correct; there aren’t. But a short distance from the coast and off the adjoining village you’ll most probably see some cows grazing peacefully under acacia trees in a marshy expanse of land.
This swampy area, which is being seriously eyed by land promoters, is a wetland and the habitat of a rich biodiversity.
Dense aquatic Typha plants, called vounes (derived from Malagasy word vondro), colonise various spots of the marshland. The flowers of these plants develop into brown spikes and when ripe they disintegrate into cottony fluffs which are dispersed by wind. Some people are allergic to the pollens of these plants.
The brackish ponds are populated by small tilapia-like fish. Migratory birds, which travelled more than 10,000 kilometres from the northern hemisphere, relish on these fish. These birds fly to Mauritius to groom their plumage and mate.
Occasionally you’ll sight some poule d’eau making their way through the water like little ducks, funnily nodding their heads forward and backward as they swim along. When frightened, these shy birds spread their wings and skitter away over the surface of the muddy lake, splashing water in every direction to take refuge in the dense vounes bushes.
Besides the beach, skipping around this ecosystem will be an added bonus to your pleasure.
. . . and stay connected with news, stories, comments and targeted offers. | <urn:uuid:99e11a99-6842-43d9-aedf-eb5a0f5af7cc> | CC-MAIN-2017-26 | http://www.mauritius-holidays-discovery.com/bain-boeuf.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-26/segments/1498128321426.45/warc/CC-MAIN-20170627134151-20170627154151-00293.warc.gz | en | 0.947626 | 635 | 2.578125 | 3 |
Smartphones have revolutionized the way people approach everything from finding a good restaurant and quoting the latest political debate while on the go, to measuring insulin levels and monitoring heart rates. If you want to know what’s playing at your nearest theater, you don’t find a newspaper anymore, you simply click on on-line application and watch movie trailer after movie trailer for your nearest cinema until determining the right show for you. You can even purchase the tickets before you get there. For medical and health needs, mobile apps have become extraordinary self-monitoring agents assisting people in keeping their health on track, even without a visit to the doctors office. But now, wouldn’t you know, the FDA is setting up regulations for mobile apps that govern health care, especially those that deal specifically with diagnosis?
Apparently, your smartphone can do many of the same things hospitals can do these days in mini-form, such as measuring blood sugar levels, diagnosing abnormal heart rhythms and even act as an ultrasound device. This is going too far for the FDA, who is okay with people being able to track medications and exercise routines with an application, but are not so keen on the idea of people taking on tools meant “only for medical professionals.”
The age of technology is progressing faster than many can keep up with. It is estimated that by 2015, 500 million smartphone users will have and be using some sort of health care application. That estimate continues to predict that by 2018, half of the 3.4 billion people with smartphones will have health care applications downloaded onto their phones. The FDA is concerned about the general public having access to tools only used by health care professionals and so are planning to have in place regulations on any apps that perform diagnosis, making the announcement Monday (September 23, 2013).
Dr. Jeffrey Shuren, who is acting director of the FDA’s Radiological Health and Center for Devices stated “Today, mobile apps are fast becoming a staple of everyday life. Although many mobile apps pertain to health, we are only continuing our oversight for a very small subset of those mobile apps.” In essence, if it’s an ECG device, it’s an ECG device, no matter the size and they want to regulate it.
Again, applications that help people keep track of appointments, exercise and nutrition routines, medications, health recommendations, yoga practices, correspondence between health care providers, these will all remain unregulated. It is only those applications which seem deemed to fall under the realm of medical professionals such as insulin and irregular heart beat monitoring and things like ultrasounds that will be regulated by the FDA.
How do you feel about the FDA regulating your smartphone applications? Is an age of advanced technology supposed to also be an age of advanced personal freedoms? Does the regulations set out by the FDA to monitor what applications you can freely use on your mobile device regarding health care bother you? Is it too restrictive, or do you think it’s smart medicine?
Written by: Stasia Bliss
FDA Site; Philly.com | <urn:uuid:9f62cd7b-c42f-4d22-8f34-3657b8ca4742> | CC-MAIN-2017-39 | http://guardianlv.com/2013/09/mobile-apps-for-health-care-regulated-by-fda/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-39/segments/1505818687702.11/warc/CC-MAIN-20170921063415-20170921083415-00060.warc.gz | en | 0.956485 | 627 | 2.515625 | 3 |
from The American Heritage® Dictionary of the English Language, 4th Edition
- adj. Lacking worldly experience and understanding, especially:
- adj. Simple and guileless; artless: a child with a naive charm.
- adj. Unsuspecting or credulous: "Students, often bright but naive, bet—and lose—substantial sums of money on sporting events” ( Tim Layden).
- adj. Showing or characterized by a lack of sophistication and critical judgment: "this extravagance of metaphors, with its naive bombast” ( H.L. Mencken).
- adj. Not previously subjected to experiments: testing naive mice.
- adj. Not having previously taken or received a particular drug: persons naive to marijuana.
- n. One who is artless, credulous, or uncritical.
from Wiktionary, Creative Commons Attribution/Share-Alike License
- adj. Lacking experience, wisdom, or judgement.
- adj. Produced in a simple, childlike style, deliberately rejecting sophisticated techniques.
from the GNU version of the Collaborative International Dictionary of English
- adj. Having native or unaffected simplicity; ingenuous; artless; frank
- adj. Having a lack of knowledge, judgment, or experience; especially, lacking sophistication in judging the motives of others; credulous.
from The Century Dictionary and Cyclopedia
- Simple; unsophisticated; ingenuous; artless.
- In philosophy, unreflective; uncritical.
from WordNet 3.0 Copyright 2006 by Princeton University. All rights reserved.
- adj. lacking information or instruction
- adj. marked by or showing unaffected simplicity and lack of guile or worldly experience
- adj. inexperienced
- adj. not initiated; deficient in relevant experience
- adj. of or created by one without formal training; simple or naive in style
Once it's here, it's spreading like a virus that's going into what we call a naive population.
At a news conference today with the visiting president of Afghanistan, Mr. Bush attacked what he called a naive conclusion drawn from a major government report on the war on terror.
At a news conference today with Afghan President Hamid Karzai, Mr. Bush took aim at what he called a naive conclusion and a political leak.
He directed his ire at Hansen who had used the word "naive" in his assessment of the game in Monday's newspaper.
I also reject what I call the naive Austrian view, which is that the only information problem that markets cannot solve is that of seeing through the distortions caused by government money.
While I'm more than a little nervous that "naive" is code for "adorkably clumsy," I'm crossing my fingers that the agent Bynes replaced us with knows what he or she is doing.
(on camera): He says the U.S. should reject what he calls the naive and flawed thinking that by sitting down with terrorist groups and their sponsors like Iran, they'll stop being threats.
There's lots of highly sohpisticated people here and on our city council, and in fact, being naive is a virtue; we're not so cynical.
Now and then, rubbing his eyes vigorously, an editor catches a sudden glimpse of the revolution and breaks out in naive volubility, as, for instance, the one who wrote the following in the Chicago Chronicle: American socialists are revolutionists.
Perhaps ignorant, or naive, is a better description. | <urn:uuid:6d72bc7d-cd79-412d-8845-33866aece653> | CC-MAIN-2016-18 | https://www.wordnik.com/words/naive | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-18/segments/1461860121090.75/warc/CC-MAIN-20160428161521-00000-ip-10-239-7-51.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.929654 | 728 | 2.828125 | 3 |
Filtering and excreting waste products in the bloodstream is your kidneys job. They also maintain the body’s overall fluid balance and release hormones that make red blood cells, ensure bone health, and regulate blood pressure.
We put our kidneys through a lot – via diet, medications, and environmental toxins. The result can be a struggle with kidney cancer, stones, polycystic kidney disease or even kidney failure. Even if we can trust that our kidneys are tough, we should help them do their job by avoiding the following foods:
If you are prone to kidney stones, nuts are not the best snack. They contain a category of mineral called oxalates, which are found in the most common type of kidney stone. If you’ve had stones in the past, skip the nuts all together.
They come with a high dose of potassium, which controls fluids, electrolyte balance, and pH level. Kidneys rely on the right balance of potassium and sodium to do their job properly; too much of either means trouble.
Hyperkalemia is the name for having too much potassium in the blood, and this happens in people with advanced kidney disease. It often causes nausea, weakness, numbness, and slow heart rate.
This is a rough one if you rely on your morning cup of coffee or tea to get going each day. Soda and energy drinks are similarly dangerous if you already have issues with your kidneys. Studies show that long-term caffeine consumption can worsen chronic kidney disease and may increase the risk of kidney stones.
Caffeine is a mild diuretic, which affects the kidneys’ ability to absorb water. In reasonable amounts, this shouldn’t stop your kidneys from accessing enough water to do their job, but in excess it can be a problem.
Dairy products, including milk, cheese, and yogurt, are loaded with calcium and increase the level of calcium in your urine. This has been linked with a higher risk of kidney stones. For people who already have kidney disease, reducing consumption of dairy has been found to make the filtering work done by kidneys easier on them. This can delay the need for dialysis.
Butter is a dairy product high in saturated fat, which ups the risk of heart disease. Unfortunately, heart disease is a major risk factor for kidney disease, and kidney disease presents similar risks to the heart.
Meat contains a significant amount of protein. Now, protein is very important to growth processes and the health of our muscles, but metabolizing it is one of the hardest jobs our kidneys do. A diet high in animal-based proteins also increases the risk for kidney stones. For those reasons, a high protein diet is not recommended for people with kidney disease.
Meat, especially organ meat like liver, also has a high concentration of purine. Purine stimulates the production of uric acid, a waste product that is normally processed out by the kidneys. Too much is overwhelming and can cause stones. | <urn:uuid:c2a553de-692b-4e1d-b65d-8c33d9ff37b2> | CC-MAIN-2020-24 | https://nutritiontips.club/2019/08/01/these-5-foods-are-actually-damaging-your-kidneys/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-24/segments/1590347396495.25/warc/CC-MAIN-20200528030851-20200528060851-00331.warc.gz | en | 0.959994 | 605 | 3.390625 | 3 |
Imagine a world where the vast steppe stretches unbroken as far as the eye can see.
It was a time when vast glaciers covered most of northern North America, locking up much of the world’s water as ice. During these “glacial periods”, global sea levels dropped as much as 100-150 metres, revealing the floor of the Bering Sea and creating a connection of land between Alaska and Siberia.
This land bridge was part of the area we now call Beringia—an area stretching from Yukon to Siberia.
Unlike the rest of North America, the Beringian landscape in the far north remained free of ice. Glaciers did not form here because the climate was too dry. The lack of moisture also caused the boreal forests to disappear, turning the land into a vast plain full of nutritious grasses, herbs and flowering plants—an ecosystem that we now call the mammoth steppe.
The mammoth steppe was home to large herds of grazers, including woolly mammoths, steppe bison, and Yukon horses. It was also home to their predators—American lions, scimitar cats, giant short-faced bears, and the first humans to arrive in North America.
However, the earth’s climate was not always cold. Over the last 2.5 million years, earth’s climate has been made up of repeated cycles of cold “glacial” and much warmer “interglacial” periods. In the warmer interglacial periods, temperatures were similar to what we see today.
The last of these warm spells ended around 100,000 years ago. The warmer temperatures brought with them more moisture. The familiar boreal forests returned and the Bering land bridge was submerged once more. With these changes, a different set of animals thrived in the region. The huge Jefferson’s ground sloth, the giant beaver and the mastodon are just a few examples of the animals that once roamed Yukon’s ancient interglacial forests.
More than an area on a map
Beringia was much more than simply a region on a map, or a place where mammoths roamed a cold grassy plain. It was a gateway between continents.
The great North American ice sheets may have cut off Yukon from the rest of North America, but because of the Bering land bridge, this northwest corner of North America wasn’t completely isolated—it was connected to Siberia.
The land bridge allowed for the migration of species between the Americas and Eurasia. Many species of plants and animals were able to move from one continent to another. Horses, camels, caribou and black bears migrated out of North America, while bison, mammoths, moose, elk and humans migrated into North America. We may even find that woolly rhinoceros once moved across Beringia into North America! Without Beringia, the world would be very different from the way we know it today.
The Earth completed its last transition from cold glacial times to the present warm period around 11,000 years ago. The massive glaciers melted, flooding the land bridge and once again separating Asia and North America. Many of the ice age plants and animals, like woolly mammoths and the Yukon horses, disappeared — but others like caribou, sheep and grizzly bears can still be seen today. | <urn:uuid:9ea13c99-4b20-4376-9d87-4446d4b9cccd> | CC-MAIN-2021-39 | https://beringia.com/exhibits/beringia | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-39/segments/1631780057119.85/warc/CC-MAIN-20210920221430-20210921011430-00095.warc.gz | en | 0.953767 | 704 | 4.25 | 4 |
Yoga promotes so many health benefits that doctors are prescribing it as part of a regular health regimen, as a recovery tool, and as a preventative measure. Some of the basic benefits of yoga practice include flexibility, weight control, good posture, strong bones, immune and lymphatic health, detoxification, mood boost, and enhanced relaxation response. Although, as a beginner, you might not be able to touch your toes, after several classes you will notice an increase in flexibility due to the gradual loosening in muscles and connective tissue such as fascia and ligaments. Moving more and eating mindfully while practicing yoga brings calorie awareness and burn to the forefront, assisting in weight control. The added spiritual self-inquiry during poses can help weight and food issues on an emotional level since many people consume additional calories in response to heightened emotions. The improved posture that yoga practice brings makes you look and feel better; when the body is in proper alignment, it uses less energy which helps you feel less fatigue. Additionally, good posture can prevent onset of degenerative arthritis in the spine. Yoga is considered a weight-bearing exercise because many postures require you to hold your own weight; this aspect of yoga will strengthen bone mass and ward off osteoporosis. The upward and downward movements, as well as movement in the organs, causes an increase in lymph drainage, helping systems fight infection, destroy cancerous cells, and dispose of toxic waste in the body. The twisting postures bring fresh blood and oxygen to organs, flushing out toxins, and physical practice eases constipation and promotes colon health which lowers the risk of colon cancer. Further purification for the body comes through increased perspiration. Yoga teaches you to slow down the mental chatter, be present without worry, let go of unnecessary tension, lowers cortisol levels, and increases serotonin thus heightening levels of happiness and improving immune function. Slower breathing, being present, shifting your balance from the sympathetic (fight or flight response) to the parasympathetic (rest and digest) nervous system lowers heart rate, decreases blood pressure, and increases blood flow to intestines and reproductive organs. This is recognized by Herbert Benson, M.D. as the relaxation response. All of the above benefits link together to provide various other benefits and disease-fighting aspects of the practice of yoga.
Yoga promotes so many health benefits that doctors are prescribing
it as part of a regular health regimen, as a recovery tool, and as
a preventative measure. Some of the basic benefits of yoga practice
include flexibility, weight control,... More | <urn:uuid:2a296213-30e7-4ae6-9fe9-9d5c4842806d> | CC-MAIN-2013-20 | http://www.sharecare.com/question/benefits-expect-regular-yoga-practice | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2013-20/segments/1368696382917/warc/CC-MAIN-20130516092622-00051-ip-10-60-113-184.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.943159 | 521 | 2.890625 | 3 |
Naturally, the term "hardwood" refers to trees and shrubs that have dense, hard wood, but --- more accurately --- they are mainly flowering deciduous trees that have well-developed water transport systems and tightly packed fibrous cells. Hardwoods are used prevalently as building material and are of significant economic importance for their use in constructing furniture. In addition, many species display dramatic fall foliage, provide habitat for wildlife and make attractive landscaping plants. Whatever your purpose for growing hardwoods, several species have fast growth rates and are easy to care for.
Silver maple (Acer saccharinum) is a medium to large tree that can reach heights of 80 to 100 feet tall. Silver maple is one of the most common hardwood trees found in the eastern United States. It is a hardy tree that grows well even in poor conditions. Silver maples produce a dense and aggressive root system that fuels its rapid growth. Healthy trees are prolific seed producers and seedlings often develop in the vicinity of the parent tree. The vigorous growth of the silver maple creates an unkempt and awkward limb structure, with new shoots emerging from the root system most of the growing season. Pruning is required to maintain a well-shaped tree. According to the University of Florida, the shallow root system of silver maples can cause structural damage to sidewalks, sewage systems and other nearby structures, so give careful consideration to where you plant them.
Black walnut (Juglans nigra) is a large hardwood tree that can reach a mature height over 100 feet. Black walnut is a valuable tree both for its fine, strait-grained wood, which is some of the most valuable in North America, as well as for its edible walnuts and habitat for wildlife, according to the University of Minnesota. Wood from black walnut is commonly used to create veneer surfaces for furniture. Healthy walnut trees can live over 200 years. Part of their biological success is due to the chemical juglone, which they produce in the roots, leaves, trunk and nut husks. This chemical inhibits the growth of many other species of plants and trees in the vicinity.
The empres tree (Paulownia tomentosa) was introduced to the United States from China and Japan. The empress tree is a medium sized hardwood that reaches an average height of 50 feet, but has a very fast growth rate. Empress trees are successful landscaping trees, as they are hardy, require little attention and produce numerous large purple flowers in the spring. They have also become an economically viable timber crop since the wood is popular for Oriental furniture. Because the empress tree has become an invasive species in some areas where it has been planted, according to Ohio State University, give careful consideration and care when planting them to prevent ecological damage. | <urn:uuid:b7a16dac-5633-4aab-8b68-6149492ac575> | CC-MAIN-2018-05 | https://www.gardenguides.com/list_7319036_hardwood-trees-fast-growing.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-05/segments/1516084887660.30/warc/CC-MAIN-20180118230513-20180119010513-00662.warc.gz | en | 0.963681 | 576 | 3.4375 | 3 |
two hundred cubits
21:8 two hundred cubits. Possibly John was led to note the distance of two hundred cubits in recollection of the “two hundred” penny’s worth of bread which the disciples had once thought was needed to feed a multitude (John 6:7—the only other reference to “two hundred” in the gospels). Just as Christ provided more than the needed two hundred penny’s worth of bread to feed a multitude, so here He provided a multitude of fish (representing a multitude of people), when they ventured two hundred cubits from the shore. Jesus had once said that “the kingdom of heaven is like a net, that was cast into the sea, and gathered of every kind” (Matthew 13:47). The disciples may also have remembered that parable, concluding that the Lord would have them make disciples of all nations (Matthew 28:19), just as the net in the parable had gathered every kind of fish. | <urn:uuid:4a5b1e23-193e-4f23-aaad-5aed0269667f> | CC-MAIN-2017-39 | http://www.icr.org/books/defenders/6718 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-39/segments/1505818689845.76/warc/CC-MAIN-20170924025415-20170924045415-00661.warc.gz | en | 0.973869 | 205 | 3.234375 | 3 |
Teach your child to master the art of perfection and perseverance.
It is natural for a child to show multiple interests and passions in the early years. Your daughter might want to join a karate class because her neighbour does so. She might leave it halfway due to a sudden interest in Kuchipudi dance. One fine day she may just walk out of the dance class and plan an exploratory holiday to Kulumanali. While these shifts in interests should be tolerated in the initial years, children should be also told to pursue certain passions for a logical period. They have to be taught to excel in whatever they do, be it dance, music, karate or trekking. Here are tips for parents about the ways for inculcating perseverance in children.Concentrate on quality
Try to streamline your child's passions. It does not mean that you discourage or demoralize your child. Multiple interests are always welcome, as they give fine exposure to the child. However, let the child not learn to keep things unfinished. For example, if your son has left his gymnasium course unfinished, you have every reason not to give him money for any other class in the near future. Ask him to view his interests seriously. Help them find their interests
Teach your child to tap his or her personal interests. Sometimes children pursue certain interests due to many extraneous reasons like peer pressure, fashion, momentary whims. They are too young to distinguish between their own feelings. Therefore, parents have to help them take certain decisions. As psychology claims that a child is bound to excel in a field only and only if he or she is interested.No substitute to hard work
Be it a hobby or a passion or a liking, your child must be mentally and physically prepared to rough out the hard labour involved in it. Parents have to teach the child to remain consistent while following a curriculum/course/assignment/hobby. For instance, your son might enjoy trekking and mountaineering. But you have to ask him whether he is ready to get up early in the morning and start out for an ambitious expedition.Do not complete a project for your child
If your child fails to achieve a target or finish an assignment, never do it yourself. In this manner, the child will never learn to accomplish the task on time. Meeting deadlines is an important aspect of a growing child's life.Give your child proper incentives
This does not mean gifts, bribes or money. Incentives mean proper motivation. For instance, motivate your daughter by telling her how good she will look on stage during her dance performance or how wonderful her bedroom will look after she completes the wall hanging that she is working on. Consistency is a virtue in any field
Children associate perfection and mastery only with difficult tasks like mountaineering or karate or carpentry. But perfection is needed in anything that one does at any point of time. Even a simple cross-stitch embroidery needs wholehearted concentration and interest. It is no less a task than archery, swimming or architecture. Be patient
Do not be too pushy or critical, as this will damage the child's self-image. Perfection and perseverance do not come easily even to adults. Therefore do not expect your child to be consistent at a very early age. He or she is bound to leave some tasks incomplete. But as you groom the child, perseverance will become second nature to the child. It will become a way of life. | <urn:uuid:5167c5ed-21b2-4192-b656-c06d26bd7f8e> | CC-MAIN-2023-06 | https://www.indiaparenting.com/do-you-have-a-jack-of-all-trades-in-your-home.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-06/segments/1674764499946.80/warc/CC-MAIN-20230201144459-20230201174459-00675.warc.gz | en | 0.965796 | 714 | 3.03125 | 3 |
At first the purpose of the passage “owls” by mary oliver is difficult to pinpoint this is because oliver begins with describing the penetrating.
In an excerpt from mary oliver's essay owls, she discusses her fear as well as response to passage from owls by mary oliver in the passage from owls,.
Then write an essay in which you analyze the rhetorical strategies lewes uses to establish carefully read the following passage from “owls” by mary oliver.
Mik'halia george period 1 ap english & composition 12/31/15 rhetorical analysis of “owls” by mary oliver in her essay “owls”, mary oliver, the author. In this excerpt from “owls” mary oliver writes with grave, and pensive to consider her towards nature by indicating the complexities of one's.
For example: mary oliver's argument in “owls” is that nature is beautiful, fearsome, prefatory activities include reading the “owls” passage from 2001 ap lang.
Mary oliver owls essay online online essay authors home / essays editing / mary research documents owls by mary oliver in the passage “owls” by mary oliver, b 15 owls by mary oliver prose analysis the wonders of nature are often hard to . | <urn:uuid:2bb5612a-cb39-4ac4-9d44-2d21c80ac254> | CC-MAIN-2018-43 | http://ibassignmentlxdz.strompreisevergleichen.info/analysis-owls-passage-by-mary-oliver.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-43/segments/1539583512504.64/warc/CC-MAIN-20181020034552-20181020060052-00447.warc.gz | en | 0.933216 | 298 | 3.515625 | 4 |
Really the Universal Language
It has often been said the music is the universal language. That now appears to be a scientific fact.
The Mafa farmers of Cameroon are almost completely insulated from Western culture, and that's fine with them. They don't know the Beatles from Beethoven. So scientists from the Max Planck Institute for Human Cognitive and Brain Sciences in Leipzig, Germany thought that they would be perfect for their study of music. Scientists played select pieces of Western music to Mafa volunteers. The volunteers, who had never heard the music before, were asked to identify what they thought the mood of the music was. Most of them identified as "sad" passages that were intended to be sad. Faster music was understood to be happy. And even passages intended to be understood as "fearful" were correctly understood by the volunteers. They also correctly interpreted the meaning of pieces written in major and minor keys. Likewise, Mafa music was played for Western volunteers. They correctly identified the mood being conveyed by the music. The Mafa people typically produce joyful flute music for their rituals.
Apparently, music really is the universal language. And music is natural to man. Genesis tells us that by the third generation of humans, musical instruments were already being fashioned. | <urn:uuid:753bf4ac-df3a-47cc-bf6b-b145bbae0ec1> | CC-MAIN-2015-35 | http://www.creationmoments.com/radio/transcripts/really-universal-language | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2015-35/segments/1440644060173.6/warc/CC-MAIN-20150827025420-00247-ip-10-171-96-226.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.986402 | 259 | 3.046875 | 3 |
Whether it was discovered during a breast self-exam or incidentally as you were putting on your deodorant, finding a breast lump can be terrifying. Somehow it seems human nature for us to think the worst when we find a mass or lump anywhere there should not be one. Both the National Cancer Institute and the American Cancer Society provide some peace of mind by noting that most breast lumps are not cancer. In fact, there are a whole host of more common and benign (non-cancerous) conditions that can cause lumps in the breast including collections of fluid, deposits of fat, and deposits of calcium.
But once found, do not wait, thinking the mass will go away on its own. Make sure to notify your healthcare provider. If you are having any difficulty moving your arms or have uncontrolled pain or redness/swelling in the breast, you should contact your care Continue reading →
2014 was another year of discovery and innovation at the University of Michigan Comprehensive Cancer Center as we work toward our goal of conquering cancer. Here are summaries of select clinical, laboratory and population collaborations by Cancer Center members that will benefit cancer patients everywhere:
March 25, 2014: 25% of breast cancer survivors report financial decline due to treatment, and the financial impact varied greatly by race. “As oncologists, we are proud of the advances in our ability to cure an increasing proportion of patients diagnosed with breast cancer. But as treatments improve, we must ensure that we do not leave these patients in financial ruin because of our efforts,” says study author Reshma Jagsi, M.D., D.Phil. In a second study, Dr. Jagsi found Continue reading →
Radiation oncologist Reshma Jagsi, M.D., D.Phil., consults with a patient
Mounting evidence finds that delivering higher doses of radiation per treatment is as effective in some breast cancer patients as a traditional course where smaller doses are given over a longer time period. The new method, called hypofractionation, involves about 3-4 weeks of daily radiation treatments, instead of the usual 5-week or longer course.
But several newly published studies have found that hypofractionated radiation is not widely used.
Reshma Jagsi, M.D., D.Phil., associate professor of radiation oncology at the University of Michigan, led two of these studies. Looking at a national database of patients, she and her colleagues found that hypofractionation was used in only 13.6% of Medicare patients with breast cancer. In Michigan, Jagsi’s other study found, fewer than one-third of patients who fit the criteria for offering this approach got the shorter course of treatment. Continue reading →
New guidelines released this week can help people being treated for breast cancer determine what complementary therapies help relieve side effects of treatment or improve quality of life. The evidence-based guidelines were sponsored by the Society for Integrative Oncology.
We talked to Suzanna M. Zick, N.D., M.P.H., associate professor of family medicine and environmental health sciences at the University of Michigan. Dr. Zick was part of the guidelines panel and begins a one-year term this week as president of the Society for Integrative Oncology.
The PALB2 gene, which is also called the partner and localizer of BRCA2, is a gene that contributes to inherited susceptibility to breast cancer and perhaps ovarian and pancreatic cancers. The PALB2 gene contains the directions for making a protein that acts together with the BRCA2 protein. When they are functioning normally, these two genes work together as tumor suppressors.
How does cancer start at the genetic level?
Most cancers occur when two mutations in a tumor suppressor gene occur in a single cell during a person’s lifetime. Some individuals inherit an altered copy of a tumor suppressor gene. If a second mutation occurs in the tumor suppressor gene in any cell of their body, a tumor may develop. Since they already have an altered tumor suppressor gene in all of the cells of their body, individuals with an inherited mutation in a tumor suppressor gene are more likely to develop cancer.
Cancer due to an inherited alteration in a tumor suppressor gene is more likely to occur at a younger age (for example, Continue reading →
Cancer treatment is hard on your body and, in some cases, changes are permanent. Sometimes cancer patients become so focused on getting rid of their cancer, they don’t bring up body image issues with their oncologists. In writing Body Image Matters, a patient story in Thrive, I learned they should.
Sherry Hansen is a breast cancer survivor, 14 years and counting. She had surgery to remove her breast, but didn’t have time to think about reconstructive surgery at the time of her diagnosis. She had a 3-year-old daughter to take care of. Sherry described to me in detail the way she felt the first time she looked in the mirror when her bandages were removed. No one had prepared her for the change in her body. No one was there when she saw it for the first time.
This should never happen to a patient and, were Sherry diagnosed at the U-M Cancer Center, perhaps her emotional response would have been different. By the time she came to U-M, depression had set in. She’s doing great now, but it was a long road to recovery. Continue reading →
NOTICE: Except where otherwise noted, all articles are published under a Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 license. You are free to copy, distribute, adapt, transmit, or make commercial use of this work as long as you attribute the University of Michigan Health System as the original creator and include a link to this article. | <urn:uuid:defa79d4-d02a-4c11-b4bc-3a224d9b8a55> | CC-MAIN-2015-18 | http://uofmhealthblogs.org/tag/breast-cancer/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2015-18/segments/1429246637364.20/warc/CC-MAIN-20150417045717-00167-ip-10-235-10-82.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.966165 | 1,199 | 2.6875 | 3 |
to be the ONE program that you need to implement the writing
process, this program was developed based on years of experience
in working with students who struggled with the writing. All
children and for that matter all adults have an innate need
to communicate with other humans. It is part of what defines
us as human beings. However, for many people writing is a
mode of communication that often painful and difficult.
Writers Companion we wanted to give the
user the tools that would assist them to communicate in a
cogent and organized matter. Much of the structure of Writers
Companion is based on a compendium of different styles of
process writing. We take the user through the entire process
from brainstorming ideas to publishing their final draft.
Companion is designed to engage even your most reluctant
writers in a process that will fill your classroom with sights
and sounds of communication as we have come to know it in
this age of multimedia communication. Students can use text
to speech, include graphics, e-mail their stories directly
from the program and even automatically create web pages.
Companion could be your students everyday word processor.
We feel that having your students go through the entire writing
process every time they write will help them to internalize
the writing process.
designed Writers Companion to be progressively
sophisticated depending on the age of the user. You can use
it as a simple single-page graphic writing program, appropriate
for a six-year-old or as a sophisticated writing program capable
of creating term papers in college.
Writers Companion has five distinct sections:
In this mode the user simply creates text boxes and writes
any idea they have related to the theme of their story or
In this mode the user can chose from any of three ways of
organizing their ideas:
Each of these graphic organizers is used for different types
of writing. Clustering can be used for any type of story or
essay. Timeline can be used any type of writing that is sequential
in nature, like recipes or directions. Venn Diagram is great
for compare and contrast.
This part of the program allows you put the ideas you have
related in the proper sequence and ready to create a rough
Draft: Once you have your ideas and have organized them,
this part of the program, puts them together as one document
and allows you to start the editing process. In Rough Draft
you can choose between seeing your document as an outline
or in paragraph form.
Once you have edited your document, you are ready to put on
the finishing touches like formatting your document, adding
fonts, and adding graphics. It is in this part of the program
you will either print your document or publish it digitally
as an email or web page. | <urn:uuid:32c2fbd3-3726-4bfa-bbec-ee3117a33cdd> | CC-MAIN-2018-39 | http://www.writerscomp.com/ProgramInfo.htm | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-39/segments/1537267156418.7/warc/CC-MAIN-20180920062055-20180920082055-00240.warc.gz | en | 0.934477 | 583 | 3.3125 | 3 |
NCI Dictionary of Cancer Terms
The NCI Dictionary of Cancer Terms features 7,942 terms related to cancer and medicine.
- tumescent mastectomy
- listen (too-MEH-sent ma-STEK-toh-mee)
- A type of surgery to remove the breast. The breast is injected with a liquid mixture of salts and small amounts of two drugs. These drugs are lidocaine, to numb the area, and epinephrine, to narrow blood vessels and reduce bleeding. Tumescent mastectomy is usually used to treat breast cancer in elderly patients. | <urn:uuid:88590017-033b-46a3-bba6-12a6ba8bd3bc> | CC-MAIN-2016-36 | http://www.cancer.gov/publications/dictionaries/cancer-terms?CdrID=644779 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-36/segments/1471982297973.29/warc/CC-MAIN-20160823195817-00133-ip-10-153-172-175.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.862282 | 123 | 2.96875 | 3 |
Gardening is such an enjoyable pastime. It relaxes our mind, strengthens our body and puts food on our table. For many of us, gardening is the highlight of the summer.
The Garden Training Class is an opportunity to take your love of gardening and use it to transform communities. The six-week, indoor training will cover the practical aspects of successful vegetable gardening. The learning continues as we work together at the GGHC gardens in South Paris and Rumford growing produce for distribution throughout the late summer and fall. Training sessions are held each year in the Spring.
The 2019 Garden Training Class held in April and May, was taught by Barbara Murphy at the Mahoosuc Land Trust office (162 North Road) in Bethel, Maine. Details about training classes in Spring 2020 will be posted here.
The cost is $100 for the six-week session. Please contact Barbara Murphy directly at [email protected] or (207) 890-1626 for more information.
What the class teaches...
Part 1 - Indoor Classroom Training
Introduction to the class and each other. The Art of Composting. Making compost can be the activity that completes the gardening circle. Plants that nourished you are returned to the soil to nourish future crops. We will discuss how compost happens, especially the roles of microbes and temperature. We will also cover worm and sheet composting and what to do with those diseased tomato plants at the end of the season.
Building Healthy Soil. What you might call garden dirt is the lifeblood of the garden. We will build on what we learned about compost and explore what is a healthy garden soil. Emphasis will be placed on garden practices and materials that help and hinder building good soil.
How Plants Work. Gardening is all about getting our chosen plants to grow and produce fruits and vegetables. This session will cover how a plant does just that, from seed germination to the critical interplay between sunlight, temperature, moisture and fertility. We will also look at how plants take up and release water, why a bit of stress on plants might be good and why our perennials plants often perish due to what happens in the winter.
The Ecology of a Garden. It is a jungle out there in the garden - bad insects, beneficial insects, weeds, diseases, rodents and now crazy weather! This is a new era of gardening that requires a better understanding of garden ecology. Successful gardens will need to be more resilient to insect and disease outbreaks and adaptable to drought and inconsistent temperatures. We will focus on understanding the life cycles of common garden pests and diseases so that our control measures are more effective. We will also look at what future weather patterns may mean for our gardens, both the good and the bad. You might even come to appreciate the value of an electric tennis racket in the garden!
Managing the Community Garden. Growing a garden for others is different from growing one for yourself or your family. Certainly crop quantities and types are different. But what about day-to-day operations - Who waters? Fertilizes? Who decides to plant the next crop? How are decisions made? Where is the financing coming from? How do we communicate? GGHC is an all volunteer effort to grow food for others. This session covers the nitty-gritty of volunteer collaboration. We will discuss what skills are needed and what we all have to offer, from being a master weeder to an expert photojournalist.
Growing in the "Shoulder" Seasons. We all know Maine has a short growing season, some even say it is over on the 4th of July! But, weather trends are indicating longer, warmer falls, perfect growing conditions for some garden crops if we have planned ahead. We will look at materials and techniques available to small-scale gardeners that might have us in our gardens from April to November!
Keeping the Garden Alive. Ok, you have managed to get the garden planted and for the most part, it is looking pretty good. Now the tricky part starts...When is it time to sidedress? With what? How do you know if the garden needs watering? Is it time to plant the second crop of beans? What about starting my fall cabbages? This session covers all of your gardening questions, so be sure to bring them to class.
Planning the Volunteer Project, Review, Pot Luck. This is when we will put it all together and map out the plan for the summer. It will also be a time to get confusions cleared up as well as have those nagging questions answered followed by a delicious pot luck.
Part 2 - Outdoor Hands-On Training
The learning moves outdoors after the classroom sessions conclude. Participants take their new and refined gardening skills and plan, plant, maintain, harvest and donate the produce through our weekly distribution nights. We meet weekly and work together in the garden. This is a time for everyone to share tips, techniques and skills. We have an outrageously good time observing plant growth, using various techniques to keep insects under control, trying out new season extension materials and planning crop succession. Once harvests begin, we switch to planning distributions - harvesting, counting, packing and organizing the fruits and vegetables for a visually beautiful and efficient distribution display.
In addition to distributing vegetables, every other week, our volunteer cooks plan and prepare easy and delicious recipes for sampling and demonstration. So, if your way to good health and food is through cooking, let us know!
For more information, please contact Barbara Murphy - [email protected] | <urn:uuid:0aa1d4dc-509c-497c-8d14-30527577a9bd> | CC-MAIN-2019-35 | http://www.gardenersgrowinghealthycommunities.org/training | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-35/segments/1566027320156.86/warc/CC-MAIN-20190824084149-20190824110149-00339.warc.gz | en | 0.938681 | 1,143 | 3.03125 | 3 |
ginseng (jĭnˈsĕng) [key], common name for the Araliaceae, a family of tropical herbs, shrubs, and trees that are often prickly and sometimes grow as climbing forms. The true ginseng ( Panax ginseng ), long prized by the Chinese for its medicinal qualities, was in such demand that a North American ginseng, P. quinquefolius, was imported in large quantities as a substitute. Both species have been all but exterminated in the wild by commercial exploitation. The herbal medicine ginseng is prepared from the plants' dried roots; it is used as a mild sedative and to increase stamina.
The widely varied family includes also the dwarf ginseng ( P. trifolium ) of North America; the English ivy ( Hedera helix ), a popular ornamental evergreen vine; the Hercules'-club, devil's-club, or devil's-walking-stick (names applied to several related species) of North America and E Asia, used locally for medicinal purposes; and the rice-paper plant ( Tetrapanax papyriferus ) of China, the pith of which is used to make Chinese rice paper. Native American species of this family include the wild sarsaparilla ( Aralia nudicaulis ) and the American, or wild, spikenard ( A. racemosa ). The names sarsaparilla and spikenard are applied also to plants of other families.
Ginseng is classified in the division Magnoliophyta, class Magnoliopsida, order Apiales, family Araliaceae.
The Columbia Electronic Encyclopedia, 6th ed. Copyright © 2012, Columbia University Press. All rights reserved.
More on ginseng from Infoplease:
See more Encyclopedia articles on: Plants | <urn:uuid:77d0c767-96ca-4ef9-aa14-fc6e7c172a13> | CC-MAIN-2014-35 | http://www.infoplease.com/encyclopedia/science/ginseng.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2014-35/segments/1409535924501.17/warc/CC-MAIN-20140909013108-00188-ip-10-180-136-8.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.905424 | 384 | 3.34375 | 3 |
By Alex Dobuzinskis
LOS ANGELES (Reuters) - Blue whales are vulnerable to cargo ship strikes because they are so used to being the largest animal in the ocean that they often fail to avoid the vessels, a Stanford University biologist has found.
The study published in the latest edition of the journal Endangered Species Research is based on direct observation in the waters off Southern California, where a team used GPS technology and suction cups to track how the giant mammals respond when a vessel is barreling toward them.
Researchers found that blue whales, instead of diving sharply, responded to approaching ships by descending gradually at a rate of just over a foot and a half (0.5 meter) per second, and did not try swimming to one side, according to Stanford University.
In most cases, researchers found the whales' movement was barely fast enough to avoid a ship.
The study, published about two weeks ago, represents an effort to better understand the behavior of the endangered behemoths, which according to the World Wildlife Fund number between 10,000 and 25,000, in hopes of finding ways to avoid fatal collisions.
Conservation groups have said at least 11 blue whales are struck annually along the U.S. West Coast.
"It's not part of their evolutionary history to have cargo ships killing them, so they haven't developed behavioral responses to this threat," Jeremy Goldbogen, an assistant professor of biology at Stanford's Hopkins Marine Station and senior author on the study, said in a statement.
Blue whales have for millions of years thrived on the benefits of their size. Adults can reach nearly 100 feet (30 meters) in length and weigh 190 tons (172 tonnes), twice as much as the largest known dinosaur, and with those proportions are largely free from attacks by predators.
Shipping companies have taken steps to avoid cargo ship collisions with whales.
They have moved shipping lanes in the waters beyond San Francisco and further south in the Santa Barbara Channel to avoid gathering places for whales, said John Berge, a vice president with the Pacific Merchant Shipping Association.
Outside the ports of Los Angeles and Long Beach, as a measure to reduce emissions, ships have long been required to slow to 12 knots, which has the added benefit of reducing collisions with whales, he said. A similar slowdown was launched last year in the Santa Barbara Channel.
(Editing by Eric Walsh) | <urn:uuid:5b28a2b2-c77f-479a-9d02-65b165c783a2> | CC-MAIN-2017-47 | https://townhall.com/news/politics-elections/2015/05/11/blue-whales-unused-to-dodging-at-risk-from-ships-stanford-biologist-n1997543 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-47/segments/1510934806317.75/warc/CC-MAIN-20171121055145-20171121075145-00254.warc.gz | en | 0.956482 | 487 | 3.34375 | 3 |
About Depression Therapy
People experience depression for many reasons and can be helped with a variety of treatments. Depression is a common condition, and according to NAMI, 25-30 million Americans suffer from depression. Generally, people who experience depression report feelings of worthlessness, hopelessness, body aches and pains, low energy, and a lack of pleasure in daily activities and life. Everything may feel very difficult for the sufferer. According to the National Institute of Mental Health (NIMH), symptoms of depression may include the following:
- Difficulty concentrating, remembering details, and making decisions
- Fatigue and decreased energy
- Feelings of guilt, worthlessness, and/or helplessness
- Feelings of hopelessness and/or pessimism
- Insomnia, early-morning wakefulness, or excessive sleeping
- Irritability, restlessness
- Loss of interest in activities or hobbies once pleasurable, including sex
- Overeating or appetite loss
- Persistent aches or pains, headaches, cramps, or digestive problems that do not ease even with treatment
- Persistent sad, anxious, or "empty" feelings
- Thoughts of suicide, suicide attempts
According to the Mayo Clinic, depression symptoms in children and teens can be different than they are in adults...
- In younger children, symptoms of depression may include sadness, irritability, hopelessness and worry
- Symptoms in adolescents and teens may include anxiety, anger and avoidance of social interaction
- Changes in thinking and sleep are common signs of depression in adolescents and adults but are not as common in younger children
- In children and teens, depression often occurs along with behavior problems and other mental health conditions, such as anxiety or attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD)
- Schoolwork may suffer in children who are depressed
There are many different types of depression including:
- Major depression or clinical depression can prevent individuals from functioning normally. An episode of clinical depression may occur only once in a person's lifetime. More often though, it recurs throughout a person's life. One of the symptoms must be either depressed mood or loss of interest in the usual activities. Also, the depressive symptoms must cause clinically significant distress or impairment in functioning.
- Dysthymia (chronic low-grade depression) is characterized by a long-term (two years or more) depressed mood. The symptoms present are similar, but not enough for a diagnosis of major depression and is less disabling for the sufferer.
- Seasonal affective disorder, seasonal depression or SAD, is a depression that occurs each year at the same time. It usually begins in the fall or winter and ends in spring or early summer. Less frequently, SAD occurs as "summer depression," which begins in the late spring or early summer and ends in fall.
- Bipolar is a complex mood disorder that alternates between periods of clinical depression and episodes of elation or mania. There are two subtypes of bipolar disorder. Bipolar I is characterized by patients having a history of at least one manic episode with or without major depressive episodes. Bipolar II disorder is characterized by patients having a history of at least one episode of major depression and at least one hypomanic (less severe, only mildly elated) episode.
- Postpartum depression is diagnosed when a new mother develops a major depressive episode within one month after delivery and is more severe than the "baby blues" which affects nearly 75% of new moms. Hormonal factors and the abrupt drop in hormones unique to women post-delivery are likely to contribute to depression following childbirth. Hormones directly affect the brain chemistry that controls emotions and mood, and women are at greater risk of depression at certain times in their lives such as before their period, throughout puberty, during and after pregnancy, during perimenopause and after menopause.
- Atypical depression differs from other types of depression. Symptoms include increased hunger, weight gain, over sleeping, a sensation of heavy arms and legs and mood that fluctuates in response to situations and interpersonal experiences.
- Psychotic depression involves symptoms of psychosis such as delusional thoughts or hallucinations that accompany the symptoms of depression.
- Adjustment disorder is a type of stress-related mental illness. Symptoms include feeling anxious or depressed and possibly suicidal, and develop within 3 months of an event and are more severe than expected. In addition to somatic complaints and feelings of sadness and hopelessness, suffers may withdraw from people and experience impulsive and self-destructive behaviors.
Depression may develop in response to significant life events, such as a change in marital status, death of a family member or friend, or career and financial difficulties. People who are trying to manage chronic illnesses such as cancer, heart disease, pain, kidney disease, arthritis, lupus, multiple sclerosis, HIV/AIDS or Parkinson's disease may also experience depression.
Some common mental health conditions may co-occur with depression and include: anxiety, post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD), obsessive-compulsive disorder, panic disorder, social phobia, and generalized anxiety disorder and alcohol and substance abuse. No two people experience depression in exactly the same way. Depression for the sufferer often feels overwhelming and can be a challenge to live with, but there are excellent treatment options available. You don’t have to be alone with your depression, and there is no shame in asking for help.
What are some effective treatment options for depression?
In my private practice, I use a form of treatment called interpersonal psychotherapy. Interpersonal therapy for depression puts emphasis on the way symptoms are related to a person's relationships, including family and friends. This type of therapy focuses on the relationships in your life and how they can contribute to your symptoms of depression. This relatively short-term therapy helps patients improve the relationships in their lives in order to relieve the potential causes of depression. If social problems are occurring they are explored in depth.
Cognitive Behavioral Therapy
Research is clear that Cognitive Behavioral Therapy (CBT) is extremely effective in helping with depression. CBT is a technique that targets thoughts and actions. During sessions, you and your therapist work to develop and understand unhelpful thought patterns and behavioral habits that contribute to depression. CBT then focuses on helping you practice the desired changes in both your thoughts and behavior in order to form a new and healthier habits. If social problems are occurring they are addressed as well. CBT is evidence-based, and known to be a fast and effective treatment to help people manage life in more effective ways.
Many are open to using mindfulness meditation to facilitate the healing process. Mindfulness provides a way of working with emotions at a very deep level. Mindfulness helps people pay attention to the "here and now" and helps individuals become aware of their negative, distorted thoughts such as "I can't do anything right" and learn to acknowledge them, without judgment, with the realization that these thoughts are not accurate reflections of reality. This helps individuals begin to view their thoughts as less powerful. The experience of "learning to observe thoughts" ultimately leads to distorted thoughts having less weight as people master the practice of mindfulness. I work with other forms of meditation in addition to mindfulness meditation, and have found meditation to be a very helpful adjunct to traditional psychotherapy.
Sometimes, deeply-held beliefs may interfere or block successful depression treatment. The experience of trauma can leave us with dysfunctional beliefs about ourselves. Some examples include: “I’m worthless,” “It’s all my fault,” "the world is cruel" and “I don’t deserve to be happy.” Such beliefs can easily lead to depression as well as anger, shame, grief, guilt, anxiety, compulsive overeating, self-sabotage, hopelessness and helplessness, fear of success and/or failure, patterns of victimization and fear of closeness or abandonment. EMDR can successfully remove these blocking beliefs about the self and the world. EMDR is then used to "install" positive, helpful and accurate beliefs about the self and world. Often, removing the "interference" of blocking beliefs allows individuals suffering from depression to begin to allow other forms of treatment to work.
Whether you are interested in CBT, DBT skills, EMDR therapy, meditation, interpersonal or expressive talk therapy for depression, I have successfully treated a wide range of clients with depression, from moderate to severe, and collaborate with other mental health professionals such as psychiatrists if medication is needed. Many of my patients are successful executives and creative individuals who struggle with depressive symptoms. If depression is interfering with your life, it is important to work with a mental health provider. | <urn:uuid:317b6c44-bda9-4780-89a0-92c302250bdf> | CC-MAIN-2018-34 | http://kimseelbrede.com/news/depression-therapy | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-34/segments/1534221211719.12/warc/CC-MAIN-20180817045508-20180817065508-00689.warc.gz | en | 0.947598 | 1,787 | 3.5 | 4 |
Education - General
History and Geography are dynamic and diverse disciplines, but disciplines that have always displayed integrative abilities and potential because human actions in spaces and places matter in both. In History, the human past concerns time and space. In Geography, space and spatiality dominate and can include humanity. Teaching and learning History and Geography in the South African classroom is the first textbook to consider History and Geography as interconnected disciplines in the South African education context.
This book guides readers through developments in the History and Geography fields, new focus areas and some refreshed teaching and learning possibili-ties unlocked by technology. Drawing on prodigious research, experts in these fields impart recommendations for teaching, understanding, learning and assessing these subjects purposefully.
Contents include the following:
• Teaching controversial issues in History
• Decolonising History in South Africa through local and regional histories
• Cognitive development strategies within the History classroom
• Enhancing History teaching through the integration of technology
• Mapping and maps (including the use of Google maps, GIS and GPS in the Geography classroom)
• Education for sustainable development
• Teaching and learning possibilities, styles and strategies in History and Geography Education
• Indigenous knowledge systems and Africanisation in relation to Geography teaching and learning
• Field work excursions
• Classroom-based performance assessment
Teaching and learning History and Geography in the South African classroom is aimed at educators and prospective educators in the Social Sciences, History and Geography programmes.
Elize S. van Eeden is a professor at North-West University, and chairs the subject group History at the Vaal Triangle Campus. She served as chairperson of the South African Society for History Teaching (2009-2017) and is editor or assistant editor of three peer-reviewed journals accredited by the Depart-ment of Higher Education. She has authored more than 80 peer-reviewed articles, and has contributed chapters in 18 books as either co-writer or editor. Elize has authored 12 History books, one being the textbook, Didactical guidelines for teaching history in a changing South Africa (1999). Her main research interest is regional history in multidisciplinary research environments and its application in regional history in teaching.
Pieter Warnich is a senior lecturer in History and Social Sciences Education at North-West University. He is chairperson of the subject group History and Social Sciences Education at the Potchefstroom Campus. His main areas of specialisation are teaching, learning and assessment and History education curriculum studies development. Pieter has published widely in these fields where he authored peer-reviewed articles and chapters in books. He is co-editor of the book Outcomes-based assessment for South African teachers (2012).
Publication date: 2018-02-07 | <urn:uuid:42c87220-f13e-47c9-a020-280ed2f4dedd> | CC-MAIN-2018-22 | https://www.graffitibooks.co.za/en/m/Search/166/date_publish+DESC/Education/General | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-22/segments/1526794872114.89/warc/CC-MAIN-20180528072218-20180528092218-00506.warc.gz | en | 0.934286 | 565 | 3.03125 | 3 |
Prussia’s first stamps date from 1850. They were engraved by Eduard Eichens. Six years later, a new value was added to the set: the 4pf yellow-green. Although the portrait of the previous values was used, Eichens was no longer around to engrave the frame with the new value denomination, and it was H G Schilling who engraved the frame for this particular stamp. Although Schilling tried to replicate the existing frame as closely as possible, he used the word pfenninge for the value, rather than the word pfennige which had been used for the 6pf value of 1850. It is sometimes classed as an error, which is not really true, because both forms were accepted at the time.
You will find H G Schilling's database HERE. | <urn:uuid:016aee59-78e0-4d2d-bb10-d9521b2e5980> | CC-MAIN-2019-35 | https://stampengravers.blogspot.com/2018/07/biography-h-g-schilling.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-35/segments/1566027313536.31/warc/CC-MAIN-20190818002820-20190818024820-00559.warc.gz | en | 0.980735 | 169 | 2.5625 | 3 |
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