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A national campaign encouraging everyone in Scotland to play their part in making it a greener place to live was launched yesterday.
The new Greener Together campaign promotes individual benefits of leading a greener lifestyle to make Scotland a cleaner place. The campaign claims that every green effort, big or small, makes a difference.
A study conducted by TNS Global Market Research suggested that 72% out of 501 respondents agree greener living is necessary and over half said they would like to do more to help the environment.
Environment Secretary, Richard Lochhead said: “Turning our thermostats down by just one degree, for example, not only saves money but also reduces the amount of energy we use as a country. By taking this green action, we could save up to £60 per year as well as reducing Scotland’s carbon emissions from housing by ten per cent.”
The Scottish Government has targeted a 42% reduction in CO2 by 2020 and an 80% reduction by 2050. | <urn:uuid:19f1d54c-bddb-4146-aceb-6bbf00d65207> | CC-MAIN-2017-43 | http://www.energylivenews.com/2012/01/18/new-campaign-helps-scotland-go-green/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-43/segments/1508187824733.32/warc/CC-MAIN-20171021095939-20171021115939-00398.warc.gz | en | 0.966128 | 202 | 2.53125 | 3 |
Some Facts on Indian Mackerel:
- The Indian mackerel is generally found in shallow, coastal waters, where the surface water temperature is at least 17 °C (63 °F).
- Indian mackerel reach a maximum fork length of 35 centimetres (14 in), but are generally around 25 centimetres (9.8 in) in length.
- Adults of this species are found in coastal bays, harbours and deep lagoons. They are commonly found in turbid waters rich in plankton.
- Adult Indian mackerel feed on macroplankton including the larvae of shrimp and fish.
- It is widely found in the Tamil Nadu and Karnataka coastal belt and very popular fish food in Kudla (Mangalore) in India.
For the marinade, I made a fresh paste and included the paste with a variant of mix spice powder/garam masala; the paste made of two robust ingredients (both in terms of flavour and health benefits), blended with another ingredient for flavour – the three ingredients make the marinade paste extremely awesome in flavor, overpowering the flavour of the spice powder – which does blend very well in the marinade paste giving an overall richness to the flavour of the marinade.
Robust Indian Mackerel Fries – Marinade Recipe:
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Mackerel Fries – RECIPES | <urn:uuid:84c01c02-2a6d-4da2-a76f-7a06395ff969> | CC-MAIN-2023-06 | https://masalahealth.in/2021/12/07/robust-indian-mackerel-fries-marinade-recipe/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-06/segments/1674764499954.21/warc/CC-MAIN-20230202003408-20230202033408-00299.warc.gz | en | 0.899448 | 321 | 2.796875 | 3 |
Source: European Commission, DG Economic and Financial Affairs
Aim: Learn more about money and the euro
Type: Puzzle game, quiz, arcade - Public : 7+
Language : english
Quiz, games, general information on the euro: this series of games proposed by the European Commission addresses children aged 7 and up. They enable children to play and learn more about money and the euro. You can save your score at the end of the game; and the best players will take the lead of the European ranking! There are five games on the European currency: a banknote puzzle, an arcade game with a journey back in the history of currencies, a quiz on the euro, a game to learn to recognize and count euro coins, and a game on the coins of the different European countries. | <urn:uuid:5f9dc12c-1eac-4626-8d29-296b96fc037c> | CC-MAIN-2013-20 | http://www.citedeleconomie.fr/Euro-Kids-Corner-European | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2013-20/segments/1368698289937/warc/CC-MAIN-20130516095809-00043-ip-10-60-113-184.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.92865 | 161 | 2.515625 | 3 |
Mosquitos have pestered humans since time immemorial, ruining many a summer evening. If you live in the temperate regions of the world, a scented candle, some insect repellent and lots of clapping may be all you need to keep the critters at bay. But make no mistake, in the tropics, mosquitoes kill more people every year than any other animal, by transmitting a variety of deadly diseases, among them malaria. Mosquitoes have an exquisite sense of smell, thanks to a special neuron on their face that works much like our taste buds, and they find their hosts by following the plumes of carbon dioxide (CO2) that humans exhale. However, the same neurons in the harmless fruit fly are also affected by other odours, and sometimes they lose their ability to detect CO2. If the same was true for mosquitoes, thought Stephany Chen and her colleagues at the University of California, Riverside, USA, perhaps there is a certain smell that could make us invisible to mosquitoes and rid humanity of them and their diseases once and for all.
In a first experiment, the team placed a single mosquito in a chamber and recorded the activity of its smell neuron, which increased after a puff of CO2. Then the insect was given a scent to smell, before measuring the response of the neuron to CO2 once again. In this way, the team screened a large number of odours and found many that would either decrease the response of the neuron to CO2, increase it, or cause a sustained activation, during which time the neuron is blind to a new puff of CO2. The latter category of scents, dubbed ‘prolonged activators’, represents a promising avenue for the development of new insect repellents. Among them, butyric acid proved to be especially effective: only a 3 s whiff of the stuff would keep the mosquito's smell neuron firing continuously for over 5 min, preventing the nose-blind critters from homing in on us. Butyric acid is already part of the odour-cocktail of human sweat, and because we all emanate different amounts of it, this may explain, in part, why some of us are mosquito candy, while others escape unscathed.
There is a whole world of odours out there, some of which may have the same mosquito-repellent properties as the prolonged activator, butyric acid; but how to find them? As is often the case today, the answer is artificial intelligence. Armed with a long list of odours that were found to affect the mosquitoes’ ability to smell CO2, the team fed the data into a computer that worked out which traits of the molecules’ three-dimensional structures were common to the prolonged activators and which set them apart from all other effective odours. Then, these findings were used to train a machine-learning algorithm that, after some time, became really good at recognizing promising new candidate molecules; the software can now map the world of odours and predict which can confuse the mosquitoes’ sense of smell. It seems that the team is on the scent of a truly awesome repellent.
Among the many odours in the world, there may be a handful that cause the smell neurons of mosquitoes to fire out-of-control, and thus could cloak mankind from the insects and their deadly bite. Butyric acid, for instance, works wonders to make mosquitoes nose-blind, but the odour is not a particularly lovely one: it smells like rancid butter. Before you find yourself wearing it to your next garden party, maybe wait and see whether artificial intelligence will yield a less pungent solution. | <urn:uuid:81c82773-a0bb-420d-b792-1f397d91cacc> | CC-MAIN-2021-25 | https://journals.biologists.com/jeb/article/224/9/jeb235374/260572/Mapping-odours-to-fight-malaria | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-25/segments/1623487660269.75/warc/CC-MAIN-20210620084505-20210620114505-00268.warc.gz | en | 0.965936 | 754 | 3.5625 | 4 |
Nick Carr on September 26, 2014 1 Comment History Belgium has one of the most varied histories when it comes to the art of brewing beer. This is not to say that Belgium’s brewing craft does not stem from the same traditions as those found in the rest of Europe. But, this country, more than any other, seems to have carried those old traditions with them through history. Few beers characterize this as well as the “Brett” infested brews of Flanders. Insightful understanding, patience, and masterful blending techniques go into making these “old” styles. At one time, all beers where spontaneously fermented by a mixture of wild yeast and bacteria from the fermenting vessel and surrounding environment. This cocktail of organisms created a beer with very distinct and very complex sour notes. Because the cocktail varied from place to place each brewery would have beer with a slightly different character. The practice of storage in oak casks further influenced, rounded, and compounded the flavors, as many of the most influential organisms took up residence in the wood. Another layer of complexity was added when brewers began to blend aged beer with young beer to try and minimize some of the off flavors. As the brewing art became more understood, brewers were able to control fermentation, select for certain organisms, and keep unwanted bacteria out. These refinements and a fancy for lighter beers pushed most of Europe further and further from Brewing’s “wild” roots. But, Belgium must have been the rock in the incoming tide, they kept some of the traditions, passed them down, and they live on now in the Flanders Red and several other style particular to Belgium. Style Profile & Characteristics The guidelines for the Flanders Red Ale beer style are set by the Beer Judge Certification Program (BJCP) Style Committee. The below style characteristics represent a summary of what a Flanders Red Ale should represent, and what you should expect from drinking one. Quick Characteristics Color Range: 10 – 16 SRM Original Gravity: 1.048 – 1.057 OG Final Gravity: 1.002 – 1.012 FG IBU Range: 10 – 25 ABV Range: 4.6 – 6.5% Appearance: Ranges from rich burgundy to deep red-brown. Aroma: Dark fruit. Obscure malt presence with notes of vanilla, spice or chocolate possible. Sourness should be obvious, possibly excessive. Flavor: Complex fruitiness. Subtle malts with little hop bitterness. Possible notes of chocolate and vanilla. Mouthfeel: Medium bodied. Low to mid carbonation & astringency. Food Pairings: Salads, Berries, Walnuts, Grilled Steak, Cheddar Cheese, Chocolate Cake The BJCP classifies this style as “European Sour Ale.” It can be found in their guidelines as category 23B. Other Styles Include: 23A — Berliner Weisse 23C — Oud Bruin 23D — Lambic 23E — Gueuze 23F — Fruit Lambic Appearance: A deep red burgundy to red-brown color speaks to the aroma of multifaceted dark fruit. Aroma: Black cherry, currents, plums, and even a low range of orange character can be found wafting up from the dark depth of this style. A mild chocolate or vanilla may complement this fruit intensity. Malt remains an obscure but present balance to the fruit. Some spice may be present. There should be no hop aroma and the sour nose can range from moderate to overwhelming. Clarity should be good, but will vary somewhat depending on how the beer was aged. Mouthfeel: Mouthfeel commonly runs much like a good red wine; medium bodied, low to mid carbonation and astringency. The sourness will cause some prickling and possibly puckering acidity on the palate. Finish is very crisp and refreshing, but can leave slight sweetness. Taste: Taste runs parallel to the nose, with complex fruit-like characteristics of dark cherry, plum, currant, and low level orange. Lower levels of the chocolate or vanilla may be present. Malt may come through as very subtle or somewhat bold. If very sour, any sweetness will be hidden. There will be no hop flavor noticeable and very little hop bitterness. Instead a tannic bitterness is likely to be present on the back of the palate and swallow, creating the drying character of a well-aged red wine. *Reference: The 2015 BJCP Style Guidelines Examples of the Style This style’s examples were pulled from the Great American Beer Festival, World Beer Cup, the BJCP commercial example list, and a couple I personally know to be available. Rodenbach Vintage 2011 (World Beer Cup Winner 2014) Lost Abbey Red Poppy (Great American Beer Festival Winner 2012-2013) Rodenback Klassiek Rodenback Grand Cru Monk’s Café Flanders Red Ale New Belgium La Folie Cuvée Des Jacobins Rouge How to Brew a Flanders Red Ale Recipe Homebrewing any kind of sour, aged ale is a bit more of an undertaking then your regular run-of-the-mill brew. But the undertaking is more one of patience, having the right equipment, and time; then any extra work during the brewing process. Because of the long fermentation and aging periods it pays to do a little research and make up a decent recipe right out of the gate with this one. Malt Bill: A Flanders Red recipe is traditionally built around a base of Vienna, or sometimes Munich malt, but 2-row could conceivable be used with either the Vienna or Munich playing a smaller part. Some light or medium caramel malt may be used as well as a small amount of special B. The big difference between this style and many other styles is the generous (up to 20%) use of maize. Hops: Hops should be kept under 10 IBUs. Hops are antibacterial and will impede the bacteria needed in the brewing of this style. Hops are traditional old, not fresh, low alpha acid, and (if going traditional) European. Stay away from high alpha acid or those with the citrusy American character. Yeast: The mashing and boiling process is pretty standard, though, depending on your recipe, you may want to run a 2 hour boil. Fermentation is not quite so standard. Creation of the sour notes relies on bacteria, something we traditionally work very hard to keep out of our beer. A mix of Pedicoccus, Brettanomyces, Lactobacillus and Acetobacter all play a major role in creating the flavor and aroma of this beer. Both Wyeast and White Labs have yeast mixtures that contain a mix of Saccharomyces yeast and the first three bacteria’s listed. Acetobacter is present in the open environment and multiplies when exposed to oxygen. Fermentation: Don’t use a plastic bucket for this one. It will let too much oxygen in and you’ll end up with vinegar, stick to either a wooden barrel, if you have it (lucky you), or a glass carboy. For the wood character you can add oak chips or cubes to the fermenter. Soak them in some cheap beer for a couple weeks before use to leech out some of the stronger compounds. Remember the bacteria can ferment any kind of sugar so you may end up with very high attenuation. Final gravities for this beer can run between 1.000 and 1.012. Make sure you have a stable reading before bottling. Bottling: After years of aging it is important to use new yeast when bottling. A possible good choice is wine yeast. It is more capable of dealing with the high acid content in your freshly aged beer. Sour beers are making a comeback in the craft beer world. Take note. If you haven’t had the good fortune of sitting down to a nice meal, on a warm summer evening, with a fine Flanders Red, you’re missing out. Try some of the above examples and if nothing else expand your tasting experience. And if you happen to fall in love and try your hand at homebrewing this style, be patient, be persistent… and maybe save me a bottle. Cheers! | <urn:uuid:2c41189c-b61d-4c99-9c45-8f7e266632d1> | CC-MAIN-2019-30 | https://learn.kegerator.com/flanders-red-ale/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-30/segments/1563195523840.34/warc/CC-MAIN-20190715175205-20190715201205-00211.warc.gz | en | 0.928995 | 1,685 | 2.6875 | 3 |
Published on December 15, 2014
Creating a Balanced Lower Back
Many people spend the bulk of each day with their lower back in the flexed position. Common examples include prolonged sitting, prolonged driving, and sleeping in the fetal position. Repetitive/prolonged lower back flexion can put tremendous pressure on the lower back discs, muscles, and ligaments and ultimately result in pain. The following strategies aid in creating more of a balance between lower back flexion and extension throughout the day:
- Pace yourself with sitting. Put a sticky note on your computer reminding you to take frequent sitting breaks. Become aware of your sitting limit/threshold (in terms of time). As an example, if lower back pain typically starts after sitting 30 minutes, then stand up every 20-25 minutes. In other words, if possible, try to be proactive instead of reactive.
- If you have a laptop (mobile) computer for work or for studying, try to alternate between sitting and standing throughout the day. One can also stand while using their laptop computer of which can be placed on a higher surface.
- If your day involves lots of sitting, eat lunch while standing.
- If you have to drive for longer periods of time, aim to split up the drive by getting gas or a coffee part way through. Go for a five minute walk before getting back into the car again.
- Try to sleep on your back. If you want to lie on your side, sleep with your legs straight with a pillow between your knees.
- If you are sitting through a talk/lecture, take advantage of any scheduled break times. Go for a short walk. Try to avoid sitting during this entire break time period.
- While standing up straight, put your hands on your hips. Arch backward from the waist. Only go as far as to not exceed mild discomfort. Hold for five seconds. Repeat this movement ten times. Revisit this same exercise later in the day. | <urn:uuid:86087f0a-6e30-4dc7-aa97-81208dbd61c4> | CC-MAIN-2017-30 | http://www.backandneck.ca/back-pain-management-tips/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-30/segments/1500549423512.93/warc/CC-MAIN-20170720222017-20170721002017-00184.warc.gz | en | 0.935305 | 400 | 2.796875 | 3 |
As I stood in Thomas Edison’s reconstructed laboratory in Dearborn, Michigan last week, I was struck by how Mr. Edison’s invention process was the beginning of the end – the end of the lone inventor or scientist working solo in his or her laboratory, unlocking the secrets of the universe or coming up with the next big invention that would change the world. Thomas Edison took the work of the lone, creative inventor and, like any good child of the Industrial Revolution, industrialized it. Sure, he was brilliant and no doubt the intellectual author of the many inventions credited to him. (The electric light and phonograph are but two examples.) But, if he hadn’t had the army of technicians and fellow inventors working alongside him, I seriously doubt that he would have been so productive.
Is this a bad thing? No, necessarily. In my day job, I work for NASA. And one thing I’ve learned in my 23 year career is that space technology development is inherently a team effort. To design a spacecraft or technology to work in space takes the expertise of many discipline-specific scientists (physicists of all kinds, chemists and mathematicians) as well as mechanical, electrical, structural and thermal engineers. Without their highly-specialized training and expertise, new space technology innovation would be impossible.
This is true in the ‘pure’ sciences as well. Gone are the days of Madame Curie discovering radium in a laboratory with only her husband as a research partner. Today the Higgs Boson was found by a team of hundreds of physicists using a multi-billion dollar particle accelerator that only European governments could build. (We almost built our own, but that’s another sad story.)
And yet… At the core of each of these modern discoveries and inventions is often a single individual. This person is the one who makes it all happen. The Werner Von Braun who convinces a president to fund Project Apollo; The Robert Oppenheimer who is the driving force keeping the Manhattan Project on track to developing the atomic bomb; The Thomas Edison who works with his team until all hours of the night until they finally found a material that they could use to make a working light bulb. The power of the individual is alive and well – it is just more complicated for him or her to create and invent because this person now has to spend half his time selling and managing. Today’s inventors and scientists need to be communicators, managers, creators and technicians. Individuals still matter, but they must be multidisciplined. Let’s hope our educational system is up to the task of equipping them with the tools they will need to be successful. | <urn:uuid:13789682-fae8-42b9-b7ef-c6cdba4bc921> | CC-MAIN-2018-09 | http://les-johnson.blogspot.com.au/2013/07/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-09/segments/1518891812579.21/warc/CC-MAIN-20180219091902-20180219111902-00424.warc.gz | en | 0.967495 | 551 | 2.71875 | 3 |
How to play parts of a movie clip with AS3 and Adobe
The symbols in the Library are each connected to the appropriate class using the Linkage panel in Flash CS3 and the Properties/Advanced panel in Flash CD4. The single instance of the bar and the multiple instances of the bombs and the aa's appear on the Stage as a result of coding. To put it another way, you do not move instances of the bar or the bomb or the aa to the Stage and give them... To make a symbol from a graphic, right-click on it and choose Convert to Symbol. The default Type is set to Movie Clip. Give the symbol a name and click OK.
Change the color of any object using the action script 3
Flash Symbols Basic concepts of flash symbols - graphics, buttons and movieclips. In this tutorial you'll learn the basic concepts of Flash symbols, symbol types (graphics, buttons and movieclips), creating and using them.... You can create sketch symbols in a drawing or a drawing template. Once a sketch symbol has been created, the new sketch symbols can be saved to an external sketch symbol library for sharing and later use.
How to make a shiny rollover effect for a movie clip that
NOTE: The symbol name (the one you type in the Convert to Symbol dialog box) is NOT the same as the instance name. 4. Make sure that the circle is selected, then go to the Properties Inspector. how to make kitchen cleaner with vinegar NOTE: The symbol name (the one you type in the Convert to Symbol dialog box) is NOT the same as the instance name. 4. Make sure that the circle is selected, then go to the Properties Inspector.
Simple AS3 Collision Detection Using the AS3 hitTestObject
Moving an Object Using X and Y Values. If you are going to be creating games in Flash, you will need to learn how to allow the user to move an object around on the screen. how to move window above tool bar behind tool bar Using this lesson, you will also learn how to import any photo into a flash stage, how to apply action script code on any text movie and much more. Example: Move your mouse over text right and left!
How long can it take?
How to Create Graphic Symbols in Flash CS5 dummies
- Flash ActionScript 3.0 move object YouTube
- How to make an amazing button in Flash using ActionScript
- ActionScript 1/2 Moving An Object Vertically Using A
- How to Connect a class to a symbol in Adobe Flash
How To Move A Symbol Using Action Script
Hi everyone, I try to make a clip that contains a shape and a button. Whenever the button is pressed I want the shape to move one frame to the right.
- Dynamic Drawing Using ActionScript When Flash MX was introduced, several new features were added to both the authoring enviroment and to ActionScript. My favorite group of new methods added were the drawing methods added to the MovieClip class, also referred to as the Drawing API.
- Now let's make this a little more complex: It turns out that, since they are used to using PowerPoint, the presenters forget that they have to press buttons on the screen to move from scene to scene. They want to be able to press the space bar and right arrow to move forward and the left arrow to move back, just as in PowerPoint.
- Moving an Object Using X and Y Values. If you are going to be creating games in Flash, you will need to learn how to allow the user to move an object around on the screen.
- Flash has a feature in which you can swap a symbol with another one from the library. Would it be possible to do this, in Actionscript code, without using bitmap or something like that? For my project, I want the character's bottom half to disappear when he … | <urn:uuid:e39a9733-6b0b-49d0-aab4-60de690e43f3> | CC-MAIN-2019-18 | http://gymnasticssuperstars.com/western-australia/how-to-move-a-symbol-using-action-script.php | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-18/segments/1555578675477.84/warc/CC-MAIN-20190424234327-20190425020327-00118.warc.gz | en | 0.903202 | 801 | 2.703125 | 3 |
New research has shown that reducing peoples’ noradrenaline levels boosts their metacognitive insight. Propranolol, a noradrenaline antagonist, increases peoples’ estimation of the accuracy of their decisions, without affecting the actual of accuracy of decision making.
There are potential applications in the treatment of OCD and schizophrenia.
New Scientist No. 3129, 10th June 2017, p.12.
Pre-industrial societies are very different from ours. Some of them kill grandparents when they get to a certain age. Individuals are often fluent in ten or more languages. They feast when food is plentiful, but are happy to go without for several days if there is nothing to eat.
Until a few thousand years ago, all humans lived in this way. It is what we evolved to do. This book is a fascinating account of Jared Diamond’s lifetime of observation of pre-industrial people from around the world. It is long, but packed with packed with intriguing stories from tribal societies.
Not surprisingly, Jared Diamond thinks that we have a lot to learn from these people.
Lucid dreams are the experience of being conscious while dreaming. Most of us can only remember our dreams when we wake up. Many people achieve lucidity for a moment or two before waking up. But some people regularly have lucid dreams, in which the world around them seems tangible and real, and they are “awake”, and aware that they are dreaming.
Ursula Voss at the Goethe University Frankfurt has discovered a way to use electrical brain stimulation to induce lucid dreams. Kristoffer Appel at Osnasbrück University is now able to communicate with lucid dreamers inside their dreams. This might one day lead to new therapies for anxiety disorders.
One participant looked around his dream for something that might convey signals from outside. He was in a bus terminal, and spotted a ticket machine. Soon, it began to beep.
The article also contains instructions on how to achieve lucid dreams yourself.
New Scientist No. 3113, 18th February 2017, p. 32 – 35.
We know from Loftus that it is possible to insert memories into people’s minds. But is it possible to erase memories, or to remove traumatic associations from memories of adverse experiences?
Neuroscientists are investigating a process called “reconsolidation.” It seems that every time a memory is recalled, it is just as if a new memory is being laid down. This process can be manipulated with drugs, ECT, or even by playing Tetris during reconsolidation.
“We can reverse-engineer the brain’s time machine, hijack it or jump-start it.”
New Scientist No. 3111, 4th February 2017, p.36-39.
Rachel Yehuda noticed that people with post traumatic stress disorder have lower levels of cortisol. Which is contrary to what you would expect, given that cortisol is “the stress hormone”.
To work out why, she has to convince a community of Holocaust survivors to subject themselves to scientific study.
Cause and Effect.
In biopsych we learn that speech production and speech recognition are highly localised. Neuropsychologist Jack Gallant has peered into the brains of volunteers while they listen to podcasts, and finds that speech comprehension is actually much more interesting than the textbook would lead you to believe.
“when you’re listening to someone tell an interesting story, an enormous swath of your brain is being activated.”
This is Your Brain on Podcasts.
Pregnancy causes loss of grey matter in specific regions of the brain, including the hippocampus. This is probably due to synaptic pruning. If you show new mothers pictures of their babies, the modified areas of the brain become highly active.
This pioneering work by Elseline Hoekzema, a neuroscientist at Leiden University the Netherlands who is also the pregnant mother of a 2-year-old, is the first to demonstrate widespread anatomical changes in the pregnant human brain.
It also shows that the changes last for at least 2 years. “It opens the door to the possibility that it might cause changes in parenting that might have implications in decision-making and behaviour later in life,” says Mel Rutherford, an evolutionary psychologist at McMaster University in Hamilton, Canada.
Pregnancy resculpts women’s brains for at least 2 years.
Pregnancy Causes Lasting Changes in a Woman’s Brain. | <urn:uuid:e1e9e427-0fcd-4217-8f3d-a4cba7e89ea4> | CC-MAIN-2017-26 | https://gssbrd.wordpress.com/tag/psychology/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-26/segments/1498128320865.14/warc/CC-MAIN-20170626203042-20170626223042-00253.warc.gz | en | 0.950891 | 935 | 2.671875 | 3 |
UCSS Math I 3.3.2 Example 5
- Walch Education
Use matrices to solve the following system of equations.
- Write the system as an equation of matrices.
- Find the inverse matrix of the given matrix.
- Multiply both sides of the equation by the inverse matrix.
- Multiply the matrices using matrix multiplication.
- Simplify the equation.
- State the solution to the system of equations. | <urn:uuid:b026693a-d5f7-492d-9033-b98a6f7e1097> | CC-MAIN-2020-50 | https://www.geogebra.org/m/ERGFPBxQ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-50/segments/1606141743438.76/warc/CC-MAIN-20201204193220-20201204223220-00201.warc.gz | en | 0.797812 | 96 | 3.125 | 3 |
What is discrimination?
I mean it’s active discrimination.
Against Discrimination" Journalist awards.
Discrimination happens throughout the world.
Racism is prejudice or discrimination because of race.
For these philosophers, direct discrimination is the only genuine form of discrimination.
In contrast, the wrongs of non-structural forms of indirect discrimination seem to be dependent on structural (or direct) discrimination.
“This rule not only narrows what is considered sex discrimination, it also narrows who has to comply with anti-sex-discrimination policy.”
All are entitled to equal protection against any discrimination in violation of this Declaration and against any incitement to such discrimination.
But two of them, in New York and Chicago, recently issued decisions ruling that discrimination against gay men and lesbians is a form of sex discrimination.
Authors compared perceptions of racial discrimination with actual reported discrimination experiences throughout the US to determine the veracity of those claims.
Along the same lines, Eidelson contends that “‘indirect’ discrimination is not usefully thought of as a distinct form of discrimination at all, except as a piece of legal jargon” (2015: 19).
Accordingly, the sentence ‘Discrimination is wrong’ can be either a tautology (if ‘discrimination’ is used in its moralized sense) or a substantive moral judgment (if ‘discrimination’ is used in its non- moralized sense).
Liberals were more likely than conservatives to espouse egalitarianism and universalism, which attenuated their discrimination; whereas the conservatives’ value of traditionalism predicted more discrimination, and their value of self-reliance predicted less discrimination.
But because marginalised people are less likely to report acts of discrimination against them, the gap between the right's perception of discrimination against people of colour and actual rates of discrimination is likely wider than what was recorded, according to the authors.
The report found that black respondents and Democrats "perceived that black people face much more discrimination than white people" while "white respondents and Republicans perceived a smaller discrimination gap between black and white people, relative to reported discrimination experiences".
Nonetheless, the idea of indirect discrimination can help to highlight how the wrongful harms of direct discrimination are capable of ramifying via acts and policies that are not directly discriminatory and would be entirely innocent but for the link between them and acts of direct discrimination.
Virginia, the 1967 Supreme Court case that struck down a ban on interracial marriage, drawing an analogy between racial discrimination (if a black person can marry a black person but cannot marry a white person, that is discrimination by race) and sex discrimination (if a man can marry a woman but cannot marry a man, that is discrimination by sex).
The other cases include settlements for $150,000 for alleged veteran status discrimination, $76,000 for age discrimination, $37,250 for alleged disability discrimination, $7,000 for alleged discrimination because of sex and religion, and $5,200 for alleged discrimination claims because of race, national origin, and military service.
An ever-growing number of terms have been coined to label forms of discrimination, such as racism, sexism, anti-Semitism, homophobia, transphobia, or cissexism (discrimination against transgender persons), classism (discrimination based on social class), lookism (discrimination based on physical appearance), and ableism (discrimination based on disability).
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An ever-growing number of terms have been coined to label forms of discrimination such as racism sexism anti-Semitism homophobia transphobia or cissexism discrimination against transgender persons classism discrimination based on social class lookism discrimination based on physical appearance and ableism discrimination based on disability | <urn:uuid:8db3b261-0bf2-4700-a577-e85b847a83d8> | CC-MAIN-2023-50 | https://lengusa.com/sentence-examples/Discrimination | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-50/segments/1700679103558.93/warc/CC-MAIN-20231211045204-20231211075204-00158.warc.gz | en | 0.941751 | 816 | 3.203125 | 3 |
Columbia MPA Environmental Science and Policy Program students were excited to attend the celebration of World Wildlife Day March 3 at the UN Headquarters here in New York. The event “celebrates and raises awareness of the world’s wild animals and plants,” allowing students to learn more about the pressures wildlife face and to connect with global leaders involved in wildlife issues.
Program student Arnaud Goessens is currently working as a consultant at the UN, and coordinated student attendance. The day’s events included panel discussions, speakers and the International Elephant Film Awards. This year’s theme was “The Future of Wildlife is In Our Hands.”
CITES, or the Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora, is a multilateral treaty to ensure that the trade in specimens of wild animals and plants between nations does not threaten the survival of these species. Today, 181 member nations have signed on to CITES, and it is regarded by CITES Secretary-General John E. Scanlon as “the most successful of all international environment-related agreements.”
This event was especially valuable for 10 students in the MPA-ESP Workshop in Applied Earth Systems Management III, currently working on a wildlife trafficking consulting project for the Wildlife Conservation Society. The students are analyzing proposals for species that could be submitted to the CoP17 (Conference of the Parties) in South Africa by those who have signed onto CITES. These include the African rhinoceros, devil rays, African grey parrot and pangolin species—all of which have been significantly impacted by trade for their parts and products in the international market.
This year marked the third observance of World Wildlife Day, a product of a Thailand-sponsored UN Resolution adopted at CoP16 of CITES, held in Bangkok, Thailand. The March 3 date was formally recognized by the UN in December 2013.
The students’ proposal would build on recent progress made in 2015 on international wildlife conservation. The UN General Assembly adopted a specific resolution, the first of its kind, recognizing specific targets “tackling illicit trafficking in wildlife,” in September 2015 as part of the UN’s Sustainable Development Goals.
Just the illegal trade of wild flora and fauna, not including marine or timber species, has an estimated value of $20 million dollars. This trade devastates populations of many species worldwide including sharks, tigers, elephants, rhinos and tuna.
A goal of World Wildlife Day is to increase public and governmental awareness and strengthen party commitments to CITES. In his keynote address, Scanlon emphasized that this would assist in reducing the harm brought on by the illegal trade, “developing compliance procedures, bringing new marine and timber species under CITES trade controls, making the best use of emerging technologies and strengthening cooperative implementation and enforcement efforts.”
Students attended the World Wildlife Day panel featuring many leaders in the international conservation movement. Moderated by Scanlon, panelists included:
- Robert Dreher, associate director, U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service
- Nik Sekhran, chief of practice and director, Sustainable Development Cluster, Bureau of Policy and Programme Support, United Nations Development Programme
- John Robinson, executive vice president, conservation and science, Wildlife Conservation Society
- Tania Paratian, manager intergovernmental relations, World Wildlife Fund International
- Heiko Thoms, ambassador, chargé d’affaires a.i. of Germany to the UN.
“As future policy communicators and environmental professionals, it remains of utmost importance that we as students engage with experts and world leaders at events such as the World Wildlife Day celebration at the UN in New York,” said MPA-ESP student Jamie Hanson. “We were able to listen, learn, discuss and ask questions of important voices in wildlife conservation and international UN leaders who have a stake in the issue of illegal wildlife trafficking.”
“The world’s wildlife, whether charismatic or lesser known,
is facing many challenges. The biggest threats to wildlife are habitat
loss as well as overgrazing, farming and development. Poaching and trafficking in wildlife driven by transnational organized crime groups pose the most immediate threat to many iconic species. Elephants, pangolins, rhinoceros, sharks, tigers and precious tree species are among the most critically poached and trafficked species across the world.”
— John E. Scanlon, CITES secretary-general | <urn:uuid:604e05bd-d1fd-4b64-81db-4d0ae0b13be8> | CC-MAIN-2024-10 | https://news.climate.columbia.edu/2016/03/17/mpa-esp-students-attend-un-world-wildlife-day/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2024-10/segments/1707947474686.54/warc/CC-MAIN-20240227184934-20240227214934-00135.warc.gz | en | 0.938842 | 937 | 2.828125 | 3 |
Whole of Government Accounts
The Whole of Government Accounts (WGA) are the consolidated financial statements for the whole of the UK public sector, showing what the UK Government spends and receives, and what it owns and owes. WGA can help Parliament hold the Treasury, as the government ministry with overall responsibility for public spending, to account. It gives Parliament and the public additional information, all in one place, on the Government’s overall financial position.
WGA aims to improve transparency, increase accountability, provide more complete data for the public sector, encourage comparable data, and provide complementary and complete information to support long-term fiscal analysis and decision making.
The Treasury is responsible for publishing the WGA. It published accounts for the 2014-15 financial year in May 2016.
Whole of Government Accounts 2014-15: At a glance
The WGA provides an accountant’s view of the Government’s financial position, which is different from the fiscal measures produced by the Office for National Statistics. The 2014-15 WGA shows net expenditure for the year of £152.0 billion and a net liability position of £2,103.2 billion.
Presented below is an interactive visualisation of the financial information contained within the Whole of Government accounts published over the last five years.
‘Ctrl’ (Apple ⌘) is used to select multiple elements of the visualisation.
If you click on a bubble, the information presented in the other two graphs will change. Hold ‘Ctrl'(Apple ⌘) to select multiple bubbles and compare.
If you hover over an element on a graph, it will highlight relevant information on the other graphs presented.
Clicking on a label element, such as year, will filter the presented information accordingly.
The first two dashboards are based on a dataset containing the financial statement information from the published WGAs of the last five years: 2014-15, 2013-14, 2012-13, 2011-12, 2010-11. This information is post-consolidation, i.e. presented after removing intra-government transactions. Where restatements have been made the following year, they have been adjusted in the dataset.
The second two dashboards are based on the submitted Data Collection Tools from WGA component bodies for 2014-15.
The dataset is made up of pre-consolidated information, i.e. before the removal of intra-government transactions. As such, these are the gross figures that make up the WGA. Bodies have to map their own accounts to the Standard Chart of Accounts; as such, the numbers presented in the visualisation may not reconcile to an individual body’s published accounts.
Frequently Asked Questions (FAQs)
Click for answers.
The deficit (the difference between what the Government receives and what it spends) was £152.0 billion. In 2013-14 it was £145.7 billion. In 2012-13, the deficit was 178.7 billion; 2011-12 the deficit 185.3 billion; 2010-11 the deficit was £94.4 billion and in 2009-10 the deficit was £162.7 billion.
In 2010-11, there were two one-off events that reduced the deficit by £102 billion; if these events are ignored, like for like the deficit would have been £196.4 billion. The one off events were a £126 billion gain as a result of the government changing the measure of inflation used to set payments to members of the public sector pension schemes, and a £24 billion loss as a result of once in five year revaluation of council housing stock.
In 2014-15, the public sector (including local government) had assets of £1.455 trillion (i.e. £1,455,300,000,000).
In 2013-14, the public sector liability was £3.558 trillion. Taking into account its assets of £1.455 trillion, the net liability was £2.103 trillion.
The WGA doesn’t include everything that accounting standards require, and this is a concern voiced by the Comptroller and Auditor General. The figures do not include bodies like further education colleges and some academy school buildings, which the Government has control of. It also doesn’t include the banks which are fully owned by the Treasury (such as RBS). The NAO thinks that for the 2014-15 WGA these bodies should be included.
All PFI projects, which are required under accounting standards to be recognised in the account, are included in the WGA.
If the excluded bodies were included, this would have reduced the Government’s net liabilities by around £70.9 billion at the end of March 2015.
The WGA is not designed to show the future path to sustainable debt position. Its primary purpose is to provide a detailed historical view of the government’s financial position.
The WGA, in accordance with accounting standards, does not include as an asset the Government’s ability to meet its payments through future taxation and borrowing. The impact of such an asset is modelled in the Office for Budget Responsibility’s long-term financial forecasts.
Currently the cost the Government pays on its gilts is low in comparison to other countries, and by historical standards. The public sector net liability that is reflected in the WGA contains long-term costs such as nuclear decommissioning and public sector pension schemes, which will have to be paid over many years to come, and are not reflected in the government’s preferred measure of debt (Public Sector Net Debt).
How is WGA different to adding up the financial statements of all the significant Government organisations?
WGA tries to only show the balances and transactions that the Government has had with non-UK-government organisations. It considers the Government to be a single entity, and as such the intra-government transactions and balances are eliminated. Note 2 of WGA provides an insight into the volume of eliminations that occur.
As a consequence, WGA is the one place where you can see the total value of the public sector pensions and the value of Quantitative Easing to Government after cancelling out the complex relationships between the Government bodies involved (Bank of England, its Asset Purchase Facility Fund, HM Treasury and the National Loans Fund).
Statistics on the Government’s financial position are routinely published in the National Accounts, monthly Public Sector Finances Report, the Public Expenditure Survey Analysis and other sources. The WGA is designed to complement existing statistical information on public finances by providing an account based on International Financial Reporting Standards that are used in the private sector but adapted for use in the public sector. These standards require including a wider range of assets and liabilities than the standards used to prepare the National Accounts.
The key differences are that the net liability includes pension liabilities, provisions for future spending that will be needed to meet current obligations, PFI liabilities which are not included in the National Accounts, and assets that are reported in the National Accounts but not included in the net debt figure.
Neither WGA nor the National Accounts include as an asset the Government’s future ability to raise taxes or the estimated value of assets or liabilities relating to future events.
WGA is prepared using International Financial Reporting Standards, which is designed to be more accessible.
The Office for Budget Responsibility considers the WGA is more complete that the National Accounts but the additional information included in the WGA is subject to greater uncertainty, such as the use of discount rates, which can vary annually, to value future liabilities.
Despite the name, the state pension scheme is more like a social security benefit than a pension scheme. The WGA does not include a liability for the state pension scheme because, unlike public sector workers who have accrued their pension entitlement during the period of employment, citizens are only entitled to a payment under the state pension scheme if they meet certain criteria on the date that payment would be due. The WGA therefore recognises state pension payments as benefit expenditure when it is incurred. In 2014-15 the total state pension payment was £88.6 billion, the largest component of social security benefits (Note 6 to the WGA).
To collect consolidation information from designated bodies and prepare the consolidated accounts, Treasury uses an internet-based consolidation system.
Departments, NDPBs, pension schemes, devolved administrations, public corporations, trading funds and local government bodies fill in consolidation schedules and deliver the schedules to their sponsoring department. The schedules generate upload files from the information entered which are then loaded into the internet-based consolidation system.
For stakeholders to gain greater confidence in using the WGA, it needs to be robust. A key measure of ‘robustness’ of a set of accounts is the opinion provided by the external auditor. Overall, the 2014-15 WGA was an accurate account of the Government’s financial position and performance but the audit opinion was qualified.
The qualifications are outlined in Part 2 of the C&AG’s Report on the 2014-15 WGA.
Reports and good practice
- Report of the Comptroller and Auditor General: Whole of Government Accounts 2014-15
- Whole of Government Accounts 2014-15
- Report of the Comptroller and Auditor General: Whole of Government Accounts 2013-14
- Whole of Government Accounts 2013-14
- Report of the Comptroller and Auditor General: Whole of Government Accounts 2011-12
- Whole of Government Accounts 2011-12
- Report of the Comptroller and Auditor General: Whole of Government Accounts 2010-11
- Whole of Government Accounts 2010-11 (pdf – 2692KB)
- Fact Sheet: Whole of Government Accounts 2010-11 (October 2012)
- Report of the Comptroller and Auditor General: Whole of Government Accounts 2009-10
- Whole of Government Accounts 2009-10
- Fact Sheet: Whole of Government Accounts (July 2012) | <urn:uuid:681e664f-7936-4aa3-bbf2-d8bb8da90b03> | CC-MAIN-2018-26 | https://www.nao.org.uk/highlights/whole-of-government-accounts/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-26/segments/1529267868135.87/warc/CC-MAIN-20180625150537-20180625170537-00467.warc.gz | en | 0.939526 | 2,041 | 2.734375 | 3 |
Snakebite, which is a neglected public health concern, causes nearly 50,000 deaths in India every year
Commonly used anti-venoms are not effective in the case of South Indian kraits, as they carry some noxious proteins that the medication do not recognise and are unable to neutralise, according to a study.
The venomous snake species, also known as common krait or blue krait, is among the four snake varieties — Indian Cobra, Russel’s viper, saw-scaled viper — responsible for most snakebite deaths in the country. Snakebite, which is a neglected public health concern, causes nearly 50,000 deaths in India every year.
In the study, scientists from Tezpur University in Assam profiled the venom of South Indian common krait (B. caeruleus) .
“Determination of the composition of venom of a specific species of snake at a particular geographical location is necessaryfor a better understanding of the variation in venom composition and its correlation with symptoms of snakebite as well for designing region-specific anti-venoms,” explained Ashis K. Mukherjee, leader of the research team, while speaking to India Science Wire.
For the study, published in the journal Expert Review in Proteomics, the scientists used venom pooled from four krait snakes of South India. They found that it had 57 large and small proteins.
The neurotoxic effect of the venom was due to two large proteins — beta-bungarotoxin, and κ-bungarotoxin. The scientists also found that South India Krait has cytotoxins in its venom, which is absent in kraits from Sri Lanka, which again emphasises that venom composition differs with geographical location.
The researchers then tested the ability of commercial anti-venoms to neutralize the large and small proteins in the venom. They found that although anti-venoms were able to bind and neutralise larger proteins, they were unable to do so with smaller proteins like phospholipase A2 (PLA2) and three finger toxins (3FTxs), which are present in copious amounts (up to 85 per cent) in South Indian Krait venom.
“This insight will help anti-venom manufacturers to re-design their production facilities to come up with anti-venom for against South Indian Krait. We are already working in collaboration with an anti-venom manufacturing company,” added Mukherjee. (India Science Wire)
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Comments are moderated and will be published only after the site moderator’s approval. Please use a genuine email ID and provide your name. Selected comments may also be used in the ‘Letters’ section of the Down To Earth print edition. | <urn:uuid:317c8c98-d324-43f1-83d6-8389fa1b4cff> | CC-MAIN-2019-51 | https://www.downtoearth.org.in/news/wildlife-and-biodiversity/india-needs-specific-anti-venom-for-snakebites-in-different-regions-64717 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-51/segments/1575540545146.75/warc/CC-MAIN-20191212181310-20191212205310-00424.warc.gz | en | 0.951103 | 637 | 3.25 | 3 |
Forest thinning set to occur in northern Arizona
BY MAX COHN —
A contract to thin 300,000 acres of forest as part of the Four Forest Restorative Initiative was recently awarded to Good Earth Power AZ LLC. The decision has been considered controversial by some environmental groups.
The Four Forest Restorative Initiative (4FRI) is a landscape-scale project designed to restore 2.4 million acres of forest along the Mogollon Rim. This project, which will focus on the Apache-Sitgreaves, Coconino, Kaibab and Tonto National Forests, will attempt to treat 50,000 acres each year over a 20-year span of time. This is the largest forest restoration project ever attempted in the United States.
“We are innovating here at NAU in ways that are unprecedented in the Forest Service,” said Diane Vosick, Director of Policy and Partnerships at the Ecological Restoration Institute, Northern Arizona University.
Through the use of prescribed fires and mechanical thinning, 4FRI will treat nearly 1 million acres, which in turn will have a beneficial impact over 2.4 million acres of forest. The ultimate goal is to minimize the risk of devastating and unnatural wildfire, improve wildlife habitat, and promote the health and resiliency of the forests.
“With 4FRI, we’re wanting to focus on the structure, the pattern and the composition of the forest,” said Henry Provencio, 4FRI team leader for the Forest Service.
“What we hope to accomplish is to increase the resilience and diversity of our forest. When I say resilience, that means they’re resilient to natural forms of disturbance such as fire, beetle outbreaks, flooding — all of those kinds of things.”
In the past, ponderosa pine forests in the Southwest had a much higher resilience to harmful wildfires than they have today. Due to the prevalence of grassy understories and a healthy distribution of thin trees, fires that burned 100 years ago would primarily blaze along the forest floor, consuming small trees but leaving the larger, thicker trees alone.
This kept the number of trees at a sustainable level. Beginning early in the 20th century, federal policy called for the immediate suppression of all wildfire. This disturbed the natural fire regimen and established an overabundance of small trees, which lead to a greater risk of catastrophic wildfire.
“Over the last 100 years we started accumulating a lot more small trees,” Vosick said. “And that’s the fuel that has created the big crown fire and the unnatural fires like the Schultz Fire that we see.”
The 2010 Schultz Fire, which occurred in Coconino National Forest just outside of Flagstaff, burned through 15,000 acres of forest and ultimately cost between $133 million and $147 million. The inferno, in combination with subsequent flooding, forced the evacuation of more than 700 homes and resulted in the death of a 12-year-old girl.
By reducing the number of trees to historical levels, the prevalence of massive wildfires such as the Schultz is expected to dramatically decrease.
“Under the 4FRI plan, there will be a focus on smaller trees and reducing numbers in order to create a more natural pattern on the landscape, to reduce the risk of fire, and to bring back the grassy understories and to restore forest health,” Vosick said.
This is the mission of new 4FRI contractor, Good Earth Power AZ LLC. The contract to treat 300,000 acres of forest over a 10-year period had once belonged to Montana-based company Pioneer Forest Products. When a lack of finances prevented Pioneer from moving forward, the Forest Service announced that Good Earth would take over instead.
Environmental groups criticized the decision, due to the Good Earth’s business plan involving the removal of large-diameter trees.
“It forces us back into the courtroom because that is our line in the sand,” said Robin Silver, co-founder of the Center for Biological Diversity, which opposes the plan. “If there’s not retention of the last of the largest trees, we’re back to court.”
Silver said a better choice would have been Arizona Forest Restoration Products (AZFRP), which agreed to refrain from the removal of large trees, defined as trees with an excess of 16 inches in diameter. The Forest Service rejected AZFRP for the reason that it did not want to accept a “diameter-cap,” noting that the removal of large trees will create necessary openings in the forest.
“When we’re talking about restoration and restoring that structure and pattern, some of those larger trees… need to be cut in order to restore that function to that system,” Provencio said.
The 4FRI plan will, however, avoid the destruction of old-growth trees.
In addition to 4FRI, another forest-thinning project is set to take place in Dry Lake Hills northeast of Flagstaff, and the Lake Mary watershed south of the city. The $10 million project, which will thin and burn nearly 11,000 acres of forest, is set to begin by year’s end. | <urn:uuid:f88371fa-9005-4165-b8e6-15c3b857185d> | CC-MAIN-2015-27 | http://jackcentral.com/news/2013/10/forest-thinning-set-to-occur-in-northern-arizona/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2015-27/segments/1435375095184.64/warc/CC-MAIN-20150627031815-00040-ip-10-179-60-89.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.94437 | 1,088 | 2.59375 | 3 |
Outstanding films have been generated by youth as a result of our former video contest and Student Innovation Challenge. Check out the list of winners from our 2021 Student Innvation Challenge.
This film CANARIES OF THE COAST was created by two Grade 11 students (Winners of the 2021 Top Prize Overall) to generate positive change and to bring awareness about how human activities are destroying sensitive marine ecosystems of the Salish Sea. These talented students used a “critical lens” to highlight some of the problems connected to a local area (Pedder Bay of Vancouver Island), located near their school and on the ancestral territories of the Scia’new Beecher First Nations.
This film THE ESTUARY was created by several grade 7 and 8 students of a Squamish school and won Best Overview of a Critical Habitat (2021). The students artfully incorporated their knowledge of how estuaries are formed, and how they provide critical habitat for wild salmon and many other wildlife species. Simple things that we can do to preserve this critical habitat are suggested.
This film STONEY CREEK SALMON SAVERS was created by several Grade 6 and 7 students of a Community School in Burnaby and won Most Creative Community Initiative 2021. These youth highlight the various means by which they are helping to preserve wild salmon and wild salmon habitat – namely through restoration/mitigation (rain gardens), and through education and creative expressions (theatre and artworks).
This presentation, which won Most Innovative Project 2021, was created by several Grade 9 to 12 students to highlight their Community Garden Initiative on Vancouver Island for improved land use and food security.
This film was created by two Grade 9 students to bring greater public awareness to climate change. It is centred around a beautiful poem and was highlighted on World Ocean Day (2020) by the Squamish Chief (July 20, 2020; Coast Mountain Academy duo takes a stand).
This fast-paced animated film was created by two Grade 7 students and outlines what you can do to help mitigate climate change.
This film was created by a Grade 9 student to improve our awareness of the devastating effects of clearcutting to wildlife, ecosystems, and our communities and livelihood. The creator further took part in a municipal youth delegation to promote better protection of trees within the West Vancouver District.
This film was created by a Grade 9 student to boost public awareness about our precious fresh water resources. It was featured at the SFU Blue conference on Community-Engaged Water Research.
This film was created by a Grade 9 student to underscore the present threats to our Southern Resident Orcas.
This film was created by a Grade 9 student to improve awareness about the extent of our plastics and microplastics wastes that are now broadly found in all ecosystems, and marine life, even plankton. | <urn:uuid:712eb999-b7af-4e66-92de-7a6df1df0ddb> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://takeastandforconservation.com/profile/student-films/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882570879.37/warc/CC-MAIN-20220809003642-20220809033642-00058.warc.gz | en | 0.969063 | 572 | 3.140625 | 3 |
Background Information for Malawi
Background: Established in 1891, the British protectorate of Nyasaland became the independent nation of Malawi in 1964. After three decades of one-party rule under President Hastings Kamuzu BANDA the country held multiparty elections in 1994, under a provisional constitution that came into full effect the following year. Current President Bingu wa MUTHARIKA, elected in May 2004 after a failed attempt by the previous president to amend the constitution to permit another term, struggled to assert his authority against his predecessor and subsequently started his own party, the Democratic Progressive Party (DPP) in 2005. As president, MUTHARIKA has overseen substantial economic improvement but because of political deadlock in the legislature, his minority party has been unable to pass significant legislation, and anti-corruption measures have stalled. Population growth, increasing pressure on agricultural lands, corruption, and the spread of HIV/AIDS pose major problems for Malawi.
The information here has been derived from Public Domain Sources such as the CIA World Factbook. No liability can be taken for any inaccuracies. You can use the maps, flags and facts presented here however you choose. | <urn:uuid:cbae84c6-4397-45dc-b3d5-c4b293e1738d> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://mapmaker.togetherweserved.com/countries/malawi/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882571989.67/warc/CC-MAIN-20220813232744-20220814022744-00272.warc.gz | en | 0.9586 | 246 | 3.515625 | 4 |
(5) Spiritualism and Management: The quality of work like in an organisation is greatly influenced by the spiritual and ethical values prevalent in the organisation. However, a number of business and industrial organisations, both in our country and broad, tend to disregard the importance of such spiritual values. Human happiness is the major objective for which the industrial enterprise exists. It is a fact that mankind is today in the midst of one of the greatest crisis in history. This is due to lack of adjustment of human spirit to the startling developments in science and technology, It is said that there is no clash between secularism and spiritualism. Spiritualism shows the goal and materialism supplies the tools.
Following are the few examples where both spiritualism and secularism are relevant:
Worship of Tulsi : Tulsi is a kind of plant. We do worship Tulsi by giving water or by lighting a lamp before a plant of Tulsi. Secularism believes that lighting a lamp before Tulsi kills insects. Tulsi also has medicinal value as it cures cough and cold.
Giving Argh to Sun: Argh is a respectful offering to a diety or to an honoured guest. It is spiritual value to give argh to sun in the morning because sun is God. Secular values believe that when we give argh to sun, our eyesights will also become bright and powerful.
Touching Feet of Elders : According to spirituality, we get blessing by touching feet of elders. While a secular value says that blood circulation is maintained by it.
In this way, in some situation, both secular and spiritual values are relevant.
LJUIIfl jUl M.LJ.tI.
Q.12. Write a detailed note on lessons from ancient Indian educational system.
Or Discuss the features of ancient Indian education system. What lessons can be drawn from that system for human development?
Ans. Ancient Indian Educational System : The ancient Indian education system was basically aimed at personal growth of an individual. Our education system is the oldest in the world and is having some qualities which are no where else in the world and we are proud of this. The aim of ancient Indian education system was not only to give theoretical knowledge but to make an individualhumble so that he can gain mukti. The ultimate aim of human society of that age was the achievement of absolute i.e. Brahma which was prevailing in the entire visible world. A man should engage himself in karmopasna i.e. work is worship and thus purify his inner senses and gain the absolute. The Ashramas : Ashrama Vyavastha was there under which the whole life of an individual was divided into 4 ashramas taking the average life span of 100 years:
(1) Brahmcharya Ashrama : First 25 years of age are to be spent as brahmchari.or student. The whole activity during this ashrama is restricted to the study and acquisition of knowledge.
(2) GrahasthaAshrama : After completing 25 years of age, an individual marrys and lives in the family life.
(3) Vanaprastha Ashrama : After attaining 50 years of age man enters into the ashrama. When a man finds his hair grey and his son grow adult, then he has to disown possession and go to the secluded place to pray to God and practice yoga.
(4) Sanyasa Ashrama : Man transforms into Sanyasi after attaining 75 years of age. He roamed to preach truth and teaches the people and releases them from sorrows and sufferings.
According to Altekar, there were good rise in main characteristics of education in ancient Indian system. These are:
(1) Infusion of Piety and Religiousness : This was due to the reason that religion played a very important role in the life in Ancient India and all teachers were priests. Every student had to offer daily prayers in the morning and evening. All religious festivals were celebrated in the school. The main aim of education during ancient period was to make student useful and pious member of society.
(2) Formation of Character: This was the second aim of education. This was achieved by proper development of moral feelings. It was believed that mere intellectual knowledge was not enough to become a learned fellow; in addition, the student must be pure in his deeds, thoughts and habits.
(3) Development of Personality: This was the third main characteristic of Vedic Educational System. This was realized by encouraging self-confidence, fostering self-respect and self-restraint.
(4) Inculcation of Civic and Social Duties: Graduate students were highly inspired during convocation address to become useful members of the society. A graduate student was not to lead a self-centered life, rather he was always available for serving his obligations to the society. Social life in villages was very stable and well-ordered as education transformed people and made them conscious of their socfal duties and civic responsibilities.
(5) Promotion of Social Efficiency and Happiness: During the ancient period, Aryans evolved a peculiar system for promoting the progress of different art forms and professions. In the society, a particular caste was restricted to a particular occupation. Eventually, this system has resulted in general progress and happiness of society.
(6) Preservation and Spread of National Heritage and Culture: In the ancient system of education, this was one of the most important aims. People were very much conscious of their culture. The scared Vedic texts were successfully preserved and transmitted during this period. The ancient educational system was also relevant for modern management as the moral principles of truthfulness, observance of duty, purity of self, duty towards society are still applicable in the Indian society.
Lessons from Ancient Education System of India: In the ancient education system in India, following lessons can be drawn:
(1) There should be a religious and human touch in people.
(2) There should be a feeling of social responsibility and obligations among the people.
(3) Actions should be taken to build character of the people.
(4) Development of personality through self confidence, self respect should be initiated.
(5) Ethical behaviour should be promoted by teaching of ethics.
(6) Respect for old culture and heritage should be ensured.
(7) There should be spirituality at workplace.
(8) Decision-making should be based on moral judgments and standards.
(9) Management system should be in tune with Indian ethos.
Q.13. How do the field of science
and technology and Indian ethos and values in management are related
to each other? Can this relationship help to develop an Indian thought on
Or How are the fields of science and management related to each other? Does Gita provides any scientific philosophical base to explain human behaviour? Explain by giving examples.
Ans. Introduction Science has permeated in all aspects of our life today. It has replaced the art of noble living due to transformation of spiritualistic world into a materialistic world. We have very high standard of living which is not possible without ethics and human values. From tool to machine, to automation, to chip: it has been a progress that seems to have made human race less and less human. In the masculine world of science, science has been robbing us of our feelings, removing the basic elements of our personality and character.
Relationship between Science and Human Values
1. Science Must be in Favor of Human Values for Survival and Growth: Science should have positive effect on the human values through up gradation in knowledge, skill and rights of fellow human beings. But in the present scenario, we can see some cases in which science has been misused for destructive purposes eg. missiles, damaging of websites by virus attacks, which is against the human values.
2. Science and Human Values: Two pillars of human existence, human values and science focus on overall development ounankind. What stage we are in today is in result of the proper support in terms of science and human values. A classic example of this can be seen in our educational system where in childhood one is taught basic mathematics, science concepts etc. by the teachers at the same time.
3. Science Without Human Values Would be Devasting : Any usage of science without humanity can be of abrasive effect, so it should essentially be used for positive effects only.
4. A Human Value Without Science Is of No Use: Any human value that is needed for development of mankind must take leverage of science to support development and growth. “Science
without humanity” is one ofthe seven deadly sins as defined by Mahatma Gandhi. The very purpose of scientific discoveries and creations should be to serve the humanity, leading to enhancement in the level of health, happiness and harmony amongst the various constituents of society.
According to Guru Dronacharya : He rewarded Arjun with the supreme weapon, the Brahmastra. He, however, did not give it to his own son, Ashwathama. Guru Dronacharya wa afraid that his son might misuse it as he had high skills but low human values.
According to Rabindranath Tagore : “Our scientific world is world of reasoning butthe reality of world belongs to personality of man.”
According to Dr. S. Radhakrishnan “In a technological civilization, an individual becomes a depersonalized unit in a mass society. Things or machines control life. Statistical average replaces qualitative human beings. Science has thus aggravated his mental restlessness.”
Examples of Science and Human Values
(a) Giving Argh to the Sun
Human Values: It is a human value to give argh to the sun in the morning because the sun is God and if we give argh to the sun it purifies the environment.
Science Relation. If we give avgh tu the sun, then on eyesghts ‘vvill also \3ec0me bñght When we give argh to the sun, then rays of the sun get reflected through the water and reaches our eyes which is good for health.
(b) Fasting is the Relaxation of Digestive System
Human Values: Fasting is a way of offering prayer to God.
Science Relation: It helps in relaxation of digestive system, as a person eats less than his/her normal intake of food.
(c) Wearing Silver Anklets
Human Values : Laxmi comes with the help of voice of anklets.
Science Relation: Silver is very cool in nature. So, it stops anger. Anklets also help in proper blood circulation.
(d) Doing Yagya (yajna)
Human Values: To make God happy and for gaining peace.
Science Relation : Purification of environment and killing insects.
(e) Wearing the Ring in Ringfinger
Human Values : Wearing of ring affects one’s heart.
Science Relation : Generally, we wear a ring because it acts as an acupressure and ringfinger is directly connected with the heart.
(1) Worshiping of Plants
Human Values : People worship the tree and plant because they treat flora as god.
Science Relation Trees release maximum oxygen in the morning.
Human Values: Namaskar is also a part of human values.
Science Relation : The scientific reason behind this is that it acts as a pressing of acupressure polls.
Conclusion: Science and human values are important in their own respect. It is a fact that science is a path to logic whereas value system drives us to relate each other and by the study of these concepts under management discipline, we can critically separate them.
Lessons from Gita for Modern Management: The Bhagwad-Gita is in the form of a dialogue between Arjun, a noted commander of Pandvas and Krishna, the philosopher, an earthly manifestation of God: Avtar. Their discourse took place just before the onset of a great war called ‘Mahabharat’. Gita is the spiritual guide for Indian masses. Work must be treated as worship and must be performed with great dignity and pride.
For example, a clerk’s work done with a clerical mind makes him clerk and his work small, but the same work done with a citizen mind and attitude elevates both the work and the worker. This is essentially the philosophy of Bhagwad-Gita. Bhagwad-Gita is a counselling treatise on leadership by this example. Its focus is on personal leadership transformation of self form within. The most powerful leader is the one who leads from within, the power that comes from vision, from purpose, and from qualities that reside within. It is about creating you a better and stronger fellow. It is about internal motivation striving for growth, development and perfection. | <urn:uuid:248bfc8d-0e24-4747-8c81-4521d4e333f0> | CC-MAIN-2021-49 | http://a2znotes.com/bba-1st-year-business-ethics-work-life-in-indian-philosophy-long-question-answer/16/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-49/segments/1637964360951.9/warc/CC-MAIN-20211201203843-20211201233843-00434.warc.gz | en | 0.954228 | 2,674 | 2.765625 | 3 |
Syphilis, Gonorrhea on the Rise in Oregon
June 6, 2014
This article was reported by Statesman Journal.
The Statesman Journal reported that Oregon's syphilis and gonorrhea rates have increased dramatically in recent years. Syphilis prevalence recently tied high numbers from more than two decades ago and is now twice the national average. Gonorrhea rates saw a sharp 18-percent increase between 2012 and 2013. Dr. Sean Schafer, a medical epidemiologist with the Oregon Health Authority, thinks the numbers are distressing. "We haven't seen numbers like this since the late 80s, early 1990s. And this year is looking like another bad year," he said.
When syphilis is in its early stage of infection, it is the most contagious. The first symptoms of syphilis, a sore then a rash, often go undetected and a person can transmit the disease easily to another person. There was nearly a 25-percent increase of early syphilis cases between 2012 and 2013, from 312 to 404. This year has already seen two cases of congenital syphilis in infants, causing one death.
Schafer reports that 96 percent of 2013 syphilis cases were in men, with 77 percent of them among men who have sex with men. More than 50 percent were coinfected with HIV. Seventy-seven percent of 2013 gonorrhea cases were also among men. Gonorrhea often has no symptoms and is unknowingly transmitted to other partners. HIV-infected gay men often choose HIV-positive partners to avoid using condoms, but they still can transmit STDs. Schafer recommends that all gay men and women younger than 24 should get a syphilis and gonorrhea test every year. Both STDs are easily treated with antibiotics if detected early.
This article was provided by CDC National Prevention Information Network. It is a part of the publication CDC HIV/Hepatitis/STD/TB Prevention News Update.
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adding your comment, please read TheBody.com's Comment Policy.) | <urn:uuid:a27bd13e-6339-4aaa-b3ce-2d0c3faa8d7d> | CC-MAIN-2016-26 | http://www.thebody.com/content/74578/syphilis-gonorrhea-on-the-rise-in-oregon.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783396027.60/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624154956-00082-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.954726 | 449 | 2.515625 | 3 |
Though libraries have existed for millennia, the concept of public libraries, accessible to anyone, regardless of age, income or background, is a more modern invention. From books and movies, special events, classes and more, libraries are a vital part of any community.
No longer simply a place to check out books, libraries are a hub of activity in a community. They are places where people can gather, learn, explore and strengthen community bonds. They are places where job seekers can go to search for jobs online, community groups can meet and plan and researchers can access databases. Nearly 73 percent of libraries are their communities’ only source of free computer and Internet access.
During times of economic uncertainty, residents know that they can always turn to the library for information, resources and entertainment. Libraries are essential.
As a public service, libraries are extraordinarily effective, serving more than two-thirds of the public with less than 2 percent of all tax dollars. In fact, on average, the cost to a taxpayer for access to all the resources the public library has to offer is a mere $31 a year. That’s about the cost of one hardcover book these days. Public libraries are a bargain.
Libraries are important to small business and entrepreneurs as well. They provide resources that identify funding sources and other business-related information. Many more recently updated libraries are also able to offer spaces for entrepreneurs to collaborate and share. Small businesses and entrepreneurs drive local economic growth. As you can see, public libraries are important to a wide range of people in a community and play a crucial role.
Furthermore, when libraries are located in a downtown area, as ours is in Watertown, something special happens. Whenpeople come downtown to visit the library, they often visit other places downtown. They spend money in shops and restaurants. Studies have shown that users who visit the library while completing a longer list of errands report “halo” spending at establishments close to the library. A great downtown library helps contribute to a thriving downtown. Libraries are important to economic development.
The time for an expansion and renovation of our library is now. The last expansion took place in 1983 and a lot has changed since then. Our community has grown, and so has its needs. Besides allowing the library to better meet the needs of Watertown residents, a renovation will have a ripple effect. Redevelopment and investment in a building is often a catalyst for nearby building owners to renovate and restore their buildings.
Behind every great community is a great library. Now is the time to help our library, and our city, be the best that it can be. | <urn:uuid:8798abf6-7a63-4b8b-ad7f-6714048110f6> | CC-MAIN-2018-26 | https://friendsofthewpl.org/2016/08/27/why-libraries-matter/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-26/segments/1529267863518.39/warc/CC-MAIN-20180620104904-20180620124904-00385.warc.gz | en | 0.966887 | 537 | 2.59375 | 3 |
A study comparing the extent of Earth’s wilderness areas in 1993 and 2009 documented an almost 30% loss in South America and a 10% loss globally.
In a study published today in Current Biology, researchers announced that the world had lost one-tenth of the wilderness that it had in the 1990s. They came to the conclusion after comparing a map of wilderness areas made in the early 1990s, to a map made using the same methods, today. They found that wilderness areas (areas where humans have not disturbed the landscape) had decreased by 1.27 million square miles, or about the size of Alaska.
Most of those losses occurred in the Amazon and Africa, where economic interests are clashing with conservation goals.
"The amount of wilderness loss in just two decades is staggering and very saddening," James Watson, lead author of the paper and head of the Wildlife Conservation Society said in a statement. "We need to recognize that wilderness is being dramatically lost and that without proactive global interventions we could lose the last jewels in nature's crown. You cannot restore wilderness. Once it is gone, the ecological process that underpin these ecosystems are gone, and it never comes back to the state it was. The only option is to proactively protect what is left."
One reason for the trend, Watson and others say, is that governments and conservation organizations often prioritize their protection efforts on habitats that are severely threatened or degraded.
“If this keeps happening, we’ll lose many [priceless] places,” says James Watson, the study’s lead author, with the University of Queensland and the Wildlife Conservation Society in New York.
By 2009, about 23% of Earth’s land remained as wilderness—about 30.1 million square kilometers spread mostly across North America, North Asia, North Africa, and Australia, they conclude today in Current Biology. That’s 3.3 million square kilometers less than in 1993, an area about twice the size of Alaska—Watson says. South America has lost almost 30% of its wilderness in that time and Africa has lost 14%. The losses included the total devastation of several large swaths of forest and swamp in the Congo and in New Guinea.
Watson says he hopes this paper starts a conversation on protecting wilderness, which to date has been relatively ignored. “The truth is, not much is being done, and it’s not talked about.” And that needs to change, he says.
Wilderness areas are home to the variety of organisms that can't be found even in the marine protected areas.
Moreover, by storing carbon and buffering local climate, wilderness areas, particularly forests, can be “by far and away the most effective way to deal with climate change,” adds Russ Mittermeier, executive vice chairman of Conservation International in Arlington, Virginia, who was not involved with the study. Harvard University biologist Edward O. Wilson is now arguing for the preservation of half Earth’s land (even if it’s not all wilderness) and oceans and Mittermeier and others think that protecting that fraction of forests can be “50% of the climate change solution.” | <urn:uuid:ac6dd62a-8bdb-4706-b489-b16107afe202> | CC-MAIN-2019-18 | https://onedio.co/content/study-shows-1-0-of-all-the-green-got-destroyed-in-just-20-years-12126 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-18/segments/1555578531984.10/warc/CC-MAIN-20190421140100-20190421162100-00289.warc.gz | en | 0.958174 | 656 | 3.953125 | 4 |
Countries in Central Asia
How Many Countries in Central Asia
As a region of Asia, Central Asia is composed of 5 independent countries (Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Tajikistan, Turkmenistan, and Uzbekistan). See below for the full list of Central Asian Countries by population.
List of Countries in Central Asia and Their Capitals
As noted above, there are five independent countries in the Middle Asia. Among them, the largest country is Uzbekistan and the smallest is Turkmenistan in term of population. The full list of Central Asia countries with capitals is shown in the table below, ranked by latest total population and area.
|Rank||Country Name||Population||Land Area (km²)||Capital|
Map of Middle Asian Countries | <urn:uuid:726088e7-b81e-4148-a572-5a54fd4f6d20> | CC-MAIN-2019-47 | https://www.countryaah.com/countries-in-central-asia/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-47/segments/1573496668716.69/warc/CC-MAIN-20191116005339-20191116033339-00321.warc.gz | en | 0.761154 | 157 | 2.6875 | 3 |
With respect to the history of Schleswig-Holstein, Lord Palmerston once proclaimed it to be so complicated that only three men had ever fully understood it—one being Prince Albert, who was dead; the second, a professor, who had become insane; the third, Palmerston himself, who had forgotten it. (For the history of the area to the late 18th cent. see the articles Holstein and Schleswig.)
From 1773 the kings of Denmark held both duchies—Schleswig as full sovereigns, Holstein as princes of the Holy Roman Empire; both duchies were in personal union with, but not part of, Denmark. The Congress of Vienna (1814–15) did not change the status of the two duchies, except that the German Confederation had succeeded the Holy Roman Empire in its suzerainty over Holstein. A constitution for Holstein was guaranteed by the German Confederation.
Because of the growing national consciousness of the predominantly German population in the two duchies, any change in their status that would tie them more closely to Denmark was a potentially explosive issue. When King Christian VIII announced (1846) that succession by females was to apply not only to the Danish throne but to Schleswig as well, there was violent opposition among German nationalists, who feared the complete incorporation of Schleswig into Denmark. Nevertheless, on the pressure of the Danish nationalists, Frederick VII, who succeeded Christian, declared the complete union of Schleswig with Denmark in 1848. Revolution broke out in both duchies, a provisional government was established in Kiel, and the German Confederation came to the aid of the rebels and occupied the duchies. British intervention led to an armistice in the German-Danish fighting, but in 1849 the war was resumed. After inconclusive fighting, peace was made in 1850 between Prussia (which had been commissioned by the Confederation to conduct the war) and Denmark; both sides reserved their rights.
The fact that Frederick VII was childless made the Schleswig-Holstein succession a burning European issue. The question was taken up by the powers in a conference at London, and in 1852 Prussia, Austria, and other major powers (but not the German Confederation as a body) signed the Treaty of London. The treaty guaranteed the territorial integrity of Denmark, and settled the succession to Denmark and both duchies on the Glücksburg branch of the Danish royal house, which derived its claim through the female line. Duke Christian Augustus of Augustenburg, who represented a collateral line, renounced his claim to the duchies and accepted a money indemnity; Denmark in turn guaranteed the inseparability of the duchies and their continued status in personal union with Denmark.
In 1855, pressure from Danish nationalists forced Frederick VII to proclaim the Danish constitution as valid for both duchies. The protest of the German Confederation led to the withdrawal (1858) of that measure, but in Nov., 1863, just before Frederick's death, a common constitution for Denmark and Schleswig was drawn up. His successor, Christian IX, signed the constitution, which the German diet declared in violation of the protocol. In Jan., 1864, Prussia and Austria declared war on Denmark, which was easily defeated.
The disposal of the duchies was still at issue. Austria favored the claims of the duke of Augustenburg, who denounced the surrender of the Augustenburg claim by his father in 1852; but Bismarck, who was guiding Prussian policy, had already resolved to annex the duchies and had encouraged the Danish War with that end in view. By the Treaty of Gastein (1865) with Austria, Bismarck deliberately imposed a solution that was bound to create friction with Austria. Schleswig was placed under Prussian administration and Holstein under Austrian administration, while the duchy of Lauenburg (also lost by Denmark in 1864) went to Prussia in return for a money payment to Austria. The dual administration led, as Bismarck had anticipated, to such tension that Austria could easily be maneuvered into a war with Prussia. The Austro-Prussian War of 1866 ended with a swift (7 weeks) Prussian victory; Schleswig, Holstein, and Lauenburg were annexed to Prussia and became the province of Schleswig-Holstein.
After World War I the Danish majority of N Schleswig determined by plebiscite (1920) the return of that part of the province to Denmark. The former free city of Lübeck and the Lübeck district of Oldenburg were incorporated into Schleswig-Holstein in 1937. After World War II, Schleswig-Holstein was constituted (1946) as a state of West Germany, and in 1990 it became a state of reunified Germany.
The Columbia Electronic Encyclopedia, 6th ed. Copyright © 2012, Columbia University Press. All rights reserved. | <urn:uuid:56ee037a-fbdd-4a93-bc3d-8a066a47d7ee> | CC-MAIN-2016-40 | http://www.factmonster.com/encyclopedia/world/schleswig-holstein-history.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-40/segments/1474738661768.10/warc/CC-MAIN-20160924173741-00118-ip-10-143-35-109.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.973474 | 1,027 | 3.921875 | 4 |
Lemmings. They jump off cliffs, en masse, following each other toward certain death.
Ok, not really. The mass suicidal behavior of lemmings is a myth. They do no such thing.
The basis for the misunderstanding? First, lemmings live near the Arctic but do not hibernate. Instead, they are constantly foraging for food, even in lean (and very cold) winter months. Often on the move and traveling in large groups, the law of averages takes over: a percentage of them are going to succumb to tragic deaths — falling into rivers, off cliff-sides, etc. Second, every four years, the lemming population takes a dramatic plunge (pardon the pun), approaching near-extinction levels. Combined, we get a neat — but untrue — old wives’ tale: that lemmings keep their population in check by following each other into committing suicide.
But evolution holds that this cannot be true. The surviving lemmings simply wouldn’t have the genes which made them predisposed to mass suicide; therefore, the behavior would wane with each passing generations, and finally disappear after a while. But the lemming population still goes through the same quadrennial boom or bust cycle. Mass suicide simply isn’t the reason.
The most common theory — predators — sadly is not as interesting. The theory holds that predator activity reaches a tipping point in the fourth year; as the lemming population hits its high point, so therefore does the abundance of easily attainable food for those who prey on lemmings. In this scenario, the feast is so devestating to the lemming community that for the three years following, there are not enough of them to attract a meaningful number of predators.
But recently, another theory — one more worthy of the lemmings’ self-destructive reputation — has surfaced, albeit in a laboratory setting. A new study shows that male lemmings will kill the infants of other lemmings, with a greater likelihood of lemming infanticide as population density rises.
And nota bene: while mass sucide is inconsistent with evolution, infanticide is not.
Bonus fact: There’s a video game called Lemmings (cover art above) which plays off the fiction that lemmings follow each other blindly, even unto death. The music for the game had to be redone, however, because the original score contained a large amount of copyrighted music. The excuse proffered by the allegedly infringing composer? Per Wikipedia: “This had been common practice.”
From the Archives: Early Warning Lemurs: Different animal but sounds close enough to “lemming” to be worth including here. | <urn:uuid:54b41743-b8c5-4137-92c8-0e0db4e02ba1> | CC-MAIN-2014-41 | http://nowiknow.com/lemming-population-control/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2014-41/segments/1412037663467.44/warc/CC-MAIN-20140930004103-00077-ip-10-234-18-248.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.93646 | 573 | 3.03125 | 3 |
What is an ACT measurement?
ACT stands for activated clotting time . It is a clotting test that may be performed in the interventional suite and is commonly used to monitor the effect of heparin. A small sample of whole blood is placed in the testing machine, and a result is available in less than 5 minutes. The reference range varies considerably, but it is usually 70 to 180 seconds. Although it can be obtained quickly, ACT is less precise than partial thromboplastin time and can be affected by a host of factors including ambient temperature, platelet count, and hemodilution. | <urn:uuid:c587f36d-823c-4d80-bffc-35fabf62aaab> | CC-MAIN-2023-40 | https://www.seekhealthz.com/health/activated-clotting-time-measurement/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-40/segments/1695233506339.10/warc/CC-MAIN-20230922070214-20230922100214-00188.warc.gz | en | 0.957713 | 125 | 3.03125 | 3 |
Not only does every September bring with it New York Fashion Week, but the month often marks a transition in the way we dress. As the season changes and we tuck away our summer clothes in favor of fall wear, we thought it would be a great time to turn our etymological inquiries to the topic of apparel. Below are some histories of common items of clothing.
Starting from the ground up, we take a look at footwear. Both shoes and boots entered the English language in approximately the 14th century and are of Germanic origin. The former has had a long history, beginning most likely as the Proto-Indo-European skeu, meaning “cover”, and undergoing permutations in the Old Dutch as schoen and Old English as scoh. Boots gained their colorful connection to illegal liquor production and distribution in the late 19th century, when “bootleggers” concealed flasks, knives, and guns in the upper portion of their footwear.
Working our way up, we reach pants and trousers. The former has a humorous history steeped in the theatrical tradition: In the 16th century, a popular character named, alternately, Pantaleone, Pantalone, or Pantaloun represented the comedic Venetian in plays. His persona was that of a farcical old man who wore tight-fitting trousers, for which he was ridiculed. His style, however, eventually caught on in France in the form of pantaloons, and elsewhere was shortened to “pants.” Trousers also represented a shift to tighter clothing in the 17th century, and the word takes its origins in the Gaelic or Middle Irish triubhas.
To cover our torsos, we look at shirts and blouses. From the Proto-Germanic skurtijon and Old Norse skyrta, both designating a short garment covering the chest, abdomen, and hips, we have the modern word, which also means “apron” in a number of Germanic languages. From the French, the term “blouse” was popularized in the 19th century and initially referred to a peasant’s smock. Although the exact origin is unknown, it has been suggested that the word comes from the Latin Pelusium, an Egyptian city known for its textiles.
Finally we reach the cool-weather comforts of jackets and coats. The former has a number of etymological theories associated with it: It may have come from the popular French name Jacque, also used as a general heuristic title for peasants, who wore jaquets. The word may also have been associated with the jaque de mailles, or “coat of mail” worn by knights. The term “coat” most likely stems from the Frankish kotta, meaning “coarse cloth” and designating a cloak made of wool.
Image from page 104 of “The “keystone” systems, coats, vests and trousers;” (1903) [Source] | <urn:uuid:9ef86aa8-82ad-4bc4-9c43-fb86349f82ed> | CC-MAIN-2016-44 | https://www.altalang.com/beyond-words/2014/09/08/etymology-clothing-shoes-coats/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-44/segments/1476988722951.82/warc/CC-MAIN-20161020183842-00065-ip-10-171-6-4.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.971808 | 633 | 3.09375 | 3 |
Founded in 1919, the WLAO has influenced policymakers, worked to dismantle discrimination and enhanced equality through the law.
“Through their extraordinary work over the last 100 years, the Women’s Law Association of Ontario has done the difficult but important work of ensuring that the law works for all of us, through fighting for equality, calling for reforms and working to eliminate discrimination in all its forms,” said Harvey McCue, Chair of the Ontario Heritage Trust. “The Trust is pleased to recognize the WLAO’s work with this provincial plaque and looks forward to many more years of leadership from the Women’s Law Association of Ontario.”
Jacquelyn Stevens, President of the WLAO added, “The Women’s Law Association of Ontario is honoured to receive a provincial plaque celebrating our 100 years. WLAO has an impressive and rich history of leaders in the legal profession. Our members have provided support, guidance and encouragement to hundreds of women at all stages of their legal careers. I, and the 60 presidents before me, take great pride in the accomplishments of our members and our efforts to empower women in the legal profession by providing a collective voice to advocate for equality, diversity and change. WLAO is ready for the next 100 years – always celebrating the past and looking toward the future.”
The plaque reads as follows:
Women’s Law Association of Ontario
Founded in 1919, the Women’s Law Association of Ontario (WLAO) was the first organization to work actively to create a place for women at Osgoode Hall. With membership open to law students, lawyers and judges, the non-profit organization advances issues relevant to women in law through networking, educational and social events. Strengthened by the women’s rights movement, the WLAO’s first 100 years marked Canada’s first female lawyer being called to the bar, the first female leader of the regulator of the provincial bar, and the appointment of Canada’s first female Supreme Court of Canada judge. The WLAO’s campaigns influenced legislators, policy-makers, lawyers and judges to dismantle discrimination and enhance equality through law. Through advocacy, it fought employment and pay equity, criminal justice reform, and an end to gendered violence, racism, disability discrimination, homophobia and transphobia. The WLAO continues to empower women in the legal profession by providing a collective voice, and advocating for equality, diversity and change.
- The provincial plaque is permanently installed in the South Gardens at Osgoode Hall, Toronto, Ontario.
- The plaque text is available in both English and French.
- The Ontario Heritage Trust has unveiled 51 plaques explicitly marking the contributions of women to the heritage of Ontario.
- Since 1956, 1,285 of the Trust’s iconic provincial plaques have been unveiled, commemorating provincially significant people, places and events in Ontario’s history.
- Find out more about the Ontario Heritage Trust and explore the plaque database.
- Learn more about the Women’s Law Association of Ontario.
- Check out the Spring 2018 issue of Heritage Matters that discusses women’s suffrage and women’s rights in Ontario.
For more information about the Ontario Heritage Trust and the Provincial Plaque Program, contact Edward Dodd at 416-325-5074 or [email protected].
For more information about the Women’s Law Association of Ontario, contact the WLAO at 416-410-7267 or [email protected].
About the Ontario Heritage Trust
The Ontario Heritage Trust (the Trust) is an agency of the Ontario Ministry of Heritage, Sport, Tourism and Culture Industries. The Trust identifies, protects, promotes and conserves Ontario’s heritage. The Trust conserves provincially significant cultural and natural heritage, interprets Ontario’s history, educates Ontarians of its importance in our society and celebrates the province’s diversity. The Trust envisions an Ontario where the places, landscapes, traditions and stories that embody our heritage are reflected, valued and conserved for future generations. | <urn:uuid:6d9ad3d6-ef33-4d40-b5e9-5c553aa42f8d> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://wlao.on.ca/february-27-2020-ontario-heritage-trust-plaque-unveiling-in-honour-of-100th-year-of-wlao/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882570901.18/warc/CC-MAIN-20220809033952-20220809063952-00228.warc.gz | en | 0.922283 | 878 | 2.59375 | 3 |
Dodgy attitudes in society not only increase suffering when people are at their most vulnerable.
Poor understanding and misconceptions also prevent many from seeking help that is available.Whatever the problem, most mental health conditions can be cured or significantly improved with the right treatment, yet most people either don’t look for help when they need it, or they don’t get effective treatment.
Each year a quarter of adults will be affected by mental health problems. MIND’s Stigma Shout Survey showed that almost 90% of them have been negatively affected by stigma, and 60% say that prejudice and discrimination are as damaging as their symptoms. Now, you can sign up to be part of the solution.
What to do
Step 1: First examine your own beliefs about mental health matters, then open the discussion with friends, family and colleagues. Find out what others think and keep the conversation going. Discussion normalises difference and reduces stigma.
Remember, everybody has some psychological difficulties at some point in their lives. Mostly we cope well and manage these in silence. We accept the pain of loss, the anxiety caused by uncertainty, and fear of the unknown. Working through these is part of life’s normal developmental process. But a quarter of us will not manage so well. We’ll reach a point where we could really use some help. But most won’t ask for it. Held back by wrong-headed beliefs and fearing the attitudes of those around them, they will soldier on and suffer alone. Sometimes, as we know, this has dire consequences.
Step 2: Another thing you can do is to add your name to MIND’s Time to Change pledgewall. This takes just a few seconds, simply add your name and picture (if you are too shy, modest or ashamed of your appearance you can leave out the picture).
As I often say, “Intention creates opportunity”. Do something different. Join me and sign up to MIND’s campaign. If you are outside the UK you can still take the information from MIND’s website and start a conversation in your community. The figures won’t be much different in your country.
MIND’s Stigma Shout Survey | <urn:uuid:f64248e0-6f9f-4184-8d83-95f08b716a00> | CC-MAIN-2017-39 | http://www.barrywinbolt.com/wrong-headedness-in-mental-health/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-39/segments/1505818690016.68/warc/CC-MAIN-20170924115333-20170924135333-00045.warc.gz | en | 0.952145 | 465 | 2.84375 | 3 |
Eastern forests dramatically give way to the western prairie at Hamden Slough National Wildlife Refuge. Hardwood forests stretching from the Atlantic seaboard, rapidly transition to the vast western prairie grasses at this picturesque refuge. This biological diversity of vegetation is highly attractive to wildlife, especially migratory birds. Over the past 100 years, intense agriculture and the associated draining of wetlands has had cataclysmic effect on this historic wildlife area. In the north central plains, an estimated 99% of the Tallgrass prairie has been plowed under, and over 90% of the prairie wetlands drained. Around Hamden Slough NWR, more than 55,000 wetlands have been drained. This loss and fragmentation of the prairie has resulted in a precipitous drop of prairie wildlife populations. Most notable during the last 30 years, has been the decline of migratory prairie bird populations. Hamden Slough NWR when fully restored will provide the largest contiguous block of wetland-prairie habitat in the region encompassing nearly 6,000 acres. Many species of waterfowl, including the Eastern Prairie Pothole population of Canada geese, shorebirds, marsh birds, neotropical migrants, and avian predators rely on the shallow-water and prairie habitats that have been restored on the refuge. The station?s objective is to restore/enhance 3,000 acres of wetlands and 2,250 acres of upland grass. During the last 5 years alone, refuge restoration work has resulted in an explosive growth of marsh and shorebird populations, including a sighting of the endangered piping plover. John James Audubon?s niece heard about the wildlife abundance of the Hamden Lake area and visited the site in 1871. With her were the Minnesota governor and 18 other respected colleagues. They were so impressed with the abundance and diversity of wildlife that Audubon?s niece asked the governor to name a township for her famous uncle. Today, the Hamden Slough National Wildlife Refuge headquarters office sits in Audubon Township, one mile from the city of Audubon.
Stories of Hamden Lake?s wildlife prominence have been related by the area?s older citizens, such as: 1) ?My father shot whooping cranes, swans and blue cranes.? 2) ?My uncle ? got 13 mallards with one shot.? 3) ?She used to catch Northerns (pike) that weighed 11 pounds!? and 4) ? ?would have a whole triple wagon box full of hides to sell.? And many early pioneer families survived by hunting and fishing, including children throwing sticks in the air to knock down ducks for dinner.
Hamden Slough National Wildlife Refuge (HSNWR) is an important site for Minnesota?s birds based on species information collected during the past two years. Three research studies were conducted at HSNWR which included a shorebird survey, bird point count survey, and a marsh bird survey. The shorebird surveys were conducted during the spring and fall migrations in the years 2002 and 2003 over twelve survey plots. The prairie bird point count survey has been conducted over a period of five years beginning in 1994, 1995 and 1996. The point counts were reestablished in 2002 and 2003 with GPS (Global Position System) locations added for each point. The marsh bird survey is part of a standardized North American marsh bird monitoring effort for National Wildlife Refuges conducted at HSNWR in 2003. Minnesota Important Bird Area justifications and site criteria are based on the data obtained during these three research projects. HSNWR supports a minimum number of breeding pairs of Pied-billed Grebe based on results from three surveys during the breeding season 2003 using the marsh bird survey results. The marsh bird survey has 19 different points within HSNWR which were surveyed three times during the breeding season in 2003. The first survey on June 4 resulted in call-back data from 19 individuals. The second survey on June 18 resulted in call-back data from 20 individuals. The third survey on June 27 resulted in call-back data from 25 individuals. Other waterbird species recorded during the marsh bird call-back surveys included Black Terns (51 highest count), American Coot (24 highest count), Sora (14 highest count), Virginia Rail (15 highest count), American Bittern (7 highest count), Least Bittern and Great Blue Heron. Combined with the Pied-billed Grebe count this brings the mixed species category over the minimum of 100. HSNWR has conducted shorebird surveys following the procedures outlined by Manomet Center for Conservation Sciences, International Shorebird Survey protocol during spring and fall migrations in the years 2002 and 2003. Shorebird surveys were conducted every 7 to 10 days during the migrations with a shorebird species total of 23 species in 2002 and a total of 24 species in 2003. Threatened species ? Wilson?s Phalarope (shorebird surveys, and point count surveys).
In the category Of Special Concern: Greater Prairie Chicken (established lek on refuge), Common Moorhen, Marbled Godwit, and Nelson?s Sharp-tailed Sparrow have been recorded for the years 2002 and/or 2003 during shorebird surveys, prairie point count surveys and marsh bird surveys. Species found during point counts and/or shorebird surveys at HSNWR include:
Nelson?s Sharp-tailed Sparrow
Le Conte?s Sparrow
One hundred years of agricultural development has resulted in the loss of 100,000?s of acres of upland and 100% drainage of all Type I, III, and IV wetlands in western Becker County, Minnesota. As a result, the water in a wetland?s sub-watershed carries far higher sediment loads. A watershed?s Time of Consolidation for water has also changed from weeks or months, to hours. As an example, the refuge restored 70 acre Homstad Lake has a 2500 acre watershed from private cropland. Prior to drainage, the water received in Homstad Lake took weeks to pass through a series of wetlands, and contained little if any sediments, pollutants, or high water volume. With cropland drainage on private land, the Time of Consolidation for Homstad Lake has been reduced to 12 hours and sediment loads are high. Restored wetlands absorb these higher levels of nutrients, and also have rapid rises in water levels, which inundate nests and vegetation.
Invasive and native pest plants are in the area and on the refuge. A small stand of leafy spurge has been eliminated with Black beetles. Small stands of spotted knapweed and purple loosestrife are removed yearly, by hand. Thistles and other weeds are mowed on hundreds of acres, particularly for two to three years after a native seed planting. Hybrid cattail is tenacious and replaces more diverse aquatic vegetation. The refuge?s first cattail spraying will take place in 2004.
Roads can be a minor disturbance, but also provide the visiting public with good access. Avian predators near roads, take wing if vehicles slow or stop. The refuge?s first prairie chicken dancing ground was observed in 2003. Many visitors used the county road to observe the birds, without any known disturbance. | <urn:uuid:b135f761-cfd8-40b1-911a-60b2b3691c87> | CC-MAIN-2018-13 | http://www.audubon.org/important-bird-areas/hamden-slough-nwr-iba | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-13/segments/1521257647003.0/warc/CC-MAIN-20180319155754-20180319175754-00510.warc.gz | en | 0.938329 | 1,476 | 3.3125 | 3 |
Daniel Dickerson, Karen Dawkins, College of Charleston, East Carolina University
According to national standards, eighth graders should possess appropriate understandings regarding groundwater and its role in the hydrologic cycle. This article describes a study of eighth-grade students to determine what types of ideas eighth graders actually possess regarding groundwater. The students completed a survey that consisted of one multiple-choice item and a drawing prompt. The results of this survey, along with videotaped class discussions about goundwater, revealed that students of this age group hold naive conceptions concerning groundwater. In addition, the students' spatial reasoning was identified as contributing to their conceptions.
Subject: Geoscience:Hydrology Grade Level: Graduate/Professional Research on Learning: Geoscience Expertise:Complex Systems, Cognitive Domain:Misconceptions/barriers to learning, Cognitive Domain Topics: Hydrosphere/CryosphereKeywords: Evaluation data collection, Evaluation data analysis, Evaluation data reporting, Science process skills
CMS authors: link to this resource in your page using [resource 33569] | <urn:uuid:e115a8fb-fd9c-4516-bcc9-055b1e32e1b1> | CC-MAIN-2015-35 | http://serc.carleton.edu/resources/33569.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2015-35/segments/1440645366585.94/warc/CC-MAIN-20150827031606-00057-ip-10-171-96-226.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.880152 | 215 | 3.265625 | 3 |
Electromagnetic Induction. Chapter 12. Objectives. Demonstrate how to induce a voltage using a coil and a magnet. Explain four things that affect the amount of inductance in a coil. Draw the symbols for a fixed and adjustable inductor.
In a transformer, what is the equation used to express the relationship between voltage and the number of turns? | <urn:uuid:bd6ff11d-0657-42b2-9f70-01d073942067> | CC-MAIN-2018-39 | https://www.slideserve.com/rhonda-caldwell/chapter-12 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-39/segments/1537267157351.3/warc/CC-MAIN-20180921170920-20180921191320-00488.warc.gz | en | 0.861353 | 73 | 3.96875 | 4 |
Latest Molecular motor Stories
Researchers have created a new type of molecular motor made of DNA and demonstrated its potential by using it to transport a nanoparticle along the length of a carbon nanotube.
Scientists have revealed how a bacterial enzyme has evolved an energy-efficient method to move long distances along DNA.
Interdisciplinary research between biology and physics aims to understand the cell and how it organizes internally.
Dr. Katja Fälber and Professor Oliver Daumke, structural biologists at the Max Delbrück Center for Molecular Medicine (MDC) Berlin-Buch, together with researchers from Freie Universität (FU) Berlin, have determined the molecular structure of dynamin, a ‘wire-puller’ that mediates nutrient uptake into the cell.
Researchers have developed an electric motor that is just a billionth of a meter across.
The transport system inside living cells is a well-oiled machine with tiny protein motors hauling chromosomes, neurotransmitters and other vital cargo around the cell.
Rice University bioengineers measure pulling power of hitched pairs of protein motors.
A University of Utah researcher helped discover how a "wimpy" protein motor works with two other proteins to gain the strength necessary to move nerve cells and components inside them.
Life’s smallest motor, a protein that shuttles cargo within cells and helps cells divide, does so by rocking up and down like a seesaw.
A new study reveals how molecular motors that power important subcellular movements can generate cyclical motion.
- The parings of haberdine; also, any kind of fragments. | <urn:uuid:5c09b3a3-ac33-47aa-bf04-b887105e7aab> | CC-MAIN-2015-22 | http://www.redorbit.com/topics/molecular-motor/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2015-22/segments/1433195035316.21/warc/CC-MAIN-20150601214355-00055-ip-10-180-206-219.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.885423 | 340 | 3.328125 | 3 |
According to the U.S. Constitution, only Congress has the power to declare war. However, often a U.S. president has initiated armed conflict and requested congressional approval afterwards. Also, in lieu of a formal declaration of war, Congress frequently authorizes the use of military force.Continue Reading
Article one, section eight, clause 11 of the Constitution states that "The Congress shall have power to declare war." Clauses 12 to 14 add that Congress has power to raise and support armies, provide and maintain a navy, and regulate the land and naval forces. Another clause designates the president as the commander-in-chief of the Army and Navy.
As of 2014, Congress has formally declared war 11 times. The first occasion was a declaration of war on Great Britain in the War of 1812, and the last were declarations of war on Japan, Germany, Italy, Bulgaria, Hungary and Romania during World War II. Since then, the United States has justified warfare by Congressional authorization of the use of military forces, as in the Vietnam War, the second Persian Gulf War, the Afghanistan War and the Iraq War, or by Congressional funding of forces deployed after U.N. Security Council resolutions, as in the Korean War, the first Persian Gulf War and the Libyan Civil War. On numerous occasions, U.S. presidents have instituted military action without any Congressional approval, as in the Philippine-American War from 1898 to 1903 and the 1999 NATO bombing of Yugoslavia.Learn more about Government & Politics | <urn:uuid:b01eae45-fd7d-437e-b507-53371d7d94f7> | CC-MAIN-2018-34 | https://www.reference.com/government-politics/can-declare-war-fffb1bba5a16e065 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-34/segments/1534221215487.79/warc/CC-MAIN-20180820003554-20180820023554-00022.warc.gz | en | 0.949988 | 303 | 3.6875 | 4 |
The U.S government along with governments all around the world have been increasing their use of government surveillance. In the US, there have been many advancements in facial recognition technology that easily recognizes and points out individuals. This technology has recently been implemented in NYC and has led to over 3,000 arrests by a computer analyzing images to identify a person. Along with this, aerial technology has been implemented and advanced in response to the BLM protest, where aerial surveillance was carried out by law enforcement to point out people in crowds. After, this technology scanned the contents of millions of social media posts, forwarding crucial information to police departments so they could track and surveil protests.
As we advance into the future, the rise of usage of people on the internet has been increasing at a drastic rate, and this has led to personal data being easier than ever to be collected online. Citizens that conduct their livelihoods online which include shopping, banking, social media, and search histories information is stored with these big companies however these companies are working with the government. Companies have been working as surveillance intermediaries to operate as a front post for U.S government agencies, giving away your data and information. These companies hold an extreme amount of power, and when responding to the government is not always for the public benefit.
With the growing number of new technologies to enhance how the government conducts surveillance, it raises questions if there can be a balance between law and respecting citizens’ privacy and rights? Future guidelines must be set for the rapidly changing technology environment. | <urn:uuid:eb83274a-0238-4abc-8d06-3956436fd220> | CC-MAIN-2023-40 | https://blogs.shu.edu/surveillancecapitalism/2021/11/08/government-surveillance/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-40/segments/1695233510781.66/warc/CC-MAIN-20231001041719-20231001071719-00033.warc.gz | en | 0.96565 | 307 | 2.90625 | 3 |
Nestled in an area rich with iron ore, abundant woodland for charcoal, limestone, and waterways to provide power, lies Joanna Furnace -- a historic remnant of Berks County's thriving early iron industry. Unlike today's corporations with their large buildings and complex hierarchies, the 19th century iron industry at Joanna Furnace was the product of rugged individualism. From the semi-wilderness of Robeson Township, in 1791, Joanna Furnace was started by Samuel Potts, Thomas Rutter III, Thomas May and Thomas Bull. The furnace was named in honor of Pott's wife Joanna Holland Potts.
Visit Joanna's new Cast House and visualize the smoke, dust, and motion of an iron furnace in operation. On this site from 1791 until 1898 workers produced pig iron and iron products utilizing Pennsylvania's magnificent natural resources. In peacetime and during wartime, the furnace sought to supply the needs of a growing nation.
Today the site welcomes visitors to tour the original buildings or participate in a rich schedule of special events | <urn:uuid:59d04db3-6da7-4551-839d-f89defd0b783> | CC-MAIN-2023-40 | https://ironandsteelheritage.org/SE/joanna_furnace.cfm | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-40/segments/1695233506029.42/warc/CC-MAIN-20230921174008-20230921204008-00601.warc.gz | en | 0.94365 | 213 | 2.71875 | 3 |
Standing around, sorting debris from construction or demolition projects for recycling ... it probably isn't anyone's idea of a good time. Given the risks posed by sharp or heavy objects and airborne particles, it's not a particularly safe way of making a buck either. That's where, perhaps someday soon, ZenRobotics' Recycler autonomous waste-sorting robot arm will come into play.
Using artificial intelligence (AI) and an array of sensors, the Recycler is intended to watch over a conveyor belt, targeting and plucking objects from a waste stream that rolls by on it. The robot will then drop each of those items into a specific chute, which will send them on their way to the appropriate recycling facilities. Non-recyclable items will simply stay on the belt, and end up being discarded.
Each robot would be mounted within a cell, which would consist of a screened-in framework that is simply placed over an existing sorting line. For larger projects, multiple robotic cells could be placed side-by-side on the same line.
Finland's ZenRobotics claims that the system could be trained to identify a wide range of plastics, along with objects such as pipes, cables, batteries and various types of light bulbs, along with materials such as stone, concrete, brick, wood and gypsum plaster boards. Besides selecting recyclable materials, they say, it could also seek out hazardous items such as radioactive smoke detectors.
The AI system analyzes data at a speed of 80 Hertz, and is based around a machine learning algorithm modeled on the human cerebellum – the part of the brain responsible for coordination and the timing of movements. That algorithm helps the robot adapt quickly to new situations, and to identify important elements in the vast amounts of data it's constantly receiving.
That data is provided by sensing systems that could include visible spectrum, infrared and other types of cameras, 3D laser scanners, haptic sensors, X-rays, metal detectors, barcode readers, weigh scales, and various other technologies.
ZenRobotics states that by using its robots, users could get more cash for recyclables, reduce landfill tipping fees, lower their operating costs, and reduce the risk to human employees who would otherwise be doing the sorting themselves. They also foresee a day when a smaller version could be used for sorting household waste.
Testing of the Recycler began in February, and so far the robot has been able to identify about half of the materials fed to it.
Via New Scientist
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Try New Atlas Plus. Learn more | <urn:uuid:b2a4d854-84ce-4c0a-9be7-5994d785d8c3> | CC-MAIN-2018-09 | https://newatlas.com/robot-sorts-trash-for-recycling/18426/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-09/segments/1518891811243.29/warc/CC-MAIN-20180218003946-20180218023946-00722.warc.gz | en | 0.950789 | 537 | 3.53125 | 4 |
Regardless of whether you think the five inventors listed below are mad men, geniuses, insane in the membrane or a blend of all three, the quirky personalities and eccentricities of Pythagoras, Leonardo da Vinci, Louis-Sebastien Lenormand, Nikola Tesla and Alan Turing undoubtedly aided their efforts in discovering, inventing and changing the world around them. In the realm of inventing, the quirkier you are, the better! Now, let’s go back to the beginning...
If you’ve sat through at least a handful of middle school geometry classes, and managed to stay awake, then it’s likely you learned about the Pythagorean theorem and Pythagoras – the truly odd inventor of this foundational mathematical formula. As undoubtedly genius as this discovery has been in the fields of math, science and physics, Pythagoras also conjured up many other bizarre belief systems that demonstrated his eccentricity and unique ways of viewing reality.
Included among these strange ideologies was his own school of philosophy and religious order called Pythagoreanism. Though this abstract school of thought is difficult to describe concisely due to many piecemealed historical accounts, Pythagoreanism is based on the metaphysics of numbers and the belief that all reality - nature, music and the cosmos - can be represented mathematically, with a huge emphasis on symbolism.
Some of the major tenets of his beliefs included complete rejection of beans - yes, like the ones in chili - because Pythagoras believed that humans and beans were composed of the same biological matter and that eating beans of any kind was the same as cannibalism.
In addition, Pythagoras insisted that none of his beliefs or teachings be written down or recorded and all members were sworn to secrecy. Other absurd commandments from Pythagoras for those who followed his cultish lifestyle included smoothing out all body indentations left on pillows and bedding, no walking on highways and not allowing swallows to nest under roofs. Eccentric, indeed...
The name and works of this brilliant 15th Century Renaissance Man are ingrained in the pages of mankind’s history forever thanks in large part to his famous and infamous artistic works like the Mona Lisa, The Last Supper and the Vitruvian Man. But da Vinci was also one of the most prolific innovators in history who thought up numerous inventions including the clock, water systems, flying machines like the helicopter, weapons and tools.
Many of da Vinci’s innovations remained locked within the hundreds of pages of his sketchbooks during his lifetime, as he either lost interest in developing them or could not secure enough financial backing to produce his musings. Due to his unparalleled number of interests including engineering, sculpting, botany and anatomy, Da Vinci rarely finished projects before jumping on to the next endeavor.
Da Vinci maintained a very strict sleeping schedule of 2-3 hours a day, which he achieved in half-hour increments every four hours throughout his day. He believed that acquiring sleep in this manner freed up more time to brainstorm and caused more vivid and lucid dreaming. Most of the notes da Vinci recorded aside his inventions were written in mirror-text, and various theories exist as to whether da Vinci was indeed dyslexic or just wanted to deter those trying to steal his ideas.
One more bizarre and morbid fact about da Vinci: he was said to have been a grave robber and examined cadavers to study anatomy.
As far as eccentricity goes, you’ve got to have at least a little to jump out of a tree with two modified umbrellas, and then from atop a tall building with his creation, “le parachute.”
Though Lenormand did not invent the concept of a parachute, he was the first to test his version of one - a piece of cloth attached to a rigid wooden structure - in front of a large crowd of onlookers by jumping off of the Montpellier Observatory in France in 1783. He intended that his invention provide a safe escape route for people trapped in burning buildings. He landed safely on the ground seconds after the leap and is credited with naming the parachute - a combination of the Greek word “para,” meaning “against” and French word “chute,” or “fall.”
After his stunt, Lenormand donated his life’s work to establishing the science of “pure technology,” and submitted patents for a paddleboat, clock design and a public lighting system. He died as a monk in Castres after renouncing his marriage to his wife.
Tesla played a crucial role in the discovery of several groundbreaking inventions like alternating current, X-rays, the radio and the electric motor and much more, and was hung out to dry by several of the 20th century’s business tycoons who tried to steal and discredit his innovations.
Though his name and accomplishments are known around the world today, the brilliant innovator received little to no acknowledgement for his creations when he died poor in 1943. Robert Lomas labeled Tesla “the man who invented the 20th century.”
Tesla was plagued with severe Obsessive Compulsive Disorder and suffered from a debilitating fear of germs. To highlight just a few of the quirks manifested by his condition, he refused to touch anything that bore the slightest hint of dirt, as well as anything of a round shape, which created some significant hurdles for him as an electrical engineer.
The number three became the working integer of his obsessions; he would circle the block three times before entering a building, request hotel rooms with the digit of three in the number, and ate every meal using three stacks of six napkins. Like Da Vinci, Tesla rarely slept and reportedly told John O’Neil, the author of Prodigal Genius: The Life of Nikola Tesla, that he once worked for 84 hours straight.
He went through odd diet phases during his life too, including a diet of only milk, honey, bread and vegetable juices, and then, due to his germophobic tendencies later in life, would only eat foods that had been boiled. And according to Marc Seifer, author of "Wizard: The Life and Times of Nikola Tesla," the eccentric inventor curled the toes on his feet, 100 times each foot every night, because he believed the action stimulated his brain cells.
A headmistress at St. Michael’s Primary School in England was quoted as having said, “I have had clever boys and hard-working boys, but Alan is a genius,” when he was only about 9 years old.
Alan Turing, who is credited by Winston Churchill as having made the single most impactful contribution to the Allies’ victory in World War II, was a phenomenal mathematician and academic who cracked the Nazi’s Enigma Machine code. The complex electro-mechanical device created by Turing and a colleague called “The Bombe,” analyzed the millions of code configurations that could be generated by the Enigma and reduced the number of combinations to a manageable number for further hand testing. This machine led to the invention of the first computer.
Turing’s many accomplishments in the fields of mathematics and science were matched in number only by his many oddities and peculiarities. Regardless of the important work he was doing, Turing rarely looked presentable and often appeared scruffy and unkempt.
Right before he cracked the Enigma code, Turing proposed to his colleague, Joan Clarke, only to confess to her shortly afterwards that he was a gay man. He stuttered, was said to have been seen riding his bike with a gas mask on during a Hay Fever outbreak, and created an entire new field of biology, morphogenesis, out of his obsession with daisies.
Though we often condemn members of society who fall outside the proverbial norm, today we celebrate the unparalleled and brilliant minds of these five inventors, which allowed them to think outside the box, ignore the status quo and create innovations that changed the course of history.
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The Melody of Speech in Poetry
Melody a Crucial Link Between Music and Language, Research Team Proves Empirically
Music and language share numerous common parameters that have already been intensively investigated. Melody, however, has so far been largely neglected. A research team from the Max Planck Institute for Empirical Aesthetics (MPIEA) in Frankfurt am Main, Germany, has devoted itself to studying this convergence in a series of three cumulative studies. The most recent of these has now been published as an open-access article in the journal "NeuroImage." The two previous studies already appeared in the journals "PLoS One" and "Psychology of Aesthetics, Creativity, and the Arts."
Every poem has its own speech melody, which we also perceive as melodic. This melody can be accounted for by means of statistical measures, such as the autocorrelation measure, which is based on rhyme, meter, and stanza structure. In their first study, the researchers used this autocorrelation measure to analyze recitations by different speakers of 40 relatively unknown German poems.
They discovered that individual poems or stanzas exhibit distinct text-driven pitch and duration contours, exactly like sung songs and other musical works. They also stated that poems with higher autocorrelation measures were more likely to have been set to music by professional composers than were those with lower autocorrelation measures. The more pronounced its speech melody, the more likely it is that a poem will be set to music.
The researchers then asked 320 study participants to listen to the recorded recited poems and rate them in terms of melody. The poems were rated as being more melodic the more repetitions of similar pitches there were in the voice reciting them. Poems exhibiting high repetition measures were thus perceived subjectively as being more melodic.
For their second study, the researchers concentrated on directly comparing the melodic properties of songs and poems. To this end, they invited 42 study participants to a concert performance in the MPIEA’s ArtLab—a multifunctional event space that is both a real concert hall and, equipped as it is with the appropriate technology, a scientific laboratory.
The event consisted of a recital of 11 of the 40 poems used in the first study as well as a performance of their arrangements for male voice and piano accompaniment. The audience then rated the poems and songs according to a variety of aesthetic and emotional criteria.
With their statistical analysis of the pieces performed, the researchers were able to show that the rating of melody in both the poems and their musical arrangements was equally dependent on the statistical autocorrelation measure: The higher its autocorrelation measure, the more melodic a given piece was perceived as being. Perceived melodiousness thus emerged as an important factor in the aesthetic assessment of both the poems and songs: The more melodic a piece was judged to be, the more positively it was rated.
Mathias Scharinger, first author of the study, elaborates: “Our concert study is the first to show that acoustic properties predict the aesthetic evaluation of both poems and songs equally. Melody thus proves to be a crucial link between speech and music, in terms not only of objective phonetic properties, but of subjective aesthetic perception as well.”
The third study focused on the neurobiological basis of processing melody in poems and in their musical arrangements. Here, the researchers availed themselves of functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI), which can be used to locate precisely where in the brain a particular activity takes place.
Forty-one study participants each entered the MRI scanner, where they listened by means of MR-compatible headphones to a total of 44 items. These comprised the 11 poems and their 11 arrangements for voice from the second study, as well as 11 modified versions of the original poems (from which rhyme and meter had been removed), and 11 control sequences consisting of sine tones. As they listened, the participants gave ratings to the individual pieces.
On the basis of earlier studies, the researchers expected that poems would tend to be processed in the left hemisphere while songs would generally be processed in the right. While the MRI scans confirmed this, they also showed that there was a region in the right temporal lobe that processed the melodic features of both the poems and their musical arrangements.
Scharinger, who was first author of this study as well, explains what happened: “Not only do poems and their musical settings share structural and melodic properties, their processing is supported by partially overlapping neural regions. This suggests that verbal and musical melodies are quite similar with regard to how they are perceived, and that melody functions as a ‘mediator’ between the two domains.”
Overall, the three studies support the thesis that speech melody has both a psychological as well as a neurobiological reality and is actively involved when poems are set to music.
The autocorrelation measure thus proves to be an effective means of capturing the melodic properties of music and speech alike.
Max Planck Institute for Empirical Aesthetics
Prof. Dr. Mathias Scharinger
Menninghaus, W., Wagner, V., Knoop, C. A., & Scharinger, M. (2018). Poetic Speech Melody: A Crucial Link Between Music and Language. PLoS ONE 13(11): e0205980. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0205980
Scharinger, M., Wagner, V., Knoop, C. A., & Menninghaus, W. (2022). Melody in Poems and Songs: Fundamental Statistical Properties Predict Aesthetic Evaluation. Psychology of Aesthetics, Creativity, and the Arts. Advance online publication. https://doi.org/10.1037/aca0000465
Scharinger, M., Knoop, C. A., Wagner, V., & Menninghaus, W. (2022). Neural Processing of Poems and Songs is Based on Melodic Properties. NeuroImage, 257: 119310. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neuroimage.2022.119310 | <urn:uuid:84eb221f-6ef9-404b-ae03-e4c1b3739e0c> | CC-MAIN-2023-23 | https://nachrichten.idw-online.de/2022/08/16/the-melody-of-speech-in-poetry?groupcolor=2 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-23/segments/1685224650409.64/warc/CC-MAIN-20230604225057-20230605015057-00726.warc.gz | en | 0.955868 | 1,319 | 3.171875 | 3 |
Mosquitoes and pets usually do not get along together and it is imperative that you take action to safeguard your pets from mosquitoes this coming dengue season. That protection starts now because your cats, dogs, rabbits and other pets are just as susceptible to infection from mosquito bites as you are.
Mosquitoes bite to extract your blood – not to feed on but to use as a source of protein to create their eggs. That is why only female mosquitoes bite you. Males are very happy feeding off the nectar they find in the plants around your yard. They’ve no interest in you whatsoever – unless you’re swatting at them in which they will just fly away.
Female mosquitoes don’t care whether this protein comes from cat blood, dog blood, horse blood or human blood – it’s all the same to them. Just a source of protein that enables them to reproduce. Your pets do not understand how to protect themselves and are relying on you to do it for them.
Mosquito Control Tips for your Pets
The major methods of protecting your pets from mosquitoes centres around separation: keep your pets away from mosquitoes. Where your pets are involved, mosquito control in Singapore involves keeping them indoors when mosquitoes are most active: early morning and dusk. Your pets should be safe during hot, sunny days, although mosquitoes can become active in warm weather with a good cloud cover.
You may expect more breeding when you stay near to canals or near marshes (alongside expressways) and stagnant puddles. This is the sort of water where mosquitoes breed, and as the nymphs turn into adults, there may be swarms of these insects around their favourite breeding grounds. Keep your pets away from these areas until the swarms die down or better still, have these areas treated to control the production of new mosquitoes.
Make certain that your home is clear of any containers that may hold water over the day. If you have an old bucket or flower pot base that has lain over, you can be pretty certain that they will potentially contain mosquito eggs or even hatched nymphs waiting to feast.
Don’t allow this to happen – the remedy is extremely simple! Remove all such containers from your home, and check that there are no pools of stagnant water, ensure that your gutter is all clean and free-flowing and that your drains look clean and tidy.
Another potential and often a fairly severe issue is the amount of greenery and shrubbery along the parks. Your pets like to investigate these areas and they’re very likely to contain colonies of mosquitoes resting but which aren’t afraid to attack animals if they’re disturbed. A fantastic mosquito control spray is often effective here.
Mosquitoes Hide Really Well
Mosquitoes can hide in deep grass and under the leaves of shrubbery and trees around your estate. Especially before they reproduce, they will attack you and your pets in their desperate hunt for blood. A small point here that many pet owners overlook: if you usually feed your animals outdoors, you may leave the bowls outside for a prolonged period of time which may host mosquitoes. All it takes is a few days of a pet drinking bowl left out for 3 days to produce hundreds of biting mosquitoes.
Use a Non-Toxic Mosquito Spray
Should you decide to use a mosquito repellent, usually in the form of a mosquito spray, make certain it’s not based on DEET. This substance may be dangerous to small animals. In actuality, many are still unsure as to its safety for people, so use a natural insecticide such as citronella, or picaridin that’s deemed safer than DEET. You vet should be able to give you advice on the ingredients used to use to protect your pets from mosquitoes.
Check your kitchen, toilet and bamboo pole holders since these can be quite attractive areas of your home for mosquitoes. If you take proper care, then your pets should be as safe from mosquitoes as you are. If you have a mosquito problem then mozquit can help you solve it. When mosquitoes and pets get together, the insects win every time, so reverse that and make sure that you cat, dog – or even rabbit, has a fighting chance. | <urn:uuid:2ae4f15d-179d-4ec4-a5d0-2ee243f1923e> | CC-MAIN-2020-10 | https://www.mozquit.com/mosquito-pet-protection-basics/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-10/segments/1581875148671.99/warc/CC-MAIN-20200229053151-20200229083151-00438.warc.gz | en | 0.953807 | 879 | 2.734375 | 3 |
This year sees the four hundredth anniversary of the publication of the translation of the bible authorised by King James VI & I. This has become known to most as the 'Authorised Version and to the Americans as the 'King James Version,' as they like the historical side to it. It is interesting to note that this programme, made by non Christians, uses the term 'King James Version.' The BBC is responsible for several programmes mostly concerned with the historic reasons for the translation and the 'poetic' language used therein. None in these programmes appear concerned with the God who breathed it at any time!
1611 saw the 'Union of the Crowns,' when James the Sixth of Scotland also became James the First of England. (Always known by the racist English as James I !) One of his problems concerned the religious strife since the reformation. Different Kings and Queens had gone from Catholic to Protestant and back again, usually without becoming 'Christian' in the process, and this caused much suffering and needless strife throughout Europe. This was amended in England by Elizabeth when she attempted a policy of 'tolerance.' However this met some opposition from Puritans (this term covered many 'types' of Puritan) and the other 'protestants' of various types. Their religion often meant less than the politics of the day and this created many difficulties for the King when he arrived. However in Scotland the highly competent James had already dealt with the Calvinist leftovers and his theological and academic knowledge was considerable. During the many discussions with the clergy concerning the nations future the idea of a new translation arose. James was not keen on the 'Geneva' bible used by many at the time as one phrase appeared to doubt the 'Divine right of Kings!' This helped encourage his desire for a new translation.
This was undertaken by the very best scholars of the day, working alone and in groups, each dedicated to a specific potion of scripture, then checked by others and rechecked and edited later by the 'top dogs' at St Paul's leading eventually to the 'Authorised' bible. When completed all previous versions were banned from use in churches throughout the land. Thus removing any wrong influence from previous versions, although this version took much from them. This was indeed a 'poetic' version of scripture with lines that were easy to read, and who's phrasing aided listening at the time. In the late 18th century the words were 'modernised' and the book was revised again in the 19th century. The words have indeed penetrated to all corners of the world, although the 'British Empire' helped here!
Many people know vaguely about a flood, Noah's ark, Jesus and Paul the apostle. Most know little else beyond this today. One reason is the media's use of the 'Authorised version' when quoting scripture which tends to give the impression the bible is for the past and not for today, most Christians of course have used more readable modern versions for thirty years or more. Society also is no longer forcibly 'nominally church going' so bible knowledge is dying. The majority of people born in the last forty years confronted with the quaint, but attractive, language of this version are put off as it is impossible for them to understand. This is a shame as the reason such books were translated was to bring the 'Word of God' to each individual, as opposed to the Roman Catholic manner of keeping it within the church of Rome. In the years following the publication the majority of the population were better educated by hearing this book than many today after ten years of schooling! Many learned to read, discovered they were important to God in spite of their place in society and as a side issue the language of the nation was altered for ever as this book represented what today we call 'Queens English.'
The BBC programme The King James Bible contains a variety of artists reading portions of this book. Like other programmes in this series there are some explanations along with each programme again concerned mostly with the poetry of the words, the 'literary style' rather than the content thereoff. Still, Jesus speaks through this book to many, as he did to me, and he has never let me down in spite of my self centred life. Maybe he will speak even yet through these readings. They can be heard for seven days although I am not sure if this can only be heard in the UK. The bible is a book, actually a collection of books, that tell us about our relationship with God himself. Actually it is about his desire and longing for his relationship with us, 'we love because he first loved us,' and while used and abused by many it still changes lives for the better! | <urn:uuid:b67325d7-521d-43bd-8ca4-e9022462a755> | CC-MAIN-2018-05 | https://adullamite.blogspot.com/2011/01/king-james-version.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-05/segments/1516084891750.87/warc/CC-MAIN-20180123052242-20180123072242-00269.warc.gz | en | 0.981606 | 954 | 2.828125 | 3 |
Emerging from ashes
South Mountains sees new growth after the 2016 wildfire
Charred stumps and downed trees remain reminders of a wildfire that scorched more than 6,000 acres of South Mountains State Park, but the remnants are slowly being taken over by new growth.
It has been two-and-a-half years since the blaze closed the park and scorched 6,435 acres of land.
At the time Ranger Ian Magill could only think of getting it contained, but now sees the benefit of the burn.
Two burning parks
Magill and former ranger Alan Rogers were on deck when the fire burned miles of trail systems.
The blaze was first noticed on Nov. 6, 2016, and after months of drought-like conditions the leaf bed that had built up was perfect kindling.
“Leaf fall made a big difference,” Rogers said.
Magill admits it was an exciting time, but is thankful that they were able to keep it within park boundaries.
The Chestnut Knob Fire was part of a record-breaking wildfire period in the fall of 2016 throughout the southeast, including in western North Carolina, where at least nine wildfires burned tens of thousands of acres.
The two would be among 234 other personnel that worked day and night shifts on the ground and in the air in hopes of containing the fire.
Fire is a natural thing
When people think of a wildfire, they have visions of flames shooting out of the canopy. However, the Chestnut Knob fire was not like that.
“The fire here crept along. It wasn’t like what you see out west,” Magill said.
Anyone hiking along the mountain peaks can see where flames licked along the base of the tree. This type of fire mimicked a controlled burn that state parks across the nation do every year, said former ranger Alan Rogers.
Fire actually helps native species and gets rid of invasive species, and uncovers food sources for animal life. Certain plants actually thrive with fire, Magill said.
“It’s a very natural process,” Rogers said.
“One year after, you could still see the fire scars. Now it looks like what you would see a couple of years after a controlled burn,” Magill said.
The first vestige of new growth for the year is peaking out all around the park. Magill said the real difference will be seen in the next month.
“We are seeing a lot of fire-adapted species coming back,” Roger said.
Several small timber pine trees native to North Carolina stand a foot tall already, growing out from under the fallen white pine trees planted there by a paper company before it was state park land.
“It’s a blessing really. It has allowed native plants to repopulate the area,” Roger said.
An ever-changing park
For several months after the blaze first sparked, investigators tried to determine what initially caused it but were never able to come to a conclusion, Magill said.
Not only did the fire allow for new growth, but it also allowed some much-needed work to be done on some trails that had been put off.
In the months following the fire, volunteer groups came together to help rangers clear debris and reestablish the Chestnut Knob and another trail that was burned. | <urn:uuid:522e09b3-7976-4cc2-a052-c97ab961b090> | CC-MAIN-2023-06 | https://www.shelbystar.com/story/news/2019/03/24/south-mountains-state-park-sees-new-growth-after-2016-wildfire/5629391007/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-06/segments/1674764500368.7/warc/CC-MAIN-20230207004322-20230207034322-00065.warc.gz | en | 0.973143 | 703 | 2.5625 | 3 |
The Unexpected President: The Life and Times of Chester A. Arthur
Chester A. Arthur was thrust into the office of the Presidency with James Garfield’s assassination in 1881. He was not viewed as an ideal President. His three years in office have largely been relegated to historical footnote. Chester Arthur was born to a prominent preacher and abolitionist. Arthur yearned to leave his surroundings, moving to New York City to begin a legal career. He won acclaim for his defense of civil rights. He would meet his wife in 1856, only to have his first grasp at fortune in Kansas dashed with the sudden death of his father-in-law. His return to New York would lead to meeting political mentors. The outbreak of the Civil War led to Arthur’s military commission, overseeing distribution of needed materials. The post-war period saw him rising as a lobbyist and government figure. In 1880, he would be chosen as VP running mate, which was heavily criticized. His ascension after Garfield’s death left him in a tough position of attempting to mollify both parties. Would he be successful?
The Unexpected President is a noteworthy attempt to uncover hidden history. The documentary record of Chester Arthur has been missing, largely due to Arthur’s own choice. Scott Greenberger’s work spotlights the 21st President’s young life and time as Chief Executive. Arthur is a complicated person but never dull. His term can now be viewed in a new context with this important work.
|Author||Scott S. Greenberger|
|Page Count||336 pages|
|Publisher||Da Capo Press|
|Bookshop.org||Buy this Book| | <urn:uuid:4c95cf7e-c55a-42b8-a11d-2c279baeab97> | CC-MAIN-2022-49 | https://seattlebookreview.com/product/the-unexpected-president-the-life-and-times-of-chester-a-arthur/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-49/segments/1669446711376.47/warc/CC-MAIN-20221209011720-20221209041720-00596.warc.gz | en | 0.968607 | 404 | 2.515625 | 3 |
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Timing and pressure are what determine flow direction for internal combustion engines.
Given a two-valve head atop one cylinder with a single piston on a four-stroke engine for simplicity:
On the intake stroke the one valve opens while the other valve is closed while the piston is descending. Negative pressure induces flow into the combustion chamber. Intake. This only makes sense if the valve opening also introduces fuel to be drawn into the combustion chamber.
For the exhaust stroke one valve opens while the other valve is closed while the piston is rising. Positive pressure induces flow out of the combustion chamber. Exhaust. Whatever was in the combustion chamber is forced through the open valve. This makes sense for exhaust.
Of course there are two other strokes: compression and expansion where both valves are closed for the 4-stroke cycle.
The 2-stroke works the same way just with two fewer strokes. Simplistically, the intake and exhaust are opened on portions of both upward and downward travel of the piston; the direction of the piston up or down dictates flow direction: piston up = exhaust, piston down = intake...the exhaust valve opening is typically of longer duration.
This all gets more complicated with shock wave propagation and cam shapes for specific times, magnitude, and durations of valve opening. The air has mass and inertia and reflects (bounces) within the combustion chamber and cylinder.
Jonathan D. Howell
Lieutenant Colonel, U.S. Army
2005 EarthRoamer XV-LT (Ford F550)
"Americans Travelling America"
Last edited by howell_jd; 08-07-2012 at 12:23 AM. | <urn:uuid:0ceaebd9-64c3-4c25-908d-0944d17d4e4c> | CC-MAIN-2016-40 | http://www.powerstroke.org/forum/general-6-0l-discussion/263788-engine-combustion-process.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-40/segments/1474738662698.85/warc/CC-MAIN-20160924173742-00158-ip-10-143-35-109.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.914821 | 386 | 3.078125 | 3 |
Some of you have learned that you need to use “a” in front of words beginning with consonants, and “an” with words beginning with vowels. While the rule is easy, it’s not quite right: you need to use “a” with words beginning with consonant sounds and “an” with words beginning with vowel sounds. I drive […]
This word, rooted in Latin, is used in Spanish to talk about setting something, making it stick or permanent, and that definition is also used in English. However, we also use “fix” to mean “repair”, both as a noun and a verb. I need to take the car to garage to get it fixed. […]
Counting and numbers can sometimes present difficulties in English, especially with numbers over 1,000,000, since both languages have similar names, but which refer to different numbers. As in Spanish, 1,000,000 is “one million” in English. However, 1,000,000,000 is not “one thousand million” but rather “one billion”! And 1,000,000,000,000 is not “one billion” but rather “one […]
Read the text and choose the best option:
Well, Christmas 1) is coming up/will come up, and we 2) should all be thinking/should all think about how we’re going to celebrate such a wonderful event. Yes, I know, 3) we’ve been having/we’ve had the decorations up since September, but now that it’s less than a month away, we’re really going to have to focus!
James, earlier you 4) had said/used to say that we should really push the discounts this coming long weekend, and I have to agree with you. So 5) could/do you write me up a report about what should go on sale and for how much and 6) get/to get it back to me by tomorrow? …
Put the verb in parentheses in the right tense for each second- or third-conditional sentence
If I 1)___(win) the lottery tomorrow, it 2___(help) me a lot! See, I’m in debt. A lot of debt. Part of my problem was university: I was told that if I 3)___(go) to a great school, I (4)___(get) a great job, and then I (5)___(can) pay off my debts quickly. But in this economy, there are no jobs to be had. I wish I (6)___(go) to …
Choose the correct tense from the choices.
Ursula: 1) Have you heard/Did you hear the latest news about our boss?
Frank: No! Tell me everything!
Ursula: Well, it seems that the police 2) have pulled him over/pulled him over last night because he 3) used to drive/was driving erratically.
Amid all the confusion surrounding how to use the word “news”, “notice”, etc., there’s something else Spanish speakers need to be aware of regarding the tenses we use when talking about news.
– When we first introduce news, we tend to use the present perfect tense.
– However, after that, we switch immediately to the past tense.
– Keep in mind, this type of tense usage is limited to news giving, and is not really used in other contexts.
The word dejar is quite useful in Spanish, but for English learners, it’s a bit more difficult, because there are various translations for it. Let’s look at two of them: to leave and to let. So, what’s the difference between these verbs? How do we tell them apart? Leave has two main meanings: 1) […]
Verb Tenses: Choose the right one With my birthday less than two weeks away, I am about to enter / would enter my 30s. Yes. I’m going to be 30. Please give me a moment as I have mourned / mourn the loss of my youth. (mourn=lament) Okay, I’m exaggerating / I exaggerate. I really […]
Choose the right option: I am meeting / meet some friends tonight for dinner. James is working / works for a construction company—he’s been there since 1990. Mary and I aren’t understanding / don’t understand rocket science. Now I am wanting / want to try the new steakhouse they opened down the street. I just […] | <urn:uuid:bf19a20b-f308-4e4c-954a-c4ae70cf4b9e> | CC-MAIN-2020-10 | http://masterkeyenglish.com/category/confusing-verbs/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-10/segments/1581875145746.24/warc/CC-MAIN-20200223032129-20200223062129-00481.warc.gz | en | 0.953034 | 983 | 2.890625 | 3 |
The ATP Synthase (Wikipedia article) is a two-part molecular machine – a rotary motor and an ATP generator coupled together by a rotating driveshaft. It’s made of proteins, and in each one of our 100 trillion cells is many hundreds of these tiny biological machines. Their diameter is 10 nanometres – 10,000 of them side-by-side make up the width of a human hair. They rotate at about 200 revolutions per second, generating the universal energy currency for life, ATP (adenosine triphosphate).
ATP provides energy for most biochemical reactions, including DNA replicating, repair, and protein synthesis, muscle contraction, transport of nutrients, and neural activity, to name just a few.
Each one of our countless trillions of ATP Synthases produce about 600 ATP molecules per second. Overall they generate our body weight in ATP per day. If they ever stopped, we would be dead before we hit the ground. In fact, that is how the poison cyanide works – it blocks the flow of hydrogen ions used to drive the ATP Synthase.
They are in every cell of every plant, animal and human. In plants, they are powered by the sun (photosynthesis), whilst in most organisms including us, they are powered by the food we eat.
First, some brief explanations of associated biological components:
Amino Acids are the building blocks of proteins. There are 20 different amino acids which are all responsible for making a protein a certain way. Nine of these 20 amino acids are defined as “essential amino acids”, as our body does not synthesize them. We need to consume them in the form of protein or they will not be present in our body.
Proteins are made of a combination of amino acids. The amino acids are bonded to each other to form a chain which is then folded into a 3-dimensional structure. They form parts of our physiology – hair, skin, muscle, connective tissue, etc. They also make up the antibodies for our immune system, hormones, haemoglobin and enzymes.
Proteins are continuously constructed in our cells by enzymes that read and decode (express) genes stored in our DNA. A gene is a section of genetic code which specifies the sequence of amino acids for the protein/enzyme the gene is coding for.
Enzymes are functional proteins. They are catalysts – they speed up the rate of biochemical reactions, carrying out a specific function by interacting with other molecules. Most biological reactions occur very quickly, thanks to the help of enzymes. They are also the biological molecular machines inside cells, replicating, transcribing, translating, proofreading and error correcting DNA. They also perform other functions in cells such as transporting molecules etc. The ATP Synthase is an enzyme consisting of 31 proteins, which all have their amino acid sequences coded in specific genes – the blueprint is stored in DNA using genetic code.
ATP (adenosine triphosphate) is an energy transfer molecule. It’s a molecule made of one biochemical compound called adenosine and three linked phosphates (A=adenosine, T=”tri” for “3”, P=phosphate). ATP releases its energy when one of its phosphates is released. The resulting “spent” molecule thus only has 2 phosphates and is called ADP (adenosine diphosphate – the “D”=“di” for “2”).
ATP Synthases use mechanical force from its rotating camshaft to attach a phosphate to ADP making it ATP which stores the energy used to attach it. The phosphates are negatively charged so they are repelling each other, but since they are bonded together, they are under tension (thus storing energy). ATP molecules are transported around the cell for everything that needs energy, and the energy is taken from ATP by releasing the third phosphate (a process called hydrolysis), converting it back to ADP. This ADP (and the loose phosphate) make their way back to an ATP Synthase to repeat the process.
A good analogy for ATP<–>ADP are springs. ADP is like an uncompressed spring, relaxed. ATP Synthase uses mechanical force (kinetic energy) to compress the spring and a catch is flipped, keeping the spring compressed thus storing the energy. This spring can then be grabbed by another machine somewhere, which releases the catch thus allowing the spring to expand, releasing the energy it was holding, to do whatever work that particular machine is doing. We’re now left with the relaxed spring (ADP) to be sent back to be compressed again.
ATP Synthase consists of two main parts, named F0 and F1:
The source of the H+ unbalance comes from the food we eat or in the case of plants, from sunlight. This process is called Cellular Respiration and consists of other complex motors and machinery embedded in the inner mitochondria membrane as well.
Here’s a huge surprise which I’ll only touch on here - it’s reversible! When required (a survival tactic), the lower F1 unit reverses and takes in ATP and hydrolyses it back into ADP, using the energy to drive the F0 turbine above it as a highly efficient proton pump, pumping the H+ protons back above the inner mitochondria membrane without using food resources. This bi-directional design is incredibly ingenious and resourceful.
According to the evolutionary timeline, the Late Heavy Bombardment ended 3.9 billion years ago. This was supposedly the end of the earth’s formation and cooling, and when life could appear via abiogenesis (life from non-living chemicals).
According to Wikipedia, the Last Universal Ancestor (the organism that evolutionists believe all life on earth – plants, animals and humans – descended from) lived “3.5 to 3.8 billion years ago” – 100–400 million years after earth was habitable.
Wikipedia goes on to state that this organism would have resembled a modern small sized bacteria. It lists defining features, which I’ll paraphrase here:
The genetic code was based on DNA / DNA composed of 4 nucleotides / genetic code composed of 3-nucleotide codons / DNA was kept double-stranded by a template-dependent DNA polymerase / integrity of DNA was maintained by a group of maintenance enzymes (proofreading & error correcting) / the genetic code was expressed into proteins via transcription and translation enzymes / ATP was used as an energy intermediate.
So, we’ve got 100-400 million years (not billions of years) to go from non-living chemicals to functioning cells using DNA to store digital, formatted information, 100’s of thousands of nucleotides coding for the many enzymes (biomachinery) for replication, transcription, translation, and repair, the ATP Synthase somehow first constructed using no ATP (in fact no biomachinery is possible without ATP), and the vicious circles overcome (e.g. the decoding-enzymes decoding themselves, and without ATP, etc).
Not to mention the incredible ingenuity of this and all the other biological molecular machines working in our cells – design is not only necessary, it’s obvious.
The Bible states in Genesis 1 that God made all plants, animals, and humans fully-formed, alive, and perfect (He called His creation “very good”). This means that our DNA and genetic code was perfect, written by God Himself. Then the Fall occurred, which corrupted all of creation in many ways including bringing death, disease and suffering into the world, and it’s been going downhill ever since.
What we see today is genetic meltdown. There are currently over 4,000 genetic diseases caused by mutations (evolution’s so-called fuel) and these are increasing because our genomes can only degrade due to these constant mutations (copying errors) regardless of natural selection. This proves that we are moving away from genetically ideal – which is the opposite of evolution. Evolution can’t explain this but creation can. | <urn:uuid:7a1f20e2-ee0c-4ec4-82a1-dff3e395591b> | CC-MAIN-2021-17 | http://www.astirinch.com/creation/atp-synthase/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-17/segments/1618038089289.45/warc/CC-MAIN-20210416191341-20210416221341-00455.warc.gz | en | 0.943147 | 1,695 | 3.96875 | 4 |
The ocean supports countless species, 91 percent of which have yet to be fully discovered, according to the National Ocean Service. But what is known is that human activity is imperiling these unifying waters and the wildlife they support. In fact, the organization Ocean Conservancy estimates that each year, 8 million metric tons of plastic enter the ocean, which adds to the 150 million metric tons already present in this natural resource.
That’s why 11-time World Champion surfer Kelly Slater continues to use his platform to raise awareness about the importance of ocean conservation and how individuals can propel this effort in ways big and small.
“Surfers and surfing help maintain healthy environments and access to beaches. We have probably the deepest connection to the coasts along with divers and fishermen,” said 47-year-old Slater, who is widely lauded as the greatest surfer of all time.
Slater, who hails from Cocoa Beach, Florida, grew up in the water and continues to feel like it is a “natural extension” of himself. “I don’t necessarily think being a pro changes any of the love you have for something,” said Slater, adding that “it’s become even more all-encompassing to my life.”
Actions by humans can pose a direct threat to the health of the ocean and marine life. Indeed, according to a reference article in National Geographic, 80 percent of marine pollution stems from land-based activity. Those actions include using plastic straws, causing oil spills and runoffs from industrial plants, and not managing air pollution. They are contributing to the rise of sea levels, the damage of coral reefs, and the destruction of marine life, experts agree.
“Plastic pollution seems irreversible and so horrible,” Slater said. “We are ruining numerous ecosystems by overwhelming them with physical and chemical pollution.”
Slater identifies overfishing as another key issue in ocean conservancy. Overfishing is the practice of removing stock of a fish at a rate quicker than can be sufficiently replenished.
The Environmental Defense Fund agrees with Slater, calling overfishing the oceans’ “most serious environmental problem.” According to the United Nations Food and Agricultural Organization, 31.4 percent of fish stocks have reached their capacity for fishing or have already been overfished. “Overfishing is right at the top of the list,” Slater said.
As Slater mentioned, plastic use is one of the biggest contributors to ocean pollution. Therefore, you can help by opting for reusable versions of plastic products you regularly use, such as straws, grocery bags, and cups, according to the Oceanic Society. Already, notes Ocean Conservancy, plastic has been found in 60 percent of all seabirds and 100 percent of all sea turtles.
Eating sustainable seafood to avoid contributing to overfishing is another way to help protect the ocean, recommends the organization Oceana. Terms including “line,” “diver,” or “sustainably” caught or harvested can signal that you’re making a sustainable choice. If you aren’t sure if your fish is sustainable, ask your vendor.
Using fluorescent lightbulbs, reducing heat and A/C use when possible, and lending your support to pro-ocean organizations are other steps you can take in protecting the ocean, National Geographic notes.
Regardless of whether you’re a pro surfer like Slater, keep in mind that half of the oxygen you breathe comes from the oceans, per Greenpeace. Slater wants all people to know they can do their part to help conserve this vital life source. “Educate yourself,” he said. “Walk the beach and collect trash, and find local groups that are helping to fight the good fight to raise awareness and clean the beaches and oceans.” | <urn:uuid:feca002c-44b9-44bd-81f9-a08922cdfed3> | CC-MAIN-2020-34 | https://www.impactingourfuture.com/environmental-protection/pro-surfer-kelly-slater-on-protecting-the-worlds-oceans/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-34/segments/1596439735964.82/warc/CC-MAIN-20200805183003-20200805213003-00031.warc.gz | en | 0.940691 | 808 | 3.1875 | 3 |
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After watching a movie with your children or students, we encourage parents and teachers to look for education opportunities to teach with movies. Here are a few discussion topics that can help with lesson plans or teaching in the home.
How can distance, time and changing interests have an impact on friendships? What things pull the girls apart in this film? What brings them together?
What important lessons does each of the girls learn over the summer? How does their different life experiences impact the way that they see themselves?
What can archeologists learn from dig sites about the people who lived there? What could others learn about you if they “dug” through your personal space? | <urn:uuid:fad05c1a-5125-436b-b6c9-257a34d04b8d> | CC-MAIN-2013-20 | http://parentpreviews.com/movie-reviews/discussion/sisterhood-of-the-traveling-pants-2 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2013-20/segments/1368699238089/warc/CC-MAIN-20130516101358-00099-ip-10-60-113-184.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.925125 | 162 | 2.9375 | 3 |
Submitted to: Annals of the Entomological Society of America
Publication Type: Peer Reviewed Journal
Publication Acceptance Date: 9/15/2013
Publication Date: 1/6/2014
Publication URL: http://handle.nal.usda.gov/10113/58248
Citation: Cooper, W.R., Sengoda, V.G., Munyaneza, J.E. 2014. Localization of 'Candidatus Liberibacter solanacearum' in Bactericera cockerelli (Hemiptera: Triozidae). Annals of the Entomological Society of America. 107(1):204-210.
Interpretive Summary: Zebra chip is an important disease that infects potato. The bacterium that causes zebra chip disease is spread by the potato psyllid, but the interactions between the pathogen and the insect are poorly understood, preventing the development of ecologically-based methods to control zebra chip disease. Scientists at the USDA-ARS laboratory in Wapato, Washington developed and applied a technique to observe the pathogen in dissected organs of potato psyllids. They determined that the pathogen moves from the insect’s gut to colonize the insect’s hemolymph, salivary glands, and bacteriome (specialized organ that harbors beneficial symbiotic bacteria). They also determined that the pathogen is less likely than adults to infect psyllid nymphs than adults, and that nymphs are less likely to transmit the pathogen to new host plants. This new information on the epidemiology of zebra chip disease of potato will be useful to developing new approaches to controlling this disease.
Technical Abstract: ‘Candidatus Liberibacter solanacearum’ is a pathogen of solanaceous crops (Solanales: Solanaceae) that causes zebra chip disease of potato (Solanum tuberosum L.) and plant dieback in tomato (S. lycopersicum L.) and pepper (Caspicum spp.). This pathogen is vectored by the potato/tomato psyllid Bactericera cockerelli (Sulc) (Hemiptera: Triozidae), but little is known about the interactions between B. cockerelli and ‘Ca. Liberibacter solanacearum.’ Fluorescent in situ hybridization was used to assess the incidence of ‘Ca. Liberibacter solanacearum’ in the hemolymph, bacteriomes, alimentary canals, and salivary glands of B. cockerelli. Liberibacter was observed in 66% of alimentary canals, 39% of salivary glands, and 40% of bacteriomes dissected from adult psyllids. Compared with adults, the organs of fifth instars appeared less likely to harbor Liberibacter, which was observed in 52% of alimentary canals, 10% of salivary glands, and 6% of bacteriomes dissected from the nymphs. Results of real-time PCR confirmed that fewer fifth instars were infected with Liberibacter compared with adults, and indicated that fifth instars were less likely to transmit the pathogen to non-infected host plants. These observations of the localization of ‘Ca. Liberibacter solanacearum’ in the organs and tissues of B. cockerelli adults and nymphs will aid the study of Liberibacter – psyllid interactions and of the epidemiology of ‘Ca. Liberibacter solanacearum.’ | <urn:uuid:85180c07-64a2-4aed-9292-40feebaee65a> | CC-MAIN-2021-25 | https://www.ars.usda.gov/research/publications/publication/?seqNo115=294897 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-25/segments/1623487648194.49/warc/CC-MAIN-20210619111846-20210619141846-00010.warc.gz | en | 0.889012 | 771 | 2.65625 | 3 |
Plastic pallets have long been used in places like the food and beverage industry, where health standards make them a desirable choice over other pallet styles and materials.
The problem with plastic pallets is their ability (or rather, inability) to be fireproof without sacrificing the durability of the pallet. The process and material needed to create fire retardant pallets often makes them more brittle, causing their life cycle to shorten.
In many ways, this defeats the purpose of a plastic pallet; if a wood pallet can compete in longevity and sustainability, they also compete financially, with wood pallets being a fraction of the cost of a plastic pallet.
However, testing at Virginia Tech University's Center for Packaging and Unit Load Design has completed on Rehrig Pacific's new plastic pallets, and the results look good. Pallets with their new design have been put through a series of exhaustive tests (not unlike what we do here at our own packaging lab) and are getting quite the buzz as a result.
The pallets survived as many as 200 cycles through a simulation of real world warehousing and supply chain conditions that mimic the life cycle of a pallet. This exceeds other offerings of plastic pallets on the market, and is a newsworthy accomplishment for those of us looking to the future of packaging. | <urn:uuid:73e6f718-0e2c-4708-b191-fe57d89e1992> | CC-MAIN-2023-50 | https://news.millwoodinc.com/blog/fire-proof-pallets | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-50/segments/1700679100164.15/warc/CC-MAIN-20231130000127-20231130030127-00326.warc.gz | en | 0.963618 | 270 | 2.796875 | 3 |
Ramesses II, also known as Ramesses the Great, ruled Egypt for 66 years in the 13th century BCE. He is remembered for ordering numerous military campaigns to reclaim lands and hold off invasion by Hittites and Syrians and for immortalizing his own achievements in massive building projects all over the country. He is widely considered the most influential leader of ancient Egypt.
As a deterrent to invasion from the south, Ramesses II had two imposing monuments built at Abu Simbel on the border with Nubia. Click to read more about Abu Simbel.
The great temple, with a façade of four colossal statues of the seated pharaoh, was originally aligned so that the rays of the rising sun would illuminate the inner sanctuary on two days each year, February 21 and October 21. The dates are often described as the birth and coronation dates of Ramesses II, however it’s more likely the dates were associated with religious festivals.
After the Aswan High Dam was built in the 1960s, the temples were taken apart, block-by-block, and reassembled on higher ground, against the backdrop of an artificial mountain. Moving the temples was an incredible feat, but, in the process, the alignment shifted slightly so that the inner sanctuary catches the rising sun one day later, on the 22nd of February and October.
On these dates, thousands of tourists and locals gather before sunrise to witness the event. There’s music and dancing and a happy, celebratory atmosphere, but it can also be quite chaotic. The inner sanctuary is lit for about 10 minutes and the temple can’t begin to accommodate all visitors at once, so only security officials are allowed inside the temple at sunrise. The illumination inside plays live for the crowds on screens set up outside.
The southern Egyptian city of Aswan is the gateway to Abu Simbel. These days, flight scheduling is unreliable, so most Abu Simbel visitors must go overland in a convoy, a 3-hour drive, one-way. | <urn:uuid:ec950ec2-2b7c-4233-ade8-febed2e99a00> | CC-MAIN-2022-05 | https://yallatoursblog.com/2016/02/22/abu-simbel-sun-festival-egypt/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-05/segments/1642320301217.83/warc/CC-MAIN-20220119003144-20220119033144-00492.warc.gz | en | 0.967096 | 412 | 3.453125 | 3 |
Ministry of Education of the Russian FederationState UniversityLinguistics and Translation Faculty
"The golden age" of Elizabeth I
Done by:year student LIE-202 groupMaria:Svetlana Sergeevna
Elizabeth I was Queen of England and Ireland from 1558 to 1603, the last of the Tudor monarchs. She never married and consciously styled herself as the Virgin Queen, wedded to the nation, and ruled over England during its "Golden Age". She remains one of the worlds most famous and most highly regarded monarchs.
Elizabeth's reign is known as the Elizabethan era, famous above all for the flourishing of English drama, led by playwrights such as William Shakespeare and Christopher Marlowe, and for the seafaring prowess of English adventurers such as Sir Francis Drake. Some historians are more reserved in their assessment. They depict Elizabeth as a short-tempered, sometimes indecisive ruler, who enjoyed more than her share of luck. Towards the end of her reign, a series of economic and military problems weakened her popularity. Elizabeth is acknowledged as a charismatic performer and a dogged survivor, in an age when government was ramshackle and limited and when monarchs in neighboring countries faced internal problems that jeopardized their thrones.
1. Childhood of Elizabeth I
Elizabeth was born on September 7th 1533, the second daughter of King Henry VIII. Elizabeth was something of a disappointment for Henry, who had been hoping for a son to succeed him. Elizabeth was two when her mother, Anne Boleyn, fell from grace and was executed for treason and adultery; the marriage was declared invalid and Elizabeth declared illegitimate. Reports suggest the young girl noticed changing attitudes towards her. However, after Henry fathered a son Elizabeth was brought back into the line of succession, third behind Edward VI and Mary. She received an excellent education, proving very good at languages.
2. A Focal Point for Discontent
Elizabeths position became very difficult under the rule of her siblings. She was first involved, without her knowing, in a plot by Thomas Seymour against Edward VI, and was questioned thoroughly; she remained composed and lived, but Seymour was executed. The situation worsened under the Catholic Mary I, with Elizabeth becoming the focal point for Protestant rebellions. At one point Elizabeth was locked up in the Tower of London, but remained calm throughout. With no evidence found against her, and Queen Marys husband viewing her as an asset for political marriage, she avoided execution and was released.
elizabeth queen england sovereign
3. Elizabeth I becomes Queen
died on November 17 1558, and Elizabeth inherited the throne, the third and final of Henry VIIIs children to do so. Her procession into London and coronation were masterpieces of political statement and planning, and her accession was treated warmly by many in England who hoped for greater religious toleration. Elizabeth quickly assembled a Privy Council, albeit one smaller than Marys, and promoted a number of key advisors: one, William Cecil (later Lord Burghley), was appointed on November 17th and remained in her service for forty years.
. The Marriage Question and Elizabeth Is Image
of the first challenges to face Elizabeth was marriage. Advisors, government and the people were keen for her to marry and produce a Protestant heir, and to solve what was commonly considered a need for male guidance; Elizabeth, it appears, was not keen, preferring to maintain her single identity in order to retain her power as Queen and maintain her neutrality in European and factional English affairs. To this end, although she entertained offers of marriage from many European aristocrats to further diplomacy, and had romantic attachments to some British subjects, mainly Dudley, all were eventually turned down.attacked the perceived problem of a woman ruling, one which had not been solved by Mary, by a carefully maintained display of royal power which built a new style of regal lordship in England. She partly relied on the old theory of the body politic, but partly created the image of herself as the Virgin Queen wedded to her kingdom, and her speeches made great use of romantic language, such as love, in defining her role. The campaign was entirely successful, cultivating and maintaining Elizabeth as one of Englands best loved monarchs.
s reign marked a change from Marys Catholicism and a return to the policies of Henry VIII, whereby the English monarch was head of a, largely Protestant, English church. The Act of Supremacy in 1559 began a process of gradual reform, effectively creating the Church of England. While all had to outwardly obey the new church, Elizabeth ensured a measure of relative toleration across the nation by allowing people to behave as they wished internally. This wasnt enough for more extreme Protestants, and Elizabeth faced criticism from them.
6. Mary, Queen of Scots and Catholic Intrigue
s decision to adopt Protestantism earned her condemnation from the Pope, who gave permission for her subjects to disobey her, even kill her. This inflamed numerous plots against Elizabeths life, a situation exacerbated by Mary, Queen of Scots. Mary was catholic and an heir to the English throne if Elizabeth died; she had fled to England in 1568 following difficulties in Scotland and was a prisoner of Elizabeth. After many plots which aimed to put Mary on the throne, and advice from Parliament to execute Mary, Elizabeth hesitated, but the Babington plot proved a final straw: Mary was executed in 1587.
7. War and the Spanish Armada
s Protestant religion put it at odds with neighboring Catholic Spain, and to a lesser extent France. Spain was involved in military plots against England and Elizabeth came under pressure from home to become involved with defending other Protestants on the continent, which on occasion she did. There was also conflict in Scotland and Ireland. The most famous battle of the reign occurred when Spain assembled an armada of ships to ferry an invasion force over to England in 1588; English naval strength, which Elizabeth maintained, and a lucky storm shattered the Spanish fleet. Other attempts also failed.
8. Ruler of the Golden Age
years of Elizabeths rule are often referred to simply using her name - The Elizabethan age - such was her effect on the nation. The period is also called the Golden Age, for these years saw England rise to the status of world power thanks to voyages of exploration and economic expansion, and the "English Renaissance" occurred, as English culture went through a particularly rich period, spearheaded by the plays of Shakespeare. The presence of her strong and balanced rule facilitated this. Elizabeth herself wrote and translated works.
9. Problems and Decline
the end of Elizabeths long reign problems began to grow, with consistently poor harvests and high inflation damaging both the economic situation and belief in the queen, as did anger at the alleged greed of court favorites. Failed military actions in Ireland caused problems, as did the resulting rebellion of her last noted favorite, Robert Devereux. Elizabeth, experienced ever more depression, something which had affected her all her life, and declined notably in health, dying on March 24th 1603, having confirmed the Scottish Protestant King James as her heir.
I has drawn widespread praise for the way she cultivated the support of an England who could have reacted badly to the rule of a single, female monarch. She also portrayed herself very much as her fathers daughter, fierce if need be. Elizabeth was lavish in her presentation, part of her brilliantly orchestrated campaign to mold her image and retain power. She travelled the south, often riding in the open so people could see her, in order to further the display of power and form a bond. She gave many carefully worded speeches, the most famous given when she addressed troops during the attack of the Spanish Armada, playing on her perceived weaknesses: "I know I have the body of a weak and feeble woman, but I have the heart and stomach of a king, and of a king of England too." Throughout her rule Elizabeth maintained her control on government, remaining cordial with parliament and ministers, but never allowing them to control her.
of Elizabeths reign was a careful balancing act, between both factions of her own court as well as other nations. Consequently, and perhaps strangely for such a famous monarch, we know little of what she really thought, so powerful was the mask she constructed for herself, for instance what was her true religion? This balancing act was, however, greatly successful.Elizabeth, the nation gained a new self-confidence and sense of sovereignty, as Christendom fragmented. Elizabeth was the first Tudor to recognise that a monarch ruled by popular consent. She therefore always worked with parliament and advisers she could trust to tell her the truth-a style of government that her Stuart successors failed to follow. Some historians have called her lucky; she believed that God was protecting her. Priding herself on being "mere English", | <urn:uuid:8bd60dbd-db51-44a2-92ec-a838de738aa6> | CC-MAIN-2020-10 | https://www.studsell.com/view/30/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-10/segments/1581875144027.33/warc/CC-MAIN-20200219030731-20200219060731-00059.warc.gz | en | 0.982713 | 1,804 | 3.5625 | 4 |
Eight Common Themes
|.||ONE: Synergy and Critical Mass. An arts or cultural facility by itself is unlikely to change its surrounding environment. Thus, it takes more than a single facility, even one with great drama and imaginative design, to bring life to a district or a downtown. Success is usually based on a blending of attractions that support each other over time.
TWO: Identity. The identity of a district is stronger than any of its individual components. Arts and cultural districts benefit from marketing the identity of their district. They communicate to a regional audience (often including out-of-town visitors) the happenings in the district. Creating identity markets a destination that combines an array of activities artistic and commercial for success.
THREE: Heart of Downtown. The best location is almost always in the heart of downtown. The greatest benefits for the cultural community, downtown and the region are derived when the arts are woven directly into the fabric of downtown. When downtown is the location, the widest audience is reached, and the greatest synergy is developed.
FOUR: Sustain a Vision. A successful arts or cultural district needs committed investors and a steward of the vision. Without people to lead and sustain the vision, even the best art and cultural models would not survive past the idea stage. The seven cities had committed public or philanthropic investors willing to put their resources at risk at critical times to ensure continued advancement of the vision.
FIVE: Historic and Cultural Anchors. New investment needs to use existing assets. Nearly every American city contains important cultural resources. Often the best way for downtowns to re-establish themselves as regional cultural centers is to build on existing strengths and historical anchors, not replace them.
SIX: Stretch the Boundaries. The most successful organizations have ventured far beyond traditional arts boundaries. Leaders of art and cultural districts must be prepared to do whatever it takes to create an atmosphere of success. It may be helping to restore historic storefronts, design streetscapes or open a ticket business. The best structures move freely between civic, commercial and cultural worlds.
SEVEN: Beyond Buildings. The hardest work comes after the buildings are built, not before. Even the best venue can fail with weak marketing, management and programming. Likewise, "weaker" venues or designs can succeed when management and marketing are strong. All venues need capable, professional staff to enhance their volunteer leadership.
EIGHT: Artist as Asset. Often, too little attention is paid to the viability of arts organizations and artists. Buildings don't make art; artists make art. Artists and art organizations are key to successful cultural centers. They are the reason venues draw people to downtown
|©1998 Ciruli Associates.
All rights reserved. | <urn:uuid:743d7341-1d3b-4efa-a0b0-33205a97f502> | CC-MAIN-2014-42 | http://www.ciruli.com/archives/comthemes.htm | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2014-42/segments/1414637899548.41/warc/CC-MAIN-20141030025819-00064-ip-10-16-133-185.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.950447 | 556 | 2.625 | 3 |
LDH isoenzyme blood test
LD; LDH; Lactic (lactate) dehydrogenase isoenzymes
How the Test is Performed
How to Prepare for the Test
The health care provider may tell you to temporarily stop taking certain medicines before the test.
Drugs that can increase LDH measurements include:
- Steroids (glucocorticoids)
DO NOT stop taking any medicine before talking to your provider.
How the Test will Feel
When the needle is inserted to draw blood, some people feel slight pain. Others feel only a prick or stinging. Afterward, there may be some throbbing or a slight bruise. This soon goes away.
Why the Test is Performed
LDH is an
The LDH test helps determine the location of tissue damage.
LDH exists in five forms, which differ slightly in structure.
- LDH-1 is found primarily in heart muscle and red blood cells.
- LDH-2 is concentrated in white blood cells.
- LDH-3 is highest in the lung.
- LDH-4 is highest in the kidney, placenta, and pancreas.
- LDH-5 is highest in the liver and skeletal muscle.
All of these can be measured in the blood.
What Abnormal Results Mean
LDH levels that are higher than normal may suggest:
- Intestinal ischemia (blood deficiency) and infarction (tissue death)
- Liver disease such as
- Lung tissue death
- Muscle injury
- Lung tissue death
There is little risk in having your blood taken. Veins and arteries vary in size from one person to another and from one side of the body to the other. Taking blood from some people may be more difficult than from others.
Other risks associated with having blood drawn are slight but may include:
- Excessive bleeding
- Fainting or feeling lightheaded
- Multiple punctures to locate veins
- Hematoma (blood accumulating under the skin)
- Infection (a slight risk any time the skin is broken)
Carty RP, Pincus MR, Sarafraz-Yazdi E. Clinical enzymology. In: McPherson RA, Pincus MR, eds. Henry's Clinical Diagnosis and Management by Laboratory Methods. 23rd ed. St Louis, MO: Elsevier; 2017:chap 20.
Chernecky CC, Berger BJ. Lactate dehydrogenase (LD) isoenzymes. In: Chernecky CC, Berger BJ, eds. Laboratory Tests and Diagnostic Procedures. 6th ed. St Louis, MO: Elsevier Saunders; 2013:702-703.
Review Date: 02/02/2019
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Information developed by A.D.A.M., Inc. regarding tests and test results may not directly correspond with information provided by UCSF Health. Please discuss with your doctor any questions or concerns you may have. | <urn:uuid:565ba127-5b96-45ec-8ea6-5c5492e66c1c> | CC-MAIN-2021-10 | https://www.ucsfhealth.org/medical-tests/003499 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-10/segments/1614178373095.44/warc/CC-MAIN-20210305152710-20210305182710-00032.warc.gz | en | 0.845437 | 730 | 2.625 | 3 |
Beginning in 1744, the Nanticokes left their reservations on Chicacoan Creek and Broad Creek, in Dorchester and Sussex Counties, respectively. Most traveled north, up the Chesapeake Bay and Susquehanna River, and lived among the Six Nations of the Iroquois Confederacy before eventually settling in modern-day Ontario. Some moved east, and joined the Indian River Indians. Within a decade, Broad Creek Town was said to be abandoned, and in 1767 the Nanticokes relinquished their claim to the reservation and requested compensation. White settlers bought the land, and eventually the town of Laurel was founded on the site of the old reservation. But did all of the Nanticokes leave the Broad Creek area? If not, where did they live? What happened to them?
The strongest evidence for a Nanticoke presence near Broad Creek during the late 18th and early 19th centuries is the name Sockum, which was both a place name and a surname. Its meaning is uncertain, though its similarity to sachem, an Algonquian term for chief, is obvious. During the colonial era, the tributary of Broad Creek known today as Gray’s Branch was known as Wimbesoccom Creek, and the surrounding area as Wimbesoccom Neck. Several spelling variations can be found in the early records, including Wimbasacham and Winnasoccum. By the 1790s, the name had been shortened to Sockum, and Sockum Creek appeared on maps of the area for the next several decades.
As a surname, Sockum first appears (to the best of my knowledge) in the tax lists for Somerset County, Maryland. In 1756, James and Rachell Sockam were dependents in the household of James Weatherly in Nanticoke Hundred. (Just to be clear, Nanticoke Hundred covered present-day western Sussex. The Delaware hundred of the same name covers a small portion of the same territory.) In 1757, James and Rachell “Scokem” were still living in Nanticoke Hundred, but James was the head of household. Although it’s impossible to be certain, I think it’s likely that they lived in what is now Little Creek Hundred, the area south of Broad Creek. At that time, the area north and east of Broad Creek was part of Worcester County, not Somerset.
According to the 1785 list of taxables in Dagsborough Hundred (which included the Gumboro area at that time), a James Sockam and a Widow Sockam (meaning the widow of a deceased Sockam) were living in the hundred.
The name next appears in the 1800s. There was a James Socom living in Dagsborough Hundred in 1800, a James Sockam living in Little Creek Hundred in 1810, and a James Soccum living in Dagsborough Hundred in 1820. Was there one James Sockum who moved around? Or were there two or three men with the same name? And was there a connection to the James Sockum documented in 1756 and 1757?
In 1830, a free “negro” named William Sockum was living in Broad Creek Hundred with his wife and daughter. However, it’s important to remember that Indians were considered “colored” or “mulattoes” in 19th-century Delaware. Only after a long struggle did the multiracial descendants of the Nanticokes and Indian River Indians win recognition and respect as the Nanticoke Indians. William Sockum could have been 100% black, and I don’t deny that he probably had African ancestors — otherwise he would have been labeled a mulatto — but I suspect he also had Nanticoke ancestors.
In 1840, Elisha Sockom, a free “colored” man, was living in Dagsborough Hundred with his wife and four children. I’m not sure if he was the same Elisha Sockum who died in Philadelphia in 1881; according to his death certificate, he was born about 1794 in Sussex County, Delaware. Another free “colored” man named S. Souckum was living in Philadelphia in 1840; he was the first Sockum outside of Sussex County to be counted in the census, which supports the theory that Sockum was and is a Nanticoke name.
By 1850, there were two distinct Sockum families living in Sussex County. Isaac Sockum, a 40-year-old mulatto, was living in Broadkill Hundred, near Milton, with his wife and two daughters. The area around his farm became known as Sockumtown. One of his sons later reported that he had been told that Sockum was an Indian name, and that the family was descended from a white man and an Indian chief’s daughter. Meanwhile, Levin Sockum, a 40-year-old mulatto whose relationship to Isaac Sockum is unclear, was living in Indian River Hundred with his wife and ten children. Locals called the area on the north shore of Indian River “Sockum” or “Down Sockum,” supposedly because numerous Sockums lived there, but only Levin and his immediate family were counted in the 1850 and 1860 censuses. Levin was a storekeeper. In 1855, he was convicted of illegally selling ammunition to a so-called mulatto of Indian descent. The following year, he was convicted of illegally possessing a firearm, despite the fact that he did not consider himself to be a mulatto and claimed Indian ancestry. Following the humiliating trials, the family left the area. Most of them settled in New Jersey, where they were recognized as Indians, and changed their last name to Sockume. Some moved to San Francisco. There were also Sockums living in Philadelphia and New York in 1860.
In conclusion (for now), census records indicate an eastward migration of the name Sockum between 1756 and 1840. As both a place name and a surname, it first appears in the Broad Creek area. Later it appears near Indian River and the town of Milton. This doesn’t prove that all (or any) of the Sockums were descended from Nanticokes of the Broad Creek reservation, but I think that’s the best explanation. Maybe the story old Isaac Sockum told his children was true. Maybe a white man married the daughter of one of the last local chiefs of the Nanticoke people. Maybe their descendants were wrongly classified as mulattoes and persons of color, but handed down the story of their roots, generation after generation, even as they migrated across Sussex County and eventually moved to other states.
– Chris Slavens | <urn:uuid:03330ed5-5804-4465-bdab-efe30719da88> | CC-MAIN-2018-34 | https://peninsularoots.com/tag/sockum-creek/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-34/segments/1534221210105.8/warc/CC-MAIN-20180815122304-20180815142304-00623.warc.gz | en | 0.982808 | 1,411 | 3.25 | 3 |
President Gerald R. Ford recognized that the significance of the actual date of Veterans Day carried historical and patriotic value to Americans and veterans who deserved to be honored. So in 1978, he signed a new law returning Veterans Day home to November 11. If November 11 falls on a Saturday or Sunday, the holiday is celebrated the previous Friday or Monday, respectively. This way, Veterans day will be able to credit the intentions of the Uniforms Holiday Bill while also serving to those who have a deep association with the holiday.
By holding true to the date, Americans are able to focus on the importance of Veterans Day, which is to honor and celebrate veterans for their patriotism, passion for our country, and selflessness in serving for the common good. | <urn:uuid:c6fc03f3-e7ea-4020-a7e5-b525575e94cf> | CC-MAIN-2018-47 | http://www.americanheroesnetwork.com/celebrating-veterans-day/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-47/segments/1542039746800.89/warc/CC-MAIN-20181120211528-20181120233528-00485.warc.gz | en | 0.942843 | 148 | 2.671875 | 3 |
General radiography is the most basic form of medical imaging. It uses X-rays to create a fixed image of the inside of the body.
After reading and interpreting an X-ray, a radiologist will send a report to your referring physician. The radiologist may recommend further investigation through the use of other imaging methods.
Fluoroscopy is a type of medical imaging that shows a continuous X-ray image on a monitor, much like an X-ray movie. It is used to diagnose or treat patients by displaying the movement of a body part or of an instrument or dye through the body.
During a fluoroscopy procedure, an X-ray beam is passed through the body. The image is transmitted to a monitor so that the body part and its motion can be seen in detail.
Fluoroscopy is used in many types of examinations and procedures. Some examples include
- Barium X-rays and enemas (to view movement through the GI tract)
- Catheter insertion (to direct the placement of a catheter during angioplasty or angiography)
- Blood flow studies (to visualize blood flow to organs)
- Orthopedic surgery (to view fractures and fracture treatments)
Computed Tomography (CT)
CT scanning—sometimes called CAT scanning—is a noninvasive medical test that helps physicians diagnose and treat medical conditions.
CT scanning combines special X-ray equipment with sophisticated computers to produce multiple images or pictures of the inside of the body. They provide greater clarity and more details than regular X-rays.
Using specialized equipment and expertise to create and interpret CT scans of the body, radiologists can more easily diagnose problems such as cancers, cardiovascular disease, infectious disease, appendicitis, trauma and musculoskeletal disorders.
Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI)
Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) is a noninvasive medical test that helps physicians diagnose and treat medical conditions.
MR imaging uses a powerful magnetic field, radio frequency pulses and a computer to produce detailed pictures of organs, soft tissues, bone and virtually all other internal body structures.
Detailed MR images allow physicians to better evaluate various parts of the body and determine the presence of certain diseases that may not be assessed adequately with other imaging methods such as X-ray, ultrasound or computed tomography (also called CT or CAT scanning).
Ultrasound imaging, also known as ultrasound scanning or sonography, is a method of obtaining images from inside the human body through the use of high frequency sound waves. The soundwaves' echoes are recorded and displayed as a real-time, visual image.
Nuclear medicine uses very small amounts of radioactive materials (radiopharmaceuticals) to diagnose and treat disease. In imaging, the radiopharmaceuticals are detected by special types of cameras that work with computers to provide very precise pictures about the area of the body being imaged. In treatment, the radiopharmaceuticals go directly to the organ being treated.
Lithotripsy is a medical procedure that uses shock waves to break up stones in the kidney, bladder, or ureter (tube that carries urine from your kidneys to your bladder). After the procedure, the tiny pieces of stones pass out of your body in your urine.
Positron emission tomography, also called PET imaging or a PET scan, is a type of nuclear medicine imaging. A PET scan measures important body functions to help doctors evaluate how well organs and tissues are functioning.
CT imaging uses special X-ray equipment, and in some cases a contrast material, to produce multiple images or pictures of the inside of the body. These images can then be interpreted by a radiologist on a computer monitor as printed images. CT imaging provides excellent anatomic information.
Today, most PET scans are performed on instruments that are combined PET and CT scanners. The combined PET/CT scans provide images that pinpoint the location of abnormal metabolic activity within the body. The combined scans have been shown to provide more accurate diagnoses than the two scans performed separately. | <urn:uuid:afb3147a-3718-4193-a82f-5d542279b93b> | CC-MAIN-2014-52 | http://camc.org/radiologyterms | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2014-52/segments/1418802775083.81/warc/CC-MAIN-20141217075255-00107-ip-10-231-17-201.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.926049 | 834 | 3.890625 | 4 |
This comprehensive, authoritative and up-to-date work provides the definitive overview of marine parasites worldwide. It is an invaluable reference for students and researchers in parasitology and marine biology and will also be of interest to ecologists, aquaculturists and invertebrate biologists.
Initial chapters review the diversity and basic biology of the different groups of marine parasites, discussing their morphology, life cycles, infection mechanisms and effects on hosts. The ecology and importance of marine parasites are discussed in the second part of the book, where contributions investigate behavioural and ecological aspects of parasitism and discuss the evolution and zoogeography of marine parasites. In addition, the economic, environmental and medical significance of these organisms is outlined, particularly their importance in aquaculture and their effects on marine mammals and birds.
Written by an international team of contributors, the emphasis is on a thorough grounding in marine parasitology combined with reviews of novel concepts and cutting-edge research.
Combines detailed and well-illustrated coverage of all marine parasite groups with information on ecology and recent advances in marine parasite research;
Gives an overview of the importance of parasites in the marine system, written in a way that can be understood by non-parasitologists;
Features contributions by leading scientists from around the world.
Researchers and students in parasitology, marine biology, aquaculture, marine ecology, invertebrate morphology and biology.
"This volume will be useful not only to those involved in marine biological research, but to biologists in general who wish to add another dimension to their backgrounds." John J. McDermott (The Quarterly Review of Biology, vol. 82, no.3, September 2007)
"This work should be considered the standard in its field. Individuals interested in parasites in any natural system would be rewarded by referring to this work. The rigor of the material presented is appropriate for scientifically sophisticated readers. Highly recommended." S.R. Fegley, Maine Maritime Academy, Choice Reviews Online
"The editor of this book, Professor Klaus Rohde… has to be congratulated on having achieved publication of such a unique monograph. It offers a very thorough review of the present knowledge on virtually all marine parasites and most of what concerns their biology and ecology."
Jiri Lom (Folia Parasitologica 53 2006)
"I think this is a very important piece of work. I would strongly urge anyone with an interest in marine parasites , and marine biologists in general, to purchase it for your own bookshelf." Gerald W. Esch (American Society of Parasitologists 2006)
"This is a beautiful book, and I recommend it for everybody with an interest in marine ecology." Peter Heuch (Monoculus, newsletter of the World Association for Copepodologists)
Klaus Rohde is Professor Emeritus at the University of New England, Australia, and the author of the well-known book Ecology of Marine Parasites. As editor of Marine Parasitology he has assembled contributions by 75 scientists from around the world, all leaders in their fields. | <urn:uuid:90f533b8-6379-4cf9-a4b5-7dcd2b7ad2ee> | CC-MAIN-2014-49 | http://www.publish.csiro.au/pid/5045.htm | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2014-49/segments/1416931005028.11/warc/CC-MAIN-20141125155645-00231-ip-10-235-23-156.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.928817 | 626 | 2.78125 | 3 |
hen we arrived at INTA, the National Institute for Agriculture, I immediately noticed that a sign was posted that said “Centro de Capacitcion; Dr. Norman E. Borlaug.” I later found out that a group that was working on sustainable agriculture practices with Dr. Borlaug once visited, which I thought was very neat since he is an iconic legend from Iowa and someone who I admire.
While at INTA, we listened to a panel of speakers who discusses various topics. Since my class topic is rural Argentina (we have to look into a specific area of interest before and after the trip) I was specifically interested in how agriculture has affected rural Argentina and how women are involved in agriculture.
INTA was created in 1956 to help agriculture research improve rural life. One thing I found very interesting that the term “agriculture” does not mean everything involved in agriculture, it only implies to crops. Livestock is the term to describe animals and agriculture was never used to describe livestock. Read More
After the market, we got out of the city and traveled to the country where we saw plots of corn and soybeans. The plants looked very similar to a field in Iowa, flat and green. Dekalb is the popular brand of seed corn, but the beans are often developed in Argentina. And yes, there are still mosquitoes in Argentina.
The crushing facility was built and performed similar to one in the United States. Although it is an American company, all employees are native to Argentina. Located by a river, the plant has 340 employees. Only about 15 of them are women. Seven years also, there was one woman working at this Cargill plant. They have up to 300 trucks deliver soybeans per day that is later crushed into oil and meal, because the export tax is lower compared to a soybean. They also have a soy biodiesel plant that has been shut down for three months because the market is so low and farmers are not selling their crop. It was interested to hear that Cargill is taking advantage of the farmer strike and is providing them with storage bags in return for their business when they are ready to sell their crop. Read More
Each day seems better than the next, and attending the Linear Cattle Market, touring the largest Argentine Cargill Crushing facility, and ending with a barbecue with a local crop company.
The Linear Cattle Market is the largest market in Argentina, a total of 80 acres. Opening in 1901, the market is now is privately owned by 55 brokers. Each broker has specific pens and brings in certain cattle and buyers. We were able to watch 4 different brokers sell their cattle, breeds ranging from Herefords, black Angus, and even a few water buffalo. Read More
Being in Argentina, this is my first experience where I do not understand the native language. Before this trip, I never understood what it was like to have someone talk to you and have no idea what he or she is saying. I now have a new sympathy for immigrants and tourists who take chances and go beyond their comfort zone to experience a new culture.
Three days in and my trip has been fabulous, complete with learning to tango dance and riding a horse a gaucho ranch. The biggest lesson so far has been how there are always a few things humans comprehend, no matter their native language. All people from all countries can share music, animals, and a smile.
The old cowboys are called gauchos. Similar to the United States western cowboys, these guys use horses to ranch cattle. We were able to tour a historic house and ride horses on a trail. Lunch was served in a large dining hall where people from around the world enjoyed the food; a few even enjoyed the blood sausage that was served (use your imagination of what it is made from). After singing and dancing during the performance, we watched a gaucho show. Read More
The city of Buenos Aires is a mixture of old, historical buildings mixed with new, contemporary buildings. The city was established in 1536, yet only one building remains because in 1880 everything was torn down and the city was planned. About 3 million people live in the city, and 10 million reside in the suburbs.
The May Square is one of many plazas throughout the city, often the plaza has a statue and a park. The Pink House sits on the May Square, which is where the president's office is. It is crazy to think that I have been inside the Argentine capitol and have never been allowed inside of the United State White House. All I had to go through was a simple metal detector!
The Pink House is pink because when it was built, the material was a mix of clay and ox fat, which the blood turned the walls pink. Argentina has had two women presidents, one which is in power currently. Christina took over after her husband died during his presidency and we quickly learned that she is not well liked. The Pink House is open to the public and just has a metal detector as security. Read More | <urn:uuid:acb39094-030e-4c0d-ac2e-5dd1945a4594> | CC-MAIN-2019-09 | http://www.lexi-marek.com/beyondthebarn/?offset=1429201560000 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-09/segments/1550247489425.55/warc/CC-MAIN-20190219061432-20190219083432-00090.warc.gz | en | 0.984843 | 1,035 | 2.875 | 3 |
Richat Structure, or the Eye of the Sahara, or the Blue Eye of Africa (Guelb er Richat) is an amazing circular geological formation located in the Mauritanian part of this arid desert, just outside of Ouadane. The lifeless area of this crater resemble lunar landscapes. The diameter of its outer circle is 50 kilometers. From space, Richat Structure looks like a bull's eye which also served as a landmark for the early astronauts when they flew over Sahara.
There is no unanimous agreement on the origin of this natural phenomenon, which emerged about 600 million years ago. Initially, the structure was considered a site of a large asteroid collision with the Earth's surface at a right angle, because of its circular shape. Another version suggested that Richat was a crater of an extinct volcano, which was gradually collapsing inward during millions of years – this was later deemed improbable because of lack of volcanic or igneous rock in the place. Of course there is an assumption referring to the alien origin of the place, or to Atlantis – according to Plato, the island of Atlantis was circular, divided into circles of land and water.
Yet most scholars are inclined to think that the structure is the result of erosion – Richat was a geologic dome, which has been gradually shedding layers and eventually became flat. However, there is still a flaw in this hypothesis – the scientists still can not explain the rather sharply defined boundaries of Richat Structure and the fact that its rings are equidistant to the centre. | <urn:uuid:2839a86e-0969-49b0-bccf-cddca7758460> | CC-MAIN-2022-05 | https://tripfreakz.com/offthebeatenpath/richat-structure-the-eye-of-sahara | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-05/segments/1642320300658.84/warc/CC-MAIN-20220118002226-20220118032226-00293.warc.gz | en | 0.970764 | 306 | 3.75 | 4 |
Scientists in China have aligned fragments of bamboo with Chinese calligraphic writing on it to recreate a mathematical device used 2,300 years ago, making it the world’s oldest known decimal multiplication table.
In 2008, researchers at Tsinghua University in Beijing received almost 2,500 decrepit bamboo strips from a donor, who had bought them at a market in Hong Kong. They date back to about 305 B.C. from the Warring States period before China was unified in the Qin Dynasty.
Each strip was around 0.3-0.5 inches wide and up to 20 inches long, with a vertical line of calligraphy in black ink.
Twenty-one of the strips were marked with only numbers and formed a matrix structure when arranged correctly. The top row and right-hand column contain the same 19 numbers (from right to left and top to bottom — 0.5, the numbers 1 to 9, and multiples of 10 from 10 to 90.
“The strips were all mixed up because the strings that used to tie each manuscript together to form a scroll had long decayed,” said researcher Li Junming, according to the journal Nature, adding that it was “like putting together a jigsaw puzzle” because some parts were broken and others were missing. “It’s effectively an ancient calculator.”
The matrix can be used in several ways; for example, the entries where each row and column meet are the results of multiplying those numbers, and any whole or half-integer between 0.5 and 99.5 can be calculated.
The team thinks the system may have been used by officials to calculate land surface area, crop yields, and taxes. “We can even use the matrix to do divisions and square roots,” historian Feng Lisheng told Nature. “But we can’t be sure that such complicated tasks were performed at the time.”
“Such an elaborate multiplication matrix is absolutely unique in Chinese history,” he added. Previously, the earliest known Chinese tables were used during the Qin Dynasty from 221-206 B.C. | <urn:uuid:5844af7c-6420-4f9e-a38b-0b3ee5351a69> | CC-MAIN-2020-40 | https://visiontimes.com/2018/03/16/chinese-bamboo-strips-revealed-as-first-known-multiplication-table2.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-40/segments/1600400192887.19/warc/CC-MAIN-20200919204805-20200919234805-00162.warc.gz | en | 0.967038 | 438 | 3.96875 | 4 |
A clicking in the throat when swallowing is uncommon but very discomforting and painful for those who experience it. It is such an unusual complaint that symptoms may be dismissed as psychogenic because a cause for clicking in throat problem may not be readily apparent.
Causes of Clicking Sounds during Swallowing
- Globus pharyngitis
Also known as “lump in the throat,” this condition is characterized by the sensation of having phlegm or some sort of obstruction in the throat when none exists. A person is still able to swallow fine, but it can become quite irritating. Occasionally, those affected also experience mild chest pain and/or a clicking sensation when swallowing. A fundamental difference between Globuspharyngeus and other throat issues is that there is no actual lump in the throat when a person experiences the globus sensation (globushystericus).
- Acid reflux (GERD)
A condition caused by the incomplete closing of the lower esophageal sphincter causing stomach acid to escape up into the esophagus causing pain. If occurring for long enough, it may become a condition called gastro esophageal reflux disease (GERD). Untreated GERD has been associated with the development of cancer in the long term. Some patients may experience clicking when swallowing with GERD.
- Eustachian tube function
Normally, the Eustachian tube is collapsed but opens up both when swallowing and with positive pressure (as is the case from taking off or landing on a plane).This change causes the air in the middle ear to expand and contract, which causes this structure to push into the back of the nose and mouth. A balance of varying pressures within the head needs to be maintained. However, they may consequently be producing a clicking sensation when you swallow.
- Cancer of the throat
Cancer of the throat is also a possible cause for feeling something in the throat. In this case, the sensation is more likely to be persistent and may be associated with other symptoms such as a constant sore throat, unexplained earache, difficulty swallowing, voice change or a neck lump that can be felt with the fingers.
A rare abnormal condition of the hyoid bone, which is a horseshoe-shaped boned found on the anterior portion of the neck. A clicking hyoid can be painful, as it is characterized by enlargement of the greater cornua of the hyoid bone, which can impinge on the cervical vertebrae. That may cause an abnormal clicking sound when swallowing.
- Temporomandibular joint syndrome disorder (TMJ disorder)
This disorder is characterized by excruciating pain or tenderness of the jaw. We use our jaw muscles every day to chew our foods, to speak, and even simply just breathing through our mouths. All of these actions rest upon a joint called the temporomandibular joint. This sliding hinge can be the source of pain felt in the joint itself as well as the muscles that control jaw movement. The exact reasons for TMJ disorder development may be difficult to determine, but it can be the result of several factors including genetics, arthritis, or jaw injury.
- Damage to the cartilage of the joints
When the cartilage is damaged, as in osteoarthritis, rheumatoid arthritis, and other types of arthritis, the cartilage loses some of its ground substance and eventually loses fibrils and becomes thin. The surfaces of damaged cartilage become pitted and irregular and no longer allow for the smooth, gliding motion of a normal joint. For this reason, when a joint with structurally damaged cartilage moves, the patient may feel a clicking, grating, or grinding sensation.
- Psychological factors
Psychological distress, such as stress, depression, and health anxiety, is associated with higher rates of globus sensation.
- Eagle’s syndrome
Eagle syndrome is characterized by recurrent pain in the middle part of the throat (oropharynx) and face. “Classic Eagle syndrome” is typically seen in patients after throat trauma or tonsillectomy.
- Cricopharyngeal spasm
cricopharyngeal spasm occurs when the cricopharyngeus muscle in the throat is overly or excessively contracted.
Symptoms of clicking sounds when swallowing
While the most obvious symptom is the production of a clicking sound, the following symptoms may also be present:
- Feeling of a lump in the throat
- Difficulty swallowing
- Dysphagia (pain when swallowing)
- Jaw pain
- Jaw soreness
- Throat soreness
- Mild chest pain
- white tongue when the throat has no saliva
- feeling of bead stuck in the throat or lower neck
- constant throat
- constant mucus build up at center base of neck
- bad breath
How to Diagnose
Examination will almost certainly include a camera examination (flexible nasoendoscopy) of your throat and voice box. The camera examination involves a flexible telescope (usually about the width of a mobile phone charger cable) going through your nose. Most helpful diagnostic procedure was careful examination and palpation of the neck while the patient swallowed to localize the side and source of the clicking. Laryngeal computed tomographic (CT) scans helped in some cases to demonstrate thyroid-cartilage and/or vertebral body asymmetry. The investigators performed a CT scan of larynx and found that it had something to do with a thyroid cartilage
- Endoscopy. A small light and camera are placed in your esophagus so your doctor can have a better look at the area.
- Manometry. This is the measurement of esophageal pressure waves.
Risk Factor that Increase Clicking in Throat Symptom:
- The damaging smoke passes through the larynx to get to the lungs.
- Drinking a lot of alcohol, especially spirits.
- A poor diet may be a risk factor, especially a diet lacking in certain vitamins and minerals.
- Long-term exposure to certain chemicals, fumes or pollutants may irritate the larynx if you breathe them in and may increase the risk.
Treatment for Clicking Sounds during Swallowing
- Over-the-counter medications, including muscle relaxants, may help lessen spasm symptoms.
- GERD will require the utilization of antacid medication to help reduce the production of stomach acid.
- Globus pharyngitis surgery to cut a portion of the thyroid cartilage that was causing the problem may be required to help provide relief.
- Surgery of the neck and larynx to trim the portion of the thyroid cartilage popping in throat that causing the clicking.
- avoiding stressful situations while experiencing spasms or until they have passed
- eating and drinking foods, slowly, to prolong the absence of symptoms
- gently massage of the throat and neck
- gentle neck-stretching exercises
- warm drinks or foods as well as heated bags or pads
When to see a doctor?
People should see a doctor for the Globus sensation when it is accompanied by:
- pain in the throat or neck
- weight loss
- choking when swallowing
- muscle weakness in the throat or elsewhere in the body
- sudden symptoms after the age of 50
- difficulty swallowing
- A mass that can be seen or felt in or around the neck or throat
- symptoms that get progressively worse
- symptoms that signal an infection or other serious health issues, such as fever or swollen lymph nodes
- pain during swallowing.
Tags: cartilage popping in throat Clicking in Throat Symptom clicking sensation when swallowing Clicking Sounds during Swallowing Causes clicking sounds when swallowing Treatment for Clicking Sounds during Swallowing | <urn:uuid:1e216cba-120a-406f-a1e5-a6c02c290295> | CC-MAIN-2018-39 | https://www.medicalhealthcures.com/clicking-in-throat/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-39/segments/1537267165261.94/warc/CC-MAIN-20180926140948-20180926161348-00146.warc.gz | en | 0.92864 | 1,602 | 2.6875 | 3 |
School Farmers Markets
School Farmers’ Markets are real farmers markets held in school halls, community halls or playgrounds, organised by Food for Life schools. They give the local community the opportunity to browse and purchase fresh local produce and crafts.
Running a market is an exciting journey that combines engaging educational activities in the classroom with a ‘wow day' event which can make a big contribution to your Food for Life award activity whilst generating income for the school.
Setting up a farmers’ market in school is an exciting way of engaging pupils in key curriculum areas by providing a real-life situation with which pupils lead and own their very own business enterprise. They are also a great way to raise money to fund your Food for Life Schools Awards Package subscription.
What's involved in running a market?
Our School Farmers' Market team have helped hundreds of schools run markets up and down the country. For our comprehensive guide - including detailed timeline, curriculum-linked classroom activities and resources - please click here to download our School Farmers' Market curriculum pack
How can a School Farmers Market enhance learning?
Running a School Farmers' Market provides pupils with the opportunity to achieve positive learning outcomes in a range of different National Curriculum subjects, including literacy, numeracy, ICT, science and 'enterprise and entrepreneurial skills'. They also provide an opportunity for pupils to develop new skills such as money handling, marketing and recognising local produce and seasonal vegetables.
How does this tie in with my FFL award work?
Holding a farmers' market can help you achieve many of the FFL award criteria for Bronze and beyond from using produce grown in the school garden through to the opportunity to consult with parents on wider aspects of school food. We've laid out lots of ideas in the curriculum pack to get you started.
How does the market raise money?
Most schools charge stallholders a small fee to have a stall at their event and the income generated by the stallholder is theirs to keep. You can add to this income by selling products that the children have produced in school such as gluts of garden vegetables, jams, chutneys, or even plants. A large part of your income may also come from the sale of teas, coffees and cakes.
During a two hour market, a school can easily make between £300- £400 profit. Some have taken even more! | <urn:uuid:57d543cd-9fe7-46c0-a5f4-d63a30f44462> | CC-MAIN-2019-51 | https://www.foodforlife.org.uk/schools/what-can-you-do/school-farmers-markets | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-51/segments/1575540527620.19/warc/CC-MAIN-20191210123634-20191210151634-00242.warc.gz | en | 0.961896 | 484 | 2.515625 | 3 |
Ensuring a system that is safe from the threats is one of common issues in a modern information systems development. One of many ways to ensuring a safe system is to set up controls into a system. Controls can be defined as mechanisms and procedures that are built into a system to safeguard the system and information within it (Satzinger, Jackson, and Burd, 2012). Control objectives itself are defined to minimize risk. Many controls may be implemented to achieve a control objective.
Designing integrity controls of a system is needed to ensure correct system function. According to Satzinger, Jackson, and Burd (2012), integrity control is a control that rejects invalid data inputs, prevents unauthorized data outputs, and protects data and programs against accidental or malicious tampering. This kind of controls enable an integration between application programs and the database. The primary objectives of integrity controls are to ensure the business transactions occur in appropriate and correct way, ensure that the only correct transactions can be recorded and processed, and ensure the organization’s assets (including hardware, software, and information) secured.
A layered and multifaceted system of controls that lies on integrity controls are input controls, access controls, transaction logging, complex update controls, redundancy, backup, and recovery procedures, and output controls.
Input controls is a control that provides reasonable assurance that transactions are properly authorized before processed by the computer. According to Senft and Gallegos (2009), input controls ensure authenticity, accuracy, completeness, and timeliness of data entered into an application. Input controls can be implemented within application programs, the database schema, or both, by assigning input control types, such as value limit controls, completeness controls, data validation controls, and field combination controls.
Access controls refer to security features that control who can access resources within a system. According to Satzinger, Jackson, and Burd (2012), access controls restrict which persons or programs can add, modify, or view information resources. Access controls can include the authorization, authentication, and audit of the entity trying to gain access through the Database Management Systems (DBMS) schema.
According to Databasecompare.com, transaction log is a record of actions—it can record any action by the database and store the recording results in a separate file. Transaction logging objectives are to help discourage fraudulent transactions or malicious database change and to provide a recovery mechanism for erroneous transactions.
Complex Update Controls
Complex update controls is a control that prevents errors that can occur when multiple programs try to update the same data at the same time or when recording a single transaction requires multiple related database updates (Satzinger, Jackson, and Burd, 2012). Update controls within a DBMS provide locking mechanisms to protect against multiple updates that might be conflict with or overwrite the data because the possibility of accessing and updating the same record simultaneously.
Redundancy, Backup, and Recovery
Many organizations do some preventive actions to protect their data and software from the unexpected threats, such as hardware failures and catastrophes. The procedures that support the organizations to do so are redundancy, backup, and recovery procedures. Redundant databases and servers, or even sites, are employed to support continuous access to the data and systems of organizations in case of one site or server fails. Backup procedures create partial or full copies of a database to removable storage media that stored off-site (cannot be accessed directly by application software). Instead, reading the off-site copies and replicate the contents to a database server and provide access to programs and users are performed in recovery procedures.
Output controls are concerned with the output of data either to a screen or another system displays. According to Satzinger, Jackson, and Burd (2012), output controls ensure that output arrives at the proper destination and is accurate, current, and complete. Common types of output controls are physical access controls to printers, access controls to programs that display or print, and so on.
Satzinger, J. W., Jackson, R. B., & Burd, S. D. (2012). Systems Analysis and Design: In A Changing World. Boston: Cengage Learning.
Senft, S., & Gallegos, F. (2009). Information Technology Control and Audit. Boca Raton: Taylor & Francis Group.
What is transaction log. (n.d.). Retrieved February 20, 2017, from Sliced Lemon Software: http://www.databasecompare.com/what-is-transaction-log.html
Published at : Updated | <urn:uuid:9c7641f9-f77f-433f-b0d7-863347704fe8> | CC-MAIN-2019-43 | https://sis.binus.ac.id/2017/05/08/designing-integrity-controls/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-43/segments/1570987798619.84/warc/CC-MAIN-20191022030805-20191022054305-00394.warc.gz | en | 0.883545 | 924 | 3.578125 | 4 |
- First locate a spot with full sun. Morning sun will insure leaves are dried early and result in fewer disease problems. The soil should have good drainage and not be in a low spot.
- Plant a rose at the same depth it is in the pot. Space roses 3 to 5' (feet) apart depending on the variety. Dig hole approximately 18" x 18". Add to the hole at least one blue pot full of potting soil.
- Gently remove rose from pot so as not to disturb the root system. Pack soil firmly around rose and mulch about 2" to 3" deep. Mulch helps reduce weeds, retain moisture and keeps the soil at a more even temperature.
- Water daily for at least 2 weeks to help establish the rose. Depending upon the weather, water approximately 1/2" twice a week. Proper fertilization and watering will dramatically reduce disease problems. Use a premium fertilizer that includes the minor elements. You get what you pay for in fertilizer.
- Blackspot can be a problem in rose growing. To treat blackspot ask your garden center for specific chemicals.
Tips for Rose Growing
- Yellow leaves generally indicate that the rose bush needs more water.
- Highs and lows of fertilizers can make your plant more susceptible to blackspot.
- Dieback is not naturally occuring but is a symptom of over-fertilization.
- A lot of old garden roses and antique roses will not bloom continuously in Florida. Nelsons' old garden roses bloom continuously.
- To further reduce the possibility of blackspot, water roses when the leaves are dry making sure that after watering, the leaves have time to dry before sundown. | <urn:uuid:73bf9f02-524b-4d8d-8dd0-fa8aaa0c098e> | CC-MAIN-2014-10 | http://www.nelsonsfloridaroses.com/care.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2014-10/segments/1394011011190/warc/CC-MAIN-20140305091651-00013-ip-10-183-142-35.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.927875 | 347 | 2.625 | 3 |
Mapping molecular accessibility and intermolecular interactions between ribonuclease A and paramagnetic small molecules using nuclear magnetic relaxation /
Abstract (Summary)Molecular accessibility to protein surfaces and interiors is fundamental to molecular recognition and biological functions. Combining nuclear spin relaxation and high resolution nuclear magnetic resonance, the relaxation rate induced by small paramagnetic molecules at each structurally distinct protein nuclear site can be measured simultaneously. Because the electron-nuclear dipolar contribution to the nuclear relaxation is inversely proportional the sixth power of the intermoment distance, the changes in the proton relaxation rates report the close proximity, i.e., molecular accessibility, of the paramagnetic molecules to the observed protein proton sites. In our experiments, ribonuclease A (RNase A) is used as the model protein. Molecular oxygen and both neutral and charged nitroxide molecules, 4-hydroxy-TEMPO, 4-amino-TEMPO, and 4-carboxy-TEMPO, are paramagnetic probe molecules. Experiments showed that oxygen has remarkably different accessibility both at the protein surface and in the protein interior. Oxygen is found to penetrate into the loosely-packed protein interior and has higher affinity to protein surface crevices that are located between secondary structures. Neutral nitroxide molecules can not penetrate the protein interior and do not have any significant surface associations with RNase A. Some surface and interior sites of specific associations are observed for charged nitroxide molecules as a result of electrostatic interactions. Computer simulations showed the differences in molecular accessibility to the protein surfaces and interiors can not be explained by the differences in intermolecular contact accessibility that may be deduced from published high-resolution structures. Rather, molecular accessibility is greatly affected by intermolecular interactions, which may be deduced by modeling the differences between the measured paramagnetic relaxation rates and the predicted relaxation rates calculated at the hard-sphere limit. By this method, we find oxygen has higher occupancy at the protein-water interface than in the bulk water. The strengths of the intermolecular interactions between oxygen and the protein are dependent upon the protein surface topology and have a variance about ± 0.5 RT. Direct measurements of the effective electrostatic potentials at the water-protein interface are made by detecting changes in molecular accessibility for different charged nitroxide molecules, which assume no approximation for the charge distributions, the dielectric constant or the static protein structure.
School:University of Virginia
School Location:USA - Virginia
Source Type:Master's Thesis
Date of Publication: | <urn:uuid:b2a9bc87-1c7b-465a-811f-ed33285f4559> | CC-MAIN-2016-44 | http://www.openthesis.org/documents/Mapping-molecular-accessibility-intermolecular-interactions-19124.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-44/segments/1476988722653.96/warc/CC-MAIN-20161020183842-00092-ip-10-171-6-4.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.911092 | 526 | 2.6875 | 3 |
Are your metaphors missing some of your patients?
In this episode, you’ll learn about:
- what makes metaphors work
- the two parts of a metaphor
- metaphors to avoid
Don’t forget to subscribe to us in iTunes, and rate & review! We read ’em.
Show transcript and links
Metaphors and analogies are favored tools of poets — and doctors.
They invite us to see a person, idea, or object differently, by inviting comparisons. Providers use them often, to explain complex physiological phenomena to patients. They may even improve physicians’ communication.
So what’s the problem?
Sometimes they don’t work. They can even give patients the wrong impression. And you usually can’t tell if this is happening. If you’re in academic medicine, you have even more to think about: are your students getting your meaning? And will their future patients?
But there are things you can do to increase your chances of getting across the message you’ve worked so hard to craft.
Let’s talk about why you’re taking your metaphors for granted.
Metaphors and analogies are powerful language tools. They’re even important to the way we think.
Nearly 40 years ago, linguists Lakoff and Johnson wrote Metaphors We Live By, explaining how metaphors structure the ways we think about the world—not only the ways we speak about it.
The authors write about the many metaphors comparing argument to war. We tend to talk about argument in terms of defense, tactics, destroying opponents, and so on. We see argument as a kind of war or battle.
But then they ask us to imagine a society where argument was not seen as a war, but more like a dance. It’s possible that if we were to witness an argument in such a society, we might not recognize what we were seeing. Because it did not look like an argument—a war—to us.
We live by metaphors. We’re surrounded by them. But this almost invisible nature of metaphors can work against you when you’re creating a metaphor or analogy for patients. This is because it can be hard to step back and notice what we’re taking for granted when we use metaphors.
But that’s just what I’m going to help you do.
A recent JAMA editorial asks physicians to be thoughtful about the metaphors you use often. The author, Brit Trogen, remarks on physician’s practice of ‘drawing on the commonplace to express the complex.’
The question is, what are you considering ‘commonplace’?
Your metaphor hinges on what you assume is common between you and your patient audience. Being aware of your metaphors is important because comparisons only work if the audience knows at least one of the items being compared.
You know that a metaphor (and an analogy) is a comparison. Rhetorician I.A. Richards famously gave names to the two halves of the metaphor: the tenor and the vehicle. In the argument as war example from earlier, the tenor would be argument, and the vehicle is war.
The tenor, in your case, is the medical phenomena. The vehicle is what you are borrowing the traits from, the ‘commonplace.’ In one of the most recognizable medical metaphors, the tenor is cancer, the vehicle is a battle.
This is where it gets tricky, because what counts as “common” is local to communities and social groups. What is normal, natural, or common varies by race, class, gender, and more.
For instance, if I was to compare my compact car to a Tardis, you would understand what I meant only if you were a Dr. Who fan. That is, if you were in the Dr. Who social group. So if your vehicle doesn’t work, you’re going nowhere!
These are vehicles you’ll want to watch out for. Why? Because these can unintentionally require knowledge or experiences that are specific to a social or cultural group.
Improving Your Medical Metaphors
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Differentiate between parts of a metaphor. Identify cognitive & affective aspects of metaphor construction & reception.
Another recent editorial from BMJ points out the dangers of overgeneralizing across populations, and the importance of culturally relevant metaphors. They caution against the use of food-based metaphors, because food is so culturally specific.
Now, food metaphors are the most common in medicine. For example, peaches-and-cream complexion, port-wine stains, and sausage digits. I’m not sure I could tell you the color of a port-wine stain. And I drink wine!
Why do you want to get rid of these vehicles? Because you want people to understand your metaphors’ meaning.
But also because cultural mismatches in speech and language patterns in institutions are a source of negative outcomes, as found in research based on culturally-relevant, culturally-sustaining pedagogy over the last 30 years. (This theory informs these recommendations.)
So what are they? Let’s steer clear of:
- Music, movies, tv
- History, geography
- Vacations and other leisure-time activities or hobbies
- Jokes or figurative language
Some of this may sound like I’m splitting hairs, so let’s give an example.
Vacations. Seems innocent enough, right?
I grew up in a large working class family. When I was a teen, if you had asked me what a vacation was, I certainly could’ve told you. But they were not part of my life. My family took day trips. We went to the shore. So the idea of getting away – by plane perhaps – and staying a few days, in a hotel, was not part of my experience until I was an adult. And yet this is what is often implied by ‘vacation.’
It’s not that I wouldn’t have understood the analogy or metaphor, but it would have a different meaning to me than perhaps the one you were counting on. Also, I likely would have spent some time figuring out what I might be missing in your point because I was not myself a vacation-taker (and meanwhile, I wouldn’t have been listening to you).
Holidays are similar. It’s not hard for someone to know what a Christmas tree looks like, and picture one, even if they don’t celebrate Christmas. Could you use a Christmas tree analogy? Sure, but your meaning can be obscured or dulled, based on a patient’s experience.
I recommend caution building metaphors around topics that are by nature emotionally charged, such as sex, politics, and religion. They’re not necessarily cultural mismatches between you and your patient, though they can be. But these topics tend to elicit strong feelings. The strong feelings, and any conversation on the topic, can powerfully illuminate—or entirely overshadow–your metaphor. If this is a chance you’re willing to take, I suggest your proceed with caution.
There’s caveats for each of these suggestions. Above all, be careful the assumptions you’re making about your patient. If you must use a food metaphor, consider, for instance, what you assume about the kinds and quantities of food that your patients eat, have access to, prepare, or enjoy.
In this way, using effective metaphors also let your patients know you see them and hear them as people, and as members of communities.
Figurative language is beautiful and powerful when it works, but it is tricky and culture-specific. Your metaphor hinges on what’s common between you and your audience. And remember, what’s common varies by social groups.
You don’t want your metaphors or analogies to disadvantage some patients, just by virtue of who they are. When in doubt, focus on explaining things in concrete, simple terms. | <urn:uuid:09be3f55-4c76-4ff2-b97a-3b09cf00190f> | CC-MAIN-2018-51 | https://healthcommunicationpartners.com/podcast/ten-minutes-patient-communication/reducing-cultural-bias-medical-metaphors/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-51/segments/1544376826842.56/warc/CC-MAIN-20181215083318-20181215105318-00602.warc.gz | en | 0.944157 | 1,715 | 2.65625 | 3 |
England Loses the World Cup
In March 1966, a few months before the England football team won the World Cup, the Football Association lost the trophy. Martin Atherton tells the full, often farcical, story of the theft and recovery of the Jules Rimet Trophy.
The theft of the World Cup in 1966 is one of the most unusual stories in the long history of football. The solid silver trophy, covered in gold plate and with a lapis lazuli plith, had been made in 1930, and between competitions was kept by representatives of the country that had last won it. During the Second World War, the trophy was hidden by FIFA vice-president Ottorino Barrassi, president of the Italian Football Association. Italy had won the trophy in 1938, and to protect it from theft during the last days of Italy’s involvement in the war, Barrassi placed it in a shoebox which he kept hidden under his bed.
The Football Association (FA) were in possession of the Jules Rimet Trophy, as the Cup had been known since 1946, from January 1966 in preparation for the tournament scheduled to take place in England in July.
Once the FA took possession of the Trophy, it was kept at their headquarters at Lancaster Gate in London, but was regularly allowed out for publicity events, though usually only for a few hours. In late February, the FA was approached by the internationally renowned Stanley Gibbons stamp company for permission to include the Trophy in their ‘Stampex’ exhibition taking place in Central Hall, Westminster, in March. The FA agreed, though a number of conditions were laid down by Sir Stanley Rous, president of FIFA. These conditions included: the Trophy must be transported via a reputable security company; it must be placed in a locked glass case which would have a guard next to it day and night; and it would be insured for £30,000 (even though its official valuation was a relatively low £3,000). The stamps that would be on display with it were valued at £3 million, so Rous thought the Trophy would be comparatively safe among the much more valuable stamps. It was the commercial value of the Cup as a piece of silver and gold that Rous considered here, rather than its value as a sporting icon.
The exhibition was to take place over two floors at Central Hall, Westminster. This is the largest Methodist church in London, with exhibition space for hire on the first floor situated close to New Scotland Yard and the Houses of Parliament and just yards from the Home Office. It should have been pretty safe in such surroundings.
Stampex opened on Saturday, March 19th, 1966, and the World Cup was a major attraction, having been the focus of much advance publicity in the press. Four uniformed guards were supposed to be on duty day and night, while a further two plain-clothes officers were present while the exhibition was open. Between the hours of 8am and 8pm of the days when the exhibition was open, an additional guard was permanently stationed next to the display cabinet containing the Trophy. However, this broke the strict condition imposed by Rous, to have a guard by the trophy around the clock.
The theft occurred on the morning of Sunday, March 20th, when the exhibition was closed. The exhibition rooms could only be accessed from the main corridors of the main building, and the four guards on duty were split into two pairs, one set on each floor. One guard checked the doors on both floors at 9am, and at around 9.30, two maintenance men arrived to open the front doors of the building. The Central Hall was used on Sundays for Methodist services and as a Sunday School, and all the external public doors were open and all corridors accessible. The two workers were also admitted to the exhibition area for routine cleaning and maintenance work. They were escorted into and out of the Stampex rooms, and they claimed to have locked the back doors to the hall when they left soon after. They were later interviewed by police and confirmed that they had seen the Trophy in the display cabinet. At no stage were they regarded as suspects for the theft.
The guards checked the Trophy at 11am and then both guards on duty on the first floor sat in the office within the exhibition room on the first floor drinking coffee, while 200 people were attending a church service in the hall below. One guard, Frank Hudson, left the office at around 11.25 to go to the toilet on the first-floor corridor near the exhibition area. He later reported seeing a man by the public telephone near the toilets. When Hudson came out a few minutes later, the man was still there, using the telephone. As this was in a publicly accessible part of the building, there was no immediate cause for suspicion. But when the guards next did their rounds to check on the Trophy at about 12.10, they found that the case had been forced open and the Trophy was gone. A quick search revealed that the rear doors to the building were found to have been forced open. The doors should have been secured by a wooden bar placed in slots mounted to the inside of the doors, but the screws and bolts holding the mounts had simply been removed from the outside of the doors. Once removed, the bar dropped from its mountings, and the doors could be pushed open.
The thieves had apparently made their way up to the first floor where the Trophy was displayed, removed a padlock from the back of the glass case to gain access to the Trophy, taken it and made their getaway the way they had come. During all this activity, none of the guards had heard or seen anything to arouse their suspicions.
Although front-page news, the story of the stolen Trophy did not attract many column inches, and on some days in the coming week did not feature at all. A news blackout was imposed by the police because of events taking place behind the scenes. The day after the theft, Monday March 21st, the Chairman of the Football Association (and of Chelsea Football Club) Joe Mears received an anonymous phone call, in which a voice told him: ‘There will be a parcel for you at Chelsea Football Club tomorrow. It’ll be of interest to you. Follow the instructions.’ The parcel duly arrived at Stamford Bridge and was delivered to Mears’ home. When Mears opened it he found the parcel contained the removable lining from the top of the Jules Rimet Trophy, along with a ransom demand for £15,000. If the FA were willing to pay the ransom, a notice was to be placed in the Personal Column of the London Evening News: ‘Willing to do business. Joe’. Instructions for payment of the ransom would then be given in a phone call to Mears, and the Trophy would be returned by taxi on Friday. The note also warned that if no reply had been given by then, the Trophy would be melted down; the same action would be taken if the police or press were informed of the ransom demand. ‘If I don’t hear from you by Thursday or Friday, assume it’s one for the pot’.
Shortly after opening the parcel, Mears was phoned again, by someone identifying himself as ‘Jackson’, who now changed the original demand for payment in £1 and £5 notes to £5 and £10 notes. Mears ignored the warning about contacting the police and arranged to meet Detective Inspector Charles Buggy of the Flying Squad, to whom he handed the section of the Trophy and the ransom demand. Mears was asked to place the advertisement in the newspaper on Thursday, March 24th. On police instructions, the bank assembled the ransom. Bundles of ordinary paper were used, with real notes only placed at either end. Whether anyone considered the possible repercussions if the deception was spotted is not recorded.
The following day, Friday, Buggy and two other officers went to Mears’ home in Fulham Road to await Jackson’s promised phone call. Two officers were to impersonate Mears’ assistants and were to be actively involved in the handing over of the ransom and recovery of the trophy. These men were chosen, according to Metropolitan Police records, on account of ‘their appearance being unlike that of the generally accepted conceptions of police officers’ – presumably they were thought to look like FA officials instead.
Mears himself, though, was confined to bed with an angina attack, so when Jackson called, his wife took the call. She said she would hand the phone over to Mears’ assistant Mr McPhee, who would act as Mears’ agent whilst her husband was ill. ‘McPhee’ was in fact DI Buggy. Jackson was uneasy with this change of arrangements, but after some further discussion, he finally agreed to exchange the ransom for the trophy. McPhee was to drive Mears’ car into Battersea Park in south London, where Jackson would meet him. Buggy drove to the rendezvous, followed by various unmarked Flying Squad vehicles, including two officers posing as a courting couple. Arriving at the park, he stopped just inside the gates, where Jackson was to make contact. Jackson, loitering on the opposite side of Parkgate Road, now approached the car and asked if ‘McPhee’ had the money. He was shown the suitcase and checked that it contained the money; he obviously didn’t check too closely or he would have noticed that the bundles were mostly scrap paper. Buggy insisted that he would not hand over the money until he had seen the trophy, and he told Jackson that he was concerned that he was being set up to be robbed. Jackson told him:
You will have to trust me and come with me for about a ten-minute drive, where I can pick up the Cup, show it to you and then you can give me the money. I can assure you Mr McPhee that you will not meet anyone else, just you and me that’s all. I’ve got it safely hidden away. You can search me if you like before I get into the car to make sure I haven’t got a gun or anything.
They drove around Battersea in Buggy’s car on a circuitous route for some time, but Jackson noticed what he later described as ‘a funny old van’ following them closely. Buggy stopped to let the van pass, and Jackson, identifying the van from the distinctive barred windows at the rear, said he recognized it as the type used by the Flying Squad for undercover operations (which indeed it was). He became extremely nervous that there might be a radio in the van that could be summoning police to the scene. Having lost the van Jackson relaxed a little, but the car remained under observation by another police vehicle containing four plain clothes Flying Squad officers.
Then Buggy stopped the car at traffic lights in Kennington Park Road, and the same van pulled up right alongside, causing Jackson to exclaim, ‘There is that funny old van again’. He then told Buggy to turn off, stop and wait while he retrieved the trophy, which he said would take about five minutes. Buggy watched as Jackson left the car and began to walk along St Agnes Place, Kennington, and as he did so, the van reappeared and stopped right in front of him. Jackson stopped, watched the van for a few seconds and then walked past it, turned a corner and disappeared from Buggy’s view. Jackson then doubled back, and approached the car just as Buggy as setting off to follow him. Jackson asked, ‘Where are you going?’, to which Buggy replied that he was afraid of being robbed of the money. ‘There’s that funny old van again. I thought I was being left here to be robbed. I thought you were tipping them off that I had the money’. Jackson denied that this was happening, so Buggy told him to get back in the car and they would drive off in the opposite direction.
After driving on for just a few seconds, Jackson suddenly looked out of the back window, and said, ‘If you are not happy, then I am off,’ and jumped from the moving vehicle, though without the bag of cash. He ran off, pursued by Buggy in the car. Jackson cut through a builder’s yard, so Buggy chased him on foot before finally cornering and apprehending him in the back garden of a house. He revealed his true identity to Jackson and cautioned him, before other officers arrived to escort Jackson to Kennington police station.
At the station, ‘Jackson’s’ true identity was revealed to be that of forty-seven-year-old Edward Betchley, a local petty thief, later described in court as ‘a dealer’ of Camberwell. He had one previous conviction for theft and receiving, for which he had served a six-month jail sentence in 1954. He had been in the Army during the war and later worked as a dock labourer until forced to stop because of ill health. He then became a second-hand car dealer for several years, and at the time of the theft, was selling fancy goods to street traders.
Betchley was cautioned and Buggy read him the notes he had recently made of their conversations during the car journey. Betchley replied, ‘I didn’t steal the Cup. Anyway, I didn’t know who you were when I told you that. It’s only your word against mine’. When asked about the whereabouts of the Cup, Betchley answered, ‘I honestly don’t know now, but you will get it back in some way. It was never meant for the melting pot’. Buggy told Betchley that he would be charged with breaking and entering Central Hall, and stealing the Trophy. Betchley replied, ‘I didn’t steal it, but I will get it back if you give me bail’. Perhaps surprisingly, given the amateurish actions of the police so far, this request was denied. Betchley was taken to Rochester Row police station and formally charged with breaking and entering Central Hall, and with stealing the World Cup Trophy.
Betchley denied all charges against him and claimed he had been offered £500 to act as an intermediary by someone he knew only as ‘The Pole’. He described this shadowy figure as one of his customers, but claimed that he did not know his real name. He also continued to deny any knowledge of the whereabouts of the trophy. At an identity parade conducted in Brixton Prison, he was picked out by Mrs Coombes as the person she had seen near the toilets in Central Hall on the morning of the theft. However, Frank Hudson, the security guard, failed to pick Betchley and chose someone else. This would appear to support the likelihood that there were two people in the hall on the morning of the theft, supporting Betchley’s assertion that he was not acting alone. Yet it undermined his claim that he had only been acting as an intermediary for the real thief, and that he was not directly involved in the theft himself.
The Trophy itself was recovered a few days later, not by the police but by a mongrel dog, Pickles, whilst out on a walk with his owner David Corbett. This is probably the best known part of the story, but it has also been sensationalized and is often reported inaccurately. The following account is based on my interviews conducted with Corbett.
On the evening of Sunday March 27th, twenty-six-year old Thames lighterman Corbett left his home at 50 Beulah Hill, Upper Norwood in south London at around 9pm to make a phone call. He decided to take his dog Pickles (a one-year-old black and white crossbreed) with him to give the dog some exercise. When they left the house, the dog started sniffing at a parcel hidden by a parked car and lying under the high hedge that surrounded the house. Because of the dog’s persistence, Corbett picked up the parcel which was tightly wrapped in old newspaper and securely tied with string. He tore the paper open to reveal the Trophy, which he did not recognize until he saw the winners’ plaques on the bottom. He took the Trophy to Gypsy Hill police station and handed it to the police.
As the police in turn were initially unsure whether it was genuine, both Corbett and the Cup were taken to Cannon Row police station. Here the Trophy was formally identified by Harold Mayes, Publicity Officer for the FA’s World Cup Organizing Committee. Corbett was detained for a short while as a possible suspect in the theft, but he was soon cleared as he had a clear alibi for the time of the theft. The police revealed the recovery of the Trophy at a news conference the next morning, and both the police and the FA expressed their relief at its safe return. The World Cup was retained as evidence by the police until April 18th, when it was returned finally to the FA for safekeeping until the opening of the tournament ten weeks later.
In the intervening years, several versions of the story have claimed that Betchley dumped the Trophy in the garden in Beulah Hill when he was being chased by the police, but these cannot be correct. Firstly, when he left Buggy’s car in St Agnes Place, he had claimed he was going to collect the Trophy from a nearby hideaway. And when he ran off and was chased by DI Buggy, he was soon caught and it is clear that he did not have the Trophy with him at any time during the car journey or the subsequent chase. It is much more likely that he was intending to retrieve the Trophy from his home, which was only a few hundred yards from St Agnes Place.
Beulah Hill, though, is over six miles from St Agnes Place. The mystery of how the Trophy came to be abandoned there has never been fully resolved. The likeliest explanation is that Betchley’s alleged accomplice, ‘The Pole’, dumped it there, panicking after Betchley was arrested. This was certainly the view taken by the police at the time, according to David Corbett. The police investigations were turning up a lot of evidence of other crimes unrelated to the theft of the Trophy, and they suspected that the thief was coming under pressure from other criminals to return or dispose of the trophy.
Whatever the truth, the trophy ended up in the hedge and it is fortunate that it was found by Pickles and Corbett in the circumstances it was. It could have been found by someone less honest who might not have handed it over to the police. Being found by Pickles the dog was certainly a godsend for the World Cup Organizing Committee, bringing some much-needed positive publicity to the story, and helping to deflect criticism from those responsible for its loss in the first place. During his trial in July, Betchley was described by police officers as ‘an astute criminal’, even though he only had one previous conviction. Under questioning, he admitted that he was in debt as a result of County Court judgements against him, and that the lure of the money he had allegedly been offered by ‘the Pole’ had proven irresistible. He said he was not immediately aware that the parcel he was to deliver was the World Cup, but even after he found out, he said he was ‘dazzled’ by the money. In his summing-up, Justice Lyell accepted that Betchley’s motivation had been his financial difficulties, but he rejected the story that Betchley would only have been paid £500 for his role as an intermediary: ‘I think you were hoping to get a very much larger share of the £15,000. No other supposition makes sense’. Betchley was eventually convicted of demanding money with menaces and with intent to steal, and he received concurrent sentences of two years in jail for each offence. He was not convicted – or even tried – for theft of the Trophy. He died a few years after leaving prison.
Neither David Corbett or Pickles received any formal reward from the Football Association, not even a letter of thanks, although they did attend the players’ celebration dinner after the World Cup final. David Corbett remembers that Bobby Charlton’s wife made a great fuss of Pickles. However, various financial rewards received by Corbett amounted to £6,000, six times greater than the England players’ bonus for winning the World Cup.
The theft of the Jules Rimet Trophy indicates incompetence among all those responsible from start to finish: the FA, the stamp exhibition and their security guards, the police and even the thieves. The amateur fashion in which it was stolen and the ransom demand was conducted is only surpassed by the even more amateurish way in which the Trophy was recovered. How different would our memories of 1966 have been, if national shame over the unsolved theft was the abiding memory of the year. | <urn:uuid:4824a13f-537a-4e67-9a57-d69df405a537> | CC-MAIN-2017-17 | http://www.historytoday.com/martin-atherton/england-loses-world-cup | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-17/segments/1492917118851.8/warc/CC-MAIN-20170423031158-00191-ip-10-145-167-34.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.989455 | 4,387 | 2.59375 | 3 |
Spinal Stenosis - Diagnosis
Most doctors use a combination of tools, including:
The doctor will begin by asking the patient to describe any symptoms he or she is having and how the symptoms have changed over time. These symptoms include:
- leg or buttock pain while walking
- stooping forward to relieve symptoms
- feeling relief when using a shopping cart or bicycle
- muscle weakness or numbness while walking
- low back pain
The doctor will then examine the patient by checking for any limitations of movement in the spine, problems with balance and signs of pain. The doctor will also look for any loss of arm or leg reflexes, muscle weakness, loss of touch, or abnormal reflexes which may suggest spinal cord involvement.
After examining the patient, the doctor can use a variety of tests to look at the inside of the body. Examples of these tests include:
- MRI (magnetic resonance imaging) – this is the least invasive but can often take about 45mins of lying still in a tunnel
- CT Scan (Computerized axial tomography) – to further evaluate the bones.
- X-rays – these tests can show the structure of the vertebrae and the outlines of joints and when performed erect then shows the spinal alignment.
The Patient Line website offers information for patients with spinal conditions:
Sciatica, back pain, spinal stenosis, disc herniation, scoliosis and many other spine conditions explained in a clear reliable, and trustworthy way. Not for profit EUROSPINE experts are here to help patients and their families understand what may be worrying them.
EUROSPINE is a society of spine specialists of various disciplines with a large knowledge of spine pathologies. All well-known and accepted treatment modalities for spine pathologies are represented by the members of the society. However, the Society cannot accept any responsibility for the use of the information provided; the user and their health care professionals must retain responsibility for their health care management. | <urn:uuid:b9a66a9f-a729-4acf-b40d-82323b5c608e> | CC-MAIN-2021-25 | https://www.eurospinepatientline.org/en/how-to-diagnose-spinal-stenosis-.htm | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-25/segments/1623488259200.84/warc/CC-MAIN-20210620235118-20210621025118-00281.warc.gz | en | 0.932968 | 408 | 2.84375 | 3 |
“The South Asian region must focus on technology transfer and institutional capacity building to address climate change and food security in the region,” said Dr. M. A. Sattar Mandal, Vice Chancellor, Bangladesh Agricultural University. He was delivering a keynote address to a regional dissemination meeting on “Climate Change and Food Security in South Asia” which was held in Dhaka Bangladesh on June 27, 2011. He touched upon several aspects ranging from regional food bank, environmental degradation, and food nutrition, among others. He further emphasised on creating cross-boundary market opportunities to facilitate trade link in the region.
The event was jointly organised by CUTS International and Practical Action, Bangladesh. The study was conducted by CUTS International with support from Oxfam Novib, The Netherlands. The partners involved in this study were: Centre for Community Economics and Development Consultants Society, India; Practical Action, Bangladesh; Afghan Development Association, Afghanistan; and Sustainable Development Policy Institute, Pakistan.
In her welcoming remarks, Veena Khaleque, Country Director, Practical Action, Bangladesh said that South Asia is extremely vulnerable and susceptible to climate change. However, the region lacks necessary adaptation measures to minimise the effects of climate change on food security.
Findings of the study showed that climate change is disproportionately affecting small and marginal farmers in the region. Cropping seasons have altered. Both frequencies and intensities of natural calamities have increased over the past decades. Because of declining production and productivity, farmers are migrating to nearby cities for alternative livelihoods.
Over all, there is a greater need to practice both climate change adaptation and mitigation practices by small and marginal farmers. Farmers will have to implement climate change adaptation strategies such as water harvesting, soil and moisture conservation. At the same time, they will have to implement climate change mitigation practices such as intermittent irrigation to reduce methane emissions from rice cultivation.
At the macro-level, there is a greater need to focus on pro-poor policies, bridge the gap of SAARC initiatives, and facilitate trans-boundary learning to quickly disseminate techniques among South Asian countries.
Tirthankar Mandal, Programme Coordinator, Climate Action Network-South Asia touched upon vulnerability aspects of food security. He emphasised that vulnerability is increased when one or more of four components of food security – that is food availability, food accessibility, food utilisation, and food stability are either uncertain or insecure. He further said that food security polices such as minimum income provisioning and universal access to food should be formulated to address issues of food security.
Rashid S. Kaukab, Associate Director & Research Coordinator, CUTS Geneva Resource Centre made a presentation on a future regional programme on Climate Change, Food Security, and Trade Linkages in South Asia. He mentioned that unlike other regional blocs, the South Asian region remains the least integrated. Intra-regional trade hovers around 5 percent of the total trade of the region. He further mentioned that proposed regional programme will improve the understanding among stakeholders in the region on climate change-food security-trade linkages. It will enhance greater involvement of relevant stakeholders in policy making and implementation.
Summing up the event, Faruk-Ul-Islam, Head of Organisational Development at Practical Action, Bangladesh highlighted increasing awareness among small and marginal farmers about climate change and food security issues. He stressed on the importance of public investment on agriculture to address plethora of issues faced by small and marginal farmers in the region.
The meeting was attended by more than 60 participants from among economists, agronomists, researchers, journalists and members of civil society organisations across the South Asian region.
For more information, please contact:
Archana Jatkar, +91(0)9928207628, [email protected]
Manbar Khadka, +91(0)9261496017, [email protected] | <urn:uuid:48d7ae03-b604-4389-acbc-cf4c4517306d> | CC-MAIN-2024-10 | https://cuts-citee.org/climate-change-disproportionately-affects-small-and-marginal-farmers-cuts-study/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2024-10/segments/1707947474853.43/warc/CC-MAIN-20240229202522-20240229232522-00612.warc.gz | en | 0.932521 | 804 | 2.671875 | 3 |
We know that our universe is expanding faster, but this growth continues to grow. What is clear is driving a strange double-stranded "dark energy".
Understanding the nature of this dark energy is a difficult task of essential physics.
Over time, chain theory will respond appropriately. Depending on the theory of the chain, all matter is small and vibrant entities like "string". In theory, there are three more spatial dimensions that are part of the usual information.
For a long time, theoretical critique have been models, designed to offer a dark energy rise. In any case, critics have been harsh, and so far some specialists have not proposed a model today.
Now, Uppsala University scientists have invented a model of the Universe that is planned to solve the dark energy enigma. The study proposes another basic concept, including dark energy, for a universe that has expanded into an additional measurement.
This new model of dark energy and our Universe is stepping on an additional dimension by expanding bubbles. The whole universe adapts to the edge of this expanded bubble. All existing subjects of the universe are compared to the end of the chains that reach the extra dimension.
In addition, scientists show that the structure of the chain theory is an extended bubble of this kind. More bubbles may be associated with different universes.
Scientists have said, "The model offers a new and different image of the universe's fate and future destiny, as well as methods for testing the theory of the chain."
The study is published in Phys magazine. Rev. Lett. | <urn:uuid:c9834f88-aeb6-49ba-a1bb-87410073393d> | CC-MAIN-2019-30 | https://satmu.com/canada/our-universe-may-be-sitting-in-a-bubble-in-an-extra-dimension/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-30/segments/1563195525094.53/warc/CC-MAIN-20190717061451-20190717083451-00442.warc.gz | en | 0.9401 | 314 | 3.5 | 4 |
Leadership is nothing but the action; there is a big difference between talking about doing something and actually doing. Many people push off the responsibility on to others because of which they cannot grow further. Dreaming of big things and creating big things are really of a different status.
In the corporate world people are grown to next level only by taking right decisions and actions. In society leaders are grown by taking actions to change the people’s lives.
1) Study the problem
2) Find out the solution
3) Prepare plan to solve the problem
4) Make a team to solve the problem
5) Take action
So take actions your world to make a difference in other people’s lives and the difference in the corporate world.
“Leadership is the capacity and will to rally men and women to a common purpose and the character which inspires confidence” – Bernard Montgomery, British Field Marshal
The natural leader will stand out. Leadership is an art which is learnt and practiced by successful people. You can become great leader by practicing the key behaviors of successful people. Once you decide to become a successful leader and start working on it, you will start developing the qualities required to build yourself.
Qualities of an excellent leader:
1) Taking Responsibility – Everyone wants to be powerful in this world, Just think for 5 minutes and recall the leaders you personally know/met/ seen. Understand and look into what they are doing and how they are behaving, I am sure they are taking responsibility in all the areas of their work. (Responsibility = power)
2) Communication skills – you need to have great communication skills and you should be able touch people’s lives by your words. Every good communicator is a great leader.
3) Creating subordinates – you need to create good, skillful subordinates to complete your targets of achievements. Everyone wants to work with a great leader.
….. Krishnna Tickare | <urn:uuid:e14974ff-333e-45b3-a19f-289ae7439faa> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | http://www.krishnnatickare.com/blog/tag/3-qualities-of-leader/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882570868.47/warc/CC-MAIN-20220808152744-20220808182744-00645.warc.gz | en | 0.953744 | 421 | 2.625 | 3 |
Technology means assessments can focus on more than just multiple-choice. Can testing keep up?
When we imagine the future of assessment it’s easy to envision all sorts of impressive ways to help gauge what students know and what they can do. Gaming and simulations, especially, create all kinds of possibilities.
But the major focus of assessment technology in recent years, of course, has been on efficiency of test delivery and administration—with little true innovation making it to students’ test booklets or computer screens.…Read More
Homegrown online assessments prove invaluable to one district
Assessments are critical to our efforts to improve instruction in K-12 education. Yet, in an age when students are accessing a vast array of resources on computers, tablets, and mobile devices, some school districts are still hesitant to take their assessments online.
At Hopewell Valley Regional School District (HVRSD), we began the transition to online assessment more than three years ago. Across the district, our teachers have created a number of online assessments—individually and through their work in professional learning communities—for use in our district. Since then, we’ve found that online assessments offer several distinct advantages over paper-and-pencil assessments.
Within just a few hours of the first test being administered, it became clear that the district wasn’t as ready as it thought it was. “The first day of testing can be described as nothing short of a disaster,” says Clough. “Now that the first round of testing is complete, we’ll have to start unpacking things and figure out exactly what went wrong.”…Read More
An elearning pro shares how to prioritize to make the transition to online assessments smoother
As with anything in life, certain tradeoffs must happen in order for schools to spread already-thin resources across all critical projects. Schools already face this challenge on a daily basis, and now they must become Common Core assessment-ready at a time when resources are especially tight.
“In the end, there have to be some projects and/or expenses that receive lower priority within the district,” says Thomas Ryan, Ph.D., CEO at eLearn Institute, Inc., a nonprofit that helps districts prepare online learning strategies. “At this point, any prioritization that takes place really has to be based on district-wide, long-term decisions.”
Transitioning to a data-driven system
In looking at the digital education shift as a whole, Ryan says some schools are “holding onto the old way of doing things” even as they realize that the shift to online assessments is going to have to happen. “Trying to support a paper-based instructional model and a digital-based model is just too expensive,” says Ryan. “Unless there’s a stream of new funding coming in, schools really need to start putting [digital] transition plans in place.”…Read More | <urn:uuid:dcc1365f-808a-4670-a0ae-9da54166bd61> | CC-MAIN-2022-21 | https://www.eschoolnews.com/tag/smarter-balanced/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-21/segments/1652662543797.61/warc/CC-MAIN-20220522032543-20220522062543-00260.warc.gz | en | 0.958737 | 615 | 2.71875 | 3 |
Omega-3s may help to treat type 1 diabetes
Type 1 diabetes is an incurable autoimmune disorder of unknown origin. New research, however, may pave the way for novel, more efficient therapies for type 1 diabetes, as omega-3 fatty acids are found to reduce the autoimmune responses typical of the disease.
Type 1 diabetes is an autoimmune disorder that affects approximately 1.25 million adults and children in the United States.
In type 1 diabetes, the body's immune system does not recognize its own beta cells, so it attacks and destroys them. Beta cells are responsible for creating insulin.
The body needs insulin to transport glucose into cells, where it is needed for producing energy. Without insulin-producing beta cells, the glucose builds up in the blood stream, and the body cannot use it for energy.
It is not yet known what causes type 1 diabetes, and there is currently no cure for the illness. The most common treatment option is administering insulin, but the ultimate goal of the medical research community is to stop the body's immune system from attacking its own beta cells, or reversing this process.
New research, published in The Journal of Clinical Investigation, investigates the benefits of adding omega-3 fatty acids to the diet of mice with type 1 diabetes.
Omega-3s are a class of polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs). They are typically found in fish, seafood, and some vegetable oils, as well as in dietary supplements.
These fatty acids are important for the good functioning of several organs, as these beneficial fats improve the activity of muscles, prevent blood clotting, help digestion, and aid the division Continue reading | <urn:uuid:2e17d8a7-6d29-4322-b6e0-751e59fda101> | CC-MAIN-2020-29 | https://diabetestalk.net/popular/omega-3s-may-help-to-treat-type-1-diabetes | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-29/segments/1593655886516.43/warc/CC-MAIN-20200704170556-20200704200556-00207.warc.gz | en | 0.935241 | 336 | 3.421875 | 3 |
In a climate-challenged world, fresh water is quickly becoming the new oil. This is the conventional wisdom of those who track global trends in resource consumption. As noted in Newsweek's Oct. 16th cover story on The New Oil, we are in the midst of a global freshwater crisis. Around the world, rivers, lakes and aquifers are dwindling faster that Mother Nature can possibly replenish them; industrial and household chemicals are rapidly polluting what's left. Meanwhile we have more than 6 billion people in the world and are headed toward 8.5 to 10 billion by 2050. By 2040 the United Nations estimates demand for freshwater will outstrip supply by more than 30 percent as global water consumption is doubling every 20 years.
Currently, the World Bank estimates that more than a billion people lack access to clean drinking water.
Many more struggle to meet their daily needs for water. Approximately, 27 percent of the rural population in the world do not have water piped to their homes and must rely on bottled water or alternative means of delivery. Looking at the 4 billion, low-income consumers in the world, the World Bank estimates that the total market for drinking water in countries throughout Asia, Africa, Eastern Europe and Latin America is $20 billion.
So where will all the fresh water come from to meet these escalating demands and a growing market for bottled water? Sitka is leading the way in saying Southeast Alaska can be part of the answer. Every year, as drought-ridden regions struggle to meet basic water needs, 6.2 billion gallons of Sitka's water reserves go unused. That is about to change. True Alaska Bottling company has secured a contract from the city of Sitka to annually sell 3 billion gallons of water from Blue Lake, the city's abundant water reserve. Next, they will be using relined oil tankers to transport the water to a bulk bottling facility near Mumbai, India and from there it will be delivered to drought-plagued cities throughout the Middle East. Apparently, the global recession has reduced the tanker shipping rates enough to make this long-distance water shipment feasible.
The article in Newsweek goes on to note the biggest winners of a sophisticated water market are likely to be the very few water-rich regions of the global north. Last time I looked out the window, that would be Southeast Alaska. Imagine a world where a gallon of water costs as much or more than a gallon of oil. Imagine a world where we actually reduce our addiction to oil and more and more tankers get retrofitted for water transport. Until learning about the Sitka project to transport water to India, I would have put these musings in the same category as Gov. Wally Hickel's vision of a water pipeline to California - a pipe dream. But no more. If water is the new oil, does that mean Southeast can be the new Prudhoe Bay?
Certainly there needs to be much more research and analysis to vet the idea of Sitka's example becoming a template for Southeast's next economic boom, but why not think big? Can we be part of the solution to the world's water crisis and diversify our economy at the same time? Sitka and True Alaska Bottling company are telling us its possible.
Troll is a long-time Alaskan with more than 22 years of experience in fisheries, coastal policy and energy policy.
© 2016. All Rights Reserved. | Contact Us | <urn:uuid:2f90864c-bf05-4e99-9c8d-426a667a31e9> | CC-MAIN-2016-50 | http://juneauempire.com/stories/102410/opi_725327770.shtml | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-50/segments/1480698540975.18/warc/CC-MAIN-20161202170900-00057-ip-10-31-129-80.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.954567 | 697 | 2.90625 | 3 |
Our volunteer growers raise native seedlings over summer and get them ready for planting by landholders and community revegetation projects in winter. Our qualified staff provide advice and support to growers throughout the growing period to ensure that the healthiest, most robust seedlings are produced.
How do you get started?
First, register your interest in the Tree Scheme to become a volunteer grower. The growing season starts in November and ends around May the following year:
- July-August Submit your grower registration form
- October-November Attend a free propagation workshop (optional)
- November Collect growing materials from your nearest depot
- November-May Propagate, water and care for your seedlings
- May-June Handover your seedlings
What do you need?
First, we ask all volunteers to consider their availability. While the process is straightforward, you’ll need time to set up your backyard, fill up the tubes with soil, plant the seeds and then care for them every day during the growing season (November-May). Your backyard will also need a place with direct sunlight for most of the day, a sturdy waist-high growing bench, shadecloth and good water supply.
Our volunteers find the growing process easy and very rewarding. If you can successfully grow vegetable seedlings you should be able to grow native seedlings! For more information on what is involved and setting up your backyard to grow the healthiest seedlings, download our volunteer grower brochure.
Growers’ seedling materials
We provide all the supplies, training and support you need to grow healthy native seedlings. Your volunteer grower seedling materials include:
- Soil, tubes, fertiliser, gravel mulch and native seeds
- The Growers’ Handbook with step-by-step instructions
- Access to free propagation workshops
- Instructions on who you are growing for and which species
Access our skills and knowledge
Since our inception in 1981, the Tree Scheme has built an amazing base of resources on growing native seedlings. Our fact sheets on common growing problems, growers’ videos and DVD, as well as the Growers’ Handbook, give you all the ideas and insight you need to keep learning and to build up a flourishing supply of seedlings. Explore our growers’ resources here
For registered volunteers, our free workshops run from October to November and will take you through the growing process step-by-step. See the next workshop dates here
Contact us or call 08 8406 0500 to get involved | <urn:uuid:d0052af9-5acb-4f1a-bd1b-7ed053d2442d> | CC-MAIN-2019-30 | https://treesforlife.org.au/grow-seedlings | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-30/segments/1563195525312.3/warc/CC-MAIN-20190717141631-20190717163631-00101.warc.gz | en | 0.943722 | 519 | 2.53125 | 3 |
Politicians could one day determine the results of elections before they take place, thanks to a European research project that will study social interactions between millions of virtual human beings.
Five European universities are collaborating on the New Ties project, where they plan to create millions of "software beings" (human beings that live in computers) with the goal of studying how they interact and evolve.
The software beings don't have names, but they do have distinct characteristics, including gender, life expectancy, size and metabolism. Their traits will be passed on as they reproduce, but they'll also be able to learn and gain characteristics.
Two thousand artificial beings have been created so far in a single computer, but the goal is to create a grid or cluster of computers to host potentially millions of them, said Gusz Eiben, a professor of computer science at Vrije Universiteit in the Netherlands and the project's leader.
Plenty of research has been done into artificial intelligence, but that research hasn't focused on how artificial beings interact, he said. The results of the research could be applied to several fields.
"You could use this for engineering robot collectives," he said. "We could tell them how to engineer the minds of a group of robots in such a way that the group as a total would behave in a desirable way."
Sociologists, anthropologists and politicians could use the research to simulate reactions to events. "If we'd had this already calibrated on a large scale, so you could have a good model simulation of Europe, we wouldn't have needed a referendum about the European Constitution," Eiben joked.
Games developers could use the technology to create more intelligent characters that learn and adapt. "Giving intelligence to them would make the games more challenging," he said.
The researchers will discover how the beings learn and interact by studying "decision trees" that represent their minds. The trees will show things such as priorities, such as whether a being thinks food is more important than sex, Eiben said. The researchers will watch how they learn language, work together to find and store food, and distinguish between friend and foe.
Eiben and his colleagues at the University of Surrey, Eotvos Lorand University in Budapest, Napier University in Edinburgh and Tilburg University in The Netherlands, have struggled with various aspects of the project, including building the grid computer. Instead, the researchers may ultimately use a cluster architecture, Eiben said.
Even the current system, housed on just one computer, has problems with slowness and memory leaks. But Eiben hopes that many of those problems will be solved in about a month when the researchers expand the project and begin to study the social interactions of the software beings.
The universities received a €1.6m (about £1.1m) grant from the European Commission for the project, which began in September 2004 and is scheduled to run until September 2007. | <urn:uuid:f9fc4157-8f9a-4c2b-bb01-5be5ea782575> | CC-MAIN-2015-48 | http://www.pcadvisor.co.uk/news/desktop-pc/scientists-build-a-world-of-software-beings-6205/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2015-48/segments/1448398446997.59/warc/CC-MAIN-20151124205406-00279-ip-10-71-132-137.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.968745 | 603 | 3.546875 | 4 |
Racehorses have another horse with them before the race to help them stay calm, and as relaxed as possible before the race. Having a companion helps the racehorse focus on the race and not the crowd. The accompanying horse is called a pony horse and is a vital member of the horse racing community.
What is the point of a pony horse?
Ponies are used for riding, driving, jumping, eventing, in dressage competition, for fox hunting, trail riding, and much more! Both children and small adults can ride ponies, and both will often begin learning to ride a horse by riding a pony first.
Why do they train horses early in the morning?
“The main reason for this is that all participants strongly agreed that early mornings allowed them to get to almost any racecourse in Victoria after completing track work; they were able to get horses back into their boxes in time for a feed, rest and then afternoon session; and it also allowed jockeys and apprentices
Do horses know they’re racing?
After the race, while the horses might not grasp the excitement of winning the Triple Crown or even just the Derby and Preakness, they do know that people around them are excited — or sad said Nadeau. “They take a lot from how the people around them are reacting because they are sensitive,” she said.
Why do horses walk sideways?
In horses, the first signs of central nervous system trouble are more likely to be weakness or gait asymmetry. A neurologically impaired horse will drift sideways, with his hindquarters out of alignment, instead of walking straight.
Why do race horses tongues hang out?
Tongue ties are used with the aim of improving racing performance for two main reasons: to prevent the horse getting their tongue over the bit during a race. to preventing ‘choking’, or the airway being obstructed by soft tissue at the back of the mouth during high intensity exercise.
Are ponies aggressive?
While ponies might demonstrate some aggressive behavior when wanting to assert their dominance or when they’re feeling threatened, they aren’t dangerous. In most cases, they demonstrate their aggressiveness through nipping. While this might be a shock, it won’t cause any severe harm.
Why do race horses bleed from the nose?
The most common cause of epistaxis in the horse is trauma to the head. Blunt trauma, such as knocking the head on a stable door, branch, etc or a kick or fall can cause hemorrhage into a sinus, which then drains via the nostril(s).
Why do race horses need to be ponied?
American racing – At a race track, ponying is done to escort race horses to the track, to accompany them as they warm up, to assist at the starting gate, and to escort horses back at the end of a race.
Why are race horses so high strung?
Race horses are notoriously high-strung, so a companion to keep them calm helps them perform at their best.
What do outriders do in Kentucky Derby?
Their job is to guide and coordinate, to make sure things run smoothly and at the appropriate time. The AQHA explains the job of the outrider thusly: “Outriders assist with the post parade, are stationed and at the ready during the race and help bring the winner’s back after a race.
How do you teach a horse pony?
Teaching a young horse to pony – YouTube
Do racehorses have pets?
Horses are not loners by nature, so it’s common practice for thoroughbreds to keep a horse known as a companion pony for friendship and support. The friends that accompany racehorses both on the road and at home are not limited to horses, however—dogs, sheep, goats, and even chickens have served as companions.
Why do race horses have weird names?
So why are many horse names downright weird? It’s partly a way of getting around rules dictating that no professional thoroughbreds have the same name. That includes names which are spelled differently, but phonetically sound the same.
Is a pony stronger than a horse?
Ponies are incredibly strong for their size. They can pull or carry heavy loads with more strength than a horse, relative to their size. They are hardier than horses and can withstand greater ranges in temperature.
What are baby ponies called?
Pony Foals – Ponies are diminutive like foals, but they stay small throughout their lives. A baby pony is called a pony foal. A full-grown pony may be the same size as many horse foals, but they are adults and the offspring of other similarly sized ponies.
Why ponies are better than horses?
For example, ponies tend to be stocky and stronger (for their size) than horses. They are more tolerant of cold weather and have good endurance, which makes them good work horses. Ponies also tend to be very intelligent. From a human point of view, this means that ponies might be more stubborn than a horse.
What are female ponies called?
A mare is an adult female horse or other equine.
HOW TO PLAY WITH A HORSE
Measuring Your Horse or Pony
How to Train Your Horse to Stop and Back Up – Horse Training Explained! | <urn:uuid:3d306e43-2586-4f6d-9f86-fd1256485836> | CC-MAIN-2022-49 | https://www.ridinghall.com/what-is-the-purpose-to-pony-a-horse/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-49/segments/1669446710813.48/warc/CC-MAIN-20221201121601-20221201151601-00731.warc.gz | en | 0.960408 | 1,121 | 2.953125 | 3 |
Do you know the top 10 vitamin B1 benefits? If not, read ahead to learn about this essential nutrient and how to make sure you have enough.
Your body needs different nutrients, including vitamins, to stay at its top performance. One such is vitamin B1, an essential water-soluble vitamin belonging to the vitamin B complex group.
While the vitamin B complex is known to prevent infections and promote proper nerve functions, energy levels, cell health, and the growth of red blood cells, you could be wondering what the exact benefits of vitamin B1 are.
See also: What Are Adaptogenic Herbs and Their Health Benefits and Do You Have Low B12 Levels? Watch For These Signs!
This article takes you through this essential vitamin, including its health benefits, food sources, and whether you can get it as a supplement and how safe that can be.
What is Vitamin B1?
Vitamin B1, also known as thiamine, is a water-soluble vitamin and one of the 8 B vitamins that play an important role in cell metabolism. It can be found naturally in some foods, added to some, or taken as a supplement.
The body needs vitamin B1 to convert carbohydrates into energy and to maintain proper nerve function.
Vitamin B1 deficiency can result in symptoms such as:
- Poor memory
- Loss of appetite
- Weight loss
- Abdominal discomfort
- Sleep disturbances
In severe cases, thiamin deficiency can result in beriberi, a condition characterized by nerve, heart, and brain abnormalities.
It occurs when your thiamine is very low such that the body cannot turn food into energy, causing pyruvic acid to accumulate in the blood.
In the heart, beriberi can cause congestive heart failure and circulatory issues, while in the nerves, it can damage them, leading to reduced muscle strength and eventual muscle paralysis.
For the brain, B1 deficiency has been shown to cause a neurological disorder known as the Wernicke-Korsakoff syndrome.
This condition is characterized by three clinical symptoms: visual impairment, mental decline, and lack of muscle coordination.
If left untreated, this condition can permanently impair memory and brain functions.
What Causes Vitamin B1 Deficiency?
Vitamin B1 is available in most foods you’re likely to consume, so a deficiency is often rare.
However, some conditions may put you at risk. These may include:
- Alcohol dependence – the most common cause
- Restricted intake, such as in restricted diets
- Old age
- Long-term parenteral nutrition – receiving nutrients through an IV into the bloodstream
- Eating disorders such as bulimia nervosa and anorexia nervosa
- High intake of diuretic
- Chronic vomiting
- Weight loss surgery
- Too much unfortified processed grains and white rice
- Conditions that affect your ability to absorb nutrients
Best Plant-Based Sources of Vitamin B1
- Nutritional yeast: 640 Daily recommended value (DV) per 2 tablespoons
- Sunflower seeds: 164% DV per a cup
- Seaweed: 216% DV per cup
- Black beans: 48% DV per cup
- Macadamia nuts: 132% DV per cup
- Navy beans: 44% DV per cup
- Lentils: 44% DV per cup
- White beans: 44% DV per cup
- Green split peas: 40% DV per cup
- Mung beans: 36% DV per cup
- Pinto beans: 39% DV per cup
- Soybeans/edamame: 44% DV per cup
- Brussels sprouts: 13% DV per cup
- Asparagus: 25% DV per cup
Top 10 Vitamin B1 Benefits
1. Prevents Beriberi
As mentioned above, a lack of Vitamin B1 makes your body susceptible to various conditions, including Beriberi.
This condition manifests in two types; wet Beriberi and dry Beriberi. The wet variation affects your cardiovascular system and the heart function, while the dry one damages the central nervous system, altering the motor function.
Without Vitamin B1, your body cannot break down and digest foods that keep your metabolism optimal. This, in turn, hinders the muscle and nervous system function hence leading to Beriberi.
Beriberi is a treatable condition, and your health professional will recommend taking thiamine through diet. However, extreme cases require medical intervention, especially where the heart is impacted.
2. Promotes a Healthy Metabolism
Metabolism is the chemical or metabolic processes in the body cells that change food into energy.
While thiamine is available in different forms, thiamine pyrophosphate (TPP) is the most beneficial. It is the active form of thiamine that works as a coenzyme in the metabolism of carbohydrates. This makes metabolites (from the carbohydrates metabolism) readily available for energy production in the body.
TPP is also vital for ATP(Adenosine Triphosphate) production in the mitochondria. ATP is the usable energy produced when carbohydrates are broken down. It’s the primary form of energy at the cellular level. With the right levels of ATP, your body can effectively fight off oxidative stress, preventing diabetes, cancer, asthma, cardiovascular conditions, and inflammatory disorders.
3. Boosts Your Immunity
A strong immune system protects the body against infection and disease. Vitamin B1 plays a role in immunity by helping produce white blood cells and antibodies, which fight off invading bacteria and viruses.
Vitamin B1 also helps the body to produce enzymes that destroy harmful toxins. That’s why a deficiency is often associated with an increased risk of infections.
In one study, scientists noted a significant reduction in leukocytes (white blood cells) and erythrocytes (Red blood cells) in people deficient in thiamine than the control group.
4. A Rich Source of Antioxidants
Vitamin B1 is a potent antioxidant that protects your body from the effects of free radicals. If these free radicals overwhelm the body, they could cause oxidative stress, which causes cell damage, eventually leading to disease.
Additionally, oxidative stress causes skin cell damage which can accelerate aging or cause premature signs of aging, such as wrinkles and fine lines.
5. Enhances the Brain Function
Vitamin B1 promotes the conversion of glucose into energy, which the brain and the nervous system need for optimal function.
In addition to its protective effects, vitamin B1 enhances brain function by improving communication between cells. This is important for learning and memory.
Also, vitamin B1 plays a crucial role in the development of the myelin sheath. This protective coat wraps itself around the nerves so they are not damaged.
6. Prevents Alzheimer’s Disease
As mentioned above, thiamine helps supply the energy the brain cells need to function. Without adequate thiamine, brain cells can die. Additionally, thiamine plays a vital role in acetylcholine production, a neurotransmitter that’s often deficient in Alzheimer’s disease. Acetylcholine is essential for memory and cognitive function,
Additional studies have also shown a link between low vitamin B1 levels and Alzheimer’s-disease like symptoms, including plaque formation and memory impairments.
7. Enhances Your Moods
With its power to positively impact your nervous system and brain, vitamin B1 is sometimes referred to as a ‘morale vitamin.’
Additionally, the lack of vitamin B1 causes your body to be sluggish as it has no energy. This breeds not only a lack of motivation but also a lowered mood. Further research shows that a lack of vitamin B1, alongside other nutritional deficiencies, can aggravate mood-related problems.
8. Improves Your Cardiovascular Health
The fact that severe thiamine deficiency, as seen in beriberi, can lead to heart failure, it’s clear that thiamine is essential for normal cardiovascular functions.
Thiamine also promotes the production of acetylcholine, which has been shown to control changes in heart rate and the contractility of the heart muscles.
Acetylcholine works by slowing down the heart rate and the force of heart muscle contractions. It also stimulates the endothelial production of nitric oxide, which widens the blood vessels and increases blood flow while promoting a drop in blood pressure.
Also, thiamine has powerful antioxidant properties that can protect the heart from damage caused by free radicals.
Numerous studies have shown that thiamine supplementation can improve cardiovascular health in both healthy individuals and those with existing cardiovascular conditions.
9. Supports Eye Health
Since ocular health relies on the vitality of the optic nerves, you need vitamin B1 for healthy eyesight. A deficiency causes swelling of the optical nerves and results in blurred vision. These are tell-tale signs of cataracts and glaucoma.
For these two conditions, the eyes lose the muscle and nerve signals to the brain. If left untreated, the optic nerve could be damaged, losing vision.
In an observational study, a diet high in thiamine was shown to lower the risk of developing cataracts by 40%. Niacin, vitamin A, riboflavin, and protein were also shown to protect against cataracts.
Thiamine can also help promote the treatment of diabetic retinopathy, a diabetic complication in which high blood sugar levels cause damage to the blood vessels in the retina. If no early intervention is made, diabetic retinopathy can lead to vision loss and blindness.
One study found that 100 mg of thiamine taken three times daily reduced albumin in urine, which is a sign of diabetic retinopathy.
Regularly consuming foods rich in vitamin B1 can enhance nerve protection and ensure your ocular health is uncompromised.
10. Boosts the Digestive System
Vitamin B1 is a crucial component in producing hydrochloric acid (HCl). This acid helps in the breakdown and assimilation of food in the stomach.
A deficiency can cause low stomach acid (hypochlorhydria), leading to slowed digestion, delayed gastric emptying, bloating, nausea, and acid reflux, which can sometimes lead to gastroesophageal reflux disease.
The vitamin also helps maintain muscle tone in the intestines, preventing constipation. In addition to this, thiamine also impacts your appetite by regulating the fullness and hunger cues in the brain. This is due to the bridge that thiamine creates between the brain and nerves.
Additionally, thiamine nourishes all the digestive organs and gives them the energy to function optimally.
How Much Thiamine Do You Need?
According to USDA, the thiamine RDA (Recommended Dietary Allowance) for men 19 years and older is 1.2 mg per day, while women of the same age require 1.1 mg.
However, the demand for pregnant and breastfeeding women is slightly high at 1.4 mg – 1.5 mg per day.
Since your body cannot store the vitamin for long, you must obtain it regularly through diet.
To prevent deficiency, a healthy adult will require about 0.33 milligrams of thiamine for every 1000 milligrams of carbohydrates consumed.
When to Consider a Supplement
In case of severe thiamine deficiency, one may require up to 300 milligrams per day as a prescription supplement to prevent complications.
Various conditions may also require different doses. For instance, one will require about 10 milligrams of thiamine daily to lower the risk of developing cataracts.
It’s also recommended that those with retinopathy take 10-30 milligrams of thiamine daily.
In the case of Wernicke-Korsakoff syndrome, 50-100 milligrams of IV (intravenous) thiamine is usually given, while those with cardiovascular complications, including edema, should get 100 grams of IV thiamine daily for the recommended period.
Potential Vitamin B1 Side Effects
There are no known side effects of consuming too much Vitamin B1 from food sources. This is especially because thiamine is a water-soluble vitamin, and like other water-soluble vitamins, any excessive intake is excreted in urine within a few hours of consumption.
However, too much intake as a supplement can result in various side effects, such as
- Mild rash
- Difficult breathing in serious conditions
If you experience any of the symptoms after taking a thiamine supplement, seek medical attention.
Vitamin B1 Interactions
Vitamin B1 does not interact with drugs and foods when taken in the right amounts. Nevertheless, you must follow your doctor’s instructions on any restrictions that you may have when using a supplement.
- Fat Soluble Vs. Water Soluble Vitamins
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Vitamin B1 is a water-soluble vitamin that plays an important role in boosting energy production, strengthening the immune system, improving heart health, maintaining proper vision, and boosting brain function.
A thiamine deficiency can cause various issues, including muscle weakness, nerve damage, cognitive problems, fatigue, and increased susceptibility to infections. In severe cases, conditions like beriberi and Wernicke-Korsakoff syndrome can occur.
While a deficiency is rare, some conditions like chronic alcoholism, anorexia, and eating too much processed foods or too little carbohydrates can increase your risk.
What about overdose? Vitamin B1 is water-soluble, meaning it can easily be lost in the water. This causes any excessive intake to be lost in the urine. Nonetheless, too much intake as a supplement may cause effects such as nausea, hives, sweating, restlessness, and itching.
Overall, you don’t need a vitamin B1 supplement unless you have very low levels and a doctor has recommended it. You can easily meet your daily requirements through healthy plant-based foods such as nutritional yeast, sunflower seeds, mung beans, seaweed, macadamia nuts, and black beans.
A good rule of thumb is to obtain your food sources from whole, minimally processed, or unprocessed categories. Include a variety of legumes, seeds, nuts, and vegetables, and you’ll be good to go.
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Local stamps were produced during 1946 for the Soviet occupation zone town of Dessau in Province Saxony.
A reminder: One must realize that in the months and years following the collapse of the Third Reich, up to about 1948, there was really no civilian or commercial infrastructure, no local government, and the only national governments were those of the Allied occupation military forces. All of the local issues of Germany from this period, especially the ones with obliterating overprints on the stamps of the former Third Reich, have been heavily counterfeited. Authentic mint and used stamps from this period are actually very scarce. One must assume that unauthenticated mint condition examples of some of the local issues are either forgeries or reproductions. Likewise, one must assume that unauthenticated used condition examples from this period are either of "philatelic" in origin or have been favor-canceled. These all have minimal philatelic value. If one is buying unauthenticated examples of the post-war local issues, please keep this in mind and DON'T spend too much money on them.
Dessau dates from the 13th Century, and, from 1570, it was the capital of the Principality of Anhalt.
city was almost completely destroyed during Allied bombings in March
1945. After World War II, as part of the German Democratic Republic,
Dessau was rebuilt with the typical concrete slab architecture of the
DDR, and it became one of the major industrial centers of East Germany.
It wasn't until after the German reunification of 1990 that the
restoration of many of the old historical buildings began.
In April 1946, the Province Saxony reconstruction set was privately overprinted "Dessau" for local usage. They were sold through the Halle post office. Both the perforated and imperforate sets are shown in the images above.
of the used examples are favor-canceled. There are also souvenir
cards, with the stamps affixed to them, that are favor-canceled, as
The following links feature category-focused affiliated seller listings on various eBay sites worldwide. They may enable visitors to shop
for and to buy specific items for the
particular collecting subject they've just read about.
The affiliated eBay seller auction lots provided by eBay, Inc. are not the responsibility of the management of this website. On high priced material, make sure the lots you are buying are properly authenticated.
Remember that the lots on European eBay sites are priced in EUROS. Shipping charges may be more, and the lots may take longer to arrive. Also, make sure the foreign seller ships to your country, before bidding on or buying his lot. | <urn:uuid:58603214-6ed3-4cef-9455-4f99e8ad2817> | CC-MAIN-2017-51 | https://www.stamp-collecting-world.com/localstamps_dessau.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-51/segments/1512948588420.68/warc/CC-MAIN-20171216181940-20171216203940-00210.warc.gz | en | 0.967394 | 557 | 2.671875 | 3 |
Red Cabbage is one of the nutritious and delicious vegetable cultivated in many regions throughout the world with numerous health advantages. The scientific name of Red Cabbage is Brassica oleracea var. capitata f. rubra. It belongs to the Genus Brassica, family Brassicaceae. It is believed that this delicious vegetable is native to the Northern Europe, America, and parts of China, but now it is also cultivated widely all over the world for domestic and commercial purpose.
Due to various types of Vitamin, Minerals and nutrients, present in the Red Cabbage it has lots of health benefits. Among that some of the health benefits of Red Cabbage include preventing Various Types of Cancer, Improves Immunity, Contains Anti-inflammatory Properties, Prevents the Risk of Cataract, Prevents the Risk of Alzheimer's disease, Helps in Wight Loss, Improves Digestive Health, Improves Cardiovascular Health, Prevents Constipation, Prevents the Risk of Diabetes, Strengthen Bone & Teeth, Improves Skin Health and Reduces Blood Pressure.
Nutritional Value of Red Cabbage:
Red Cabbage contain lots of Vitamin, Minerals and other components. Some of the vitamins Red Cabbage has Vitamin C, Vitamin K, Vitamin E, Vitamin A, Riboflavin, Thiamin, Folate, Niacin, Pyridoxine, Pantothenic acid and Choline. Red Cabbage also contains Omega 3 fatty acids, Omega 6 fatty acids, dietary fiber, sodium and potassium, which have lots of health advantages. Apart from this Red Cabbage also contains minerals such as calcium, magnesium, iron, protein, zinc, copper and selenium. The best part of the Red Cabbage is, it contains zero cholesterol.
Red Cabbage Prevents Various Types of Cancer:
Red Cabbage contains high amount of antioxidant properties, that helps in fighting with free radicals and stabilize them so that they should not do any types of oxidative damage to our healthy cells, these free radicals are the main causes of various types of cancer in our body. Different studies have been proven that consumption of Red Cabbage on a regular basis can reduce the risk of various types of cancer formation in our body, such as blood cancer, breast cancer, lung cancer, colon cancer, pancreas cancer and prostate cancer.
Red Cabbage Improves Immunity:
Red Cabbage is highly rich in Vitamin C, Vitamin E, and Vitamin A, which is very beneficial for our immune system. Vitamin C helps to promote the production of white blood cells in our body, which is the main element of our immune system that protect our body from various types of foreign invaders, such as bacteria and virus.
Red Cabbage Contains Anti-inflammatory Properties:
Due to the high amount of amino acids found in Red cabbage, it contains high amount of anti-inflammatory properties, which is very beneficial to reduce the inflammation of the skin, bone, other body organ.
Red Cabbage Prevents the Risk of Cataract:
Due to high amount of vitamin A and beta-carotene present in red cabbage, it is very beneficial to prevent the risk of cataract, because it contains antioxidant properties that prevents the oxidative damage to eye cells caused by free radicals, which is the main cause of cataract.
Red Cabbage Prevents the Risk of Alzheimer's disease:
Due to high amount of vitamin K found in red cabbage, it is very beneficial in preventing the risk of Alzheimer's disease.
Red Cabbage Helps in Wight Loss:
Due to the high amount of dietary fiber present in Red Cabbage, it is very beneficial in weight loss. Fiber helps to keep our stomach feel fuller for a longer period of time, so that we did not feel hungry for a longer period of time, thus it can help in reducing the total daily calorie intake, which is very essential in weight loss regime.
Red Cabbage Improves Digestive Health:
Due to the high amount of dietary fiber found in Red Cabbage, it is very beneficial for our digestive health and it also helps to prevent various types of digestive issues. Consumption of fiber rich foods, such as Red Cabbage helps to promote proper bowel movement and provide smooth passage for food through the digestive tract, which helps in digestion of food.
Red Cabbage Improves Cardiovascular Health:
Red Cabbage is highly rich in dietary fiber, which is very good for our Heart and it also helps to prevent various types of cardiovascular disease, such as heart attack, heart stroke, etc. Different studies have been proven that consumption of fiber rich food, such as Red Cabbage can reduce the bad cholesterol level of our body, such as LDL cholesterol, it is the main cause of various types of cardiovascular disease and it also helps to increase good cholesterol levels of our body, such as HDL cholesterol, HDL cholesterol support our cardiovascular system, thus control the cholesterol level in our body.
Red Cabbage Prevents Constipation:
Due to the high amount of dietary fiber found in Red Cabbage, it is very helpful in adding bulk to our stomach and ensures the proper elimination of waste from our body in time, thus prevent the risk of various types of digestion related problem, such as constipation, gas, etc.
Red Cabbage Prevents the Risk of Diabetes:
Red Cabbage is highly rich in dietary fiber, which is very beneficial for our health and prevent the risk of diabetes, because fiber helps to improve the production of hormones in our blood, which helps slow down the sugar absorption in our blood stream, thus prevent the risk of diabetes.
Red Cabbage Strengthen Bone & Teeth:
Due to the high amount of calcium, phosphorus and copper found in Red Cabbage, it is very beneficial for your bone health. Apart from this Red Cabbage contains high amount of Vitamin K, which helps to prevent the loss of bone mineralization, thus the consumption of Red cabbage can reduce the risk of Osteoporosis.
Red Cabbage Improves Skin Health:
Due to the high amount of anti-bacterial and anti-oxidant properties present in Red Cabbage can help in reducing the various kinds of skin related issues, such as wrinkles, dark spots, signs of aging, etc.
Red Cabbage Reduces Blood Pressure:
Due to the presence of the Potassium component in Red Cabbage, it is very good at lowering blood pressure and preventing various types of blood pressure related issues, such as hypertension. | <urn:uuid:e283b521-2afc-4952-a4f6-e5410560c3bf> | CC-MAIN-2021-31 | https://www.getatoz.com/content/13-health-benefits-of-red-cabbage/2323 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-31/segments/1627046153966.60/warc/CC-MAIN-20210730122926-20210730152926-00044.warc.gz | en | 0.929135 | 1,328 | 2.828125 | 3 |
Catéchisme Illustré de l'Église Orthodoxe
( Catéchisme Illustré de l'Église Orthodoxe A Visual Catechism of the Orthodox Church translated in French) is an illustrated book which provides a visual catechism.
The first section contains the illustrations with brief captions, covering the basic teachings of the faith such as the creation, the Triune God, Christ’s life and work, the Resurrection, Ascension and Pentecost, the Mysteries of the Church and life after death. The second section provides a slightly fuller explanation of the Church’s teaching on each point. explains in a very simple and concise manner the fundamental truths of our faith and what the Orthodox Church is. It is intended as a practical aid for parents, teachers and catechists responsible for giving children their first instruction in what we believe. Catéchisme Illustré de l'Église Orthodoxe | <urn:uuid:cddd7a44-3ada-445f-b879-41711e3a613a> | CC-MAIN-2019-30 | https://www.pelagia.org/catechisme-illustre-de-l-eglise-orthodoxe.en.aspx | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-30/segments/1563195529481.73/warc/CC-MAIN-20190723172209-20190723194209-00049.warc.gz | en | 0.824811 | 195 | 2.703125 | 3 |
Gardening Articles: Flowers :: Perennials
by National Gardening Association Editors
Over the past 200 years, perennials have gone in and out of fashion several times. Owing to a fairly recent revival of the casual "cottage garden" look, perennials are more popular with today's home gardeners than they ever have been. Given their popularity, dozens--maybe hundreds--of books, not to mention countless magazine and newspaper articles, have been written on the subject of gardening with perennials. Combine all the publicity with the fact that the home gardener now has a greater selection of perennial plants than has ever been available in the past and it all adds up to a somewhat larger-than-life situation. As one gardener recently exclaimed, "gardening with perennials can be so intimidating!"
One of the reasons many home gardeners find perennials intimidating is the enduring legacy of the traditional English perennial border. At the height of their fashion during the early 20th century, it wasn't unusual for an English perennial border to be sixty or more feet in length and twelve feet deep. Add to their enormous size the dictate that, with the exception of winter, there be something in bloom every season of the year--preferably in waves of complementary colors and contrasting flower forms. You can see how the prospect of establishing a garden of perennials could become rather daunting.
Fortunately, a much freer approach with perennials has begun to take hold in our imaginations. Perennials can be planted among shrub borders or in containers. Annuals and perennials can be combined to delightful effect. And if you really must, there's always the perennial border, scaled down to reflect contemporary restraints of time and resources.
For the record, unlike annuals, which complete their life cycle in a year or less, perennials are long-lived plants, many of which are "herbaceous," meaning that during cold winter weather, they die completely to the ground, returning with new growth from the roots the following spring. | <urn:uuid:2a365a83-944f-4681-a6ac-1e6ceb602e0d> | CC-MAIN-2016-22 | http://garden.org/subchannels/flowers/perennials?q=show&id=1374 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-22/segments/1464051035374.76/warc/CC-MAIN-20160524005035-00048-ip-10-185-217-139.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.952049 | 413 | 2.640625 | 3 |
- Research article
- Open Access
Factors associated with complete immunization coverage in children aged 12–23 months in Ambo Woreda, Central Ethiopia
BMC Public Health volume 12, Article number: 566 (2012)
Vaccination is a proven tool in preventing and eradicating communicable diseases, but a considerable proportion of childhood morbidity and mortality in Ethiopia is due to vaccine preventable diseases. Immunization coverage in many parts of the country remains low despite the efforts to improve the services. In 2005, only 20% of the children were fully vaccinated and about 1 million children were unvaccinated in 2007. The objective of this study was to assess complete immunization coverage and its associated factors among children aged 12–23 months in Ambo woreda.
A cross-sectional community-based study was conducted in 8 rural and 2 urban kebeles during January- February, 2011. A modified WHO EPI cluster sampling method was used for sample selection. Data on 536 children aged 12–23 months from 536 representative households were collected using trained nurses. The data collectors assessed the vaccination status of the children based on vaccination cards or mother’s verbal reports using a pre-tested structured questionnaire through house-to-house visits. Bivariate and multivariate logistic regression analyses were used to assess factors associated with immunization coverage.
About 96% of the mothers heard about vaccination and vaccine preventable diseases and 79.5% knew the benefit of immunization. About 36% of children aged 12–23 months were fully vaccinated by card plus recall, but only 27.7% were fully vaccinated by card alone and 23.7% children were unvaccinated. Using multivariate logistic regression models, factors significantly associated with complete immunization were antenatal care follow-up (adjusted odds ratio(AOR = 2.4, 95% CI: 1.2- 4.9), being born in the health facility (AOR = 2.1, 95% CI: 1.3-3.4), mothers’ knowledge about the age at which vaccination begins (AOR = 2.9, 95% CI: 1.9-4.6) and knowledge about the age at which vaccination completes (AOR = 4.3, 95% CI: 2.3-8), whereas area of residence and mother’s socio-demographic characteristics were not significantly associated with full immunization among children.
Complete immunization coverage among children aged 12–23 months remains low. Maternal health care utilization and knowledge of mothers about the age at which child begins and finishes vaccination are the main factors associated with complete immunization coverage. It is necessary that, local interventions should be strengthened to raising awareness of the community on the importance of immunization, antenatal care and institutional delivery.
Vaccination has been shown to be one of the most cost-effective health interventions worldwide, through which a number of serious childhood diseases have been successfully prevented or eradicated. The immunization campaign carried out from 1967 to 1977 by the World Health Organization (WHO) eradicated the natural occurrence of small pox . Despite the efforts to improve vaccination services, approximately 27 million infants were not vaccinated against measles or tetanus in 2007 . As a result, 2–3 million children are dying annually from easily preventable diseases, and many more fall ill . Although estimated global routine measles vaccination coverage reached 82% in 2007, nearly 23.2 million children were unvaccinated, of which 15.3 million (65%) resides in eight countries mainly in Africa .
In Ethiopia, about 1million children were estimated to be unvaccinated and about 16% under-five mortality has been attributed to vaccine preventable diseases . Immunization is one of the national child survival strategies in the country to reach diphtheria-pertussis and tetanus (DPT3)/measles vaccination coverage 90% in 2010 . It is also presented as the key strategy to achieving the Millennium Development Goals (MDGs) specially to reduce the child mortality and proportion of children immunized against measles is one of the MDG indicators of health .
In Ethiopia, the Expanded Program on Immunization (EPI) routine schedule recommends that infants should be vaccinated with the following vaccines: one dose of Bacillus Calmettee-Guerin (BCG) vaccine at birth (or as soon as possible); three doses of diphtheria, pertussis and tetanus (DPT) with hepatitis B (HepB) and Haemophilus influenza type b (Hib) (DPT-HepB-Hib) at 6, 10 and 14 weeks of age; at least three doses of oral polio vaccine (OPV) - at birth, and at 6, 10 and 14 weeks of age; and one dose of measles vaccine at 9 months of age. Therefore, children are expected to be fully immunized by 12 months of age. Three doses of pentavalent replaced DPT in the Ethiopian EPI Program in 2005 [7, 8].
Although the vaccination coverage through the EPI has been improved in Ethiopia, the incidence of measles has increased from 3.19/100,000 in 2009 to 7.35/100,000 in 2010 . The Ethiopian Demographic and Health Survey (DHS) 2005 revealed that only 20% of children 12–23 months of age were fully vaccinated and 24% of children did not receive any vaccination . Children were more likely to be vaccinated the first doses of vaccination than the third and the fourth doses in which 60% of children received BCG and from these only 35% of them received measles vaccine .
Study done in south and north Ethiopia identified showed that, mothers’ educational status, urban residence and perceived health care support are significantly associated with complete immunization coverage [11, 12]. Study from in Mozambique, India and Bangladesh also showed utilization of maternal health care service like ANC, tetanus toxoid vaccination and institutional delivery is associated with complete immunization status of children [13–15].
In addition, low access to services, inadequate awareness of caregivers, missed opportunities, and high dropout rate are major factors contributing to low immunization coverage . However, only few studies have assessed factors associated with complete immunization coverage. Therefore, the aim of this study was to assess factors affecting the immunization status among children 12–23 months of age in Ambo Woreda and to generate data that could be used for better planning and strengthening of immunization services.
Study area and population
The study was conducted in 8 rural and 2 urban kebeles (small administrative units) of Ambo Woreda (District) from January 15 to February 16, 2011. According to the 2007 census, the population of Ambo Woreda was 161,063 and children under the age of five years constituted about 18% of the total population. The Woreda had a total of 34 rural and 4 urban kebeles. About 70% of the population resides in rural areas. The Woreda is mainly inhabited by a population belonging to the Oromo ethnic group. Christianity constituted about 95% of the religious denominations. The woreda has 1 zonal hospital, 4 health centers, 35 health posts and 11 private clinics. According to the 2009/10 Woreda Health Office report, 76.6% of children were fully vaccinated.
Study design and sample
The study used a community based cross-sectional study design and data were collected from children between 12–23 months old and their mothers. A sample of 541 children aged 12–23 months was calculated using a single proportion population formula with a 95% confidence level, 5% margin of error and 20% estimated immunization coverage rate in the study area . A 10% non-response rate and a design effect of 2 were considered.
The total kebeles in the Woreda were initially stratified into rural and urban areas. Then, 8 rural and 2 urban kebeles were selected by lottery from the total kebeles in the woreda. The modified 2005 WHO EPI cluster sampling method was employed to select study households. Each kebele was considered as one cluster. The lists and number of households could not be found for all selected rural kebeles. So, equal number of household with at least one child between 12–23 months of age was selected from each of rural kebeles. In urban kebeles the crowdedness of households was considered as a result 147 households were selected. In each kebele the first household was selected by randomly chosen from the central location of kebele, then counting the households along the directional line to the edge of kebele area and selecting randomly one. The subsequent households were selected, according to the inclusion criteria, based on the principle of the next nearest household. Households in the kebele were visited until the allocated sample size for the kebele was fulfilled.
Interviewers administered a pre-tested structured questionnaire initially developed in English and later translated into Afan Oromo was used for data collection. Some of the questions were adopted from demographic and health survey of Ethiopia . The questionnaire included sections on: socio-demographic characteristics of mother and child, utilization of ANC, TT immunization and health institution delivery by mothers, child characteristics, and knowledge of mother on vaccination and vaccine preventable diseases, and immunization history of the child.
Respondents were interviewed in the households by trained nurses. The acceptability of the questions and logical structure were checked in the field during pre-testing. Data on immunization history was collected either from vaccination cards or mother’s verbal report. A household was eligible if a child between 12–23 months of age was available in the house. After a child aged between 12–23 months was identified from the household through house-to-house visits, mothers of the child were asked for the presence of child’s immunization card. In case where there two or more child aged between 12–23 months the youngest child was selected. For the child with immunization card, the information on the doses and types of vaccines was copied from the card. In the absence of vaccination card, mothers were asked for immunization history of the child. The number of doses the child took and its route of administration was the way of collecting immunization history of the child. Information on other variables was asked directly from the child’s mother. Mothers of children were also interviewed about their knowledge on vaccination and vaccine preventable disease.
Data were entered into EPI Info version 3.5.1 and transferred to SPSS version 16 for analysis. Data entry, cleaning, processing, preliminary analysis and final write-up were done by the researchers. Frequencies and other descriptive statistics were used to describe the data and binary analysis was used to assess the association between independent and dependent variables. Odds ratios (ORs) and their 95% confidence intervals (CIs) were calculated. A p-value <0.05 was considered as statistically significant. Bivariate analysis was done to identify the crude association between dependent and independent variables. Then, all variables that showed statistical significance in the bivariate analysis were included in the multivariate logistic regression model to determine the factors associated with full immunization coverage among children aged 12–23 months old.
Full immunization status of the children (card plus mothers recall) was included in the logistic regression model as a dependent variable, while socio-demographic characteristics of the mother, child characteristics, mothers utilization of ANC, TT immunization and health institutional delivery, knowledge of mothers’ on age at which the child begins and finishes immunization, and number of sessions needed for a child were used as independent variables. Adjusted ORs with their 95% CIs were computed to determine the association.
The study protocol was reviewed and approved by the Institutional Review Board of the College of Health Sciences at Addis Ababa University. Permission to undertake the study was obtained from every relevant authority in the Woreda. Verbal informed consent was obtained from the participants prior to participation in the study, and data collection was conducted confidentially.
The following operational definitions were used
Fully vaccinated- A child between 12–23 months old who received one BCG, at least three doses of pentavalent, three doses of OPV and a measles vaccine.
Partially vaccinated- a child who missed at least one dose of the eight vaccines.
Unvaccinated- a child who does not receive any dose of the eight vaccines.
Vaccinated- a child who take at least one dose of the eight vaccines.
Coverage by card only: Coverage calculated with numerator based only on documented dose, excluding from the numerator those vaccinated by history.
Coverage by card plus history: Coverage calculated with numerator based on card and mother’s report.
Characteristics of study participants
A total of 536 mothers of children aged between 12–23 months old were interviewed, with a response rate of 99%. Of the total 536 children, 51% were boys. The majority (14.7%) of the children were aged 12 months, with a mean age of 16.8 months. Above one third (36%) of them were born at health institutions and 73% of the children were from rural areas. All respondents were mothers of the target children. The mean age of the mothers was 27.6 (SD = 6) years, which ranging from 17 to 50 years (Table 1).
Only 37.5% and 14.6% of the mothers attended primary education and secondary or higher, respectively. The majority of mothers (88.1%) were married and 19.4% were housewives in occupation. The principal activity of the study participants was agriculture (44.8%). The majority (95%) of the study population belonged to Oromo ethnic group and 61.8% were Orthodox Christians (Table 1).
Immunization coverage by card plus recall
Out of the total surveyed children aged 12–23 months, vaccination card was only seen and confirmed for 224 (41.8%) children. Based on vaccination card plus recall, 409 (76.3%, 95% CI: 72.6-79.8) children received one or more of the eight recommended vaccines and 23.7% (95% CI: 20.2-27.4) having never been vaccinated. Only 35.6% (95% CI: 31.7-39.8) of children completed all the recommended vaccines and 218 (40.7%) received one or more vaccines, but did not complete all the recommended doses (Table 2).
From the eight vaccines, OPV was the most frequently received vaccine. Particularly, OPV1 was taken by the majority of children (74.6%), followed by BCG (71.1%) and OPV2 (67.7%). OPV3 (54.3%) and pentavalent3 (47.9%) coverage were the least taken vaccines when compared with other vaccines (Table 2). Pentavalent dropout rate was 12.9% and BCG to measles vaccine dropout rate was 22.2%. The coverage showed a decrement from the first doses of vaccine to the last doses.
Immunization coverage by card only
Coverage by card was calculated by taking children who had vaccine card as a numerator. From the total 536 surveyed children, 40.3% took OPV1 and BCG vaccines, followed by OPV2 (38.4%). Pentavalent1 was also taken by 36.9% of children, and 35.6% took pentavalent3 vaccine. Measles vaccine was taken by 29.9% of children and 27.8% were fully vaccinated by card only (Table 2).
Knowledge of mothers about vaccination
Of the total respondents, about 96% heard about vaccination and vaccine preventable diseases. The majority of respondents (79.5%) knew that the objective of vaccinating children was to prevent disease. About 77% of the respondents cited less than three types of vaccine preventable diseases, while 23.3% mentioned four or more types of vaccine preventable disease (Table 3).
With regard to respondent’s knowledge about the age at which the child begins and finishes immunization, 45% of them knew the age at child immunization begins and 67.5% knew the age at the child finishes immunization. In addition to these, only one fourth (25.9%) of the respondents knew the session needed to complete the child immunization. The knowledge of the mother was significantly different by the area of residence for the objective of vaccination, knowledge of number of vaccine preventable diseases, sessions needed for complete immunization and age at child begins and completes immunization (Table 3).
Factors associated with complete immunization coverage
Table 4 shows bivariate and multivariate logistic regression analyses of socio-demographic characteristics of mothers and child associated with complete immunization coverage (card plus recall) among children aged 12–23 months of age. Bivariate analysis showed that literate mother (2.8, 95% CI: 1.9-4.0), urban resident (2.99, 95% CI: 2.0, 4.4) and child’s place of delivery (4.4, 95% CI: 2.9, 6.4) are significantly associated with complete immunization status of children. Using multivariate logistic regressions, only child’s place of delivery showed statistically significant association (AOR: 2.1, 95% CI: 1.3-3.4).
Table 5 shows the association between mother’s knowledge of vaccination, ANC follow-up and TT immunization in relation to complete immunization coverage (card plus recall) among children aged 12–23 months of age. Bivariate analysis shows that children of mother who knew that vaccination is used to prevent disease (4.5, 95% CI: 2.5-7.9); total session needed to complete immunization (1.7, 95% CI: 1.1, 2.5) and knew age at the child begins (5.9, 95% CI: 3.9-8.7) and completes (10, 95% CI: 5.7, 17.7) immunization were more likely to be fully vaccinated. But numbers of vaccine preventable disease that mothers knew had no association with the complete immunization status of children. In addition, children of mothers who had followed ANC during their last pregnancy (6.8, 95% CI: 4.0-10) and received TT (4.9, 95% CI: 3.1- 7.7) vaccination were more likely to be fully vaccinated.
Multivariate analysis also shows that mother knowledge on age at the children vaccination begin (AOR, 2.9, 95% CI: 1.9-4.6) and completes immunization (AOR, 4.3, 95% CI: 2.3-8), ANC follow up (2.4, 95% CI: 1.2-4.9) were significantly associated with complete immunization status of children.
This study assessed the complete immunization coverage and factors associated with it among children aged between 12–23 months old in Ambo Woreda of Oromia Regional State found in Ethiopia. Based on immunization card and recall, 35.4% children were fully vaccinated, and 23.7% were unvaccinated. The pentavalent3 coverage was 47.9% and 54.9% took measles. The OPV vaccine coverage was slightly higher than the coverage of the pentavalent vaccine. The measles coverage was higher than the pentavalent3 coverage. But it is expected that the pentavalent3 coverage should be higher because of dropout and the long time gap between the two vaccines, in which the mother may not return back the measles vaccine. The higher coverage of measles and OPV vaccination was assumed to be due to the frequent national campaign that focused on the two vaccines.
Compared the immunization coverage of Ambo Woreda with the EDHS 2005, the proportion of children fully vaccinated in the present study was higher by 15%, but it was similar by proportions of unvaccinated children . Beside this, the current findings is higher than the 2006 immunization coverage survey in the country which estimated fully vaccinated by card is only at 20% . But it is lower than the immunization coverage reported in the 2008 health and health related indicators and 2010 woreda health office report. This difference is may be due to the over reporting of health and health related indicators data from some areas.
From the total interviewed households, 224 (41.8%) mothers showed the vaccination card of their children. From the card most children took BCG and OPV1 vaccines, but only 27.8% of finished the immunization. The coverage by card only was also less than that of health and health related indicators. The proportion of fully vaccinated children in this study was about 8% higher than the EDHS 2005 and 2006 EPI survey coverage [10, 18, 19]. This difference is because of the result from such country level study includes area of low immunization coverage.
Apart from this, in this study mothers’ knowledge on vaccination and vaccine preventable disease was also assessed. About 96% mothers heard about child immunization and vaccine preventable disease, but only 79.5% of them mentioned that vaccination is used to prevent disease. About 20% of respondents knew four and above disease which are preventable vaccines. Regarding knowledge of mothers about the age at which the child begins and finishes the immunization, less than half of the respondents knew the correct age at the child begin immunization; and 67.5% of them knew the correct age at which the child should finish vaccination. In addition, only a fourth knew the number of sessions needed to complete immunization. The knowledge of mother is significantly different for respondents from urban and rural areas. This finding is consistence with the study done in Nigeria in which, more than half of mothers knew the purpose of immunization, but it is not similar with this study for the knowledge of the schedule of immunization . The explanation may be related to the educational status of the mothers in which most of them are illiterate this study.
In this study age of mother, educational status, marital status, occupation and place of residence of the mothers did not show significant association with the completion of immunization among children aged between 12–23 months. This finding is similar with the case control study done in Wonago Woreda, Southern Ethiopia . However, previous studies done in Sudan and other part of Ethiopia indicate that these factors have a significant association with completion of child immunization [11, 21–23].
However, in this study children delivered at health facilities were more likely to be fully vaccinated (OR = 2.6) than children delivered at home. This finding was similar with the study done in Mozambique in which children delivered at home were less likely to complete immunization . The explanation related to this may be that, mothers who gave birth at health institution are closer to the health service and most of the time the first dose of vaccination is given just after birth in health institution.
Besides its relation with institution delivery, complete immunization coverage of children showed statistically significant association with mothers’ utilization of antenatal care (ANC) follow up. Children of mother who had ANC were 2.1 times more likely to complete vaccination than those with no follow up. This is consistent with the study done in India and Bangladesh in which ANC follow up is related with complete immunization coverage [14, 15].
In Ethiopia it was indicated that, lack of awareness about immunization contribute to low immunization coverage in Ethiopia . The findings of this study also showed that lack of knowledge about vaccination and vaccine preventable disease, and age at the child begins and finishes the immunization, and is related with completion of immunization among children aged 12–23 months. Children of mothers those knew the correct age at which the child begins and finishes immunization are more likely to complete immunization than those who did not knew. These finding is consistent with the study findings from Tigray and Wonago in Ethiopia [12, 18]. However, knowledge of objective of vaccination had no significant association with complete immunization. This indicates that knowledge of mothers about the schedule of immunization is more important in completion of the recommended immunization for the child than knowledge of the purpose of vaccination.
This study assessed full immunization coverage among children aged 12–23 months with regard to the recent immunization program performance. However it has certain limitations.
Report by the mother may under/overestimate the immunization coverage. Because mother may forgot the total doses of vaccine that the child took. Beside, this study did not consider the validity of the doses of vaccines child took. Also, sampling procedure was susceptible to selection bias and the study did not include qualitative method to answer the why questions. Moreover, problems from the health facility perspectives were not addressed by this study. Despite the above limitations, our findings are important to understand factors associated with immunization completion among children.
Full immunization coverage among children aged 12–23 months remains very low in the woreda. Beside this, there is low awareness among mothers about age at child immunization begins and completes immunization as well as total sessions needed to complete immunization. Antenatal care follow up by mothers, health care institution delivery and mothers’ knowledge about age at child immunization begun and completed were found to be independent predictors for full child immunization status of children in the woreda.
Therefore, local action should be taken to raise awareness by designing proper health education targeting the mother on benefit, correct age child immunization begin and complete as well as session needed to complete immunization. In addition, the concerned body should work to increase utilization of antenatal care follow up and health care institution delivery which interns increase immunization coverage.
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The pre-publication history for this paper can be accessed here:http://www.biomedcentral.com/1471-2458/12/566/prepub
We would like to acknowledge school of Public Health, Addis Ababa University for funding the research and Ambo Woreda health office for their support during data collection. In addition, we would like to thank data collectors and study participants.
We declare that we have no competing interest.
We have been contributed to this work equally. Both authors read and approved the final manuscript. All authors read and approved the final manuscript.
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Etana, B., Deressa, W. Factors associated with complete immunization coverage in children aged 12–23 months in Ambo Woreda, Central Ethiopia. BMC Public Health 12, 566 (2012). https://doi.org/10.1186/1471-2458-12-566
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This summer, the exhibition Fabled Journeys in Asian Art will expand to include East Asia. Viewed as a companion exhibition to Fabled Journeys in Asian Art: South and Southeast Asia, which opened in January 2011 in Gallery 3, the East Asian complement draws on works of art from the Crow Collection with distinctive literary and cultural terrain.
The first section of the East Asian portion of the exhibition presents selected paintings, carved jades, and porcelain sculpture inspired by Taoism, which developed in China. Another focus of the exhibition is journeys figured in images of women—with their own expressed balances of yin and yang. The third section of the exhibition features large ceramic horses and camels made for journeys into the afterlife in burial tombs. They are emblems of China’s “this-worldly” expansion into Central and western Asia during the Han and Tang dynasties along roads that came to be known as “the Silk Route.”
They are emblems of China’s “this-worldly” expansion into Central and western Asia during the Han and Tang dynasties along roads that came to be known as “the Silk Route.”
Looking farther east, the last section of the exhibition is an array of objects touching on the transmission of Buddhism to Japan, the transportation and exploitation of ivory for finely carved objects, and the search in Japanese ports by Western traders for porcelains that delivered the qualities of form, color, and translucency prized in Asian ceramics, ivories, and jades.
A journey is a compelling metaphor that has perhaps lost some of its caché in our time of high-speed travel and instant communication; however, whether swift or slow; internal or external; linear, ambling, or circular, a journey is a dynamic undertaking that addresses change, among the most persistent and puzzling qualities of our experience of ourselves and the world. | <urn:uuid:f2d07753-d05e-4ad2-8ec1-5dca6f205010> | CC-MAIN-2017-09 | http://crowcollection.org/exhibition/fabled-journeys-in-asian-art-east-asia/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-09/segments/1487501170993.54/warc/CC-MAIN-20170219104610-00118-ip-10-171-10-108.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.962671 | 397 | 2.578125 | 3 |
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Shin splints refers to pain, soreness and tenderness in your lower leg along the shinbone. Symptoms can also include minor swelling as well. Shin splints, also known as medial tibial stress syndrome (MTSS) is caused by stress on the shinbone, which causes you to feel pain during physical activity, but in more serious cases, the pain is constant throughout the day. Shin splints can occur on the inside of your leg (medial shin splints) or on the outside of your leg (anterior shin splints).
You may be at risk of shin splints if:
Shin splints is very common among runners (especially beginners) and develops when runners switch up their routine, or are running too far, especially on uneven surfaces. Usually, your most dominant leg is affected. This pain can feel so severe that it will keep you from running or working out. If you are a new runner, make sure you don't push yourself! You want to increase the distance you are running gradually to avoid injuries like this.
"Pounding the pavement" quite literally can cause shin splints. Running downhill puts a lot of stress on the leg and can cause pain and swelling. Beware of running on uneven surfaces. Shin splint symptoms can come on gradually, so pay attention to what your body is telling you so you know the difference between fatigue and an injury.
It is extremely important to stretch. Also, make sure you are wearing comfortable, supportive shoes. If you already are wearing good running shoes, try getting shoe inserts for additional comfort and protection. You can also wear compression socks or sleeves to protect yourself from shin splints. Compression increases blood flow and helps to reduce swelling, pain and fatigue.
Sigvaris Compression Calf Sleeves help to prevent and reduce the pain caused by shin splints. These are great if you already have a comfortable pair of ankle socks that you swear by - you can still wear them with these sleeves.
If shin splints go untreated, the pain will get worse and could result in a stress fracture. Luckily, there are a few things you can do to relieve the pain and feel better, fast. The most important thing you can do is rest. Even if the pain isn't stopping you from running or exercising, it's important to take a break and let it heal. It's definitely worth missing a couple days instead of a couple months if your injury gets worse!
A great tip for instant relief is to put ice on your shins to reduce swelling and alleviate pain. Try icing your legs between 15-30 minutes every three to four hours for a couple days or until the pain subsides. If you are in a lot of pain, try an over-the-counter pain reliever.
You can do exercises to strengthen, prevent and recover from shin splints. One exercise is to trace the alphabet on the floor using your toes to strengthen and stretch out your calf and shin muscles. Do this with both of your legs four times in a row about three times a day. This exercise is great for recovering and prevention. To strengthen your shin muscles, try doing toe raises (2-3 sets of 10 to 20 reps). If you're looking to strengthen all of your lower leg muscles, do calf raises.
You can also wear compression socks or calf sleeves to speed up recovery, reduce swelling and fatigue and provide relief for aching legs. Therafirm Athletic Recovery Compression Socks are great to wear to recover after a long run and from injury too. These socks are designed specifically for men and women to provide the relief you need when training.
If you haven't already, invest in a foam roller to "roll" out kinks and break up muscle adhesions or knots. This also helps to increase blood flow. If you have had a stress fracture which caused your shin splints, it is advised that you do not use a foam roller. Check out this video for tips!
Once you are feeling better, remember to gradually lean back into your workout. Slow and steady wins the race!
Still have questions about shin splints? Comment below to get answers.
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It's no fun to spend half your workout trying to get on a pair of socks. If you struggle to get your compression socks on quickly and easily, this trick will save you tons of time and effort. Simply follow the easy steps below:
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Not everything is black and white, but this fitness gear is! Here is your go-to guide for all your gym attire needs to help you meet your goals.
It is important to stretch before working out, so make sure to bring your Yoga mat! This helps to reduce the risk of injury. Foam rollers are a great way to stretch out muscles and work out kinks. Yoga is a great way to warm up and get in the zone. Most gyms offer fitness classes, including cycling, Yoga, Pilates, Kickboxing and more. Check with your local gym to get involved. If you have the time, stretch afterwards, especially if you have gained a lot of muscle or aren't as flexible.
The only thing that's more important than stretching is staying hydrated. When you sweat you lose electrolytes. This can lead to dehydration or low sodium in the blood. Try to drink about 8-12 fluid ounces of water 10-15 minutes before you exercise and about 3-8 fluid ounces during your workout. This varies by person. Dehydration can take a toll on your performance, but it is also important to remember that you can overhydrate too, so make sure to drink what you feel comfortable with. There are lots of water bottles that filter tap water or are marked so you know how much you need to drink. Find the right one for you and don't forget to bring it with you!
First and foremost, compression socks are your must-have item for working out. The new TheraSport Athletic Recovery Sock provides 15-20mmHg graduated compression to improve circulation, which results in a shorter recovery time. Compression socks also help to prevent leg fatigue and blood clots. The TheraSport Athletic Performance Performance Sock provides 20-30mmHg and is perfect to wear while exercising. These soft, moisture-wicking socks help to keep your legs energized even during the toughest workouts.
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Make a playlist of your favorite "dance like no one's looking" songs and get a pair of headphones that won't get in your way while exercising. Ideally, wireless or noise-canceling headphones are great for the gym, but it is all up to personal preference.
If you're the competitive type, try out a Soleus Go Fitness Band to track your fitness goals, distance, average pace/speed, calories burned, step counter, sleep pattern and more. It even lets you set up alerts to keep you organized and updated.
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Everyone has their own post-workout routines, but the things that most gym-lovers swear by are using foam rollers to stretch muscles, break up knots and improve flexibility. Make sure to slow down and give your body a rest before heading home to cool down. Taking the time to cool down (and wearing compression socks!) helps to prevent blood from pooling in the veins. Lastly, try to eat or drink something with lots of protein after you exercise to help speed up recovery.
2XU Compression Performance Socks and Sleeves are now available in new colors for men and women, including red, purple, green, blue, black, pink, white and navy. 2XU stands for “Two Times You” to represent the multiplication of human performance. 2XU Performance Socks and Sleeves provide 25-30mmHg graduated compression, which is ideal for athletes who want to enhance performance, decrease post-workout soreness, speed up recovery and prevent injury like shin splints. It is also great for traveling and for those who sit or stand for long periods of time to reduce swelling, prevent DVT (deep vein thrombosis) or other conditions.
I recently tried out a pair of the Ice Green 2XU Women’s Compression Performance Socks. I went for a run before heading to the gym. My legs felt energized and fresh my whole workout. A lot of the time, my legs will ache after running on pavement or a tough work out at the gym, but after wearing these socks the next day my legs didn’t feel sore at all. These socks provide 25-30mmHg graduated compression, which means that the most pressure is felt at the bottom of your leg and decreases going up towards the knee. The graduated compression helps with muscle containment and improving blood flow, which is why you recover faster and don’t feel as sore the next day. If you are training or regularly work out, these socks are for you. Plus, they’re safe to sleep in so you don’t always wake up limping!
2XU Performance socks are extremely lightweight, made with a zoned breathability panel as well as seamless stitching for airflow. This material is truly breathable and is perfect for hot weather. Many people shy away from wearing compression socks or sleeves during the summer because they can feel hot or constricting, but thanks to 2XU, you can wear them year-round. These high-tech socks also provide UPF50+ sun protection and are antibacterial. They are made with medical circular 360 degree knit construction from 72% Nylon and 28% Elastane.
Another great feature is that the socks are marked with either “L” or “R” so you always know which foot to put it on. They also have the size written on the bottom of the foot, which is nice so you don’t have to figure out what size you are later on. If you have sensitive feet or have a hard time getting compression socks on and off, you should consider the 2XU compression performance sleeves. Calf sleeves are a great alternative to wearing compression socks because you can wear them with any sock or shoe you want. I would highly recommend 2XU Compression Performance Socks or Sleeves to anyone who wants to get or stay in shape. To learn more about 2XU and how these products are made, click here.
Serena Williams has been making headlines as she beats out her opponents, including her older sister, Venus, at Wimbledon this year. This is Serena’s 15th time beating Venus out of the 26 times they have faced off. The sisters have been making history for years, but now it is Serena’s time to shine as she works her way towards the finish line. It’s hard to think that a few years ago, Serena felt like she was on her “death bed” when she developed a blood clot after a cross-country flight to see a doctor about her recent foot surgery. She was treated for a hematoma and pulmonary embolism (PE), which happens when a blood clot is in the lung.
Deep vein thrombosis (DVT) occurs when a blood clot forms deep inside a vein. If part of the clot breaks off, it can travel into the lungs and block the flow of blood. This is a complication of DVT known as pulmonary embolism (PE), which can be fatal if it is not caught quickly. Luckily for Serena, she discovered the clot after a trip to New York to see a doctor about her foot injuries. After having two surgeries on her foot and traveling back and forth between Los Angeles and New York, her risk of developing DVT and PE significantly increased. Surgery can slow down your blood circulation more than usual and being immobile during the recovery period may have contributed to her clot.
The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention estimates about 300,000 – 600,000 people develop blood clots annually. According to the National Heart Lung and Blood institute, there are about 100,000 cases of PE that are reported each year. You are more at risk of developing DVT if you have recently had a major surgery, sit or stand for long periods of time without moving around, or from increased amounts of estrogen in the body. Other factors include your family history, pregnancy, age, obesity, smoking or chronic medical illnesses such as heart disease, lung disease, cancer and its treatment.
Many athletes are at risk of developing DVT and PE, and in some cases, it can even be fatal. Jerome Kersey, a former forward for the Portland Trail Blazers also developed pulmonary embolism when a blood clot developed in his leg and traveled into his lung, later killing him. Miami Heat basketball player Chris Bosh also suffered from pulmonary embolism after a road trip with the team. The symptoms of PE include shortness of breath, sweating, anxiety, sharp chest pain, increased heart rate and coughing.
Why do athletes develop DVT when they are healthy and exercise? Between injuries, surgeries, long flights and tough work outs, athletes can be hard on their body. If you are dehydrated or have a low heart rate (a resting heart rate of less than 60 beats per minute), you are also more likely to develop a blood clot. When you are dehydrated, the plasma in your blood decreases, which makes your blood thicker and stickier.
Since her blood clot, Serena Williams has battled her way to becoming one of the most notorious female tennis players today. She has won 34 total grand slam titles, 67 singles titles, 5 Wimbledons, 4 Gold Medals and many more honors. Not even a life-threatening blood clot could stop her from achieving her dreams. If you have had a blood clot, DVT or PE, or you are at a higher risk of developing one, you can wear compression socks or sleeves to help prevent them. Compression socks increase circulation to reduce the chance of a blood clot forming. Wear them while you travel or while you work out to enhance performance, speed up the recovery time, reduce swelling and prevent injuries like shin splints.
This Father’s Day, give your dad something he will use instead of a gift that will sit on the shelf and collect dust. Here is your guide to finding the best gifts for dads who love the outdoors.
Now that the weather is warm, it’s time for the annual camping trip. This year, surprise your dad with a brand new tent! There are tons of features to consider when tent-shopping, but the most important things are to make sure it’s weatherproof and durable. Make sure to get a rainfly for your tent. Depending on the tent, you can find a see-through rainfly so you can still see the stars. During the day, go for a hike to celebrate the weekend. Get him a new pair of waterproof hiking boots with extra padding to keep him comfortable and dry. Find a scenic overview and snap a picture to remember your Father’s Day adventure.
No camping trip is complete without grilling. Get your dad some awesome grill tools and accessories to make him feel like the professional he is. This grilling kit comes complete with everything your dad needs for his infamous mouthwatering entrees. For a quick snack, grab a couple of protein bars for the camping trip to give you the extra pick-me-up when you need it most.
For a fun, everyday gadget, the Timex Ironman GPS Watch is great for dads who love running, hiking and working out. This high-tech watch records your speed, pace and distance with a GPS. You can even save up to 10 workouts and track your progress. The Timex Ironman Watch is water resistant and is designed with an Indiglo Night-Light to work in the dark.
When you’re packing for vacation, there are a lot of things to remember, but make sure you don’t forget to pack compression socks. Your dad will love wearing these Sockwell compression socks while camping, traveling or exercising. They help to keep your legs energized all day, reduce recovery time after a tough work out and help to reduce swelling and leg fatigue from sitting or standing for long periods of time. The Sockwell Shadowbox compression socks featured above are made in the U.S.A. with extremely soft, Merino Wool to provide moisture management and natural thermoregulation. These antibacterial, blister-proof socks are great for sports, outdoor activities and to wear when you’re on your feet a lot.
Whether your dad spends a lot of time outside working on the lawn, playing sports or camping, everyone can use suntan lotion and bug spray. Nothing puts a damper on a vacation like sunburn and bug bites. When you’re out in the hot sun, make sure to stay hydrated. Get your dad a BPA-free water bottle to keep him cool and refreshed. Make sure you get one that’s dishwasher safe, durable and also leak proof. No one likes a soggy backpack! You can even get one with a filter to reduce bacteria like salmonella and E.coli.
Document your vacation without missing a moment with a GoPro. This clever hands free device records pictures and videos. GoPros are extremely popular with athletes for this reason. The GoPro features a touch display and built-in WIFI and Bluetooth to easily share your footage on social media from the GoPro App. It is waterproof and durable, designed to survive dirt sand and water. This is great for dads who never want to miss a moment.
Our latest addition to BrightLife Go are the comfortable and stylish MARVYs. These compression socks provide 15-20mmHg of graduated compression to keep your legs energized and eliminate the feeling of tired, achy legs and feet after a long day. MARVY compression socks feature fun patterns like hearts and stripes in a variety of colors to go with any outfit.
MARVY socks are FDA approved and are made from a Lycra/Spandex blend. These compression-infused socks provide relief for aches and pains, reduce swelling, speed up recovery after a tough workout or training session, and also help to prevent spider veins, Deep Vein Thrombosis (DVT) and varicose veins. The sizing is simple-based on your shoe size, and hugs your leg perfectly. MARVY compression socks are made for all lifestyles so you can always look and feel your best.
I recently tried out a pair of the MARVY heart socks. They are black with fuchsia hearts on them. I love how soft and comfortable they are. These socks have a 1.5” wide top band that keeps them from falling down. MARVYs are extremely comfortable, with a cushioned toe and heel to keep you feeling great during those long days on your feet.
As soon as you put them on, your legs instantly feel energized and refreshed. MARVYs provide 15-20mmHg of graduated compression, meaning that the pressure is felt most at the ankle, and decreases gradually going up your leg. The socks are made out of a lightweight, breathable fabric that moves with you, creating a gentle massage that feels amazing. MARVYS are also super stretchy and easy to get on.
MARVY compression socks are great for anyone who sits or stands all day, and for athletes, doctors, nurses, flight attendants, teachers, restaurant workers and more. Wear these after going to the gym to increase circulation, which helps to prevent lactic acid from building up and reduces the time it takes to recover. They are made from a moisture-wicking fabric, making them perfect to work out in as well. MARVY compression socks fight off leg cramps and promote healthy, happy legs. If you are looking for something that’s fashionable and feels great, these are the socks for you.
Choose from hearts, stripes or a fun leopard pattern in a couple of different colors to find your perfect look. MARVY is dedicated to helping you achieve healthy, gorgeous legs. To learn more about MARVY, click here.
© BrightLife Go. All Rights Reserved. 1-877-545-8585 | <urn:uuid:4d142ae5-7cfe-4186-ab97-93046946eec6> | CC-MAIN-2019-18 | https://www.brightlifego.com/blog/page/2/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-18/segments/1555578528523.35/warc/CC-MAIN-20190420040932-20190420062932-00151.warc.gz | en | 0.950068 | 5,641 | 2.75 | 3 |
Who is God? In ZOOM, we begin to answer that question by ZOOMING in on the different names of God.
The Bible gives God various names that all mean different things: Adonai, Jehovah Jirah, Yahweh…You’ve heard these names, but do your kids know what they mean? Each name gives us a small clue to the big picture of who God is.
This Bible-centric, fun, and flexible kit includes everything you need to teach your kids (grades 3-6) about the different names of God.
– Upper Elementary Leader Guide: The perfect guide to help any volunteer become an incredible leader! It’s packed with leader devotions, Bible lessons, games, discussion questions, memory verse activities, materials lists, reproducible pages, and more.
– Three Posters: Use these colorful printed posters to bring Zoom to life! The Welcome, Publicity, and Bible Verse posters will transform any space into a fun atmosphere for the kids.
– Leader Resource Disc: Everything you need on one convenient disc! You’ll get the Zoom clip art, printable reproducible pages from the Leaders Guide, mini posters for each lesson, and more! | <urn:uuid:4be75ef5-0d6c-497e-a170-f4acfe4da78c> | CC-MAIN-2020-50 | http://www.28nineteencurriculum.com/product/zoom-upper-elementary-kit/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-50/segments/1606141202590.44/warc/CC-MAIN-20201129184455-20201129214455-00492.warc.gz | en | 0.840505 | 252 | 2.546875 | 3 |
Tim Worstall is normally clued up on economics. But not, so it seems, on the subject of money and banks. He says, “No, banks do not create money. The banking system as a whole creates credit. But individual banks do not create money. They just don’t.”
He needs to look up the definition of the word money in a dictionary. It is defined as something like, “Anything widely accepted in payment for goods or serves or in settlement of a debt.”
Now the fact of the matter is that when someone gets a loan from a private bank, the latter does not need to get the relevant money from anywhere: it can just credit the borrower’s account with a book keeping entry – or if you like, it can credit the borrower’s account with money ex nihilo.
And when the borrower draws a cheque on that account or does a credit or debit card transaction based on the account, the cheque or card transaction will be “widely accepted” in payment for goods and services. Ergo the bank has created money.
Here are some quotes on the subject.
"Banks create money. That is what they are for. . . . The manufacturing process to make money consists of making an entry in a book. That is all. . . . Each and every time a Bank makes a loan . . . new Bank credit is created -- brand new money." - Graham Towers, Governor of the Bank of Canada from 1935 to 1955.
"When a bank makes a loan, it simply adds to the borrower's deposit account in the bank by the amount of the loan. The money is not taken from anyone else's deposit; it was not previously paid in to the bank by anyone. It's new money, created by the bank for the use of the borrower."
- Robert B. Anderson, Secretary of the Treasury under Eisenhower, in an interview reported in the August 31, 1959 issue of U.S. News and World Report
Worstall then claims that if private banks can create money “then Northern Rock would not have gone bust, would it?”
The answer to that is that there are an infinite number of grades or types of money: in particular, “Northern Rock money” is not as good as central bank money.
Indeed it was common in the 1800s and before for WEALTHY INDIVIDUALS AND FIRMS to issue a form of money: bills of exchange. The latter were simply I.O.U.s or promises to pay a certain sum on a particular future date. And they were passed from hand to hand in settlement of debts or in payment for goods and services. Ergo bills of exchange were a form of money. And issuers of bills of exchange who conducted their affairs in a competent manner had no problems, while the incompetents ended up doing a “Northern Rock”: going bust.
To summarise, private banks cannot issue a form of money which is as good as gold. They cannot produce a form of money which is as good as central bank money. But they can nevertheless issue a form of money.
In the paragraph starting “What Rock actually did…” Worstall claims that Northern Rock funded itself via the wholesale money market: i.e. borrowing from other banks or other institutions.
True: to a large extent it did. But that does not prove that Northern Rock did not in addition create money. In fact for those of us who understand banks, it is obvious that a bank which DOES NOT expand faster than other banks will NOT NEED to borrow from the wholesale markets. While banks that ARE EXPANDING faster than others WILL NEED to borrow. Reason is thus.
When a bank “lends money into existence” as the saying goes, most of that money will be deposited at other banks. And the latter will want central bank money from the former bank in exchange for the former bank’s “funny money”: that’s done at the end of each working day in the books of the central bank. Now if a bank is expanding faster than other banks, it will need to borrow to cover what it owes other banks.
However, if every other bank is expanding at the same rate, the amount of money deposited at the first bank will be about equal to the amount of the first bank’s money deposited at OTHER BANKS. I.e. it all nets out, roughly speaking.
Conclusion: the fact that Northern Rock was borrowing significant amounts wholesale does not prove (a la Worstall) that Northern Rock was not creating money. It is just evidence that that Northern Rock was expanding faster than other banks, which indeed it was. | <urn:uuid:9ae49d62-7483-46e3-8d09-769a36b20957> | CC-MAIN-2017-47 | http://ralphanomics.blogspot.com/2012/07/tim-worstall-does-not-understand-money.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-47/segments/1510934806720.32/warc/CC-MAIN-20171123031247-20171123051247-00608.warc.gz | en | 0.968194 | 984 | 3.078125 | 3 |
Fibromyalgia (FM) is a condition that the medical community has long had difficulty defining. As previously stated, FM is often considered a “musculoskeletal disorder” (MSK) because of the aches and pains it produces in the muscles and joints. However, this is not really accurate since FM includes many other symptoms beyond just severe muscle pain, such as extreme fatigue, mental fog, sleep disorders, irritable bowel, and more. As such, “misdiagnosis” is more common than an accurate diagnosis when it comes the FM. Let’s take a closer look!
FM is described as a “syndrome,” meaning it includes multiple complaints and findings that commonly occur together such as (but not limited to) widespread pain, decreased pain tolerance or threshold, multiple tender points, incapacitating fatigue, anxiety, and/or depression. Though the intensity of these symptoms can vary, persistent and chronic fatigue is one of the most common complaints, second only to the whole body deep muscle aches. Unlike “normal” fatigue, the type of fatigue, weakness, and exhaustion associated with FM often leads to social isolation, and as a result, anxiety, and/or depression.
The reason WHY FM is so difficult to diagnose is that: 1) these same symptoms are found in many other conditions and 2) there is no one test that can diagnose FM like a blood test or x-ray. The diagnosis process must RULE OUT all the other conditions that present with similar symptoms. Hence, blood tests are used to rule out anemia or hypothyroid (for fatigue), inflammatory arthritis, and Lyme disease. Sleep studies are used to rule out sleep apnea (which can co-exist with FM). X-rays are used to rule out a bone or joint cause of the patient’s muscle pain. Many diseases or conditions have a pattern of complaints, but FM doesn’t consistently follow a similar presentation. There are so many different degrees of FM and the symptoms include so many different systems of the body that FM sufferers often have to go from doctor to doctor before they find one willing to take the time needed to properly assess for fibromyalgia. Some doctors firmly believe there is no such thing as FM stating that “…it’s all in the head!” This can only adds to the frustration, anxiety, and depression for the FM sufferer.
Common misdiagnoses include (but are not limited to) depression, inflammatory arthritis (like rheumatoid or lupus), chronic myofascial pain syndrome, or chronic fatigue syndrome. Conditions commonly associated with FM may include some of the above as well as irritable bowel syndrome (IBS), thyroid deficiency, and others, which only makes the diagnosis of FM even more challenging!
Some doctors and researchers use the term “primary FM” for FM that is not caused by something else vs. “secondary FM” where something like a trauma (eg., car accident), IBS, or an inflammatory arthritis either precedes the start of FM symptoms or is closely associated with its onset. The important point is that FM is unique and it must be properly diagnosed so accurate and effective treatment can be administered. The diagnostic Guidelines for FM include three main things: 1) widespread pain in all four body quadrants; 2) at least three months of symptoms; and 3) no other disease is causing these symptoms. You can expect your doctor of chiropractic to check for the following: 1) widespread pain; 2) trigger point evaluation; 3) ask about fatigue; 4) ask about sleep disturbances; 5) ask about stress levels; and 6) ask about depression. Proper treatment is often best approached with a “team” consisting of chiropractic, primary care, clinical psychology and/or counseling, and sometimes others. | <urn:uuid:b41f2445-c26e-444e-8b46-cc319f76978e> | CC-MAIN-2018-39 | http://lasvegascaraccidenttreatmentblog.com/1054/the-diagnosis-and-misdiagnosis-of-fibromyalgia/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-39/segments/1537267162809.73/warc/CC-MAIN-20180926002255-20180926022655-00313.warc.gz | en | 0.948179 | 796 | 2.890625 | 3 |
The Department of Homeland Security is aware of reports of ransomware known as WannaCry affecting multiple global entities. Ransomware is a type of malicious software that infects a computer and restricts users’ access to it until a ransom is paid to unlock it. Microsoft released a patch in March that addresses this specific vulnerability, and installing this patch will help secure your systems from the threat. Individual users are often the first line of defense against this and other threats, and we encourage all Americans to update your operating systems and implement vigorous cybersecurity practices at home, work, and school. These practices include:
– Update your systems to include the latest patches and software updates.
– Do not click on or download unfamiliar links or files in emails.
– Back up your data to prevent possible loss, whether you are at a family computer or company data.
We are actively sharing information related to this event and stand ready to lend technical support and assistance as needed to our partners, both in the United States and internationally. DHS has a cadre of cybersecurity professionals that can provide expertise and support to critical infrastructure entities.
DHS also leads the federal government’s efforts to protect civilian executive branch agency systems and networks. In partnership with each agency’s Chief Information Officer we are ensuring our own networks are protected against the threat.
For more information, DHS has previously released information on best practices to address ransomware. That information is available on our website at https://www.us-cert.gov/security-publications/Ransomware | <urn:uuid:04cf5059-5453-42fb-b662-6c363bda53e9> | CC-MAIN-2017-26 | http://txktoday.com/news/department-homeland-security-issues-statement-ongoing-ransomeware-attacks/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-26/segments/1498128320582.2/warc/CC-MAIN-20170625203122-20170625223122-00154.warc.gz | en | 0.940459 | 310 | 2.5625 | 3 |
United States v. Locke
United States Supreme Court
471 U.S. 84 (1985)
Section 314 of the Federal Land Policy and Management Act of 1976 (FLPMA), 43 U.S.C. §§ 1701 et seq., established a recording system for mining on federal land. The system was designed to eliminate stale mining claims and give federal land managers up-to-date information for making informed land-management decisions. Section 314(a) imposed two requirements for mining claims located prior to FLPMA’s enactment: (1) registration with the Bureau of Land Management (BLM) within three years of FLPMA’s enactment, and (2) submission of an annual filing to the BLM “prior to December 31,” along with notice of intent to hold a claim and either an affidavit of assessment work or a detailed reporting form. Section 314(c) provided that a failure to comply with these registration and filing requirements would constitute abandonment of the mining claim. In 1960 and 1966, four mining-property operators (plaintiffs) purchased unpatented mining claims in Nevada. The claims were located in 1952 and 1954 and were valued at several million dollars. Although the plaintiffs complied with FLPMA’s registration requirement, they submitted their filing one day late, on December 31. The plaintiffs claimed to have received misleading information from a BLM employee. However, the BLM determined that the claims were abandoned and void due to the plaintiffs’ late filing. The plaintiffs filed a complaint against the federal government (government) (defendant), claiming a taking and denial of due process. The district court entered summary judgment for the plaintiffs, finding that they had substantially complied with the filing requirement. The United States Supreme Court noted probable jurisdiction.
Rule of Law
Holding and Reasoning (Marshall, J.)
Concurrence (O’Connor, J.)
Dissent (Stevens, J.)
Dissent (Powell, J.)
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- Easy to use, uniform format for every case brief. Written in plain English, not in legalese. Our briefs summarize and simplify; they don’t just repeat the court’s language. | <urn:uuid:b65fa28e-3742-4ee0-87d3-f14ef544e204> | CC-MAIN-2018-34 | https://www.quimbee.com/cases/united-states-v-locke | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-34/segments/1534221208750.9/warc/CC-MAIN-20180814081835-20180814101835-00445.warc.gz | en | 0.933539 | 771 | 2.53125 | 3 |
Should New Moms Take Anti-depressants?
Deciding whether to take medication while pregnant can be a tough decision. It becomes tougher when the risks and benefits are not always clear, such as with mental health medications.
Autism Risk May Be Buried in the Past
The causes of autism increasingly appear to come from a variety of different risk factors. One of those risk factors may be related to the childhood experiences of the children's mothers.
Baby’s Brain Blunted on Meth
There is no doubt that pregnant women should not use meth. If they do, their babies could be at risk for underdeveloped brains and at future risk for mental disorders.
Watch for Warning Signs of Child Abuse--EMBARGOED until 3/10/13 at 11:01pm CST
If possible victims of child abuse could be identified early on, it could save a lot of heartache and pain for everyone involved. Paying attention to babies' injuries may be an important step. A recent study found that infants who are victims of child abuse are more likely to have had another earlier unlikely injury when they were even younger – before they could even crawl. Among a group of abused and nonabused babies evaluated at a hospital, only the abused children had histories of previous injuries, such as bruising. The researchers found that babies with a suspicious minor inj...
Handling the Anxiety of a New Baby
Awareness about postpartum depression has grown over the past several decades. Women are realizing they are not alone and can seek help. But fewer are aware of postpartum anxiety.
The Risks for Babies Born to Alcoholics
Alcohol and pregnancy don't mix. And neither does alcoholism and a baby's first year of life. Mothers who don't have alcohol problems are much more likely to see their babies grow up.
Moms in the Military Doing All Right
Deploying overseas in the military can be stressful for any soldier. So one could imagine it may be even rougher for women who deploy after having a baby.
Mom’s Inflammation Linked to Autism
Past research has shown that autism risk was higher when mothers were sick during pregnancy. New research sheds some light on how illness might be affecting autism risk.
Smoke-Free Air Helps Prevent Preemies
Cigarette smoke and unborn babies don’t mix. Pregnant moms may be able to control secondhand smoke exposure at home. But in public places, smoking bans are the only protection.
A Medication Risk Factor for Autism
There is no known single cause for autism. However, certain diseases or medications during pregnancy have been linked to autism. One culprit may be a medication used to treat epilepsy. | <urn:uuid:eb53758f-2311-4990-85e8-72f8a9d0bd24> | CC-MAIN-2021-39 | https://www.rxwiki.com/articles/news_story/field_conditions/mental-health-31/field_conditions/prenatal-care-355?page=7 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-39/segments/1631780057417.92/warc/CC-MAIN-20210923074537-20210923104537-00346.warc.gz | en | 0.959386 | 559 | 2.546875 | 3 |
The Teochew Building is a three-storey building constructed with Chinese architectural elements such as the upturned roof eaves and the balcony balustrade with Oriental motifs. The building was completed in 1963 and it occupied the former site of the Tuan Mong School.
The school was established by the local Teochew community in 1918. It was renamed in 1955 as the Tuan Mong High School. The building was also the old premises for the Ngee Ann College, the predecessor to the Ngee Ann Polytechnic during its founding period in 1963 - 68. Currently, it contains the offices of the Ngee Ann Kongsi, the Singapore Teochew Poit Ip Huay Kuan and the Ngee Ann Kongsi Collections Gallery. There are regular exhibitions and events held there to promote Chinese arts, culture, customs, practices, and beliefs.
Buildings and sites featured on Roots.SG are part of our efforts to raise awareness of our heritage; a listing on Roots.SG does not imply any form of preservation or conservation status, unless it is mentioned in the article. The information in this article is valid as of July 2016 and is not intended to be an exhaustive history of the site/building. | <urn:uuid:15ce4540-df72-4eca-a313-78d3fae5883c> | CC-MAIN-2019-51 | https://roots.sg/Roots/Content/Places/surveyed-sites/Teochew-Building | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-51/segments/1575540502120.37/warc/CC-MAIN-20191207210620-20191207234620-00258.warc.gz | en | 0.972446 | 247 | 2.640625 | 3 |
|Edward Shils Professor of Law and Political Science
Coglianese Does Due Diligence on the ‘Fourth Branch’ of Government
1 - 2 - 3 - 4
Which is the most important branch of the US government?
The legislature? The judiciary? Or is it the regulatory
agencies that every
year create twenty
times as many binding
laws as Congress
the new Edward
Shils professor of
law and political
science, Cary Coglianese,
it’s this often-
and regulatory law
that has become
for many of our government’s most important decisions.
“Administrative law focuses on some of the most significant
lawmaking and law-implementing bodies,” says Coglianese.
“This so-called fourth branch of government is where a lot of
the action is for public policymaking — and for making a huge
impact on society, whether for good or ill.” | <urn:uuid:8635fcd6-7128-44ac-bb39-97a13171912e> | CC-MAIN-2015-32 | https://www.law.upenn.edu/alumni/alumnijournal/Fall2006/faculty_news/art06_01.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2015-32/segments/1438042986806.32/warc/CC-MAIN-20150728002306-00173-ip-10-236-191-2.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.926954 | 206 | 2.515625 | 3 |
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Nonhuman primates (NHPs) are an invaluable resource for the study of genetic regulation of disease mechanisms. The main disadvantage of using NHPs as a preclinical model of human disease is the difficulty of manipulating the monkey genome using conventional gene modifying strategies. Lentiviruses offer the possibility of circumventing this difficulty because they can infect and transduce either dividing or nondividing cells, without producing an immune response. In addition, lentiviruses can permanently integrate into the genome of host cells, and are able to maintain long-term expression. In this article we describe the lentiviral vectors that we use to both express transgenes and suppress expression of endogenous genes via RNA interference (RNAi) in NHPs. We also discuss the safety features of currently available vectors that are especially important when lentiviral vectors are used in a species as closely related to humans as NHPs. Finally, we describe in detail the lentiviral vector production protocol we use and provide examples of how the vector can be employed to target peripheral tissues and the brain.
Non-human primates (NHPs), as discussed in other articles of this issue, are close phylogenetic relatives of humans and thus represent a valuable animal model for the study of the relationship that exists between genetics and disease in higher primates. The difficulty with using NHPs is that conventional genetic tools, such as the production of transgenic animals or the use of gene targeting techniques, are impractical because of the long time required for these gene manipulations to generate expected phenotypes and the large number of animals required to achieve the desired gene modification. Given these major obstacles, somatic cell gene transfer emerges as a viable approach to study the role that genetic modifications have in the genesis of various pathologies, as well as a tool to investigate potential therapeutic intervention in NHPs. An ideal gene therapy tool would allow investigators to enhance or suppress the expression of specific genes in a cell- or tissue-specific, and temporally defined, manner. Lentiviruses, or slow retroviruses naturally perform some of these activities as they infect cells as directed by the glycoprotein specificity of their envelope, permanently integrate into the host cell genome, and upon integration express viral proteins [1,2]. An important characteristic that sets lentiviruses apart from other viral vectors and enhances their value as agents for gene therapy is their ability to transduce nondividing cells, as well as dividing cells in contrast to non-lenti retroviruses that transduce only dividing cells [1–4]. Although the adeno-associated virus (AAV) system also shares this capability, lentiviral vectors hold two key advantages over AAV vectors: a) lentiviruses allow for a larger packaging capacity (8–10 kb) [3,5] compared to less than 5 kb for AAV and b) the majority of self-inactivating (SIN) HIV-based infective lentiviral particles become integrated into the genome 3 days after infection as compared to less than 10% for AAV . Because of these advantages, lentiviruses appear ideal for studies aimed at manipulating gene expression in NHPs.
The first lentiviral vectors described were based on HIV-1 and although other vector systems have been developed using lentiviruses that are specific for other species the HIV-1 vector system remains the vector of choice. The life cycle of HIV-1 lends itself well to the purpose of viral-mediated gene transfer, such as host cell attachment, receptor-mediated entry into host cells, viral mediated reverse transcription, and integration of the viral genome into the host-cell chromatin [2,8]. Another feature of HIV-1 that makes it an ideal gene therapy vector and that is its ability to escape from cellular immune responses . Following HIV-1 infection, neutralizing antibodies are rarely generated in vivo and lentiviral vectors similarly integrate their genome into that of target cells without an inflammatory response . This is not to imply that the current versions of lentiviral vectors are ready for all uses and methods of administration. For example, lentiviral vectors that have been pseudotyped with the most commonly used envelope protein are inactivated by human serum complement preventing the use of these vectors in protocols involving systemic administration . Thus while lentiviral vectors might not be ready for use in all situations, HIV-1 based lentiviral vectors are promising gene therapy tools [1–4,7,12].
An HIV-1 viral vector system consists of a replication-incompetent, non-pathogenic version of the virus where the cis- and trans-acting components required to generate a viral particle are separated on different plasmids. The viral sequences required in cis are included in the vector genome plasmid (see below; Fig 1A, B), which contains the transgene (TG) or RNA interference (RNAi) (TG-RNAi) cassette (Fig 1A, B) which, once transcribed into RNA, is packaged into the vector particles and ultimately transferred into the target cells. The trans-acting sequences, typically encoding proteins required to assemble functional viral particles, are located on separate plasmids (Fig 1C). These plasmids are used during the vector production phase (called “packaging”), but the genes for the trans-elements are not included in the viral particle and therefore, not transduced into target cells. The result is a viral particle that upon infecting a cell does not propagate the infection further.
The vector genome plasmid is the structure that will provide the cis elements required for efficient packaging, reverse transcription, and integration . Importantly, the vector carrying the TG-RNAi cassette also contains the regulatory components necessary for their expression. The vector cassette is a stripped version of the HIV genome; it contains less than 5% of the parental genome . Although the 5’ end of the HIV-1Gag (including the ATG) is included in the vector, the coding sequence for Gag has been interrupted with stop codons (the first of which occurs 21 codons after the ATG). The rest of the vector contains no other HIV-1 open reading frames. It is bounded by long terminal repeats (LTRs; Fig 1A) and includes the packaging signal (ψ) which is required for incorporating the RNA in the virion . It also contains the primer binding site, the HIV-1 splice donor site, the splice-acceptor site (all located in the same vicinity as the ψ signal), the rev response element (RRE), the central polypurine tract (cPPT), and a foreign cis element know as the woodchuck hepatitis posttranscriptional regulatory element (wPRE; Fig 1A, B; [2,14]). Each LTR is divided into the U3 - retroviral promoter; R - repeat region/transcription start site; and U5 - polyadenylation region; the LTRs are responsible for controlling viral replication and integration of the viral genome into the host genome [13,14].
The mechanism by which the virus genome is replicated allows the production of the SIN viral vector [15,16], resulting from a modification made to the 3’ LTR. Self-inactivation is achieved by deleting a 400 bp segment of the U3 retroviral promoter region in the 3' LTR of the DNA used to produce the vector RNA [15,17]. During reverse transcription of either the wild-type HIV-1 or the SIN attenuated viral vector, the 3’ LTR is duplicated and replaces the 5’ LTR. As a consequence of this duplication, the deletion in the U3 region of the 3’ LTR results in a vector that loses the ability to replicate once integrated into the host genome . Although the native HIV-1 LTR promoter is not active in the absence of Tat, the developers of these vectors have used the viruses own mechanism of replication to completely eliminate the LTR promoter in the SIN vectors. Advantages of using a SIN vector include the reduced probability that target cell coding sequences adjacent to the vector integration site will be aberrantly expressed either due to the promoter activity of the 3' LTR or through an enhancer effect , and the prevention of any potential transcriptional interference between the LTR and the internal TG-RNAi promoter .
The RRE is the binding site for Rev which allows for the nuclear export of full-length RNA vector genomes [8,14]. The remaining two cis elements known to enhance the effectiveness of the vector are the cPPT and the wPRE ; together they synergize to provide enhanced transduction and transgene expression .
HIV-1 contains 9 genes that play a role in the life cycle of the virus and determine its pathogenic properties [1,2]. Six of the genes (vif, vpr, vpu, nef, env, tat), known as accessory genes, are either directly related to pathogenesis or not necessary for vector production and functionality. Consequently, these genes have been deleted from the vector system, or replaced with another gene as in the case of env [2,5,8]. Because the remaining 3 genes, gag, pol, and rev (Fig 1C), are necessary for viral packaging, they have been retained in the vector system [2,5,21,22]. The gag and pol genes code for the p55 Gag and p160 Gag-Pol polypeptide precursors which are cleaved into mature products by viral proteases and are required for packaging of the viral vector. The p55 Gag precursor is cleaved into p17 matrix, p24 capsid, p9 nucleocapsid, p6 proteins, and two spacer peptides . The p160 Gag-Pol protein is the precursor of mature Gag protein, p12 viral protease, p51/66 reverse transcriptase, and p31 integrase . Some of the proteins serve a structural function in the virus capsule. More importantly, the Gag-Pol cleavage products have several functions in the viral life cycle including: 1) reverse transcriptase which is responsible for reverse transcription of viral DNA from the RNA genome, and 2) integrase, required for nuclear import and integration of the viral DNA into the host genome [14,23]. The rev (Fig 1C) is a single 21 kDa protein that serves a single, but important role. It binds mRNAs, removing them from the spliceosome complex, and links the rescued mRNA to a nuclear pore such that full length and partially spliced mRNAs are transported out of the nucleus and into the cytoplasm [8,14]. This transfer is required for some of the transcripts from gag and pol, but more importantly it is absolutely critical for the production of the full-length viral RNA genome .
There is an additional trans element required to generate active packaged particles surrounded by a protein envelope. The env gene from HIV-1 provides host cell specificity such that HIV-1 only infects CD4 producing cells . By replacing the HIV-1 env gene, with the vesicular stomatitis virus glycoprotein (VSV-G; Fig 1C; [24,25]), a process known as pseudotyping, three important objectives are achieved: 1) the tropism of the vector is greatly broadened, 2) the vector particles are stabilized such that they can withstand ultracentrifugation to allow for vector concentration, and 3) the VSV-G directs the vector to an endocytic pathway, reducing the requirement for HIV-1 accessory proteins for infectivity . The tropism is determined by the target molecule on the surface of the host cell that the VSV-G protein attaches to; in this case the target molecules are phosphatidylserine phosphatidylinositol and GM3 ganglioside . While the VSV-G envelope is the most commonly used envelope, there are potential advantages to pseudotyping with other envelope proteins. Modifying the envelope protein is one possible strategy for targeting the vector specifically to cells of a given phenotype. Among several examples , Ross River virus pseudotyped viruses stand out because of their selectivity for glial cells. The proteins described above all act in trans to achieve packaging of the lentiviral vector; the protein products are coded by genes present on the HIV genome, but can be separated from the RNA genome backbone (see below) creating room for the insertion of additional genetic material, such as the TG-RNAi cassettes we describe below.
Packaging cells are used as the viral factory where the trans and cis elements are brought together to produce the vector particles. The packaging cells used to produce lentiviral vectors are 293T/17 cells (ATCC#CRL-11268), a highly transfectable derivative of the 293 human fetal kidney cell line, into which the temperature sensitive gene for simian virus 40 (SV40) large T antigen has been inserted . There are several versions of the HIV-1 based lentiviral packaging systems.; they are referred to as first , second , and third generation. The differences between these versions reside in the number of plasmids used for packaging, allowing the cis and trans elements to be split on different plasmids and thereby improving the biosafety profile of the vector preparations. The first and second generations consist of three plasmids; a vector plasmid, a packaging plasmid and an envelope plasmid. The number of accessory genes present on the packaging plasmid varies depending on the system [28,29]. The third generation system includes four expression cassettes; a vector plasmid, a gag/pol plasmid, a rev plasmid and an env plasmid . There is an additional system that comprises 4 or more plasmids; the key feature to this system is that the gag/pol cassette has been split onto two plasmids [21,22,26]. This system also includes tat and a vpr fusion protein, and it is being marketed as a fourth generation system (Clontech, La Jolla, CA). We have primarily used the third generation system, which provides the gag and pol genes on one plasmid and the rev on a separate plasmid (Fig 1C). In our work with rhesus monkeys we have utilized a packaging plasmid in which the gag gene has been altered such that the HIV-1 Gag protein has been mutated in one site to be more similar to the Gag of simian immunodeficiency virus (SIV) . In simian cells, HIV-1 fails to replicate because of an early post-entry block, so alteration of the gag gene significantly increases the ability of HIV-based lentiviral vectors to transduce simian cell lines .
The TG-RNAi vector plasmid contains all the cis elements necessary for production of the viral RNA genome, infection of target cells, integration into the host genome, and expression of TG-RNAi cassettes. The transcription of the RNA genome is directed by the 5’ LTR (Fig 1A, B). In the 3rd generation system, the promoter sequences of the 5’LTR have been replaced by a constitutively active promoter, such as the cytomegalovirus (CMV) or the Rous sarcoma virus (RSV) promoter creating a heterologous U3 (htU3) promoter [30,32]. This replacement eliminates the need for tat . Because the 2nd generation and 4th generation vector plasmids have retained the HIV 5’LTR U3 promoter, both systems require a packaging plasmid that supplies tat [21,22,29].
The TG-RNAi cassette in the transfer vector is the region in which the gene or RNAi molecule of interest can be inserted (Fig 1A). Lentiviruses are limited to an overall TG insert size of 8–10 kb [3,5]. Primarily two types of constructs are used; they either express a transgene of interest or produce RNAi molecules to suppress expression of a target gene. In either case a promoter must be provided, as the upstream LTR promoter activity has been eliminated once the viral genome is reverse transcribed and integrated into the host genome. The transgene promoter sequence can be a constitutively active promoter, a tissue specific promoter, or a regulated promoter. For our work we have used the constitutively active CMV promoter (Fig 1A). Because of space limitations, we have found it is best to use just the coding region, including the Kozak sequence of the cDNA encoding the transgene of interest. In one of our studies we used the coding region of the human nerve growth factor (hNGF) gene. By inserting an internal ribosome entry site (IRES), after the transgene we produced a lentiviral construct that is capable of producing a bicistronic mRNA (Fig 1A). The IRES is from the encephalomyocarditis virus and was generated by PCR from the pERV3 plasmid (Stratagene, La Jolla, CA). The PCR primers used to generate the IRES were as follows: upstream 5’-ACGCGTCCCCCCTCTCCCT-3’ and downstream 5’-ACGCGTGATCGTGTTTTTCAAAGG-3’. An Mlu I site was inserted at the 5’ end of both primers to facilitate cloning. Downstream of the IRES a cell marker can be used to identify infected cells. We commonly use enhanced green fluorescent protein (eGFP), but other cell markers such as different color fluorescent proteins, can replace the eGFP. Alternatively, an antibiotic resistance gene can be inserted in place of the eGFP (Fig 1A). There is one more DNA fragment incorporated into the transgene construct and that is a heterologous intron (Fig 1A). It is well known that heterologous introns enhance expression of transgenes in mice . In order to determine if the heterologous intron has the same effect in the context of a lentiviral vector, we inserted the rat insulin II intron A sequence used in transgenic mice [34,36] between the CMV promoter and the cDNA for hNGF (Fig 1A) and compared NGF production from infected 293T/17 cells. NGF released into the culture medium was determined with the NGF Emax immunoassay system (Promega Co. Madison WI). It was undetectable in culture medium from 293T/17 cells infected with virus lacking the NGF cDNA, clearly measurable in the medium of cells transduced with a viral construct lacking the heterologous intron, and greatly enhanced (>3-fold) when the intron was present (Fig 2).
The second type of construct we use is intended to suppress expression of target genes. The system called pPRIME (potent RNAi using miR expression) was developed in the Elledge lab and has been made available through Addgene (www.addgene.org). Artificial microRNAs (miRNAs) have improved host safety over short hairpin constructs thus avoiding potentially lethal oversaturation of cellular pathways [38,39]. The pPRIME vectors use an RNA polymerase II to direct the expression of a marker gene (eGFP, RFP, or an antibiotic resistance gene such as neomycin) followed by an artificial miRNA precursor (Fig 1B). The artificial miRNA is derived from miR-30 and is inserted downstream from the marker coding sequence; in our studies the marker sequence is eGFP. The miRNA sequence is engineered to allow replacement of the hairpin sequence so that any mRNA sequence can be targeted with this system [37,41]. We improved the pPRIME system by placing multiple hairpins in the same miRNA, a modification shown to increase the suppressive effectiveness of the RNAi cassette .
The major safety concern with using HIV-1 lentivirus is that a recombination event could occur resulting in the production of replication competent lentivirus (RCL). While no such event has been reported to occur, vigilance in this area during production is warranted. A brief discussion of a screening method to detect RCLs is presented below. A heightened concern regarding recombination events arises when the host animals are NHPs, because of the presence of retroviruses native to NHPs. Prescreening of candidate animals for retroviruses that have the potential for recombination is a prudent preventative measure. All animals used for our studies are screened for antibodies specific for SIV, simian retrovirus (SRV; types 1, 2, 3 and 5), and simian T-cell leukemia virus (STLV; types 1 and 2). The presence of antibodies for any of these viruses prevents an animal from being included in any study involving administration of lentiviruses.
The lentivirus is prepared by transient transfection of the 293T/17 packaging cells. The cells are grown, maintained, and transfected in antibiotic-free, high glucose Dulbecco’s modified eagle medium (D-MEM) (Invitrogen, Carlsbad, CA) plus 10% defined fetal bovine serum (Hyclone-ThermoFisher, Waltham, MA). The day before transfection the cells are plated at 70–80% confluency (six million cells per dish) in 10 cm tissue culture dishes (BD-Falcon, Franklin Lakes, NJ) that have been pre-coated with 20 µg/ml poly-L-lysine (Sigma-Aldrich, St Louis, MO) in phosphate buffered saline. The next day each dish is transfected with a mixture of the TG-RNAi expression plasmid (10 µg) plus the packaging plasmids (6.5 µg gB gag LV; 2.5 µg pLP2; 3.5 µg pLP/VSVG; Fig 1A, B, C). The gB gag LV was kindly provided by Dr. I. Verma ; the pLP2 and pLP/VSVG were acquired as part of the ViraPower Lentivirus Expression System (Invitrogen). The transfection is carried out using a calcium-phosphate solution consisting of a 1:1 mixture of 0.25 M CaCl2 (J.T. Baker, Phillipsburg, NJ): 2XBBS [0.28 M NaCl, (Sigma-Aldrich); 0.05 M N,N-bis-(2-Hydroxyethyl)-2-aminoethanesulfonic Acid (BES), (Calbiochem, La Jolla, CA); 1.5 mM Na2HPO4 (Sigma-Aldrich)]. The calcium-phosphate-DNA mixture is added drop-wise to each dish and the cells are incubated at 3% CO2/37C. After 18 hours, the transfection medium is replaced with fresh D-MEM and the cells are incubated overnight in an atmosphere of 10% CO2/37C. The virus is then harvested by collection and filtration of the medium through 0.22 µM steriflip filters (Millipore, Billerica, MA) followed by ultracentrifugation at 20,000 rpm using a swinging-bucket rotor (Beckman SW28, Beckman Coulter Inc., Fullerton, CA). The viral pellets are re-dissolved in Hank’s balanced salt solution (HBSS; Invitrogen), shaken at room temperature for 45 minutes and stored overnight at 4C. Fresh D-MEM is added to the dishes and cells are again incubated overnight at 10% CO2/37C. The virus is harvested as mentioned above and viral pellets are combined with the re-suspended virus from the previous day and shaken again to mix. The virus is concentrated by an additional ultracentrifugation spin at 21,000 rpm, in an SW60 rotor (Beckman Coulter Inc.) over 20% sucrose (Sigma-Aldrich) in phosphate buffered saline. The viral pellet is re-suspended in HBSS, shaken for 45 minutes at room temperature, aliquoted, and stored at −85C.
Titration of the virus is performed using flow cytometry to analyze infected cells for GFP expression. 293T/17 cells are plated at 400,000 cells per well in 6-well plates (Costar, Corning, NY) and various volumes of viral supernatant or dilutions of concentrated virus are added to each well, along with 0.16 µg/ml polybrene (hexadimethrine bromide, Sigma-Aldrich) to enhance infection efficiency. The plates are incubated at 10% CO2/37C for approximately 72 hours and the cells are lifted with trypsin (TrypLE, Invitrogen), fixed with 0.5% paraformaldehyde in phosphate buffered saline (to inactivate remaining virus), transferred to FACS cell-strainer cap tubes (BD-Falcon, Franklin Lakes, NJ), and analyzed by flow cytometry (FACScalibur, BD Biosciences, San Jose CA) for GFP fluorescence. Calculations are made using the percentage of GFP-positive cells to yield titer values that represent the number of transforming units (TU) per ml. For example if a 2 µl aliquot of conditioned medium resulted in 10% of the cells being counted as positive for GFP the calculation would be as follows: 400,000 cells × 0.1 (percent GFP positive cells) × 1000/2 µl (dilution factor correction) = 2 × 106 TU/ml. Concentrated viral preparations routinely have titer values of at least 1 million viral particles (TU) per µl. If it is not possible to include the reporter GFP protein to facilitate titration of the viral preps, real-time PCR or p24 ELISA (see below) can be used to titer viral preparations [43,44].
To ensure that RCL is not produced by recombination events in the host cell, a suspension of SUP-T1 (ATCC#CRL-1942) lymphoblast cells, seeded at 1 million cells per 25 cm2 flask (Corning, Lowell, MA), are infected with 10 million virus particles, and cells are propagated for two weeks in antibiotic free RPMI-1640 medium (Sigma-Aldrich) plus 10% defined fetal bovine serum (Hyclone-ThermoFisher). The medium is collected from the flasks containing the infected cells and assayed for the HIV-1 p24 antigen [28,45] using a commercial ELISA kit (Zeptometrix Corp., Buffalo, N.Y.). The sensitivity of the ELISA kit is approximately 7.8 pg/ml. However because the cells are propagated for two weeks prior to assay, a RCL would be amplified during this propagation step, making it unlikely that the lack of RCL detection is due to low sensitivity of the assay. It is important to note that should a RCL develop, the most likely env protein present would be VSV-G, which would result in the virus having a very broad tropism.
We have used the above described lentiviral vector system for both gene expression and gene suppression in the ovary and in the brain of NHPs. We will use these studies as examples of the two major applications, one involving a peripheral tissue and the other, involving the brain.
Anesthesia and analgesia regimens were consistent among the three surgical procedures described below. Animal positioning and incision sites varied with procedures. These variations are noted in the corresponding text. Anesthesia was induced with a 10 mg/kg intramuscular injection of Ketamine HCl (Ketaved, Bioniche Teoranta, Inverin, Co. Galway, Ireland). After endotracheal intubation, anesthesia was maintained with Isoflurane (Hospira, Inc., Lake Forest, IL) vaporized in 100% oxygen delivered via a non-rebreathing circuit. Bupivacaine, HCl 0.25% (Hospira, Inc., Lake Forest, IL) and Lidocaine, HCl 1% (Xylocaine, AstraZeneca LP, Wilmington, DE) were injected intradermally along the intended incision sites to provide local anesthesia. Hydromorphone (0.2 mg/kg intravenous injection) was administered to provide intraoperative analgesia. Post-operative analgesia consisted of Hydromorphone (0.2 mg/kg intramuscular injections) administered every 4 hours for 48 hours (0800–1600 hrs). Buprenorphine (Ben Venue Laboratories, Inc., Bedford, OH) was administered (0.03 mg/kg intramuscular injections) to provide overnight analgesia (at 2000 hrs).
Our work with a peripheral tissue has been focused on the ovary. The ovary is a suitable example of a peripheral tissue amenable to lentiviral gene transfer by localized injection, because it has clearly defined boundaries and is of a size that allows good penetration by injection. The goal of this study was to overexpress the gene encoding hNGF (Fig 1A). The delivery of the lentivirus to the ovary was via laparotomy. After ventral midline laparotomy, each ovary was surgically suspended with forceps at the utero-ovarian ligament and vascular pedicle. The lentivirus was delivered using a 100 µl Hamilton syringe (Hamilton Company, Reno, NV) with a disposable 30 ga needle. The needle was inserted into the ovary adjacent to the utero-ovarian ligament and 12 µl of lentivirus (200,000 TU/µl) were injected into each of four ovarian quadrants, for a total of 48 µl/ovary. A cotton-tipped applicator was held against the injection site for 10–15 seconds site to prevent leakage. The ovary was then returned to its normal position. The abdominal incision was closed using 3-0 Vicryl (Ethicon, Inc. Somerville, NJ) suture in a simple continuous pattern to appose the rectus fascia and subcutaneous layers. 4-0 Monocryl (Ethicon, Inc.) was used to appose the skin layer in an intradermal pattern. After the monkeys have been injected with the lentivirus they are kept separate from other animals of the rhesus colony in standard housing in an animal biological safety level II facility. The monkeys were then observed for changes in the menstrual cycle, both by daily observation of menses and regular blood sampling. We found that collecting blood samples three times a week is sufficient to characterize the length of the monkey’s cycle and assess its normality.
For our studies we were interested in the effects of knockdown of a gene known as enhanced at puberty 1 (EAP1). EAP1 mRNA expression was initially discovered to be upregulated in NHPs at puberty . Further, EAP1 was shown to be required for normal cyclicity and to be an important regulator of luteinizing hormone releasing hormone (LHRH) release in rodents . Thus it was important to test the hypothesis that EAP1 is critical for cyclicity in NHPs. We targeted cells expressing EAP1 mRNA, which are located in a region of the hypothalamus known as the arcuate nucleus. The pPRIME lentivirus was constructed as described above with 3 copies of the hairpin specific for the target mRNA embedded into the body of miR30 (Fig 1B; [37,42]).
In adult rhesus monkeys the arcuate nucleus is an oval shaped nucleus at the base of the brain and lateral to the 3rd ventricle, and it is 3–4.5 × 1–2 × 2–3 mm (anterior-posterior X lateral X dorsal-ventral) in size . An important challenge posed by this location is delivering with accuracy the lentivirus particles to cells included in this area. The Oregon National Primate Research Center pioneered the stereotaxic surgical and injection methods for rhesus macaques using x-ray images [48,49]. A lateral x-ray image (Fig 3A) shows the anterior and posterior clinoids of the sella turcica, bony structures that provide clear land marks in the anterior-posterior and dorsal-ventral orientations. However, there are no comparable landmarks in the x-rays for the medial-lateral orientation. In order to guide injections along this dimension we constructed a set of fiducial markers, which were visualized using the Siemens Magnetom Trio 3T magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) system (New York, NY), located on-campus at ONPRC. The fiducial markers were made from handmade glass spheres (approximately 1 mm id; 2.5 mm od; TRS Scientific Glass, Hillsboro, OR) filled with a 1:500 dilution of the gadolinium-based MRI contrast agent Prohance, (Bracco Diagnostics, Princeton, NJ). For ease of visualization throughout the surgical procedures, Prohance was diluted in trypan blue (0.4% in phosphate buffered saline, MP Biomedicals Inc., Solon, OH). The fill opening of the glass spheres was sealed with Loctite 3335, ultraviolet (UV)/cationic epoxy (Loctite Corporation, Rocky Hill, CT) which was cured using a handheld 366 nm UV light source (UVP Inc. San Gabriel, CA). The actual shape of the spheres was that of a flask complete with neck at the fill hole. The fiducial markers were sterilized in a solution of Cidex Plus (Advanced Sterilization Products, Irvine, CA) prior to surgical placement.
General anesthesia was induced as described in section 3.3. The monkey was placed in the prone position and the head secured to a stereotaxic apparatus (Model 1404, Kopf Instruments, Tujunga, CA). After sterile surgical preparation, a linear sagittal skin incision over the dorsal scalp was made to expose the top of the skull. Three partial-thickness burr holes were created in the top of the skull (see orientation Fig 3B) using a Hall air drill and medium round bur (Conmed Linvatec Corp., Largo, FL). The fiducial markers were laid on their sides in these depressions and affixed in place with sterile dental cement (CO-ORAL-ITE Dental MFG. Co., Inc., Diamond Springs, CA), leaving the uppermost side wall of the sphere (approximately 1 mm diameter) exposed. Because the fiducial markers were filled with blue dye, they were clearly visible. With the injection syringe (used as a pointer) attached to the micromanipulator, the stereotaxic coordinates for each fiducial marker were recorded in each of the 3 planes. The incision site was closed using 4-0 Monocryl in a simple interrupted pattern to appose the subcutaneous layer in a simple interrupted pattern; followed by 4-0 Monocryl intradermal pattern to appose the skin layer. The monkey was then removed from the stereotaxic apparatus and placed on a transport anesthesia cart allowing for maintenance of the Isoflurane anesthesia while transporting the monkey to the MRI unit (housed in an adjacent building).
In the MRI unit the monkey was maintained on Isoflurane anesthesia, which was continually supplied throughout the MRI procedure through tubing extending from the control room into the scanner room. The animal was kept warm using an underpad with circulating warm water as well as overlying towels, and physiological monitoring was maintained in the form of pulse rate, oxygenation, end-tidal CO2, as well as respiration rate. The animal was positioned head-first, supine in a radiofrequency coil suitable for a non-human primate head. Following a localizer scan, a 3-D T1-weighted magnetization-prepared rapid gradient-echo (MP-RAGE) scan was acquired, where TR=2500 ms, TE=4.38 ms, Ti=1100 ms, fov=120 mm, 176 slices with a base resolution of 256, thickness=0.5 mm, at an isotropic image resolution of 0.5 mm yielding an isovoxel size of 0.5 mm.
The injections were made 1–2 weeks after the implantation of the fiducial markers and the MRI procedure. Using the MRI image, the distance from the midline of the brain to the posterior fiducial marker (Fig 3C, D) was measured using the software Slicer3D (www.slicer.org). This measurement was used as a correction to establish the midline of the monkey once it was mounted in the stereotaxic apparatus on the day of injections. A lateral x-ray was then obtained to establish the target (Fig 3A, E); the MRI image in figure 3D shows the arcuate nucleus (arrow). The target is 1 mm dorsal of the line drawn between the points of the anterior and posterior clinoids of the sella turcica bone structure on the x-ray image (Fig 3E). To access the target site, the animal was anesthetized and positioned in the stereotaxic apparatus as previously described. A linear sagittal incision was then made over the dorsal scalp to expose the skull. A circular 1.5 cm diameter craniotomy was created using the Hall air drill and medium round bur. The dura mater was incised on either side of the sagittal sinus and the lateral branches of the sagittal sinus were cauterized as necessary using a bipolar coagulating current. The stereotaxic micromanipulator was then used to lower the injection syringe to the targets. We used a 10 µl Hamilton syringe (Hamilton Co.) with a blunt 26 ga., 52 mm needle. A 19 ga guide tube set in a nylon ring was fitted over the 26 ga. needle to prevent deviation of the needle as it was lowered into place. A total of six 1.5 µl injections containing 1 × 106 TU/µl, 3 per side, were placed in the target area. The first target injection site is 1 mm lateral from the midline of the brain (as defined by the MRI; Fig 3C), and 1 mm dorsal of the midpoint of the line drawn between the points of the sella turcica bone structure on the x-ray image (Fig 3E). From this point, 2 additional injections were placed 1 mm anterior and 1 mm posterior of the midpoint injection. The dorsal-ventral depth for the anterior and posterior injections was adjusted to maintain 1 mm dorsal of the line drawn between the points of the sella turcica (Fig 3E). The injection needle was slowly lowered into place, for each injection, and placement was confirmed on the left side by lateral x-ray. The needle placement can be seen in figure 3E, which is an example of the midpoint injection. Once it was confirmed that the needle point was in the target, the 1.5 µl of the viral construct solution was slowly injected (30 to 45 sec). The needle remained in place for an additional 30 sec before it was removed, to allow the solution time to absorb into the target. Because the injections on the right side (1 mm to the right of the midline of the brain) used the same anterior-posterior and dorsal-ventral coordinates, lateral x-rays were not repeated. During development of the injection procedure, 1.5 µl of a 1 µM solution of MnCl (Sigma-Aldrich) in trypan blue (0.4% in phosphate buffered saline, MP Biomedicals Inc.) was injected using these methods. The MnCl solution was detected by MRI in the arcuate nucleus (Fig 3F), and the brain was then collected and grossly sectioned to verify that the trypan blue was correctly localized to the arcuate nucleus (Fig 3G).
After the injections were complete, the craniotomy site was filled with Gelfoam (Pharmacia & Upjohn Co., Kalamazoo, MI), and the incision was closed using 4-0 Monocryl in a simple interrupted pattern to appose the subcutaneous tissue followed by 4-0 Monocryl intradermal pattern to appose the skin layer. Following treatment the monkeys are housed as described above, in an standard housing but segregated from the rest of the colony. The monkeys were then observed for changes in menstrual cycles, as described above, induced by the siRNA.
Lentiviral vectors are powerful tools to manipulate gene expression in vivo in a tissue and cell-specific manner following local delivery via intra tissue injections.
This work was supported by NIH grants HD-24870, HD-25123, the Eunice Kennedy Shriver NICHD/NIH through cooperative agreement HD18185 as part of the Specialized Cooperative Centers Program in Reproduction and Infertility Research, and RR-000163 for the operation of the Oregon National Primate Research Center.
Publisher's Disclaimer: This is a PDF file of an unedited manuscript that has been accepted for publication. As a service to our customers we are providing this early version of the manuscript. The manuscript will undergo copyediting, typesetting, and review of the resulting proof before it is published in its final citable form. Please note that during the production process errors may be discovered which could affect the content, and all legal disclaimers that apply to the journal pertain. | <urn:uuid:9fb496a7-42f1-4a47-8b6f-863dccc3c447> | CC-MAIN-2018-05 | http://pubmedcentralcanada.ca/pmcc/articles/PMC2732747/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-05/segments/1516084888077.41/warc/CC-MAIN-20180119164824-20180119184824-00057.warc.gz | en | 0.929976 | 8,763 | 2.515625 | 3 |
The UN IPCC's Artful Bias
Omissions, False Confidence and Misleading Statistics
the Summary for Policymakers
science summary -- Working Group 1 of the Third Assessment Report)
E. Wojick, Ph.D.
(Click here for author information)
Summary of Findings:
The UN IPCC WG1 Summary for Policymakers
(SPM) of the Third
Assessment Report is not an assessment of climate change science, even
though it claims to be. Rather, it is an artfully constructed
presentation of just the science that supports the fear of human induced
climate change. It is as one sided as a legal brief, which it resembles.
Line by line analysis of the SPM reveals that all of the
science that cuts against the theory of human interference with climate
has been systematically omitted. In some cases the leading arguments
against human interference are actually touched on, but without being
revealed or discussed. In other cases the evidence against human
interference is simply ignored. Because of these strategic omissions,
the SPM voices a degree of certainty that is entirely false.
Glaring omissions are only glaring to experts, so the
"policymakers" -- including the press and the public -- who
read the SPM will not realize they are being told only one side of a
story. But the scientists who drafted the SPM know the truth, as
revealed by the sometimes artful way they conceal it. This deliberate
distortion can only be explained by the fact that the UN IPCC is part of
an advocacy process, organized by the United Nations Environment Program
and supporting the Kyoto Protocol.
What is systematically omitted from the SPM are precisely
the uncertainties and positive counter evidence that might negate the
human interference theory. Instead of assessing these objections, the
Summary confidently asserts just those findings that support its case.
In short, this is advocacy, not assessment.
The UN IPCC WG1 Summary for Policymakers is available at:
Specific examples assessed in this report:
Specific examples of glaring omissions, false confidence
and misleading statistics in the UN IPCC WG1 Summary for Policymakers
include the following:
1. Likely sources of bias in the surface temperature record of the last 150 years, which are well known and considerable, are ignored. The amount of warming is claimed to be known with a false degree of confidence. We do not, in fact, know for certain that the earth has warmed at all. (Details here)
2. The profound inconsistency between the recent warming in the surface temperature record, and the absence of warming in the satellite record, is simply shrugged off.
3. The enormous, and growing, uncertainty as to the effect of aerosols on climate is masked in the discussion, and is deliberately suppressed in predicting the future. If included, the UN IPCC 100 year prediction would include the possibility of no warming or even cooling.
4. The fact that the vast majority of all greenhouse gas emissions are natural is ignored.
5. Advances in climate science that do not support the theory of human interference have been ignored.
problem of errors in the surface temperature record.
1. The discussion on UN IPCC WG1 SPM page 2
(the first page
of text) begins with this headline:
"The global average surface temperature has increased
over the 20th century by about 0.6°C."
Not "may have", or even "is likely to have',
but simply "has". False certainty. Any suggestion of doubt is
omitted, but there is plenty to doubt.
2. The text itself says
"The global average surface
temperature (the average of near surface air temperature over land, and
sea surface temperature) has increased since 1861. Over the 20th century
the increase has been 0.6 ±0.2°C (Figure
1a). This value is about 0.15°C
larger than that estimated by the SAR for the period up to 1994, owing
to the relatively high temperatures of the additional years (1995 to
2000) and improved methods of processing the data. These numbers take
into account various adjustments, including urban heat island
This is the only reference in the text to any possible
problems with the temperature record. It says they have been "taken
into account", with special reference to the urban heat island
effect. False certainty. The discussion of these problems, how likely
they are to be significant, and how they have been taken into account,
has simply been omitted. In fact how well they have been taken into
account is highly contentious.
3. Figure 1a at least has more detail, albeit finer print.
It says this adjacent to the figure:
"The Earth’s surface temperature is shown year by
year (red bars) and approximately decade by decade (black line, a
filtered annual curve suppressing fluctuations below near decadal
time-scales). There are uncertainties in the annual data
whisker bars represent the 95% confidence range) due to data gaps,
random instrumental errors and uncertainties, uncertainties in bias
corrections in the ocean surface temperature data and also in
adjustments for urbanization over the land. Over both the last 140 years
and 100 years, the best estimate is that the global average surface
temperature has increased by 0.6 ±0.2°C."
This at least mentions specific problems. But notice the
placement of the parenthetical expression in the pivotal second
sentence, just before the list. This seems to say quite clearly that the
error bars give the 95% confidence level for the uncertainties listed.
This is simply false. The error bars give at best the 95% confidence
level for the pure error of sampling, which assumes the sample is random
and there are no measurement errors of the sort listed in the very
sentence being modified. This comes as close to outright lying as
anything we have found so far.
The truth is there is no way to correct for most
measurement errors, including the urban heat island effect. The
magnitude of these errors, which may be quite large, is simply unknown.
The supposed corrections that have been made to date are merely
Nor does there seem to be any reference to the fact that
this is a "convenience sample", not a random sample of the
earth's surface, as required by sampling science. Unless it is the
innocent sounding phrase "data gaps". Reference to data gaps
suggests that sometimes a station did not record, or the data is bad,
not that there is in actuality no data for most of the earth, most of
the time. So the fact that we merely have a convenience sample is either
omitted, or cleverly disguised.
Moreover, the number of items in the convenience sample is tiny. It is preposterous to claim to know the temperature of the entire earth from such a sample.
simply do not know if the entire earth has warmed or not. The most we
know is what has happened in certain places and times, and likely
measurement error makes even this information highly uncertain.
profound dilemma for climate change science
It should be noted that there is a widespread misconception
that a National Academy of Science panel resolved this issue in January
2000. In fact the panel concluded just what I have said above -- that we
do not understand how this contradiction can arise, if both temperature
records are correct.
To simply gloss over this profound scientific uncertainty
is a major omission indeed, perhaps the greatest omission in the UN-IPCC
The IPCC has suppressed the profound significance of
only in the WG1 SPM text, but in the modeling as well
not only in the WG1 SPM text, but in the modeling as well
Discussion of aerosols in the UN IPCC WG1 SPM begins on
page 5 with this headline:
The highlighted phrase reflects a false certainty. Whether
or not human emissions will affect climate is obviously a matter of
great debate. What follows, however, are some incredible omissions.
The role of aerosols is explained as follows:
This text states quite clearly and correctly that an
ability to predict future climate (if that is even possible) requires an
understanding of the effect of aerosols. The last sentence says that
"current estimates of the radiative forcing" of aerosols are
shown in SPM figure 3 (page 8). This sentence is false. In fact not only are
the estimated uncertainties in aerosol forcings not shown, they are also
excluded from the projections of future climate. These are major
SPM Figure 3 (Fig.5 above) shows estimated forcings for five classes of
aerosols. For four of these classes there is also a vertical error bar
which the legend explains "indicates a range of estimates, guided
by the spread in the published values of the forcings and physical
understanding." In addition, each class is labeled with a
"Level of Scientific Understanding." One class is labeled
"Low" and the other four are labeled
No explanation of these uncertainty levels is provided.
However, in the UN IPCC's 1995 Second Assessment Report an earlier
version of this same figure appears as figure 2.16, on page 117. Here it
is explained that the levels `low' and `very low'
are "our subjective confidence that the actual forcing lies within
this error bar." In fact the levels are called
`levels of understanding.'
In plain language, this means that the chances that the
aerosol forcings actually lie within the error bars are very low in most
cases. Conversely, it is very likely that the actual forcings lie
outside these error bars. What then is the likely range for these
forcings? We are not told, in fact the very issue, which was at least
alluded to in the IPCC SAR, has now been entirely omitted.
The truth is that the possible range of forcings is very
large, much larger than the error bars show. Therefore the range of
aerosol forcings is much larger than the ranges for the greenhouse
gases, which are shown to have a "high" level of
understanding. If the correct error bars for aerosols were shown -- bars
that display the likely range of forcings -- they would be seen to
overwhelm the greenhouse gas forcings.
In short we simply do not understand aerosol forcing. In
fact a recent paper in the journal Science claims that the
range of possible forcings is as much as twice the very large range that
is not shown in the TAR. This indicates that our understanding of
aerosol forcing is diminishing as research proceeds. (See
"Reshaping the Theory of Cloud Formation" by R. J. Charlson et
al, Science, June 15, 2001.)
If, as the UN IPCC states quite clearly and correctly, an
ability to project future climate requires an understanding of the
effect of aerosols, then we simply do not have that ability. Yet the
IPCC does project future climates, based on various scenarios.
How does the UN IPCC deal with our profound lack of understanding of aerosol forcings? The answer lies in an incredible footnote on page 13, specifically footnote 11. In the text before footnote 11 the IPCC says this:
Footnote 11 amends this 1.4 to 5.8°C projection as follows:
So the UN IPCC has simply ignored the very large aerosol
uncertainties. No reason is given, but if these uncertainties were
included, some of the scenarios would yield projections of future
cooling, not warming. Perhaps the UN IPCC does not want to admit the
possibility that there may be no warming at all, or actual cooling. In
any case it is clear that entire issue of aerosol uncertainty has been
omitted from the WG1 SPM, including changing the language of the key
figure. Far worse, however, is that the effect of this uncertainty has
been deliberately suppressed in the model projections of future climate.
It is hard not to see this as scientific fraud.
The discussion of GHG emissions on UN IPCC WG1 SPM page 7 contains these three parallel paragraphs:
1. Parallel construction requires that there be a sentence
explaining the fraction of CO2 emissions that are anthropogenic, but
there is none. It would read as follows -- About one twenty fifth of
current CO2 emissions are anthropogenic. The important fact that the
vast majority of CO2 emissions are natural has been omitted.
2. In addition, not even mentioned is water vapor, by far
the most important greenhouse gas. Natural emissions of water vapor are
so enormous that human emissions do not even measure in comparison. If
this were explained there would also be a sentence saying -- virtually
no water vapor emissions are anthropogenic.
The UN IPCC has ignored scientific advances that undercut
the theory of human interference, including the profound chaos science
that is presented in the Third Assessment Report itself.
Advances in climate science that do not support the theory
of human interference have been ignored in the UN IPCC WG1 SPM. These
include the role of clouds, solar variation, lunar influence, orbital
cycles, decadal oscillations, and more. If anything, the science today
provides less support for the theory of human interference than it did
in 1995, when the IPCC Second Assessment Report was done.
Perhaps the most egregious omission is the emerging
understanding of the chaotic nature of climate. Not only is this science
very important, but it is presented in considerable detail in the TAR
itself (see below). About one half of Chapter 14 of the WG1 TAR is
devoted to discussing the profound significance of the fact that climate
processes are chaotic and therefore unpredictable. But the SPM does not
even mention the word "chaos".
Likewise the UN IPCC WG1 Technical Summary (TS), which was
written by the same people as the SPM, has but a single sentence on
chaos, tucked away on page 78. It says:
"The climate system is a coupled non-linear chaotic
system, and therefore the long-term prediction of future exact climate
states is not possible. Rather the focus must be upon the prediction of
the probability distribution of the system’s future possible states by
the generation of ensembles of model solutions."
In plain language the kind of prediction the UN IPCC is
doing is not possible. The best that might be done is to provide a
probability distribution for possible futures, but the IPCC does not do
this. The profound fact of chaotic climate is simply ignored.
What makes this omission so egregious is that the chaotic
nature of climate is discussed in the WG1 TAR itself, which the SPM and
TS are supposed to be summarizing. Here are some statements from the
expert review draft TAR, Chapter 14. (The order has been changed for
Draft WG1 TAR, Chapter 14 -- some statements regarding
chaos and climate:
"In sum, a strategy must recognize what is possible.
In climate research and modeling, we should recognize that we are
dealing with a coupled non-linear chaotic system, and therefore that the
prediction of a specific future climate state is not possible. The most
we can expect to achieve is the prediction of the probability
distribution of the system's future possible states by the generation of
ensembles of model solutions. This reduces climate change to the
discernment of significant differences in the statistics of such
ensembles. The generation of such model ensembles will require the
dedication of greatly increased computer resources and the application
of new methods of model diagnosis."
In short, it cannot now be done. Not only is prediction
fundamentally impossible due to chaos, but the statistical substitute
for prediction that may be possible cannot now be done. The uncertainty
is complete. Chapter 14 also says this:
"The climate system is particularly challenging since
it is known that components in the system are inherently chaotic and
there are central components which affect the system in a non-linear
manner and potentially could switch the sign of critical feedbacks. The
non-linear processes include the basic dynamical response of the climate
system and the interactions between the different components. These
complex, non-linear dynamics are an inherent aspect of the climate
system. Amongst the important non-linear processes are the role of
clouds, the thermohaline circulation, and sea ice. There are other
another broad non-linear components, the biogeochemical system and, in
particular, the carbon system, the hydrological cycle, and the chemistry
of the atmosphere."
"A strategy to advance our understanding must deal
with the underlying chaotic nature of the climate system and the
significant non-lineraities. The chaotic aspect of the climate system
poses significant challenges to predicting changes in the occurrence of
"An overriding challenge to modeling and to the IPCC
is prediction. This challenge is particularly acute when predictive
capability is sought for a system that is chaotic, that has significant
non-linearities, and that is inherently stiff."
"However, as the temporal horizon grows, then the
challenge shifts as chaotic elements begin to affect the evolution of
the system. The predictive environment shifts from one of precision to
one of statistical significance."
"There is a growing recognition in the scientific
community and more broadly that: The Earth functions as a system, with
properties and behavior that are characteristic of the system as a
whole. These include critical thresholds, switch or control points,
strong nonlinearities, teleconnections, chaotic elements, and
unresolvable uncertainties. Understanding components of the Earth System
is critically important, but is insufficient on its own to understand
the functioning of the Earth System as a whole."
Chaos is a fundamental uncertainty in climate science, but
the UN IPCC ignores it.
Dr David Wojick
of the SPM lead authors are leading activists
The press often says the UN IPCC reports are produced by
hundreds, if not thousands, of scientists. This may be true in some
vague sense of participation, and the actual TAR chapters do not exhibit
as much glaring scientific bias as the WG1 Summary for Policymakers and
On the other hand, only experts read the main reports. The
UN IPCC's voice to the public, press and policy makers regarding climate
science is through the WG1 SPM and the TS. These two documents have
precisely the same 20 lead authors, many of whom are among the leading
proponents of the theory of human climate interference.
Here are the 20 lead authors listed by the UN IPCC --
Co-ordinating Lead Authors: D.L. Albritton (USA), L.G. Meira
Lead Authors: U. Cubasch (Germany), X. Dai (China), Y. Ding
(China), D.J. Griggs (UK), B. Hewitson (South Africa), J.T. Houghton
(UK), I. Isaksen (Norway), T. Karl (USA), M. McFarland (USA),
V.P. Meleshko (Russia), J.F.B. Mitchell (UK), M. Noguer (UK), B.S.
Nyenzi (Tanzania), M. Oppenheimer (USA), J.E. Penner (USA), S.
Pollonais (Trinidad and Tobago), T. Stocker (Switzerland), K.E.
Names in boldface in particular stand out as among the top
rank of activist scientists for the theory of human climate
interference. Most are frequently quoted in the U.S. and British press.
(I am less familiar with the others, who may also be activists
elsewhere.) These are:
Dan Albritton -- U.S. National Oceanic and Atmospheric
Sir. John Houghton -- former head of the UK Meteorological
Office, and arguably the foremost proponent of the theory of human
climate interference. Mitchell and Noguer are also with the UK MET.
Thomas Karl -- NOAA and Co-chair of the U.S. National
Michael Oppenheimer -- Environmental Defense Fund.
Kevin Trenberth -- U.S. National Center for Atmospheric
It is no wonder, therefore, that the two Summaries are so blatantly biased in favor of the theory of human climate interference. They are written by scientists who have staked their reputations on that theory.
2) Doubts Cloud Climate Change Science
Climate science uncertainties, cited by George W. Bush as a
reason for rejecting the Kyoto Protocol, just got a lot worse. According
to a report in today’s issue of Science, the largest single
uncertainty -- the impact or "forcing" of aerosols on climate
-- may be much larger than previously estimated. The study, entitled
"Reshaping the Theory of Cloud Formation" is by a team led by
R. J. Charlson at the University of Washington.
Charlson et al are quite blunt:
"Droplet clouds are
the most important factor controlling the albedo (reflectivity) and
hence the temperature of our planet. Manmade aerosols have a strong
influence on cloud albedo, with a global mean forcing estimated to be of
the same order (but opposite in sign) as that of greenhouse gases, but
the uncertainties associated with the aerosol forcing are large. Recent
studies indicate that both the forcing and its magnitude may be even
larger than anticipated."
The issue is how many droplets a cloud will have. Cloud
optical properties are controlled by the sizes and numbers of the
droplets in the cloud, which are, in turn, governed by the availability
of atmospheric particles that serve as cloud condensation nuclei. It has
been believed that an increase in atmospheric aerosols, such as sulfates,
from fossil fuel combustion would lead to smaller cloud droplets because
the same amount of cloud liquid water is distributed among more
condensation nuclei. For the same liquid water content, a cloud with
more numerous, but smaller, drops has a higher albedo than one with
fewer, larger drops. This phenomenon, termed the "first indirect
climatic effect of aerosols," could constitute a major climate
"But," the authors say,
of indirect aerosol radiative forcing or of its uncertainty do not
include the combined influences of some recently identified chemical
factors, each of which leads to additional negative forcing (cooling) on
top of that currently estimated for water vapor."
According to the authors, estimates of the indirect
climatic effect of aerosols are based on the theory of cloud droplet
formation advanced by the Swedish scientist Hilding Kohler in the 1920s
and 1930s. Kohler’s theory, they say, is too simple and when it is
refined, the potential aerosol forcing gets much larger. Specifically,
they say that "it has recently become clear that soluble gases,
slightly soluble solutes, and surface tension depression by organic
substances also influence the formation of cloud droplets, in a manner
unforeseen by Kohler." For example, they say,
how it is dispersed over the aerosol population, a minute amount of
soluble gas can exert a profound effect on the number of activated
researchers note that how climate models might incorporate these new
findings "remains to be determined." They conclude that
"lack of global data on these activation effects poses additional
uncertainty beyond that already recognized by the Intergovernmental
Panel on Climate Change, making the largest uncertainty in estimating
climate forcing even larger."
This study grows out of several years of research into the
logic of the climate change debate. During that time I have operated an
email listserv where knowledgeable people from all sides of the climate
change issue have posted over 25,000 messages. From this experience I
have gained a comprehensive understanding of just how complex and
unsettled the science really is.
I have become increasingly distressed by statements made by
supporters of the Kyoto Protocol to the effect that the science is
settled, or that the uncertainties have diminished to the point where
action is obviously justified. Nothing could be further from the truth.
I am particularly concerned that the IPCC is being represented as a
neutral body. Such claims are simply false, and it is the purpose of
this study to demonstrate that they are false.
Because the IPCC scientific Summary for Policymakers is
completely one sided, most of its deceptions are omissions. One cannot
simply point to omissions as one can to falsehoods. So I have undertaken
to catalog the omissions, and the false assertions of confidence that
they enable, on a line by line basis. The present report is just a
start, and more cases will be forthcoming over time. But time is of the
essence, and the present small collection is sufficient to make the
point. The IPCC SPM is a study in artful bias.
4) Biographical information.
Dr. David E. Wojick has a Ph.D. in mathematical logic and
philosophy of science from the University of Pittsburgh, and a B.S. in
civil engineering from Carnegie Mellon University. He has been on the
faculty of Carnegie Mellon, where he helped found both the Department of
Engineering and Public Policy, and the Department of Philosophy. He has
also served with the Office of Naval Research and the Naval Research
Laboratory. He is presently a freelance writer covering climate change
issues for Electricity Daily, and a policy analyst.
A resume and client list are at http://www.bydesign.com/powervision/resume.html
The free sign-up for Dr. Wojick's listserv is at http://www.climatechangedebate.org
Non subscribers can follow the debate at http://www.eScribe.com/science/ClimateChangeDebate/
July 13, 2001
Return to `Climate Change Guest Papers' page
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A Story of California
One Hundred Years Old
By Sarah Duque and Scott T. Barnes
"A tale of adventure and an unlikely friendship on one of California's last ranchos. In fourth grade California students study the state's history including the missions and ranchos. However, few tales from this period have been written down. Rancho San Felipe is a true story of a 1905 adventure told by the daughter of the hero. Woman-of-the-year winner Sarah Duque's delightful full-color illustrations make this true story equally appropriate as a fourth-grade reader and a read-aloud book. Includes a map, vocabulary, and brands used to identify cattle."
I spent a couple of years of my childhood living in California and remember our times of learning about the history of California including the ranches and missions. This book is a fantastic, historical look for students today to capture some of that history in beautifully illustrated story form. Sarah Duque tells the true story of her Father Victor as a child in 1905 as he heads out on his first cattle drive. He wants to be a vaquero or cowboy in the worst way, and learns many skills along the way.
Victor thinks a tall horse and a pair of boots will make him a vaquero but it really ends up being the skills he learns along the way as he encounters different wild animals and people.
The illustrations are in fantastic California style! They look like native Hispanic drawings and really show the lifestyle and life on the ranches. The colors are bright and engaging. This is a great book to have on hand as you learn state history, or the lives of people in early California. A great addition to a homeschoolers library.
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Was Richard Neville, 16th Earl of Warwick “The Kingmaker” a consummate politician who read situations cleverly? Or a power-hungry man, possed by greed and willing to perform acts of treason to get his own way? This A-Level History Lesson explores the nature of Warwick’s responses to situations to determine if he was proactive in his dealings, forcing agendas that led to further conflict, or rather a reactionary man, wanting law and order for the good of the realm.
There are several points of view held by historians over the years about Richard Neville, Earl of Warwick. Students may stumble across these as they try to comprehend the changing political landscape of England in the 1450s through to the death of Warwick the Kingmaker at the Battle of Barnet in 1471. For example:
- Warwick was an opportunist, out only to better the standing of himself and his family
- Warwick was a proud noble, loyal to the concept of good governance which he always sought to uphold
- Warwick was a ‘loose cannon’ whose behaviour was erratic, illogical, and out of control
- Warwick is a classic example of the proverb “Power corrupts absolute power corrupts absolutely”
- Warwick was a traitor
The reality is that Warwick was a complex individual. In some respects, he was all those things at various times and to a greater or lesser degree. Within the context of the time and place, many of his actions are far more understandable and forgivable than they would be if assessed against modern standards.
- Causation and links of causes
This activity is designed to provide an overview that addresses all but the Interpretations. It can be used to give the big picture prior to depth learning, or as a tool to revise key issues in relation to the Earl of Warwick’s role in the Wars of the Roses.
This exercise uses a Living Timeline approach. Exemplification of this approach and a wide range of examples can be found on Ian Dawson’s website.
Students will be able to understand:
- The context in which actions were taken
- The basic chronology of events that relate specifically to the Earl of Warwick
Setting up the activity
If conducting this activity as a whole class active learning exercise you will need a lot of space. It is possible in a standard-sized classroom, but you may wish to use the school hall/gym if they are available.
For the graph create a horizontal axis labelled with dates from 1450 to 1471. You can make these highly visible by printing the years onto A4 and laying them out where all of the class can see.
The vertical axis needs both + and – with ratings of 0-5. The axis can be labelled as +1-5 Proactive and -1-5 Reactive. (See example graph below in the individual learner’s route to completing the activity)
Give each student ranking cards:
+5 Warwick’s own initiative
+4 Warwick and his family’s initiative
+3 Warwick and other notable figures, outside his family, taking the initiative
+1 Proactive reaction to minor events
0 no reaction to an event
-1 Reactive to minor events
-2 Reacts alone or with others but not with decisive deeds
-3 Warwick and other notable figures responding to deeds of others
-4 Warwick and his family’s reactive actions
-5 Warwick’s own reaction and subsequent actions
As an active learning exercise, you can provide students with one or more events from the ones included in the activity (below). If using a more traditional approach, the attached PowerPoint (coming soon) works through the events in chronological order.
Look at Slide 1.
It combines some events with some responses. The two go hand in hand, they are cause and consequence. Ask students to look at the responses to the events. Is the forcing of the Protectorship and arming of factions proactive, or reactive? Is it significant? How does the first bullet point lead to Warwick siding with York? Are there any other issues that need to be considered? 9There are, such as why the Council wanted Somerset replacing with York).
As a class discuss where the reactions would go on the graph. Forcing the change in Protector is clearly reactive. Students may wish to establish whether the Yorkists or Lancastrians began to arm first: Warwick was already arming before this point so for him, its proactive.
Repeat for the remaining events/slides. If doing this as an active learning exercise the students can explain their reasoning to the rest of the group. This may lead to a discussion around core issues that emerge on the course.
If students are undertaking the task individually, compare the judgements made of each action.
Slide 1: The problem with Somerset
- In June 1453, Edmund Beaufort Duke of Somerset is granted lands in Glamorgan. These lands had been part of the Earl of Warwick’s inheritance from the Despenser line.
- September 1453. As King Henry Vs health fails, the Duke of Somerset takes effective control of the government, with the support of the Queen.
- On 27th March 1454 Council forces a change of leadership, giving the protectorship of England to Richard 3rd Duke of York.
- Tension rises between supporters of Somerset and York; they and their allies begin to raise armies.
Slide 2 – Victory at St. Albans
- At St. Alban’s on 22nd May 1455 the armies of York and Somerset clash at St. Albans. Somerset and the Earl of Northumberland lead an army in the king’s name, York, Warwick and the Earl of Salisbury lead an army of ‘loyal opposition’.
- Somerset is killed in the fighting.
- King Henry VI is captured by Yorkist forces.
- Richard 3rd Duke of York is now firmly in control of Government.
Slide 3 – Captain of Calais
- Warwick is given the post of Captain of Calais for his services to Richard Duke of York.
- Henry VI resumes personal rule as he has recovered from his illness.
- Warwick attacks a Spanish fleet on 28th May 1457.
- Warwick attacks a German fleet in the Autumn of 1457.
- Late in 1457, Warwick is summoned to Parliament to explain his attacks on vessels flying the flags of Spain and Germany. England was not at war with either nation.
Slide 4 – Loveday to the rout at Ludford Bridge
- A ‘Loveday’ is held to try and reconcile factions.
- In 1458 Warwick’s men become involved in a brawl with the Duke of Somerset (son of Edmund). Somerset narrowly avoids assassination. Warwick is forced to flee to the safety of Calais.
- The Earl of Salisbury’s army is intercepted and attacked at Blore Heath. Salisbury’s Yorkist force wins the battle and proceeds to meet with York and Warwick at Ludlow.
- Summons to Parliament issued. It is to be held in Coventry. York is not invited.
- In October of 1459, a Yorkist Army prepared to take the field against Somerset’s army. However, some key men changed camps during the night and the Yorkists fled. Richard went to Ireland. Warwick, Salisbury, and the Earl of March to Calais.
Slide 5 – Parliament of Devils
- The Coventry Parliament (Parliament of Devils) attains all the leading Yorkists.
- Somerset lay siege to Calais but is successfully repelled.
- Warwick sails to Ireland for meetings with York.
- Warwick, Salisbury, and the Earl of March land at Sandwich on 26th June 1460 with an army.
Slide 6 – Act of Accord
- The Earls of Warwick and March engage the Kings army and defeat it at Northampton.
- Richard 3rd Duke of York returns from Ireland and makes a claim for the throne.
- The Council are unwilling to support a usurpation.
- The Act of Accord is passed by Parliament.
Slide 7 – Wakefield to St. Albans
- At Wakefield, a Yorkist army including the Duke of York and Earl of Salisbury is defeated by Queen Margaret. Both York and Salisbury are killed.
- Queen Margaret’s army marches on London. Warwick meets them at St. Albans, where he is outflanked and forced to flee. King Henry VI is abandoned on the battlefield by the defeated Yorkists.
- The Earl of March joins with Warwick, who proclaims Edward, now Duke of York, as rightful King.
Slide 8 – The Towton Campaign
- Warwick and Edward march north.
- Warwick is injured at the battle of Ferrybridge.
- At Towton, south of York, the Yorkists win a major and decisive victory over the Lancastrians. Most leading Lancastrian commanders are killed in the battle, rout, or executed immediately afterwards. Henry VI and Margaret of Anjou make an escape from York and head to Northumberland.
- Edward is crowned king. Warwick is his chief minister.
Slide 9 – Warwick in the ascendancy as Chief Minister
- Warwick created High Admiral of England and Steward of the Duchy of Lancaster (1462)
- A truce is negotiated with Scotland by Warwick in 1462.
- In December 1462, Warwick’s mother, the Countess of Salisbury dies. His inheritance makes him the second richest person in England behind only the King.
- In 1462 Margaret of Anjou lands in Northumberland with French support and that of the Earl of Northumberland. They capture several Castles including Alnwick and Bamburgh.
- In 1463, Warwick begins negotiating a truce with the French. It would see Edward IV marry the sister of the French King and an end to any French involvement in English wars: which would end Margaret of Anjou’s chances of regaining the crown.
Slide 10 – Edward’s Marriage and the Woodville ‘Problem’
- Edward IV secretly marries Elizabeth Woodville, on 1st May 1464.
- Warwick and Council are told, months after the event in September 1464, of Edward’s marriage.
- Warwick is sent in Spring 1466 to negotiate a truce with France. The Kings sister is offered in marriage. Warwick remains in favour of an agreement with France.
- Whilst Warwick is negotiating with France, the Queen’s father Baron Rivers is appointed treasurer. He presses for an alliance with Burgundy against the French.
- In October 1467 Warwick discovers that Edward has signed a Treaty with Burgundy without consulting him.
Slide 11 – Warwick’s Rebellion
- Late October 1467, Warwick is summoned to court to answer charges that he is plotting against the king with a view to reinstating Henry VI. (He sends a letter, which was accepted, refuting the charge).
- During 1469 Warwick begins to ally with the Kings brother, George Duke of Clarence.
- April 1469, a rebellion in the north, instigated by Warwick, is easily dealt with by the Yorkist regime.
- 26th July 1469, at Edgecote Moor, an army of Warwick’s men led by Sir John Conyers (King Edward’s cousin!) defeats an army of Welsh loyalists.
- Queen Elizabeth’s father, Earl Rivers and one of her brothers were captured by Warwick’s men in late July 1468. After a short show trial, they were both beheaded.
Slide 12 – Edward freed then forced to flee
- July-September 1469, Warwick attempts to rule in Edward’s name but has little support from the nobility.
- Edward is released from house arrest at Middleham Castle and Warwick attempts to work with him. It is a short-lived arrangement, Edward soon restored Henry Percy to his title of Earl of Northumberland.
- 12th March 1470. With it clear that it was impossible to work together, the armies of Warwick and Edward met in battle at Losecoat Field. Edward’s army was victorious, and Warwick and the Duke of Clarence were forced to flee to France.
Slide 13 – Readeption of Henry VI
- Sensing an opportunity to oust Edward, the French facilitate an agreement between Warwick and Margaret of Anjou. The Angers Agreement, signed 1st May 1470, would see Prince Edward (of Westminster) marry Anne Neville, daughter of Warwick. This marriage took place the same year, on 13th December at Angers Cathedral.
- 13th September 1470, Clarence lands at Plymouth with an invasion force.
- 2nd October 1470, Edward flees to Burgundy as the pressure on him intensifies.
- 3rd October 1470. Readeption of Henry VI. Warwick is named Chief Minister.
- 13th December 1470. Anne Neville, daughter of Warwick, marries Edward, Prince of Wales at Angers Cathedral.
Slide 14 – Endgame. Edward’s ‘Arrivall’ and Warwick’s death at Barnet
- November 1470, Parliament attains Edward IV and strips him of his land and titles.
- March 1471, Edward lands at Ravenspur on the Yorkshire Coast at the head of an army of Yorkists and Burgundians. The Earl of Northumberland joins with Edward bringing his own force. They are soon joined by Clarence who has changed sides in the conflict.
- 14th April 1471. The armies of Edward and Warwick meet at Barnet. The Battle is won by the Yorkists. As Warwick tries to flee the battlefield he is knocked from his horse and killed.
Debriefing / Plenary Session
Asking students to judge whether an act was reactive or proactive is a means of getting the to think about whether decisions were forced onto Warwick or other people for that matter. The events range in nature enough to show that a range of issues came to bear on that decision-making process. Reference can be made to the earlier events such as the grant of Despenser lands to Somerset as a cause of factionalism. So too can the dynastic ambitions of the nobility. Warwick himself had benefitted from wise and upwardly mobile marriages: he wanted the same for his children. Combined these events and the reaction to them give an insight into the character of Richard Neville, 16th Earl of Warwick. Questioning in the debrief could, therefore, be along the lines of:
- What recurrent themes are there in the politics in which Warwick was involved?
- Can Warwick be ‘blamed’ for his actions?
- What were Warwick’s motives and did these change over time? If so, why? | <urn:uuid:84a4e8cc-e33c-43e0-9aed-b9112c28df07> | CC-MAIN-2020-50 | https://schoolshistory.org.uk/topics/lessons-and-activities/consummate-politician-assessing-warwick-the-kingmaker-a-level-history/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-50/segments/1606141542358.71/warc/CC-MAIN-20201201013119-20201201043119-00085.warc.gz | en | 0.960862 | 3,099 | 3.703125 | 4 |
The so-called “polar vortex,” a pipeline of cold Arctic air pummeling the central part of the continent, is dominating headlines as it plunges various areas into record-low temperatures.
The vortex is a whirlpool of cold air making its way from Nunavut down through Manitoba and Saskatchewan and into the United States, setting many record temperatures along the way. States as far south as Georgia and Florida are being hit.
It’s also affecting Ontario, where there are widespread wind chill warnings in effect. Powerful snow squall activity around Georgian Bay and Lake Huron has resulted in blizzard warnings.
“With the depth of cold air that we’re looking at, it is a possibility that a number of cold-temperature records could be broken in southwestern Ontario,” said Geoff Coulson, meteorologist with Environment Canada.
“In Toronto, we’re going to be in the depth of cold through until Wednesday . . . The polar vortex will no longer be an issue as we head into the weekend.”
The vortex has even garnered the nickname “polar pig” after the term was used to describe a bulge of cold air, during an interview last week.
“It definitely looks like one heck of a ‘polar pig’ shot,” Kyle Cooper, director of research with IAF Advisors in Houston, told Bloomberg News on Friday.
Other wacky terms being coined include “Chiberia,” to describe record-low temperatures in Chicago. (On Monday morning, temperatures there dropped to a record -27C. The wind chill makes it feel like -50C.) (Source: Toronto Star)
Cartoon inspired by the reverse of the one drawn last July: | <urn:uuid:adc08e12-100e-4f63-bc50-aeb6452e8ac7> | CC-MAIN-2022-21 | https://mackaycartoons.net/tag/freeze/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-21/segments/1652662588661.65/warc/CC-MAIN-20220525151311-20220525181311-00556.warc.gz | en | 0.943566 | 370 | 2.671875 | 3 |
“You believe this floor exists because you feel it resist you… But do you think your ideas do not resist you? Find me then two unequal diameters in a circle, or three equal ones in an ellipse. Find me the square root of eight and the cube root of nine… It resists your mind. Do not, therefore, doubt its reality,” thus argued the French philosopher Nicolas Malebranche (1638-1715), expounding upon an ancient variety of Platonism (or mathematical realism).
A more extreme viewpoint would be that the only realities that can exist are mathematical in nature. Somehow it would also imply that human thought — and, in fact, consciousness too — has an underlying geometric structure. While speaking of this, Jacques Lacan invoked the Möbius strip, a two-dimensional surface that has only one side, because (writes Owen Hewitson of LacanOnline) “We don’t have a divide between an ‘above’ and ‘below’, or between a surface and a depth. The unconscious is not hidden in the deep and the surface is not the superficial.”
Certain Hindu schools acknowledge three foreground states of consciousness (instead of Lacan’s two) such as waking, dreaming, and dreamless sleeping. All three are a dance of the senses upon the background of turiya — a space which transcends and contains them all. Tibetan Buddhists acknowledge six distinct, mezzanine states of transformation called the bardo. In the Sufi meditative state of adraak, a person is able to perceive things without being able to see or hear them, as if from a higher dimension.Viewing lower objects from a higher dimension is a clever technique in mathematics. For example, “to end up with a 3-dimensional Penrose tiling, one needs to start with a stack of six-dimensional cubes.” The vertices of this lattice are subjected to a filter, and those that pass are projected at a particular angle onto three-dimensional space, like the shadow of a sundial. “Astoundingly, when connected by lines of equal length, these vertices become the nodes of a perfect quasicrystal…” writes Tony Robbin in Shadows of Reality. Poised upon a delicate fulcrum between order and chaos, the pattern will repeat itself into infinity, with imperceptible changes — like an irrational number, which has no fixed periodicity.
A more fanciful version of the projection-slicing method caught the imagination of the Theosophists — occultists who were trying to create a heady cocktail of Eastern mysticism while keeping a watchful eye on Western science (the poet William Butler Yeats was one of their illustrious members). Like the trend of Cubism in painting, they too were fascinated by the fourth dimension, but considered it a spiritual domain. If one could trick the mind into seeing through a hypercube or tesseract, they reasoned, one could gain access to hermetic knowledge which even scientists did not possess.
Perhaps their most daring and extraordinary act, Occult Chemistry is a book by Annie Besant, Charles Webster Leadbeater and Curuppumullage Jinarajadasa. By what they call a “clairvoyant investigation” into matter, the 1908 book explains (prior to Bohr’s atomic model) the internal structure of atoms with images that suggest the existence of quarks. While utterly unscientific and ridiculous, the close agreement with a future discovery to be made only in 1968 is somewhat startling.
Perhaps the difference between a mystic and mathematician is only the rigour of hallucination. In another prophetic coincidence, the girih tiles on the Darb-e-Imam shrine in Isfahan, which go back to 1453, possess “properties consistent with self-similar fractal” tilings invented by Sir Roger Penrose in the 1970s. These Islamic mathematicians (banned from depicting Allah in any human form) had begun to worship geometry itself as the very image of God.
In a horror story called The Centaur (1911) by Algernon Blackwood, we find the idea that our mythical gods may just be forms of ancient knowledge: “Of such great powers or beings there may be conceivably a survival… a survival of a hugely remote period when… consciousness was manifested, perhaps, in shapes and forms long since withdrawn before the tide of advancing humanity… forms of which poetry and legend alone have caught a flying memory and called them gods, monsters, mythical beings of all sorts and kinds…”
The fifth avatar of the Hindu god Vishnu — the first of which was human — is said to be a dwarf known as Vamana or Trivikrama, who “stepped from heaven to earth with the first step, from earth to the netherworld with the second” and then measured the universe by placing his third step on the head of a king. This elastic, enlargeable god is an ancient memory of the Pythagorean theorem, a 90-degree right-triangle (the primal ‘atom’ of geometry) without which it would be impossible to measure two-dimensional space, depth in human vision, or the distance to stars and the farthest galaxies.
Rohit Gupta explores the history of science as Compasswallah.
This article was first published in The Hindu Business Line
Sam Harris speaks with Roland Griffiths about the current state of research on psychedelics.
Rupert explores the perennial, non-dual understanding that lies at the heart of all the great religious and spiritual traditions
Thomas Hübl talks about his understanding that trauma is not just an individual but a collective experience
Exploring, Understanding and Applying Advaita Vedanta
The “fittest” quantum properties make the most copies of themselves.
Awakened living realizes that the absolute and the relative dimensions of our Being are simply “not-two.”
The path of reality is not a path, for it is an exploration of life in all that it is...
Creativity can be seen as a state of natural flow...
Ever wonder how we try to predict the unpredictable? Supercomputers use the power of chaos theory.
What does it mean to be yourself from a nondual perspective?
This video is about Bell's Theorem, one of the most fascinating results in 20th century physics.
When even the sense of being collapses into the utter simplicity of what is.
How can there be intelligence without consciousness?
Zaya Benazzo interviews Mark Dyczkowski on the history of Tantra
Francis Lucille answers questions from the audience at SAND 18, bringing his intelligence and wit to a variety of topics
Ellen Emmet explains her understanding of the role of the body in our exploration of truth...
The “awe-full” qualities of horror and terror may share essential roots with those underlying transformative states such as flow, awe, presence, timelessness and ecstasy.
Please enter your email and we’ll send you instructions to reset your password | <urn:uuid:ecb2e0e8-a294-4715-a504-c349c74d586f> | CC-MAIN-2020-16 | https://www.scienceandnonduality.com/article/buddha-on-the-mobius-strip-rohit-gupta | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-16/segments/1585370505550.17/warc/CC-MAIN-20200401065031-20200401095031-00028.warc.gz | en | 0.938861 | 1,481 | 2.5625 | 3 |
The Galileo Lectures
Lecture 1 - Galileo's Telescope ( 43′ 42″ )
Associate Professor Ruth Barton, The University of Auckland
When Galileo turned his telescope to the stars he saw spots on the sun, mountains on the moon, and moons about Jupiter. The moons of Jupiter, he wrote, proved the glory of the Medici name (and this gained him the position of mathematician and philosopher at the Medici court), but did they prove the Copernican theory that the Earth moved in circles around the Sun as Galileo claimed?
Recorded in Hamilton.
Lecture 2 - The mystery of the first stars ( 43′ 16″ )
Dr Grant Christie MNZM, Research Astronomer, Stardome Observatory.
The first stars formed when the Universe was less than 2% of its current age. At this early epoch the conditions were very different to those that exist now so exactly how these stars got started and what they were like remains a major unsolved problem in astronomy. Can we probe this far back in time and shed light on how the first stars formed?
Recorded at Auckland's Stardome.
Alan Gilmore, Mt John Observatory, University of Canterbury
The realisation that stars are just distant suns, like our own, led to speculation about the existence of other planets, and other life forms. The first extra-solar planet orbiting a 'normal' star was detected in 1996. More than 300 planets have now been identified, and many have been discovered by New Zealand astronomers. But the chances of finding one which has the pre-requisites for life are slim, and even if we do find another in "The Goldilocks Zone", the possibility of travelling to it is as yet out of the question. Earth is a very special place indeed.
Recorded in Tekapo
Alan Gilmore has been resident superintendent of the Mt John Observatory at Lake Tekapo since 1996. An amateur astronomer since his school days, he began professional astronomy at the Carter Observatory, Wellington, in 1970. He is involved in many observing programmes at Mt John, including, with wife Pam Kilmartin, a long running programme to track near Earth asteroids
Professor Jack Baggaley FRAS FRSNZ, Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Canterbury
Comets and asteroids provide us with vital clues as to how the solar system was born. Small sized asteroids may reach the ground as meteorites, sometimes producing impact craters or exploding dramatically. Impacts by large comets and asteroids are a very real threat to the survival of mankind. There are international programmes with networks of dedicated telescopes to map the positions of these objects and forecast their future trajectories and approaches to the Earth.
Recorded in Christchurch
Lecture 5 - Neutrinos: Ghosts of the Universe ( 52′ 08″ )
Dr Jenni Adams, Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Canterbury.
More than 50 trillion solar neutrinos pass through your body every second! Abundant but elusive, these particles have truly amazing properties and provide a new way to look out at objects in our galaxy and beyond.
Lecture 6 - The Square Kilometre Array ( 41′ 42″ )
Brian Boyle, Director, Australian National Telescope Facility
Stretching over a continent and comprised of over 5000 antennas, the Square Kilometre Array is proposed to be the world's largest radio telescope and one of the most ambitious pieces of scientific infrastructure ever built. It will address some of the key questions of 21st century astronomy and physics and act as a scientific icon for generations to come. New Zealand has the opportunity to join in Australia's Bid to host this multi-billion dollar telescope.
Recorded in Wellington. | <urn:uuid:d2a393ce-d637-479b-aecf-2af187688ad6> | CC-MAIN-2013-48 | http://www.radionz.co.nz/national/programmes/thegalileolectures | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2013-48/segments/1386163054424/warc/CC-MAIN-20131204131734-00006-ip-10-33-133-15.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.936977 | 758 | 3.296875 | 3 |
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