text
stringlengths 198
621k
| id
stringlengths 47
47
| dump
stringclasses 95
values | url
stringlengths 15
1.73k
| file_path
stringlengths 110
155
| language
stringclasses 1
value | language_score
float64 0.65
1
| token_count
int64 49
160k
| score
float64 2.52
5.03
| int_score
int64 3
5
|
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Rhymes aside, there may be a science-backed reason why making more money can make you healthier, if not happier, too.
In a new study, researchers found raising the minimum wage by just $1 is linked to a drop in suicide of between 3.5 and 6 percent. The finding adds to a growing body of evidence that suggests increasing the minimum age could have an outsized effect on mental health.
To find out what happens when you pay people $1 more per hour, Emory University researchers looked at 26 years of data — from 1990 to 2016. They focused on people who had completed a high school education or less, aged 18 to 64, from all 50 states.
Aside from the overall drop in suicide rates, the study suggests that the benefits of the wage increase are most pronounced when unemployment across the country is high.
The study was published this week in the Journal of Epidemiology and Community Health.
Connecting life expectancy, health, and money
Over the past 30 years, life expectancy is tragically linked to socioeconomic status, according to the new study. Over that period, for the richest 20 percent of Americans, life expectancy increased; it barely changed for the middle 60 percent; and it decreased for the poorest 20 percent. Raising minimum pay could help to address the underlying economic problems that result in these health disparities.
Two other studies back this theory up. They also find an association between higher minimum wage and lower suicide rates.
One, published in April 2019 in the National Bureau of Economic Research, suggests that a 10 percent bump in both minimum wage and earned income tax credit could prevent around 1,230 suicides each year. The other, like the BMJ study, looked at the effect of a $1 wage increase over 10 years and found a drop in suicide rates. That study was published in May 2019 in the American Journal of Preventative Medicine.
There may be other health benefits in store if the minimum wage rises.
A 2018 study found that state-level minimum wage increases — those that go above the federal minimum wage — may affect heart health. A $1 minimum wage increase is associated with a drop in 6 per 100,000 heart disease deaths each year.
Wealth and health: Who benefits?
But it’s possible that not everyone stands to benefit equally from the extra dollar. A separate 2018 study in the International Journal of Health Economics and Management found minimum-wage increases may contribute to more risky health habits, especially in terms of diet, with people eating fewer fruits and veggies and higher obesity risks on average.
A deeper analysis of those findings showed the breakdown of those effects. The drop in overall health seen in the study was driven by older white people. But other demographic groups, and nonwhite women in particular, did see health benefits from minimum wage increase.
All of these studies demonstrate that extra cash has different effects across different groups of people, but the body of evidence so far suggests that — while money might not buy happiness — just a small bump in pay can go a long way towards protecting workers’ mental and physical health.
This article has been corrected from an earlier version which misstated the university affiliation and names of the researchers who authored the new study. They are from Emory University, not the University of Pennsylvania. | <urn:uuid:3c6da24c-4aa4-41e5-b373-e6e35f777f73> | CC-MAIN-2021-04 | https://www.inverse.com/article/62189-raise-minimum-wage-health-benefits | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-04/segments/1610703519395.23/warc/CC-MAIN-20210119135001-20210119165001-00459.warc.gz | en | 0.951565 | 668 | 2.8125 | 3 |
Castilla y Leon has an installed base exceeding 500 MWt of biomass for thermal uses, which represents an investment of 125 million euro, 500 jobs and the valuation of 100,000 t / year of indigenous biomass. It also has more than 20 biomass plants for electricity use (55 MWe), with an investment of 100 million euro, 550 jobs and 500,000 t / year of biomass.
Renewable energies have a triple interest for Castilla y León: for rural areas, as a spur to development; for the economy, attracting investments and jobs and for the environment, by replacing more polluting technologies.
As a predominantly rural region it has a large amount of biomass resources, estimated at about 13,000 ktoe / year in terms of primary energy, of which over 85% are forest and agricultural resources that could be exploited for energy purposes by a large variety of consumers, very differently, in pellets, biofuels, electricity, heat, etc.
The Sectorial Regional Plan of Bioenergy of Castilla y Leon is the main instrument launched by the Castilla y Leon to develop this sector. Its validity is for the whole decade. Among its objectives is to harness up to 7 million tons of different types of biomass for energy purposes, something possible to achieve to a great extent.
Biomass power plants
Although the most known of biomass is its thermal aspect, thanks to savings achieved for heating when compared with the use of fossil fuels, some types of biomass are very suitable for generating electricity.
This is the case of the organic fraction of municipal solid waste and wastewater, with which electricity can be generated upon production of biogas. Otherwise, larger in terms of power, is the use of agricultural waste, which is abundant in the region. Noteworthy is the agricultural region Bureba-Ebro, where 100,000 tons of cereal straw are used annually (mostly wheat), and sent to the biomass plant at Briviesca (Burgos), with an installed capacity of 17 MWe.
The Briviesca plant produces the energy equivalent of 881,000 barrels of oil. It has 25 direct jobs and between 70 and 80 indirect (mainly in the supply of straw). It uses agricultural waste, and has created a new development path for the primary sector.
The plant prevents the emission of 115,000 t / year of CO2, with a purifying effect equivalent to 6 million trees. The plant has been promoted by Acciona and EREN (Regional Energy Agency of Castilla y Leon).
Savings for municipalities
Until recently, the use of fossil fuels for heating was usual in Spain, however, the landscape is changing and the implementation of automated systems that use biomass is becoming a real alternative for heating.
Although consumer awareness has had a major influence, commitment and dissemination by public administrations as well as the savings achieved with biomass compared with the high price of oil and gas have also been important.
An example of public commitment already happened 8 years ago in the school Tabuyo del Monte in Luyego (León), where obsolete equipment manually fed by coal and wood was replaced by a new automated one fed on chip and pellet, meeting also the heating needs of the municipal gymnasium and auditorium.
The City Council of Luyego and Neighborhood Board of Tabuyo del Monte are responsible for the supply of biomass, buying from various suppliers and also using chip produced in their own mountains.
Noteworthy of the installation is its boiler with adjustable power of 13-45 kWt, storage tank, automatic feeding, combustion chamber, fumes cyclone scrubber and control processor. The heat transfer fluid is water at 90 ° C.
Distribution and consumption of thermal energy is carried out via a conventional radiator system, that receives the heated water through a network of pipes. | <urn:uuid:d270451f-789c-4756-aef6-9e8f92c9f3fb> | CC-MAIN-2021-10 | https://www.energynews.es/en/thermal-and-electric-biomass-the-engine-for-the-development-of-renewables-in-castilla-y-leon/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-10/segments/1614178362513.50/warc/CC-MAIN-20210301121225-20210301151225-00045.warc.gz | en | 0.949425 | 782 | 2.6875 | 3 |
If your business generates food waste of any type, you are responsible for ensuring its proper disposal. There are certain local regulations that are more stringent than those provided here. However, all businesses in the UK that generate any type of food waste are required to follow at least these minimum guidelines.
Good Riddance To Bad Rubbish
The EU Waste Framework is the governing legislation for the handling and disposal of food waste. You must dispose of food waste in a hygienic manner that avoids contamination. Food waste your business generates cannot attract animals or pests, touch the surfaces on which food is prepared or eaten, or be disposed of in ways that are harmful to the environment. Hiring a firm licensed to dispose of your waste products is a good way to ensure that you do not run afoul of the EU Waste Framework. Your business experiences significant long term savings through proper adherence to the rules. If your business violates the EU Waste Framework, you may have to pay a fine or redesign your disposal system.
Storage and Removal
Food waste and other rubbish to be removed must be stored in tightly sealed containers. These containers must be in good condition and easy to disinfect. These containers must also be easily accessible from where food is prepared or consumed. This prevents contamination and cross-contamination which helps to keep everyone in the building healthy. The seal on each container must be tight enough to ensure it will not attract pests. To ensure the most cleanly environment, food waste must be removed from rooms where food is prepared, eaten or stored as quickly as is feasible for your business.
Reduce, Reuse, Recycle
If your business generates a fair amount of food waste, one option may be to partner with another business requiring compost. Compost bins can be sealed and kept separate from areas where food is consumed and can also be regularly disinfected. Furthermore, reusing food waste as compost is a sanitary, energy-free, economically sound and environmentally safe way method of disposal.
Following waste disposal regulations makes good business and health sense. Always make sure you speak with your local authorities to ensure you meet their specific guidelines. Generally, though if you are following these general guidelines you are doing your part to ensure food waste is disposed of appropriately. This creates a healthier, happier work space for all your employees. | <urn:uuid:2ced81ea-d799-4ca0-9b4d-ca630b5ec831> | CC-MAIN-2021-25 | http://www.beywatch.eu/need-know-food-waste-business/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-25/segments/1623487621627.41/warc/CC-MAIN-20210615211046-20210616001046-00266.warc.gz | en | 0.944941 | 466 | 2.875 | 3 |
Head lice are transmitted by close contact with a person with head lice or by wearing that person’s clothing or using their bedding. These lice could have come from almost anywhere: a classmate, an upholstered seat in a movie theater, or another child’s hat or comb. It is often difficult to determine where the lice came from or if your child may have passed it on to someone else. Please do the courtesy of notifying the parents of your child’s friend’s who may have been in close contact.
Lice outbreaks are common among school children and even the cleanest child can easily become infested. It’s important that you act IMMEDIATELY to prevent their spread to other members of your family. Listed below are instructions to help you be lice free again! Following all these instructions thoroughly now is much easier than taking shortcuts and having to repeat the steps later if the lice come back. The most important step to prevent lice from returning is to comb the hair with a lice comb to remove the lice and eggs which are attached to the hair shaft near the scalp.
Your child may return to school after being treated and they are lice free. I will check your child’s hair upon their return to school. If it is possible, I prefer you bring your child to Hayward Elementary before 8 a.m. so I may check your child and okay their return to class before school starts for the day.
TREATMENT OF HEAD LICE
Everyone in the family must be treated!
Shampoo and Remove Nits
Following the directions on the product label, shampoo with a lice killing treatment. There are several brands available that may use different chemicals. I personally prefer treatments that are pesticide free. Thoroughly examine the hair for nits that look like small cocoons on the hair shaft. They may look like dandruff but do not flake off, and are stuck to the hair shaft near the scalp. Use a special fine tooth comb called a nit comb, to remove the nits, or you may pull each nit down the length of the hair with your fingernails. Sterilize the comb after you are finished by soaking it in a solution of bleach and water for at least 10 minutes. You must continue to comb and check hair daily for at least 10 days to be certain no nits are left behind to hatch. It would be wise to repeat the shampoo treatment in 7 days.
Clothing and Bedding
All clothing and bedding should be washed in hot water and dried in a hot dryer for at least 20 minutes the same day you treat everyone’s hair. Make sure you don’t forget coats and hats! Items that can’t be washed should be placed in plastic garbage bags and sealed for one month. (After that time, all nits will have hatched and new lice will have died with out human contact.)
Furniture, Carpets, Etc.
The same day you do the above, also vacuum the furniture, mattresses and carpets. There is also environmental spray you can buy. This is an additional step and should not be used in place of vacuuming. Once you have vacuumed, the vacuum cleaner bag or contents of the vacuum collector, should be sealed and thrown away in the trash.
Follow the above directions carefully. Do not wear other people’s clothing. Cutting hair short can help with prevention, identification and treatment. It is hard to avoid people infected with head lice, but do what you can, while at the same time taking care not to overreact. Most of all, by checking your child’s hair routinely you will more likely find any problems early on, when it is the easiest to treat. I have been told by some sources that using a daily shampoo containing "Tea Tree Oil" can act as a prevention of sorts. Please call if you have any questions! If there are any further problems or if these instructions are not successful, please contact your physician. | <urn:uuid:d93742ff-3769-4c68-bf9f-cef75edb16c9> | CC-MAIN-2017-17 | http://www.nebcityps.org/home/resources/school-health/head-lice | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-17/segments/1492917118552.28/warc/CC-MAIN-20170423031158-00448-ip-10-145-167-34.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.962704 | 842 | 2.75 | 3 |
The fear of the unknown — it surrounds us, grasps us and chokes the light out of us. It is simply human nature to fear what we do not understand, and when it comes to some of our upper-level courses, fear can get worse. I’ve gone into many a class not knowing what to expect — what is the proper way to take notes? What is important to remember and what can I brush over? What will exams, assignments and papers be like?
I, for one, have stared blank-faced at a syllabus or rubric, facing the abyss of confusing assignments or instructions, struggling to figure out what it is I am supposed to do. Sometimes, asking for clarification from professors just leads to more confusion. Too often I feel like Jim Halpert from the stellar TV show “The Office” — when his boss asked him to prepare a “rundown” of his clients, Jim is left staring into the camera asking, “What is a rundown?” When he asked his boss what he wanted the rundown “to look like,” the reply was to make it “a basic rundown.” Such a situation correlates to the classroom —
“I want you to write an analysis paper.”
“Well professor, what should this paper look like?”
“Just a standard analysis paper”
Such a catch-22 often leaves me lost and confused, staring at a blank word document pulled up before me, not knowing where to start.
Thankfully, the odds are we are not the first to be confused by a particular professor’s assignments. There are those who have taken the course before us and have done the same assignments that we could be struggling with today. And, in time, we will be the students who have overcome these classes.
However, wouldn’t it be so much easier if we could learn from those who have completed these courses? Wouldn’t it be easier if assignments, papers, quizzes, exams and study guides were saved from one generation of students to the next?
I certainly think so. I have started making it a practice to ask upperclassmen in my major if they still have any of their old study guides or papers — not because I aim to plagiarize, but because I want to see what the proper format is. Thanks to the magic that is cloud sharing, entire folders of information can easily be passed down from one student to the next, the knowledge builds on itself and soon students could have an entire semester’s worth of information just a few clicks away. Additionally, tests and quizzes, if returned to students, can be scanned and uploaded as well. In essence, we are investing in a knowledge bank, where students can collectively succeed.
Some might call this a form of cheating, but I believe it’s the furthest from. So long as students still create original work, this bank will only serve to show students how to be successful in a particular course. And if a professor happens to use the exact same test from year to year, then that is only a boon to students. It’s not as if the student stole a current copy of an exam, but rather is able to see what information they are expected to know and to study for it. Some students might be hesitant to pass on this information — to do all of the work only to have others benefit from it, but the sharing of assignments is not a detriment to anyone, and as a community of students, we should do everything we can do to help each other.
Already, some fraternities and sororities contain such “test banks” of assignments. For non-Greek students, it would be beneficial for underclassmen to ask upperclassmen for help. I know the Political Science Student Association has students always willing to help one another, and major-specific organizations would be well-suited to designing these banks. We should all be willing to invest our knowledge, even if it means only future students will benefit. As students, we owe it to one another to help prepare for the future and to bank for success. | <urn:uuid:12392ca6-946a-442d-be8b-2a13cf05f374> | CC-MAIN-2021-17 | https://tmn.truman.edu/blog/editorial/test-banks-encourage-academic-success/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-17/segments/1618039554437.90/warc/CC-MAIN-20210421222632-20210422012632-00347.warc.gz | en | 0.967117 | 860 | 2.546875 | 3 |
With just an hour to go before the launch, sources said a 'leak' had been detected
New Delhi: Less than two hours before lift-off, the launch of India's massive home-made rocket and communications satellite was called off this afternoon because of a reported fuel leak.
Here are 10 big developments in this story:
The rocket that was meant to be launched today, the Geosynchronous Satellite Launch Vehicle (GSLV), was to put into orbit a new communications satellite.
The cryogenic engine of the rocket had been made in India.
ISRO chairman K Radhakrishnan said a new date for the launch has not been set yet. "Some problem was observed in the second stage fuel chamber and a revised timeline will be announced" he said.
The rocket has cost the country Rs. 160 crore, and the satellite's price tag is Rs. 45 crore. So the mission costs over Rs. 200 crore.
In 2010, there were two massive setbacks for the GSLV programme. The first flight of a rocket with an Indian-made cryogenic engine failed as a crucial pump jammed. Then, on Christmas Day the same year, the rocket was destroyed in mid-air.
The ISRO chairman had said recently that lessons have been learnt from the 2010 twin disasters and that 'minor modifications and extensive ground testing' have been conducted.
The GSLV is a three stage/engine rocket. The first stage is fired with solid fuel, the second with liquid fuel and the third is the cryogenic engine.
The GSLV weighs 415 tonnes - as much as 80 adult elephants. It is 50 metres high - as tall as a 17-storey building.
After the lift-off from Sriharikota in Andhra Pradesh, about 80 kilometres north of Chennai, the GSLV was expected to take a 17-minute flight to put the satellite into its designated orbit above Earth.
India has been trying to push further into the global market for launching commercial satellites. | <urn:uuid:4aae1ec6-e6b9-407c-bc2a-c613b7d062f9> | CC-MAIN-2016-18 | http://www.ndtv.com/cheat-sheet/indias-200-crore-space-mission-delayed-after-leak-in-gslv-532105 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-18/segments/1461860121418.67/warc/CC-MAIN-20160428161521-00165-ip-10-239-7-51.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.978669 | 409 | 2.515625 | 3 |
The Pros and Cons of Cursive
Kids today can Skype, build a blog, and tag a friend. But how many of these modern communicators can still read and write cursive?
Fewer than ever before, studies show. Penmanship is going the way of a lost art, even in homeschools.
“Handwriting is 50 percent of literacy, but children are seeing less and less formal handwriting instruction,” said Toni Schulken, a child occupational therapist who is dedicated to increasing writing literacy.
Vanderbilt University research reveals that children spend just ten minutes a day practicing print and cursive. In many homeschools, parents are simply too buried in lesson plans to squeeze in penmanship. In an effort to keep up with core subjects, some teachers are asking themselves, “What lessons can I forgo?”
With so much pressure to preserve penmanship, is the struggle worth the results? Consider the pros and cons of teaching a child to read and write cursive:
Pros of Teaching Cursive to Children
- Students are more literate if they can read and write cursive, and it allows them to communicate with older generations, like family members.
- Students can sign their names, a standard requirement as an adult.
- Students will have a tool they can apply later in life that gives them more options.
- Students can gain a practical life skill that is becoming a lost art.
- Students will be able to take notes faster in college. Printing letters, which requires raising and lowering the pencil or pen point for each letter, slows you down, as opposed to cursive, where you only have to raise and lower the point at the beginning and end of each word.
Now, let’s look at reasons to skip penmanship.
Cons of Teaching Cursive to Children
- It can take time away from core or more “relevant” subjects.
- It can be time-consuming and frustrating for parents.
- If students don’t use the skill regularly, they could forget it.
- Penmanship is not as valued in education and society as it once was.
- Because cursive is faster to write, it can appear less legible than print and create confusion. Every year, up to $95 million in tax refunds aren’t delivered correctly because of unreadable tax forms.
Another quandary facing the fate of handwriting: If technology advances to the point that students use electronic or digital gadgets to write their names, do their school work, and communicate, will teachers eventually decide that preschoolers shouldn’t bother learning to write their ABC’s?
Teach Cursive in Four Steps
Schulken says penmanship is crucial to a child’s education, and offers four steps to help parents teach cursive.
Step 1 – Students cut and connect dots to exercise eye-hand coordination.
Step 2 – Students practice motor patterns needed for forming capital letters, numbers, and lowercase letters.
Step 3 – Students master writing words on traditional primary paper.
Step 4 – Students work on consistent spacing, letter size, and margins.
“The idea is that each mastered skill builds on the next as children first tackle pre-writing tasks and eventually build sound writing habits,” Schulken explained.
“The gap leads to frustrated kids, stressed parents, and discouraged teachers who often don’t know how to help.” | <urn:uuid:7efcd2db-54c0-4ad2-bdb3-7c8d244e8bc1> | CC-MAIN-2021-49 | https://www.aop.com/blog/the-pros-and-cons-of-cursive | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-49/segments/1637964362287.26/warc/CC-MAIN-20211202175510-20211202205510-00086.warc.gz | en | 0.939774 | 716 | 2.84375 | 3 |
- March Flies: Bibonidae
Blog Post - Heidi Henderson - May 31 2009 - 8:14pm
- Umpque to Astoria.. the Shaping of Western Oregon
Had you been swimming with the marine fossils that were laid down in the Eocene Epoch in Oregon, some 55 to 38 million years ago, you'd be treading water right up to where the Cascade Mountains are today. The Farallon Plate took a turn north some 57 ...
Blog Post - Heidi Henderson - Oct 15 2009 - 1:01pm
- Haida Gwaii: Fossil Collecting At The Edge Of The World
Article - Heidi Henderson - Jul 21 2009 - 4:29pm
- Fossil Collecting an Ancient Arc
Blog Post - Heidi Henderson - Jul 6 2009 - 5:18pm
- Ancient Climate Change And California's Coast- The Sierra Nevada Mountains
If you live in California, Bakersfield is just a place where farming mega-corporations grow a lot of stuff. If you're remotely literate, you remember it as the 'Promised Land' the "Okies" left home for in The Grapes of Wrath. If ...
Article - News Staff - Jun 8 2009 - 11:54am
- Lost World Shropshire? Mammoths In England Found To Be Most Recent Yet
Some mammoths remained part of British wildlife long after they were believed (scientifically) to have become extinct, according to research published today in the Geological Journal. Analysis of both the bones and the surrounding environment in Shropshire ...
Article - News Staff - Jun 17 2009 - 2:01pm
- Psittacosaurus Gobiensis- New Dinosaur Discovered In Gobi Desert
If we're lucky, fossils can at least tell us whether an extinct species was carnivore or vegetarian but the skull characteristics of a new species of parrot-beaked dinosaur and its associated gizzard stones indicate that the animal fed on nuts and/or ...
Article - News Staff - Jun 17 2009 - 10:05am
- Limusaurus Inextricabilis- Birdlike Dinosaur May Have Clues To Finger Evolution
Scientists who discovered a beaked, plant-eating dinosaur in China called Limusaurus inextricabilis ("mire lizard who could not escape") say it demonstrates that theropod, or bird-footed, dinosaurs were more ecologically diverse in the Jurassic ...
Article - News Staff - Jun 17 2009 - 6:19pm
- Homer's Odyssey Fossils Of Crete
The islands of the Aegean are peaks of underwater mountains that extend out from the mainland. Crete is the last of this range and boasts a diverse beauty from its high mountains of Psiloritis, Lefka Ori, Dikti, to its ocean caressed pink sand beaches. ...
Article - Heidi Henderson - Jun 24 2009 - 1:39pm
- Apatosaurus Louisae And Other Dinosaur Masses Mistakenly Supersized, Says Study
The largest animals ever to have walked the face of the earth just got a little smaller, according to a paper published today in the Zoological Society of London's Journal of Zoology. Why aren't they as big as previously thought? The researcher ...
Article - News Staff - Jun 21 2009 - 10:42pm | <urn:uuid:a2d91170-06e7-416b-ad5f-c6654a2e2c9a> | CC-MAIN-2022-27 | https://www.science20.com/paleontology?page=14 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-27/segments/1656103034877.9/warc/CC-MAIN-20220625065404-20220625095404-00460.warc.gz | en | 0.892433 | 714 | 2.59375 | 3 |
Zimbabweans joined the rest of the world Thursday in commemorating International Rural Women’s Day.
According to the United Nations, International Day of Rural Women recognizes the critical role and contribution of rural women, including indigenous women, in enhancing agricultural and rural development, improving food security and eradicating rural poverty.
Many organizations in Zimbabwe are working hand in hand with local communities in catering for the needs of rural women.
Febie Dube of Sinampande, Binga, Matabeleland North province, said she is working with several other women in trying to improve their standard of living.
Dube said, “There are 28 groups that normally get together, contribute some money and give to one of their members who repays the money with some interest after buying and selling various goods.
“I have personally managed to buy a cow and construct an iron-roof house for the family with the money raised from buying and selling various goods. Some of our members buy goats and sell them in Harare. At times they exchange their goods with valuable items like chicken and blankets which are sold for the betterment of their households.”
She said time has come for women to take care of their families as most men are no longer employed due to lack of jobs in Zimbabwe, which is currently facing serious social and economic challenges.
“I urge all women to stand up and cater for the needs of their families,” said Dube, whose group works with Basilwizi Trust, a community development organization, founded in 2002 by the local people of the Zambezi valley.
In its website, the organization says the existence of Basilwizi Trust is a demonstration of concern and determination by Zambezi valley communities to demand and restore their dignity taken away from them by their displacement from the Zambezi River banks.
“Poverty, the main cause of vulnerability to food insecurity, is one of the defining features of the Zambezi valley. The Zambezi valley districts rank least on the Zimbabwe development index and yet they have great potential to be better from the vast natural resources found in the region. Thus Basilwizi works to assist the communities of Binga, Gokwe north, Hwange and Nyaminyami administrative districts to realize own development and emancipation from extreme poverty through community led interventions.”
Single mother, Tadiwanashe Chibvongodze of Buhera, Manicaland province, also told Studio 7 she is struggling to make ends meet.
“It is difficult to stay in the rural areas with kids while you have no husband. In our country there are no jobs. I have three children and I depend on a poultry project which is difficult to run since people don’t pay for chickens due to hardships. I hope the government will one day give us jobs,” said Chibvongodze. | <urn:uuid:571143d1-059e-45e9-89d5-9b2d671af794> | CC-MAIN-2021-25 | https://www.voazimbabwe.com/a/zimbabwe-rural-women-international-day/3009254.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-25/segments/1623487643354.47/warc/CC-MAIN-20210618230338-20210619020338-00614.warc.gz | en | 0.964259 | 598 | 2.53125 | 3 |
More than half of major new business processes and systems will incorporate some element of the Internet of Things (IoT). The impact of the IoT on consumers’ lives and corporate business models is rapidly increasing as the cost of ‘instrumenting’ physical things with sensors and connecting them to other devices, systems and people continues to drop.
This course focuses on the existing and potential applications of the Internet of Things (IoT). Standards, protocols, and application stacks for IoT will be introduced. Access to the IoT devices via Internet Gateways and related security issues will be studied. Data Analytics, Data Management and Privacy Issues of IoT will be covered. Participants will also be briefly exposed to energy management issues for IoT.
Knowledge and skill on IoT technology is important for staff to support the implementation of digitalization initiative within their company. | <urn:uuid:1e68ea79-5071-4e3f-aa26-0cbc26cd1654> | CC-MAIN-2020-45 | https://skillzup.my/?product=certified-internet-of-things-technologist-training-with-examination | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-45/segments/1603107863364.0/warc/CC-MAIN-20201019145901-20201019175901-00609.warc.gz | en | 0.928201 | 171 | 2.671875 | 3 |
IRVINE, CA.- The Irvine Museum
presents Paradise Found: Summer in California June 16 through September 20, 2012. Paradise Found will feature a selection of paintings by California Impressionists that show various familiar views of California as they appeared nearly a century ago, before the great population growth of the late twentieth century.
Starting in the early 1900s, Southern California became a popular destination for impressionist and plein air painters. A French expression, which means "in the open air," plein air is particularly used to describe the act of painting outdoors. The mild climate in California allowed for numerous opportunities to paint outdoors, and a rich variety of subject matter, ranging from expansive beaches, to snow-capped mountains, to desert, and to rolling hills, was within one day's travel.
Dedicated to the preservation and display of California art of the Impressionist Period (1890-1930), The Irvine Museum plays a principal role in the education and furtherance of this important regional variant of American Impressionism that has come to be associated with California and its landscape.
FEATURED WORKS AND ARTISTS
Painted in 1907 as an advertisement for the Southern Pacific Railway, Mid-Winter, Coronado Beach by Louis Betts (1873-1961), shows a group of people frolicking at the beach in the middle of winter. Even then, tourism was important to California's economy.
Maurice Braun (1877-1941) spent the summer of 1917 painting in Yosemite Park. His Yosemite Falls from the Valley captures one of California's most spectacular sights.
John Frost (1890-1937) suffered from tuberculosis all his life. As such, he often stayed at sanitariums in the warm, dry air of the desert. Mount San Jacinto, which abuts Palm Springs, was a favorite painting subject.
Guy Rose (1867-1925) was a native to Southern California. While much of his work was painted in France, Lifting Fog shows the coast at Laguna Beach on a typically overcast morning in summer.
Wash Day, Sunset Beach, by Sam Hyde Harris (1889-1977), captures the quaint life along numerous coastal communities in the early 1930s. Although Harris worked in downtown Los Angeles, he would take the Pacific Electric Red Line trolley from Sunset Beach and get to work in about thirty minutes.
Anna Hills (1882-1930) was one of California's most important artists and teachers. She was one of the founders of the Laguna Beach Art Association, and served as its president on two occasions. Summer in the Canyon displays her facile and quick paint technique, a skill much needed for plein air painting. | <urn:uuid:2d119145-93ca-4bfd-b011-1472d6ead4bb> | CC-MAIN-2019-26 | http://artdaily.com/news/55482/The-Irvine-Museum-presents-the-beauty-and-grandeur-of-California-in--Paradise-Found--Summer-in-California- | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-26/segments/1560627997533.62/warc/CC-MAIN-20190616022644-20190616044644-00271.warc.gz | en | 0.955257 | 562 | 2.546875 | 3 |
A Brief History of Ontario Public Debt
Ontario’s net public debt is estimated at $287.3 billion and will hit nearly $320 billion by 2017. The evolution of this daunting number is an interesting story as the spring budget approaches. Much like Rome, Ontario’s debt was not built in a day but comes from decades of profligacy. Ontario has run a deficit nearly 80% of the time since 1965.
In 1965, John Robarts was premier and the net debt a mere $1.6 billion. As a share of GDP, it was only 6.9%. By the time Robarts passed on the political torch to William Davis in 1971, Ontario’s public debt had grown to $2.2 billion but the robust economic growth of the era reduced the net debt to GDP ratio to 5.2%. In terms of Ontario’s debt to GDP ratio, the Robarts era is as good as it gets.
The period 1971 to 1985 was the William Davis era with an appearance by Frank Miller at the tail end. The 1973 oil price shock and stagflation marked the end of the economic golden age. The result was slower growth, higher interest rates and the start of deficits that continued practically unabated until the late 1990s. Debt mounted and between 1971 and 1985 Ontario’s net public debt grew to $28.9 billion from $2.2 billion. The Davis-Miller era averaged an addition of about $2 billion a year to Ontario’s debt and the net debt to GDP ratio grew to 15% from 5.2%.
In 1985, the Liberals under David Peterson arrived, marking the defeat of Ontario’s four-decade conservative dynasty. Ontario’s economy boomed during the 1980s and the net debt to GDP ratio fell to 13.4% from 15% by 1990. However, all this meant was debt accumulation occurred at a slower pace than economic growth, as deficits were incurred in every year of the Peterson administration except for a small surplus in 1989. Ontario’s net public debt rose from $28.9 billion in 1985 and reached $38.4 billion by 1990. Yet, all this would pale compared to what was coming in the 1990s.
In 1990, Bob Rae became premier with the NDP forming Ontario’s government for the first time in history. Their tenure coincided with the worst recession since the end of WWII, resulting in plunging revenues and growing expenditures in an effort to maintain services and stimulate the economy. The resulting deficits were as high as $12.4 billion and saw the accumulation of $63.4 billion in net public debt. The net debt to GDP ratio soared to 30.4% from 13.4%. By 1995, Ontario’s net public debt had reached $101.9 billion.
The NDP government was replaced in 1995 by Mike Harris’s Conservative government, which began expenditure reduction and restructuring to balance the budget as well as tax reductions to stimulate the economy. Lower taxes, lower interest rates and a booming U.S. economy together helped Ontario’s economy rebound and government revenues grew, helping close the budgetary gap. Ontario balanced its budget by 1999 but its net debt still grew to $138.8 billion under Ernie Eves in 2003 from $101.9 billion in 1995. However, the net debt to GDP ratio declined to 27.5% from 30.4%.
The defeat of Eves ushered in the Liberals under Dalton McGuinty in 2003 and then Kathleen Wynne in 2013. This period witnessed the largest debt accumulation in Ontario’s history. While the onset of the 2009 recession was a factor damaging Ontario’s public finances, rapid increases in health and education spending and rising debt were underway well before 2009. Between 2003 and 2014, net public debt grew to $287.3 billion from $138.8 billion– an increase of $148.5 billion. The net debt to GDP ratio grew to 40% from 27.5%.
Ontario has been a province since 1867 but 87% of its net public debt was accumulated in the years since 1990. The stock of debt currently requires $11 billion a year in debt service – a burden as small as it is only by the grace of low interest rates. All administrations have contributed to Ontario’s debt with some playing a greater role than others. The road to debt may be paved with good intentions in the short run but in the long run, fiscal consequences will resonate with the Ontario taxpayer for years to come.
Subscribe to the Fraser Institute
Get the latest news from the Fraser Institute on the latest research studies, news and events. | <urn:uuid:52fcdbfa-9aa5-4720-9316-5da44afd02af> | CC-MAIN-2023-23 | https://www.fraserinstitute.org/article/brief-history-of-ontario-public-debt?language=en | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-23/segments/1685224644907.31/warc/CC-MAIN-20230529173312-20230529203312-00074.warc.gz | en | 0.963905 | 954 | 3.0625 | 3 |
Why earn a Ph.D.?
- It is the most Advanced Research Degree in Academia.
- The Capstone Academic Degree in most academic disciplines.
- The Academic Degree That Certifies Recipients for Careers in the Research Community and Higher Education.
Benefits of earning a Ph.D.
- Opens more doors of opportunities in the field of higher education.
- Develops a solid foundation for career success and mobility.
- Provides opportunities through research to ask and answer questions of importance to society.
Long term benefits of the Ph.D.
- Lower Unemployment Rates.
- Higher lifetime Earned Income.
- Greater Likelihood for leadership and supervisory positions.
Graduate Education in the U.S.
- Most Graduate Students are enrolled at public institutions.
- 56% of current Graduate students are women and have earned 46% of the doctoral degrees.
- Students of color represent approximately 19% of graduate enrollment, but students of color are the fastest growing segments of the graduate community. (71% increase in the last 10 years compared to 12% increase for whites).
Ph.D. Trends and Under-representation
- Approximately 43,000 Ph.D.s are Awarded Annually.
- Approximately 28,000 U.S. citizens & Puerto Ricans (2/3)
- Approximately 60% to Men.
- Approximately 12.5% (3500) to people of color.
- Approximately 4.6% (1300) to African Americans.
- Approximately 3.4% (950) to Hispanics.
National leaders in producing minority Ph.D. graduates
||U. of Texas - Austin
|Columbia Teachers College
||Texas A & M | <urn:uuid:ed53a9bf-65c8-4ffb-a5f9-4447e3c1ab99> | CC-MAIN-2015-48 | http://www.csub.edu/mcnair/McNair%20Website/phd.shtml | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2015-48/segments/1448398447729.93/warc/CC-MAIN-20151124205407-00303-ip-10-71-132-137.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.856976 | 360 | 2.734375 | 3 |
If you have the opportunity to observe a little baby you will see that their love for their parents is the love that comes from their true nature.
They treat all people the same, and they show great joy when someone walks in front of them. They are true not only to people, but also to everything. Sincerity, purity, and equality are all found in these little human beings.
When the ancients saw this phenomenon, they hoped to continue this sincere and pure heart. This is education, the education of becoming a virtuous person.
We are all human beings, but we are not the same.
Most of us are ordinary; only a few of us are kind and virtuous.
Truly virtuous people are held in awe by others. They are not afraid to speak the truth.
If we associate with and learn from people of great virtues, we will grow and our faults will lessen.
To be a good human being:
• We need to respect and love our parents, and to be kind to our brothers and sisters;
• We need to think about how we interact with people and engage in our daily tasks;
• We need to be a trustworthy person;
• We need to love all beings and to be close to kind, virtuous people.
Sage’s teachings rely on people to carry the teaching forward.
Cultivating virtuous people is the key to inheriting Sinology, restoring traditional culture and bringing peace to the world.
Such cultivation starts with you, and the children.
The ancient Sage’s said: “Virtue will become one’s nature and will endure for the rest of one’s life if it is cultivated in childhood”.
The purpose of education is to teach us how to be humans, to be truly good people. The standard of a good person is the ability to love, respect, care and help others.
The role of your teacher, working in partnership with your parents, is to guide, support and encourage you to be the best person you can be.
Encourage you to: Love all beings, for we all live under the same sky and are supported by the same earth.
Understand that a person of good character is highly respected. Respect is not based on external appearances. Respect is when you care how your words and actions impact on others. You show respect by being polite and kind.
If we are good at something, we should be willing to use that ability to benefit others. 倘若我們在某方面有才能，我們應該利用這個才能來利益他人。
When we speak, honesty counts the most.
We should repay the kindness of others.
We should let go of our anger. Spend less time holding grudges and more time repaying kindness.
Students at Ming-De School are expected to hold the principles of the school:
Tolerance and inclusion.
On this momentous occasion, I pledge my service as Principal to working with the school’s teachers in co-operation with their parents to ensure the core value of Sinology and Buddha’s teachings will be the basic spirit of building our school.
Through the study of Scripture Sinology/Chinese, our students will:
Respect the teacher.
Be cautious and trustworthy.
Be a kind and moral person.
And be part of a rich and dynamic learning community that encourages students to develop and discover their personalities and talents. | <urn:uuid:ff36f8a7-434c-46a4-ab14-b8fd3ca36562> | CC-MAIN-2022-27 | http://ming-de.qld.edu.au/school/speech | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-27/segments/1656103360935.27/warc/CC-MAIN-20220628081102-20220628111102-00293.warc.gz | en | 0.699194 | 2,660 | 2.625 | 3 |
Kalapahad: Hindu General Trapped in Love Jihad in 1565
Rajiv Lochan Ray or popularly called Kalapahad, which means ‘Black Hill’! Such was his physical built and stature! He was the army general of Gajapati Mukundadeva, the king of Kalinga (Orissa) in the 16th century. History books find mention of him as a Muslim General of the Gaur Sultanate. Mughal records mention him as the attacker of Konark Sun temple and Jagannath temple of Puri. How did Rajiv Lochan Ray, the strongest Hindu general of the Orissa army become a Muslim general? Though he was a Hindu, as a converted Muslim why did he destroy temples?
This was a trap of love jihad by Sulaiman Karrani, the Pathan Sultan of Gaur of Bengal. He treacherously converted him and used him to lead his army! Also known as Kalachand Roy, Kalapahad was a Brahmin by birth. By dint of his warfare skills and valor, he rose in power and position to become the most trusted general of Orissa. Kalapahad never lost any battle.
During this time, Rudranarayan was the king of Bhurishrestha kingdom, also called Bhurshut that comprised of the present Howrah and Hooghly districts of Bengal. Rudranarayan, a strong ruler, expanded his empire to include the southern part of Burdwan, East Midnapore, and major parts of West Midnapore. He organized and reinforced the navy, stationing a strong naval force along the Damodar and the Ron river banks of his territory.
The Mughal Empire under Akbar emerged powerful in Delhi so were Islamic rulers in the neighboring provinces. There was always a lurking threat from the Islamic invaders. In alliance with the king of Kalinga, Rudranarayan decided to counter the rising Pathan Sultanate of Gaur. Sulaiman Karrani was then the Sultan of the Gaur kingdom.
Sulaiman Karrani, who succeeded his brother Taj Khan, as the Sultan of Gaur in 1563, built a strong army. Taj Khan was an employee under Sher Shah Suri; he revolted and laid the foundation of the Karrani Sultanate in Gaur of Bengal. Karrani Sultans were later under the sovereignty of the Mughals. They could not mint their own coins and they regularly paid tributes to the Mughals.
Sulaiman Karrani not only wished to expand his empire by subjugating neighboring kingdoms of Bihar, Bengal, and Orissa but also wanted to wage war against the Mughals in alliance with the subjugated rulers. Many Afghans of Delhi, Oudh, Gwalior and Allahabad joined hands with Karrani.
Meanwhile, Rudranarayan met Gajapati Mukundadeva and other neighboring rulers to give shape to his plan – attack Sulaiman Karrani before the latter gives shape to the Pathan Sultanate expansion plans. Also known as Mukunda Harichandana, Mukundadeva ascended the Orissa throne in 1559. Orissa was then known as Kalinga and its empire comprised parts of Orissa, Bengal, and Bihar. Believed to be of Chalukyan origin, he was earlier a minister under Raja Chakrapratap of Orissa of the Bhoi dynasty. After the king’s death, Mukundadeva rebelled against the Bhoi kingship, killed the last two Bhoi heirs, and declared himself king. His most trusted general was Kalapahad who looked huge like a mountain.
Meanwhile, Mukundadeva accepted the suzerainty of Akbar. It was the year 1565. The Mughal Emperor knew of a possible revolt by the Karrani Sultan and he wanted local rulers to subjugate and defeat the Sultan. Akbar was only waiting for Mukundadeva to attack Karrani. He was more than glad when the combined forces of Kalinga and Bhurishrestha planned to attack Karrani.
Kalapahad was made the commander of the allied forces of Bhurishrestha and Kalinga. A fierce battle took place between the allied forces and Karrani in 1565 at Tribeni in the Hoogly area of Bengal. Tribeni was the place of divergence of three rivers – Yamuna, Ganga and Saraswati. The Pathan forces were completely routed in this battle. The allied forces exhibited remarkable bravery under their commander Kalapahad. Karrani’s forces were slaughtered like hay and were badly defeated. The Sultan fled the battlefield.
After this remarkable victory of the allied forces, Gajapati Mukundadeva rewarded Kalapahad by giving him administrative control of Saptagram. Located in Bengal near Hoogly, it was part of the Kalinga kingdom. Commemorating this victory, the king built a temple at Tribeni on the banks of Ganga at a ghat at Gajagiri.
A peace treaty was signed between the allied forces and Sulaiman Karrani. As Mukundadeva had the support of Akbar, Sulaiman Karrani thought it pointless to attack the Kalinga kingdom. But Rudranarayan of the Bhurishrestha kingdom of Bengal had neither accepted the suzerainty of Akbar nor struck any alliance deal with him. Hence, Karrani decided to attack Bhurishrestha. But as Rudranarayan and Mukundadeva were friends, the Bengal kingdom would always have the support of Kalapahad as the commander. And as long as the valorous Kalapahad was commander, Karrani would never be able to defeat Rudranarayan.
Sulaiman Karrani devised a plan. He planned to win Kalapahad to his side by any means. If he won him to his side, he would not only be able to defeat Rudranarayan but also Mukundadeva and more neighboring kings. He would be able to revolt against the Mughals too. This way, he felt he would be able to establish an empire.
On one instance, Kalapahad visited Karrani’s place on behalf of the Kalinga king to give shape to the peace treaty. Karrani had a beautiful daughter named Gulnaaz. The Sultan treacherously trapped Kalapahad into a love affair (which is termed love jihad in today’s context; this trap has been continuing since several hundred years) with Gulnaaz. She was entrusted with the hospitality of Kalapahad at the Sultan’s place. Gulnaaz tried to woo and win Kalapahad. The Hindu Brahmin general at once fell in love with Gulnaaz.
An elated Karrani added fuel to the fire. He wanted the marriage to take place. When Kalapahad knew that Gulnaaz’s father had no objection to their relationship, he was determined to marry her. Karrani waited for an opportune time to let the marriage happen. He wanted the bond to grow stronger. And when the opportune time came with Kalapahad all geared up to marry Gulnaaz, Karrani gave a condition. To get married to Gulnaaz Kalapahad should get converted to Islam. Initially, Kalapahad hesitated to get converted. He gave a counter condition – that Gulnaaz should convert to Hinduism to which Karrani disagreed. When there were no other ways left, he agreed.
Kalapahad thought after marriage he would reconvert back to Hinduism. And he got converted to Islam under a new name and identity – Muhammad Farmuli. And then the marriage between Muhammad Farmuli and Gulnaaz took place.
The news about Kalapahad being converted to Islam and married to Gulnaaz spread like wild fire. Karrani himself wanted the news to spread. The Sultan knew Mukundadeva, an ardent Hindu, would never accept a convert as his commander. What he thought became true! Raja Mukundadeva severed all ties with Kalapahad. The Kalinga king even decreed that neither Kalapahad nor his sons would be allowed to enter the Jagannath temple. The convert did not lose hope. He approached the Hindu priests of the temple. But he was denied entry to the temple despite his repeat requests that he wanted to reconvert back to Hinduism and that he repented for what he had done. The Hindu priests refused to take him back to the fold of Hinduism.
A saddened, disheartened and angry Kalapahad went back to Sulaiman Karrani. He was all ready to take revenge against Mukundadeva and the Hindu priests of Jaggannath temple. Karrani grabbed the opportunity and recruited him as the commander of his army. It was the year 1568. Kalapahad immediately set to action. He marched towards Kalinga with a huge army of Muslim Afghan soldiers to attack Mukundadeva. Karrani sent along his son Bayazid Khan Karrani with Kalapahad.
Kalapahad defeated Mukundadeva in battle. The king signed a treaty and left the battlefield to deal with Ramachandra Bhanja, a feudal lord under him, who rose in revolt against him. Mukundadeva was killed in this battle against Ramachandra Bhanja. And Orissa fell in the hands of the Pathans – the Karrani Sultanate. Meanwhile, Kalapahad started sacking major towns and religious places in the Kalinga region including Hijli, Cuttack, Jajpur, Sambalpur, Konark, Ekamrakhsetra, Puri etc. He destroyed many temples including the famous Konark Sun temple and the Jaggannath temple of Puri.
Prof. K.S. Behera wrote in an article titled Gloom and Bloom : The Case of Jagannatha Temples in Midnapore District, ‘The famous Jagannatha Temple of Puri, the main centre of the cult in Orissa, was plundered by Kalapahar, the trusted general of Sulaiman Karrani in 1568. It is said in the Madalapanji that he damaged the tower of Badadeula upto Amla. He also damaged the images of all the Gods and tried to uproot the Kalpabata. He took away Shri Jagannath Mahaprabhu from Puri to Tanda located on the bank of the Ganga. There he put the image into flame.’
Kalapahad led other successful war campaigns for Sulaiman Karrani. He defeated Koch king Sukladhwaja, took him prisoner and besieged the capital of Cooch Behar. Karrani always feared an attack by the Mughals. Fearing an attack, Karrani restored Sukladhwaja back to power. The Pathan attempts of subjugating Bhurishrestha failed too. Such were the strong forces of Rudranarayan and later under Bhavashankari that even Akbar recognized the sovereignty of Bhurishrestha. Hence there was no hope left for the Karrani Pathans to attack or subjugate Bhurishrestha.
After the death of Sulaiman Karrani in 1572, his son Daud Khan Karrani became the Sultan of Bengal. In 1575, Bayazid Khan Karrani, brother of the Sultan, was treacherously murdered. Kalapahad, along with other Afghan leaders rallied around Daud Khan.
Kalapahad died soon after by drowning in a river in Sambalpur in Orissa. According to legend, Goddess Samaleshwari took away his life. As per other records, he encountered Mukundadeva’s soldiers by the river bank and that they killed him. Kalapahad’s death is shrouded in mystery.
Converts who wish for a Ghar Waapsi, reconverting back to Hinduism, should never be refused. They should be readily welcomed back following the required rituals and ceremonies. Had Kalapahad been readily welcomed, the destruction of temples would not have happened. Moreover, victims should avoid falling into the trap of love jihad. Had Kalapahad not fallen into this trap, the History of Orissa would have been different!
Featured image courtesy: fullodisha.com.
1. Raybaghini O Bhurishrestha Rajkahini, Bhattacharya
2. Palm Leaf Etchings of Orissa, Durga Prashad Pathak
3. Paschim Banger Sanskriti, Binoy Ghosh
4. Birottove Bangali (Heroism of the Bengalis), Anil Chandra Ghosh
5. Land and Local Kingship in Eighteenth-Century Bengal, John R. McLane.
6. Banglapedia: National Encyclopedia of Bangladesh, ABM Shamsuddin Ahmed.
Disclaimer: The views expressed here are solely of the author. My India My Glory does not assume any responsibility for the validity or information shared in this article by the author. | <urn:uuid:1852addc-52be-419c-9264-62c8ebc89189> | CC-MAIN-2023-14 | https://www.myindiamyglory.com/2018/09/06/kalapahad-hindu-general-trapped-in-love-jihad-in-1565/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-14/segments/1679296943562.70/warc/CC-MAIN-20230320211022-20230321001022-00679.warc.gz | en | 0.970134 | 2,782 | 3.0625 | 3 |
Quick Math | two math apps for students with advanced handwriting recognition
iPad and iPhone | apps for students grades 3 and above
Two inconspicuous maths apps are remarkable in spite of the simple presentation by another peculiarity. In Quick Math – Arithmetic & Times Tables and Quick Math+ the solution is not entered via boring iPad/iPhone keyboard, but with an excellent handwriting recognition.
Whether you use a finger or the capacitive pen, or otherwise known as a stylus pen for writing on the display, the app recognized all of our different entries problem-free.
Progress tangible and legible at any time
After every round, a diagram is shown to the pupils, as to how quickly they have solved the arithmetic problems in comparison to the one before.
Easy to extremely difficult
Quick Math comes with 4 game modes and multiple difficulty levels for each operation type. The easy mode in the blue Quick Math app is even suitable for younger primary school pupils. The difficult mode however, is more suitable and challenging for teenagers and adults.
Quick Maths | for starters
The app developers recommend this Quick Math app for students in grades 3 to 6. We do have a lot more interesting Math apps, which may be more suitable for younger children.
There are 5 different activities to the four basic arithmetic operations.
* Addition problems
* Subtraction problems
* Multiplication problems
* Division problems
* all basic arithmetic problems together
Quick Math+ | For older students & advanced students
The age recommendation by the app developers are: for students grades 5 to 8 and adults who want to improve their maths skills and response speed.
The following game modes are offered:
• Solve: Order of operations questions along with the inclusion of indices and negative numbers.
• Memorize: Twice the challenge as players remember hidden numbers from one question to the next.
• Compare: Develop important estimation skills as players race to determine greater than, less than or equal to.
• Swap: Provides a memory and order of operations challenge as one number or symbol changes with each question.
Quick Math – YouTube Video trailer
In our YouTube trailer, we got to test the handwriting recognition and quickly zapped through the various arithmetic operations of both apps.
(in progress – to be seen here shortly)
Quick Math | students app rating
We were especially excited about the advanced handwriting recognition of the apps and we have to say, they didn’t dissapoint us one bit. Tip: You can adjust a few options in the settings, e.g. whether you want to write with 7 or backslash.
The rather stylish and simple iOS 7 design is really nice, should however be a matter of taste. One things for sure, the exercises definitely improve the mental arithmetical skills, which will be proven by the diagrams and statistics. The apps are therefore not only useful to download for students.
(+) effective mental arithmetic exercise
(+) excellent handwriting recognition
simple iOS 7 flat-design
(-) unnecessary “share your progress on facebook” buttons
(-) all types of operations could have easily been placed in one app
Top best apss for kids rating: 5 stars
Download Quick Math
➔ Quick Math (blue) for – iPad & iPhone on Apple App Store
➔ Quick Math+ (pink) for – iPad & iPhone on Apple App Store
Math app developer: Shiny Things Software Pty Ltd | <urn:uuid:a3cb1aeb-5d39-4d09-a75f-ba28fb5b421e> | CC-MAIN-2016-50 | http://topbestappsforkids.com/best-kids-apps-quick-math/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-50/segments/1480698542414.34/warc/CC-MAIN-20161202170902-00195-ip-10-31-129-80.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.922259 | 708 | 2.5625 | 3 |
The National Institutes of Health recently funded one of the largest studies on pain, and the results are that as many as 25 million Americans experience pain on a daily basis, and 40 million have severe pain.
But doctors and researchers acknowledge that pain is difficult to treat, because it doesn’t encompass merely physical pain; emotional and cognitive pain are factors that can’t be soothed easily by medication.
Kaiser Health News [KHN] reports that people who suffer from chronic and severe pain “were more likely to have worse health status, use more health care and suffer from more disability than those with less severe pain.”
Richard Nahin, lead author of the NIH analysis, told KHN, “There are so many people in the severe pain category that something has to be done … If people are in the most severe category of pain, whatever treatment they are getting may be inadequate.”
Part of this may be because pain treatment isn’t one-size-fits-all. Some patients may be fine on medication, but others, like Paul Gileno, the founder of the U.S. Pain Foundation, might need combinations of other therapies, like acupuncture, meditation or diet changes.
Even then, physicians and pharmacists are increasingly monitored when prescribing opiate painkillers. KHN points out that painkiller abuse and the war on drugs has made it more difficult for legitimate sufferers to get the drugs they need.
Additionally, treatment for other health problems, like cancer, can cause nerve damage and lead to pain for survivors, according to KHN’s analysis.
The study also looked at pain across age and ethnic groups. The NIH reports that Asian and Hispanic populations are less likely to state they have pain.
Whether minorities are not reporting pain because of language barriers or because their pain is less serious isn’t clear.
Untreated pain has huge economic costs for the patients in need of expensive health care and for the caregivers who take care of people unable to work, according to KHN.
The NIH is working on an interagency National Pain Strategy to use the new data to better study and manage pain. | <urn:uuid:520084e6-ecfd-436e-89f9-a965eafa3027> | CC-MAIN-2020-29 | https://www.publicsource.org/high-numbers-of-americans-suffer-from-severe-pain/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-29/segments/1593657143365.88/warc/CC-MAIN-20200713100145-20200713130145-00005.warc.gz | en | 0.960509 | 444 | 2.953125 | 3 |
They're not nearly as famous as the legendary food-based get-together in 1621 between the Pilgrims who landed at Plymouth Rock and the Native Americans they encountered.
But there are historical descriptions of feasts held on the shore of Onondaga Lake a few decades later, from 1656 to 1658. In attendance: A group of French missionaries and members of the Haudenosaunee, or the five nations of the Iroquois.
"Here comes two kettles full of bustards (large birds), broiled and salted before the winter, with as many kettles full of ducks, as many turtles was taken in the season," wrote Pierre Esprit Radisson, a guide for the Jesuit missionaries, about a March 1658 feast. "... Whilst one was eating, another sort comes, ... as fish, eels, salmon and carps gives them a new stomach. Were they to burst, here they will show their courage. ... Nothing is done yet, for there comes the thickened flour, the oil of bears, venison. To this the knife is not enough; the spoons also are used."
Food is often a bridge across a cultural gap, and that was true for the most part in the brief two years that the French missionaries spent on Onondaga Lake, near the site now home to the Ste. Marie Among the Iroquois Living History Museum. The mission was among the earliest encounters between the Haudenosaunee and Europeans in this area.
The feast Radisson described -- in archaic language translated from
French -- came just before the missionaries abandoned Onondaga Lake as tensions between the French and the Haudenosaunee increased.
But the journals and reports kept by the French, known collectively as "The Jesuit Relations and Allied Documents," also describe other, more relaxed occasions in which the Old World and the New World came together over food. One came in the summer of 1656, when the Haudenosaunee welcomed the French to the region.
"Meals were a celebration," said Jon Anderson, the operations director at Ste. Marie and the president of Friends of Historic Onondaga Lake. "That was when they shared the best of both cultures ... manifested their friendship."
That's not to say the exchange of food and dining manners was always smooth.
"The two cultures ate and cooked different things, in different ways," Anderson said. "A lot of (the French journals) were occupied with pointing out those differences."
One key difference involved the use of salt -- somewhat ironic since the mission sat amid the salt springs that would later give Syracuse its first major industry.
"The natives didn't use salt -- they thought it was an evil spirit that made the water bitter," Anderson said, citing the French journals. "But the French loved to use salt and other seasonings."
One account in the "Jesuit Relations" describes a courageous member of the Haudenosaunee who tried an offering of the missionaries' mustard -- but took so much he could barely swallow it and would not try it again, even as a condiment.
The French also liked to drink fruit juice or wine with their meals. It was the Haudenosaunee custom to drink soup broth or water, and usually only after the meal was done.
The etiquette of dining also provided a distinction between the two cultures.
"The French host would sit down with his guests and put out things for the guest to choose from," Anderson said. "The native host would not sit down with guests but would direct what was offered."
Yet the two cultures had much in common, from a love of eels and beaver tails to a taste for the local fruits and nuts.
The French, in fact, were generally delighted with the abundance and quality of foods offered by the wilds of the Onondaga Lake region.
"Besides grapes, plums, and many other fruits, which it has in common with the fine Provinces of Europe, it has a number of others, which excel ours in beauty, fragrance, and taste ...," one of the Jesuit fathers wrote.
"Stoneless cherries are found there," the priest went on. "Fruits grow there which are of the color and size of an apricot, whose blossom is like that of the white lily, and which smell and taste like the citron. There are apples as large as a goose's egg."
And another observation: "Such is the richness of this stream (Oswego River) that it yields at all seasons various kinds of fish. In the spring, as soon as the snows melt, it is full of gold-colored fish; next come carp, and finally the achigen. The latter is a flat fish, half a foot long, and of very fine flavor. Then comes the brill; and, at the end of May when strawberries are ripe, sturgeon are killed with hatchets. All the rest of the year until winter, the salmon furnishes food to the village."
Anderson, who is also a lieutenant with the Onondaga County Sheriff's Office, has spent a lot of time researching the topic (including much reading of the "Jesuit Relations.") Those journals are also used to give training to the Ste. Marie staff who portray residents of the mission during the summer season, as part of Ste. Marie's "living history" interpretations.
Ste. Marie and its living history exhibits reopens for the season on Mother's Day, May 8.
Some of the living history interpreters work in the refectory -- the cooking and dining hall. They tend to the open fires and the nearby bread oven and even cook some meals -- for themselves, not visitors.
"The whole business of food and the dining etiquette are very popular with visitors," Anderson said. "It smells good up here when they're cooking. The volunteers eat pretty well."
What did they eat?
Bear: Both cultures loved bear. "True bear's flesh is very good ... without condiments," according to the French missionaries. The natives preferred the fat.
Beaver: Both the missionaries and the natives considered beaver tails a delicacy. Unfortunately, the French journals don't say how it was cooked.
Eels: Eaten by both the French and the natives, they were abundant in Onondaga Lake -- as many as 1,000 could be harpooned in one night, according to one French missionary.
Strawberries: They were considered sacred in the Haudenosaunee culture, a gift from the Sky Woman, according the creation story. The French thought they were better than European fruits.
Salt: Popular as a seasoning for the French, the Haudenosaunee people did not use it on their food, despite their settlement atop the salt springs near Onondaga Lake. | <urn:uuid:1332e210-5d10-4c03-9064-82a892100546> | CC-MAIN-2013-20 | http://blog.syracuse.com/cny/2011/04/on_onondaga_lake_europeans_and_native_americans_learned_to_dine_together_in_the_1650s.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2013-20/segments/1368708711794/warc/CC-MAIN-20130516125151-00022-ip-10-60-113-184.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.980438 | 1,411 | 2.96875 | 3 |
Dear Aspirants, English Language is an important section for all the competitive exams that occupy an inseparable part. Generally, most of the candidates have lost their marks in this section. This is due to the unawareness of the english section on how to prepare smartly. English section is nothing but it needs to be strong in basic grammar, vocabulary and reading skills. If you are having those skills surely you will score good marks in the examinations. But even though you have the skill, you must practice it regularly then only it will be retained with you. So for your practice purpose, here we have given the questions based on the english language. We have tried to cover all the topics under the latest updated syllabus and exam pattern.
1) Improve the bracketed part of the sentence.
When I last saw Ravi, he (had been running) to catch his bus.
(b) was running
(c) had run
(d) no improvement
2) In the following question, some part of the sentence may have errors. Find out which part of the sentence has an error and select the appropriate option. If a sentence is free from error, select ‘No Error’.
If you are in the wrong gears (A)/the car won’t be (B)/able to climb the hill. (C)/No error(D)
3) In the following question, out of the four alternatives, select the alternative which best expresses the meaning of the idiom/phrase.
The ball is in your court
(a) It is up to you to make the next move
(b) You have got a fantastic opportunity
(c) You will be blamed for crimes that you have not committed
(d) You have been put into a dilemma.
4) Improve the bracketed part of the sentence.
I would love (to availing) a short holiday, and go for an overnight trek.
(a) to avail myself of
(b) to avail of
(c) to avail myself
(d) no improvement
5) In the following question, a sentence has been given in Active/Passive voice. Out of four alternatives suggested, select the one which best expresses the same sentence in Passive/Active voice.
Mariam was writing a note to her boss.
(a) A note was written to her boss by Mariam.
(b) A note was wrote by Mariam to her boss.
(c) A note was being written by Mariam to her boss.
(d) A note was written by Mariam to her boss.
6) Select the synonym of
7) Select the antonym of
8) Select the word with the correct spelling.
9) In the following question, out of the four alternatives, select the alternative which is the best substitute of the phrase.
To harass someone persistently to do something.
10) In the following question, the sentence given with blank to be filled in with an appropriate word. Select the correct alternative out of the four and indicate it by selecting the appropriate option.
The baby looked__________ the toffee with greedy eyes.
1) Answer: B
As there is no point of time or duration given, thus past perfect continuous should not be used.
2) Answer: A
Remove ‘the’ before wrong gears because it shows that the person is in gears.
3) Answer: A
The ball is in your court means one needs to take some action to keep something going.
4) Answer: C
There should be infinitive after love, thus to avail should be used and avail is a transitive verb which should have an object and as the object is not given thus reflexive pronoun ‘myself’ should be used.
5) Answer: C
6) Answer: C
Incinerate means destroy (something, especially waste material) by burning and ignite means catch fire or cause to catch fire.
7) Answer: C
Ogle means stare at in a lecherous manner and ignore means refuse to take notice of or acknowledge; disregard intentionally.
8) Answer: A
Snatched means quickly seize (something) in a rude or eager way.
9) Answer: D
Iconoclast means a person who attacks or criticizes cherished beliefs or institutions.
Dote means be extremely and uncritically fond of.
Neurotic means having, caused by, or relating to neurosis.
10) Answer: D
Look takes “at” preposition with it. | <urn:uuid:ef27a542-09d3-40f5-816c-658ce19a51c8> | CC-MAIN-2021-39 | https://www.ibpsguide.com/ssc-english-practice-questions-day-09/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-39/segments/1631780057857.27/warc/CC-MAIN-20210926083818-20210926113818-00189.warc.gz | en | 0.925016 | 954 | 2.65625 | 3 |
Otto of Habsburg has been interred in the Capuchins’ Crypt, the traditional resting place for members of the Habsburg dynasty. His wife, who died last year, was buried alongside him. According to his personal wishes and family tradition, Habsburg’s heart will be transferred in an urn for burial at the Benedictine Abbey at Pannonhalma in western Hungary.
European royals and political leaders, many from nations that his family ruled over, attended the service. Among them were Sweden’s king and queen; the ruling grand duke and grand duchess of Luxembourg; Liechtenstein’s ruling duke and duchess; King Michael of Romania, King Simeon of Bulgaria, and representatives of the British, Belgian and Spanish ruling houses.
Seven bishops from nations of the former Austro-Hungarian empire — seven countries plus parts of modern-day Montenegro, Italy, Poland, Romania and Serbia and Ukraine — assisted Austrian Cardinal Christoph Schoenborn.
Burying the heart separately to the body was a custom used by a number of medieval European royals:
- Richard I (Richard the Lionheart): The English king’s heart was buried at Rouen in Normandy after he died in 1199. His body was buried in Anjou
- Robert the Bruce: The king of the Scots, who died in 1329, is buried in Dunfermline Abbey but his heart is buried in Melrose Abbey
- The House of Habsburg has practised heart burial for centuries
- Queen Marie of Romania | <urn:uuid:17c1d920-87fb-4939-b008-7f2cfd55ea20> | CC-MAIN-2018-05 | https://royalromania.wordpress.com/2011/07/16/funerals-of-otto-von-hasburg-archduke-of-austria/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-05/segments/1516084891886.70/warc/CC-MAIN-20180123091931-20180123111931-00271.warc.gz | en | 0.96438 | 330 | 2.9375 | 3 |
Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder Treatment For Children
Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder is a neurobehavioral condition that is prominently found in children, particularly boys. This condition may continue from childhood to adulthood with the individual not undergoing any type of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder treatment
Adult attention deficit hyperactivity disorder may not be as clear or noticeable as those in children. The attention deficit hyperactivity disorder treatment usually includes several
treatment options which are combined for maximum effect. While some children
with this condition may not be in severe need of attention deficit hyperactivity
disorder treatment, most do.
The effects of this behavioral disorder are
actually what many parents want to avoid. The causes of this disorder are not
yet clear but there are many possible links that lead experts to believe that
genetics, exposure to environmental factors and social factors may play roles in
The symptoms of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder are not varied and can
be easily recognized although there are also some that may be misinterpreted
without proper screening or testing. Screening or testing is imperative before
attention deficit hyperactivity disorder treatment is applied. Attention deficit
hyperactivity disorder treatment may be dependent on the extent or degree of the
symptoms that the child experiences.
Inattention is one of the more dominant symptoms of this condition. Children who
need attention deficit hyperactivity disorder treatment are those who frequently
lose track of instructions, seem to be spacing out or daydreaming perpetually,
always loses things without being able to find them and not being able to
concentrate on what is currently in front of him or her. The child may also show
some difficulty in understanding and acquiring information and instructions
compared to other children his or her age.
Another symptom of this condition is impulsive behavior. Manifestations of this
are inability to contain one's impatience and always interrupting conversations
with his or her ideas and feelings. Children who are impulsive usually act
before they think of the consequences. Hyperactivity is another sign of ADHD
which is one reason why attention deficit hyperactivity disorder treatment may
be called for. Many children with ADHD injure or offend other children and
adults with their irrational and rash behavior.
Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder treatment for children may be a
combination of medication and lifestyle changes. Medication may be necessary to
help control and manage the impulses and hyperactivity that children may have
some difficulty controlling compared to adults. Lifestyle changes are other
attention deficit hyperactivity disorder treatments that can be combined with
medications. These include changes in sleeping patterns, healthy sugar-free diet
and the introduction of exercise.
ADD & ADHD Resources
- ADD/ADHD symptoms often overlap and/or mimic many
symptoms of Sensory Processing Disorders.
Leave the attention deficit hyperactivity disorder page And Return To Sensory Processing Disorder Home Page
Contact Us /
Site Map / | <urn:uuid:aaccba48-ff2d-4490-bc1a-499d2e5741ad> | CC-MAIN-2017-30 | http://www.sensory-processing-disorder.com/attention-deficit-hyperactivity-disorder-treatment.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-30/segments/1500549424296.90/warc/CC-MAIN-20170723082652-20170723102652-00690.warc.gz | en | 0.92009 | 598 | 2.859375 | 3 |
Respectfully Quoted: A Dictionary of Quotations. 1989.
Woodrow Wilson (18561924)
Too much law was too much government; and too much government was too little individual privilege,as too much individual privilege in its turn was selfish license.
WOODROW WILSON, The Author and Signers of the Declaration of Independence, address at Jamestown exposition, Norfolk, Virginia, July 4, 1907.The Papers of Woodrow Wilson, ed. Arthur S. Link, vol. 17, p. 254 (1974). | <urn:uuid:46adb7cc-291d-454e-a950-94bb3b199d27> | CC-MAIN-2015-06 | http://bartleby.com/73/759.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2015-06/segments/1422122086301.64/warc/CC-MAIN-20150124175446-00085-ip-10-180-212-252.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.932772 | 115 | 2.609375 | 3 |
In the summer of 1846, Abraham Lincoln was a Whig candidate for a seat in the US Congress. He was competing against Democratic nominee Peter Cartwright, a well-known Methodist minister who had been one of the earlier settlers of Sangamon County. Despite national attention on the Mexican War, this local race seemed to focus on more personal issues, such as Lincoln's apparently unorthodox religious beliefs. In this handbill, distributed to voters and published in local newspapers (both before and AFTER the election, at Lincoln's insistence), candidate Lincoln denied that he was an "open scoffer at Christianity" but admitted that he was not a church member and that he had once argued privately for a kind of deistic fatalism, what he called the "Doctrine of Necessity." The explosive charges did not prevent Lincoln from defeating Cartwright and securing a term in Congress. (By Matthew Pinsker)
"Handbill Replying to Charges of Infidelity," in Roy P. Basler, ed., The Collected Works of Abraham Lincoln (8 vols., New Brunswick, NJ: Rutgers University Press, 1953), 1: 383, http://quod.lib.umich.edu/l/lincoln/.
Voters of the Seventh Congressional District of Illinois
Transcription adapted from The Collected Works of Abraham Lincoln (1953), edited by Roy P. Basler
Adapted by Matthew Pinsker, Dickinson College | <urn:uuid:136c8c52-d417-4c61-8182-4880089ea60f> | CC-MAIN-2014-23 | http://hd.housedivided.dickinson.edu/node/40332 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2014-23/segments/1406510267865.20/warc/CC-MAIN-20140728011747-00476-ip-10-146-231-18.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.958637 | 291 | 2.84375 | 3 |
[NOTE: Content needs to be reformatted so that heading and body text matches the other articles. I applied heading 1 to the heading, but it doesn't quite work here. Ditto for normal text for the body text -- it should be smaller and left-justified. Thanks -- Cathy Ginther]
Exploring Etoys in Brazil
Greetings from Porto Alegre, Brazil. I am Bruno Sperb, member of the LEC's team (UFRGS). We have been using Etoys since mid-2007 (see students' initial exploration), when the OLPC Pre-Pilot Project (iProjeto Pré-Piloto UCA, part of the National UCA Project, in Portuguese) began. Our team is supporting the experiment in Escola Luciana de Abreu (see introductory video), a small school of 350 students where all the students and teachers receive their own XO laptops for use in school and at home.
At present, we are working with small groups in weekly learning workshops (although the teachers and students use Etoys regularly in the classroom). One day, a teacher told us that three girls in the fourth grade asked her to have "Etoys time" (as they called the workshops). They were working on a project titled "How the Lunar Eclipse Works". They had already presented their project, but they were a bit frustrated with the results, so they wanted to use some of the Etoys tools and make the presentation again (in fourth grade, students present their projects regularly).
We started with their main project questions, which elicited many additional questions, doubts, and hypotheses: "Does everybody on Earth see an eclipse when it occurs?"; "What is the distance between Earth and the moon?"; "What are their differences in size?"; and more. After that, we worked with them on how to use Etoys to enhance their projects. Then we started thinking with them: how can we use Etoys for that? Had they heard of something? Had they seen something and wanted to do like it? Had they thought of anything? And so on ... It became clear then that these girls had learned some things from their colleagues' presentations, so they had some idea of what they wanted to do in Etoys. Two of them decided to design an interactive presentation for their classmates. The third girl decided to simulate the interaction of movements among Earth, the moon, and the sun.
The two girls had seen an animated drawing of their colleagues, but how could they do that by themselves? For that, besides having to think of a cool thing for others to interact with, they had to find a way to build the right scripts, to connect the parts of the whole picture, and mainly to program the objects they wanted. They ended up using the test tool, which led them to if/then language.
As for the other girl, while she was doing her project, she started thinking about how to represent the planets in the computer in a cool way (she found that her simple drawing was not enough). And she wondered how to give them the right proportion. She searched the Web for information about the sizes of and distances between Earth, the moon, and she used graphic tools in Etoys to edit and arrange them.
Sometimes, the kids got stuck or lost confidence because they were thinking that there is only one right way to do something. It is important to point out, as we are doing with the kids - and many times learning with them as well - that in Etoys, there are many ways to do something.
Using Etoys allowed the students to challenge their previously held assumptions about not only the eclipse and solar system (especially those relating to relative proportions and movements) but about their knowledge of Etoys and "how-to". At the end of the meeting, they were proud of their work: R. (9 years old) exclaimed, "It looks like a simple drawing, but when you put the cursor on it ... surprise!"
LEC Project Team (LEC/UFRGS - Porto Alegre/RS/Brasil - www.lec.ufrgs.br) | <urn:uuid:1e59d1df-5818-4d40-88b2-d14eaf37e3a7> | CC-MAIN-2015-18 | http://en.flossmanuals.net/class-acts/ch027_etoyslearningworkshopsinbrazil/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2015-18/segments/1429246661733.69/warc/CC-MAIN-20150417045741-00223-ip-10-235-10-82.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.979426 | 854 | 2.59375 | 3 |
Aim: Reservation in India happens to be a hotly debated issue. This article presents the reasons attributable for bringing in the provision of reservation. The article further, presents a historical analysis of reservation, and compares it with the affirmative action programs in other countries. Alternative suggestions to reservation have been provided.
“Yet another dream was crushed and strewn to dust as the reservation system got better of her ambition of becoming a doctor.”
Years of independence of India, and yet we are in need of a system which reserves seat for some particular sections of the society. It adequately narrates the tale of something that is wrong with this country and its structure of imparting education and employment.
In simple language, reservation refers to an act of withholding, reserving or keeping back some of the seats for the upliftment of status and standard of living socially and educationally backward sections, classes or groups. In a legal understanding, reservation in Indian law is a form of affirmative action whereby a percentage of seats are reserved in the public sector units, union and state civil services, union and state government departments and in all public and private educational institutions, except in the religious or linguistic minority educational institutions, for the socially and educationally backward communities and the Scheduled Castes and Tribes who are inadequately represented in these services and institutions.
Reservation in India came in to address a context, much like the caste system itself did. The caste system meant to be an occupational division, took an ugly turn over the ages. Intermingling of classes were restricted and it lead to untouchability and other social evils and built an oppressive environment of animosity. There is no denying that social discrimination based on caste, creed, and religion continues to be one of the most inhuman and evil practices in human society.
For a country that has a scarcity and limited public resources, despite being one of the largest democracies of the world, reservation has an important social, economic and political implications.Since the day caste-based reservations were implemented in India, there has been seething dissatisfaction among the groups, which may have increased over the past few decades due to the extension of reservation policy, which now includes backward classes as well. Despite the continuation of reservations for over six decades, discrimination against Dalits is still a part of everyday life. A 2006 book by Ghanshyam Shah and co-authors Untouchability in Rural India, suggests that there have been important improvements in recent decades, but that equal treatment has certainly not been achieved. There is a critical need to revise, refine and improve reservation policy in India depending upon its dynamic needs.
The pertinent question that remains to be considered is that has the policy of reservation that has been continuing for over six decades now, and has been expanding, served the purpose of upliftment of the socially and educationally backward sections of the society or has it given rise to other forms of social evils, including animosity between the classes and further oppression of the reserved classes as a means of backlash against them. This paper aims at doing the same.
The major reason for the inclusion of reservation system in the Indian Constitution is the that the framers of the Constitution believed that the SCs and the STs were historically oppressed and denied respect and equal opportunity in the Indian society, due to the deeply rooted caste system, and hence, this was the cause of their under-representation in the nation-building activities and to uplift such groups of people, Article 15 and 16 was put into the Constitution.
Representation of the backward communities in the Indian politics and the mainstream would have been a society and for that reason provisions were made Under Article 15 and Article 16 of the Indian Constitution, so as to allow the policy of reservation for them. These communities constituted a huge chunk of the society and the exclusion of them from the legislature and the law making of this country would not have made enough sense.
Cultural & Societal Reasons:
The social structure in the Indian subcontinent commonly known as the caste system has roots that can be traced back thousands of years. Thebroad superstructure of traditional Hindu social ordering is the varna system. When they conquered the indigenous Dasa peoples, the Aryan people already had a social structure containing three hierarchical social groups: the Brahmins (priests), Kshatriyas (warriors and aristocrats), and Vaisyas (merchants and others). At some point after the conquest, a fourth varna, the Shudras (peasants, laborers, and servants) emerged.Absent from the classification were the groups who later came to be known as Dalits (untouchables), who were entirely excluded from the varna system and consequently excluded from much of Indian village life.
The caste system which has been general seen as a character of the Hindu religion and therefore, ratified by its structure. But, over the years, it has been absorbed into the other religions like Islam, Buddhism, Jainism and other ostensibly anti-caste religions.
Hence, from the very roots of its origins, the Indian society has been discriminating against a certain sect of people, who are of “lowly” birth, as they considered. This created a pertinent of reservation in the Indian society and culture to save these persecuted communities from further oppression and to promote their development and education. At least, this is what is the reason with which reservation had come up in India.
Comparative Analysis & Affirmative Action:
Affirmative Action in USA:
The affirmative action policies in USA are race sensitive and have led to the development of the minorities and extend even to women unlike in India. Some of them have even been withdrawn due to the criticism that they result in extreme partiality towards minorities and women. The affirmative action in USA essentially aims to achieve targeted goals and not provide blanket reservation to the specific quotas. First time, the phrase “affirmative action” was used by John F. Kennedy in his executive order no. 10925 which directed “all government agencies to go beyond passive non-discrimination to take affirmative action so as not to discriminate in hiring”.
The 1964, Civil Rights Act mandated non-discrimination by race/ethnicity within any federally assisted program. The executive order of 10925 was revised by the executive order of 1965 which called for affirmative action in recruitment and outreach practices. The USA Supreme Court in its landmark judgment, California v. Bakke 1978 held that consideration given to race/ethnicity in University admissions is constitutional. In Hopwood v. Texas, U.S. Court of Appeals for the 5th Circuit decided against the affirmative action in university admissions. At present, the racial or gender quotas for college admissions have been declared unconstitutional by the case of Gratz v. Bollinger, 2003.
The main objective of affirmative action mechanism in USA is to combat racism and discrimination in general in American society. It is argued that such action diversifies the homogenous institutions and places of employment. As compared to this, there is enough criticism of the affirmative action in USA, as the opponents allegedly call it as “reverse discrimination”. It is said to be psychologically deleterious to the blacks, women and any other intended beneficiaries. However, another line of criticism has been proclaimed by the Critical Race Theory which argues that the “affirmative action” programs are not unconstitutional or unfair rather slow-paced and ineffective.The first line of criticism has come about as a matter of debate and has not been essentially solved, however, the second line of criticism can help us reach a conclusion and adopt better methods.
Affirmative Action in South Africa:
Like India, South Africa has a long-standing and rigid history of social discrimination. Combating the racial inequalities is the main aim of affirmative action in South Africa, some consideration is also paid to the need for affirmative action in favour of women. It was only in 1994, every South African was allowed to participate in parliamentary elections in the form of “one person, one vote”. Following the attainment of democracy, the government led by African National Congress chose to implement affirmative action legislation to correct previous inequalities this policy came to be known as “employment equity”. The Reconstruction and Development Programmes thus, began to readdress past imbalances.
Affirmative action in South Africa ensures that qualified people from designated disadvantaged groups have equal opportunities. The Employment Equality Act of 1998 gave an increased impetus to the affirmative action movement in South Africa. Although the affirmative action has altered the political and economic conditions of the once-apartheid state, it has not succeeded in transforming the lives of the poor and marginalised.
Africa, has a quota-based reservation system which often gives preference to quota fulfilment over quality impairing the overall growth and development of the nation. The politics of South Africa is centred only on nurturing and consolidating a black middle class appease disgruntled and potentially disruptive educated blacks so as to lessen the inter-cultural instability. Thus, the major challenge that South Africa faces is to develop a paradigm balances the divergent interests of different social groups on the spectrum without hind ring any.
Affirmative Action in Brazil:
Brazil faced racial ambiguity and inequality in greater terms as compared to most other states. In 1968, Brazilian government signed U.N. Convention 111 which mandated the promotion of racial/ethnic minorities in occupations. In 2001, a major leap was taken when President Fernando Henrique Cardoso signed National Program for Affirmative Action, aimed at diversifying governmental agencies. This was an unexpected implementation which was preceded by no discussion. The goal of affirmative action in Brazil was twofold: to combat racial discrimination and to expand the access to higher education for traditionally disadvantaged groups so as to create a level playing field.
Rio de Janeiro took a major step in light of reservation system when in 2001 it announced reservation of 40% of admission slots in state universities for Black and pardo students and 50% of state university slots for public school graduates. This quota was subsequently reduced in 2003 due to major criticism. Finally in 2009, the State University of Rio de Janeiro’s quota program was held unconstitutional by a state tribunal.
Though the caste/race-based quota system of affirmative action in Brazil has been subjected to much criticism, it was upheld by the eleven-member Brazilian Supreme Court. This has led to the change in racial identity in Brazilian society. Affirmative action programmes in Brazil have achieved success yet lot needs to be done in general context as the major focus is confined to equal opportunities in the Universities.
History of reservation & its continued existence:
Article 334 was titled in the Constitution, on 26th November 1949, as “Reservation of seats and special representation to cease after twenty years.” This meant that reservation of SC/STs in Lok Sabha and in the Legislative Assemblies of the States should not have been in effect post 1970.
However, as per the 23rd Amendment of the Constitution, in 1970, article 334 was amended and the reservation for SC/ST and nomination of Anglo Indian members in Parliament and State Assemblies for another 10 years, that is till 1980. Basically, when constitution of India was written, the goal was set for twenty years to bring a reform among SC/STs. However, lack of accountability among politicians and creation of vote-bank politics resulted in further 10-year extension of the time-line.
On January 25, 1980, article 334 of the Indian constitution was again amended to extend the reservation for another ten years (up to 1990). It was further amended time and again and the reservation time line has been kept on being pushed forward. What remains to be a topic of concern is that the situation of the SC/STs does not seem to be that favourable even after extended periods of reservation.
The grandson of Dr. B.R. Ambedkar, Prakash Ambedkar, had stated in an interview,
“Legislation doesn’t change people. That’s why B.R. Ambedkar didn’t believe that reservation of constituencies or jobs for Dalits would change the way Indian society looked at its lower castes. He reluctantly agreed to reservation in the belief that it would be discontinued 10 years after the adoption of the Constitution. But half a century later, reservation remains an issue in India.”
The practice of reservation had to be continued in the Indian politics for the sake of representation of the Dalit communities in the mainstream of the society. Having said that it is also necessary to understand that had the reservation had ended in Indian politics as back as in 1960s, the situation for the Dalits would have largely remained the same because the Dalit politicians remain a puppet in the hands of the more powerful parties like Congress and BJP.
Reservation also became a means of political tool used by the politicians to sway votes in their favour. Using the rhetoric of representation and welfare by means of reservation, the politicians have for long fooled the population of this country with their lofty promises.
There was also a high risk of violence erupting because the Dalit youth of India had been oppressed for centuries and once, it recognised its right and the true meaning of representation in the mainstream of the society, taking it away from them would have resulted in large scale violence from these communities.
Stance of Indian Legislature & Judiciary:
Article 15 of the Indian Constitution is concerned with the prohibition of discrimination on grounds of religion, race, caste, sex, place of birth or any of them. The State is prohibited to discriminate on any such grounds. The same article in further clauses states:
- “Nothing in this article or in clause (2) of Article 29 shall prevent the State from making any special provision for the advancement of any socially and educationally backward classes of citizens or for the Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes.”
- “Nothing in this Article or in sub-clause (g) of clause (1) of article 19 shall prevent the state from making any special provision, by law, for the advancement of any socially and educationally backward classes of citizens or for the scheduled castes or scheduled tribes in so far as such special provisions relate to their admission to educational institutions including private educational institutions, whether aided or unaided by the State, other than the minority educational institutions referred to in clause (1) of article 30.”
Article 14 embodies the general principle of equality before the law. A specific application of the same principle is prohibited in Article 15. Article 15 concretises and enlarges the scope of Article 14. It prohibits certain classification even though they may be justified under Article 14 and expressly asks for making certain classifications which may be impliedly be within the reach of Article 14.
Even though Article 15(1) would have come into way of making favourable provisions for backward sections of society, as it prohibits the state from discriminating against the citizens on grounds only of religion, race, caste, sex and place of birth or any of them, but the interpretation of the same has been such that it guarantees rights, privileges and immunities to people pertaining to them being citizens generally, and not in case of specific application.
There is a long judicial history attached to the issue of reservations. The major cases are explored here in brief.
In the case of Nain Sukh Das v. State of U.P., the Supreme Court invalidated an Act of the State legislature which provided for elections on the basis of separate electorates for members of different religious communities.
In D.P. Joshi v. State of Madhya Pradesh, the Supreme Court held that a law which discriminates on the grounds of residence does not infringe Article 15 because place of birth is distinct from residence. Restriction provided in Clause 2 will apply only if the places mentioned in the Clause are either wholly or partly maintained out of State funds or dedicated to the use of general public.
Clause (4) was added by the Constitution (First Amendment) Act, 1951 as a consequence of the decision of the Supreme Court in State of Madras v. ChampakamDorairajan. In that case the Court struck down the communal G.O. of the Madras Government which, with the object to help the backward classes, had secured the proportion of students of each community that could be admitted into the State medical and engineering colleges. Although the Directive Principles of State Policy embodies in Article 46 of the Constitution lays down that the State should promote with special care the educational and economic interests of the weaker sections of the people and protect them from social unfairness, the court held that “the Directive Principles of State Policy have to conform to and run as subsidiary to the Chapter of Fundamental rights”. Now clause (4) enables the State to make special provisions for the advancement of socially and educationally backward classes of citizen or for the Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes. Such provisions include reservations or quotas and can be made in the exercise of executive powers without any legislative support.
In M.R. Balaji v. State of Mysore, it was held that the caste of a group of persons cannot be the sole or even predominant factor though it may be a relevant test for ascertaining whether a particular class is a backward class or not. Backwardness under Article 15(4) must be social and educational, and that social backwardness is, in the ultimate analysis, the result of poverty. One’s occupation and place of habitation could be the other relevant factors in determining social backwardness. The Court invalidated the test of backwardness which was based predominantly, if not solely, on caste.In this case the validity of a Mysore Government Order reserving 68 per cent of the seats in the engineering and medical colleges and other technical institutions in favour of backward classes including the Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes was challenged. The Supreme Court characterized Art. 15(4) as an exception to Art. 15(1). Reservation of 68 per cent of the seats in the colleges was found to be plainly inconsistent with Article 15(4) of the Constitution.
In the State of U.P. V. Pradeep Tandon, in admission to medical colleges in U.P. in favour of candidates from- (a) rural areas, (b) hill areas and (c) Uttarakhand area was challenged. The classification was based on geographical or territorial considerations because in governments view the candidates from these areas constituted socially and educationally backward classes of citizens.The Court upheld reservations for persons from hill and Uttarakhand areas. It was found that the absence of means of communication, technical processes and educational facilities kept the poor and illiterate people in the remote and sparsely populated areas backward. However, reservation of seats for rural areas was invalidated because the division of the people on the ground that the people in the rural areas were poor and those in the urban areas were not, was not supported by the facts. Further, the rural population was heterogeneous and not all of them were educationally backward.
The question was again considered in Jayasree v. State of Kerala, where the Supreme Court was called upon to determine whether the constitutional protection could be extended to a person who belonged to a backward community but the family’s income exceeded the prescribed limit of certain amount per annum. The court held that in ascertaining social backwardness of a class of citizens, it may not be irrelevant to consider the caste of group of citizens. Castes cannot, however, be made the sole or dominant test as social backwardness which results from poverty is likely to be aggravated by considerations of caste. This shows the relevance of both caste and poverty in determining the backwardness of the citizens but neither caste alone nor poverty alone can be the determining test of social backwardness.
Upholding the validity of a total of 49.5 per cent reservation (22.5 per cent for SCs and STs and 27 per cent for SEBCs) in the Mandal Commission case, the Court held that barring any extraordinary situation Court mentioned of a far-flung remote area whose population needs special treatment for being brought into the mainstream. For such cases the Court suggested extreme caution and making out of a special case. The 50 per cent limit does not include those members of SEBCs who get selected on their own merit. They are entitled to get adjusted against the open category. The 50 per cent limit, however, applies to all reservations, including those which can be made under Article 16(1), i.e., altogether the reservation should not exceed 50 per cent limit. But this limit applies only to reservations and not to exemption, concessions and relaxations. Therefore 50 per cent limit may not apply to many situations under Article 15(4) and 16(4). For the application of 50 per cent rule a year should be taken as the unit and not the entire strength of the cadre service or the unit, as the case may be. So long as this limit is observed, carry forward rule is permissible. In this case, the Court clearly held that Article 15(4) and 16(4) are not exceptions to clauses (1) and (2) of those articles or to Article 14. They are rather the means of achieving the right to equality enshrined in those articles.
Article 16 of the Constitution deals with the equality of opportunity in matters of public employment. It is incumbent with the clause which says that nothing in the article would prevent the States from making any provision for reservation of appointments or posts in favour of any backward class of citizens which, in the opinion of the State, is not adequately represented in the service under the State.
“Article 14 guarantees the general right of equality; Articles 15 and 16 are instances of the same right in favour of citizens in some special circumstances. Article 15 is more general than Article 16, the latter being confined to matters does not mention descent as one of the prohibited grounds of discrimination as Article 16 does.”
In Devadasan case, the Supreme Court was required to adjudge the validity of the carry forward rule. The carry forward rule envisaged that in a year, 17½ per cent posts were to be reserved for Scheduled Castes/Tribes; if all the reserved posts were not filled in a year for want of suitable candidates from those classes, then the shortfall was to be carried forward to the next year and added to the reserved quota for that year, and this could be done for the next two years. The result of the rule was that in a year out of 45 vacancies in the cadre of section officers, 29 went to the reserved quota and only 16 posts were left for others. This meant reservation upto 65% in the third year, and while candidates with low marks from the Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes were appointed, candidates with higher marks from other classes were not taken.
In State of Kerala v. N.M. Thomas, the Supreme Court held that it was permissible to give preferential treatment to Scheduled Castes/Tribes under Art. 16(1) outside Art. 16(4).the Court observed: Art. 16(4) is not in the nature of an exception of Art. 16(1). It is a facet of Art. 16(1) which fosters and furthers the idea of equality of opportunity with special reference to an under privileged and deprived class of citizens. Thus, Art. 16(1) being a facet of the doctrine of equality enshrined in Art. 14 permits reasonable classification just as Art. 14 does. The majority ruled that Art. 16(4) is not an exception to Art. 16(1). Art. 16(1) it permits reasonable classification for attaining equality of opportunity assured by it.
In Ashoka Kumar Thakur v. State of Bihar, the Supreme Court has assessed the validity of unrealistically high levels of income or holdings of other conditions prescribed by the Legislatures of UP and Bihar as criteria to identify the creamy layer.The Supreme Court has quashed these conditions as discriminatory. The Court has ruled that these conditions laid down by the two States have no ‘nexus’ with the object sought to be achieved. The criterion laid down by the two States to identify the creamy layer are violative of Art. 16(4), wholly arbitrary, violative or Art. 14, and against the law laid down by the Supreme Court in the Mandal case, where the Court has expressed the view that a member of the All India Service without anything more ought to be regarded as belonging to the “creamy layer”.
Suggestions & Solutions to Tackle the Issue:
Firstly, we need to understand that the reservation system only divides the society leading to discrimination and conflicts between different sections since, it is oppressive and does not find its basis in casteism. It is actually the converse of a communal living.
Currently, as per the government policy, 15% of the government jobs and 15% of the students admitted to universities must be from Scheduled castes and for the Scheduled tribes there is a reservation of about 7.5 %. Other than this, the state governments also follow their own reservation policies respectively based upon the population constitution of each state. So nearly 50% seats are reserved.
The plausible solution to the issue of reservation rests on strengthening the educational infrastructure of the nation. Education should be made mandatory till the age of 15 hence, the dissemination of primary education would be fair and universal. More funds should be allocated to this effect and there is an urgent need to revamp the entire structure of teaching, learning and the obsolete administrative apparatus that hinders the growth of the nation rather than serving it. A review committee should be set up under a governmental authority which should submit annual reports, reviewing the implementation of allocation of funds at the primary and the secondary education level.
Reservation benefits, if provided, should be restricted per family to a maximum of two children irrespective of the number of children in a family, which would help in regulating the population of OBCs which will eventually result in decrease in their representation, giving way to the principle of equality. This could also be achieved where reservation can be extended to one generation only. A family that has availed it once should not be allowed to avail it in the next generation too. This would make it possible to do away with reservations in a phased manner.Once an OBC is self-sufficient then relegate him from that category and include him in the general category. Thereon, his coming generations will be termed as general category. This will result in reduction of the OBCs.
The root of the problem lies not in the demarcation of the categories but in the ever increasing rural and urban divide. In a rural village of India, a general category individual is suffering same as the OBC. So, the solution lies in bridging the gap between rural and urban India which can be done in concentrating on the rural setup and providing them all the basic facilities. This way we can reduce the concentration of power in few hands and provide sustenance to the weaker section i.e. the rural society.
However, if it is deemed necessary that 27% reservation is to be implemented then it should be done on the basis of satisfying the minimum criteria of marks which every student, irrespective of caste or class has to secure. It should only be after careful consideration of the calibre of the backward class candidates combined with his qualifying marks and reasonable intelligence that he should be given admission. In other words, if qualifying marks for a general category is, say 90 %, then the qualifying marks for the OBC candidate should be approx. 80 %. This will prevent dilution of academic standards. Also, in case the quota seats are not filled then after a lapse of particular period of time, the remaining seats should be made open to the general category. This will prevent wastage of seats.
Edited by Vedanta Yadav
Reservation: Under Article 15 & 16 of the Constitution (2017), available at: https://www.legalbites.in/law-notes-constitution-reservation/#_ftn2
Sujatha, It is Time for Caste-based Reservation to Go, available at: https://www.mapsofindia.com/my-india/india/it-is-time-for-caste-based-reservation-to-go
Nidhi Khurana, The Way Forward for Caste-Based Reservations in India, available at: https://thewire.in/caste/caste-based-reservations-india-way-forward
Ghanshyam Shah et al., Untouchability in Rural India (2006).
supra note 4.
supra note 1.
G.S. Ghurye, Caste and Race in India (1968).
Deepak Lal, The Hindu Equilibrium, vol. 1, Cultural Stability and Economic Stagnation,Oxford: Clarendon, (1988).
Andre´ Be´teille, The Backward Classes in Contemporary India, Oxford University Press (1992).
Michele S. Moses, Moral and Instrumental Rationales for Affirmative Action in Five National Contexts, 39American Educational Research Association 211-228 (2010).
Tomiko Brown-Nagin, Elites, Social Movements, and the Law: The Case of Affirmative Action, 105 Colum. L. Rev. (2005).
The Civil Rights Act of 1964.
Executive Order 10925, available at:https://www.eeoc.gov/eeoc/history/35th/thelaw/eo-10925.html.
California v. Bakke, 438 U.S. 265 (1978).
Hopwood v. Texas, 78 F.3d 932 (5th Cir. 1996).
Gratz v. Bollinger, 539 U.S. 244 (2003).
Christine Reyna, Amanda Tucker, William Korfmacher, P. J. Henry, Searching for Common Ground between Supporters and Opponents of Affirmative Action Political Psychology,26Symposium: Race and Politics 667-682 (2005)
Steven Ratuva,“Black empowerment” policies: Dilemmas of affirmative action in South Africain, Politics of preferential development (2013).
supra note 12.
supra note 12.
Natasa Kovacevic, Righting Wrongs: Affirmative Action in South Africa, 29Har. Intl.Rev. (2007).
OckertDupperVerfassung und Recht, Affirmative Action in South Africa: (M)Any Lessons for Europe?39L. and Pol. in Africa, Asia and Latin America 138-164 (2006).
Antonio Sergio, Colour and Race in Brazil: From Whitening to the Search for Afro-Descent(2010).
Sérgio Da Silva Martins, Paving Paradise: The Road from “Racial Democracy” to Affirmative Actionin Brazil, 34, J. of Black Stud.
Affirmative Action: An Ethical Evaluation Bill Shaw Journal of Business Ethics,7 (1988).
supra note 12.
supra note 12.
Article 334: Reservation of Seats & Special Representation to Cease After Twenty Years, available at: https://mohdabubakr.wordpress.com/2010/11/10/article-334-reservation-of-seats-and-special-representation-to-cease-after-twenty-years/
Manu Joseph, What is Reservations had Come to an End in 1960?, available at: https://www.outlookindia.com/magazine/story/what-if-reservations-had-come-to-an-end-in-1960/224881
V. N. Shukla, Constitution of India 70(10th ed.).
supra note 1.
AIR 1953 SC 384.
AIR 1955 SC 334.
AIR 1951 SC 226.
supra note 1.
AIR 1963 SC 649.
AIR 1975 SC 563.
AIR 1976 SC 2381.
Indra Sawhney v. Union of India, 1992 Supp (3) SCC 217.
AIR 1961 SC 564.
Devdasan v. Union of India, AIR 1964 SC 179.
AIR 1976 SC 490.
(1995) 5 SCC 403.
Sumedha Upadhyay, Reservation: Understanding the Past, Present and Solutions, available at: https://www.youthkiawaaz.com/2011/02/educational-reservations-india-solutions/
Reservation- Solution to the Problem, available at: http://www.legalserviceindia.com/articles/res_pro.htm. | <urn:uuid:623a5483-c7fc-4d52-a635-ee91bcaf12fe> | CC-MAIN-2019-39 | http://lawtimesjournal.in/an-analysis-of-reservation-in-india/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-39/segments/1568514573105.1/warc/CC-MAIN-20190917181046-20190917203046-00392.warc.gz | en | 0.949735 | 6,770 | 3.375 | 3 |
The idea is that using a patient’s own stem cells to grow new body parts avoids the whole issue of rejection as well as waiting for a donor.
Dr Anthony Atala, director of the Institute for Regenerative Medicine at the Wake Forest Baptist Medical Center in North Carolina, US, has made breakthroughs in building bladders and urethras.
He breaks tissue-building into four levels of complexity.
1. Flat structures, such as the skin, are the simplest to engineer as they are generally made up of just the one type of cell.
2. Tubes, such as blood vessels and urethras, which have two types of cells and act as a conduit.
3. Hollow non-tubular organs like the bladder and the stomach, which have more complex structures and functions.
4. Solid organs, such as the kidney, heart and liver, are the most complex to engineer. They are exponentially more complex, have many different cell types, and more challenges in the blood supply.
“We’ve been able to implant the first three in humans. We don’t have any examples yet of solid organs in humans because its much more complex,” Dr Atala told the BBC.
Wake Forest researchers have produced liver organoids which can break down drugs.
Dr Atala said: “The challenge for us is – how do we scale up?”
Bioprinting, just like an office printer except it “prints” cells layer by layer, has been used to “print” a kidney.
Dr Atala said: “The strategies are out there to someday be able to target every organ in the body we are not there yet. We are nowhere near there yet.
“But the goal of the field is to keep on advancing the number of tissues that we can target.”
Of course growing a hand is even more challenging than anything being tried in laboratories so far. Will it ever be possible?
“You never say never, but certainly it’s something I will most likely not see in my lifetime,” Dr Atala concluded. | <urn:uuid:98d37140-6f74-4192-bd91-438f70d3b5c5> | CC-MAIN-2017-30 | https://www.nextbigfuture.com/2012/03/growing-replacement-hands-and-organs.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-30/segments/1500549425407.14/warc/CC-MAIN-20170725222357-20170726002357-00528.warc.gz | en | 0.962026 | 445 | 3.375 | 3 |
Diversity in the workplace is a powerful and critical differentiator for your business. Workplace diversity entails having employees with a variety of backgrounds who can provide different perspectives and bring with them unique life experiences that benefit your organization’s decision-making and problem solving processes.
But, what does a genuinely diverse workforce entail, and why is it so important and advantageous to your organization?
Breaking Down the Types of Diversity in the Workplace
While racial or ethnic diversity is a common focus of diversity training, there’s more to diversity than just this one component. A truly diverse workforce can mean different things to different people. However, one thing that’s for certain is that it’s more than strictly demographic data. Simply put, diversity can be broken down into a variety of categorizations, including:
- Race and ethnicity
- Culture and language
- Age and generational differences
- Gender and sexual orientation
- Neurodivergence and cognitive functions
- Different experiences, types of intelligence, and values
In light of these different forms of diversity, it’s imperative for leadership and human resources personnel to create an inclusive environment that is welcoming to everyone. However, this is an area in which some companies excel and others struggle.
The Importance of All Types of People for Workplace Inclusion
While some people may emphasize one type of diversity over another, it’s important to recognize that they are all essential and matter. If your organization’s leadership emphasizes one type of diversity, such as race, gender, or sexual orientation, then they are missing out on workplace inclusion opportunities.
An inclusive workplace is one that makes employees feel appreciated, valued, and that they are a part of the larger picture. All of these things, along with other factors, can help to improve your organization’s reputation in the industry, which can benefit your company’s image and positively affect its bottom line.
The Benefits of Cultural Diversity in Business
Diversity in the workplace is a strong component of a company’s culture. Workplace diversity not only increases employee well-being, drive, and satisfaction, but it also makes the workplace more inviting to new and current employees. Part of the importance of workplace diversity is that it promotes workplace inclusion, which can lead to increased empathy and understanding of others’ viewpoints while contributing to greater collaboration.
According to an article in Fortune:
“Companies in the top quartile for racial and ethnic diversity are 35% more likely to have returns above national industry medians, SAP chief diversity and inclusion officer Anka Wittenburg wrote in a piece for Fortune, quoting a McKinsey study. She also pointed to a study from Bersin by Deloitte that found over a 3-year period, diverse companies see 2.3 times the cash flow per employee when compared to their less diverse peers.”
Big Think expert and management guru Jennifer Brown says that there are now considerable overlaps between the demographics of your employees and your customers — so much so, that your employees should be considered your customer base. Because there is more transparency between employees and customers (which can include the employees who are customers themselves as well as your external market), companies with workplace diversity training are more appealing to customers.
In her Big Think Edge Diversity Training masterclass, Brown says:
“Everything you do as a leader matters and is watched by groups of employees — by all employees. They’re watching to see, ‘Do you respect me? Do you understand me? And, have you earned my buying power and my discretionary spend?’”
Regardless of how beneficial workplace diversity is to the effectiveness of organizations of all sizes and industries, it can be challenging to integrate and frequently requires specific considerations and incorporation methods.
Big Think Edge is a global provider that delivers video-driven development solutions through learning programs on a variety of topics that feature world-class experts. To learn more about integrating effective training to contribute to increased diversity in the workplace, check out our Diversity & Inclusion virtual course by clicking on the link below.
Big Think Edge Big Think Edge is a one-of-a-kind organizational development solution that brings world-class learning programs to entire organizations, at scale, in the form of short video lessons from the best global thinkers and doers. | <urn:uuid:21281f8c-1f73-4aa3-89a0-cf2aa43fdcc4> | CC-MAIN-2018-39 | https://www.bigthinkedge.com/blog/why-diversity-in-the-workplace-is-more-than-race | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-39/segments/1537267158450.41/warc/CC-MAIN-20180922142831-20180922163231-00365.warc.gz | en | 0.949556 | 884 | 2.765625 | 3 |
Thus, since the atomic mass of iron is 55.847 amu, one mole of iron atoms would weigh 55.847 grams.
What is the mass of 1 iron?
Irons mass, according to the periodic table is 55.85 g. This is an iron.
How do you calculate 1 mole of iron?
Divide the mass of iron by its molar mass in g/mol to get the moles of iron. One mole of anything is 6.022×1023 of anything, including atoms. Multiply mol Fe by 6.022×1023mol .
What is the mass in grams of two moles of iron?
The molar mass of iron is 55.845 g/mol. Two moles of iron atoms equals 2×55.845g/mol Fe=111.69 g/mol Fe .
What is the mass of 4.00 moles of Fe?
The mass (m) of Fe is: [55.9 g/mol × 4.50 moles] = 251.6 grams. Note: It is rounded to the nearest one decimal place. 4.50 moles of Fe should give you 251.6 grams of Fe.
What is the mass of 1 mole of Fe atoms?
(mass of one mole of atoms) is 55.85 g/mol (or one mole of Fe atoms is in 55,85 g of Iron).
How many grams are in a mole?
The mass of one mole of a substance is equal to that substance’s molecular weight. For example, the mean molecular weight of water is 18.015 atomic mass units (amu), so one mole of water weight 18.015 grams.
What is the total mass of iron in 1.0 mole of Fe₂o₃?
1.0 mol Fe2O3 contains 111.69 g Fe .
How many moles are in iron?
Molar mass is defined as the number of grams in one mole of a given element. Iron has a molar mass of 55.84 grams/mole. So, five grams divided by 55.84 grams/mole gives us 0.089 moles of iron.
What is the mass of 5 moles of Fe?
The mass of 5 moles of Fe203 is 798.5 grams.
What is the mass of 2.25 mol of iron Fe?
? 3 SFS B1) What is the mass in grams of 2.25 mol of the element iron, Fe? =(126 g Fe] hot fe Page 7 B2) What is the mass in grams of 0.375 mol of the element potassium, K? sodium, Na?
How many grams are in 5 moles of iron?
Furthermore, the atomic mass of iron is 55.847. That means that one mole of iron weighs 55.847 grams (55.847 g/mol). Based on that information, to convert 5 moles of iron to grams, we multiply 5 moles of iron by 55.847.
What is the mass of 1 mole of lead?
The mass of one mole of lead (Pb) atoms is 207.2 g. | <urn:uuid:bd40dac2-58a7-4505-aba9-311e27527f6f> | CC-MAIN-2022-21 | https://sherrayorganiccosmetics.com/makeup/what-is-the-mass-in-grams-of-1-mole-of-iron.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-21/segments/1652662522556.18/warc/CC-MAIN-20220518215138-20220519005138-00748.warc.gz | en | 0.894777 | 672 | 2.96875 | 3 |
Living with Dementia
Who is afflicted?
No one is certain why some people get Alzheimer's and others don't. With continued research, more and more is being learned about this disease every day.
There are some factors that researchers believe can increase a person's risk of getting Alzheimer's disease. Scientists believe, for example, that those who have an immediate family member with Alzheimer's may be more likely to develop Alzheimer's themselves, although the causes and degree of risk are not clear.
Who is affected?
A diagnosis of Alzheimer's disease has implications not only for the person with the disease, but also for his or her family and friends.
Everyone who cares for someone with Alzheimer's will feel the effects of the disease and will need to understand how to cope with what is happening to his or her family member or friend.
Depression is found in 20% of persons with Alzheimer's disease and in up to 50% of Alzheimer's caregivers. | <urn:uuid:26642ec6-8404-48d8-b4f1-fb707c9c1cbe> | CC-MAIN-2018-09 | https://thememorycenter.uchicago.edu/page/living-dementia | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-09/segments/1518891813626.7/warc/CC-MAIN-20180221143216-20180221163216-00054.warc.gz | en | 0.979579 | 195 | 3.078125 | 3 |
These event cards give a broad overview of the Weimar and Nazi Germany topic. This resource can be used in a number of ways, I am going to use em in my first lesson introducing the topic by giving copies of each card to the students and they have to find out when each event happens and write a sentence summary.
Other ways which the event cards could be used are –
- Revision game when the cards are dealt out equally. Students then have to successfully describe the event on their card in a limited time and/or a given word limit.
- Another revision game is where students have to guess which event is on each other’s card by asking a limited set of questions which can only be answered yes or no.
- The event cards could be used to construct a visual timeline.
- The event cards can be used as dominoes where cards can be played like dominoes but where each card touches a link has to be explained and agreed by the players.
- The event cards could bed as part of a diamond nine exercise. | <urn:uuid:3f4c63e3-44b7-43c4-b893-e346d1d72195> | CC-MAIN-2018-26 | https://jivespin.wordpress.com/2016/08/16/weimar-and-nazi-germany-event-cards/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-26/segments/1529267864139.22/warc/CC-MAIN-20180621094633-20180621114633-00098.warc.gz | en | 0.968034 | 216 | 4.0625 | 4 |
But why? Why is a blast on a horn the best expression of the national mood at the start of a New Year? And a ram's horn at that?
The talmudic sage Rabbi Avahu elucidates Rosh Hashanah 16a), but in a way that raises as many questions as it solves. He says that the ram's horn recalls the ram which Abraham offered instead of his son Isaac (Genesis 22:13). God tested Abraham, asking him to offer his only son as a sacrifice, but then stopping him at the last moment. Abraham sacrificed a ram instead of his son, and we blow a ram's horn to remember that story. But what does the memory of this story contribute to our shofar experience?
Another talmudic sage, Rabbi Eliezer, says that the world was created on Rosh Hashanah (Rosh Hashanah 10b). The Maharsha (Rabbi Shmuel Eidels, 1555 – 1631) clarifies this, saying that most things were made beforehand, but Adam and Eve, the raisons d'être of creation, were made on this day. Our New Year is the birthday of our very humanity.
We can understand this more deeply by looking at the biblical account of the creation of Adam: "Then God formed the man out of the dust of the ground and He breathed into his nose a breath of life, and the man became a living soul" (Genesis 2:7).The defining, life-giving act for all human beings was the receipt of that breath from God.
In Hebrew the word for breath is neshamah, which is also used to denote a soul. Unlike other creatures that are merely animate, we have something of God's own nature, a soul that is as close to Him as our breath is to our body. On Rosh Hashanah, we relive that remarkable moment when God infused us with something of His own, and made us His.
In the sound of the shofar, our soul finds expression
This event was so momentous that the Talmud considers it to be the defining date of the Creation. All the glittering, mighty galaxies and the intricate ecology of our own planet were just a backdrop for this unique pair of creatures with intelligence and a conscience.
Pirkei Avot (Ethics of the Fathers) gives us an insight into the purpose of this soul, stating: "All that the Holy One blessed be He created in His world was only created for His glory" (6: 11).
Throughout our lives, then, our mission is to dedicate ourselves and the world to God. The precious spirits vouchsafed to us are not for us to keep, but to use in our task as God's heralds on Earth. On Rosh Hashanah, the day when this first became possible in Eden, we rededicate ourselves to this mission. In the sound of the shofar, our breath - our soul - finds mighty expression and it reverberates far and wide, echoing and swirling around our own little corner of the cosmos. As much as we can, we make the world echo with the good news of the divine presence in human hearts.
Our power to transform the whole creation in this way is hinted at in the final chapter of the Book of Psalms, which summons us to use our soul - our breath - to blow a horn and spread God's praise from our house of prayer out across the heavens, making the entire universe ring with His name.
"Praise God in His sanctuary; praise Him in the vault of the heavens made by His power.
Praise Him for His mighty acts; praise Him according to His abundant greatness.
Praise Him with the blast of the horn... praise Him with the reverberations of the teruah.
Let every thing that hath breath praise the Lord."
This idea is emphasised by our recollection of the story of Isaac and the ram, which the shofar brings to mind. The Midrash elaborates on Abraham's thoughts as he sacrificed the ram: "At every point of the sacrificial procedure, Abraham prayed, 'May it be Your will that this is as if it were done to my son... as if my son were slaughtered, as if his blood were sprinkled, as if my son were flayed, as if he were burned and reduced to ashes'" (Bereshit Rabbah 56:9).
The ram's horn reminds us that Abraham sought to give up a soul even more precious than his own in God's service, and that he had this in mind even when it was no longer physically possible. His noble act reminds us that it is humanly possible to yield oneself up to God, not by choosing to die but by choosing to live according to His will.
If our year begins in this way and with this resolve, there is every chance that it will be better than the last; not just another year, but altogether a new one. | <urn:uuid:57548e56-f82c-4d17-9427-d587e1dfa987> | CC-MAIN-2018-05 | https://www.thejc.com/judaism/features/ringing-the-praises-on-the-world-s-birthday-1.18078 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-05/segments/1516084891750.87/warc/CC-MAIN-20180123052242-20180123072242-00170.warc.gz | en | 0.96863 | 1,028 | 2.796875 | 3 |
Who was Mulk Raj Anand?
One of the first Indian writers in the English language to make a mark on the international scenario, Mulk Raj Anand was an author with hundreds of novels, short stories and essays to his name. Considered a pioneer of the anglo-Indian fiction, he is best remembered for his depiction of the poorer classes of people in India and their plight. His writings are rich with the realistic and touching portrayal of the problems of the common man, often written with heart wrenching clarity. Mulk Raj Anand was much too familiar with the problems of the poorer sections himself. The son of a coppersmith, he had witnessed cruelties of unimaginable horrors unfold before his own eyes—all that stemmed from the caste system that loomed over India like a malignant curse. He was an avid learner and went to Cambridge for higher education where he became actively involved in politics. He later returned to India to campaign for the cause of India’s independence. A bold and outspoken writer, he exposed several of India’s evil practices through his writings. He was a prolific writer and authored a great number of works, most of them were a commentary on the social structure of his time.
Childhood & Early Life
He was the born in Peshawar to Lal Chand—a coppersmith and soldier—and Ishwar Kaur. From an early age, Mulk Raj was pained by the problems of Indian society that stemmed from the issues of religion and caste.
He began to write from a young age; some of his early works were inspired by the love he had for a Muslim girl who was unfortunately already married. He was also angered by the suicide of a relative who had been ostracized for sharing food with a Muslim. These events inspired him to vent his frustration through words
He went to Khalsa College, Amritsar, and then to the University of Punjab from where he graduated in 1924. While at the college, he became involved in the Non Co-operation Movement in 1921 and was imprisoned for a short while.
Thereafter he went to University College, London on a scholarship before enrolling at the Cambridge University. He earned his PhD in 1929. In England, he actively became involved in left wing politics.
Continue Reading Below
You May Like
He became a writer in English language as English language publishers were more open to publish the kind of themes he wrote on. His writing career began in England where he used to publish short reviews in T. S. Eliot’s magazine, ‘Criterion’.
During the 1930s and 1940s he was very active in politics and spoke regularly at the meetings of India League which was founded by Krishna Menon.
Over this period he became acquainted with the likes of intellectuals, such as, Bertrand Russell and Michael Foot, and authors like Henry Miller and George Orwell. He was deeply influenced by M.K. Gandhi.
His first novel, “Untouchable’ was published by the British firm, Wishart in 1935. The story was about a day in the life of Bakha, a boy who has to become a toilet cleaner just because he belongs to the untouchable caste. The novel was seen as a poignant reminder of the atrocities of the caste system in India.
In 1935, he played an important role in the founding of the Progressive Writers’ Association in London along with the writers Sajjad Zaheer and Ahmed Ali.
His heart wrenching novel ‘Two Leaves and a Bud’ (1937) again dealt with the way the lower caste people are exploited in India. It was the story of a poor peasant who is brutally killed by a British officer who tries to rape his daughter.
He joined the International Brigade in the Spanish civil war in 1937. As a socialist, he wrote numerous articles and essays on Marxism, Fascism, Indian independence and other political issues.
In 1939 he began lecturing in literature and philosophy at the London County Council Adult Educational Schools and the Workers’ Educational Association where he taught till 1942.
In 1939 he wrote ‘The Village’, which was the first part of the trilogy that would include the novels ‘Across the Black Waters’ (1940) and ‘The Sword and the Sickle’ (1942). The trilogy was about was about a rebellious adolescent and his experiences in the World War I.
Continue Reading Below
Throughout the 1930s and 1940s, he divided his time between London and India. At both places he was involved in politics—he was associated with the British Labour Party as well as the Indian National Congress.
Anand worked as a broadcaster and scriptwriter in the film division of the BBC in London during the World War II. He returned to India after the war. He founded the fine-arts magazine, ‘Marg’ in 1946.
He spent the next several years from 1948 to 1966 teaching at various universities. During the 1960s he served as Tagore Professor of Literature and Fine Art at the University of Punjab.
He served as the fine art chairman at Lalit Kala Akademi from 1965 to 1970. He also became the president of Lokayata Trust in 1970.
His best known work was the novel ‘Untouchable’ which tells of the story of a boy, Bakha, who is destined to become a toilet cleaner just because of his caste. The plot revolves around what happens when he meet an upper caste man and encounters atrocities.
Awards & Achievements
He was honored with the Padma Bhushan, India’s third highest civilian award in 1967 for his vast contributions towards the field of Literature & Education.
He won the Sahitya Academy Award for his novel ‘The Morning Face’ (1968).
Personal Life & Legacy
He met actress Kathleen van Gelder in London and the couple married in 1938. Their union produced a daughter. The marriage however unraveled and the couple divorced in 1948.
In 1950, he married Shirin Vajibdar, a classical dancer
He died in 2004 at the age of 98. | <urn:uuid:8f7d2c84-7656-4887-9029-72439ab70cdb> | CC-MAIN-2021-10 | https://www.thefamouspeople.com/profiles/mulk-raj-anand-5317.php | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-10/segments/1614178349708.2/warc/CC-MAIN-20210224223004-20210225013004-00204.warc.gz | en | 0.984653 | 1,260 | 2.734375 | 3 |
There is something badly broken in today's Internet.
At first blush that may sound like a contradiction in terms, or perhaps a wild conjecture intended only to grab your attention to get you to read on. After all, the Internet is a modern day technical marvel. In just a couple of decades the Internet has not only transformed the global communications sector, but its reach has extended far further into our society, and it has fundamentally changed the way we do business, the nature of entertainment, the way we buy and sell, and even the structures of government and their engagement with citizens. In many ways the Internet has had a transformative effect on our society that is similar in scale and scope to that of the industrial revolution in the 19th century. How could it possibly be that this prodigious technology of the Internet is "badly broken?" Everything that worked yesterday is still working today isn't it? In this article I'd like to explain this situation in a little more detail and expose some cracks in the foundations of today's Internet.
You see it's all about addresses. In a communications network that supports individual communications it's essential that every reachable destination has its own unique address. For the postal network it's commonly your street address. For the traditional telephone network it's your phone number. This address is not just how other users of the network can select you, and only you, as the intended recipient of their communication. It's how the network itself can ensure that the communication is correctly delivered to the intended recipient. The Internet also uses addresses. In fact the Internet uses two sets of addresses. One set of addresses is for you and I to use. Domain names are the addresses we enter into web browsers, or what we use on the right hand side of the @ in an email address. These addresses look a lot like words in natural languages, which is what makes them so easy for we humans to use. The other set of addresses are used by the network. Every packet that is passing through the Internet has a digital field in its header that describes the network address of the packet's intended delivery address: it's "destination address." This address is a 32 bit value. A 2 bit field has four possible values, a 3 bit field has eight possible values, and by the same arithmetic a 32 bit field has 2 to the power 32, or some 4,294,967,296 unique values.
If every reachable device on the Internet needs a unique address in order to receive packets, then does that mean that we can only connect at most some 4 billion devices to the Internet? Well, in general terms, yes! And once we reach that hard limit of the address size, should we expect to encounter problems? Well, in general terms, yes!
Running out of addresses in any communications network can pose a massive problem. We have encountered this a number of times in the telephone network, and each time we've managed to add more area codes, and within each area we've added more in-area digits to telephone numbers to accommodate an ever-growing population of connected telephone handsets. Every time we've made this change to the address plan of the telephone network we needed to reprogram the network. Luckily, we didn't needed to reprogram the telephone handsets as well. We just had to re-educate telephone users to dial more digits. With care, with patience, and with enough money this on-the-fly expansion of the telephone system's address plan can be undertaken relatively smoothly. But this approach does not apply to the Internet. The address structure of the Internet is not only embedded into the devices that operate the network itself, the very same address structure is embedded in every device that is attached to the network. So if, or more correctly, when, we run out of these 32 bit addresses on the Internet we are going to be faced with the massive endeavour of not only reprogramming every part of the network, but also reprogramming every single device that is attached to the network. Given that the Internet today spans more than 2.3 billion users and a comparable number of connected devices then this sounds like a formidable and extremely expensive undertaking.
If running out of IP addresses is such a problem for the Internet then you'd like to hope that we could predict when the ominous event would occur, and then give ourselves plenty of lead time to dream up something clever as a response. And indeed we did predict this address depletion. Some 23 years ago, in August 1990, when the Internet was still largely a research experiment and not the foundation bedrock of the global communications enterprise we saw the first prediction of address runout. At the time Frank Solensky a participant in the Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF) extrapolated the growth of the Internet from the emerging experience of the US National Science Foundation's NSFNET, and similar experiences in related academic and research projects, and predicted that the pool of addresses would run out in some 6-10 years time.
The technical community took this message to heart, and started working on the problem in the early 1990's.
From this effort emerged a stop gap measure that while it was not a long term solution, would buy us some urgently needed extra time. At the time the Internet's use of address use was extremely inefficient. In a similar manner to a telephone address that uses an area code followed by a local number part, the Internet's IP address plan divides an IP address into a network identifier and a local host identifier. At the time we were using an address plan that used fixed boundaries between the network identification part and the host identification part. This address plan was a variant of a "one size fits all" approach, where we had three sizes of host addresses within the network: one size was just too big for most networks, one size was too small, and the only one that left was capable of spanning an Internet of just 16,382 networks. It was this set of so-called "Class B" address blocks that Frank Solensky predicated to run out in four year's time.
So what was the stop gap measure? Easy. Remove the fixed boundaries in the address plan and provide networks with only as many addresses as they needed at the time. It was hoped that this measure would give us a few more years of leeway to allow us to develop a robust long term answer to this address problem. The new address plan was deployed on the Internet in early 1993, and for a couple of years it looked like we were precisely on track, and, as shown in Figure 2, this small change in the address plan, known as Classless Inter-Domain Routing (CIDR), would buy us around 2 or 3 years of additional time to work on a longer term approach to IP address exhaustion.
Figure 2 – CIDR and Address Consumption
As things turned out, we were wrong in that 2 — 3 year estimate.
The reason why we were wrong was that a second stop gap measure was also developed in the early 1990's. This new technology cut right to the heart of the architecture of the Internet and removed the strict requirement that every attached device needed its own unique address on the Internet.
The approach of Network Address Translators (NATs), allowed a collection of devices to share a single public IP address. The devices that were located "behind" a NAT could not be the a target of a new communication, so that, for example, you could not host a web service if you were behind a NAT, but as long as the devices behind the NAT initiated all communications, then the NAT function became invisible, and the fact that an IP address was being shared across multiple devices was effectively irrelevant. In a model of clients and servers, then as long as you only placed the clients behind a NAT then it was possible to share a single IP address across multiple clients simultaneously.
The emerging retail ISP industry took up this NAT technology with enthusiasm. The provisioning model for retail Internet services was for a single IP address provided for each connected service, which was then shared by all the computers in the home using a NAT that was embedded into the DSL or cable modem that interfaced the home network to the service provider network. The IP address consumption levels dropped dramatically, as it was no longer a case of requiring a new IP address for each connected device, but instead requiring a single IP address for each connected service. And as the home collected more connected devices, none of these devices drew additional addresses from the IP address pool.
Instead of buying a couple of years of additional breathing space to design a long term solution to address depletion, the result of the combination of classless addressing and NATs was that it looked like we had managed to push the issue of address depletion out by some decades! The most optimistic prediction of address longevity in around 2001 predicted that IPv4 address depletion might not occur for some decades, as the address consumption rate had flattened out, as shown in Figure 3.
Figure 3 – CIDR, NATs and Address Consumption
Perhaps it may have been an unwarranted over-reaction, but given this reprieve the industry appeared to put this entire issue of IP address depletion in the Internet onto the top shelf of the dusty cupboard down in the basement.
As events turned out, that level of complacency about the deferral of address depletion was misguided. The next major shift in the environment was the mobile Internet revolution of the last half of the 2000's. Before then mobile devices were generally just wireless telephones. But one major provider in Japan had chosen a different path, and NTT DOCOMO launched Internet-capable handsets onto an enthusiastic domestic market in the late 1990's. Their year-on-year rapid expansion of their mobile Internet service piqued the interest of many mobile service operators in other countries. And when Apple came out with a mobile device that included a relatively large well-designed screen and good battery life, an impressive collection of applications and of course a fully functional IP protocol engine, the situation changed dramatically. The iPhone was quickly followed by a number of other vendors, and mobile operators quickly embraced the possibilities of this new market for mobile Internet services. The dramatic uptake of these services implied an equally dramatic level of new demand for IP addresses to service these mobile IP deployments, and the picture for IP address depletion one more changed. What was thought to be comfortably far into the future problem of IP address depletion once more turned into a here and now problem.
Figure 4 – Address Consumption
Even so, we had exceeded our most optimistic expectations and instead of getting a couple of years of additional breathing space from these stop gap measures, we had managed to pull some 15 additional years of life out of the IPv4 address pool. But with the added pressures from the deployment of IP into the world's mobile networks we were once more facing the prospect of imminent address exhaustion in IPv4. So it was time to look at that long term solution. What was it again?
During the 1990's the technical community did not stop with these short term mitigations. They took the address depletion scenario seriously, and considered what could be done to define a packet-based network architecture that could span not just billions of connected devices but hundreds of billions of devices or more. Out of this effort came version 6 of the Internet Protocol, or IPv6. The changes to IPv4 were relatively conservative, apart from one major shift. The address fields in the IP packet header were expanded from 32 bits to 128 bits. Now every time you add a single bit you double the number of available addresses. This approach added 96 bits to the IP address plan. Yes, that's 340,282,366,920,938,463,463,374,607,431,768,211,456 possible addresses!
This approach to IPv6 appeared to adequately answer the need for a long term replacement protocol with enough addresses to fuel a rapacious silicon industry that can manufacture billions of processors each and every year. However, there was one residual annoying problem. The problem arises from one of the underlying features of the Internet's architecture: IP is an "end-to-end' protocol. There is no defined role for intermediaries in packet delivery. In the architecture of the Internet, what gets sent in a packet is what gets received at the other end. So if a device sends an IPv4 packet into the network, what comes out is an IPv4 packet, not an IPv6 packet. Similarly, if a device sends an IPv6 packet into the network then what comes out at the other end is still an IPv6 packet. The upshot of this is that IPv6 is not "backward compatible" with IPv4. In other words setting up a device to talk the "new" protocol means that it can only talk to other devices that also talk the same protocol. This device is completely isolated from the existing population of Internet users. What were these technology folk thinking in offering a new protocol that could not interoperate with the existing protocol?
What they were thinking was that this was an industry that was supposedly highly risk averse, and that once a long term replacement technology was available then the industry would commence broad adoption well before the crisis point of address exhaustion eventuated. The idea was that many years in advance of the predicted address exhaustion time, all new Internet devices would be configured to be capable of using both protocols, both IPv4 and IPv6. And the idea was that these bilingual devices would try to communicate using IPv6 first and fall back to IPv4 if they could not establish a connection in IPv6. The second part of the transition plan was to gradually convert the installed base of devices that only talked IPv4 and reprogram them to be bilingual in IPv6 and IPv4. Either that, or send these older IPv4-only devices to the silicon graveyard!
The transition plan was simple. The more devices on the Internet that were bilingual the more that the conversations across the network would use IPv6 in preference to IPv4. Over time IPv4 would essentially die out and support for this legacy protocol would be no longer required.
However one part of this plan was critical. We were meant to embark on this plan well before the time of address exhaustion, and, more critically, we were meant to complete this transition well before we used that last IPv4 address.
Figure 5 – The IPv6 Transition Plan
And to some extent this is what happened. Microsoft added IPv6 to its operating systems from the mid 2000's with the Windows Vista and Windows Server 2008 products. Apple similarly added IPv6 into their Mac OSX system from around 2006. More recently, IPv6 support has been added into many mobile devices. These days it appears that around one half of all devices connected to the Internet are bi-lingual with IPv6 and IPv4. This is indeed a monumental achievement, and much of the effort in re-programming the devices that are attached to the Internet to speak the new protocol has been achieved. So we are all ready to switch over the Internet to use IPv6, yes? Well, no, not at all.
So what's gone wrong?
Many things have not gone according to this plan, but perhaps there are two aspects of the situation that deserve highlighting here.
Firstly, despite the addition of IPv6 into the popular computer platforms, the uptake of IPv6 in the network is just not happening. While there was a general view that the initial phase of IPv6 adoption would be slow, the expectation was that the use of IPv6 would accelerate along exponentially increasing lines. But so far this has not been all that evident. There are many metrics of the adoption of IPv6 in the Internet, but one of the more relevant and useful measurements is that relating to client behaviour. When presented with a service that is available in both IPv4 and IPv6, what proportion of clients will prefer to use IPv6? Google provide one measurement point, that measures a sample of the clients who connect to Google's service. Their results are shown in Figure 6.
Figure 6 – IPv6 Adoption (Source)
Over the past four years Google has seen this number rise from less than 1% of users in early 2009 to a current value of 1.2%. It's one of those glass half-full or half-empty stories. Although in this case the glass is either 1% full or 99% empty! If broad scale use of IPv6 is the plan, then right now we seem to be well short of that target. On a country-by-country basis the picture is even more challenging. Only 9 countries have seen the proportion of IPv6 users rise above 1%, and the list has some surprising entries.
Figure 7 – IPv6 Adoption (Source)
It's hard to portray this as evidence of broad based adoption of IPv6. Its perhaps more accurate to observe that a small number of network providers have been very active in deploying IPv6 to their customer base, but these providers are the minority, and most of the Internet remains locked deeply in IPv4. If a significant proportion of the end devices support IPv6 then why are these use metrics so unbelievably small? It appears that the other part of the larger network re-programming effort, that of enabling the devices sitting within the network to be IPv6-capable, has not taken place to any significant extent. It's still the case that a very large number of ISPs do not include IPv6 as part of their service offering, which means that even if an attached computer or mobile device is perfectly capable of speaking IPv6, if the access service does not support IPv6 service then there is effectively no usable way for the device to use IPv6. And even when the service provider supplies IPv6 as part of its service bundle, it may still be the case that the user's own network devices, such as the in-home NAT/modems and other consumer equipment that supports in in-home networks, such as a WiFi base station or a home router may only support IPv4. Until this equipment is replaced or upgraded, then IPv6 cannot happen. The result is as we seen in the IPv6 usage metrics today: when offered a choice between IPv4 and IPv6, some 99% of the Internet's connected devices will only use IPv4.
Secondly, we've now crossed into a space that was previously regarded as the unthinkable: we've started to run out of IPv4 addresses in the operating network. This address exhaustion started with the central address pool, managed by the Internet Assigned Numbers Authority (IANA). The IANA handed out its last address block in February 2011. IANA hands out large blocks of addresses (16,777,216 addresses per "block") to the Regional Internet Address Registries (RIRs), and in February 2011 it handed out the last round of address blocks to the RIRs. Each of the five RIRs operates independently, and each will themselves exhaust their remaining pool of IPv4 addresses in response to regional demand. APNIC, the RIR serving the Asia Pacific region, was the first to run out of addresses, and in mid April 2011 APNIC handed out its last block of "general use" IPv4 addresses. (as a side remark here, APNIC still had 17 million addresses held aside at that point, but the conditions associated with allocations from this so-called "final /8" are than each recipient can receive at most an allocation of a total of just 1,024 addresses from this block.) This represented an abrupt change in the region. In the last full year of general use address allocations, 2010, APNIC consumed some 120 million addresses. In 2012, the first full year of operation under this last /8 policy the total number of addresses handed out in the region dropped to 1 million addresses. The unmet address demand from this region appears to be growing at a rate of around 120 — 150 millions addresses per year.
The region of Europe and the Middle East has been the next to run out, and in September 2012 the RIPE NCC, the RIR serving this region, also reached its "last /8" threshold, and ceased to hand out any further general use IPv4 addresses. The process of exhaustion continues, and the registry that serves Northern America and parts of the Caribbean, ARIN, has some 40 million addresses left in its address pool. At the current consumption rate ARIN will be down to its last /8 block 12 months from now, in April 2014. LACNIC, the regional registry serving Latin America and the Caribbean, currently has some 43 million addresses in its pool, and is projected to reach their last /8 slightly later in August 2014. The African regional registry, AFRINIC, has 62 million addresses, and at its current address consumption rate, the registry will be able to service address requests for the coming seven years.
Figure 8 – IPv4 Address Depletion (Source)
So if the concept was that we would not only commence, but complete the process of transition to use IPv6 across the entire Internet before we got to that last IPv4 address, then for Europe, the Middle East, Asia and the Pacific this is not going to happen. It's just too late. And for North and South America it's also highly unlikely to happen in time.
And the slow pace of uptake of IPv6 points to the expectation that this "running on empty" condition for the Internet address plan may well continue for some years to come.
We are now entering into a period of potential damage for the Internet. If the objective of this transition from IPv4 to IPv6 was to avoid some of the worse pitfalls of exhaustion of the IPv4 address space in the internet, then we've failed.
The consequence of this failure is that we are now adding a new challenge for the Internet. It's already a given that we are meant to sustain continued, and indeed accelerating, growth in terms of the overall size of the network and the population of connected devices. The pace of this growth is expressed as a demand for some 300 million additional IP addresses per year, and the figures from the device manufacturers point to a larger figure of some 500 — 700 million new devices being connected to the Internet each year. And the number grows each year. We are expanding the Internet at ever faster rates. As if riding this phenomenal rate of growth on the existing infrastructure and existing technology base wasn't challenging enough, we also have the objective not just to maintain, but to accelerate the pace of transition to IPv6. These two tasks were already proving to be extremely challenging, and we've been slipping on the second. But we now have the additional challenge of trying to achieve these two objectives without the supply of any further IPv4 addresses. At this point the degree of difficulty starts to get uncomfortably close to ten!
This situation poses some architectural consequences for the Internet. Until now we've managed to push NATs out to the edge of the network, and make address compression something that end users did in their home networks. The consequences of failure of such devices and functions are limited to the edge network served by the NAT. We are now deploying mechanisms that allow this NAT function to be performed in the core of the carriage networks. This introduces a new set of unquantified factors. We've little experience in working with large scale NAT devices. We have no idea of the failure modes, or even the set of vulnerabilities in such an approach. We are still debating the appropriate technical approach in the standards bodies, so there are a variety of these service provider NAT approaches being deployed. Each NAT approach has different operational properties, and different security aspects. But now we don't have the luxury of being able to buy more time to explore the various approaches and understand the relative strengths and weaknesses of each. The exigencies of address exhaustion mean that the need for carrier level NAT solutions is now pressing, and given that this is a situation that we never intended to experience, we find ourselves ill-prepared to deal with the side effects from this subtle change in the network's architecture. The greater the level of complexity we add into the network, and the wider the variation in potential network behaviours as a result, the greater the burden we then place on applications. If the network becomes complex to negotiate then applications are forced to explore the local properties of the network environment in order to provide the user with a robust service.
If the hallmark of the Internet was one of efficiency and flexibility based on a simple network architecture, then as we add complexity into the network what we lose is this same efficiency and flexibility that made the Internet so seductively attractive in the first place. The result is a network that is baroquely ornamented, and one that behaves in ways that are increasingly capricious.
We are hopelessly addicted to using a network protocol that has now run out of addresses. At this point the future of the Internet, with its projections of trillions of dollars of value, with its projections of billions of connected silicon devices, with its projections of petabytes of traffic, with its projections of ubiquitous fibre optics conduits spanning the entire world is now entering a period of extreme uncertainty and confusion. A well planned path of evolution to a new protocol that could comfortably address these potential futures is no longer being followed. The underlying address infrastructure of the network is now driven by scarcity rather than abundance, and this is having profound implications on the direction of evolution of the Internet.
There really is something badly broken in today's Internet.
By Geoff Huston, Author & Chief Scientist at APNIC. (The above views do not necessarily represent the views of the Asia Pacific Network Information Centre.)
|Data Center||Policy & Regulation|
|DNS Security||Regional Registries|
|Domain Names||Registry Services|
|Intellectual Property||Top-Level Domains|
|Internet of Things||Web|
|Internet Protocol||White Space|
Afilias - Mobile & Web Services | <urn:uuid:26a13f09-5a5b-43ef-845c-a6223ed4a754> | CC-MAIN-2016-50 | http://www.circleid.com/posts/20130421_a_primer_on_ipv4_ipv6_and_transition | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-50/segments/1480698543614.1/warc/CC-MAIN-20161202170903-00004-ip-10-31-129-80.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.9606 | 5,297 | 3.0625 | 3 |
Southhampton; Cardinal Wolsey, Robert Cecil, Earl of Salisbury; Robert Burton, Sir John Barnard, Sir Edward dyer, Charles Blunt, Queen Elizabeth.
Sir Francis Bacon
Edward de Vere
Mary Sidney Herbert
Queen Elizabeth I
THEORY OF COLLABORATION or a GROUP OF WRITERS
The idea that a group of individuals worked together to create the Canon has been growing in popularity. Since it is common knowledge that during the late sixteenth and early seventeenth century different artists collaborated in the writing of plays, it’s not surprising that a “group theory” has arisen regarding those attributed to Shakespere. Many individuals from the aristocracy, professional playwrights and even actors and producers such as Richard Burbage have been proposed as possible co-authors of the plays.
For more on the Group Theory, click HERE | <urn:uuid:34e54414-c040-4d09-9a4c-21459f7495d4> | CC-MAIN-2015-32 | http://shakespeareauthorship.org/authors/candidates.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2015-32/segments/1438042989043.35/warc/CC-MAIN-20150728002309-00229-ip-10-236-191-2.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.911119 | 180 | 3.03125 | 3 |
Chronic kidney disease affects more than 30 million adults in the United States. Each year, 100,000 patients transition to the most advanced stage of kidney disease – end-stage kidney disease – where they require either dialysis or a kidney transplant in order to survive.
The costs of advanced kidney disease care are high and mortality in dialysis is comparable to many cancers. Because of a federal law passed in 1972, patients become automatically eligible for Medicare coverage after they develop end-stage kidney disease, regardless of their age.
This means that the federal government bears much of the cost of caring for this population. The less than 1% of Medicare beneficiaries with end-stage kidney disease account for more than 7% of all Medicare expenditures.
Despite high costs and poor health outcomes, little has changed in how end-stage kidney disease care is delivered over the past four decades, and there are few interventions available to slow the progression of chronic kidney disease.
While many patients would survive longer and have a better quality of life if they received a kidney transplant, a shortage of organs available along with other barriers prevent many patients from getting a transplant.
And, despite a widespread belief among healthcare providers that many patients would have improved quality of life if they received dialysis at home rather than at a dialysis facility, the use of home dialysis in the United States is low.
Recognizing a need to improve kidney care delivery, President Trump and the Secretary of Health and Human Services, Alex Azar, announced on July 10 a department-wide initiative within HHS to transform kidney disease care.
The initiative will focus on three main areas. First, it aims to reduce the number of Americans with end-stage kidney disease. Second, it sets the ambitious goal of having 80% of Americans with end-stage kidney disease either receiving dialysis at home or with a functioning kidney transplant by 2025.
Third, it aims to double the number of kidneys available for transplant by 2030. The administration plans to accomplish these goals with policies that boost innovation, transform care delivery, educate the public about kidney disease, and increase the availability of organs for transplant.
This announcement is exciting for both patients with kidney disease and healthcare providers. Any success in making kidney transplants more available and in finding ways to prevent the progression of kidney disease holds the promise of improving patient health while at the same time reducing healthcare costs.
And, efforts to increase patients’ access to different treatment options – such as home dialysis – and to create reimbursement incentives that reward the delivery of patient-centered care, could lead to meaningful improvements in the lives of patients with kidney disease.
However, this initiative is not without dangers. Importantly, many details have yet to be announced. Also, home dialysis is not for everybody. Ideally, physicians and dialysis providers should be educating patients on their options for receiving dialysis at home and in-center, and working with their patients to determine the best treatment option for them. Strong economic incentives that simply favor home dialysis, irrespective of patient preferences and realities, could leave some patients worse off.
While innovations that prevent progression to end-stage kidney disease and efforts to successfully increase the availability of kidneys for transplantation can reduce costs, innovation in medicine more commonly leads to higher costs. It will be critical that the new initiatives focus on cost-effective innovations.
The recent executive order represents an exciting step toward advancing kidney disease care beyond the status quo. I sincerely hope that this will lead to new breakthroughs in disease prevention and cost-effective treatment options.
But, as sweeping as this initiative appears to be, it’s only a first step. It will be important that the consequences of new incentives on the cost and quality of care are closely monitored, and that policymakers remain committed to improving upon these efforts. | <urn:uuid:a523e53a-f06e-40a5-9d2a-c13a402dcb45> | CC-MAIN-2022-21 | https://blogs.bcm.edu/2019/07/26/evaluating-new-efforts-to-revamp-kidney-care/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-21/segments/1652662512249.16/warc/CC-MAIN-20220516204516-20220516234516-00045.warc.gz | en | 0.953628 | 771 | 2.984375 | 3 |
FAO and UNDP released a set of briefing notes on the integration of agriculture into countries’ National Adaptation Plans (NAPs).
The European Academies Science Advisory Council published a report on food security, nutrition and agriculture in Europe.
A report on behalf of Champions 12.3 analyzes the profitability of reducing food waste.
This week’s brief looks at the role of climate adaptation in agriculture and related impacts on food security and nutrition. Among other partnerships and stakeholder initiatives on this topic, we highlight efforts toward a zero hunger future, and the business case for reducing food waste.
At the sixth session of the Plenary of the Intergovernmental Platform on Biodiversity and Ecosystem Services (IPBES-6) held in Medellin, Colombia, from 17-24 March 2018, five new countries joined the Coalition of the Willing on Pollinators: Colombia, Mexico, the Dominican Republic, Bosnia-Herzegovina and the Republic of Ireland. For many geographies and products, food security relies on wild pollinator species, underscoring the connections between biodiversity and attainment of SDGs in other areas. A report by the Cambridge Conservation Initiative (CCI) flags the increasing “pollination deficit,” and looks at how to ensure resilient agricultural supply chains against the context of vulnerable and declining pollinator species.
Also linking agriculture with other SDGs, the Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) of the UN released a set of four briefing notes on achieving countries’ Nationally Determined Contributions (NDCs) under the Paris Agreement on climate change in tandem with progress on SDGs 2 and 13 (zero hunger and climate action, respectively). The studies are a product of the joint Integrating Agriculture in National Adaptation Plans (NAPs) Programme (NAP-Ag), conducted in collaboration with UN Development Programme (UNDP) with support from the German Federal Ministry for the Environment, Nature Conservation and Nuclear Safety (BMUB).
The first briefing note offers an overview of rigorous impact evaluation methods to ensure that sufficient evidence is collected on adaptation interventions’ effects. Impact evaluation is defined as “a special study that utilizes a counterfactual to attribute observed outcomes to the intervention as well as estimate the impact of a project.” The note titled, ‘Using impact evaluation to improve policymaking for climate change adaptation in the agriculture sectors,’ highlights that experimental and quasi-experimental methods, although reliant on the availability and expertise of technical staff such as economists and statisticians, are a preferred means of measuring impacts, and should be embedded early in projects’ design.
The second briefing note identifies and explores four entry points for gender in NAP formulation, building on suggestions made by the UNFCCC’s Least Developed Countries (LDC) Expert Group. The note titled, ‘Promoting gender-responsive adaptation in the agriculture sectors: Entry points within National Adaptation Plans,’ emphasizes that climate change does not impact everyone equally, that adaptation responses in the agricultural sector are shaped by both formal and informal institutions, and that a gender perspective can avoid reinforcing or exacerbating existing inequalities. The note uses examples from Uganda and Uruguay, each of which are also featured as country case studies in other publications we review below.
FAO and UNDP’s third briefing note introduces an approach for assessing “institutional capacity” to plan climate adaptation measures in agriculture. This approach, the note explains, enables the identification of country strengths and needs, and can improve coordination between ministries, as well as cross-sector collaboration across stakeholder groups. The note titled, ‘Institutional capacity assessment approach for national adaptation planning in the agriculture sectors,’ reviews technical capacity in five key areas: 1) climate information and risks assessment; 2) long-term vision and mandate; 3) planning and implementation; 4) coordination and partnering; and 5) monitoring and evaluation. The assessments are intended to be a participatory process that builds country ownership, rather than a prescriptive exercise conducted solely by external actors.
Cost-benefit analyses must go through the difficult process of monetizing that which holds intrinsic value.
The final briefing note reviews, ‘Cost-benefit analysis for climate change adaptation policies and investments in the agriculture sectors.’ It notes that cost-benefit analysis (CBA) is one of the methodologies that can be used to rank or prioritize projects, and outlines the standard steps of a CBA geared specifically towards agriculture adaptation. Somewhat similar to impact evaluation, a CBA compares societal benefits and costs from a project to a business-as-usual scenario under which that project has not been implemented. However, it should be noted that CBAs face challenges in two areas: 1) they discount future costs and benefits, thus placing higher weight on short-term gains; and 2) they are required to go through the difficult process of monetizing that which holds intrinsic value.
The briefs build on a set of three country case studies released by the NAP-Ag Programme last year, which review actions and initial lessons since the Programme’s 2016 launch. Those studies highlighted: Uganda’s inclusion of gender in its NAP for the agricultural sector; Kenya’s legal and institutional framework for climate change and adaptation, and early lessons learned on identifying needs and working with multiple stakeholders and governance levels; and Uruguay’s experiences in safeguarding livelihoods and promoting resilience.
Relatedly, NAP Expo 2018 was held from 4-6 April 2018, in Sharm el-Sheikh, Egypt. IISD’s Elena Kosolapova reviews the event here. Additional information on adaptation is regularly published on the SDG Knowledge Hub, and can be found under the tag Adaptation and Loss and Damage Update.
Looking more specifically at the food and agricultural sectors, the UN World Food Programme (WFP) and EU jointly released a Partnership Report reviewing collaboration between the two entities. The report reviews financial assistance to end hunger in developing countries, and highlights five steps that WFP is taking towards a zero hunger world. It notes that conflict continues to be the main driver of food insecurity, impacting 74 million people across 18 countries, but also flags that low crop yields due to severe dry spells have impeded progress on eliminating hunger, particularly in Africa.
The European Academies Science Advisory Council (EASAC) released a report finding that overconsumption of calorie-dense foods is leading to a public health crisis in Europe. Titled, ‘Opportunities and challenges for research on food and nutrition security and agriculture in Europe,’ the paper acknowledges a need to shift diets, as well as challenges around spillover effects from European consumption. Recommendations are categorized into buckets on: science-policy interface; nutrition, food choices and food safety; plants and animals in agriculture; environmental sustainability; waste; trade; and innovation trends. A press release is available here, and additional content is available on the report’s landing page.
A report on behalf of Champions 12.3, authored by experts from World Resources Institute (WRI) and the Waste and Resources Action Programme (WRAP), looks at the business case for reducing food loss and waste in the hotel industry. The report analyzes data from 42 hotel sites in Europe, North America, and the Middle East and Asia-Pacific regions. It finds that on average, the benefits of reducing food waste outweigh the costs by 6.8 to 1 over a three-year time frame, regardless of a hotel’s market segment or geographic location, but flags high variance across sites. A detailed write-up of the study is available on the SDG Knowledge Hub.
Additional issues of the SDG Knowledge Weekly can be found here. | <urn:uuid:9885f135-d877-41ac-a48b-840e82c11ccf> | CC-MAIN-2023-40 | https://sdg.iisd.org/commentary/policy-briefs/sdg-knowledge-weekly-adaptation-agriculture-and-food/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-40/segments/1695233510671.0/warc/CC-MAIN-20230930082033-20230930112033-00406.warc.gz | en | 0.918907 | 1,587 | 3.046875 | 3 |
Food additives are substances that are in the food supply either by accident or on purpose.
They are added intentionally for a variety of reasons including to slow down spoilage, to enhance color and flavor, and to improve texture and nutrient density.
They are added accidentally due to food processing, packaging and storage methods.
Is it a good idea?
The desirability of adding foreign substances to our food supply has been the subject of a great deal of controversy. The FDA has instituted regulations to control these substances, and is constantly reevaluating their standards.
Caveat: Be aware that the chemicals used to make food more appealing are often found in products targeted for children.
Artificial colors have recently been found to be harmful to children, so read labels and avoid foods with these harmful substances.
Focus on real food for yourself and your kids to avoid the potential problems associated with the additives in processed foods.
Here is a list of common food additives that are added intentionally by food manufacturers.
--Sodium meta bisulfite
Beet powder or juice
--Locust Bean Gum
This is a list of additives that are put in foods on purpose. There is also a list of substances that appear in foods unintentionally. These include, dioxins, pesticides, acrylamide, methylene chloride, BPA, hormones, antibiotics, bug parts, rat fecal hairs. Some of these substances, such as BPA and dioxins from plastics, are being studied for their potential as health hazards.
This list also includes things like peanut residue and soy that are not normally part of the food product but were added inadvertently during processing at a facility where peanuts and soy are used in other products. This potential should be listed on the food label. | <urn:uuid:93ce5945-009b-4e97-bc0b-61fa72bdc62a> | CC-MAIN-2022-40 | https://www.healthy-eating-support.org/food-additives.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-40/segments/1664030335054.79/warc/CC-MAIN-20220927162620-20220927192620-00683.warc.gz | en | 0.916116 | 629 | 3.390625 | 3 |
Latch is a wiring component that can be crafted using the Wiring Station. It is a logical D-Latch, with the upper input as 'E' and the lower input as 'D' (which is the inverse of most D-Latch diagrams).
If both E and D are ON at the same time, the output will stay ON until E is ON but D is turned OFF.
The Persistent Switch is a SR-Latch. In case tungsten is unavailable, it is possible to construct a SR-Latch from 2 NOT Switches and 2 AND Switches, but this is not recommended as it takes the same area and is more computationally expensive than building one from a D-Latch.
S is the top port, and R is the lower port.
The lower OR Switch is only used as a convenience buffer, and may be substituted with a XOR Switch. To act as a buffer, its upper port is left unconnected. As OR Gates are Trivial both can be removed to save space, at the cost of the simplistic shape and dedicated external ports.
|Floran :||A Latch. Can be used to sstore a wire sstate.|
|Glitch :||Fascinated. A Latch. Can be used to store a wire state.| | <urn:uuid:acb8864c-85a5-4935-b9c3-8c2c3275219f> | CC-MAIN-2018-13 | https://starbounder.org/Latch | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-13/segments/1521257648003.58/warc/CC-MAIN-20180322205902-20180322225902-00340.warc.gz | en | 0.940968 | 274 | 2.75 | 3 |
Whether it’s the "end of welfare as we know it" or the shakeup at the World Bank, there is widespread re-thinking how we’ve been addressing poverty. Among the most successful innovations is the Grameen Bank, founded by Muhammad Yunus some 20 years ago – it is now the largest rural bank in Bangladesh and a model worldwide for its innovative micro-credit program. The bank lends money to the poorest people of Bangladesh, 94 percent of whom are women. Borrowers, who own over 90 percent of the shares of Grameen, meet in groups where they provide each other with encouragement, advice, and support.
The model has inspired the development of micro-credit projects in over 50 countries, and a Micro-Credit Summit has been scheduled for early February with the goal of reaching 100 million of the world’s poorest people by 2005.
Sarah: What was it that inspired you to begin a micro-credit program, and when did you realize that you were on to an important concept?
Yunus: I had been teaching in the United States and I returned to Bangladesh after independence to participate in rebuilding the nation. I came with the arrogance of a PhD; I thought we could solve the problems of Bangladesh. Once I was there, I was confronted with a nationwide famine and the arrogance melted away. I felt humbled; I couldn’t do anything.
Then I decided that, rather than worrying about what happens to the whole world, or Bangladesh, or the famine situation, I would just find out what I could do to help one person have a better day.
I started going to people’s houses, talking to them, trying to understand their life. I saw how people suffered for lack of a tiny amount of money. One dollar, two dollars can make so much difference in a life. We made a list of 42 people who needed a total of only $27, less than one dollar apiece. That was the biggest shock. How can people suffer for want of such small sums of money? The government was allocating millions of dollars, yet nobody cared how people suffered for such a tiny amount.
My first response was to loan them money from my own pocket Then I thought once I started, I would have to keep on lending my money. I should arrange with the bank to make the loans.
I approached a bank, but the bank manager said, "No, no, no. You cannot lend money to poor people. They will not pay you back."
I said, "How do you know? Have you ever tried?"
They said, "No, we don’t have to. We know they don’t."
I said, "We’ll find out. I think they will pay it back."
It’s a long story, but in the end I offered the bank my services as a guarantor. I borrowed the money from the bank, loaned it to the poor, and people paid it back.
But the bankers still said, "Oh, you’re a fool. They will repay the money this time, but the moment you loan more, they’ll stop." I was told that the loanswere repaid because the borrowers were all from one village where I had been meeting and talking with the people. So I did it in two villages, then five, 10, 20 villages, 30 villages, 100 villages. Each time it worked. Each time the bankers waited for the whole thing to collapse, and it did not. It grew.
Finally I decided to set up my own bank. The government thought it was a funny idea; poor people cannot borrow money. I showed them the examples, the reports, but they didn’t pay any attention. I lobbied, knocking on doors for two years. Finally, I was given permission, and we became a bank.
Sarah: From what I understand, the work you’re doing leads to changes in people’s lives that go beyond their immediate economic well-being. These are changes that enhance people’s capacity, strengthen community, affect their relationships, outlook on life, and perhaps even their spiritual experience. Can you talk a little bit about the changes you see?
Yunus: This work is not just about loaning money, paying it back, and hoping that things will change. We also engage the people who borrow from us in discussions about the social problems that they face in their lives and the kind of solutions they imagine for themselves.
Something we call "The 16 Decisions" emerged out of thousands and thousands of these sessions. For example, one of the 16 Decisions says, "We shall grow vegetables all year round, eat plenty of them, and sell the surplus." This decision helps to overcome malnutrition; a lot of children have night blindness due to vitamin A deficiency. Another one is, "We shall send our children to school so that they can become educated."
An especially important one is "We shall not take any dowry at the time of marriage of our sons, and we shall not give any dowry at the time of marriage of our daughters." A dowry is a curse; it destroys family after family who have to find the money to arrange the marriage of a daughter. As a result, a daughter becomes a family liability. The moment she is born, the family looks upon the daughter as a kind of punishment. Throughout her life the daughter lives in a very apologetic way. "Sorry I was born to be a daughter. I wish I was not born."
The only way to resolve this is for people to start thinking differently, to agree not to take dowries, and not to give them.
Another one of the 16 Decisions is "We shall keep our families small, increase our income, and reduce our expenditures." Studies show that Grameen families adopt family planning practices at twice the rate of the national average.
Sarah: What other ways have you seen changes in society growing out of the Grameen process?
Yunus: We had a national election in June. We had a tremendous voter turnout, 73 percent average nationwide. The fascinating thing was that for the first time in the history of Bangladesh, women voters turned out in larger numbers than male voters. One common explanation is that more women voted because organizations such as Grameen and other micro-credit groups have organized them. Women are attending weekly meetings and developing leadership and greater awareness. When the election came, women wanted to be sure their voices were heard.
In the process, the fundamentalist party, which had 17 seats in the previous Parliament, was completely wiped out. They won only three seats, because the women don’t vote for them. The message was very clear – they were defeated everywhere.
These are the things that generate power and change consciousness. One thing leads to another. With money and empowerment, people start seeing themselves as people who can make decisions.
Sarah: I understand that Grameen has moved into other areas beyond micro-lending. Could you tell me a little bit about that, and why you’ve chosen to do so?
Yunus: We have observed that while Grameen credit helps people increase their income, several leakages in the system keep people from moving ahead. Oneis the expenditures for health care; as income rises, the expenditure for health care increases disproportionately. When you’re extremely poor, you don’t spend any money on your health because you are preoccupied with getting food. Once you satisfy that basic need, you start diverting your additional income to health issues, and you can’t move ahead. So, we decided that Grameen should look into Bangladesh health care.
In Bangladesh, child mortality is extremely high, one of the highest in the world. Maternal death at delivery is also very high. There is no prenatal examination or postnatal treatment of the mother.
The government organizes health services in Bangladesh, but does so very poorly. We decided to develop a modern, self-financing health care program that addresses the issues of the poor, emphasizes prevention, and is also very affordable.
For the last three years we have been operating an experimental Grameen health program at ten different sites. Our plan was that the village borrowers would contribute to the program and help set it up. We found that for about two dollars a year per family, we could develop a very good health care program with modern facilities for an entire area. Currently, we can cover 65 percent of the cost. We are trying to get to the point where we recover 100 percent of our costs so that we can expand the program throughout the country.
Sarah: Why were you able to do this when the government seemed to have such difficulty providing the services?
Yunus: Somehow, whenever the government is involved, corruption becomes an issue. The Bangladesh government spends a lot of money on health care, but the program is doctor-oriented. There are beautiful hospitals, clinics, and so forth, but people don’t get health services. Doctors have a private practice somewhere else, and come back at the end of the month to pick up the check. The government cannot change anything because the people in the programs are so powerful.
Sarah: Why wouldn’t you run into the same difficulties when your program starts getting larger?
Yunus: Our decision making process is different – it is performance oriented. The government is
oriented toward supporting its cronies and maintaining the status quo. They are not interested inthe health results themselves.
Another area of involvement is our hand-loom products. Bangladesh has more than a million families of hand-loom weavers – those who make fabrics.
At one time, a Bangladeshi hand-loom product called muslin was the coveted fabric in the royal courts of Europe. When the European colonial powers came, machine-made fabrics came with them, and the colonial rulers forced the hand-loom industry nearly out of existence. It survives only to meet local needs, but now even the local hand-loom market is getting squeezed by imported machine-made fabric and by shiploads of very cheap used clothing.
So we thought we could help the weavers survive by expanding the export market for their fabric. We created Grameen Check, a good quality 100 percent cotton fabric, light on the body. In the first year, we didn’t do so well, but this year we will easily exceed $10 million. Once the business is successful, we’ll start selling shares to the weavers and they’ll become the owners of the company. We created another company, Grameen Products to make and sell Bangladeshi shirts and saris.
Another project, the Grameen Social Venture Capital Fund, invests venture capital in businesses that have possibility but are too risky for anyone else. For example, a lot of Grameen borrowers buy cows and sell milk, but there are no good processing facilities in the country. If someone would build processing plants, we could process the milk and market it in areas that need it. The milk price would go up, and our borrowers benefit.
We are also in the process of creating a mutual fund, a kind of retirement fund for our borrowers. Most families want to have a large number of children because they’re unsure about their future. We believe their eagerness to have more children will diminish once they know that their old age is protected.
Then we got a license to operate a telephone company and created Grameen Phone. Most telephone companies in Bangladesh concentrate only in the cities. The telephone is a symbol of authority, and we want to break that image and bring cellular telephones to the poor women in the villages.
We see this as a business proposition, but at the same time it has a social dimension. For example, one village woman could become the "telephone lady." Anybody who wants to make a call will come to her house, or invite her to their house. She could charge for the house-calls and makes it a business.
At the same time, a telecommunication network could be extended all over the country, not justconcentrated in the cities. Rural people could have access to market information. Having telephones will also help women, because most of the abuses of women in villages happen because of the women’s isolation. They can’t tell anybody because they have no means to communicate to the outer world. If the telephone is introduced gradually into village life, we think useful changes will emerge. We hope that within the next six months we’ll be operating from the villages in Bangladesh. In the next 4 or 5 years we hope to be in place throughout the whole of Bangladesh.
Now that we have Grameen Phone, we decided to create Grameen Cybernet. Our aim is to bring Internet facilities to rural areas, so that the whole world can be at their doorstep. They can get information and send information, and even start new businesses like data-entry, or software development, right in the villages.
Over the next 20 to 25 years the world will become a sort of borderless, distanceless place. The villages should not be excluded from that world. They should be integrated into it so that a village in Bangladesh and a city like Seattle are just next door to each other.
Sarah: Do you have any concerns about the western culture of Hollywood and Madison Avenue, and all the values that go with it, coming in force into village life?
Yunus: Information is not a one-way flow. Of course, western culture has a lot more strength because it’s more organized, it’s marketable, and it comes on strong. But gradually, the other side will get organized and say "We have a market too. You’re interested in our music, our culture, our art, and our things." Lots of interchanges will take place, and a global kind of culture will emerge with, of course, local variations.
While we dream about the Internet and cellular telephones, we have to face the reality that 85 percent of the villages in Bangladesh don’t have electricity, so we created another company called Grameen Energy. Conventional energy will never get to those villages, so we are seriously negotiating with solar companies around the world to bring in solar energy.
We are also considering electricity produced by biomass, gas, and wind power. Through the Grameen network, we can reach out to any village and find Grameen borrowers who can be the energy suppliers to the village, like the telephone lady. We can create micro-power supply companies.
Sarah: I notice you’re focusing on renewable energy sources that don’t, for the most part, contribute to global warming.
Yunus: Yes, we worry about global warming. Our survival will depend on how the whole world community behaves, particularly the industrialized nations that contribute the most to global warming. If global warming raises the water level by a foot, a part of Bangladesh will be submerged – the land is very flat, just slightly above sea level.
We also know that we have to be careful about the environment because our survival depends on a sustainable environment. Our soil feeds 120 million people today. In the next 25 years, at the present rate, the population will probably double. Where will we find our food if we destroy our soil? We have to look critically at chemical use and consider organic ways, including returning biomass to our land. Insecticide is another concern because in the process of attacking pests, we also destroy the friendly creatures that help the soil and plants.
People must become very aware of what we do to our environment, because it is not going to get any bigger. How do we maintain energy supplies or the capacity of the soil to produce food for us 20 years from now, 50 years from now, so that we can still have a world that will sustain life?
Sarah: You’re talking about businesses that operate under a very different set of environmental and social principles than most business, resulting in a very different set of effects.
Yunus: Behind all of our projects is the idea that business doesn’t have to be greed-based, it can be run with social objectives. For example, I am interested in making good health care available to all people in a businesslike way. My purpose is not to make myself rich.
Some might say "Oh, that may be true in the East, but there is nobody like that in the West."
But people everywhere feel pleasure when they do something for a fellow human being. That pleasure is much more important than the one that comes from making tons of money and being on the list of billionaires. I want to feel that I’m useful to my neighbor, to my friend, and to somebody else. I want people to say, "You’re a good man."
In any area – education, health, communication, fashion – you can achieve social objectives and still be in the marketplace and be competitive. I think that as more socially motivated people enter the marketplace, greedy people will begin to be squeezed out because people will support those who are in business for the good of all.
We have to redesign the marketplace by attracting socially-motivated people. A global network of such people could help provide the support to achieve these objectives. They can learn from each other to be innovative, creative, and to solve problems – problems of the inner city, the villages, the problem of poverty in the world.
Sarah: It sounds as if you’re really talking about the possibility of eliminating poverty.
Yunus: Yes, very much. I don’t understand why anybody should be poor on this planet. There is more than enough to make everybody happy – not by giving things away, but by enhancing the capability of each person and by creating an enabling environment. There is enough inside each person to take care of himself or herself.
Every person has the ability to create his or her own job. If society was structured for self-employment, there would be no reason to fear becoming poor. We worry because we look to those who are hiring rather than to ourselves. We really can create our own job, make money, and take care of ourselves.
The problem is we have built a society in which some are excluded from the marketplace. That’s why I am critical about the financial institutions that bar large numbers of people around the world from entering the marketplace. Grameen is a mechanism for integrating people back into the marketplace. It opens up opportunities so that you can build your own life. Micro-credit brings people together.
Sarah: In your view, how is the situation different for the poor in industrialized countries, as opposed to the poor in Bangladesh?
Yunus: It is basically the same. It’s a rejection by society. The poor do not create poverty. The institutions we build and the policies we pursue create poverty. If you want to cure the cause of poverty, you have to change the mind-set of the institutions.
If we have this kind of change in the marketplace, a new civilization can be built. I see a world that is absolutely free from poverty. I’m not talking about a remote future, but in our lifetimes, perhaps the next 25, 30, or 40 years. It can happen.
Muhammad Yunus, the founder and director of Grameen Bank and winner of the 2006 Nobel Peace Prize, is a founding and current board member of . | <urn:uuid:62614eb2-45e6-4f72-8eff-0de377851724> | CC-MAIN-2015-18 | http://www.yesmagazine.org/issues/future-watch-signs-of-an-emerging-culture/878 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2015-18/segments/1429246655589.82/warc/CC-MAIN-20150417045735-00200-ip-10-235-10-82.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.971341 | 4,044 | 2.8125 | 3 |
Debating Club kit
Our objective is the intellectual development of our pupils.
Our Learning intentions for each motion:
v Construct an argument in note form or full text to persuade others of a point of view
v Present the case to the class or group
v Evaluate it’s effectiveness | <urn:uuid:293ec84e-7e4b-449b-80f8-450622dd9721> | CC-MAIN-2017-22 | http://iyiomondebatekits.blogspot.com/2012/04/debate-aims.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-22/segments/1495463608416.96/warc/CC-MAIN-20170525195400-20170525215400-00082.warc.gz | en | 0.803511 | 61 | 2.578125 | 3 |
|TERRA: telomeric repeat-containing RNA.|
|Jump to Full Text|
|PMID: 19629047 Owner: NLM Status: MEDLINE|
|Telomeres, the physical ends of eukaryotic chromosomes, consist of tandem arrays of short DNA repeats and a large set of specialized proteins. A recent analysis has identified telomeric repeat-containing RNA (TERRA), a large non-coding RNA in animals and fungi, which forms an integral component of telomeric heterochromatin. TERRA transcription occurs at most or all chromosome ends and it is regulated by RNA surveillance factors and in response to changes in telomere length. TERRA functions that are emerging suggest important roles in the regulation of telomerase and in orchestrating chromatin remodelling throughout development and cellular differentiation. The accumulation of TERRA at telomeres can also interfere with telomere replication, leading to a sudden loss of telomere tracts. Such a phenotype can be observed upon impairment of the RNA surveillance machinery or in cells from ICF (Immunodeficiency, Centromeric region instability, Facial anomalies) patients, in which TERRA is upregulated because of DNA methylation defects in the subtelomeric region. Thus, TERRA may mediate several crucial functions at the telomeres, a region of the genome that had been considered to be transcriptionally silent.|
|Brian Luke; Joachim Lingner|
Related Documents :
|8962067 - Characterization and developmental patterns of telomerase expression in plants.
7777547 - A class of single-stranded telomeric dna-binding proteins required for rap1p localizati...
20605447 - Development of potential anticancer agents that target the telomere sequence.
17634577 - Caloric restriction and life span determination of yeast cells.
16493047 - Il-18 reduces ultraviolet radiation-induced dna damage and thereby affects photoimmunos...
1599917 - Rna tetraloops as minimalist substrates for aminoacylation.
|Type: Journal Article; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't; Review Date: 2009-07-23|
|Title: The EMBO journal Volume: 28 ISSN: 1460-2075 ISO Abbreviation: EMBO J. Publication Date: 2009 Sep|
|Created Date: 2009-09-02 Completed Date: 2009-10-22 Revised Date: 2013-06-02|
Medline Journal Info:
|Nlm Unique ID: 8208664 Medline TA: EMBO J Country: England|
|Languages: eng Pagination: 2503-10 Citation Subset: IM|
|EPFL-Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, ISREC-Swiss Institute for Experimental Cancer Research, Lausanne, Switzerland.|
|APA/MLA Format Download EndNote Download BibTex|
Chromatin Assembly and Disassembly
Heterochromatin / metabolism
RNA, Untranslated / chemistry, physiology*
Repetitive Sequences, Nucleic Acid
Telomere / chemistry*
|0/Heterochromatin; 0/RNA, Untranslated|
Journal ID (nlm-ta): EMBO J
Publisher: Nature Publishing Group
Copyright ? 2009, European Molecular Biology Organization
open-access: This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited. This license does not permit commercial exploitation or the creation of derivative works without specific permission.
Received Day: 27 Month: 04 Year: 2009
Accepted Day: 25 Month: 05 Year: 2009
Print publication date: Day: 2 Month: 09 Year: 2009
Electronic publication date: Day: 23 Month: 07 Year: 2009
Volume: 28 Issue: 17
First Page: 2503 Last Page: 2510
Publisher Item Identifier: emboj2009166
PubMed Id: 19629047
|TERRA: telomeric repeat-containing RNA Alternate Title:TERRA and telomeres|
1EPFL-Ecole Polytechnique F?d?rale de Lausanne, ISREC-Swiss Institute for Experimental Cancer Research, Lausanne, Switzerland
2?Frontiers in Genetics' National Center for Competence in Research (NCCR), Geneva, Switzerland
|aEPFL, School of Life Sciences-ISREC, B?timent SV, Station 19, Lausanne 1015, Switzerland. Tel.: +41 21 693 0721; Fax: +41 21 693 0720; E-mail: [email protected]
Telomeres are critical at the cellular level for genome stability, whereas at the organismal level, they act as tumour suppressors and may contribute to ageing. The following roles of telomeres are well established: First, telomeres can regulate the lifespan of cells (Harley et al, 1990; Allsopp et al, 1992; Levy et al, 1992; Bodnar et al, 1998). Telomere shortening occurs at the distal ends because of a combination of nucleolytic processing of chromosome ends and the end replication problem. This shortening can be counteracted by the cellular reverse-transcriptase telomerase, which uses an internal RNA moiety as a template for the synthesis of telomere repeats (Cech, 2004; Blackburn et al, 2006). Telomerase is regulated at individual chromosome ends through telomere-binding proteins to mediate telomere length homoeostasis; however, in humans, telomerase is expressed in most tissues only during the first weeks of embryogenesis (Ulaner and Giudice, 1997). Repression of telomerase in somatic cells is thought to result in a powerful tumour-suppressive function. Short telomeres that accumulate following an excessive number of cell division cycles induce cellular senescence, and this counteracts the growth of pre-malignant lesions. This growth barrier is overcome in most cancers that contain cells that re-express telomerase. Second, telomeres protect natural chromosome ends from unwanted DNA repair activities, which include non-homologous end joining and homologous recombination (Palm and de Lange, 2008). Several telomere-associated proteins are critical for this function. Third, telomeres establish a heterochromatic state at chromosome ends, which is characterized by the presence of trimethylated lysines at position 9 in histone H3 and at position 20 in histone H4, histone hypoacetylation, the accumulation of several isoforms of heterochromatin protein 1 and the hypermethylation of cytosines in CpG dinucleotides that are present in subtelomeric regions (Blasco, 2007; Ottaviani et al, 2008). The heterochromatic state of telomeres may contribute to chromosome positioning and movement within the nucleus and also to the regulation of telomerase. Abnormal telomeric chromatin states have been linked to severe stochastic telomere sequence loss phenotypes, suggesting crucial roles of this structure during telomere replication (Michishita et al, 2008; Yehezkel et al, 2008).
Several telomere-binding proteins that are crucial for the distinct telomere functions outlined above have been identified. These include the six-polypeptide-containing shelterin complex (Palm and de Lange, 2008), which is abundant at telomeres as well as other more rare telomeric proteins. However, relatively little is known mechanistically about which telomere transitions occur between different states for example: when to activate telomerase in a length-dependent and cell-cycle-restricted manner; when to induce cellular senescence when telomeres are very short; and when to lose protection from end fusion upon further erosion. Recent analysis has identified telomeric repeat-containing RNA (TERRA), a large non-coding RNA in animals and fungi, which forms an integral component of telomeric heterochromatin (Azzalin et al, 2007; Luke et al, 2008; Schoeftner and Blasco, 2008). Earlier reports also indicate the existence of telomere transcription in trypanosomes, birds and Diptera (Morcillo et al, 1988; Rudenko and Van der Ploeg, 1989; Solovei et al, 1994). The finding of ribonucleic acids at telomeres adds a new dimension of how functions at the telomere may be orchestrated and regulated. Here, we review recent progress in the understanding of TERRA biogenesis, turnover and function.
TERRA is a heterogeneous non-coding RNA that consists of a combination of subtelomeric and telomeric sequences. To date, all individual telomeres tested in mammals can and do produce TERRA transcripts and TERRA is expressed in most tissues (Azzalin et al, 2007; Azzalin and Lingner, 2008; Schoeftner and Blasco, 2008). TERRA is transcribed in a centromere to telomere direction, indicating that the transcription start site lies within the subtelomeric sequence. In the yeast, Saccharomyces cerevisiae, it has been determined that TERRA transcription occurs at both, telomeres containing or lacking the Y? element. The Y? element is a conserved repeat sequence, present at ?50% of all telomeres in S. cerevisiae. The 5?-end of TERRA derived from telomeres containing the Y? element is relatively homogenous, supporting the idea of a defined start site (Luke et al, 2008). This suggests that the heterogeneity of TERRA stems from its 3?-end, and indicates either that transcription can terminate in multiple places within the telomeric tract, or that TERRA 3?-ends are differentially processed. TERRA is transcribed largely by RNA polymerase II (RNAPII). This conclusion was reached because of the fact that RNAPII was found associated with telomeric DNA through chromatin immunoprecipitation (ChIP) experiments in human, mouse and yeast cells (Luke et al, 2008; Schoeftner and Blasco, 2008). Furthermore, the specific inhibition of RNAPII by ?-amanitin reduces the abundance of TERRA in both human and mouse cells (Schoeftner and Blasco, 2008). Moreover, a temperature-sensitive RNAPII allele (rpb3-2) prevents the accumulation of TERRA in budding yeast (Luke et al, 2008). Although ?-amanitin does reduce, to a large extent, the abundance of TERRA in mammalian cells, it is far less efficient in doing so than the general transcriptional inhibitor, actinomycin D. Where actinomycin D treatment resulted in a 50% reduction in TERRA levels within 2.5?3 h (Azzalin et al, 2007; Schoeftner and Blasco, 2008), only ?30% of TERRA was degraded after 6 h of ?-amanitin treatment, and 20% of initial TERRA was still remaining after 12 h of treatment (Schoeftner and Blasco, 2008). Similar results were seen in mouse cells treated with ?-amanitin, in which TERRA levels never decreased below 50% of initial levels even after 12 h of RNAPII inhibition (Schoeftner and Blasco, 2008). These results indicate that although RNAPII has a major function in promoting TERRA transcription, there may be another RNA polymerase (either RNAPI and RNAPIII) that could potentially have a function in telomeric transcription in mammals. The idea of another RNA polymerase being involved in generation of TERRA would be consistent with recent data in which several subunits of RNAPI and RNAPIII (RPABC1, RPAC1, RPA49, RPA2 and RPA1) were found enriched in formaldehyde-crosslinked and partially purified human telomere fractions (Dejardin and Kingston, 2009). Furthermore in trypanosomatida, telomeres can be transcribed both by RNAPII and, in the subset of trypanosomes that show antigenic variation, by the ?-amanitin-resistant RNAPI (Rudenko and Van der Ploeg, 1989).
Similar to most products of RNAPII transcription, TERRA is polyadenylated at its 3?-end (Azzalin and Lingner, 2008; Luke et al, 2008; Schoeftner and Blasco, 2008). Approximately 7% of human TERRA is polyadenylated (Azzalin and Lingner, 2008), whereas most or all yeast TERRA molecules carry a poly(A) tail (Luke et al, 2008). It is unknown whether TERRA polyadenylation involves the 3?-end cleavage of a longer TERRA precursor or whether terminated transcripts are directly polyadenylated. A canonical 5?-AAUAAA-3? cleavage and a polyadenylation signal is not present at mammalian TERRA 3?-ends, whereas the telomere-derived GU-rich TERRA 3?-ends in yeast bear some resemblance to the canonical U-rich 3?-end-processing signals in this organism. In yeast, the canonical polyadenylation polymerase, Pap1, is responsible for poly(A) addition and it most likely contributes to the stability of the RNA, because TERRA becomes completely destabilized in pap1-1 temperature-sensitive mutants and polyadenylated TERRA is no longer detectable (Luke et al, 2008). How the 5?-end of TERRA is modified has not yet been addressed. If it contains a 7-methylguanosine (m7G) cap structure as do mRNAs, it likely gets uncapped in S. cerevisiae at the time when it becomes a target for Rat1-dependent degradation, which recognizes 5?-uncapped mono-phosphate structures (see below).
Although the specific transcription factors that are responsible for the transcriptional regulation of TERRA have not yet been elucidated, there are indications that some of the telomere-bound proteins that make up the protective cap of telomeres, along with the heterochomatic markers present at telomeres, are involved in controlling TERRA levels. As discussed in the Introduction section, telomeres are often in a heterochromatic state (Blasco, 2007; Ottaviani et al, 2008). Trichostatin A, a histone deacetylase inhibitor, results in increased TERRA levels in human cells (Azzalin and Lingner, 2008) as do mutations in the histone methyltransferases, SUV39H1/2 and SUV4-20H1/2, in mouse cells (Schoeftner and Blasco, 2008) and mutations in the DNA methyltransferase 3b (DNMT3B) in human cells (Yehezkel et al, 2008). These results indicate that TERRA levels are partially controlled through subtle changes in the local heterochromatin, although indirect effects could not be distinguished in these experiments.
Shelterin is a complex composed of six proteins (TRF1, TRF2, Rap1, TIN2, TPP1 and POT1), which binds to and protects telomeres (Palm and de Lange, 2008). Interestingly, TRF1 can interact with RNAPII as shown through co-immunoprecipitation experiments (Schoeftner and Blasco, 2008). It has been reported that when TRF1 was depleted using small-interfering RNA (siRNA), overall levels of TERRA decreased twofold, which suggests that TRF1 supports TERRA transcription (Schoeftner and Blasco, 2008). It is unlikely, however, that TRF1 acts as a conventional transcriptional activator. First, depletion of TRF1 does not result in a corresponding loss of RNAPII associated with telomeric DNA. Second, TRF1 is restricted to the telomeric tract and likely does not spread into the subtelomere, wherein transcription is presumed to initiate. Finally, the overproduction of TRF1 results in less TERRA production, rather than more, although it should be noted that telomeres shorten in length upon TRF1 overexpression and this may also influence TERRA transcription (Benetti et al, 2008; Schoeftner and Blasco, 2008; Munoz et al, 2009). Overall, these data suggest that TRF1 promotes RNAPII progression through the telomeric tract, but it does not directly influence RNAPII recruitment (see Figure 1, TERRA transcription).
It is important to re-visit all of the known telomere-associated proteins (shelterin and non-shelterin components) and re-assess their functions in terms of TERRA regulation. This also includes several proteins that could be potentially involved in transcription elongation and regulation, which were detected in partially purified telomere fractions (Dejardin and Kingston, 2009).
TERRA is exclusively found in nuclear RNA fractions from human and mouse cells, and is likely restricted to the nucleus in yeast as well (see below). Furthermore, TERRA can be detected using RNA fluorescence in situ hybridization (RNA-FISH) at a subset of telomeres in interphase cells, and it is present on human and mouse chromosome ends in the metaphase of the cell cycle (Azzalin et al, 2007; Schoeftner and Blasco, 2008). The fact that TERRA associates with telomeres suggests that TERRA may be an integral part of the telomere and could potentially be important for structural integrity. However, because TERRA is detected by FISH in only a subset of telomeres, it seems more likely that TERRA is not an essential or a permanent constituent of the telomeric chromatin, but rather has a transient structural function during telomere assembly or it may have regulatory roles in a subset of telomeres that may correspond to a specific functional state. A telomere autonomous regulation would be compatible with telomeric-state-dependent functions; for example, in the establishment, but not necessarily the maintenance, of telomeric heterochromatin or in the regulation of telomerase in cis in a length-dependent manner. Although TERRA remains associated with telomeres, it has not been shown whether TERRA molecules can move from one telomere to another or whether the RNA remains associated with the telomere that it was transcribed from.
There are two potential means by which TERRA could be tethered to telomeres. One possibility would be through interactions of a telomeric protein with the RNA or, alternatively, through a direct interaction of TERRA with the telomeric DNA. Both modes of association are possible and are indeed not mutually exclusive. In yeast, mainly indirect evidence has hinted that DNA?RNA hybrid formation is occurring to some extent. It was shown that overexpression of RNaseH, which degrades the RNA moiety in a DNA?RNA hybrid, could specifically reduce TERRA levels in a genetic background in which TERRA accumulates (Luke et al, 2008). Furthermore, it was shown in vitro that telomeric DNA and telomeric RNA together form an intermolecular heat-stable G-quadruplex structure (Xu et al, 2008). To date, there is no evidence that telomeric proteins are involved in the tethering of TERRA to chromosome ends. POT1, a good candidate that binds to telomeric ssDNA in mammals, does not interact with TERRA in vitro (S Redon and JL, unpublished data). Another candidate in mammalian cells is hnRNP A1, an abundant RNA-binding protein that binds specifically to UAGGGA/U repeats in vitro (Burd and Dreyfuss, 1994). UUAGGG repeats are very abundant in the portion of mammalian TERRA that is transcribed from telomeric repeats. hnRNP A1 has also been implicated in telomere length control (LaBranche et al, 1998) and it binds to single-stranded telomeric repeats in vitro (McKay and Cooke, 1992) and to telomeres in vivo (Zhang et al, 2006). Thus, it might function as a molecular bridge between telomeric DNA and TERRA. Telomere purification also showed other RNA-binding proteins, including FUS, RNA-binding protein 14, cold-induced RNA-binding protein and RNA-binding protein 8A (Dejardin and Kingston, 2009), all of which might be involved in TERRA localization to telomeres (Figure 1, see TERRA telomere association).
Several negative regulators of both TERRA stability and TERRA localization have now been documented. The nonsense-mediated RNA decay (NMD) machinery, which is best known for its role in the degradation of mRNAs containing pre-mature termination codons, has also an important function in the displacement of TERRA from human telomeres (Azzalin et al, 2007; Chawla and Azzalin, 2008). From the key players in the NMD pathway, UPF1, SMG1 and EST1A/SMG6 were shown to regulate TERRA at telomeres, as their depletion by RNA interference (RNAi) led to a several-fold increase of telomeres with TERRA foci. However, neither total levels of TERRA nor TERRA half-life was affected by the depletion of these factors. NMD proteins may interact directly with TERRA at telomeres because NMD proteins can be detected at telomeres in vivo by ChIP (Azzalin et al, 2007). Furthermore, the NMD factor, EST1A/SMG6, physically interacts with telomerase (Reichenbach et al, 2003; Snow et al, 2003; Redon et al, 2007). Two possible scenarios on how NMD factors diminish TERRA abundance at telomeres can be envisioned. First, UPF1/SMG1/EST1A may be required only for the displacement of TERRA without influencing the rate of TERRA degradation. Second, UPF1/SMG1/EST1A may be involved in TERRA degradation, but only locally at the telomere, and such small changes in TERRA levels are not discernable on northern blots. In this respect, it is interesting to note that EST1A/SMG6 contains a PIN domain at its C terminus, which shows RNA endonuclease activity during NMD (Huntzinger et al, 2008; Eberle et al, 2009). Distinguishing between these two possibilities will be technically challenging.
It is not known whether yeast TERRA resides at the telomere as is the case in complex eukaryotes; therefore, regulators of TERRA localization have not yet been addressed in this organism. However, it is intriguing that inactivation of the NMD machinery in S. cerevisiae leads to shorter telomeres, although it had been proposed that this effect was due to increased expression levels of the telomere-capping factors, Stn1 and Ten1, which were observed in NMD mutants (Dahlseid et al, 2003; Enomoto et al, 2004). In yeast, NMD mutants did not affect overall TERRA levels (Luke et al, 2008), but similar to human cells, they might only locally affect TERRA, rendering the effect undetectable on northern blots.
It has been determined, however, that the stability of TERRA in yeast is tightly regulated by the 5?- to 3?-exonuclease, Rat1. In wild-type cells, TERRA is almost undetectable using standard northern blotting procedures, but accumulates significantly when Rat1 is inactive. These effects are likely to be direct. Mutation in the RAT1 gene increases the half-life of TERRA; moreover, Rat1 can be found to be associated with telomeres through ChIP experiments. On the other hand, Xrn1, the cytoplasmic paralog of Rat1, has no effect on TERRA levels, supporting the notion that, similar to its human counterpart, yeast TERRA is nuclear. Trf4, an alternative poly(A) polymerase that is often associated with exosomal-mediated degradation, has no effect on TERRA levels when mutated singly; however; when combined with a Rat1 mutation, the double-mutant shows a dramatic increase in TERRA levels. This suggests that Trf4 has a minor function in TERRA degradation on its own; however, when Rat1 is mutated and TERRA levels are higher, the contribution of Trf4 becomes more noticeable. In this respect, analysis of double mutants (with one mutation being the rat1-1 mutation) may be instrumental in finding additional regulators of TERRA stability and, furthermore, of TERRA transcriptional activation (Figure 1, see TERRA removal and degradation).
As discussed above, in human cells, TERRA is displaced or degraded at telomeres by NMD factors that physically interact with telomeric chromatin (Azzalin et al, 2007). Among these factors, EST1A/SMG6 was also identified through its sequence similarity with the S. cerevisiae telomerase-associated protein, Est1 (Reichenbach et al, 2003; Snow et al, 2003). Moreover, similar to yeast Est1, human EST1A/SMG6 physically interacts with telomerase (Reichenbach et al, 2003; Snow et al, 2003; Redon et al, 2007). The S. cerevisiae Est1 protein binds directly to telomerase RNA and to the single-stranded telomeric DNA-binding protein, Cdc13p, to recruit telomerase to chromosome ends in the S phase. Therefore, in est1? cells, telomerase cannot act and telomeres shorten (Lundblad and Szostak, 1989; Pennock et al, 2001; Chan et al, 2008). The recruitment and activation of telomerase at chromosome ends is not well understood in complex eukaryotes, including humans, and the role of EST1A/SMG6 in this process is uncertain. The association of EST1A/SMG6 with telomerase is compatible with a role in telomerase regulation, but its effects on TERRA displacement at telomeres suggest that EST1A/SMG6 may regulate telomerase through TERRA. Indeed, the TERRA-mimicking RNA oligonucleotide (UUAGGG)3 inhibits telomerase activity in vitro as determined in the TRAP assay (Schoeftner and Blasco, 2008), and because TERRA is more abundant when telomeres are long (Azzalin et al, 2007; Schoeftner and Blasco, 2008), it has been proposed that telomerase may be regulated by TERRA in a telomere-length-dependent manner (Schoeftner and Blasco, 2008). Consistent with a negative regulatory role of TERRA for telomerase is also the finding that in several tumours, lower levels of TERRA were detected than in the corresponding normal tissue (Schoeftner and Blasco, 2008). Furthermore, in tumour-derived and in in vitro-immortalized cell lines, the presence of telomerase activity correlates with lower TERRA levels when compared with cell lines that use the recombination-based ALT pathway to maintain telomeric ends (Ng et al, 2009). Genetic experiments in S. cerevisiae provide more conclusive evidence that TERRA indeed regulates telomerase in vivo. In the rat1-1 mutant background, TERRA is upregulated and telomeres are shorter than in wild-type cells because of an impairment in telomerase-mediated telomere elongation (Luke et al, 2008). The overexpression of RNaseH reduced TERRA levels and could overcome the short telomere phenotype, indicating that a DNA/TERRA hybrid was responsible for the effect. Further support for the role of TERRA in inhibiting telomerase in vivo stems from an observation that forced telomere transcription (through the use of a strong Gal promoter) leads to telomere shortening of the transcribed telomere in cis (Sandell et al, 1994). It will be interesting to elucidate the mode of inhibition of the enzymatic activity of telomerase by TERRA and to determine its possible effects on the recruitment of telomerase to telomeres.
Large ncRNAs can mediate epigenetic changes by recruiting chromatin-remodelling complexes to specific genomic loci. For example, in the human HOXD locus, the 2.2-kb HOTAIR ncRNA interacts with the polycomb repressive complex 2, resulting in trimethylated histone H3 at lysine 27 (H3K27) (Rinn et al, 2007). Similarly, for X chromosome inactivation of one of the two X chromosomes in females, transcription of the 1.6-kb RepA RNA within the Xist locus is involved in recruiting polycomb group proteins for H3K27 trimethylation (Zhao et al, 2008). Thus, it would not be surprising if TERRA also functions as a recruiter for chromatin-modifying enzymes at telomeres to establish or stabilize the heterochromatic state.
More clearly established is another parallel between Xist and TERRA, in which both are regulated by SMG proteins. Female mouse embryonic stem (ES) cell lines depleted for RENT1 (the murine ortholog of UPF1) or for UPF2 fail to form Xist RNA domains upon differentiation, and subsequently fail to undergo X-inactivation (Ciaudo et al, 2006). Thus, nuclear SMG proteins may contribute to chromatin organization at several loci that involve long ncRNAs. However, methods that allow a direct manipulation of TERRA transcription or stability will be required to elucidate this issue. Furthermore, TERRA has been shown to colocalize with Xist (Schoeftner and Blasco, 2008; Zhang et al, 2009) and specifically with the distal telomere of the inactive X chromosome in female mouse embryo fibroblasts (Zhang et al, 2009). Curiously, TERRA localization to the inactive X does not depend on Xist expression, which also indicates that TERRA is not dependent on X chromosome inactivation but rather likely plays a telomere-specific heterochromatinization role. In the fission yeast Schizosaccharomyces pombe, siRNAs are produced from subtelomeric repetitive elements referred to as dh repeats, whereby both the RNAi RITS (RNA-induced initiation of transcriptional silencing) pathway and the major telomere-binding protein Taz1 (ortholog of human TRF1 and TRF2) establish Swi6 (ortholog of HP1) heterochromatin at telomeres in parallel pathways (Kanoh et al, 2005). Two lines of evidence suggest a possible function for RNAi in maintaining the telomeric structure and TERRA regulation in mammals. First, upon transfection of mouse cells with synthetic siRNAs, irrespective of the siRNA sequence used, the Argonaute 1 protein associates with telomeres and TERRA expression increases (Ho et al, 2008). Second, the inactivation of Dicer had effects on TERRA levels in mouse ES cells in two different studies, although it needs to be resolved whether levels increase or decrease, as the reports were conflicting on this issue (Schoeftner and Blasco, 2008; Zhang et al, 2009). It will be interesting to determine whether TERRA also base pairs with other cellular RNAs and whether it is directly processed into small RNA species by Dicer, which cleaves long dsRNA molecules into short fragments as a first step in the RNAi pathway. Intriguingly, telomeric antisense transcripts, termed ?ARRET', have been detected in budding yeast (Houseley et al, 2007; Luke et al, 2008), although the canonical RNAi machinery does not exist in this organism.
Recent reports have also shown that TERRA may be regulated developmentally and, in turn, may be important for orchestrating some aspects of the complex chromosome transactions that occur during cellular differentiation (Schoeftner and Blasco, 2008; Marion et al, 2009; Zhang et al, 2009). Interestingly, in undifferentiated ES cells, TERRA can be found to be associated with both X chromosomes in females and with both X and Y chromosomes in males (Zhang et al, 2009). After differentiation, only one sex chromosome is marked with TERRA (Xi in females and Y in males,), indicating that TERRA localization is developmentally regulated. Consistently, when differentiated fibroblasts are induced to form pluripotent stem cells with the reprogramming factors, Oct3/4, Sox2, Klf4 and cMyc, TERRA levels are greatly increased (Marion et al, 2009). It is not yet clear whether the reprogramming itself is responsible for increased TERRA levels or whether the reprogramming factors are direct transcriptional regulators of TERRA.
Human cells depleted for UPF1, hEST1A and SMG1 increase the number of TERRA foci at chromosome ends and they lose entire telomeric tracts at a high rate. UPF1 depletion also causes severe DNA damage elsewhere in the genome and ATR-dependent checkpoint activation in the S phase (Azzalin and Lingner, 2006). The association of NMD factors with chromatin and their enrichment at telomeres suggest a causal link between proper TERRA displacement from telomeres and telomere integrity (Azzalin et al, 2007), and possibly the removal of other chromatin-associated RNA molecules by NMD factors elsewhere in the genome. Removal of TERRA and potentially other RNAs seems to be important for proper DNA replication and S-phase progression also in S. cerevisiae, as DNA replication defects were apparent in the rat1-1 mutant cells that upregulate TERRA (Luke et al, 2008). Replication might be impeded when TERRA hybridizes to single-stranded telomeric DNA, leading to the arrest of the replication fork and to the generation of double-stranded breaks in the telomeric tract (Figure 2). Interestingly, human UPF1 also physically interacts with DNA polymerase ? (Carastro et al, 2002; Azzalin and Lingner, 2006). Thus, one could speculate that DNA polymerase ? recruits UPF1 in conjunction with other SMG factors to displace TERRA from telomeres during progression of the replication fork. One speculative hypothesis would be that upon fork stalling and SMG recruitment to the replication fork, telomerase, through EST1A/SMG6, is also recruited in the event that de novo telomere addition is required after replication fork collapse to heal the broken telomere, or simply to ensure that telomerase is correctly deposited at the chromosome end in a timely manner (Figure 2). This model, as well as other models that may explain the observed phenotypes, needs to be tested in the future.
Several features seen in SMG-depleted cells were recently also detected in cells derived from ICF (Immunodeficiency, Centromeric region instability, Facial anomalies) patients, who carry defective genes for DNA methyltransferase 3b (DNMT3b). DNMT3b defects lead to hypomethylation of CpG dinucleotides in heterochromatic regions, including pericentromeric satellites, the inactive X chromosome and in subtelomeric regions. Intriguingly, ICF patient-derived cells also harbour short telomeres and display increased TERRA levels (Yehezkel et al, 2008). Furthermore, many chromosome ends in ICF patient-derived cells lacked detectable telomeric DNA signals altogether. Thus, as in the case of SMG depletion, TERRA upregulation correlates with a sudden telomere loss in ICF patient-derived cells.
The notion that the ends of our chromosomes are transcribed into TERRA and that telomeric chromatin contains RNA molecules adds another fascinating level of complexity and provides another example of a structural RNA molecule that may prove to be of utmost importance. TERRA and other chromatin-associated RNA molecules have the unique feature that they are synthesized at the site of their action. Thus, their synthesis rate is closely related to changes in the chromatin structure. Therefore, TERRA seems ideally suited to initiate an appropriate response at a telomere in reaction to other local changes at a telomere, which may involve length changes or perhaps cell-cycle-dependent changes. It has been proposed for the centromeric heterochromatin in fission yeast that a boost of transcription occurs in the S phase of the cell cycle in order to trigger assembly of the heterochromatin, which, when fully assembled, prevents further transcription at the centromere during other phases of the cell cycle (Kloc and Martienssen, 2008). Similarly, TERRA may trigger heterochromatin assembly at the telomere, contribute to the regulation of telomerase at individual chromosome ends in a length-dependent manner and, perhaps, even be involved in DNA damage response at short telomeres.
Several of the above-discussed biological functions of TERRA are still speculative, and the underlying mechanisms of action remain to be discovered. The telomeric dysfunctions of TERRA that can lead to sudden telomere loss are also very ill defined. Clearly, it is important to analyze the mechanisms of TERRA biogenesis and turnover, identify the protein factors that interact and collaborate with TERRA and elucidate their mechanisms of action. These studies may also uncover or show possible functions of TERRA during tumourigenesis or animal development. These are exciting times on planet earth (TERRA)?a feel of change is coming on for our views on how chromosome ends are regulated and how they function.
Work in JL's laboratory was supported by grants from the Swiss National Science Foundation, the Human Frontier Science Program, the EU 7th Framework Programme and by an ERC-advanced investigator grant.
|Allsopp, RC. , Vaziri, H. , Patterson, C. , Goldstein, S. , Younglai, EV. , Futcher, AB. , Greider, CW. , Harley, CB. ( 1992) Telomere length predicts replicative capacity of human fibroblasts. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 89: 10114?10118 [pmid: 1438199]|
|Azzalin, CM. , Lingner, J. ( 2006) The human RNA surveillance factor UPF1 is required for S phase progression and genome stability. Curr Biol 16: 433?439 [pmid: 16488880]|
|Azzalin, CM. , Lingner, J. ( 2008) Telomeres: the silence is broken. Cell Cycle 7: 1161?1165 [pmid: 18418035]|
|Azzalin, CM. , Reichenbach, P. , Khoriauli, L. , Giulotto, E. , Lingner, J. ( 2007) Telomeric repeat containing RNA and RNA surveillance factors at mammalian chromosome ends. Science 318: 798?801 [pmid: 17916692]|
|Benetti, R. , Schoeftner, S. , Munoz, P. , Blasco, MA. ( 2008) Role of TRF2 in the assembly of telomeric chromatin. Cell Cycle 7: 3461?3468 [pmid: 18971622]|
|Blackburn, EH. , Greider, CW. , Szostak, JW. ( 2006) Telomeres and telomerase: the path from maize, Tetrahymena and yeast to human cancer and aging. Nat Med 12: 1133?1138 [pmid: 17024208]|
|Blasco, MA. ( 2007) The epigenetic regulation of mammalian telomeres. Nat Rev 8: 299?309|
|Bodnar, AG. , Ouellette, M. , Frolkis, M. , Holt, SE. , Chiu, CP. , Morin, GB. , Harley, CB. , Shay, JW. , Lichtsteiner, S. , Wright, WE. ( 1998) Extension of life-span by introduction of telomerase into normal human cells. Science 279: 349?352 [pmid: 9454332]|
|Burd, CG. , Dreyfuss, G. ( 1994) RNA binding specificity of hnRNP A1: significance of hnRNP A1 high-affinity binding sites in pre-mRNA splicing. EMBO J 13: 1197?1204 [pmid: 7510636]|
|Carastro, LM. , Tan, CK. , Selg, M. , Jack, HM. , So, AG. , Downey, KM. ( 2002) Identification of delta helicase as the bovine homolog of HUPF1: demonstration of an interaction with the third subunit of DNA polymerase delta. Nucleic Acids Res 30: 2232?2243 [pmid: 12000843]|
|Cech, TR. ( 2004) Beginning to understand the end of the chromosome. Cell 116: 273?279 [pmid: 14744437]|
|Chan, A. , Boule, JB. , Zakian, VA. ( 2008) Two pathways recruit telomerase to Saccharomyces cerevisiae telomeres. PLoS Genet 4: e1000236 [pmid: 18949040]|
|Chawla, R. , Azzalin, CM. ( 2008) The telomeric transcriptome and SMG proteins at the crossroads. Cytogenet Genome Res 122: 194?201 [pmid: 19188687]|
|Ciaudo, C. , Bourdet, A. , Cohen-Tannoudji, M. , Dietz, HC. , Rougeulle, C. , Avner, P. ( 2006) Nuclear mRNA degradation pathway(s) are implicated in Xist regulation and X chromosome inactivation. PLoS Genet 2: e94 [pmid: 16789828]|
|Dahlseid, JN. , Lew-Smith, J. , Lelivelt, MJ. , Enomoto, S. , Ford, A. , Desruisseaux, M. , McClellan, M. , Lue, N. , Culbertson, MR. , Berman, J. ( 2003) mRNAs encoding telomerase components and regulators are controlled by UPF genes in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Eukaryot Cell 2: 134?142 [pmid: 12582130]|
|Dejardin, J. , Kingston, RE. ( 2009) Purification of proteins associated with specific genomic loci. Cell 136: 175?186 [pmid: 19135898]|
|Eberle, AB. , Lykke-Andersen, S. , Muhlemann, O. , Jensen, TH. ( 2009) SMG6 promotes endonucleolytic cleavage of nonsense mRNA in human cells. Nat Struc Mol Biol 16: 49?55|
|Enomoto, S. , Glowczewski, L. , Lew-Smith, J. , Berman, JG. ( 2004) Telomere cap components influence the rate of senescence in telomerase-deficient yeast cells. Mol Cell Biol 24: 837?845 [pmid: 14701754]|
|Harley, CB. , Futcher, AB. , Greider, CW. ( 1990) Telomeres shorten during ageing of human fibroblasts. Nature 345: 458?460 [pmid: 2342578]|
|Ho, CY. , Murnane, JP. , Yeung, AK. , Ng, HK. , Lo, AW. ( 2008) Telomeres acquire distinct heterochromatin characteristics during siRNA-induced RNA interference in mouse cells. Curr Biol 18: 183?187 [pmid: 18261910]|
|Houseley, J. , Kotovic, K. , El Hage, A. , Tollervey, D. ( 2007) Trf4 targets ncRNAs from telomeric and rDNA spacer regions and functions in rDNA copy number control. EMBO J 26: 4996?5006 [pmid: 18007593]|
|Huntzinger, E. , Kashima, I. , Fauser, M. , Sauliere, J. , Izaurralde, E. ( 2008) SMG6 is the catalytic endonuclease that cleaves mRNAs containing nonsense codons in metazoan. RNA 14: 2609?2617 [pmid: 18974281]|
|Kanoh, J. , Sadaie, M. , Urano, T. , Ishikawa, F. ( 2005) Telomere binding protein Taz1 establishes Swi6 heterochromatin independently of RNAi at telomeres. Curr Biol 15: 1808?1819 [pmid: 16243027]|
|Kloc, A. , Martienssen, R. ( 2008) RNAi, heterochromatin and the cell cycle. Trends Genet 24: 511?517 [pmid: 18778867]|
|LaBranche, H. , Dupuis, S. , Ben-David, Y. , Bani, MR. , Wellinger, RJ. , Chabot, B. ( 1998) Telomere elongation by hnRNP A1 and a derivative that interacts with telomeric repeats and telomerase. Nat Genet 19: 199?202 [pmid: 9620782]|
|Levy, MZ. , Allsopp, RC. , Futcher, AB. , Greider, CW. , Harley, CB. ( 1992) Telomere end-replication problem and cell aging. J Mol Biol 225: 951?960 [pmid: 1613801]|
|Luke, B. , Panza, A. , Redon, S. , Iglesias, N. , Li, Z. , Lingner, J. ( 2008) The Rat1p 5? to 3? exonuclease degrades telomeric repeat-containing RNA and promotes telomere elongation in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Mol Cell 32: 465?477 [pmid: 19026778]|
|Lundblad, V. , Szostak, JW. ( 1989) A mutant with a defect in telomere elongation leads to senescence in yeast. Cell 57: 633?643 [pmid: 2655926]|
|Marion, RM. , Strati, K. , Li, H. , Tejera, A. , Schoeftner, S. , Ortega, S. , Serrano, M. , Blasco, MA. ( 2009) Telomeres acquire embryonic stem cell characteristics in induced pluripotent stem cells. Cell Stem Cell 4: 141?154 [pmid: 19200803]|
|McKay, SJ. , Cooke, H. ( 1992) hnRNP A2/B1 binds specifically to single stranded vertebrate telomeric repeat TTAGGGn. Nucleic Acids Res 20: 6461?6464 [pmid: 1282701]|
|Michishita, E. , McCord, RA. , Berber, E. , Kioi, M. , Padilla-Nash, H. , Damian, M. , Cheung, P. , Kusumoto, R. , Kawahara, TL. , Barrett, JC. , Chang, HY. , Bohr, VA. , Ried, T. , Gozani, O. , Chua, KF. ( 2008) SIRT6 is a histone H3 lysine 9 deacetylase that modulates telomeric chromatin. Nature 452: 492?496 [pmid: 18337721]|
|Morcillo, G. , Barettino, D. , Carmona, MJ. , Carretero, MT. , Diez, JL. ( 1988) Telomeric DNA sequences differentially activated by heat shock in two Chironomus subspecies. Chromosoma 96: 139?144 [pmid: 3349873]|
|Munoz, P. , Blanco, R. , de Carcer, G. , Schoeftner, S. , Benetti, R. , Flores, JM. , Malumbres, M. , Blasco, MA. ( 2009) TRF1 controls telomere length and mitotic fidelity in epithelial homeostasis. Mol Cell Biol 29: 1608?1625 [pmid: 19124610]|
|Ng, LJ. , Cropley, JE. , Pickett, HA. , Reddel, RR. , Suter, CM. ( 2009) Telomerase activity is associated with an increase in DNA methylation at the proximal subtelomere and a reduction in telomeric transcription. Nucleic Acids Res 37: 1152?1159 [pmid: 19129228]|
|Ottaviani, A. , Gilson, E. , Magdinier, F. ( 2008) Telomeric position effect: from the yeast paradigm to human pathologies?Biochimie 90: 93?107 [pmid: 17868970]|
|Palm, W. , de Lange, T. ( 2008) How shelterin protects mammalian telomeres. Annu Rev Genet 42: 301?334 [pmid: 18680434]|
|Pennock, E. , Buckley, K. , Lundblad, V. ( 2001) Cdc13 delivers separate complexes to the telomere for end protection and replication. Cell 104: 387?396 [pmid: 11239396]|
|Redon, S. , Reichenbach, P. , Lingner, J. ( 2007) Protein RNA and protein protein interactions mediate association of human EST1A/SMG6 with telomerase. Nucleic Acids Res 35: 7011?7022 [pmid: 17940095]|
|Reichenbach, P. , Hoss, M. , Azzalin, CM. , Nabholz, M. , Bucher, P. , Lingner, J. ( 2003) A human homolog of yeast Est1 associates with telomerase and uncaps chromosome ends when overexpressed. Curr Biol 13: 568?574 [pmid: 12676087]|
|Rinn, JL. , Kertesz, M. , Wang, JK. , Squazzo, SL. , Xu, X. , Brugmann, SA. , Goodnough, LH. , Helms, JA. , Farnham, PJ. , Segal, E. , Chang, HY. ( 2007) Functional demarcation of active and silent chromatin domains in human HOX loci by noncoding RNAs. Cell 129: 1311?1323 [pmid: 17604720]|
|Rudenko, G. , Van der Ploeg, LH. ( 1989) Transcription of telomere repeats in protozoa. EMBO J 8: 2633?2638 [pmid: 2511008]|
|Sandell, LL. , Gottschling, DE. , Zakian, VA. ( 1994) Transcription of a yeast telomere alleviates telomere position effect without affecting chromosome stability. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 91: 12061?12065 [pmid: 7991584]|
|Schoeftner, S. , Blasco, MA. ( 2008) Developmentally regulated transcription of mammalian telomeres by DNA-dependent RNA polymerase II. Nat Cell Biol 10: 228?236 [pmid: 18157120]|
|Snow, BE. , Erdmann, N. , Cruickshank, J. , Goldman, H. , Gill, RM. , Robinson, MO. , Harrington, L. ( 2003) Functional conservation of the telomerase protein Est1p in humans. Curr Biol 13: 698?704 [pmid: 12699629]|
|Solovei, I. , Gaginskaya, ER. , Macgregor, HC. ( 1994) The arrangement and transcription of telomere DNA sequences at the ends of lampbrush chromosomes of birds. Chromosome Res 2: 460?470 [pmid: 7834223]|
|Ulaner, GA. , Giudice, LC. ( 1997) Developmental regulation of telomerase activity in human fetal tissues during gestation. Mol Hum Reprod 3: 769?773 [pmid: 9358002]|
|Xu, Y. , Kimura, T. , Komiyama, M. ( 2008) Human telomere RNA and DNA form an intermolecular G-quadruplex. Nucleic Acids Symp Ser (Oxf) 52: 169?170|
|Yehezkel, S. , Segev, Y. , Viegas-Pequignot, E. , Skorecki, K. , Selig, S. ( 2008) Hypomethylation of subtelomeric regions in ICF syndrome is associated with abnormally short telomeres and enhanced transcription from telomeric regions. Hum Mol Genet 17: 2776?2789 [pmid: 18558631]|
|Zhang, L. , Ogawa, Y. , Ahn, J. , Namekawa, S. , Silva, S. , Lee, JT. ( 2009) Telomeric RNAs mark sex chromosomes in stem cells. Genetics; e-pub ahead of print 24 February 2009; doi: genetics. 109.103093 [pii]10.1534/genetics.109.103093|
|Zhang, QS. , Manche, L. , Xu, RM. , Krainer, AR. ( 2006) hnRNP A1 associates with telomere ends and stimulates telomerase activity. RNA 12: 1116?1128 [pmid: 16603717]|
|Zhao, J. , Sun, BK. , Erwin, JA. , Song, JJ. , Lee, JT. ( 2008) Polycomb proteins targeted by a short repeat RNA to the mouse X chromosome. Science 322: 750?756 [pmid: 18974356]|
Keywords: chromatin, non-coding RNA, telomerase, telomeres, TERRA.
Previous Document: Structural basis of GDP release and gating in G protein coupled Fe2+ transport.
Next Document: Association between white-coat effect and blunted dipping of nocturnal blood pressure. | <urn:uuid:67e3b00b-35b3-4f30-a229-1ac7fe805afd> | CC-MAIN-2014-23 | http://www.biomedsearch.com/nih/TERRA-telomeric-repeat-containing-RNA/19629047.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2014-23/segments/1406510267729.10/warc/CC-MAIN-20140728011747-00360-ip-10-146-231-18.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.848504 | 11,798 | 2.859375 | 3 |
Google Docs can track your edits and changes like Microsoft Word’s Track Changes function. In Google Docs, it’s called Suggesting. It’s one of the three modes available to edit a document in.
In the top right-hand corner of your Google Docs, you can access the editing mode drop down. There are three modes to choose from: Editing, Suggesting, and Viewing.Editing is the default mode for Google Docs if you have permission to edit the document. With Editing, everything you change happens directly to the document, just as if you were typing normally. You are changing the document, and those changes are not being tracked, at least not in the same way Word’s Track Changes works.
Suggesting is the mode most like Track Changes. Everything you do to the document is considered a “suggestion.” This allows the changes to be viewed by another person to be accepted or rejected. It also leaves a great trail of all the changes made to the document, especially if you make a copy of the document with all the suggestions before accepting the suggestions. Suggesting is the preferred mode to use if you are an editor and recommending changes to a document.
To make a copy of a document with the suggestions and comments, make sure you do not copy the document from the file location. Instead:
- Open the file you want to copy.
- Click File in the main banner menu.
- Click Copy Document.
- Select/checkmark the box next to Copy comments and suggestions.
- Click Ok.
Viewing allows you to read or print a document, but you are unable to make changes. This is the default mode if you do not have permission to edit or make changes to the document.
These three modes give you the tools to work collaboratively and with other people. However, if you use Suggesting, you can track what edits are made, giving you more power during revisions and editing. | <urn:uuid:f6f31c35-ad2c-4c4a-a7dc-dc70a3531749> | CC-MAIN-2022-40 | http://bdrqazz.com/editing-and-suggestions-in-google-docs/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-40/segments/1664030335303.67/warc/CC-MAIN-20220929003121-20220929033121-00050.warc.gz | en | 0.921856 | 409 | 2.75 | 3 |
A lottery is a game of chance in which numbers are drawn and one winner receives a prize. Some governments outlaw lotteries, while others endorse and regulate them. However, it is important to know the basics of this popular recreational activity before you play.
TYPES OF LOTTERY
For hundreds of years, mankind has had a soft spot for such a game of chance as the lottery. The variety of lottery games is endless, but there are still some main types: a traditional classic lottery, a daily lottery, a mini lottery, an instant lottery, a federal lottery and an online lottery.
The origins of the lottery are rooted in ancient times. The Bible records that Moses divided the land by lot, and Roman emperors used lottery drawings to distribute property and slaves. Today, most states contribute a portion of their lottery profits to charity.
Rules of the Lottery
The rules of a lottery are designed to ensure that the lottery game is fair and unbiased. They should include details on how tickets are drawn, who is eligible to win a prize and how much money must be returned to shareholders if a prize winner does not claim their prize within a specified period of time. The rules should also specify whether a prize winner can claim their prize before the drawing date.
Scratch off and pull tab tickets are common formats for lottery tickets. With scratch off tickets, players scratch an opaque layer to reveal a number. In pull tab games, a preprinted number is placed into a hole on the ticket. The ticket is then checked against the numbers to determine if it contains a winning combination.
Statistically speaking, the odds of winning the lottery are extremely low. Even if you play the same set of numbers over and over, the probability that you will win is still very small. Moreover, the advertised jackpots are typically annuity payments over many decades, not lump sum prizes.
When playing a lottery, it is best to choose a reputable lottery company to purchase your tickets from. This is crucial for two reasons: first, it ensures that the winning ticket will be valid and second, it reduces the risk of fraudulent activities by ensuring that the company does not sell your personal information to unauthorized third parties.
There are many different types of lottery games, and each has its own unique set of rules. Some have bonus numbers, while others offer larger payouts or allow you to choose your own set of numbers.
Choosing the right lottery for you is a decision that will depend on your budget and preferences. Often, a group of people will pool their resources and purchase tickets, which increases their chances of winning a big jackpot.
It is also a good idea to find out whether the lottery offers a bonus number in addition to the main draw. This will increase your chances of winning while decreasing the cost of playing. | <urn:uuid:07fa9ba1-d3b6-43da-b9ec-1cc11ff99283> | CC-MAIN-2023-23 | https://www.hotelmontecarlosevilla.com/the-basics-of-the-lottery/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-23/segments/1685224655027.51/warc/CC-MAIN-20230608135911-20230608165911-00403.warc.gz | en | 0.964959 | 571 | 2.546875 | 3 |
THE BIODYNAMIC FARM, WHERE MAN AND NATURE LIVE TOGETHER IN HARMONY.
Agriculture and livestock farming according to biodynamic farming principles, to eat well and live better.
In biodynamic agriculture the farm is a real living organism that works in a very complex manner. Plants, soil and animals are interdependent and together form part of a single system that requires no external inputs and functions according to a cycle in which everything dies and is reborn.
The ideal biodynamic farm also includes livestock rearing, which produces the manure that is used to fertilise and improve the vitality of the soil.
The plants, animals and the farmer himself, as well as their waste products (from the animal excretions to the parts of the plants that are left in the fields after the harvest) combine to fertilise, feed and keep the entire ecosystem healthy.
In biodynamic livestock rearing, all the farm animals such as cows, pigs, sheep and chickens live in large spaces and only eat natural foods that are ideal for their nutritional requirements.
In order to work in harmony with nature the farmer utilises age-old techniques, from crop rotation through to planting according to the lunar calendar and natural fertilisation methods, working in accordance with the principles of biodiversity and respecting the whole bio-system.
Scientific studies have provided data that supports the theory that micro-organisms and the soil itself appear to benefit from biodynamic farming methods in terms of improved fertility and biodiversity.
According to Steiner, this method of farming indisputably affects society in that the community becomes a new community culture model in which the very same principles on which biodynamics is based also hold true. | <urn:uuid:6540413a-685a-4379-8c86-5e64033555ae> | CC-MAIN-2020-40 | http://www.rachelli.com/en/magazine/biodynamic-farm-man-nature-live-together-harmony/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-40/segments/1600400238038.76/warc/CC-MAIN-20200926071311-20200926101311-00124.warc.gz | en | 0.939367 | 346 | 2.796875 | 3 |
Defined in header
Defines a type of object to be thrown as exception. It can be used to report range errors (that is, situations where a result of a computation cannot be represented by the destination type)
The mathematical functions in the standard library components do not throw this exception (mathematical functions report range errors as specified in math_errhandling).
| constructs the exception object |
(public member function)
explicit range_error( const std::string& what_arg );
explicit range_error( const char* what_arg );
Constructs the exception object with
what_arg as explanatory string that can be accessed through what().
std::range_error is not permitted to throw exceptions, this message is typically stored internally as a separately-allocated reference-counted string. This is also why there is no constructor taking
std::string&&: it would have to copy the content anyway.
May throw std::bad_alloc | <urn:uuid:5029038f-6c2c-4b72-b865-249b4badc9ef> | CC-MAIN-2022-49 | https://codebreaker.xyz/cppreference/cpp/error/range_error/range_error.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-49/segments/1669446710890.97/warc/CC-MAIN-20221202014312-20221202044312-00705.warc.gz | en | 0.777933 | 295 | 2.703125 | 3 |
Posted: March 31, 2008, 5 a.m. EDT
Tumors are common in rats. Mammary tumors are most often seen, and can show up anywhere from the neck to the groin region, and appear in both male and female rats. Most of these tumors are benign and easily removed. A small portion of these tumors are cancerous. Spayed female rats are less likely to develop these tumors than intact females.
Pituitary tumors, which are always fatal, are more common in unspayed female rats. Sings of these tumors include loss of use of the front legs, walking aimlessly in circles, running into objects or hyperactivity. Eventually, a rat has trouble eating. These tumors can be treated with antibiotics and steroids to prolong the rat’s life for a few weeks or months after signs begin to show.
Fibromas are another fairly common type of tumor in rats. These usually occur on the side of the rat’s body and are easily removed. These tumors are usually, but not always benign.
Rats can also develop tumors of the brain and bone cancer of the jaw. They are also prone to skin cancers. These appear as sores that won’t quickly heal on the face, under the ear or anywhere on body.
Tumors are typically firm in texture, but only a veterinarian can diagnose a tumor.
If you suspect your rat has a tumor, don’t wait to take your small pet to the vet. Early intervention is key to your rat’s health. | <urn:uuid:b04436d6-bed0-48ce-ac54-e5ef44317395> | CC-MAIN-2016-18 | http://www.smallanimalchannel.com/rats/rat-health/how-tumors-cancer-affect-rats.aspx | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-18/segments/1461860111374.13/warc/CC-MAIN-20160428161511-00061-ip-10-239-7-51.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.967612 | 320 | 3 | 3 |
Approximately 180km west of Katherine, showing four seasons
|January||February March||April May June July August||September October November||December|
The Wardaman country and seasons
Wardaman is used to describe the language, the land and the people traditionally associated with an area of land to the south west of what is now Katherine township in the Northern Territory. Wardaman land includes country from the upper reaches of the Flora River in the north to Scott Creek in the northwest, then south along the major waterways towards the Victoria river in the west and to Romula Knob in the east.
About the Wardaman seasonal calendar
There are four distinct major weather patterns recognised in the Wardaman seasonal cycle. The seasons are primarily defined by weather patterns and also by environmental events such as plant flowering and fruiting and animal behavioural patterns.
It must be emphasised that the onset and duration of the seasons varies significantly from year to year and the calendar months are provided as a guide only.
Permission to use the Wardaman seasonal calendar is granted by Mr Bill Harney Snr, Chairman, Wardaman Aboriginal Corporation. | <urn:uuid:5a0455e5-8dd6-4148-8206-1c18408ac801> | CC-MAIN-2016-44 | http://www.bom.gov.au/iwk/wardaman/country_seasons.shtml | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-44/segments/1476988718423.28/warc/CC-MAIN-20161020183838-00090-ip-10-171-6-4.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.954086 | 227 | 2.90625 | 3 |
DAKAR (Thomson Reuters Foundation) - Every day, 15,000
babies enter and leave the world with no record of their ever
having existed, while one in three newborns - more than 45
million babies - do not have a birth certificate by their first
birthday, undermining the fight against infant mortality,
Research published on Tuesday in the Lancet medical journal
showed Somalia, Liberia, Ethiopia and Bangladesh registered less
than 10 percent of newborns by their first birthday. Chad,
Guinea Bissau, Tanzania and Nepal registered less than 20
"The lack of recording reflects the world's acceptance that
these deaths are inevitable. This fatalism, lack of attention,
and lack of investment are the reasons behind lagging progress
in reducing newborn deaths (and stillbirths)," said report
author Joy Lawn, at the London School of Hygiene and Tropical
The research found the rate of reduction in newborn deaths
has been about half of that achieved for children under age
five. Newborn deaths now account for a larger proportion of
under-five child deaths - 44 percent in 2012, compared to 36
percent in 1990.
This week the World Health Organization's annual
decision-making assembly convenes to review the Every Newborn
action plan, which is based on the Lancet findings and aims to
end preventable deaths for newborns and stillbirths by 2035.
The action plan, which will be officially launched in late
June, provides new interim targets for 2030, given that only 20
out of 144 countries are on track to meet the 2015 Millennium
development goals on child mortality.
"Having explicit targets to reduce newborn deaths and
stillbirths is crucial for saving the lives of mothers and their
babies. Targets mean governments can be held accountable for the
promises they make," said Justine Greening, UK Secretary of
State for International Development.
INVESTING IN CARE AT BIRTH
Some 3 million maternal and newborn deaths and stillbirths
can be prevented each year with proven interventions such as
breastfeeding, neonatal resuscitation and kangaroo mother care
for preterm babies, as well as the prevention and treatment of
The study found these interventions can be implemented for
an annual cost of $1.15 per person. Providing quality care
during labor, birth and the baby's first week would help save
mothers and newborns, and prevent stillbirths.
"So far investment targeted to newborn health has been
minuscule - nearly half (44 percent) of all deaths in children
under five are in the first month of life, yet only 4 percent of
donor funding to child health even mentions the word 'newborn',"
Without greater investments to improve birth outcomes around
the world, by 2035 there will be 116 million newborn deaths, 31
million surviving babies and children with disabilities, and 68
million with lost development potential because of stunting.
South Asia and sub-Saharan Africa are the regions with the
highest burden of newborn deaths, with India (779,000), Nigeria
(267,000) and Pakistan (202,400) leading the ranks among
countries, the report said.
These three countries also have the most births and have
exhibited the slowest rates of progress in reducing deaths. In
2012, eight of the nine countries with neonatal death rates
greater than 40 for every 1,000 live births were in sub-Saharan
Africa; half of these countries were affected by conflict.
Quality care just before and immediately after birth would
help avert 41 percent of newborn and maternal deaths. Providing
special care for small and sick newborns would avert 30 percent
"The increasing number of women who are giving birth at
healthcare facilities presents the most immediate opportunity
for action. This should clearly be an immediate priority," said
report co-author, Zulfiqar Bhutta from the Aga Khan University
SOURCE: http://bit.ly/1jNBvMH The Lancet, online May 20, | <urn:uuid:acfd657b-3792-453c-8279-156eb2742ec2> | CC-MAIN-2015-06 | http://www.lifescript.com/health/centers/womens/news/2014/05/21/fatalistic_outlook_obstructs_fight_against_infant_mortality.aspx | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2015-06/segments/1422115857131.28/warc/CC-MAIN-20150124161057-00181-ip-10-180-212-252.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.932329 | 849 | 2.609375 | 3 |
In 2013, the Commission met with local businesses in the Melbourne Central Business District (CBD) to hear about their experiences providing services to customers with disabilities. We found varying levels of understanding among businesses and staff about accessibility, customers’ communication needs and about how customer service for people with disabilities, older people, parents or carers could be improved. We also found that the physical accessibility of each premises varied.
Some businesses had already made adjustments to support people with disabilities. This included providing a fully accessible entry, tactile markings, installing portable ramps and accessible fitting rooms.
Other businesses were not accessible. In these situations our discussions focused on what prevents businesses making changes. Businesses also discussed how they attempted to overcome barriers in other ways, such as through customer service and communication.
Our consultations revealed a number of barriers to providing an accessible environment including: cost, lack of legal and practical information and difficulties around control and ownership. Some staff and managers believed that accessibility should be addressed by their landlord or building owner.
In response, the Commission developed a self- assessment tool (see What do I need to do? section) which can be used by businesses to help them identify areas in their business where accessibility can be improved. The Commission also developed fact sheets on accessibility for business owners and service staff .
The Equal Opportunity Act 2010 says you cannot refuse to provide your services or access to premises to somebody with an attribute protected by the Act because of that attribute or provide it in a way that disadvantages them. These attributes include age, sex, race, and disability.
If a person is discriminated against in service delivery or while accessing your premises they may make a complaint to the Commission.
In addition to the general protection against discrimination the law also says that service providers must make reasonable adjustments so that a person with disability can access services. This is a stand-alone provision in the Equal Opportunity Act, meaning a person doesn’t have to prove they have been discriminated against – they only need to show that reasonable adjustments were not made for them.
For example, if a staff member discriminates against a person with a disability the manager or business owner may also be liable if they can’t show that they took reasonable precautions to prevent discrimination from occurring.
The Equal Opportunity Act also requires that businesses take reasonable and proportionate steps to improve their policies, practices and procedures to prevent discrimination against customers. This is called the positive duty.
It is against the law to deny a person with disability access to your premises or services because they have an assistance dog. An assistance dog is a dog that is trained to assist a person with disability to alleviate the effects of their disability.
It is also against the law to treat a person with disability unfavourably because they have an assistance dog. For example, by making a person sit outside with their assistance dog at a restaurant.
It is also against the law to discriminate against someone with a disability under the Disability Discrimination Act (1992) and people with a disability who experience discrimination can also make a complaint of discrimination to the Australian Human Rights Commission.
You also have legal obligations under the Disability (Access to Premises-Buildings) Standards 2010 (known as the Premises Standards).
Find out more at www.humanrights.gov.au
Use this self-assessment to see how your business is currently performing and to identify areas where you can improve accessibility.
You can find detailed information on your legal obligations and the positive duty to prevent discrimination in the fact sheets below. The fact sheets provide you with information on how you can meet your obligations and improve accessibility. This includes communicating effectively with people with different kinds of disability and how you can make reasonable adjustments to meet the needs of your customers who have a disability:
You can contact the Commission’s Enquiry Line on 1300 292 153 for more information about your legal obligations under the Act regarding accessibility.
Our education, training and consultancy services can help you understand your obligations regarding disability discrimination and accessibility.
For more information and to register online visit humanrightscommission.vic.gov.au/training or call (03) 9032 3415.
Scope Victoria offers a range of services to support people with disabilities to be part of their communities, and to support businesses and services to be more inclusive.
Scope provides an accessible written information service to create easy-to-read documents such as brochures, menus and other important information.
Scope offers a communication access accreditation process and will award the Communication Access Symbol (below) to businesses and services that meet the minimum standards for communication access. These standards contribute to great customer service and successful communication for everyone.
For more information visit scopevic.org.au
Email: [email protected] phone (03) 9843 3000.
Communication Rights Australia is an advocacy and information service for people with little or no speech and provides a range of resources and services to assist people with disability.
Email: [email protected] phone (03) 9555 8552
Vicdeaf provides a range of services and advice to assist people who are deaf or hearing impaired, or those working with them.
Email: [email protected] phone (03) 9473 1111 or TTY 03 9473 1199
SANE is a national charity helping people affected by mental illness. It provides information and a helpline, education, support and training and produces a wide range of guides and useful publications on mental illness for consumers, carers, health professionals, students and the general community.
Email: [email protected] phone: 1800 18 (SANE) 7263
Blind Citizens Australia is the united voice of Australians who are blind or vision impaired and provides a range of services and advice to assist people who are blind or vision impaired, or those working with them.
Email: [email protected] phone (03) 9654 1400
The Municipal Association of Victoria (MAV) builds the capacity of local councils and provides specialist information and advice including advice on accessible buildings for people with disability.
Website: mav.asn.au/Pages/default.aspx phone (03) 9667 5555
Association of Consultants in Access Australia Inc (ACA) is a peak national membership based professional association for people working to achieve access to the built environment for people with a disability. It provides information on how to make buildings and businesses more accessible.
Email: [email protected] phone (03) 5221 2820
The Australian Human Rights Commission is a statutory organisation that promotes and protects human rights by providing education and awareness about rights, receives and deals with complaints of discrimination, ensures human rights compliance and develops policy and legislation. It provides information and advice to businesses on how they can make their goods, services and premises more accessible to a range of customers.
Email: [email protected] phone (02) 9284 9600 - TTY 1800 620 241
People with Disability Australia (PWDA) provide rights related information, training, education, research and advice and referral information to people with disability, their carers or advocates.
Email: [email protected] phone (02) 9370 3100 TTY(02) 9318 2138
Council on the Ageing (COTA) provides information and advice to older people through advocacy, engaging older people and through awareness raising of the needs of older people.
Email: [email protected] phone (03) 9654 4443
Contact your local council to see if they provide any support to help local businesses improve accessibility. | <urn:uuid:45cf8e09-fb1b-4877-a69f-766b935c78e9> | CC-MAIN-2017-39 | http://www.accessiblebusiness.com.au/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-39/segments/1505818685129.23/warc/CC-MAIN-20170919112242-20170919132242-00190.warc.gz | en | 0.943961 | 1,583 | 2.515625 | 3 |
Whole-plant moisture and the plant’s maturity at harvest affect corn silage quality, according to Kevin Sedivec, North Dakota State University Extension rangeland management specialist.
“Making corn silage requires moisture for proper fermentation to minimize dry-matter loss and spoilage,” he says. “Ensiling at the correct whole-plant moisture content and optimum plant maturity is critical.”
Corn should be harvested for silage at a moisture content of 65 to 70 percent when using a horizontal bunker. If too wet – above 70 percent – yield potential is reduced and seepage will occur, resulting in the undesirable presence of clostridia bacteria fermentation.
Clostridia bacteria are very inefficient, converting forage sugars and organic acids into butyric acid, carbon dioxide and ammonia. Silage with these bacteria loses dry matter, creates a foul smell due to the butyric acid, and has a higher pH, and poor forage quality and palatability.
Seepage results in a loss of nutrients that can be harmful to the environment and can allow feed to freeze during the winter.
Making silage when the corn is too dry results in poor packing, inadequate air exclusion, poor fermentation and heating. Dry silage creates higher levels of spoilage and low bunk life.
Visually Estimating Water Content
So, approximately how much water is in your standing corn? This year was classified as an earlier maturing year for corn, which was drying faster than normal due to dry conditions in late July and August.
Researchers tested standing corn, including the cob, for moisture content Aug. 15 at the NDSU Central Grasslands Research Extension Center near Streeter, N.D. Here is what they found:
Corn with the entire plant still green, tasseled and having two cobs in the R2 kernel stage (early kernel, no denting and no milk) was at 77.4 percent water content.
Drought-stressed corn with the bottom three to four leaves that were brown tested at 76.5 percent water content. The plants had one cob in the R2 kernel stage.
Drought-stressed corn with the bottom four to seven leaves that had turned brown and no cobs had a water content of 67.9 percent.
“Based on these findings, drought-stressed corn with the bottom four to seven leaves brown and dry was at the proper moisture content for silage fermentation,” Sedivec says. “This silage would have no cobs and would be lower in production and energy content.
“Drought-stressed corn that was dry throughout and contained no cobs had water content less than 60 percent,” he notes. “This corn silage would be considered too dry and produce lower-quality silage.”
He advises that when corn is not stressed by drought, producers should make silage when the corn is at the dent kernel and approximately 75 percent milk stage.
Testing Moisture Content of the Field
“What is important to note is that these results were based on standing corn in south-central North Dakota, and the moisture content can vary in your field based on the level of drought and the corn hybrid,” Sedivec says. “With many new corn varieties selected for the ‘stay-green’ trait, visual estimates can be quite variable, based on environment and management.”
He recommends producers start testing their corn fields for water content once the kernel reaches the dent stage and drought stress is not present. Once they have determined the percent of moisture, they need to be aware that whole-plant moisture has an average dry-down rate of 0.5 percent per day.
“Dry-down will speed up with hot, dry weather and slow down with cool, wet weather,” he says. “If your corn has started ‘firing’ from the bottom up, and you have greater than four to five brown, dry leaves, the moisture content may be reached for the desired level of harvest.”
Visit NDSU Extension’s “Harvesting, Storing and Feeding High-moisture Corn” publication at https://tinyurl.com/High-moistureCorn for more information. | <urn:uuid:542c3066-8fca-4116-be47-fbeed37de1de> | CC-MAIN-2019-51 | https://www.goldeaglecoop.com/news/water-content-key-in-making-corn-silage/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-51/segments/1575541309137.92/warc/CC-MAIN-20191215173718-20191215201718-00461.warc.gz | en | 0.948027 | 897 | 3.15625 | 3 |
Looking around the web for unique prototype railways to model, these have caught my eye. I think many would make an interesting small layout.
Peat Railways of Bord na Mona
Bord na Mona is a vast Peat Bog in Ireland. Peat was Ireland’s only significant indigenous fuel. Large scale extraction meant less reliance on imports and the creation of a great many jobs at a time when poverty and unemployment were still rife in parts of Ireland. As BnM expanded, briquetting plants, power stations and horticultural bagging plants were established and linked to the bogs by a growing network of 3ft (and occasionally 2ft) gauge railways. Over the years, some areas have been worked out and the more remote bogs in Kerry, Donegal and Mayo abandoned. Older power stations and briquette factories have been closed and replaced by newer, bigger plants.
Developing a bog is a skilled and lengthy operation. Very detailed surveys are followed by a complex and carefully engineered drainage system, removal of all topsoil, bushes and trees. A new railway line is laid to connect to the nearest existing system or to a roadside wagon tippler. Peat from small bogs can be moved by road (e.g. Derrinboy Bog near Kilcormac) but railways remain much the most effective way of working large tonnages regardless of the weather. They don’t sink into the morass, they are very economical and they don’t clutter up the highways or irritate the local people.
Most BnM bogs are worked on the ‘Peco’ principle as shown in the diagram below. Each year about 100mm depth of peat is harvested and stored in piles running the length of the bog – often 1 mile or more – and about 170m apart.
The landscapes include tall trees on the edge of the bogs and the crossing of several roads and canals providing many scenic interests. Below is the long abandoned route of the Ballinasloe Canal and, despite many decades of disuse, the lock gates and lockkeepers’ cottages can still be seen. Bord na Mona found the canal bed made an excellent route for their Kylemore branch line.
Not all track is as well maintained as above. Some can be treacherous.
Guinness Brewery Railway
Why not combine your hobbies and have some beer with your railway. The Guinness plant had two railways, a narrow gauge and a broad gauge. The narrow gauge ranged throughout the massive Guinness facility as shown on the following map.
In 1873 the Brewery purchased land lying between James’s Street and the River Liffey. This land provided access to the River Liffey (and from there to Dublin Port), and also to Kingsbridge Station (renamed Sean Heuston Station in 1966) – the main terminus of the Great Southern and Western Railway and link to the Irish rail network.
This divided the Brewery in two creating an ‘upper’ level and a ‘lower’ level separated by James’s Street. Several departments were moved to the new ‘lower level’ including the Cooperage, washing and filling sheds. However, it became more and more difficult to move materials around the much larger site with horse-power alone. The Company’s solution was to construct a railway. The Brewery’s newly appointed Engineer-in-Chief, Samuel Geoghegan, oversaw its construction.
In designing the railway, two difficulties had to be overcome. Firstly, the track needed to be narrow enough to navigate through the Brewery, but a connection was still needed to the broad gauge track in Kingsbridge. The solution was to lay two different types of track – a 22” narrow gauge system for working within the Brewery boundaries, and a 5ft 3in broad gauge system to link to Kingsbridge. A broad gauge tramway connection along St. John’s Road was authorized to Great Southern & Western Railway by an Act of Parliament in 1874 to serve the Brewery from Kingsbridge station.
Secondly, there was the problem of how to link the track between the ‘upper’ and ‘lower’ levels – with a difference in height between them of 50 feet. This was initially overcome by using a hydraulic lift to lower the locomotives down to the lower level – this eventually proved too slow. In 1875, Samuel Geoghegan proposed that a tunnel be built to bring the locomotives from the upper to the lower level. A spiral rather than a straight tunnel was built, to cope with the difference in height. The tunnel, similar in design to tunnels through the Alps, turned 2.5 revolutions under St. James’s Street. The spiral tunnel had a radius of 61ft 3” and cost £3000. Locomotives were then used to haul malt-wagons, spent grains, casks, and even hops around the Brewery from one level to the other.
By the time the railway was complete in 1877, there was two miles of track within the Brewery site.
WWI Military Railway
WWI saw the use of trench warfare. Railways came into use on both sides to bring food and the materials of war to the front lines.
The use of gas mechanical locomotives had a great boost during this time. Since they gave off very little exhaust (compared to a belching steam locomotive) they became the preferred motive power near the front line.
Many miles of light rail were laid. Many times these would be overrun during the ensuing battles and some rolling stock and the occasional locomotives would fall into enemy hands.
The US locomotive producers did their share to provide where the European makers could not keep up with demand.
The war also saw the use of armored locomotives to protect the train crews.
Most supplies were brought to a transfer area. Here supplies were transferred to the narrow gauge trains for transport to the front.
Film was still new during WWI but the camera still caught the railway doing it’s job at the front.
Each of these could make interesting yet unique subjects for a small model railroad design. Got an idea for a small layout? Send it, I would be interested to see it! | <urn:uuid:880ed7a1-cd1e-4858-9db6-6fcb0416bea9> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | http://smallmr.com/wordpress/small-layout-insperations/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882571536.89/warc/CC-MAIN-20220811224716-20220812014716-00060.warc.gz | en | 0.974703 | 1,293 | 3.15625 | 3 |
Montessori Philosophy This approach, developed by Maria Montessori in Rome in the early s, is child-centered, with teachers serving as guides. While there is a focus on academics, the distinguishing feature is that children learn at their own pace.
This means encouraging children to be active and creative explorers who are not afraid to try out their ideas and to think their own thoughts. The curriculum should help children become independent, self-confident, inquisitive learners.
The curriculum teaches them how to learn in preschool and throughout their lives. Children will learn at their own pace and in the ways that are best for them. In doing so they develop good habits and attitudes, particularly a positive sense of themselves, which will make a difference throughout their lives.
To help children feel comfortable in school, trust their environment, make friends, and feel they are a part of the group. To help children experience pride and self- confidence, develop independence and self-control, and have a positive attitude toward life.
Assists children to become confident learners by letting them try out their own ideas and experience success, and by helping them acquire learning skills such as the ability to solve problems, ask questions, and use words to describe their ideas, observations, and feelings.
Helps children increase their large and small muscle skills and feel confident about what their bodies can do. In their early years, children explore the world around them by using all their senses touching, tasting, listening, smelling, and looking. In using real materials such as blocks and trying out their ideas, children learn about sizes, shapes, and colors, and they notice relationships between things.
In time, they learn to use one object to stand for another. This is the beginning of symbolic thinking. Gradually children become more and more able to use abstract symbols like words to describe their thoughts and feelings. This exciting development in symbolic thinking takes place during the pre-school years as children play.
The activities planned for children, the way the environment is organized, the selection of toys and materials, the daily schedule, and how we talk with children, are all designed to accomplish the goals of the curriculum and give your child a successful start in school.
He had a great year.
You have been so patient, kind, and understanding. Looking forward to seeing him start school with you next year!The Reggio Emilia approach is an educational philosophy focused on preschool and primary iridis-photo-restoration.com is a pedagogy described as student-centered and constructivist that utilizes self-directed, experiential learning in relationship-driven environments.
The program is based on the principles of respect, responsibility, and community through exploration and discovery through a self-guided. Philosophy This approach, developed by Maria Montessori in Rome in the early s, is child-centered, with teachers serving as guides.
Creative Curriculum Developed by for-profit Teaching. Welcome. We provide early education rooted in the values and philosophy of Dr. Maria Montessori.
Each child is unique and treated with great respect. Creative Education provides CPD training, senior leaders and consultancy services to teachers and other school staff across the UK and internationally. Peñasquitos Drive San Diego, California Phone Number: [email protected] The Creative Curriculum for Infants, Toddlers, and Twos [Diane Trister Dodge, Sherrie Rudick, Kai lee Berke] on iridis-photo-restoration.com *FREE* shipping on qualifying offers.
The Creative Curriculum® for Infants, Toddlers & Twos helps teachers appreciate and find joy in the everyday discoveries that delight a child-the sound a rattle makes; the leaves blowing in circles by the wind; the ball that.
The Reggio Emilia approach is an educational philosophy focused on preschool and primary iridis-photo-restoration.com is a pedagogy described as student-centered and constructivist that utilizes self-directed, experiential learning in relationship-driven environments. The program is based on the principles of respect, responsibility, and community through exploration and discovery through a self-guided. Creative Curriculum® is a forward-thinking, comprehensive, rigorously researched curriculum approach that honors creativity and respects the role that teachers play in making learning exciting and relevant for every child. To earn an associate degree, you must fulfill certain core curriculum requirements. The core curriculum for transfer degrees is comprised of the 42 credit hours outlined below. | <urn:uuid:d39d29cb-56e6-450f-b4af-c6ee9d8347c2> | CC-MAIN-2019-47 | https://qufijojykybada.iridis-photo-restoration.com/creative-curriculum-philosophy-1440dz.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-47/segments/1573496667260.46/warc/CC-MAIN-20191113113242-20191113141242-00299.warc.gz | en | 0.9651 | 921 | 3.53125 | 4 |
Exiled Tibetan spiritual leader Dalai Lama believes that no one is currently suitable to replace him after his death.
Tenzin Gyatso, the 14th Dalai Lama, led a movement in the 1950s for Tibet’s independence from China. But China had crushed the attempt in 1959 and Dalai Lama escaped to find refuge in India.
Today, in an interview to BBC, the 79-year-old spiritual leader said that the centuries-old tradition should cease because he doesn’t see any other person who could succeed him.
He also said while China is joining the mainstream world economy, it’s the responsibility of the world to bring China into mainstream democratic setup.
[ Also Read: Global Economic Race: China No. 1, America No. 2 ]
Meanwhile, the Dalai Lama Foundation, a global, non-profit organization focused on peace and ethics education, has started the development of The Living History of the Dalai Lama.
It is the first of three phases that will comprise the new Dalai Lama Foundation Global Center For Peace.
Scheduled to launch in mid-2015, Living History will be a comprehensive, interactive, online experience that will chronicle the life and accomplishments of the 14th Dalai Lama, Tenzin Gyatso, an advocate for peace.
Photo courtesy: Dalai Lama Foundation / Oliver Adam | <urn:uuid:9bba1862-323a-418f-a5d7-66e85cbe04f4> | CC-MAIN-2017-34 | http://www.ramanmedianetwork.com/who-will-be-the-next-dalai-lama/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-34/segments/1502886110792.29/warc/CC-MAIN-20170822143101-20170822163101-00351.warc.gz | en | 0.917647 | 273 | 2.640625 | 3 |
Physostigmine is a secondary metabolite produced by the African tropical vine Physostigma venosum, known as the calabar bean. This compound is used as a drug in humans to treat both glaucoma and myasthenia gravis, and was at one time considered as an Alzheimer’s disease treatment. It functions as a reversible inhibitor of cholinesterase, the protein that degrades acetylcholine. Most of the body’s movement relies on the transfer of signals from nerve cells to muscles that is mediated by acetylcholine.
Inhibitors of cholinesterase, known as anticholinesterases, inhibit the breakdown of acetylcholine. Generally, they are highly toxic to animals because they form an irreversible complex with cholinesterase. This causes the muscles to keep contracting, and paralysis and death can ensue. Many insecticides use this mode of action, as do some nerve gases. In contrast, physostigmine binds cholinesterase reversibly, which enables it to be used as a drug in humans.
Physostigmine sulfate is the form that is used as a drug in the United States, and is used is in the treatment of glaucoma. Physostigmine is effective at getting the extra fluid to drain out of the eye. It also functions as a miotic, causing the pupils to constrict. This property can also help in the treatment of glaucoma. Sometimes it is used as a miotic after the eyes have been dilated during an eye examination.
The muscle weakening disease myasthenia gravis can be treated effectively with this anticholinesterase. The action of this disorder keeps acetylcholine from serving its function of activating the muscles. Thus, treatment with physostigmine can help to relieve the symptoms of this disease.
Clinical trials were conducted with physostigmine to determine if it could improve the functioning of patients with Alzheimer’s disease because there was a hypothesis that the symptoms of the disease were due to a lack of adequate amounts of acetylcholine. Treatment with this compound caused a small but measurable increase in cognitive skills. Patients suffered from drastic side effects, however, and most of them dropped out of the tests. The conclusion was that this drug would not be useful to treat Alzheimer’s disease.
An additional property of physostigmine is that it can cross the blood-brain barrier and affect the central nervous system (CNS). This enables it to be used to treat overdoses of drugs that cause the production of too much acetylcholine. This is called a cholinergic effect. Overdoses of the plant compounds atropine and scopolamine can cause this effect. A common and potentially lethal source of such drugs is the consumption or inhalation of jimson weed, Datura stramonium, as an attempted hallucinogen.
The chemical synthesis of physostigmine is a highly difficult undertaking, given the complexity of the molecule. An additional complication is that there are two forms of the compound, known as stereoisomers, but only one form is active as a drug. Chemists discovered a way to synthesize this chemical in the laboratory in 1935, and a number of different methods have been developed. Generally this chemical is isolated from ripe, dry seeds of the calabar bean plant, rather than being synthesized from scratch. | <urn:uuid:38757cb7-2ed6-40af-9a0d-c910b732813b> | CC-MAIN-2020-50 | https://www.wisegeek.com/what-is-physostigmine.htm | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-50/segments/1606141186761.30/warc/CC-MAIN-20201126055652-20201126085652-00427.warc.gz | en | 0.962013 | 713 | 3.25 | 3 |
Hey there, time traveller!
This article was published 27/8/2013 (1193 days ago), so information in it may no longer be current.
Whether you’re an elite athlete or just a weekend warrior, don’t overlook unilateral exercises in your exercise routine.
Unilateral training simply means training one limb at a time, such as a single arm press or a single leg squat. Unilateral exercises can be done with your own body weight or loaded with a dumbbell, kettlebell, resistance band or cable.
There has been a lot of discussion in the fitness industry about single limb lower body exercises, with many well known coaches insisting that single leg work is safer and more effective than traditional bilateral leg strengthening exercises like squats and deadlifts. I propose that everyone could benefit from some unilateral work, for not only the lower body, but also the upper body.
In sports and in real life, we perform movements that require us to balance on one foot or manipulate objects with one hand. In this sense, unilateral training is quite functional.
Unilateral exercises also challenge stabilization muscles which may not be otherwise utilized during bilateral movements. This includes joint stabilizers as well as deep core muscles, which are extremely important for general physical preparedness. Single limb movements also improve skills such as balance, co-ordination, concentration and agility, which are often neglected in today’s aesthetic-centric fitness culture.
In addition to the obvious carry-over into athletics and real life, unilateral training is important for injury prevention. Single limb movements are notorious for exposing weaknesses or imbalances between one side of the body and the other. Try some single arm kettlebell presses, or pistols and you will see what I mean. One side tends to be much more difficult than the other. This can be a result of past injury, or simply a natural weakness. However, it is important to note that these imbalances rarely correct themselves, and left alone, these undiagnosed weaknesses can eventually lead to further injury, another important reason to train to reduce imbalances.
Though it’s not necessary to always train unilaterally, it’s important to include some unilateral work in each training cycle. One way to do this is to work on single leg and single arm movements for a few weeks at the beginning of a training cycle, as part of a preparatory phase before moving on to some of the big lifts. | <urn:uuid:ff3fb6ef-0801-4837-9ee4-84a1af437150> | CC-MAIN-2016-50 | http://www.winnipegfreepress.com/our-communities/column/Get-strong-with-unilateral-training-221383681.html?story=Get%20strong%20with%20unilateral%20training | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-50/segments/1480698541170.58/warc/CC-MAIN-20161202170901-00405-ip-10-31-129-80.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.961643 | 497 | 2.546875 | 3 |
Feb. 7, 2013 -- The number of people with Alzheimer's may triple by 2050, from 4.7 million in 2010 to 13.8 million by 2050, a new study shows.
"These are staggering numbers," says researcher Jennifer Weuve, MPH, ScD, of the Rush Institute for Healthy Aging in Chicago. "The ramifications for society and family caregivers in particular are huge."
Still, "this is not really a surprise," she says. "It's a bit like climate change. We've known about it for years but we haven't done much to stop it. Our data drum home the message that research into the prevention and treatment of Alzheimer's must be a priority, as well as developing better ways of managing patients with the condition and helping caregivers."
Weuve says that trying to estimate the number of Alzheimer's cases in the country is complicated. Medical and public health agencies are not good at documenting these statistics, and Alzheimer's is hugely under-diagnosed.
"A diagnosis of Alzheimer's requires that you show up in a clinic and a physician actually thinks about dementia. Many patients go to their primary care doctor for something else, and although they may come across as confused, the doctor just puts this down to age and never formally diagnoses Alzheimer's, so about half of Alzheimer's cases go undiagnosed. Because of this, we had to be resourceful when trying to work out how many cases there actually were," she says.
To get around this problem, Weuve and her colleagues based their estimates on 10,000 adults, aged 65 and older, who were tested for Alzheimer's as part of the Chicago Health and Aging Project.
They then worked out the prevalence, or number of cases, of Alzheimer's disease in the U.S. in 2010 according to age, sex, educational level, and race by using U.S. census data.
Out of the 4.7 million people with Alzheimer's in 2010, the researchers estimate that just over a half-million were between 65 and 74 years, 2.3 million were between 75 and 84 years, and 1.8 million were 85 years or older.
This gave an estimate of 13.8 million people with Alzheimer's in 2050, of whom 7 million would be aged 85 or older. | <urn:uuid:ba5c21bd-ca26-4604-9894-110cb199a3e3> | CC-MAIN-2016-26 | http://www.webmd.com/alzheimers/news/20130207/alzheimers-cases-may-triple | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783393997.50/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624154953-00043-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.973743 | 465 | 2.96875 | 3 |
- Partial Sun (5 - 6 Hours Of Direct Sunlight)
- Mature Height 4 - 6 Inches
- Mature Spread 4 - 6 Inches
- Growing Zones 3 - 8
Purple Dragon Dead Nettle, Spotted Dead Nettle “Purple Dragon”, the Devil’s Clover, or Lamium “Purple Dragon”, is a robust perennial groundcover that spreads quickly with thick, luscious foliage that forms a dense carpet of elegant silvery-green leaves that have deep serrated edges. This shimmering blanket grows to a height of 4 to 6 inches, with a wide spread of 15 to 18 inches. In June and July, the Purple Dragon Dead Nettle blooms with a thick blanket of small, whorled, vivid-purple flowers.
Bred by Plants That Work, Purple Dragon Dead Nettle has an aggressive, spreading growth habit with a long blooming season. Native from Europe to Western Asia, Purple Dragon Dead Nettle is evergreen in areas with mild winters. It is deer and rabbit resistant and veritably disease and pest free. It is a fantastic choice for any meadow, sloped ground, or informal garden, and makes a stunning addition to any container or pot.
Purple Dragon Dead Nettle Care
Purple Dragon Dead Nettle should be grown in partial sun to dappled shade in climates that do not have excessive heat or humidity. The soil should be well-drained, evenly moist, and slightly acidic, but Purple Dragon is highly adaptable. It requires deep water until a more extensive root system has been established. Once established, water lightly, as overwatering can cause root rot. Fertilize your dead nettle in the early spring after the last hard frost. Dead nettle can handle heavy pruning, so don't be afraid to cut it down each season. Deadhead spent flower heads to encourage reblooming.
Purple Dragon Dead Nettle Spacing
Purple Dragon Dead Nettle is an excellent choice for ground cover in any semi-shaded landscape. You can use it along shady borders and ledges or under perennials and shrubs. It is excellent as a container plant and can be used as a beautiful filler. At planting, space your Purple Dragon Dead Nettle 6 to 10 inches apart.
Purple Dragon Dead Nettle Information
|USDA Hardiness Zones: 3 - 8|
|Plant Type: Perennials|
|Light Exposure: Partial Sun (5 - 6 Hours Of Direct Sunlight)|
|Mature Height: 4 - 6 Inches|
|Mature Spread: 15 - 18 Inches|
|Spacing: 15 - 18 Inches|
|Flower Color(s): Purple|
|Bloom Period: June And July|
|Foliage Type: Herbaceous|
|Foliage Color(s): Green, Silver|
|Seasonal Interest: Summer Flowering|
|Resists: Deer, Rabbit|
|Uses: Borders, Containers, Edging, Groundcovers, Mass Planting, Wildlife Gardens|
|Features: Attracts Pollinators, Deadheading Not Necessary|
|Common Name: Purple Dragon Dead Nettle|
|Scientific Name: LAMIUM `PURPLE DRAGON`|
Please Note: The pictures below are to give a general representation of the different container sizes. The actual size/ages of plants are estimates and will vary based on; type of plant, time of year, last pruning & many other factors.
For more detailed information, please click here.
Plant Addict Guarantee (Included On All Plant Orders)
Plant Addicts guarantees your plant(s) will arrive happy and healthy, but the plant(s) are being shipped through the mail and accidents happen. If the plant is dead, has dried out roots or the incorrect item was shipped just notify Plant Addicts within 3 days upon delivery. We may ask for pictures but will try to make it as easy as possible for you. Please note plant(s) with damaged branches or wilted leaves will not qualify for this guarantee. Plants are very resilient and will rebound quickly when cared for correctly.
For information on how to care for you new plant please check out our guide. Guide: How to Care for Your New Plant(s)
Plant Addicts Warranty - 1 Year (Extra Purchase Required)
We encourage all plant lovers to purchase the Plant Addicts Warranty whether you’re new or an expert. There are many variables outside our control and yours that can cause the demise of your plant(s). Examples would be hungry animals, drought, poor soil conditions, over watering, disease, insects & many other factors. The Plant Addicts Warranty is a 1 year warranty protecting you from all the unknowns and will replace your plant if it moves on to the plant afterlife.
The warranty is purchased on a per plant basis and must be purchased at the same time as the plant purchase. We will cover 100% of the price of the plant but the warranty does not cover shipping cost. Simply let us know if your plant has died within one year of receiving it and we’ll get you a new one shipped out. We may ask for photos for documentation purposes but again we’ll try to make it as easy as possible.
For more information, please go to our Shipping & Returns page at the bottom of the website.
Standard Colors: 2-3 business days
Special Order Colors: 8 weeks - this is due to the planter being custom made with the color(s) of your choice
Please Note: On special orders there can not be any cancellations
Time of Order:
- If there is extreme heat we’ll delay shipping.
- We’ll have to review what areas the plants are traveling through along with your location
Once your plant is shipped you’ll receive an email with tracking information. Depending on the above criteria we’ll ship your plant(s) towards beginning of the following week from your order. We put together this helpful guide of what to do when you receive your plants in the mail.
It is important to know that all of our plants are clearly labeled for which growing zones the plant can survive in. The plants are thoroughly trialed and tested in every growing zone before we state the plant can grow in a zone. Again, our #1 priority is to ship the plants to you healthy and ready to thrive in your location. So we will do everything in our power to do so. | <urn:uuid:aa1025c9-c76d-48cf-ab9c-adcdc2eaac72> | CC-MAIN-2023-40 | https://plantaddicts.com/purple-dragon-dead-nettle | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-40/segments/1695233510994.61/warc/CC-MAIN-20231002100910-20231002130910-00655.warc.gz | en | 0.891808 | 1,458 | 2.59375 | 3 |
How to get your appliance to perform most efficiently
Looking after your appliance
- Make sure air can circulate around the back of your fridge and freezer.
- Try not to put the fridge or freezer next to a heat source such as a cooker or radiator, or in direct sunlight as this will make the fridge work harder to stay cool and use more energy. Conversely, do not keep your fridge-freezer in a cold environment such as an unheated garage in winter – the low ambient temperature will signal to the appliance that it doesn’t need cooling and you may find your frozen foods defrosting.
- Check for gaps in door seals that could let warm air in. Place a piece of paper in the door. If you can easily remove the paper with the door closed, it is not sealed properly and will be letting warm air into the fridge, making your appliance work harder to stay cool.
- Regularly clean any dust from the back of the fridge or freezer – accumulated dust increases energy consumption.
Operating your fridge
- Make sure your fridge and freezer are set to the right temperature – below 5°C for fridges and at 18°C for freezers. The temperature of your fridge affects how long food lasts, so this helps keep your food at its best and ensures energy is not being used to keep the appliance running at too low a temperature.
- Use a fridge thermometer to check that your fridge or freezer is at the correct temperature. Check the manufacturer’s instructions for which part of the fridge should be the coldest – this is where you should position the thermometer. Ensure that the fridge temperature has settled down by leaving the thermometer in the fridge for several hours or overnight before taking a reading.
- Defrost your fridge or freezer regularly and particularly if ice forms. Ice build-up makes transference of cold to food more difficult and increases energy usage. Use a cool bag when shopping to keep your frozen items cool until you can return them to the freezer.
- Do not store liquids in open containers as this will increase humidity in the fridge and cause condensation to form. This will impact on the energy used to keep the fridge cool.
- Ensure warm foods are cooled down before placing them in the fridge or freezer so as not to raise the temperature inside the fridge. Defrosting foods in the fridge overnight will help keep your appliance cool.
- Do not fill the appliance with too much food so as to allow the air to circulate freely. If circulation is impeded, the compressor will work continuously.
- Don't keep the fridge or freezer door open for longer than necessary and try to avoid opening it too frequently. This will prevent the inside of the fridge-freezer from warming up and causing increased energy consumption.
- Consider which functions could save energy – here are some examples of how you can save energy by using them most effectively:
- Fast freeze: This is particularly handy if you're freezing fresh food. By freezing more quickly, a fast-freeze setting lets the food retain more of its nutrients. And for many types of food – bread, for example – it stops the texture from changing too much. If your fridge freezer doesn't have a fast freeze switch, you can just turn down the thermostat for a while. Remember to turn it up again, though, or you'll be wasting a lot of energy.
- Frost free: This feature is designed to prevent frost from forming by circulating cold air continuously and collecting humidity from the fridge compartment. If you buy a frost free freezer, don't fill it up to the hilt as air needs to circulate to keep the frost at bay. It's also worth noting that if food isn't carefully wrapped, it can become drier than it would in a conventional freezer.
- Holiday setting: This is for when you're away from home for a few days or weeks. Press the button and, while you're away, the fridge will switch off and the freezer compartment set to the lowest (coldest) temperature. On some models this lowers the energy used when you're not there and saves money. The only catch is you'll need to empty the fridge first or your food will spoil, so plan your meals the week ahead to enable you to switch this on without wasting food.
Temperature zones of the fridge – what to store where
Most fridges have different temperature zones. An exception to this are fridges or fridge-freezers with a Dynamic Cooling function and if this is activated, the air is moved around the fridge cabinet and keeps all areas at the selected temperature, ideally 4°C. In this case you can store your food in any part of the fridge.
If your fridge or fridge-freezer does not have Dynamic Cooling, positioning your food in your refrigerator is the key to saving energy and preventing food waste.
- The top of the fridge has an average temperature of 7°C, ideal for butters and cheeses.
- The middle of the fridge maintains the optimum temperature of 4-5°C. Fresh fish, cooked meats and dairy products, like soft cheese, cream and yoghurts are best stored in this area.
- The lower levels maintain a temperature of about 3°C and are the best place for raw meats and chilled ready meals.
- The salad drawers have a higher temperature of 8 to 10°C for the storage of fruits and vegetables. To lengthen the storage life of your fruit and veg, keep them separate, as these items give off toxins that can cause other items to deteriorate when stored together.
What else you can do to save energy and money
Food waste prevention
- Check what you have in the fridge and freezer before you go shopping. Wasted food is a big contributor towards carbon dioxide emissions and there is no point chilling food only for it to be thrown away!
- Use leftovers within 2 days and reheat thoroughly. Check the date labels on your pre-packed food to ensure you use them before they spoil. Don’t eat foods past their ‘use by’ date even if they look and smell fine.
- Check the storage instructions to ensure you are storing your food to keep it at its best, for example, eggs should be stored in their box in the fridge. Most fruit will last longer if stored in the fridge. Bread will stale quicker if stored in the fridge.
- For more food waste prevention tips, visit www.lovefoodhatewaste.com
2008 Review of the Directive 2002/96 on Waste Electrical and Electronic Equipment, University of the United Nations, August 2007, http://ec.europa.eu/environment/waste/weee/pdf/final_rep_unu.pdf
Environment Agency, http://www.environment-agency.gov.uk/business/topics/waste/111016.aspx
Materials Recycling Weekly, October 2011 (accessed in December 2012), http://www.mrw.co.uk/home/weeeve-got-a-big-gap-in-our-knowledge/8621769.article | <urn:uuid:9b66ab76-177e-441f-9cb5-3b063e8f084c> | CC-MAIN-2017-22 | http://www.toptenuk.org/how-to-use-a-fridge-freezer-efficiently | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-22/segments/1495463608953.88/warc/CC-MAIN-20170527113807-20170527133807-00040.warc.gz | en | 0.931573 | 1,461 | 3.125 | 3 |
Some people just aren't like the rest of us, because they don't have the fear. Fear has been in ample display these past few weeks along our hurricane-wracked coastlines, and there's a normal sort of courage found among many of us. But it takes a truly different sort to climb into a tube made of thin aluminum, then fly that thing straight into the eye of a hurricane at an altitude somewhere between 10,000 feet at the top and the "oh-my-God-I-can-see-dolphins" level of 1,500 feet above the waves. These are the men and women who drive into the Wall.
The U.S. Air Force Reserve flies a heavily specialized version of the C-130 cargo plane (the WC-130), while NOAA flies a variant of the old USN patrol plane the P-3 (the WP-3). The Navy used to play a role in this as well, but has withdrawn from the mission since we do not fly into hurricanes all over the Pacific anymore. Since the technique first started during WWII as a means of forecasting and understanding hurricanes and typhoons, five aircraft and their crews have gone down with all lives lost. Yet the data they bring back has saved countless lives—literally. Today, their information, mostly heard about during the Atlantic hurricane season, is absolutely crucial.
Yet many have come to take this incredible act of regular heroism as something commonplace, while others wonder why it is even necessary in this day and age of advanced technology. So why do they do it?
This requires a grasp of how those “models” create the predicted tracks of each hurricane, which depend on measuring areas of high and low barometric pressure. Low pressure areas pull on things like a vacuum; high pressure areas do the opposite, like a blow dryer. Meteorologists can figure out where the blow dryers and vacuums will be easily enough. Any high-altitude aircraft can get up to about 40,000 feet and survey that sort of information by dropping parachute-equipped pressure-gauges and recording the data they radio back as they descend.
On land, this is even easier, as weather stations around the country regularly release weather balloons upwards, each bearing aloft a sensor package doing the exact same thing every day to give us our daily weather maps. Our vast and mighty computers, paired with this data and the other information gathered at the same time such as temperature and humidity, can help us predict if the weekend BBQ is a go. For more major storms, and indeed tornadoes, we have the additional advantage not only of normal radar, but of the newer doppler radar, which can tell you not only about the density of clouds, but about their speed and direction, even internally.
The problem is, that is all how it works on land. All those tools disappear out at sea, where there are no local weather stations to send up balloons, or stationary doppler radars to tell you about wind direction, speed, and do so in depth. And at sea is where the hurricanes form, and grow, and prepare themselves to collide with us.
The atmosphere out at sea has those blow dryers and vacuums, which will push and pull on a storm. But each storm travels through them differently. Some will be like a ping pong ball, and be hugely affected by the different pressure systems. Others will be like a bowling ball, and travel their own course barely affected all. Others will be in between—a tennis ball, or a baseball. If you don't know that aspect of the storm's character, you can't really predict how those fans and vacuums will work on it. The job of the Hurricane Drivers is to fly into the Eye-Wall of the storm and figure out what kind of ball it is.
Those aircraft these men and women fly are packed with both high-tech onboard sensors that record all the information about the immediate environment of the airplane (windspeed, direction, pressure, etc.), but also airborne versions of the doppler radar that give them a deeper picture—forwards, slant-wise, and downwards. Then, for a more complete 3D model, each aircraft carries a ton of disposable sensors. Parachute equipped, they drop these out of a tube in the plane and let them send back information every couple of seconds as they descend through the storm to the sea. They also drop packages that record the sea temperature (which tells them how much energy the storm is sucking up into itself), as well as useful stuff like wave heights.
But this can’t be done from way up above the storm. Nope. To do this you need to fly right through it, at altitudes varying from 1,500 to 10,000 feet. In short, these planes are moving meteorological machines, assembling vast reams of raw data that the guys back on the ground can feed into the computer models, which then give us our updates every few hours on where the best science in the world can tell us the hurricane will keep rolling over the next two, three, four, even five days. It's information that saves, without exaggeration, thousands of lives and millions of dollars a year.
All you need to do is flip on the Weather Channel to get all of this at home. But for it to get there, some people have to fly into the storm.
Robert Bateman is a fellow at New America. You can follow him @RobertLBateman on Twitter or email him at [email protected].
Editor's Note: This post has been updated to more accurately reflect the science of barometric pressure. | <urn:uuid:b9cf815d-d00e-4245-90fb-6da2481dfe68> | CC-MAIN-2021-43 | https://www.esquire.com/news-politics/politics/a12199665/hurricane-drivers/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-43/segments/1634323587659.72/warc/CC-MAIN-20211025092203-20211025122203-00026.warc.gz | en | 0.958355 | 1,165 | 3.328125 | 3 |
Start learning with our library of video tutorials taught by experts. Get started
Viewers: in countries Watching now:
Watch as author George Maestri employs the basic principles of animation to bring to life simple 3D characters in Maya. Starting with an overview of the character rig, this course provides guidelines for arranging stock characters into strong poses and explains how to generate locomotion between poses in a modular fashion. The course includes step-by-step instructions on animating realistic gestures, walks, runs, facial expressions, and dialogue, and culminates with an animated scene built entirely from scratch.
Prerequisite courses: Maya 2011 Essential Training.
Now let's take a really quick look at the controls we have for animating dialog. So I am going to go ahead and zoom in to this character, and we have two main controls that are going to be used for dialog. The first one is called Jaw, so we can actually move that. If we move it down, it opens his Jaw. Left and right gives a little but of left and right bias. If we go above zero, you can see you can actually give almost like a pouty lip or actually bring his lower lip above his upper lip.
Now with this, you'll notice that there are two controls here: one is Translate X and Translate Y. Y is up and down, so Y is open and close mouth. X is left right, which is the kind of that left-right bias. Now for one, I can zero this out just by selecting them and typing in the number 0. Now, the same applies for this dialog control. Now, this actually goes through several different mouth shapes. So I'm going to start by going bottom right corner.
So we go bottom right, you'll notice that we have an 'oh' or more of an 'oo' sound, kind of that open O mouth, and then as we move this up, it goes into an 'oh', and then it closes. Now if you go the other way, if you go to top-left, you can see it goes into kind of bared teeth, almost like a 'ch' or an S kind of sound. Then as we come down, you'll notice how it closes. We have a neutral position here, and then we go into M, and if we come across, we go back over to 'oo'.
Typically with this, sometimes you want to go to a neutral and then to another one, but you can pretty much get from almost any specific shape to another just by moving this in the X and Y axis. Again, we have two Translate controls here, and all I have to do is just zero out those attributes to center it. Now, the other two that are involved with the dialog are the F sound, which is really very specific, and the 'sh' sound, which you are going to may or may not want to use.
The rest of these are for emotions. So we have a smile/frown control here, so you can make him smile while he talks. We also have what's called the sneer. So you can sneer left or right if you want, and then this one here kind of works the bottom part. But for most dialog, we will be able to do almost everything within these two, with the addition of these other two if we need them. So now that we understand this, let's go ahead and start actually animating dialog.
Find answers to the most frequently asked questions about Character Animation Fundamentals with Maya.
Here are the FAQs that matched your search "":
Sorry, there are no matches for your search ""—to search again, type in another word or phrase and click search.
Access exercise files from a button right under the course name.
Search within course videos and transcripts, and jump right to the results.
Remove icons showing you already watched videos if you want to start over.
Make the video wide, narrow, full-screen, or pop the player out of the page into its own window.
Click on text in the transcript to jump to that spot in the video. As the video plays, the relevant spot in the transcript will be highlighted. | <urn:uuid:6202a06c-83e9-4240-8659-caea646a71b6> | CC-MAIN-2014-15 | http://www.lynda.com/Maya-tutorials/Overview-mouth-controls/54994/84503-4.html?w=0 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2014-15/segments/1397609537097.26/warc/CC-MAIN-20140416005217-00119-ip-10-147-4-33.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.9541 | 866 | 3.125 | 3 |
Lung cancer is by far the leading cause of cancer death among both men and women; about 1 out of 4 cancer deaths are from lung cancer. Each year, more people die of lung cancer than of colon, breast, and prostate cancers combined. The leading cause of lung cancer is smoking. So, if you smoke, stop. Tobacco use is responsible for more than 87 percent of lung cancer deaths. While non-smokers can develop lung cancer, eating certain foods may help in the prevention of the disease.
The word cruciferous refers to plants in the cabbage family. Examples of these plants are cauliflower, brussels sprouts, broccoli, and cabbage. What makes these vegetables special is that they contain sulforaphane. Sulforaphane is one of the most potent cancer fighters found naturally in food, and it has been proven to increase the death in cancer cells.
Cruciferous vegetables also contain a substance called indole-3-carbinol. This substance that can be created in labs as well, is used for the prevention of many different types of cancer. In a nutshell, indole-3-carbinol repairs the damage done by carcinogens to cells before they can turn cancerous. Research suggests that eating cruciferous vegetables may lower the risk of lung cancer by as much as 40 percent.
Carotenoids are plant pigments responsible for bright red, yellow and orange hues in many fruits and vegetables. Examples of these fruits and vegetables are oranges, papayas, peaches, red bell peppers, and carrots. These pigments contribute many health benefits to those who eat them. These carotenoids are such super foods, that they even benefit smokers. Studies have shown that a high-carotenoid diet lowers the risk of lung cancer by 25 percent in non-smokers, and by 37 percent in smokers.
3. Foods That Contain Soy
Soy foods, like tofu, blunt the effects of estrogen in our bodies. Studies have shown that estrogen may encourage the growth of lung tumours as well as tumours in the breast. Though research is in the early stages, researchers suspect that dampening the effects of estrogen may slow or even stop the development of lung cancer.
4. Fish High in Omega-3
Certain studies have shown that the combination of animal fat as well as cigarette smoke promotes the development of lung cancer. However, the omega-3 fatty acid seems to counteract the effects of normal animal fat. Fish that are high in omega-3 fatty acid are salmon, sardines, and mackerel. Adding or substituting these foods into your diet will definitely minimise the risk of lung cancer.
5. Foods Rich in Vitamin B
Foods such as spinach, kale, and beans are extremely rich in folate, a B vitamin that safeguards cells from tobacco carcinogens. Studies conducted on former smokers have shown, that those with enough folate in their diets had a lowered risk of lung cancer, by as much as 40 percent. Regardless if you are a smoker or not, folate-rich foods are a must.
Keeping your lungs healthy is no easy feat. It takes a combination of a good diet and plenty of exercise to create a good environment for your lungs to thrive. Of course, it’s all about hard work and discipline, but at the end of the day, you reap the benefits.
Check out our article on 3 breathing exercises to increase lung capacity. | <urn:uuid:208e8fe0-e5a9-419a-bb71-380ae46caa57> | CC-MAIN-2021-04 | https://www.lung.net/2016/11/5-foods-prevent-lung-cancer/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-04/segments/1610704795033.65/warc/CC-MAIN-20210126011645-20210126041645-00099.warc.gz | en | 0.954169 | 711 | 3.4375 | 3 |
HOUSTON, Feb. 18 (UPI) -- Within 1,500 years of the end of the last ice age, a 100,000 square-mile section of an Antarctic ice shelf collapsed.
The floor of western Antarctica's Ross Sea is composed mostly of a 1,000 mile-long continental shelf. As recently as 18,000 year ago, the entirety of the seabed supported a massive ice shelf.
Furrows on the seabed suggest the ice shelf collapsed in sudden and dramatic fashion during a warming period at the end of the last ice age. The damaged inflicted by the breaking ice was detailed by a seafloor mapping system aboard the U.S. research vessel Nathaniel B. Palmer.
"The evidence shows that an armada of icebergs -- each at least twice as tall as the Empire State Building -- was pushed out en masse," oceanographer John Anderson, an earth sciences professor at Rice University, said in a press release. "We know this because this part of the Ross Sea is about 550 meters [1,804 feet] deep, and the icebergs were so large and so tightly packed that they gouged huge furrows into the seafloor as they moved north."
The end of an ice sheet's contact with the seabed is known as the grounding line. Evidence on the seafloor suggests the ice shelf's grounding line quickly retreated in the wake of the 10,000-year-old collapse.
"Following ice-shelf breakup, the grounding line is left exposed to marine processes, such as ocean warming, which can erode the grounding line and cause it to move back toward the shore," Anderson explained.
After the initial breakup, the ice shelf's retreat was halted by a series of shallow ridges. The pause lasted 5,000 years, but was followed by another significant collapse and breakup of ice.
Geochemical analyses -- including radiocarbon dating -- of sediment samples puts the timing of the second collapse at about 3000 B.C.
In 2002, a smaller Antarctic ice shelf called the Larsen B collapsed. But the breakup lasted only a few weeks. The collapse of the Ross Sea ice shelf lasted several thousand years.
The ice shelf has since reformed. But scientists worry global warming could once again initiate a dramatic breakup. Today's Ross Sea ice shelf is smaller and thinner, but its presence blocks a number of other inland ice sheets that are slowly creeping toward the sea.
The current shelf extends some 621 miles beyond its grounding line.
"That's a condition that most glaciologists consider unstable, and it is not unlike the situation that existed prior to the big breakup that began 5,000 years ago," Anderson said.
The new research is detailed in the journal PNAS. | <urn:uuid:44dcef22-009c-4821-9d6c-a55a18fb8353> | CC-MAIN-2016-26 | http://www.upi.com/Science_News/2016/02/18/Giant-Antarctic-ice-shelf-collapsed-at-end-of-last-ice-age/7171455807980/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783403508.34/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624155003-00079-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.956243 | 564 | 3.78125 | 4 |
How Much Sun Does A Zebra Haworthia Need?
Haworthia Zebra Plant thrives in partial sunlight. Zebra Plant thrives in moderately shaded settings that receive 4-6 hours of morning sunshine when cultivated outdoors.
When growing zebra plants indoors, set them on a window seal where they will receive bright indirect light in the morning.
However, make sure that this site is shaded in the afternoon when the sun is at its strongest.
Too much direct sunshine throughout the summer may cause the Zebra Plant plant leaves to burn.
So, while “Zebra Plants” enjoy the sun, they require some shelter from direct sunshine streaming through a window.
You should keep this plant out of direct sunlight in the afternoon since it might cause the leaves to burn.
Although cacti and succulents are known for growing in direct sunshine, Haworthias thrive in moderate shade.
As a result, you may cultivate these succulent plants indoors using artificial lighting. “Zebra” succulents are ideal for tabletops, shelves, or as part of an indoor succulent garden due to their tiny, compact growth habit and ability to flourish in partially shaded environments.
Does A Zebra Haworthia Flower?
Spring and fall are the most productive growing seasons for haworthias. Around this time of the year, they give out their flowers.
There is a species of blooming succulents known as “Zebra” Haworthia that has delicate white blossoms.
The tall, thin blooms of the Haworthia plant often bloom at the end of long stalks throughout the summer months.
Therefore, these succulents bloom in their natural environment between October and November. However, in order for them to blossom indoors, ideal growth conditions are required.
In contrast to other types of succulents, Haworthia plants continue to thrive even after they have produced flowers.
The Haworthia plant belongs to the monocot family, not the monocarpic family (plants that flower once before dying).
If you are fortunate enough to own a blossoming “Zebra Plant,” then it should continue to bloom year after year for a good number of years.
How Big Do Zebra Haworthia Get?
Succulents often have a tiny stature and grow at a low rate. Zebra Plants fall into this category. They may reach a height of 13 to 15 cm when fully grown. The breadth of the rosette of leaves comes in at around 20 cm.
Even though the stem of a Zebra Plant is not very huge or tall, the roots have the potential to develop swiftly and extremely deeply.
If the roots of your plant grow to be far larger than you anticipated, you should probably think about upgrading to a container that is significantly larger.
How Do You Take Care Of A Zebra Haworthia?
The Zebra Succulent truly distinguishes out thanks to the stunning stripes that cover its leaves.
Not only do the leaves of this plant pique my interest, but also the low level of upkeep that they need is really impressive to me.
The geometric patterning of its leaves has the ability to give any background a sense of vibrancy.
In order to survive, the Haworthia Zebra, often known as the Zebra Cactus, requires the following:
The zebra succulent prefers both direct and indirect sunshine. It will not survive in either partial or full shade.
Outside, they have a natural propensity to tilt and develop in the shade.
Bright light, but not direct sunshine, is preferred for Haworthia species. Under their natural habitat, they are frequently found in the shadow of a rock or other object.
They thrive in a room with east or west-facing window that provides bright light for a few hours every day. The plant’s green tint will fade if it does not receive enough light.
Zebra Haworthia requires sandy, loamy soil with good drainage. A cactus potting mix is an ideal soil for Haworthias.
To produce your own optimal growth medium, use one part potting soil, one part coarse sand, and one part perlite to improve drainage.
The growth medium for Zebra Haworthia must allow for unrestricted flow of water.
Overwatering or allowing the roots to linger in moist soil is the quickest method to destroy a Haworthia succulent.
The best potting soil requires time to dry between waterings.
Temperatures ranging from 65°F to 80°F (18°C – 26°C) are ideal for Haworthia Zebra Plants. Average room temperatures are ideal for growing Haworthia plants, as long as they do not change dramatically.
The lowest temperature for Haworthia “Zebra” is 50°F (10°C), however, they are cold, hardy to 40°F (4°C).
When growing “Zebra” Haworthia plants inside, keep them at higher temperatures to ensure their success.
Temperatures over 70°F (21°C) are optimum in the spring, summer, and fall. Place the striped “Zebra” succulent in a cold, unheated room throughout the winter. The chilly weather allows the plant to relax.
Haworthia Zebra Plant thrives in USDA zones 9 through 11. You may move your zebra plant pots outside during the summer if you live in a cooler region.
Water the Haworthia Zebra plant whenever the soil becomes dry. During the spring and summer, the “Zebra plant” may only require watering every two or three weeks.
Or, if it’s really hot, every week. “Zebra Plants” may endure for weeks without water in the winter.
Rather than following a strict watering plan, utilize soil and leaf growth to determine when to water.
The first indicator is that the earth is virtually parched. Drought tolerance is high in Haworthia plants.
You don’t have to worry about under-watering “Zebra Plants” since their thick leaves store moisture. The second indicator is when their leaves begin to curl.
Pour lots of water into the soil of a Haworthia Zebra plant until it drains out the bottom of the container.
Deep watering feeds and hydrates the roots. This succulent plant watering method also helps the roots to absorb enough moisture to make the triangular leaves appear lush.
Haworthia Zebra Plants don’t need much fertilizer. To feed a Haworthia plant, use a cactus fertilizer that is balanced.
Fertilize your Haworthia Zebra two or three times during the growing season by diluting the fluid to half strength.
Haworthia species are succulents that grow slowly and are not heavy feeders.
Haworthia succulents, like other houseplants, fall dormant throughout the winter. You should refrain from feeding “Zebra Plants” at this period.
The Zebra Haworthia plant does not have any specific requirements for the amount of humidity present in the air.
They do quite fine in dry air, and the humidity level that is often seen in homes is ideal for healthy development.
Although “Zebra Plants” do not require circumstances that are humid, they do require enough air circulation.
Therefore, make sure that the plants are always kept in an area that has adequate ventilation and air circulation.
Is Haworthia Zebra An Aloe?
The Haworthia plant is a kind of succulent that is in the same family as the aloe plant. There are around 160 different species.
The majority of them are distinguished by their leaves, which form rosettes and grow out of the axis of the stem.
There is such a wide variety of Haworthia kinds that it is challenging to provide a broad description of them. A great number of them have leaves that have really strangely shaped colors or patterns.
The Haworthia is native to South Africa and Namibia, where it thrives in rocky areas that are shaded by plants and grasses. Its name stems from these two countries.
In most cases, the plants are marketed and sold as cacti. They are not cactus, yet they are succulents nonetheless.
Can You Propagate Zebra Haworthia From Leaves?
Offsets and leaves both have the potential to be used in the propagation of Zebra Haworthia.
To propagate Haworthia Zebra Plants using offsets, use a sharp, clean knife and cut off the offsets or “pups” that grow around the base of the mother plant. This will allow the plant to reproduce itself.
Give the “wound” a few days to heal and dry up completely. The Haworthia Zebra should then be planted in a container with cactus potting mix.
After a week has passed, the plant should receive a substantial amount of water. Take the same precautions with the Haworthia Zebra that you would with the mother plant.
Leaf Cuttings Propagation
Remove a healthy leaf from the main plant of the Zebra Haworthia using a clean, sharp knife in order to propagate the plant using the leaf cutting method.
It is imperative that the entire leaf be removed. After a few days, the “wound” should be completely dry, and then the Haworthia Zebra should be planted in soil that drains properly.
Always take care not to overwater, and wait to water the soil until it has lost all of its moisture. The leaf will eventually sprout roots and become a new plant all by itself.
Is Zebra Haworthia Toxic To Dogs?
Because the Zebra Cactus Plant is non-toxic, it may be kept indoors. It is not harmful to people or animals.
Even if you have pets, you may keep the Zebra plant in your house. It will not hurt your pets in any way.
The Haworthia Zebra is not dangerous to horses, dogs, or cats, according to the ASPCA.
The Haworthia Zebra is simple to maintain at home. The most important care need is to keep the potting soil from becoming too wet or saturated.
So, place the small zebra plant in partial sunlight and water it only when the soil is dry.
Is Zebra Haworthia An Indoor Plant?
The Zebra Cactus is an indoor plant that requires bright, filtered light to grow well.
Since they are small, they can be grown in a wide variety of containers that are placed on a tray or saucer filled with rocks.
It is best to keep newly bought plants in a bright place and away from direct sunlight. The Zebra Haworthia should be kept out of the direct sun.
The plant can be kept indoors all year long, though it does prefer a more temperate climate during the winter months.
In order to provide your houseplant with the right amount of light, you will need to know the correct lighting level for each Haworthia species and species type.
Just remember that these plants require bright, filtered light. | <urn:uuid:32b1010a-7032-4cdb-99d6-ec59c3f230aa> | CC-MAIN-2023-50 | https://studynature.net/how-much-sun-does-a-zebra-haworthia-need/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-50/segments/1700679100545.7/warc/CC-MAIN-20231205041842-20231205071842-00306.warc.gz | en | 0.936161 | 2,350 | 3.203125 | 3 |
While vaccines have been preventing death and injuries for hundreds of years against diseases like measles, deadly diseases still show up all around the world. The clear answer on why is that some parents either cannot afford to pay for vaccines or simply don’t believe in them. Financial status had affected children not getting vaccinated, not only in the united states but also “Measles vaccination remains sub-optimal, particularly in Bauchi. Efforts to counter negative perceptions about vaccination and to ensure vaccinations are actually provided free may help to increase vaccination rates. Parents need to be made aware that vaccination should be free, including for children without a birth certificate, and vaccination could be an opportunity for issuing birth certificates. The study provides pointers for state-level planning to increase vaccination rates.”(Cockcroft et al). Measles outbreaks have been recently popping up everywhere around the world, in Madagascar, and places in the United States like Washington, New York, Oakland County, and many more cities and counties. Though some anti-vaccinators approve of the vaccines against measles and other deadly diseases and use them, they still don’t approve on other vaccines and believe they make the patient worse or don’t have an effect at all. There are many variations and inputs on why parents don’t vaccinate, as listed above, but the main reasons why parents don’t vaccinate their kids can fall into these categories, safety concerns, religious beliefs, or personal views and/or ethics (Mckee and Bohannon). Many parents often think that vaccines frequently lead to autism, and some even know its a low percentage, but still, don’t want to jeopardize the risks. However many doctors’ have debunked this rumor, with research and statistics. Religious views, on the other hand, cannot be debunked because people’s faith sometimes doesn’t give a clear reason, and rather just an answer. Personal views and/or views are the category for everything else, meaning they neither come from a persuasive source nor a religious one, or sometimes they are a mix of both but, they surely come from what peoples’ own opinion.
Parents claim that science has provided information that links vaccines to autism. However recent studies say otherwise. An online textbook called “Clinical Infectious Diseases” states that “Although child vaccination rates remain high, some parental concern persists that vaccines might cause autism. Three specific hypotheses have been proposed: (1) the combination measles-mumps-rubella vaccine causes autism by damaging the intestinal lining, which allows the entrance of encephalopathic proteins; (2) thimerosal, an ethylmercury-containing preservative in some vaccines, is toxic to the central nervous system; and (3) the simultaneous administration of multiple vaccines overwhelms or weakens the immune system. We will discuss the genesis of each of these theories and review the relevant epidemiological evidence.” (Plotkin, Gerber, and Offit) This states that autism doesn’t necessarily relate to vaccines and the textbook goes into more detail claiming, and debunking the original article that persuaded they’re linked, it critiques the study by saying “Although no data supporting an association between MMR vaccine and autism existed and a plausible biological mechanism was lacking, several epidemiologic studies were performed to address parental fears created by the publication by Wakefield.” (Plotkin, Gerber, and Offit). The authors explain how it wouldn’t make sense to believe that the two are linked in any way possible. Even though clear evidence proves correlation from vaccines to autism, that still remains one of the main reasons today, why parents refuse to vaccinate their children.
Religion is a sensitive topic when it comes to what’s allowed and what’s not, some religious people even feel offended or disgusted when someone of their religion, sins or breaks a rule. Therefore in religion, it becomes tricky when it comes around science because you cannot decide for yourself unless you plan on going against your religion. But in the articles “Here’s Where Major Religions Actually Stand On Vaccines: Almost all U.S. states allow religious exemptions to immunization. But the issue has almost nothing to do with religion.” By Antonia Blumberg, it goes through all the major religions and manages to capture their views on vaccines. It shows that the majority of people who decline vaccines come from Christian orientated homes, like how the Catholic church as a whole opposes vaccines, while Muslim and Jewish homes openly accept vaccines, and actually encourage it. It also states that many Christians still do vaccinate as a whole. (Blumberg). Blumberg also acknowledges that “Hindu, Sikh and Buddhist texts and doctrine contain no teachings in opposition to immunization” (Blumberg). Religious-based declines for vaccines cannot be debunked however, because if a religion says it’s impermissible, then for that religion it is. It is not a science-based question, where we can answer it with research, experiments, and conduct of extreme information. With religion, you always have to respect one’s wishes, but to what extent is the question.
Personal views usually sprout from the media, of friends and family, but nonetheless, they still are your views, and opinions you’ve gained yourself. Some parents just don’t think its right for their child on numerous reasons, while others don’t trust the hospital, doctor or even vaccine. There can be many concepts that personal beliefs can fall into, and it can even be linked up with safety concerns or religious beliefs. Its actually stated that “There is more than one way to understand parents’ views about immunization. Some parents have virtually no information, and when provided with data about harms and benefits, they usually (anecdotally) give permission for their child to be vaccinated. Other parents may have limited information or incorrect information that can be corrected by the physician, and yet others have a great deal of information and a firm philosophical stance that immunization is not what is best for their child. There are also divisions between complementary and alternative medicine (CAM) practitioners and some physicians about the merits and risks of vaccination.” (Gilmour et al). The article claims the physician should provide the best and more truthful information they can into helping the parent decide, being honest about side effects, risks and debunking false claims. The parent can then decide based on their personal beliefs on whether or not to vaccinate their child. (Gilmour et al).
Everyone has a right to chose to vaccinate or not, but what poses a possible threat and an uprising question, is at what extent?
Stanley Plotkin, Jeffrey S. Gerber, Paul A. Offit; Vaccines and Autism: A Tale of Shifting Hypotheses, Clinical Infectious Diseases, Volume 48, Issue 4, 15 February 2009, Pages 456–461, https://doi.org/10.1086/596476
This article describes the concerns for that parents have in the connection between autism and vaccines. It debunks the main source of credibility that parents who refuse vaccines look to. This article. This article was published by the Infectious disease society of america, who work with scientists and doctors, and therefore are credible. I’m using this article for my report because its useful information on my analysis of why some parents refuse vaccines.
Anne Cockcroft ,Muhammad U Usman, O’brian F Nyamucherera,Henry Emori,Bong Duke, Nisser Ali Umar and Neil Andersson
Archives of Public Health The official journal of the Belgian Public Health Association 201472:48
This article explains why some parents don’t vaccinate their children. Its credible because doctors wrote it, and its credited by the public health association of belgium. I’m using this article because it describes exactly what the title of my paper is about. I’m also using it to furthermore explain my point, and plot it.
McKee, Chephra and Kristin Bohannon. “Exploring the Reasons Behind Parental Refusal of Vaccines” journal of pediatric pharmacology and therapeutics : JPPT : the official journal of PPAG vol. 21,2 (2016): 104-9.
This journal identifies the factors of refusing vaccines and why it had been going on. This article is very credible because its a journal written for people in the medical field. Its a team of professionals narrowing down the outcomes and explaining why parents refuse from a more up front point of view. I’m using it to see further into my thesis, and understand what the problem is.
Blumberg, Antonia. “Here’s where major religions stand on vaccines” Article of huffpost magazine, reporter of huffpost magazine, Lydia Polgreen (03/31/17)
This article says what religions have to say about vaccines and the problem at use. This article is credible because it has been published on a magazine with editors and hundreds of thousands of readers. I’m using this article in my report to understand what role religion plays in deciding to take the vaccine or not.
Joan Gilmour, Christine Harrison, Leyla Asadi, Michael H. Cohen, Sunita Vohra. Childhood Immunization: When Physicians and Parents Disagree
Pediatrics Nov 2011, 128 (Supplement 4) S167-S174; DOI: 10.1542/peds.2010-2720E
This article describes the four reasons why parents disagree to vaccines and debunking their theories or excuses. It also helps to see where the rumors came from and the misinformation interpreted. Its credible because its written by a physician, on a scholarly website. I’m using this journal in my report because it has useful information to structure my paragraphs and explain the issue. | <urn:uuid:fc33fa5d-8185-475f-a615-b3fce0eed44e> | CC-MAIN-2021-31 | https://professorramos.blog/2019/03/25/why-some-parents-wont-vaccinate-their-kids/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-31/segments/1627046150266.65/warc/CC-MAIN-20210724125655-20210724155655-00182.warc.gz | en | 0.936404 | 2,061 | 3.234375 | 3 |
This chapter is from the book
Answers to Exam Prep Questions
- The correct answer is C. The Network layer is responsible for translating logical network address and names, such as computer names, to their MAC addresses and for addressing and routing data packets over the network. The Transport layer adds another connection below the Session layer and helps manage data flow control between nodes on the network. Therefore, answer A is incorrect. The Physical layer defines the interface between the medium and the device. Therefore, answer B is incorrect. The Data Link layer mainly handles error correction, flow control, and communication with the network adapter card. Therefore, answer D is incorrect.
- The correct answer is B. You should place two DHCP servers in each office and place them in cluster configurations. This solution minimizes network traffic on the WAN link and eliminates DHCP as a single point of failure. Answers A, C, and D are incorrect. By placing the only DHCP servers in the head office, DHCP clients in the branch office must rely on the availability of the WAN link to obtain an IP address.
- The correct answer is D. The division point between the network ID and the host ID is called the subnet mask. The subnet mask is used to determine where the network number in an IP address ends and the node number in an IP address begins. Therefore, answers A, B, and C are incorrect.
- The correct answer is C. The subnet mask of 255.255.255.240 allows for a maximum amount of 16 subnets. This meets the requirements for 12 subnets. Answers A and B are incorrect because these subnet masks do not allow for enough subnets. Answer D is incorrect because this subnet mask allows for more subnets than will ever be required.
- The correct answers are A and B. CIDR is supported by RIP version 2 and OSPF routing. Because CIDR supports multiple subnet masks per subnet, it requires routers that support more advanced interior routing protocols, such as RIP version 2 and OSPF. CIDR isn't supported by RIP version 1 or EGP; therefore, answers C, D, and E are incorrect.
- The correct answer is B. Each subnet has its own gateway, so the 003 router option should be configured at the scope level instead of the server level. Answers A and C are incorrect because all clients are successfully leasing IP addresses. Answer D is incorrect because DHCP options do not have to be activated.
- The correct answer is E. Given the Class C IPv4 address 126.96.36.199, you can use a subnet mask of 255.255.255.240 and create 16 subnetworks with 14 hosts per subnet. Because the question called for at least 17 subnetworks with at least 13 hosts per subnet, the only correct answer is E.
- The correct answer is C. WINS replication can be "pulled" on an interval or "pushed" after a set number of changes to the database; therefore, answers A and B are incorrect because they can be set to push after a number of changes and answer D is incorrect because it is not a valid type of WINS replication.
- The correct answer is B. MTUs are based on the type of network that is installed. Ethernet deployments are limited to a 1,500 byte MTU. Therefore, answers A, C, and D are incorrect.
- The correct answer is D. To maximize security, they should use a name on the inside of the firewall that is totally different than their public name; therefore, answers A, B, and C are incorrect because they still contain the "contoso" name.
- The correct answer is B. To enable APIPA on clients, all you need to do is configure the client to use DHCP (obtain an IP address automatically). When the client starts up and cannot contact a DHCP server, it assigns itself an IP address from the reserved 169.254.0.0 range with a subnet mask of 255.255.0.0. No default gateway is used, and systems that use APIPA are not routable. Therefore, answers A, C, and D are incorrect.
- The correct answer is D. Caching-Only DNS servers do not host a zone and therefore do not have any zone transfer traffic. Active Directory Integrated zones can be hosted only on domain controllers. Even if you installed a domain controller at the remote office, you would then create replication traffic for the domain controller; therefore, answer A is incorrect. Primary and Secondary servers host a zone and create transfer traffic; therefore, answers B and C are incorrect.
- The correct answers are B, C, and D. When a DHCP client request for an IP address hits a non-RFC-1542–compliant router (meaning the DHCPDISCOVER broadcast message is not forwarded off the subnet), it fails to receive a response because the DHCP server never receives the DHCPDISCOVER broadcast message and the client system configures itself with an APIPA address. If a DHCP Relay Agent is in use on the subnet, it receives the DHCPDISCOVER broadcast message and routes the message off the subnet to the DHCP server. Subsequently, when the DHCP server responds with an address and the DHCP client selects the IP address, the client responds with a DHCPREQUEST broadcast message, which includes the IP address of the server that had its offer accepted. Again, this DHCPREQUEST broadcast message does not get out of this subnet unless a DHCP Relay Agent is in use on the subnet, and can receive the DHCPREQUEST broadcast message and forward (route) the message off the subnet to the DHCP server.
- The correct answer is D. By configuring caching-only servers within each location, you can decrease the name resolution response time for users. Because the caching-only servers do not maintain any zone information, no traffic is generated from zone transfers. Therefore, answers A, B, and C are incorrect.
- The correct answer is B. Two types of queries can be performed in DNS: iterative and recursive. The situation described in this scenario is an iterative query. A recursive query happens when a client makes a DNS resolution query to a DNS server, and the server assumes the full workload and responsibility for providing a complete answer to the query, therefore, answer A is incorrect. Forward and cache queries are not applicable; therefore, answers C and D are incorrect.
- The correct answer is A. Any BIND server running version 4.9.4 or later supports fast zone transfers. By disabling the BIND secondaries option, SRV01 will perform fast zone transfers with DNS01. Therefore, answers B, C, and D are incorrect.
- The correct answers are A, D, and E. Caching-only DNS servers perform name resolution on behalf of clients and then cache the resulting name resolutions. They are not configured to be authoritative for a DNS zone, and they do not store Standard Primary or Standard Secondary zones locally. Their local cache holds the most frequently requested names and associated IP addresses and are available for use by subsequent client queries.
- The correct answer is D. When dealing with clients that dynamically update their own DNS records, host record registration often fails because the primary DNS suffix listed on the client machine does not match the DNS zone name. For example, the actual Active Directory domain and DNS domain is gunderville.com, but the computer has a primary DNS suffix listed as 2000trainers.com. This causes the system to attempt to register at 2000trainers.com, which it usually is not authorized to do. | <urn:uuid:9ab41d5e-e8b3-4375-8721-d5e6c853d9f1> | CC-MAIN-2021-31 | https://www.informit.com/articles/article.aspx?p=664656&seqNum=8 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-31/segments/1627046152112.54/warc/CC-MAIN-20210806020121-20210806050121-00124.warc.gz | en | 0.913863 | 1,586 | 3.5625 | 4 |
By Kathee Mierzejewski
If you have been wondering how to plant cauliflower (Brassica oleracea var. botrytis), you will find that it is not difficult. Growing cauliflower can be done right along with your other closely related plants like broccoli, kale and turnips.
Best Time to Plant Cauliflower
Growing cauliflower is best done in cool temperatures with moist atmospheres. You can grow cauliflower as a summer or fall crop. Typically, you will plant cauliflower in the mid spring for an early summer harvest or in mid summer for a fall harvest. It takes eight to ten weeks to produce a summer crop and four to five weeks to produce a fall crop. When growing cauliflower, a fall crop will produce more quality plants than a summer crop.
How to Plant Cauliflower
Hot weather, too low of temperatures, or drought will result in premature heads. When growing cauliflower you need to remember that the plant is sensitive to conditions unfavorable for its growth.
When growing cauliflower, you should have a hotbed or greenhouse to help you produce transplants in the early spring.
Cauliflower grows best in soil that is fertile and soft so it can hold enough moisture. When thinking about how to grow cauliflower, you should remember that it requires a rich soil and lots of nutrients.
When thinking about how to plant cauliflower, know that you should plant the seeds ½ to ¾ inches deep. The rows should be three to six inches apart. You should plant a maximum of eight seeds per one foot of row. If the plant bed starts to overcrowd, you can thin the plants to one inch apart in the row.
When your plants are ready to be planted outside, plant the plants on eight to ten inch rows at least 36 inches apart. Make sure the rows are at least 15 inches apart. When you first water, make sure to use a high phosphate fertilizer so the plants can get a good contact with the soil.
Make sure you use fertilizer frequently. Cauliflower likes a good magnesium level as well and will show symptoms of deficiency when the soil is allowed to become too acidic.
Be sure to water your cauliflower every five to seven days. This is required for your cauliflower to produce nice heads. It is very sensitive to both over and under watering as well, so be sure to irrigate the plants so they don’t get stressed.
When to Harvest Cauliflower
Knowing when to harvest cauliflower is important. You want to tie them in order to blanche them. After tying them, check your garden regularly. If you want to know when to harvest cauliflower, know that the mature heads are a fully developed, clear white and compact head about six inches. You can cut them with a large knife, leaving at least one set of leaves to protect the head.
The time when to harvest cauliflower does not end when you harvest the main head. You can harvest it continuously after that because it will continue to produce little florets after harvesting the main head, much like broccoli. These florets can be harvested and eaten. | <urn:uuid:c94418cf-f5d1-4ca1-9f88-5342070b1ea1> | CC-MAIN-2015-22 | http://www.gardeningknowhow.com/edible/vegetables/cauliflower/growing-cauliflower.htm | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2015-22/segments/1432207928114.23/warc/CC-MAIN-20150521113208-00080-ip-10-180-206-219.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.928538 | 640 | 2.8125 | 3 |
It seems pretty obvious how ice melts, right? It gets warm, so ice changes to its liquid form — water.
However, the way that the lakes, including the Iowa Great Lakes, melt may be different than what you would think.
Usually in March — the average date for ice out on East Lake Okoboji is March 31, West Lake Okoboji is April 5 and Big Spirit Lake is April 4 — the air begins to warm and the sun’s intensity increases. That will begin to melt any remaining snow on top of the ice on the lakes and allows light to penetrate through the ice.
Lake ice acts like a greenhouse, amplifying the sun’s radiation and actually warming the water beneath the ice more than the ice is warmed itself. As the water beneath the ice warms, the ice begins to melt from the bottom. It can also melt quickly from the top if warm winds blow through the area.
Ice continues to a weakened phase with surface and internal melting. At this point, the ice usually looks gray and can become “candled.” Candled ice is eroded ice that forms into long, vertical crystals. Because of the shape, this type of ice conducts light even more. Melting water will fill in between these vertical crystals and break them apart.
As winds warm, they will continue to melt ice as well as break up any weakened and candled ice. Sometimes candles will stack up on the shore and actually make a tinkling sound.
Ice can weaken and refreeze throughout winter, but when spring arrives, the melting process can happen quickly. It might be a weekend; it might be overnight.
Ice out definitely signifies spring!
There are many signs of spring — waterfowl migration, robins returning, snow melting and ice going out on the Iowa Great Lakes. A true sign of spring in the tallgrass prairie is pasque flowers blooming. The pasque flower (Pulsatilla patens or Anemone patens) is found in healthy tallgrass prairies, usually on dry, rocky hillsides and…Read More
It’s cold. If you’re not reading this the week it’s written, the windchill is -6 degrees Fahrenheit, and it’s 2 p.m. You can imagine how cold it was last night, and how cold it’s going to get tonight! However, we like to embrace the seasons around here, so we thought it would be fun to…Read More
We all love the lakes. That’s what makes Okoboji, Okoboji. But how much do you know about the lakes themselves? Did you know that Upper Gar Lake is the smallest lake in the Iowa Great Lakes at only 37 acres with an average depth of 3.5 feet? That is the height of the average 6-year-old!…Read More
The temperatures drop, and we all wonder, “When will the lakes freeze?” My question today was, how does that actually happen? Of course, ice is created when the water temperature reaches freezing. That is pretty obvious. We’ve all seen ice cubes created in the freezer. Yet, lakes don’t freeze all at once, and they don’t…Read More | <urn:uuid:99e5873a-8eb6-4261-903c-a431c9aa4a5c> | CC-MAIN-2020-29 | http://dickinsoncountyconservationboard.com/2020/03/12/how-lake-ice-melts/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-29/segments/1593655901509.58/warc/CC-MAIN-20200709193741-20200709223741-00006.warc.gz | en | 0.939518 | 679 | 3.234375 | 3 |
Algunas ideas de Becker
"Note that flu pandemics involve a huge " externality" because infected individuals have limited incentives to consider the likelihood of infecting others when deciding how much contact to have with other individuals. This externality justifies a significant public health involvement in trying to control the spread of flu during a pandemic.....
I have indicated that the vast majority of people are willing to pay a lot to gain protection against deadly flu viruses. This is why it would be desirable to greatly increase the stockpile of drugs and vaccines even if the probability of another pandemic were low, and its nature not known. For example, the expected worldwide cost in terms of willingness to pay to avoid the risk of another great pandemic that had a one in hundred probability of occurring during the next twenty years would be approximately 1/100 x $20 trillion, or about $200 billion. This cost would justify sizable increases in world spending on antiviral drug and flu vaccines."
"The interesting economic issue, besides the costs inflicted by the disease, stressed by Becker, is the optimal response to the danger of a lethal flu pandemic. Ideally one would like to be able to calculate the expected cost of the pandemic and compare that with the cost and efficacy of the possible preventive and remedial efforts. The expected cost would be the cost inflicted by the pandemic discounted (multiplied) by the probability that, in the absence of preventive measures, that cost would be incurred. Unfortunately, that probability cannot be estimated. But since we experienced such a pandemic less than a year ago, the probability cannot be considered trivial. Since the potential cost if such a pandemic does occur is so enormous, efforts at prevention or mitigation deserve serious consideration...
Optimal responses to pandemics, whether natural pandemics or ones contrived by terrorists, are complicated not only by diminishing returns, but also by the multiplicity of catastrophic threats. Even if multiplying the number of hospital beds tenfold could be a justified measure in preparation for a possible lethal flu epidemic, it would be immensely costly and this would as a practical matter preclude financing measures directed against other catastrophic possiblities, which include abrupt global warming, asteroid strikes, biodiversity depletion, nuclear terrorism, and (as we have become acutely aware) global depressions. We need an overall "catastrophe budget" that would match expenditures to the net expected benefits of particular measures targeted at particular catastrophic threats." | <urn:uuid:83bbd16e-eeb9-4026-849b-aec470f82367> | CC-MAIN-2013-20 | http://wwwtinteroeconomico.blogspot.com/2009/05/ya-he-escrito-varios-post-sobre-los.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2013-20/segments/1368709135115/warc/CC-MAIN-20130516125855-00073-ip-10-60-113-184.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.964247 | 493 | 2.859375 | 3 |
Safely Ever After’s Pattie Fitzgerald visited Washington Elementary last Thursday to discuss cyberbullying.
Kids today live as much in the virtual world as they do in the “real” world, but often they do not fully grasp the threats they face online, including cyberbullying.
To arm themselves against the dangers that kids may face online, more than 60 students and parents gathered at Washington Elementary’s cafeteria recently to get cyberbullying advice from local expert Pattie Fitzgerald, founder of the Santa Monica company Safely Ever After.
“You can’t avoid technology,” Fitzgerald told them. “It’s not optional. Kids now are digital natives; they are born into it and they are good at it. But they are not good at navigating the implications of their virtual world.”
“The largest and most common risk for kids online is cyberbullying and harassment,” Fitzgerald said.
“And even good kids sometimes do it. So many parents think, ‘Not my kid.’ Sometimes kids who are nearly perfect in the real world act out online.”
Cyberbullying has been at the forefront of national news lately with high profile cases like the suicide of Rebecca Sedwick, a 12-year old Florida girl who had been bullied online for over a year before taking her own life last year. She was barraged with texts and online posts from peers saying, “Why are you still alive?” and “Go kill yourself” in the days leading up to her death.
“Parents have to be involved in their kids’ online lives,” Fitzgerald said. “Children’s brains don’t fully develop until they are in their twenties. They don’t have a full grasp on risks and consequences. We have to understand that they can’t help some of the behavior unless we teach them.”
The level of cruelty kids like Sedwick’s bullies showed shocked parents, Fitzgerald explained. And it is reported that 88% of children ages 12 to 15 have witnessed cruelty and harassment online. She attributes the epidemic to emotional disconnect that kids experience from behind their computers.
“Because kids aren’t looking into the face of who they are bullying they don’t get how much they are hurting them,” she said. “The have a reduced sense of empathy, a false sense of bravado and a distorted sense of reality.”
The good news, Fitzgerald said, is that parents don’t have to be tech savvy to teach their kids about online safety.
Fitzgerald answers a mother’s question about online bullying. Photos by Alyssa Morin.
“We keep looking for a technology fix to keep our kids safe online,” she said. “While filters and monitors have some use, it’s a humanistic approach that will work best to protect your kids. The same skills we teach kids in the real world apply to the internet. They need to be taught empathy and the implications of their actions.”
Fitzgerald urged parents to start the online safety conversation with their children at a young age and to set up clear guidelines about internet usage.
“You can help by setting up ground rules,” she said. “Just like real life, you have to understand what they’re doing and where they’re going. Get familiar with the sites they are on. Agree to check their messages periodically. Even Google their names from time to time.”
Other online risks Fitzgerald addressed included sexting, sharing personal information online, sharing passwords and chatting with strangers. All of these risks, she said, can be mitigated by talking openly with kids about their online lives.
“It all comes down to monitoring their usage and teaching them comprehension, compassion and consequences.”
For more information about cyberbullying and other online dangers, visit safelyeverafter.com. | <urn:uuid:a4e51416-e12f-43c8-aee9-9dcff072a761> | CC-MAIN-2014-49 | http://www.easyreadernews.com/81071/redondo-schools-cyberbully/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2014-49/segments/1416931006747.51/warc/CC-MAIN-20141125155646-00052-ip-10-235-23-156.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.958168 | 836 | 2.75 | 3 |
GROVES of hazel trees cover the Roero hills to the south of Turin. In the autumn, the nuts are gathered and mixed with chocolate to make the sticky paste Nutella which has been the breakfast treat of generations of Italian children.But now an alien invader with a voracious appetite for hazelnuts threatens to devastate the orchards.
The American grey squirrel has had a foothold in mainland Europe for almost half a century. In 1948, two pairs of squirrels were released at Stupinigi just outside Turin. But this is not prime squirrel territory, there were few trees around the release site and it took time for the animals to spread.
Now, however, they are within 15 kilometres of the Roero hills. They are also just 10 kilometres away from the lower slopes of the Alps to the north of Turin. Once grey squirrels get into these mixed woodlands there is nothing stopping them until they reach Denmark, according to Peter Garson of Newcastle University’s department of agriculture and environmental science.
Garson is part of an irregular army of scientists, foresters and amateur squirrel enthusiasts who are fighting to push back the grey squirrel in Britain and to save the native red species. The Italians, he says, have been slow to wake up to the threat posed by grey squirrels. The Roero hazel crop alone is worth over £10 million to the local economy and the industry will be demolished if grey squirrels move in. And the damage grey squirrels do to young trees will be matched with a decimation of the red squirrel population. “The Italians have got … | <urn:uuid:f77cca04-9dee-479f-9c90-433b46065caa> | CC-MAIN-2018-13 | https://www.newscientist.com/article/mg14920134-100-red-or-dead/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-13/segments/1521257646213.26/warc/CC-MAIN-20180319023123-20180319043123-00472.warc.gz | en | 0.961072 | 332 | 3.078125 | 3 |
Banking of a newborn baby’s stem cells after birth is an increasingly popular option for parents as a sort of additional health insurance policy for their baby and other family members. The procedure involves obtaining 3-5 oz of fetal cord blood usually from a clamped umbilical cord. The blood is then shipped to a cord blood bank where the stem cells are processed and preserved at sub zero temperature for a fee.
To date, cord blood has been used to successfully treat over 70 diseases including leukemia, sickle cell anemia, non-Hodgkins lymphoma, and Hodgkins disease among others. Cord blood has a 25% chance of being a genetic match for full siblings and a 50% chance for parents. Of course, cord blood is a perfect match for the baby it came from.
Cord blood is preferred to bone marrow as it is less likely to cause life threatening rejection complications. As a result, using cord blood for a less than perfect match is more likely to work than a similar procedure using bone marrow. Cord blood is desirable, then, for extended family members as well and has a better chance than bone marrow of not being rejected. Cord blood is also a more pristine source for stem cells and is much less likely to be contaminated with viruses such as Epstein-Barr which can cause serious infections in transplant patients.
Cord Clamping Procedure
Many prospective parents do not realize that when they opt to bank their newborn baby’s cord blood that the birth attendants are more likely to cut the umbilical cord early (within 30 seconds of birth) in order to ensure an adequate amount of cord blood is collected for the cord blood bank. This is not desirable, as the umbilical cord should never be cut until it has completely stopped pulsing. A recent study at the University of South Florida confirms that giving the baby all the cord blood improves outcome, even for healthy, full term infants. Allowing all the cord blood to flow into the baby may take in excess of 3 full minutes. Cutting it prior to this point can deprive the baby of much needed oxygen in those crucial minutes as the baby transitions to breathing on its own.
Some scientists have expressed concern that early clamping of the umbilical cord can lead to iron deficiency anemia, brain impairment, and even autism. David Hutchon, a consultant obstetrician at Darlington Memorial Hospital went so far as to call premature clamping of the umbilical cord “criminal” for at risk and vulnerable babies. This concern was borne out by a large scale study in 2007 of 1900 newborns where delay of cutting the umbilicus for 2 minutes reduced anemia by half and low iron levels by one third.
In babies where cord clamping is delayed, the chance of polycythemia are heightened (an increased level of circulating red blood cells), but has proven to be of no concern. In addition, the risk of excessive bleeding in the Mother does not appear to be significantly increased when there is a delay in cutting the umbilical cord. In fact, delay in cutting the cord appears to be of primary benefit to the baby and of little concern for the health of the mother. It may well prove inconvenient for hospital birthing staff, however, which is why discussion of your desire to delay the cord cutting needs to be discussed well in advance of the birth even if you don’t plan to bank your baby’s cord blood!
How to Get Cord Blood AND Delay Cutting the Umbilical Cord
Once you’ve established with your OB or midwife that you desire for the umbilical cord to be cut only once it stops pulsing with blood flow into the baby, the next question is how to get cord blood for the cord blood bank? The answer is from the placenta! Once the placenta is delivered, the birthing staff can obtain plenty of cord blood to meet this need. It will likelly take a bit more time and effort to retrieve the cord blood from the placenta versus the umbilical cord. The extra effort is well worth it given the much improved chances for health in the newborn by doing so!
Sarah, The Healthy Home Economist | <urn:uuid:84587140-91ab-4df1-9046-454ca791a3ff> | CC-MAIN-2014-10 | http://www.thehealthyhomeeconomist.com/warning-fetal-cord-blood-banking/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2014-10/segments/1394011237821/warc/CC-MAIN-20140305092037-00049-ip-10-183-142-35.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.948876 | 856 | 2.9375 | 3 |
Dried foods are those that are made into a dried form by adding an air tight container and heating it at low temperatures. Food drying is a process of food preservation where food is dried rapidly. It is done to prevent spoilage or extend shelf life. Dried foods are available in different forms such as sprouted, dehydrated, freeze dried, and air dried among others.
Dried foods are available in different forms. Sprouted dry foods are those that contain sprouts such as millet, alfalfa, buckwheat, or wheat. Dehydrated dried foods are also termed as slow moisture dried foods or instant dried foods. All these types have the same principle of being dried at low temperatures with the added benefit of air circulation.
Freeze dried fruits, for example, are made by carefully freezing some fruit then dehydrating it to make it drop its water content below 50%. These products are still preserved and go through further processing like removing any mold or fungi. The advantage of using this type of dehydrated fruit is that you do not have to worry about spoilage. However, this is not the best option for dehydrated foods since freeze dried fruit comes out of shape and hence not suitable for baking, roasting or cooking.
Dried vegetables are also good alternatives if you want to preserve them for a longer time. Vegetable soups can be prepared by drying them in low moisture environments. There are a number of drying methods for dried foods. The most commonly used method to prevent spoilage of foods is the air-flow drying process. This is one of the safest ways to preserve vegetables since no extra moisture is added during the dehydration process kingfoods russia.
Other drying methods include microwave dehydrating, oven dehydration, and freeze drying. Vacuum dehydration is also used to store vegetables and dried fruits to get rid of air pockets and retain more vitamins and minerals in the product. In vacuum dehydrating, the nutrients and moisture are pulled out of the vegetables and dried fruits by the speed of air flow. However, this process leaves behind an oily residue which does not taste good.
As much as possible, store dried fruits and vegetables in a cool and dry place. The best way to achieve this is to store them in glass containers with tight fitting lids. Plastic containers may cause the product to retain moisture and air which can cause it to spoil. Plastic containers are generally recommended for freezing purposes since they do not allow air circulation to help keep the product fresh and tasty for longer periods. | <urn:uuid:dbe0611c-1c7d-4321-a8f5-7e841f1e0314> | CC-MAIN-2021-39 | https://liga-bola.com/2021/02/02/preserving-dried-foods-what-you-need-to-know/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-39/segments/1631780057366.40/warc/CC-MAIN-20210922132653-20210922162653-00563.warc.gz | en | 0.96329 | 509 | 3.359375 | 3 |
This section briefly describes the Fortran 90 language features that have been implemented in Compaq Fortran. Some features are new, while others are improvements to previous Fortran features.
The following Fortran 90 features are new to Fortran:
Fortran 90 provides a new free source form where line positions
have no special meaning. There are no reserved columns, trailing
comments can appear, and blanks have significance under certain
circumstances (for example,
P R O G R A M is not
allowed as an alternative for
For more information, see Section 2.3.1.
Fortran 90 provides a new form of program unit called a module, which is more powerful than (and overcomes limitations of) FORTRAN 77 block data program units.
A module is a set of declarations that are grouped together under a single, global name. Modules let you encapsulate a set of related items such as data, procedures, and procedure interfaces, and make them available to another program unit.
Module items can be made private to limit accessibility, provide data abstraction, and to create more secure and portable programs.
For more information, see Section 8.3.
Fortran 90 lets you define new data types derived from any combination of the intrinsic data types and derived types. The derived-type object can be accessed as a whole, or its individual components can be accessed directly.
You can extend the intrinsic operators (such as + and *) to user- defined data types, and also define new operators for operands of any type.
In Fortran 90, intrinsic operators and intrinsic functions can operate on array-valued operands (whole arrays or array sections).
New features for arrays include whole, partial, and masked array assignment (including the WHERE statement for selective assignment), and array-valued constants and expressions. You can create user-defined array-valued functions, use array constructors to specify values of a one-dimensional array, and allocate arrays dynamically (using ALLOCATABLE and POINTER attributes).
New intrinsic procedures create multidimensional arrays, manipulate arrays, perform operations on arrays, and support computations involving arrays (for example, SUM sums the elements of an array).
In Fortran 90, user-defined procedures can be placed in generic interface blocks. This allows the procedures to be referenced using the generic name of the block.
Selection of a specific procedure within the block is based on the properties of the argument, the same way as specific intrinsic functions are selected based on the properties of the argument when generic intrinsic function names are used.
For more information, see Section 8.9.3.
Fortran 90 pointers are mechanisms that allow dynamic access and processing of data. They allow arrays to be sized dynamically and they allow structures to be linked together.
A pointer can be of any intrinsic or derived type. When a pointer is associated with a target, it can appear in most expressions and assignments.
Fortran 90 procedures can be recursive if the keyword RECURSIVE is specified on the FUNCTION or SUBROUTINE statement line.
For more information, see Chapter 8.
A Fortran 90 procedure can contain an interface block. Interface blocks can be used to do the following:
For more information, see Section 8.9.
By using user-defined data types, operators, and meanings, you can extend Fortran to suit your needs. These new data types and their operations can be packaged in modules, which can be used by one or more program units to provide data abstraction.
With the addition of new features and capabilities, some old features become redundant and may eventually be removed from the language. For example, the functionality of the ASSIGN and assigned GO TO statements can be replaced more effectively by internal procedures. The use of certain old features of Fortran can result in less than optimal performance on newer hardware architectures.
For more information, see your user manual or programmer's guide. For a list of obsolescent features, see Appendix A.
The following Fortran 90 features improve previous Fortran features:
Lowercase characters are now allowed in source text. A semicolon can be used to separate multiple statements on a single source line. Additional characters have been added to the Fortran character set, and names can have up to 31 characters (including underscores).
For more information, see Chapter 2.
Intrinsic data types can be specified in a portable way by using a kind type parameter indicating the precision or accuracy required. There are also new intrinsic functions that allow you to specify numeric precision and inquire about precision characteristics available on a processor.
Procedure arguments can be made optional and keywords can be used when calling procedures, allowing arguments to be listed in any order.
For more information, see Chapter 8.
Fortran 90 provides additional keywords for the OPEN and INQUIRE statements. It also permits namelist formatting, and nonadvancing (stream) character-oriented input and output.
Fortran 90 provides a new control construct (CASE) and improves the DO construct. The DO construct can now use CYCLE and EXIT statements, and can have additional (or no) control clauses (for example, WHILE). All control constructs (CASE, DO, and IF) can now be named.
For more information, see Chapter 7.
Fortran 90 provides many more intrinsic procedures than existed in FORTRAN 77. Many of these new intrinsics support mathematical operations on arrays, including the construction and transformation of arrays. New bit manipulation and numerical accuracy intrinsics have been added.
For more information, see Chapter 9.
The following specification statements are new in Fortran 90:
Fortran 90 lets you specify attributes (such as PARAMETER, SAVE, and INTRINSIC) in type declaration statements, as well as in specification statements.
For more information, see Section 5.1.
These concepts were implicit in FORTRAN 77, but they are explicitly defined in Fortran 90. In FORTRAN 77, the term scoping unit applies to a program unit, but Fortran 90 expands the term to include internal procedures, interface blocks, and derived-type definitions.
For more information, see Chapter 16. | <urn:uuid:993a347c-7281-48d9-b065-622b54f02779> | CC-MAIN-2015-14 | http://h21007.www2.hp.com/portal/download/files/unprot/Fortran/docs/lrm/lrm0005.htm | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2015-14/segments/1427131299261.59/warc/CC-MAIN-20150323172139-00179-ip-10-168-14-71.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.85782 | 1,281 | 2.546875 | 3 |
Individuals with mental health conditions are often subject to victimization in the society. Sometimes this happens even when they are seeking public services from some of the government offices. The affected individuals are entitled to the same rights that the healthy citizens have. The governments of various nations across nations across the world have used their legislative muscles to categorize the affected individuals as special groups. With that legislation, the individual are given certain privileges especially when seeking help from the public offices. Some countries give some financial support to their caretakers periodically. Serious action is also taken against public officers who mistreat the affected persons. Several government-sponsored mental institutions have been set up to cater for mental patients.
TMS Health Solutions is an organization that was set up to cater for mental patients by offering innovative therapy. TMS Therapy uses high-level technology for clinical depression patients and often gives positive results. Since its inception, the organization has helped many people to resume to their normal lives. Many of them have given testimonials of the TMS Therapy services offered by the institution. The personnel at TMS Health Solutions are highly experienced and skilled to handle their patients. Compassion is a value embraced by every stakeholder in the organization. Some scholars say that the leadership of any firm has a direct impact on its performance. The institution’s leadership is made of a professional team that has provided direction for the institution making it one of the best in the world.
Some scholars in the medical sector set out to explain the impact of clinical depression on the mental health of individuals and groups. Since different people work under different environmental conditions, the level of stress is likely to be varied. For example those who work in noisy environments with poor disposal of waste are likely to be more stressed than others who work in quiet places with favorable conditions. The people who work in poor conditions often feel helpless as the situations around them around them are beyond their control. According to a research, individuals from marginalized groups are more affected as they are willing to work at any occupation irrespective of the underlying conditions as their main aim is to earn a living.
Social situations may also cause trauma to the affected individuals. The best example is the many divorces that have been taking place in the recent times. The children in the affected marriages are the most affected. According to a research, the child may even perform poorly in their academic work. A significant number of the marriages that end up in divorces have been in existence for many years. Since human beings are social beings, the partners may undergo stressful situations as they are left to perform more roles that the other partner could have being doing if they were still married. According to a research, the social events are likely to cause more stress and for a long time to the individual than any other factors. TMS Therapy can be helpful in such situations.
Various non-governmental institutions have come in to help the government’s efforts to reduce the effects of environmental pollution and to champion the use of innovative therapy and friendly production processes in industries. Some firms are primarily focused on their productivity at the expense of the society’s health. The combined initiatives between the government and other firms is likely to cause a positive impact on the environment. | <urn:uuid:9861df46-c582-4b12-b7fc-3453467ce122> | CC-MAIN-2020-29 | https://www.thejungleprincess.com/innovative-mental-health-solutions-with-tms-health-solutions/?utm_source=rss&utm_medium=rss&utm_campaign=innovative-mental-health-solutions-with-tms-health-solutions | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-29/segments/1593655878753.12/warc/CC-MAIN-20200702111512-20200702141512-00522.warc.gz | en | 0.973903 | 648 | 2.875 | 3 |
Religious Beliefs. The Asiatic Eskimos believed in benign and evil spirits who occupied all surrounding objects, in Masters of the Sky and the Mistress of the Sea. Evil spirits ( tughneghet ) were considered the cause of all sickness and misfortune. For defense against them amulets were used, along with a special, magical coloring of the face. The Upper World, the Peoples' World, and the Lower World were distinguished. Prohibitions were widespread against hunting certain animals and birds that were considered sacred: wolves, ravens, and swallows. These beliefs have been unusually durable. To this day young people, particularly those who grew up in a family and not in a boarding school, observe, albeit sometimes half-jokingly, the rituals of their ancestors. In particular, there is almost no exception made to the obligatory custom of "feeding the spirits" before the beginning of a meal when the first piece of food (traditionally meat but now whatever is lying on the table, including candy and alcoholic beverages) is thrown or poured into a small sliding window (Russian: fortochka ), when there is no open fire nearby. A (not strict) taboo also exists on pronouncing the name of a child or infant, but in a unique form: parallel to the official name under which each child is registered, many children have a "secret" traditional name known only to close relatives, which it is not appropriate to communicate to unknown persons or to pronounce aloud without special heed.
Religious Practitioners. Every settlement had its shaman, whose obligations included ritual and cult acts, the healing of the sick, and opposition to evil spirits. The shamanic gift, the basis of which was considered to be knowledge of songs and spells (spell-songs) capable of summoning animals or objects as helpers, was acquired through a magical experience to which the shaman subjected himself by going out into the tundra or some other isolated place (often a cemetery). The shaman could have a student whom he subjected to tests and to whom he transmitted all his secrets. After the wiping out of the majority of the shamans at the end of the 1920s and the beginning of the 1930s, shamanic séances began to be held very rarely and always "underground." Toward the beginning of the 1970s these séances had practically disappeared or had degenerated into a demonstration of tricks and the diversion of an audience.
Ceremonies. Ritual holidays were all connected with the cult of sea animals and were accompanied by generous feasts, magical singing and dancing, and athletic contests. The rituals had two goals: to request a successful hunt and to express gratitude for success in the hunt (addressed to the souls of the animals). The shaman would carry out magical acts to clarify the reasons for an illness, an accident, or failure in a hunt. Most ritual acts were carried out within the dwelling, with the exception of four holidays or festivals: the autumn requiem ritual of tossing each other a walrus hide, the summer ritual of competition in running and wrestling, and the spring and autumn ritual of lowering the baydar into water—all of these took place in the open air. The basic and obligatory element of any holiday or ritual was generous, joint feasting, and gift giving—"hosting the ancestors." A ritual act could be carried out by any family or group of people in each dwelling.
Arts. Song and folklore were highly developed, as were the applied arts—carving in bone, embroidering with reindeer hair and beads, and the production of utensils, hunting equipment, and magical objects.
Medicine. Sickness resulted from the "loss of soul," the influence of the evil spirit or some alien object, or the breaking of a taboo. The goal of the shaman was to establish the cause of the illness and to make it go away, usually by recommending that the patient stay away from certain kinds of food, or wear a certain amulet, and so forth. At the same time, the shamans also used practical medicine to a significant degree: they could treat wounds, they knew emetic, fever-reducing, and soothing techniques and remedies; however, the primary means of curing was still magic.
Death and Afterlife. The deceased was placed on a raised area in the dwelling, fellow settlers were called together, and a sumptuous feast was organized, usually to be held at night. The settlers then bore the deceased to the cemetery and left him or her there. If everything was done properly, the soul of the deceased would not return to the world of the living and would not cause the living any unpleasantness but, on the contrary, would become their helper. Until the present time, the Asiatic Eskimos have preserved ideas about the transmigration of souls that are reflected in the practice of giving the newly born the names of dead relatives. The customs of voluntary death and infanticide used to exist. Contemporary burials and burial rituals are, on the whole, similar to the traditional ones; under Russian influence, the dead are no longer covered with heaped stones but are buried in the ground, although not deeply. | <urn:uuid:d99bef0f-af4b-4d9f-abe6-ed17498d3c3d> | CC-MAIN-2016-18 | http://www.everyculture.com/Russia-Eurasia-China/Asiatic-Eskimos-Religion-and-Expressive-Culture.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-18/segments/1461860116886.38/warc/CC-MAIN-20160428161516-00167-ip-10-239-7-51.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.976085 | 1,057 | 3.15625 | 3 |
Wetlands Functions and Values
Would you drink from a wetland? Probably not, when you think of the smelly, brown, stagnant water generally associated with swamps. But appearances can be deceiving. Wetlands do indeed help maintain both the quantity and quality of our water supplies. Consider the nature of wetlands more closely and the important role they serve in protecting water supplies for people as well as fish and wildlife becomes apparent.
Wetlands act like giant sponges, absorbing and holding vast quantities of water, and releasing it slowly. Water gathers in wetlands from melting snows and spring rains, and flows gradually into nearby streams and rivers. The water held back by wetlands helps keep water levels up in rivers and ponds during the dry summer and early fall months. Thus, wetlands help maintain our surface water supplies by increasing the amount of water remaining in reservoirs during dry periods.
Although many people in Haverhill rely on Kenoza Lake, Millvale Reservoir, Crystal Lake, and Lake Pentucket (Round Pond) for their water supplies, some people depend on groundwater pumped from private wells, rather than surface reservoirs. Wetlands help maintain these supplies too. Many water supply wells are located within deep layers of sand and gravel deposited by retreating glaciers at the end of the last Ice Age 10,000 years ago. These deposits are often thickest where they fill an ancient river valley, frequently with a river flowing above them through the remnants of the valley. These "buried valley aquifers" are a major source of water supply in Massachusetts.
There is a connection between the river flowing above and the groundwater in the sand and gravel aquifer below. Pumping large quantities of water from water supply wells can draw water from the river down into the aquifer and into the well, in a process called "induced infiltration." Once again, the role wetlands play in maintaining river flows during dry spells contributes to the amount of water available for use by people. Large wetlands, as well as lakes and ponds, also maintain a higher level of groundwater in the surrounding area. Where people depend on shallow private wells, the effect of wetlands on maintaining local groundwater levels can help ensure a constant supply.
What about water quality? How does all that mucky water in wetlands contribute to the crystal clear water pouring from your tap? Just as the spongy soil of wetlands absorbs water, it also removes many contaminants that otherwise would flow into surface waters or seep into groundwater. Water flow slows down in wetlands, allowing dirt and other sediments to settle out. Many pollutants in runoff from urban areas, lawns, and roadways, like lead, pesticides, and hydrocarbons, bind to sediments and the organic, mucky soils of wetlands. A process called denitrification is at work in wetland soils, whereby bacteria break down nitrates. Nitrates enter water from many sources, including septic systems, agricultural runoff, and fertilizer washed off lawns by rain. Nitrates can be toxic in excess amounts, particularly for infants. The bacteria that provide the service of removing these substances from water only occur in wet soils that lack oxygen. Wetland plants also absorb and use nutrients like nitrogen and phosphorus, helping to keep them out of rivers, lakes, and water supplies.
So, the next time you drink a glass of cool, clear, refreshing water, remember to thank the wetlands that helped make it possible. Wetlands are protected under federal and state laws because of the important values they provide, including water supply, flood control, and fisheries and wildlife habitat. Your local Conservation Commission is the primary agency responsible for wetlands in your community, including administration of the Massachusetts Wetlands Protection Act and protections for rivers and streams under the Massachusetts Rivers Protection Act. For more information, contact the Haverhill Conservation Department. | <urn:uuid:4f51e179-1c0a-4e79-a0cd-57c4a21baca4> | CC-MAIN-2017-22 | http://www.haverhillma.gov/departments/wetlands_functions_and_values/wetlands_and_water_supply.php | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-22/segments/1495463608120.92/warc/CC-MAIN-20170525180025-20170525200025-00616.warc.gz | en | 0.949963 | 770 | 3.796875 | 4 |
Although sequencing studies have identified more than 60 candidate autism risk genes over the last several years, a significant number of risk genes remain to be discovered. Olga Troyanskaya (a Simons Center for Data Analysis scientist) and her colleagues developed a machine-learning approach that utilizes a brain-specific gene functional interaction network to predict autism risk genes across the genome. The tool identified hundreds of autism risk genes, including many previously unreported candidate genes, along with key cellular pathways and developmental stages of the brain that are potentially dysregulated in autism. Many of the candidate genes have since been validated by independent studies — including Simons Simplex Collection exome-sequencing studies — as genuine autism-associated genes. The researchers also used their tool to prioritize risk genes within eight of the most common autism-associated copy number variants (CNVs). This computational approach is expected to help advance gene discovery efforts by prioritizing genes for focused experimental studies. All of the predictions and data from this study are accessible via a dedicated web portal. | <urn:uuid:53edd409-6fcf-425c-b4fc-63d1822e432e> | CC-MAIN-2019-04 | https://www.sfari.org/2016/08/17/a-computational-approach-to-predicting-autism-risk-genes/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-04/segments/1547583658981.19/warc/CC-MAIN-20190117123059-20190117145059-00322.warc.gz | en | 0.929719 | 204 | 2.8125 | 3 |
The United States constitution does not clearly stipulate the official language of the country, although English is the most spoken language in governmental, educational, and business circles. Maybe the reason for this is because the founding fathers of this nation tried to preserve the values of diversity rooted in early American society by eliminating any official language clause from the constitution. Being the land of the free and the home of the brave, freedom to choose what language you like to speak is unquestionable. However, there are growing concerns among the established English-speaking elites of this country that the expanding immigrant population in America will soon affect what is understood to be the common language in the United States. It is possible that, several decades from now, Spanish will be the major spoken language in America (with the Hispanic population growing so fast). Will this language shift eradicate the established culture in America? Or is it just a part of the phobia of a handful of Americans, derived from a centuries old racism and white supremacy ideas?
One of the Super Bowl commercials last year resulted in controversial reactions among conservative Americans. In the commercial, several American citizens of different ethnic backgrounds sing “America the Beautiful” in many different languages. The subliminal message within the commercial is aimed at provoking the audience’s perspective regarding pluralism in America, which can be manifested in multilingualism and a multicultural tradition. The commercial depicts an ideal interpretation of American society in which people live hand-in-hand in diversity. Yet this has not been the reality, as racial discrimination has been a part of the American History since the inception of the nation. Slavery existed in the United States in the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries. In addition, nativism is a growing political perspective in the America. Nativist worldviews demand a favored status for the established inhabitants of a nation and, hence, a lower political or legal status for certain group or ethnicities. One of the items on the political agenda of nativism is maintaining the spirit of mass nationalism, including promoting the use of a national language. Nevertheless, over-enforcement of a national language can potentially lead to language repression and cultural genocide, a centuries old primordial tyranny that has resulted in to the extinction of ancient language and cultures.
The book Language and Cultural Diversity, edited by Xabier Irujo and Viola Miglio, includes case studies that amplify the loss of the linguistic and cultural richness of Basques, Native-Americans, and French-Canadians. Irujo and Miglio maintain that the lack of political, cultural, and legal support has contributed to linguistic and cultural degradation. Woven throughout the book is a belief in the power of discourse and research to protect and even enhance linguistic diversity. Nevertheless, language preservation is only possible if there is an adequate acceptance of cultural diversity and multilingualism as positive outcomes for the whole nationwide population, not just for a minority. It is also recommended that the concept of a monolingual, monocultural nation-state must be abandoned and instead, the concept of a multicultural state should be adopted. Nevertheless, how a multicultural state can be maintained remains open to question. The fact that there has been significant resistance from some American citizens to embrace the multicultural idea shows that the struggle against cultural genocide is an ongoing fight.
For further reading please visit the following link: | <urn:uuid:ee9365a0-7829-49d1-a3f2-13e9aebfc343> | CC-MAIN-2018-34 | https://basquebooks.blogs.unr.edu/language-rights-and-cultural-diversity/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-34/segments/1534221211185.57/warc/CC-MAIN-20180816211126-20180816231126-00110.warc.gz | en | 0.928714 | 671 | 3.046875 | 3 |
DAY 5 – DIG DEEPER:
Which of the three things mentioned by Faulkner — experience, observation and imagination — would you say is stronger or more developed in you? Work the other/s harder. The more you grow and combine all three, the better your stories.
I would consider observation to be my most developed skill as writer because I like to point out things in my stories that others might not notice. For example, the color of my character’s fingernails, condition of their clothing, how many teeth are visible when my character smiles or how many are missing. These are all important in illustrating character or sometimes establishing setting. If my character is from a desert and is malnourished, I take the time to explore how this effects their body, home and interaction with other characters. If someone new who is fat and healthy visits this character, I might have them act suspicious, why should they be healthy while everyone here is starving? Or, try to be polite to this new character in hopes of securing food for themselves and their family. But it is how my character interacts which is important and these interactions are heavily based on what I observe. When someone homeless on the side of the street extends their cup for a donation or food, how do the pedestrians react physically? Do their faces change? What kind of body language do they have? Does their body language predict if they will help the homeless person or avoid them? Do they even make eye contact or purposefully point to something in the opposite direction? All these things are important in discovering what kind of character I am creating.
DAY 5 – DAILY PROMPT:
Write a short-short story (one to a few paragraphs) from back to front. Begin with the ending, and work your way forward. Discover the story by skipping the start, and allowing the ending to uncover your opening. This can be a great way to overcome writer’s block.
The waxing moon peeks through the branches of the barren tree illuminating two men shoveling piles of soil into a hole 2 1/2 feet wide, 8 feet long and 6 feet deep. Sweat catches on their upper lips as they thrust dirt piles into the grave before them. No headstone, no other graves around, just two people observing. The boss of the two men makes sure his workers are filling the grave properly. Nothing left for questioning, nothing to draw attention. Esther, the only mourner rocks on the balls of her feet, arms wrapped tightly around herself as she chews the inside of her cheek.
“He deserved better.” Her father, the boss, kicks a small clot of dirt into the hole. She leans against him, rubbing her head against his shoulder. He shudders and sighs. “Deserved a whole lot better.”
The two men digging root their shovels in the ground, all four standing quietly, heads bowed in silence. Esther hears her father’s words echoing in the cold air that makes her teeth chatter, clear liquid dripping from her nose. Crickets send sweet murmurs to one another from nearby bushes. She wonders if there was more she could do, if she could have said something to spare him.
But all that remains lies six feet under the earthen mound before her. | <urn:uuid:5d65c191-9e6b-4dde-9345-1df4bc13de04> | CC-MAIN-2017-43 | https://foxwithquill.wordpress.com/2016/02/05/day-5-begin-at-the-end-to-discover-the-story/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-43/segments/1508187827853.86/warc/CC-MAIN-20171024014937-20171024034937-00663.warc.gz | en | 0.968414 | 680 | 2.671875 | 3 |
Water Impacts of Business Operations
2016 Ė Tyson Foods, Inc.
WHEREAS, Tyson Foods is exposed to environmental, reputational, and financial risk associated with water pollution from animal feed and byproducts through its direct operations, contract farms, and suppliers. Water is a critical resource for Tysonís direct operations, the production of feed inputs, the safety of food produced, and safeguarding the communities in which Tyson operates.
Tyson produces feed for the production of 41,516,000 livestock per week. The cultivation of feed ingredients by suppliers requires fertilizer inputs and presents risks of nutrient runoff that may contain nitrogen and phosphorus.
Animal waste from direct operations and over 5,000 contract farmers may contain nutrients, bacteria, including antibiotic resistant bacteria and pathogens, and pharmaceutical residue. These can leach into local waterways, potentially endangering the environment, public health and Tysonís own water supply.
A recent lawsuit in Washington State about local groundwater pollution from factory farms found that manure from livestock facilities should be regulated as solid waste.
Tysonís seventy nine processing plants produce wastewater high in toxins, and while within permitted amounts, these toxins are released into waterways. Tyson faces ongoing federal criminal investigation related to the discharge of wastewater from a Missouri treatment plant into a local stream that caused fish kills and pollution. Tyson paid a $540,000 judgment in response to the civil suit and the U.S. Environmental Protection Agencyís criminal investigation linked to this incident could cost the company up to $500 million annually if government contracts are suspended.
Tyson, its contract farmers and suppliers should be prepared to adjust their operations to keep pace with emerging best practices. Yet, existing company policies, contracts, and codes, including the Supplier Code of Conduct, Core Values, and Environmental, Health, and Safety (EHS) Management Systems do not adequately address water quality concerns. Further, the EHS Systems only apply to company facilities.
Tysonís current disclosure on water quality does not extend beyond its own facilities and does not enable shareholders to assess performance due to lack of metrics, goals, or information about processes to manage risk of contamination. A recent benchmarking study by Ceres on water management gave Tyson a score of 8/100, demonstrating that its management, policies and disclosure lags behind peers. For example, Smithfield Foods discloses total water discharge and water discharge quality data by effluent parameters.
RESOLVED: Shareholders request the Board of Directors adopt and implement a water stewardship policy designed to reduce risks of water contamination at: Tyson-owned facilities; facilities under contract to Tyson; and Tysonís suppliers.
Supporting Statement: Proponents believe Tyson can add a water stewardship policy to the existing Environmental, Health, and Safety Management Systems. The policy should:
∑ Encourage leading practices for nutrient management and pollutant limits in its direct operations, suppliers, and contract farms, including by providing financial and technical support to help implement the policy;
∑ Outline robust and transparent measures to prevent water pollution incidents;
∑ Outline specific time-bound goals; and
∑ Include a mechanism to regularly disclose progress on implementation. | <urn:uuid:b3bd2997-1b38-4d69-bfac-ec0eb5568f41> | CC-MAIN-2018-34 | http://tricri.org/wp-content/uploads/Water-Impacts-of-Business-Operations_Tyson-Foods-Inc..html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-34/segments/1534221217006.78/warc/CC-MAIN-20180820195652-20180820215652-00649.warc.gz | en | 0.916996 | 639 | 2.984375 | 3 |
THE CHINESE VIEW OF THE WAY THINGS ARE (COSMOLOGY)
A World of Opposites
The Chinese sought to understand the forces that created and controlled the world around them. This search took the form of categorizing events and looking at those events to see if a common influence could be found. As the Chinese observed their world they discovered that much of existence could be divided into pairs of opposing states of being. The concept that heat, was balanced by cold, male by female and hard by soft presented a way of ordering the chaos. This primary order began the journey to understanding cause and effect, which yields the ability to predict phenomena and ultimately the ability to control.
Observing the two categories of opposing states, the Chinese deduced that there must be opposing forces acting upon the stuff of life to produce the antagonistic results. The Chinese called those things that were hard, masculine, warm, or centrifugal Yang influenced events. The opposing forces of feminine, soft, cool or centrepital they called Yin influenced events. Eventually these categories were seen to be so pervasive that they were accepted as the logical answer to the question of cause.
For the Chinese the world was, in its simplest sense, the expression of Yin and Yang forces playing out their influences in the many circumstances of life. For example, in Chinese legend, the forces of Yin and Yang combined to form the first man, Pan Gu. According to legend he was carved out of stone. He lived an incredibly long time and when he died, his body was made into a magic axe. This axe was used to carve all the animals from stone also. So it was that, for the Chinese, animals and man had the same origin.
The observations of the Chinese eventually included not only placing things into these two categories but also studying the interplay of these forces. They noticed that the seasons ranged from Yang forces to Yin in a cycle. Likewise the sunny side of a hill was contrasted by a cooler shady side. The Chinese concluded that Yang and Yin did not exist as simply opposing forces which might eliminate each other. Instead, they theorized that the two energies actually created each other as they ran their course. The world was not either hot or cold, it was hot on its way to becoming cold and cold on its way to becoming hot. (This can now be contrasted with the Ocelating Universe theory which states that the Universe moves inward and outward in repeating creative and destructive cycles.) Times of prosperity were not an arrival at some kind of ideal state, instead it was simply the ascendency of plenty before the naturally occuring cycle of privation began.
Likewise, for the Chinese, evil and good were not, by inference, two distinctly waring forces, they were the outcome of the interplay of all Yin and Yang. Neither could be distroyed by the other. Therefore the Chinese, instead of attempting to eliminate all evil or to create a society of all good, sought a balance so that the bad times could be prepared for during the good. The end result, hopefully, would be, on the average, more livable.
In Western Thought the belief that all good could be achieved or that all bad could be eliminated was an outgrowth of Greek Thought. For many schools of Greek Thought, the idea of "the good" was an actual force that was in truth "more real" than our physical existence. Therefore to strive for "the good" that was the greatest endeavor and furthermore, society could be structured so that the citizens would achieve this state of "goodness". (See Plato's writings) or note the Persian approach to good and evil (which impacts much of world view today in Christianity).
The Chinese represented this interplay of the Yin Yang forces with a symbol that came to be called the Tai Chi. The white area represents the Yang forces and the dark area represents the Yin. They are seen as two designs, each having a thicker, strong side and a weaker, thin one. This dynamic symbol is represents the weakening of one as the other force gains ascendency. Additionally, they each carry within them the implied existence of the other as represented by the dot within each of the thicker sides. In fact, for there to be a Yang there must be a Yin and vice versa, (See the Tao Te Ching, Chapter Two)
Return - Continue | <urn:uuid:e895fcdf-d8d2-4c8a-a396-5124f109212e> | CC-MAIN-2017-34 | http://authentickungfu.com/philosophy/beta.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-34/segments/1502886106358.80/warc/CC-MAIN-20170820073631-20170820093631-00377.warc.gz | en | 0.978386 | 884 | 3.234375 | 3 |
Many writers see the roots of the current climate crisis in peculiarly Anglo Saxon interpretation of Enlightenment thinking, especially that of Descartes and Newton.
There is plenty of evidence of human beings hunting animal populations to extinction before the last Ice Age, but it is certainly true that the real damage has been done in the last 250 years.
Descartes’ ideas that human beings uniquely had souls and that animals were effectively automatons, gave cover to systematic maltreatment of animals. This is an attitude which is only being rolled back in the late 20th and early 21st centuries.
Newton’s mechanistic view of the universe led to a mindset that the Earth and nature were a storehouse that humans could plunder as they wished. Once again, this is an attitude which has prevailed to the present day.
As I attempt to address the climate crisis in my practice, it is important to understand its causes. Whilst humans have been reckless with their resources for thousands of years, the full-on, profit-driven assault on the Earth is a product of the Anglo Saxon Capitalism that arose in Northern Europe in the modern period and was exported to North America as that continent was colonised. Essentially, the climate crisis is a white, European malaise that has been exported across the world through the colonial project.
Fabrice Monteiro is is a photographer and former model based in Dakar, Senegal. His home country has not escaped the environmental ravages of the European colonial project. Large parts of Senegal are polluted and degraded. Monteiro’s response has been to invoke the traditional Senegalese animist beliefs in the spirits that occupy the world along with humans. These spirits find their interpretation in a conceptual partnership with Senalgese fashion designer Doulsy. Together they create and photograph spirits or genies that embody the environmental crisis.
These images speak of a living world that suffers because of what humans have done to it. This idea is consistent with a culture that embraces animism. It also has a universal appeal, a Western eye has no difficulty in seeing what is going on here.
Part of the struggle for all those in the environmental movement is to change people’s view of what the world is there for. So long as we regard the earth as a store cupboard, we will continue to raid the contents until the shelves are bare. If we can start to regard the Earth as a living thing that constantly regenerates, but only if we allow it the space to do so, maybe we can save ourselves.
Monteiro’s ideas and motivation bear further study. I would like to understand his work more fully and allow it to influence my own photography in my role as an environmental activist. | <urn:uuid:fe14d70b-6940-43eb-9695-8bb9b5cccb65> | CC-MAIN-2021-43 | https://chrisjerrey.com/crj/fabrice-monteiro/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-43/segments/1634323587794.19/warc/CC-MAIN-20211026011138-20211026041138-00079.warc.gz | en | 0.969098 | 558 | 2.578125 | 3 |
Parts of this chapter are adapted from Don't Panic: A 6.001 User's Guide to the Chipmunk System, by Arthur A. Gleckler.
Even computer software that has been carefully planned and well written may not always work correctly. Mysterious creatures called bugs may creep in and wreak havoc, leaving the programmer to clean up the mess. Some have theorized that a program fails only because its author made a mistake, but experienced computer programmers know that bugs are always to blame. This is why the task of fixing broken computer software is called debugging.
It is impossible to prove the correctness of any non-trivial program; hence the Cynic's First Law of Debugging:
Programs don't become more reliable as they are debugged; the bugs just get harder to find.
Scheme is equipped with a variety of special software for finding and removing bugs. The debugging tools include facilities for tracing a program's use of specified procedures, for examining Scheme environments, and for setting breakpoints, places where the program will pause for inspection.
Many bugs are detected when programs try to do something that is
impossible, like adding a number to a symbol, or using a variable that
does not exist; this type of mistake is called an error. Whenever
an error occurs, Scheme prints an error message and starts a new
REPL. For example, using a nonexistent variable
will cause Scheme to respond
1 ]=> foo ;Unbound variable: foo ;To continue, call RESTART with an option number: ; (RESTART 3) => Specify a value to use instead of foo. ; (RESTART 2) => Define foo to a given value. ; (RESTART 1) => Return to read-eval-print level 1. 2 error>
Sometimes, a bug will never cause an error, but will still cause the program to operate incorrectly. For instance,
(prime? 7) => #f
In this situation, Scheme does not know that the program is misbehaving. The programmer must notice the problem and, if necessary, start the debugging tools manually.
There are several approaches to finding bugs in a Scheme program:
Only experience can teach how to debug programs, so be sure to experiment with all these approaches while doing your own debugging. Planning ahead is the best way to ward off bugs, but when bugs do appear, be prepared to attack them with all the tools available. | <urn:uuid:4560f5b1-7610-455d-8559-157da08788ec> | CC-MAIN-2013-48 | http://www.gnu.org/software/mit-scheme/documentation/mit-scheme-user/Debugging.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2013-48/segments/1386163065934/warc/CC-MAIN-20131204131745-00053-ip-10-33-133-15.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.904813 | 503 | 3.90625 | 4 |
The Lived Experiences of Learners from Broken Home with Insignificant Progress Amidst Pandemic: Basis in Designing A Remediation Plan
Winston E. Ebagat1, Dennis G. Caballes2, Ph D.2
Dr. Josefa Jara Martinez High School, Department of Education – Quezon City, Philippines1
Centro Escolar University, Mendiola, Manila, Philippines2
The closure of Philippine schools has greatly affected the quality of instruction and learning during the pandemic. This study aimed to delve into the lived experiences of learners with insignificant progress from broken homes during the implementation of distance learning modalities. To materialize such a purpose, the researchers employed the phenomenological method of study. Fourteen student participants from broken homes were purposively selected to participate in an in-depth interview. The themes were identified using the NVIVO Application. The result shows that these groups of learners encountered several challenges such as slow internet connection, unfinished learning tasks, and deafening noise. These students have also made some adjustments which include doing household chores, changes in sleeping patterns, and seeking help from peers. More so, as a support to their children, the parents/homes assist such as financial and material support. It is also reported that parents/guardians give advice and help their children in accomplishing learning tasks. In conclusion, institutional policies from the government needs to strengthen the collaboration among education stakeholders to further assist these groups of learners. Subsequently, proposed remediation plan was made.
Keywords: distance learning, learners with insignificant progress, broken homes, remediation plan | <urn:uuid:d97acc50-57dd-4804-a4d5-2522eb6d39d7> | CC-MAIN-2023-40 | https://www.ioer-imrj.com/the-lived-experiences-of-learners-from-broken-home-with-insignificant-progress-amidst-pandemic-basis-in-designing-a-remediation-plan-2/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-40/segments/1695233510326.82/warc/CC-MAIN-20230927203115-20230927233115-00778.warc.gz | en | 0.953984 | 333 | 2.59375 | 3 |
ASTERION was a river-god of Argos in the Peloponnese, southern Greece. He and his brother-rivers, Inakhos (Inachus) and Kephisos (Cephisus), were once called upon to judge a contest between Poseidon and Hera for dominion of the land. When they decided in favour of Hera, the god retaliated by drying up their streams.
The Asterion stream flowed west of the town of Mykenai (Mycenae) before disappearing into a cleft in the earth near the Heraion (Heraeum, Temple of Hera). It was a tributary of the river Inakhos.
ASTE′RION (Asteriôn). The daughters of the river-god Asterion near Mycenae, Acraea, Euboea and Prosymna acted as nurses to Hera. (Paus. ii. 17. § 2.)
Source: Dictionary of Greek and Roman Biography and Mythology.
CLASSICAL LITERATURE QUOTES
Pausanias, Description of Greece 2. 15. 4 (trans. Jones) (Greek travelogue C2nd A.D.) :
"The oldest tradition in the region now called Argolis is that when Inakhos (Inachus) was king he named the river after himself and sacrificed to Hera. There is also another legend which says that Phoroneos (Phoroneus) was the first inhabitant of this land, and that Inakhos, the father of Phoroneos, was not a man but the river. This river, with the rivers Kephisos (Cephisus) and Asterion, judged concerning the land between Poseidon and Hera. They decided that it belonged to Hera, and so Poseidon made their waters disappear. For this reason neither Inakhos nor either of the other rivers I have mentioned provides any water except after rain. In summer their streams are dry except those at Lerna."
Pausanias, Description of Greece 2. 17. 1 - 2 :
"The sanctuary [of Hera fifteen stades from Mykenai (Mycenae), Argos] itself is on a lower part of Euboia (Euboea). Euboia is the name they give to the hill here, saying that Asterion the river had three daughters, Euboia, Prosymna, and Akraia (Acraea), and that they were nurses of Hera . . . This Asterion flows above the Heraion (Heraeum), and falling into a cleft disappears. On its banks grows a plant, which also is called asterion. They offer the plant itself to Hera, and from its leaves weave her garlands."
Nonnus, Dionysiaca 47. 490 ff (trans. Rouse) (Greek epic C5th A.D.) :
"[The River] Asterion, where the young men so often cut the flower of their bared brows as firstfruits of growing age." [N.B. At the coming-of-age ceremony, the Greek youth would cut off his unshorn locks and dedicate it to the local river-god.]
- Pausanias, Description of Greece - Greek Travelogue C2nd A.D.
- Nonnus, Dionysiaca - Greek Epic C5th A.D. | <urn:uuid:d166306e-038b-40c1-9367-d2a250f488f8> | CC-MAIN-2022-21 | https://www.theoi.com/Potamos/PotamosAsterion.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-21/segments/1652662558030.43/warc/CC-MAIN-20220523132100-20220523162100-00477.warc.gz | en | 0.947894 | 780 | 3.4375 | 3 |
Although microbial risk due to antibiotic-resistant microbes in water has been a serious public health concern, the current culture-dependent detecting methods using nutrient-rich conditions may not be suitable for evaluating microbial risk. In the present study, a novel cultivation method was developed to detect antibiotic-resistant microbes at various nutrient levels. A nutrient-rich medium Luria-Bertani broth (LB) was diluted at a wide range of dilution factors (100-104) and amended with either tetracycline or vancomycin. A standard environmental cultivation medium, R2A, was also used by amending with antibiotics. The diluted LB with antibiotics was able to detect previously known oligotrophic and antibiotic-resistant bacteria in drinking water and swine manure samples, respectively. These results validate the capability of the new method to detect antibiotic-resistant microbes in various environmental water samples. Using the developed method in assessing microbial risk due to antibiotic-resistant microbes in river and municipal wastewater plants, we found that the viable counts and antibiotic resistance fraction were significantly influenced by the type and concentration level of antibiotic exposure and the cultivation medium conditions. This suggests a further need to standardize cultivation method procedures, to assess microbial risk in water samples.
All Science Journal Classification (ASJC) codes
- Environmental Engineering
- Water Science and Technology | <urn:uuid:6594b6eb-0bc8-47dd-8066-2b8117b628a7> | CC-MAIN-2021-04 | https://yonsei.pure.elsevier.com/en/publications/a-novel-laboratory-cultivation-method-to-examine-antibiotic-resis | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-04/segments/1610703557462.87/warc/CC-MAIN-20210124204052-20210124234052-00677.warc.gz | en | 0.924231 | 266 | 2.671875 | 3 |
In the 1967 film, “The Graduate,” Dustin Hoffman plays Ben, a 21-year-old college student who is uncertain about his future. At a party at his parents’ Beverly Hills home, a family friend takes Ben aside, puts a hand on his shoulder, and asks him what his plans are now that he has graduated. When the graduate replies he’s not exactly sure, the businessman looks him in the eye and says “Are you listening, Ben?” and then says one thing: “Plastics.”
That year, I graduated from the University of Nebraska and flew across the Pacific to begin three years of teaching as a Peace Corps Volunteer in Thailand. Looking out the window of the plane half a century ago, I beheld a vast ocean that appeared both pacific and pristine. Today, that same ocean is a stew of swirling plastic known as the “Great Pacific Garbage Patch.” Planet Earth, we have a problem!
“The Week” (July 27, 2018) news brief, “Oceans of plastic,” summarized just how bad the pollution dilemma is and what’s being done about it. According to the article, “99.9 percent of the trash in the Pacific in 2015 was plastic.” Today, as consumers continue to sip beverages through single-use plastic straws and tote groceries home in plastic bags that end up in the trash, “A garbage truck’s worth of plastic enters the world’s oceans every minute.”
Scientists don’t know how long it will take to degrade. “National Geographic” editor Susan Goldberg focused the entire June 2018 issue on what she calls “the plastic apocalypse.” According to Goldberg, “estimates for how long plastic endures range from 450 years to forever.” World Economic Forum reports scientists predict that by 2050, “there will be more plastic, by weight, in the ocean than fish.”
According to “The Week” brief, “plastics became a part of many consumer products in the 1950s because it was cheap, versatile and virtually indestructible.” That means that discarded plastic toys my generation played with as kids sixty years ago are still part of the world’s plastic trash nightmare. According to the article, “only about 21 percent (of the plastic ever produced) has been recycled or incinerated. Where does the ocean trash come from? Fishing nets and gear; plastic straws, bags, bottles and containers of all sizes; microparticles found in personal hygiene deodorant, toothpaste and sunscreen; and residue from clothes made from microfibers that washes down the drain in wastewater that ends up in rivers, lakes, and the oceans.
Where does it all go? “The Week” brief reports that five huge masses of plastic debris called “gyres” now cover as much as 40 percent of the planet’s ocean surface. One gyre between California and Hawaii is reportedly twice the size of Texas and growing exponentially. Another along the North Atlantic between Virginia and Cuba is nearly as large. Fishing nets and concentrations of microplastics impact ocean marine life from small fish to whales, sea turtles and birds. Plastic pollution has been found in seafood as well as bottled water.
What’s being done? Livia Albeck-Ripka reported in “The New York Times” (March 22, 2018) that the nonprofit “Ocean Cleanup Foundation is developing a mechanical system that floats through the water and concentrates plastics into dense areas that can then be collected by boats and taken back to shore to be recycled.” Small-scale municipal efforts to ban straws and plastic bags are to be applauded, but they’re not enough.
What’s being done? “The Week” brief cautions “remedies to plastic pollution will require global cooperation to come up with strategies like those of the European Union that aims to making all plastic packaging recyclable by 2030. Unfortunately, at the G-7 summit in June, the U.S. and Japan, fearing an adverse impact on their economies, didn’t support a declaration on climate change that included curbing plastic pollution.”
This environmental disaster is a monumental global challenge that demands immediate action. It’s time to rally as the country did after 9/11 if we are to stem the tide of plastic pollution. Together, we can do it! Let’s roll!
Cathy Salter is a geographer and columnist who lives with her husband, Kit, in southern Boone County at a place they call Boomerang Creek. | <urn:uuid:66641197-6e97-4ad2-b1c6-09e3696eda38> | CC-MAIN-2019-51 | https://www.columbiatribune.com/news/20180909/notes-from-boomerang-creek-our-global-plastic-dilemma | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-51/segments/1575541294513.54/warc/CC-MAIN-20191214202754-20191214230754-00212.warc.gz | en | 0.962912 | 982 | 2.875 | 3 |
By Bob Friel
At the SeaDoc Society, we always talk about the importance of preserving the health of the Salish Sea for the benefit of both the environment as well as the people who live here and depend on it for everything from the economy and recreation to the philosophical satisfaction of existing amid such inspiring natural beauty.
SeaDoc’s newest addition to our all-star team of Science Advisors, Dr. Jamie Donatuto, understands that linking of people and place so deeply that she’s helped redefine the concept of ecosystem “health” for other scientists who’ve traditionally studied human and wildlife systems separately.
After earning her Environmental Science degree, Jamie went to work for the Swinomish Indian Tribal Community, a Tribe comprised of Coast Salish peoples who originally inhabited the Skagit and Samish River valleys, and Puget Sound coastline and islands.
“The Tribe asked me to write a project proposal to study toxics in locally-harvested shellfish,” says Jamie. It was an ideal project for her since she wanted to work in toxicology. And though it was her first try at writing a grant, not only was it accepted but also it was the largest grant ever awarded to a Native American tribe at that time.
Then, two years into her project, after completing the initial human health risk assessment, came the real beginning of Jamie’s education on ecosystem interconnectedness.
“I presented the draft results to the governing Tribal Council,” she says. “There was a long pause before the Chairman finally asked, ‘Where in these numbers are our definitions of health?’”
While Jamie and every other scientist working on issues like this had approached them by simply measuring potential poisons in the environment then describing human risk in biological terms of exposure to x micrograms of whatever toxins, the Swinomish had more profound ideas about defining and prioritizing health.
“Shellfish are an important traditional food for the Swinomish,” says Jamie. “But they taught me that the importance goes way beyond subsistence calories. For them, shellfish are imbued with deep connections to the health of their people through creation stories, ceremonies, tools, and the passing down of ancient ecological knowledge.”
It was an “Aha” moment for Jamie, who realized that the scientific tools available for human health assessment were inadequate to address the needs and values of tribal communities.
“I also found that in regards to health, scientists studied risks and impacts to natural ecosystems as if they existed in a wholly separate world from risks and impacts to human ecosystems.” This didn’t make sense to the Coast Salish or to Jamie. “Human and natural systems are inextricably connected and need to be assessed that way.”
Jamie realized that she’d have to create her own scientific study mechanisms, and used her revelations to inform her doctoral thesis: “When Seafood Feeds the Spirit Yet Poisons the Body: Developing Health Indicators for Risk Assessment in a Native American Fishing Community.”
It’s this kind of outstanding insight and experience that we prize in our SeaDoc science advisors, and we’re proud to now have Dr. Jamie Donatuto as part of the team.
Alongside her continuing work with the Swinomish Tribe, Jamie maintains her personal interconnectedness with the Salish Sea by swimming in it and hiking the trails on Orcas Island with her kids. And not only is she a high-flying environmental/social scientist, Jamie is also an aerial artist, performing acrobatic dance while suspended above the ground on a ribbon of silk!
Thanks for your continuing support, and please help us welcome Jamie aboard!
To see a list of all SeaDoc’s Science Advisors: http://www.seadocsociety.org/scientific-advisors/. | <urn:uuid:b7c81526-3dd1-4738-a165-a7a0426dcb47> | CC-MAIN-2018-22 | http://www.seadocsociety.org/tag/jamie-donatuto/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-22/segments/1526794870497.66/warc/CC-MAIN-20180527225404-20180528005404-00483.warc.gz | en | 0.955306 | 816 | 2.578125 | 3 |
Not only in the healthcare profession is it important to know the difference between empathy and sympathy and when to use them, but it’s also beneficial to know the differences while engaging in everyday conversations.
First, it can be useful to know the definitions of both words, before placing them into any sort of context. The following definitions have been found by dictionary.com:
Empathizing vs. Sympathizing
Typically, empathizing with someone demotes a stronger and possibly more personal sense of shared feelings. When one sympathizes, they are still able to share feelings, however, when empathizing those feelings along with the persons personality are more powerfully projected, which allows for a more personable feeling. Empathizing allows a person to have the ability to identify with or understand the other persons situation or feelings.
This is getting confusing..
Here is a trick to remember which word is which…
You can try to remember that sympathy deals with sorrows and feeling sorry for someone.
Similarly, you can remember that empathy is more about that powerful emotion and ability to project those emotions toward the other person
Lets put it into context now.
In the first example the speaker is referring to having compassion toward another by emphasizing that they understand or have experienced similar sorrows.
- “I have empathy for those who have lost a family member to cancer, I had a loved one who I lost because of that as well.”
In the following example, “sympathy” refers to feeling sorry for the person in distress.
- “I offered my sympathy to my friend who was diagnosed with an illness.”
It is important to be mindful while knowing the difference between empathy and sympathy because words can affect how another person feels. As a future health professional, it is critical to understand that the way in which something is said, can change the way a person feels. It is also important to listen carefully and actively when engaging in any kind of conversation with someone. Remember, communication is key! I hope this was helpful in explaining the differences!
Below is a fun little video explaining the importance of empathy. Please check it out!
Importance of Empathy! | <urn:uuid:77fab7c1-9a04-4966-9326-fb6396e9c319> | CC-MAIN-2021-10 | http://gannonedge.com/empathy-and-sympathy-what-exactly-is-the-difference/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-10/segments/1614178360107.7/warc/CC-MAIN-20210228024418-20210228054418-00553.warc.gz | en | 0.961085 | 451 | 3.671875 | 4 |
Bowel Cancer Awareness Month
April is Bowel Cancer Awareness Month, a fantastic annual opportunity to raise awareness of bowel cancer.
This Bowel Cancer Awareness Month the aim is to shine a light on the varied and many people affected by bowel cancer. But it doesn’t just impact the person diagnosed. It affects families, friends and colleagues, doctors and nurses, scientists and researchers. That’s millions of people right across the UK.
What is bowel cancer?
• Bowel cancer is also called colorectal cancer. It affects the large bowel, which is made up of the colon and rectum.
• The cells in your body normally divide and grow in a controlled way. When cancer develops, the cells change and can grow in an uncontrolled way.
• Most bowel cancers develop from pre-cancerous growths, called polyps. But not all polyps develop into cancer. If your doctor finds any polyps, he or she can remove them to prevent them becoming cancerous.
• Cancer cells may stay in the bowel or they might spread to other parts of the body, like the liver or lungs.
What are the possible symptoms of bowel cancer?
The symptoms of bowel (colorectal) cancer in men and women can include:
• bleeding from the back passage (rectum) or blood in your poo
• a change in your normal bowel habit, such as looser poo, pooing more often or constipation
• a lump that your doctor can feel in your back passage or tummy (abdomen), more commonly on the right side
• a feeling of needing to strain in your back passage (as if you need to poo), even after opening your bowels
• losing weight
• pain in your abdomen or back passage
• tiredness and breathlessness caused by a lower than normal level of red blood cells (anaemia)
Sometimes cancer can block the bowel. This is called a bowel obstruction. The symptoms include:
• cramping pains in the abdomen
• feeling bloated
• constipation and being unable to pass wind
• being sick
A bowel obstruction is an emergency. You should see your doctor quickly or go to A&E at your nearest hospital if you think you have a bowel obstruction.
Read more about bowel cancer symptoms.
When can I attend a NHS bowel cancer screening?
NHS bowel cancer screening is only offered to people aged 55 or over, as this is when you’re more likely to get bowel cancer:
• if you’re 55, you’ll automatically be invited for a one-off bowel scope screening test, if it’s available in your area
• if you’re 60 to 74, you’ll automatically be invited to do a home testing kit every 2 years
• if you’re 75 or over, you can ask for a home testing kit every 2 years by calling the free bowel cancer screening helpline on 0800 707 60 60
If you’re too young for screening but are worried about a family history of bowel cancer, speak to your GP for advice.
Always see a GP if you have symptoms of bowel cancer at any age – don’t wait to have a screening test. | <urn:uuid:7fcb6822-5e38-4ddf-bea5-fe5081680a8a> | CC-MAIN-2019-39 | https://kirkleestogether.co.uk/2019/04/01/bowel-cancer-awareness-month/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-39/segments/1568514573065.17/warc/CC-MAIN-20190917081137-20190917103137-00361.warc.gz | en | 0.926678 | 675 | 2.78125 | 3 |
Social responsibility towards different interest groups:
Social responsibility of business refers to its obligation to make those decisions and perform those actions which are desirable in terms of the objectives and values of our society. Reality is that, despite differing arguments relating to social responsibility, business enterprises are concerned with social responsibility because of the influence of certain external forces.
Social responsibility is a voluntary effort on the division of the business to take a variety of steps to satisfy the expectation of the dissimilar interest groups. But the question arises, why the business should come forward and be liable towards these interest groups. It is also the responsibility of the business world to cooperate and honest about the issues that affect public welfare.
Business enterprises have a responsibility towards –
(i) Public Image – The activities of business towards the welfare of society earn goodwill and reputation for the business. The earnings of business also depend upon the public image of its activities.
(ii) shareholders or owners – Owners are the persons who own the business and they are liable for the profit or losses and they contribute the capital and bear the risks.
(iii) Survival and Growth – Every business is an element of society. So for its survival and growth, maintain from society is very much necessary. The business utilizes obtainable resources like power, water, land, roads, etc. of the society. So it should be the liability of every business to spend a part of its profit for the welfare of society.
(ii) Workers – It is the essential account of the organization to take care of the interest of the employees and to accomplish their needs. Employee satisfaction leads to the attainment of organizational goals. For example, if a business spends money on training the employees, it will have more proficient people to work and thus, earn more profit.
(iii) Consumers – Business can only be survived with the sustain of customers. This has made it compulsory for the business to protect the interest of the consumers by providing eminence products at the most competitive price. The accomplishment of the business totally depends on customer satisfaction and customer loyalty.
(iv) Government Regulation – To avoid government regulations businessmen should expulsion their duties voluntarily. For example, if any business firm pollutes the environment it will naturally come under strict government regulation, which may ultimately force the firm to close down its business.
Government and community giving a fair return on and safety of investment to shareholders, providing opportunities to workers for meaningful work, supplying the right quality and quantity of goods and services to consumers and paying to the government, and protecting the natural environment are some of the social responsibilities of business. Firms should follow the rules framed by the government. These guidelines are for the security measures and for the assistance of society.
Responsibility towards Community:
- Progressive economic stability.
- Safeguarding Public Safety.
- Protecting the environment.
Responsibility towards the environment:
- Production of safe items
- Using biodegradable packages
- Educating consumers on Product use and disposal.
- Being truthful in advertising. | <urn:uuid:9fb1aff3-f6e0-42dc-b018-9122ac9dc321> | CC-MAIN-2023-23 | https://qsstudy.com/social-responsibility-towards-different-interest-groups/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-23/segments/1685224653631.71/warc/CC-MAIN-20230607074914-20230607104914-00545.warc.gz | en | 0.948178 | 614 | 3 | 3 |
Over the years a number of ideas have been put forward based on the concept of radiations, or emanations, of biophysical forces from human beings. This concept, although generally disregarded by parapsychologists today, was once widely used to explain phenomena such as auras, ESP, healing, luminous effects, materializations, movement of objects, and many other events1. Earlier assessments discussed ideas from antiquity and folklore;2 here the emphasis will be on the pre-1930s literatures of mesmerism, Spiritism and Spiritualism, and psychical research. The ideas found in the literature are not necessarily comparable: some represent concepts of universal or vital radiations, while others refer to bodily-based nervous forces or cerebral radiations. But all were used in one way or another to explain various psychic phenomena.
In his book Mémoire sur la Découverte du Magnétisme Animal, the physician Franz Anton Mesmer3 put forward several propositions about a universal fluid he called animal magnetism, which he believed could bring about actions in both organic and non-organic matter.4 This putative force was the central concept of mesmerism, a movement which flourished between the 18th and 19th centuries, and even later. It was said to be not only in the human body but all around in nature, and was thought to have healing properties. It was polarized like magnets, could be reflected by mirrors, and communicated to animate and inanimate matter, sometimes via sound.
Mesmer and his followers used passes (and initially, magnets) to control animal magnetism to induce healing, trances, clairvoyance, and other phenomena. In the words of one of these followers: ‘The magnetic fluid continuously escapes us: it forms an atmosphere around our body... which... does not act noticeably on individuals around us; but when our will pushes and directs it moves with all the strength that we impart: it moves like light rays sent out by bodies ablaze’.5 Mesmer himself wrote:
As we cannot comprehend how a body can act upon another at a distance, without there being something to establish a communication between them, we suppose that a substance emanates from him who magnetizes, and is conveyed to the person magnetized, in the direction given it by the will. This substance, which sustains life in us, we call the magnetic fluid. The nature of this fluid is unknown; even its existence has not been demonstrated; but everything occurs as if it did exist, and that warrants us in admitting it...6
Some believed that animal magnetism was a nervous fluid intimately related to heat electricity and light.7 In fact, such ideas reinforced the notion of a universal force that could manifest in different forms. Petetin8 called the force ‘animal electricity’ and stated that it could bring in information into the nervous system without the use of the eyes and other sensory organs.
Many people wrote about the medical applications of mesmerism. One author stated:
That in the mesmeric trance the most severe and protracted surgical operations can be performed, without the patients being sensible of pain.
That spasms and nervous pains often disappear before the mesmeric trance.
That it gives us a complete command of the muscular system, and is therefore of great service in restoring contracted limbs.
That the chronic administration of Mesmerism often acts as a useful stimulant in functional debility of the nerves.9
Many were the conditions treated with mesmeric procedures, as seen in the literature of the subject.10 English physician James Esdaile11 reported on amputations performed under the mesmeric state and listed many medical conditions successfully treated with magnetism in his medical practice in India.
Others referred to spasms, perspiration, insensibility, catalepsy and mental effects such as thought-transference, and ecstasy.12
What was later referred to as telepathy was explained by Esdaile as follows. A fluid
is transmitted to the mesmerised person’s brain through the medium of his nerves: and the consequence is, that the thought-modified nervous fluid of the active brain is both reflected and understood by the passive brain of the patient, exactly as the passive end of an electric telegraph records the impulses received from the active extremity of the battery...13
Many reports of clairvoyance and related phenomena were associated with magnetism. An example was physician’s Joseph Haddock’s observations of a young woman called Emma:
A print of a cat was selected, and put into a card box: she put the box over her head, felt it carefully... and then... she began, — ‘It is a thing; it is a dark thing; it has four legs, a tail, a head, and two eyes; things round its mouth; and it sits by the fire, and says mew; and it’s a cat’.14
Many other somnambules, or trance subjects, became famous in the mesmeric literature, among them the French clairvoyant Alexis Didier.15
One interesting phenomenon was the perception of the fluid by mesmerized individuals, for example:
I put the thumb of my right hand in opposition to the thumb of the left hand of my patient, and separated our two hands horizontally; she saw the fluid out of her thumb & mine; she distinguished very well the two fluids…
Another example of the action of magnetism was its influence on the growth of plants. In one instance mesmerist JJ Ricard16 said he was able to revitalize shrub via magnetization, while others affected the growth of roses.17
The mesmeric movement, and the idea of animal magnetism as a physical force, declined in the second half of the nineteenth century. The Scottish physician James Braid reconceptualized hypnosis as changes in the nervous, circulatory and other systems produced by fixed attention, working in concert with processes such as the suppression of breathing and bodily inactivity. 18 As such ideas gained ground the concept of a magnetic force gradually fell out of favour, to the point that it was referred to by one writer as a ‘physics of pure fantasy’.19 As seen in the work of Bertrand Méheust,20 magnetism became redefined in terms of physiological speculations, and as suggestion, to the point that physician and student of hypnosis Hippolyte Bernheim21 argued that it was just another example of the many wrong beliefs of humanity, along with magic, witchcraft and saints.
However, a neo-mesmeric movement continued during the last decades of the nineteenth century, and continued into the twentieth.22 This included the work of such individuals as Alexandre Baréty and23 Hector Durville,24 also Albert de Rochas,25 who wrote about the exteriorization of sensibility induced by magnetic passes. In his studies de Rochas used a sensitive individual (A) who could see such radiations around an hypnotized individual (B). In his words:
If I, as magnetizer, act on this layer in any way, B feels the same [sensation] as if I acted on his skin, and he does not sense anything or almost anything if I act in any other place than on the layer; he does not feel much if he is acted upon by a person who is not in rapport with the magnetizer.
If I continue magnetization, A. sees forming around B. a series of equidistant layers separated by a space from 6 to 7 centimeters [of width]... and B. does not feel touches, [or] prickings,... the sensibility diminishes proportionally to its distance from the body.26
The Od Force
Baron Karl von Reichenbach was influenced by mesmerism in his ideas about a universal force he called Od.27 Od, Reichenbach thought, was produced by the human body, also by crystals, heat and other natural processes. He wrote:
I placed a specimen card of many metals before many high sensitives, who saw them all in the dark, some brighter, others darker. A glass case full of silver plate gradually grew to be full of fine fire. Coal, selenium, iodine and sulphur were all found to be luminous. The light was a phosphorescent glow, as though they were translucent... Besides the glow, the sensitives saw above these substances, flame-like emanations, losing themselves in smoke... , and in the former as well as in the latter cases, these flames could be made to nicker and be blown away by the breath, and they in many cases, throw light on the fingers, in which the objects were held. The colors of different substances varied greatly, and this variation gave a good test of the correctness of the statements of the sensitives.28
Reichenbach attributed various features to Od. It was polarized and ‘capable of being either directly accumulated on, or transferred by distribution to other bodies…’29 It could cause pleasurable sensations, sensations of cold or warmth, and negative feelings, anxiety and cramps.
In later years the concept of Od was used by many to explain some of the phenomena of Spiritualism, among them physical mediumship.30 In tests conducted by the Society for Psychical Research
three observers... on distinct occasions were in some way immediately aware when an electro-magnet was secretly ‘made’ and ‘unmade’ under such precautions as were devised to suppress ordinary means of knowing and to exclude chance and deception; and identified such magnetizations with luminous appearances which as described agreed generally with the evidence recorded by Reichenbach.31
Other experiments were unsuccessful, possibly because they were carried out with non-sensitive participants.32
The development of Spiritualism saw various approaches to explaining the phenomena. One was that physical phenomena such as raps, movement of objects, luminous effects and materializations, were produced by emanations of biophysical forces; these were thought to emanate mainly from the body of the medium, although some theories also implicated the sitters in the séance, and more rarely, the surrounding environment. Interestingly, while many agreed about the existence of some form of human radiation, there were disagreements about the intelligent principle behind it: discarnate spirits and the medium’s (usually unconscious) mind.).
An early speculation by American social reformer Adin Ballou postulated an abundance of spiritual magnetism in mediums, dreamers and clairvoyants. This principle, which Ballou called ‘spiricity,’ was the way by which ‘spirits can exert their peculiar powers, and maintain some sort of communication with the persons and things immediately circumjacent’.33
Among those who rejected spirit action were American theorists Asa Mahan34 and Edward C Rogers.35 Rogers postulated the exteriorization from the body of a nerve force which he believed accounted for physical phenomena in séances and for poltergeist disturbances. This could take place through unconscious guidance by a living agent or with no specific direction – basically an automatic process. He believed this force was the same as Reichenbach’s Od, which also inspired other speculations.
Writing about table turning, Marc Thury,36 one-time professor at the University of Geneva, speculated about the ‘psychode,’ a substance that reacted to the intentions of the will, capable of being exteriorized and of causing physical actions. Thury37 wrote: ‘We propose to name ectenic (… extension) state this particular state of the organism... in which the soul can somehow extend the usual limits of its action; and ectenic force that which develops in this state’.38
The Psychic is a person in whom there is an abnormal capacity for dislocation in the normal relationship of Soul and body. In such a condition, the Soul (or Psychic) Force ceases to flow through its usual channels and therefore manifests itself without them, as does the magnetic force, in disturbing effects upon molecular structure. Psychic Force... penetrates and permeates molecular matter; and... neutralises in matter the force of gravity.41
English chemist and physicist William Crookes adopted Cox’s ‘psychic force’ concept to make sense of the phenomena he observed with medium DD Home.42 He noticed that Home’s power to affect instruments was variable and speculated that they were related to the medium’s vitality. He wrote,
after witnessing the painful state of nervous and bodily prostration in which some of these experiments have left Mr. Home — after seeing him lying in an almost fainting condition on the floor, pale and speechless — I could scarcely doubt that the evolution of psychic force is accompanied by a corresponding drain on vital force.43
Many speculations were proposed to explain materializations, among them ‘invisible exudations from the human organisations’ of mediums utilized by spiritual beings,44 and alternatively, ‘united will-power’ to ‘attract and gather certain magnetic and material elements from the medium, the persons present, and the atmosphere...’45
Much was written about the idea of transformations of bodily forces to account for materializations, for instance:
The law of conservation of energy points out that power cannot be gained in one direction without being lost in another, consequently the power which moves a visible or invisible spirit hand must come from somewhere, and on the hypothesis laid down in this sketch the power comes from the medium. On the withdrawal of much vital force from the whole or a particular part of the body of the medium, it would seem that of necessity that there must be a loss of heat to that part; such is actually the case in practice, for at all, or nearly all, materialisation seances for full forms, the medium becomes cold shortly before the manifestations begin... . .46
The French codifier of Spiritism Allan Kardec (pseudonym of Léon Hippolyte Denizard Rivail), popularized the concept of the ‘perispirit’, which he conceived as a ‘fluidic’ semi-physical envelope connecting the soul and the body, the principle spirits used to cause physical manifestations in mediumship.47 A vital force emanating from mediums bodies was postulated by Russian Alexandre Aksakof, one-time imperial councilor to the czar, whose ideas concerning materialization phenomena were influential48 German philosopher Edouard von Hartmann49 postulated a nerve force emanating from mediums and sitters – unconsciously guided by the medium – that could move objects and produce other physical phenomena..
Ideas of this sort also appeared in the twentieth century, and are still with us today. Speculations in the literature refer to ‘an invisible prolongation of the organism of the medium’,50 the ‘disaggregation (probably atomic) of the medium’s organic substance’,51 and ‘energetic psychophysical emanations’.52 The emanations of so-called ectoplasm, as studied by individuals such as mechanical engineer William J Crawford53 and physician Albert von Schrenck-Notzing,54 were considered part of this. This was all summarized by French psychical researcher René Sudre55 in his textbook Introduction à la Métapsychique Humaine, in which he referred to a ‘psychic fluid’ emanating from the human body to produce all kinds of physical manifestations.
Vital forces or electrical-type emanations have been used to interpret forms of ESP, mainly telepathy, as with brain waves in the early nineteenth century ideas of brain waves. For example,
Let it be granted that whensoever any action takes place in the brain... an atomic movement occurs... Let it also be granted that there is... [an] ‘Ether’... But if these two assumptions be granted... should it not follow that no brain action can take place without creating a wave or undulation... in the ether... Each acting, thinking brain then would become a centre of undulations transmitted from it in all directions through space... with the varying nature and force of brain actions . . .56
American writer Mark Twain wrote about ‘mental telegraphy’, and speculated on the action of a ‘finer and subtler form of electricity.’57 William Crookes hypothesized that ‘electrical rays of wavelengths hitherto undetected by instrumental means’ could perhaps emanate from the brain.58 Similarly, American electrical engineer Edwin J Houston argued that: ‘Cerebral energy... is dissipated by imparting wave motions to the surrounding ether, and such waves are sent out in all directions from the brain’.59
A later writer speculated on the existence of ‘psychic waves, like hertzian waves in wireless telegraphy, [which] propagate at a distance…’60 This brings to mind such analogies to radio as that of American social activist Upton Sinclair’s Mental Radio.61 Italian researcher Ferdinando Cazzamalli62 concluded after many experiments that: ‘The human subject, under particular psychic conditions... gives off electromagnetic oscillations of the type of radio waves’.63English physicist William F Barrett wrote that ‘just as a vibrating tuning fork or string spends its energy most swiftly when it is exciting another similar fork or string in unison with itself, so the activity of the brain may be more speedily exhausted by the presence of other brains capable of sympathetic vibration with itself’.64
In his book Laboratory Investigations into Psychic Phenomena Hereward Carrington gave a long list of instruments used to detect human radiations. These typically used a needle or other indicator to show the action of a force emanating from the human body, such as Baraduc’s65 biometer. An influential example was Paul Joire’s sthenometer,66 supposed to detect a nervous force via a movement of a needle under glass when a hand was brought close to it. Joire reported larger movements of the needle with the right hand as compared to the left. Some conditions had specific patterns, such as low level movements in the case of hysterics.67 Critics argued that that the movements of the needle, with the sthenomether and with other instruments, could be caused by heat emanating from the person’s hand.68
Physician Hippolyte Baraduc was well-known for his use of photographic plates to capture bodily vital radiations. Unexplained patterns in the photos were believed to show the existence of different types of emanations and to indicate the health and psychological states of individuals.
Other experimenters used photographic plates to capture invisible ‘fluids’. One example was the ‘effluviographs’ of Louis Darget,69 photographs of hands, plants and other objects, taken without exposure to light, that showed fields around them. Darget claimed that effluviographs could reflect the health of individuals and could capture the thoughts of people. In one instance he placed a plate by the head of his sleeping wife and obtained what looked like an eagle, claiming it could have been the result of a dream (his wife recalled no such thing, however).
Critiques and Non-physical Perspectives
Many critiques were offered of these ideas. As summarized by Bertrand Méheust70 in the case of France, the concept of animal magnetism was replaced as an explanation of the phenomena of mesmerism by physiological and psychological alternatives such as suggestion. Other critics argued there was no evidence for the existence of such radiations, and that in some cases artifacts or conventional explanations, such as the effect of bodily heat on instruments and photographic plates,71 could account for the results.
In some cases, resistance to transmission models of ESP were based on the belief in more mentalistic or nonphysical conceptions, as seen in Gurney, Myers, and Podmore’s Phantasms of the Living.72 Others such as biologist Hans Driesch postulated a sort of a mental field consisting of
‘something superpersonal in addition to something non-spatial in general’.73 It has been argued that in later years the work of JB Rhine and associates decreased interest in human radiations in parapsychology as an explanation of psychic phenomena:
The new experimental parapsychology (or at least some of its representatives) claimed that time, space and the physical characteristics of the target were irrelevant to ESP and PK [psychokinesis] test performance... The mind was clearly the causative agent underlying psychic phenomena and no consideration for fluids or electromagnetic forces of any kind was deemed necessary…’74
With some exceptions, physicalistic transmission ideas as explanations for ESP and other psychic phenomena have fallen out of favor, most researchers arguing instead for forms of non-information transmission. Discussion of such ideas is limited mainly to popular and occult forums.
Carlos S Alvarado
The literature on these topics has been widely reviewed. Useful overviews are the writings of Alvarado (2006), Amadou (1953), Carrington (n.d.), Pascal (1936), and Ungaro (1992). The concept of animal magnetism has been discussed repeatedly: two good overviews are the books of Crabtree (1993) and Gauld (1992). Both Crabtree (1993) and Podmore (1902) touch on Spiritualism and Spiritism. For different forms of photography see Chéroux et al. (2004) and Krauss (1995). Several articles discuss the ideas of individuals: Edwin J Houston (Alvarado, 2015), Albert de Rochas (Alvarado, 2016), Hereward Carrington (Alvarado & Nahm, 2011), and Karl von Reichenbach (Nahm, 2012).
Aksakof, A. (1898). A case of partial dematerialization of the body of the medium: Investigation and discussion. Boston: Banner of Light.
Alvarado, C. S. (2006). Human radiations: Concepts of force in mesmerism, spiritualism and psychical research. Journal of the Society for Psychical Research, 70, 138–162.
Alvarado, C. S. (2009). Late nineteenth and early twentieth century discussions of animal magnetism. International Journal of Clinical and Experimental Hypnosis, 57, 366-381.
Alvarado, C.S. (2013). The influence of Reichenbach’s concept of Od. Journal of Scientific Exploration, 27, 111-115.
Alvarado, C.S. (2015). Telepathic emissions: Edwin J. Houston on ‘Cerebral Radiation.’ Journal of Scientific Exploration, 29, 467-490.
Alvarado, C.S. (2016).On psychic forces and doubles: The case of Albert de Rochas. Journal of Scientific Exploration, 30, 63-84.
Alvarado, C.S., & Nahm, M. (2011). Psychic phenomena and the vital force: Hereward Carrington on ‘Vital Energy and Psychical Phenomena.’ Journal of the Society for Psychical Research, 75, 91-103.
Amadou, R. (1953). Esquisse d’une histoire philosophique du fluide. Revue Métapsychique, No. 21, 5-33.
Anonymous. (1875). Speculations relating to new facts in Spiritualism. Spiritualist Newspaper, March 19, 133-135.
Ashburner, J. (1867). Notes and studies in the philosophy of animal magnetism and spiritualism: With observations upon catarrh, bronchitis, rheumatism, gout, scrofula, and cognate diseases. London: H. Baillière.
Ballou, A. (1852). An exposition of views respecting the principal facts, causes and peculiarities involved in spirit manifestations. Boston: Bela Marsh.
Baraduc, H. (1893). La force vitale: Notre corps vital fluidique, sa formule biométrique. Paris: G. Carré.
Baraduc, H. (1896). L’ame humaine: Ses mouvements, ses lumières et l’iconographie de l’invisible fluidique. Paris: Georges Carré.
Baréty, A. (1887). Le magnétisme animal: Étudié sous le nom de force neurique rayonnante et circulante dans ces propriétes physiques, physiologiques et thérapeutique. Paris: Octave Doin.
Barrett, W. F. (1882). Appendix to the report on thought-reading. Proceedings of the Society for Psychical Research, 1, 47–64.
Barrett, W.F., Close, M.H., Lane-Fox, G., Gurney, E., (1883). Myers, F.W.H., Myers, A.T., Pease, E.R., Ridley, H.N., Stone, W.H., & Coffin, W.H. (1883). First report of the ‘Reichenbach’ committee. Proceedings of the Society for Psychical Research, 1, 230-237.
Barth, G. (1853). What is mesmerism? The question answered by a mesmeric practitioner, or mesmerism not miracle. London: H. Baillière.
Bernheim, H. (1891). Hypnotisme, suggestion, psychothérapie: Études nouvelles. Paris: Octave Doin.
Braid, J. (1843). Neurypnology or the rationale of nervous sleep considered in relation with animal magnetism. London: John Murray.
Carrington, H. (n.d.). Laboratory investigations into psychic phenomena. London: Rider.
Cazzamalli, F. (1926). Telepsychic phenomena and cerebral radiations. Journal of the American Society for Psychical Research, 20, 1-17.
Charpignon, [L.J.]J. (1851). Physiologie, médicine et métaphysique du magnétisme. Brussels: Société Typographique Belgue.
Chéroux, C., Fischer, A., Apraxine, P., Canguilhem, D., & Schmit, S. (2004). The perfect medium: Photography and the occult. New Haven: Yale University Press.
Cox, E.W. (1872). Spiritualism answered by science: With the proofs of a psychic force (new rev. ed.). London: Longman.
Cox, E.W. (1874). What Am I?: A popular introduction to mental physiology and psychology: Vol. II.: The mechanism in action. London: Longmans.
Crabtree, A. (1993). From Mesmer to Freud: Magnetic sleep and the roots of psychological healing. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press.
Crawford, W.J. (1921). The psychic structures at the Goligher Circle. New York: E.P. Dutton.
Crookes, W. (1874). Researches in the phenomena of spiritualism. London: J. Burns.
Crookes, W. (1892). Some possibilities of electricity. Little’s Living Age, 78(s.5), 93–97.
Crowell, E. (1879). The spirit world: Its unhabitants, nature, and philosophy. Boston: Colby & Rich.
Deleuze, J.P.F. (1813). Histoire critique du magnétisme animal (Vol. 1). Paris: Mame.
Deleuze, J.P.F. (1852). Practical instruction in animal magnetism (4th ed.). London: Hippolyte Baillière.
Denis, L. (1900). Psychologie expérimentale: Phénomènes d’extériorisation et de dédoublement. Annales des Sciences Psychiques, 10, 291-294.
de Rochas, A. (1899). L’extériorisation de la sensibilité: Étude expérimentale & historique. Paris: Chamuel.
Driesch, H. (1933). Psychical research: The science of the super-normal. London: G. Bell. (First published in German, 1932)
Durville, H. (1895-1896). Traité expérimentale de magnétisme (2 vols.). Paris: Librairie du Magnétisme.
Elliotson, J. (1849). Clairvoyance of Alexis Didier. Zoist, 6, 417-420.
Esdaile, J. (1846). Mesmerism in India, and its practical application in surgery and medicine. London: Longman, Brown, Green, and Longmans.
Esdaile, J. (1852). Natural and mesmeric clairvoyance, with the practical application of mesmerism in surgery and medicine. London: Hippolyte Bailliere.
Flammarion, C. (1907). Mysterious psychic forces: An account of the author’s investigations in psychical research, together with those of other european savants. Boston: Small, Maynard.
Gauld, A. (1992). A history of hypnotism. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Gurney, E., Myers, F.W.H., & Podmore, F. (1886). Phantasms of the living (2 vols.). London: Trübner.
Haddock, J. W. (1851). Somnolism & psycheism (2nd ed.). London: James S. Hodson.
Houston, J. (1892). Cerebral radiations. Journal of the Franklin Institute, 133, 488–497.
Jastrow, J., & Nuttall, G.F.H. (1886). On the existence of a magnetic sense. Proceedings of the American Society for Psychical Research, 1, 116-126.
Joire, P. (1904). Etude d’une force exteriorisés por l’organisme vivant, et observations faites au moyen du sthénomètre. Annales des Sciences Psychiques, 14, 242-253.
Joire, P. (1905). Modifications in the nervous force externalised, according to the state of health of the subjects. Annals of Psychical Science, 2, 219-234.
Kardec, A. (1862). Spiritisme expérimental: Le livre des médiums (3rd ed.). Paris: Didier.
Knowles, J.T. (1869). Brain-waves—A theory. The Spectator, 42, 135–137.
Krauss R.H. (1995). Beyond light and shadow: The role of photography in certain paranormal phenomena: An historical survey. Munich: Nazraeil Press.
Lafontaine, C. (1852). L’art de magnétiser ou le magnétisme animal (2nd ed.). Paris: Germer Baillière.
Mackenzie, W. (1923). Metapsichica moderna: Fenomeni medianici e problemi del subcosciente. Rome: Librerie di Scienze e Lettere.
Mahan, A. (1855). Modern mysteries explained and exposed in four parts. Boston: J.P. Jewett.
Maury, L. F. A. (1865). Le somneil et les rèves: Études psychologiques sur ces phénomenès et les divers états qui s’y rattachent (3rd ed.). Paris: Didier.
Méheust, B. (1999). Somnambulisme et mediumnité (1784–1930): Vol. 1.: Le défi du magnétisme animal. Le Plessis-Robinson, France: Institut Synthélabo pour de Progrès de la Connaissance.
Mesmer, F.A. (1779). Mémoire sur la découverte du magnétisme animal. Paris: Didot.
Nahm, M. (2012). The sorcerer of Cobenzl and his legacy: The life of Baron Karl Ludwig von Reichenbach, his work and its aftermath. Journal of Scientifi c Exploration, 26, 381-407.
Owen, R.D. (1871). The debatable land between this world and the next. London: Trubner.
Pascal, E. (1936). La question du ‘fluide magnétique.’ Revue Métapsychique, No. 5, 375-417.
Petetin, J.H.D. (1808). Électricité animale (2nd ed.). Paris: Brunot-Labbé.
Picard, Dr. (1845). Application du magnétisme aux végétaux. Journal du Magnétisme, 1, 477-480.
Podmore, F. (1902). Modern Spiritualism: A history and a criticism (2 vols.). London: Methuen.
Reichenbach, C. von. (1851). Physico-physiological researches on the dynamics of magnetism, electricity, heat, light, crystallization, and chemism, in their relation to vital force (from German 2nd ed). New York: J.S. Redfield (First published in German, 1849)
Reichenbach, Baron. (1860). Odic-magnetic letters. New York: Calvin Blanchard.
Ricard, J.J.A. (1841). Traité théorique et pratique du magnétisme animal ou méthode facile pour apprendre a magnetiser. Paris: Germer Baillière.
Rogers, E.C. (1853). Philosophy of mysterious agents, human and mundane; or, the dynamic laws and relations of man. Boston: J.P. Jewett.
Schrenck-Notzing, Baron [A.F.] von. (1920). Phenomena of materialisation: A contribution to the investigation of mediumistic teleplastics (rev. ed.). London: Paul Trench, Trubner.
Schrenck-Notzing, A. [F.] de. (1925). Les phénomènes physiques de la médiumnité. Paris: Payot.
Sinclair, U. (1930). Mental radio. Pasadena, CA: Author.
Stratton, .J.M., & Phillips, P. (1906). Some experiments with the sthenometer. Journal of the Society for Psychical Research, 12, 335-339.
Sudre, R. (1926). Introduction à la métapsychique humaine. Paris: Payot.
Tardy de Montravel, A. A. (1785). Essai sur la théorie du somnambulisme magnétique. London: N.p.
Tégrad, Comandant [Darget, L.] (1902). Photographie des radiations magnético-psychiques. In Compte rendu du Congrès Spirite et Spiritualiste International tenu a Paris du 16 au 27 Septembre 1900 (pp. 592-595). Paris: Sociéte d Étude des Phénomènes Psychiques.
Thury, M. (1855). Les tables tournantes considérés au point de vue de la question de physique Ggénérale qui s’y rattache, le livre de M. le Comte A. de Gasparin et les expériences de Valleyres. Geneva: J. Kessman.
Twain, M. (1891). Mental telegraphy: A manuscript with a history. Harper’s New Monthly Magazine, 84, 95-104.
Ungaro, J. (1992). Las radiaciones humanas: Historia de la radiónica. Buenos Aires: Club de Estudio.
von Hartmann, E. (1885). Spiritism. London: Psychological Press.
- 1. Alvarado, 2006; Ungaro, 1992.
- 2. Amadou, 1953.
- 3. Crabtree 1993; Gauld, 1992.
- 4. Mesmer, 1779.
- 5. Deleuze, 1813, p. 89.
- 6. Deleuze, 1852, pp. 1-2.
- 7. Charpignon, 1851.
- 8. Petetin, 1808.
- 9. Esdaile, 1846, p. 271.
- 10. Ashburner, 1867, Chapter 11; Barth, 1853, pp. 119-149.
- 11. Esdaile, 1846.
- 12. Lafontaine, 1852.
- 13. Esdaile, 1852, p. 238.
- 14. Haddock, 1851, p. 101.
- 15. Elliotson, 1843.
- 16. Ricard, 1841, p. 334.
- 17. Picard, 1845.
- 18. Braid, 1845.
- 19. Maury, 1865, p. 277.
- 20. Méheust, 1999.
- 21. Bernheim, 1891.
- 22. Alvarado, 2009.
- 23. Baréty, 1887.
- 24. Durville, 1895-1896.
- 25. De Rochas, 1899.
- 26. De Rochas, 1899, p. 56.
- 27. Reichenbach, 1849/1851.
- 28. Reichenbach, 1860, p. 57.
- 29. Reichenbach, 1849/1851, p. 116.
- 30. Alvarado, 2013.
- 31. Barrett et al., 1883, p. 236.
- 32. Jastrow & Nuttall, 1886.
- 33. Ballou, 1852, p. 13.
- 34. Mahan, 1855.
- 35. Rogers, 1853.
- 36. Thury, 1855.
- 37. Thury, 1855.
- 38. Thury, 1855, p. 45.
- 39. Cox, 1872.
- 40. Cox, 1874.
- 41. Cox, 1874, pp. 417-418.
- 42. Crookes, 1874.
- 43. Crookes, 1874, p. 41.
- 44. Owen, 1871, p. 404.
- 45. Crowell, 1879, pp. 181-182.
- 46. Anonymous, 1875, p. 135 (probably William Harrison).
- 47. Kardec, 1862.
- 48. Aksakof, 1898.
- 49. Von Hartmann, 1885.
- 50. Flammarion, 1907, p. 423.
- 51. Mackenzie, 1923, p. 252.
- 52. Schrenck-Notzing, 1925, p. 63.
- 53. Crawford, 1921.
- 54. Von Schrenck-Notzing, 1920.
- 55. Sudre, 1926.
- 56. Knowles, 1869, p. 136.
- 57. Twain, 1891, p. 101.
- 58. Crookes, 1892, p. 95.
- 59. Houston, 1892, p. 490.
- 60. Denis, 1900, p. 291.
- 61. Sinclair, 1930.
- 62. Cazzamalli, 1925/1926.
- 63. Cazzamalli, 1925/1926, p. 16.
- 64. Barret, 1882, p. 62.
- 65. Baraduc, 1893.
- 66. Joire, 1904.
- 67. Joire, 1905.
- 68. Stratton and Philips, 1906.
- 69. Tégrad, 1902.
- 70. Méheust, 1999.
- 71. Pascal, 1936.
- 72. Gurney, Myers, and Podmore, 1886.
- 73. Driesch, 1932/1933, p. 133.
- 74. Alvarado, 2006, p. 151. | <urn:uuid:109c9d81-1b7f-440d-ae8c-d2a37b4e7710> | CC-MAIN-2019-35 | https://psi-encyclopedia.spr.ac.uk/articles/human-radiations | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-35/segments/1566027322170.99/warc/CC-MAIN-20190825021120-20190825043120-00295.warc.gz | en | 0.867566 | 8,605 | 3.046875 | 3 |
You might like...
Sunflowers are among the easiest and most rewarding annuals to grow. They're also some of the tallest, with many varieties producing huge, saucer-shaped yellow flowers that tower over other plants in the border.
Helianthus annuus 'Mezzulah' bears bright yellow petals with a dark, pollen-free centre. It's ideal for growing at the middle of herbaceous borders and does not need staking, and it makes a dramatic cut flower.
For best results, sow Helianthus annuus 'Mezzulah' seed in individual 10cm pots of moist seed compost in April to May, cover with cling film and place on a sunny windowsill or greenhouse bench. Remove the cling film once the seeds have germinated, and water plants regularly, allowing the water to drain. Pot on into larger pots with multipurpose compost, before eventually planting outside once all risk of frost has passed.
Sunflowers are hungry plants - enrich the soil before planting out with plenty of well-rotted manure or garden compost, and water plants regularly. You may need to stake plants in exposed gardens.
Plant type: Hardy annual
Flower colour: Bronze
Foliage colour: Mid-green
Sun exposure: Full sun
Soil: Well-drained/light, Clay/heavy
Skill level: Beginner
Time to plant seeds: March to May
Flowering period: June to October
Be the first reader to review the Helianthus annuus 'Mezzulah' Sunflower!
Add your own review
Please register or login to add a review | <urn:uuid:5ed98580-0ac6-46ca-82ed-44d35582b616> | CC-MAIN-2016-22 | http://www.gardenersworld.com/plants/helianthus-annuus-florenza/712.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-22/segments/1464049270513.22/warc/CC-MAIN-20160524002110-00171-ip-10-185-217-139.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.892459 | 341 | 2.578125 | 3 |
Obturator internus muscle
Obturator internus is a bilateral triangular-shaped muscle situated deep within both the pelvic and gluteal regions. This muscle is primarily considered a muscle of the lower limb. Together with the piriformis, quadratus femoris, superior gemellus and inferior gemellus muscles, it comprises the deep layer of muscles of the gluteal region, covered by the inferior half of the gluteus maximus muscle.
The obturator internus muscle and the superior and inferior gemelli muscles are together referred to as the triceps coxae. They share a common tendon, inserting at the greater trochanter of the femur.
This article will discuss the anatomy and function of the obturator internus muscle.
|Origin||Posterior surface of the obturator membrane; bony boundaries of the obturator foramen|
|Insertion||Medial surface of greater trochanter of femur|
|Action||External rotation of extended thigh;
Abduction of flexed thigh;
Stabilization of hip joint
|Innervation||Nerve to obturator internus (L5 and S1)|
|Blood supply||Obturator artery; internal pudendal artery|
Origin and insertion
Obturator internus originates within the pelvic region where it forms part of the anterolateral wall of the true pelvis. It arises from the bony boundaries of the obturator foramen, including the inferior ramus of the pubis, the ischial ramus, the pelvic surface of the hip bone and the upper part of the greater sciatic foramen. Some muscle fibers arise from the anteromedial inner surface of the obturator membrane, a fibrous sheet which closes the obturator foramen of the hip bone.
From this origin the muscle fibers converge posteriorly, making a sharp lateral turn to pass through the lesser sciatic foramen and over the hip joint before inserting onto the medial side of the greater trochanter of the femur. In its later course, the obturator internus muscle is commonly joined by the superior and inferior gemelli muscles, forming the common tendon of triceps coxae.
A bursa is typically found between the tendon and the ischium, allowing for free movement of the tendon over the bone without friction. This bursa is referred to as the bursa of obturator internus. Another long, narrow bursa is usually interposed between the common tendon and the capsule of the hip joint, sometimes communicating with the aforementioned bursa of obturator internus.
The obturator internus muscle occupies the true pelvis. Here, the medial surface of the obturator muscle is covered by obturator fascia, whose central thickening provides the attachment point for the muscles of the pelvic diaphragm (levator ani).
The fascia of the obturator internus muscle is medially related to the obturator artery and nerve, as they run anteroinferiorly from the anterior trunk on the lateral pelvic wall to the upper part of the obturator foramen. The gluteus maximus muscle and the ischial nerve sit superficial (posterior) to the obturator internus muscle.Learn about the relations and anatomy of obturator internus and other pelvic structures with Kenhub videos.
Obturator internus is innervated by the nerve to obturator internus, derived from spinal roots L5 and S1.
Blood supply of obturator internus is mainly provided by branches of the obturator artery. However the extrapelvic portion of the muscle can also receive arterial blood from the gemellar branches of the internal pudendal artery.
Due to their attachment on the greater trochanter of the femur, obturator internus and the gemelli muscles act as external (lateral) rotators of the extended thigh. They also abduct the flexed thigh.
In addition to this prime mover role, the obturator internus muscle, along with the other short muscles of the hip (piriformis, superior and inferior gemelli, pectineus, quadratus femoris and obturator externus), acts as an important postural muscle, providing stability to the hip joint, particularly when the thigh is flexed. | <urn:uuid:ff22fabc-83ea-42aa-8cd3-b207ecf6939d> | CC-MAIN-2020-40 | https://www.kenhub.com/en/library/anatomy/obturator-internus-muscle | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-40/segments/1600400244231.61/warc/CC-MAIN-20200926134026-20200926164026-00507.warc.gz | en | 0.827688 | 924 | 3.125 | 3 |
Teton County Declared Species
(1) Mosquito Culicidae spp.
Wyoming Designated Pests W.S. 11-5-102 (a)(xii)
(2) Mormon crickets
(3) Prairie dogs
(4) Ground squirrels
(5) Mountain pine beetle
(6) Beet leafhopper
Mosquito/West Nile Virus
West Nile virus (WNV) is an arbovirus which is passed to humans by infected mosquitoes and which can cause potentially serious illness and death. The most serious manifestation of WNV infection is fatal encephalitis (inflammation of the brain) in humans, as well as mortality in certain domestic & wild animals. West Nile virus was first reported in the United States in 1999 and has been a significant cause of human illness in Wyoming since 2003. Nationally, there have been 37,088 total human cases of WNV illness reported and confirmed, including 1549 fatalities as of January 2013.
Control: West Nile virus requires an extensive Integrated Mosquito Management Plan including active bird/mosquito surveillance, community education, and vigorous larviciding & adulticiding to reduce mosquito populations.
Prevention: Just one mosquito bite can transmit West Nile virus or other diseases. To prevent illness from WNV and other mosquito-borne diseases, remember to use mosquito repellent, eliminate mosquito breeding sites, install or repair window and door screens, and support community-based mosquito control programs. WNV can cause serious, life-altering and even fatal disease, so it’s worth it to take the time to prevent mosquito bites.
For more information on WNV and mosquitoes, please visit the following links:
For more information on rodents and other pests, please explore these links:
Bats and Rabies – The District is not equipped to offer services to assist with rabies testing, exclusion, or bat capture.
University of California IPM Project – An excellent site which talks about many home, landscape and agriculture pests.
BugGuide.net – Probably one of the best if not the best site for the identification of insects that are pests and/or beneficial bugs that pique your curiosity. Hosted by Iowa State University’s Entomology Department.
Entomologist’s resource guide – Located at the bottom of the page is a convenient springboard for all things related to entomology, as well as some associated integrated pest management articles.
The Outdoor Enthusiast’s Guide to Bugs – This site provides links to a variety of informative articles related to “bugs” – both beneficial bugs and those considered pests.
Spider Facts – This site provides interesting facts about spiders in general and the ones you are most likely to encounter. | <urn:uuid:2f890656-b886-4486-9650-c6efa45f54a4> | CC-MAIN-2020-05 | https://www.tcweed.org/weed-pests-programs/pests/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-05/segments/1579251694176.67/warc/CC-MAIN-20200127020458-20200127050458-00552.warc.gz | en | 0.912463 | 571 | 3.296875 | 3 |
In late 1969, Robert Smithson travelled to Vancouver, British Columbia, to make his project titled Island of Broken Glass. Smithson planned to have 100 tons of industrial glass dumped on a small rocky island, then to use a crowbar to break the glass into small pieces. Over time, the sharp edges of the glass would become smooth, and in a few centuries the entire pile of glass would be reduced to sand.
Although the Canadian government had approved Smithson's plans for the project, Canadian conservationists violently objected to it on the grounds that birds and sea lions could be harmed by the glass. Faced with these protests, the Canadian government reversed its decision and denied permission for the project. Motivated by a fascination with entropy and planned obsolescence, Smithson considered changing the project to Island of Broken Concrete, but ultimately decided to abandon it.
More than a year earlier, in June, 1968, on the eve of the Biennale, the Argentine artist Nicolas Garcia Uriburu dyed Venice's Grand Canal bright green to protest its pollution. He was detained by the police but was released when he demonstrated that the chemical he had used was not toxic. In the years that followed, Uriburu made similar colorations in the Seine in Paris, the East River in New York, the River Plate in Buenos Aires, and even the fountains of London's Trafalgar Square. In Germany, Joseph Beuys joined him in coloring the Rhine.
Today, Robert Smithson is the celebrated innovator of Earth Art. But not ecological art. By 1969, when Smithson planned to make a particularly nasty form of pollution, he had already poured concrete down several hillsides. The true pioneer of ecological art in the 1960s was Nicolas Uriburu. Today, at the age of 77, Uriburu lives in Buenos Aires, where he has devoted more than four decades to making art defending the ecology of Latin America. He is only one among a number of Argentine artistic innovators who have been largely forgotten by the art world of Europe and the United States, but it is past time for the great museums of Paris, London, and New York to pay tribute to his bold and beautiful innovations in ecological art. | <urn:uuid:2a7db870-22fd-4839-8aee-16648c4f89b1> | CC-MAIN-2021-17 | https://www.huffpost.com/entry/robert-smithson-nicolas-u_b_8078820 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-17/segments/1618038077818.23/warc/CC-MAIN-20210414125133-20210414155133-00392.warc.gz | en | 0.961811 | 453 | 3.109375 | 3 |
Pink eye, also known as conjunctivitis is the inflammation of the thin, clear covering of the white of the eye and the inside of the eyelids called conjunctiva. When the blood vessels get in the conjunctiva get inflamed your eyes appear reddish or pink. It often happens when your conjunctiva is irritated by an infection or an allergy.
There are various kinds of pink eyes and some even end up being extremely contagious. These might get irritating but they rarely have any effect on your vision. But because they are contagious, early diagnosis and treatment is important to help limit its spread.
There quite a few types of conjunctivitis, these are based on the cause that you get the infection. Usual causes include
The majority of the pink eye cases occur due to a virus. But both viral and bacterial infections take place along with colds or as a symptom of a respiratory infection. If you wear contact lenses that aren’t cleaned thoroughly or are someone else’s then you can get bacterial conjunctivitis.
Major causes are
Both bacterial and viral conjunctivitis are contagious. They can spread via the direct or indirect contact between the liquid that drains from an infected person to you. One eye or both eyes can be affected in this situation.
Viral infections clear out on their own within a couple of days without treatment but bacterial infections require medication.
This type affects both the eyes and is a reaction to an allergy-causing substance like pollen. As a response to allergens, the body produces an antibody known as immunoglobulin E (IgE). This antibody then triggers special cells called the mast cells located in the mucous lining of the eyes and airways. These mast cells release inflammatory substances like histamines in the bloodstream. This is when the body starts exhibiting a number of signs and symptoms of allergy, this includes pink or red eyes.
If you counteract allergic conjunctivitis, you will feel intense itching, tearing and inflammation of the eyes. Additionally, you might experience sneezing and watery nasal discharge. The good part here is that allergic conjunctivitis can usually be controlled with allergy eye drops.
If your conjunctiva is exposed to a chemical splash or foreign object, then the arising infection is also associated with conjunctivitis. At times just flushing and cleaning the eye is enough to remove the object causing irritation and redness. Other symptoms and signs like watery eyes and mucous discharge usually decimate on their own within a day or two.
If flushing does not help the symptoms or if the chemical is caustic like Iye, it is advised that you make your way to a doctor or an eye specialist as soon as possible. A chemical splash has the capability to permanently damage your eye. If the symptoms persist, it could mean that the foreign body is still present in your eye or there is a scratch on your cornea.
The most common symptom of pink eyes is that the eye has a pink or red appearance. Other symptoms largely depend on the type of conjunctivitis you contract but we have listed out some common ones
If you have a viral infection you will have watery, itchy eyes along with an increased sensitivity to light. One or both of your eyes can be infected. Viral conjunctivitis is also highly contagious and can spread by coughing or sneezing on another person.
In case of bacterial infection, there is a sticky, greenish-yellow or yellow discharge that accumulates on the corner of the eye. In severe cases, this charge can cause the eyelids to be stuck together when you wake up. Again, this can affect just one or both of your eyes. This kind of conjunctivitis is also contagious and is spread by direct contact with infected hands or things that have touched the eye.
An allergic conjunctivitis causes your eyes to water, burn, itch and all these symptoms are also often accompanied by a stuffy and runny nose along with a heightened sensitivity to light. This happens in both the eyes and is not contagious.
It is, however, not as easy as it sounds to tell the type of conjunctivitis you have just by the symptoms. At times some other eye or health condition could also be causing you to show the same symptoms as that of conjunctivitis.
Other conditions that are commonly seen with conjunctivitis include dry eyes. Also, at times bacterial conjunctivitis can lead to the development of serious eye problems potentially leading to permanent loss of vision.
This is why, the moment you develop irritated, red eyes you should give the doctor a call and schedule an eye exam.
In both adults as well as children there is a chance that the pink eye can cause inflammation in the cornea which in turn can affect the vision. That is why one needs to promptly contact a doctor for eye pain, a feeling that you have something stuck in your eye, blurred vision or heightened light sensitivity
Most of the times a doctor can easily diagnose a pink eye by having a dialogue about the symptoms you are going through and your recent health history. An office visit is hardly ever a necessity.
Under rare circumstances, your doctor may take a sample of the liquid that is coming out of your eye to perform a culture. This is required when you are showcasing severe symptoms or if the doctor feels that you have a high-risk cause, i.e. a foreign object in your eye, a sexually transmitted infection or a serious bacterial infection.
The treatment of pink eyes is usually based on symptom relief. The doctor might recommend using artificial tears, cleaning the eyelids with a wet cloth or applying warm and cold compress to the eye several times a day.
If you use contact lenses, you might be asked to stop using them until you have completed your treatment. Your doctor might even recommend you throw out your current contact lenses if they are disposable. You should take care and disinfect hard lenses overnight before you decide to use them again. Consult with your doctor and if required discard and replace your contact lens accessories like the lens case used during or before your illness.
Usually one does not require antibiotic eye drops. Since the leading cause of conjunctivitis is viral, antibiotics are pretty useless and on the contrary, you might even cause yourself more harm than good. You might reduce the effectiveness of the antibiotics in the future or cause a medical reaction. In the case of a virus, all you can do is let it run its course, which is usually two to three weeks.
Viral conjunctivitis usually starts out in one eye and then gradually spreads to the other one in a couple of days. The signs and symptoms usually clear out on their own. Antiviral medication is usually prescribed if the doctor feels that your viral conjunctivitis is caused by the herpes simplex virus.
If you have conjunctivitis due to an allergy, your doctor will prescribe you one of the eye drops available on the market. These are medications that help you control allergic reactions, like mast cell stabilizers and antihistamines. Certain drugs can also help you control inflammation like steroids, decongestants, and anti-inflammatory drops.
Certain over the counter eye drops also have antihistamines and anti-inflammatory medication which are also effective in mitigating the symptoms. Another easier way of reducing the severity of allergic conjunctivitis is by simply avoiding everything that causes the allergic reaction.
Some kinds of conjunctivitis is extremely contagious i.e. it can spread from person to person really fast. So here are some tips to help you not infect others and re-infect yourself again.
The first thing that you need to do if you have pink eyes is to stop wearing contact lenses if you use them. Buy a new pair when you return to wearing contacts. Chances are your old contact lenses that are infected and have the capability to cause you to get infected again.
If you have conjunctivitis caused by an allergic reaction then it is not contagious. For it to heal you need to stay away from whatever is causing the reaction. You can still go to work or school if you have it. To reduce the symptoms and get some relief you can : | <urn:uuid:f2bb678e-20b8-4ee1-9ba0-02e1815f55a3> | CC-MAIN-2022-21 | https://onlinemedicalclinics.com/treatment/pink-eye/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-21/segments/1652662578939.73/warc/CC-MAIN-20220525023952-20220525053952-00543.warc.gz | en | 0.952569 | 1,687 | 4.09375 | 4 |
150 Kids Science Activities
Kids science is so much fun!
We love coming up with new ways to explore and experiment with our kids. We also love using science to explain things to our children visually. So many of the following ideas will help you do just that!
Kids Science Activities
Make mud magnetic! This is a really fun science fair project to help your kids with.
Experiment with pH by using a cabbage to create tie dye! See the reaction when you add in other chemicals like laundry detergent, tooth paste, juice or whatever else you can come up with.
This fun project combines science and art. Use markers to color onto cotton (like an old t-shirt) and then spray with rubbing alcohol and watch the colors explode.
The science of fire is fascinating to discover with your kids. This safe, parent-lead experiment will teach your children all about fire.
Think an egg shell is fragile? Try this food science explanation for kids and then see if your answer is still the same!
Learn about the life-cycle of a pumpkin by making this craft. Watch each step from seed to all the way to a bright orange pumpkin.
Turn a regular tea bag into a rocket!
This fun experiment studies the freezing temperature of water and how salt affects it. This is a great way to explain the salt trucks during the winter months.
Create a science table for open-ended, hands on learning. Just give them the materials and let them explore however they’d like.
This simple experiment has a great wow factor and is a fun and quick way to demonstrate surface tension in action.
Below are the rest of the kids science activities. You can even add your own! By linking up, you give other blogs permission to link back to your site and use one photo in a roundup post. Family friendly links only, please. | <urn:uuid:d6a65fa2-6b60-4f77-9c06-aea8f2b34ea3> | CC-MAIN-2023-14 | https://kidsactivitiesblog.com/57258/150-kids-science-activities/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-14/segments/1679296943746.73/warc/CC-MAIN-20230321193811-20230321223811-00742.warc.gz | en | 0.911476 | 380 | 3.9375 | 4 |
Likes: Writing, reading, twitter and chocolate
Dislikes: Negative and angry people
Latest posts by Lynn Schreiber (see all)
- Change Your Child’s Homework Mindset - September 8, 2016
- GCSE Rating Changes and the Impact on Kids and Parents - September 1, 2016
- Are You a Grammarista? Try our Grammar Test to Find Out - April 18, 2016
The days of washing out the mouths of children who swear are thankfully behind us, but what is the right way to react when your children curse?
Bad Words and Good Words
Lets start with words. There are no good words or bad words, just words that are used in an inappropriate way. “Inappropriate” can be usage by children, or by adults in certain situation. It is important for kids to know that even when they are adults, there are some times when swearing isn’t acceptable.
Talk openly about which words you find are acceptable, and which you’d prefer they didn’t use. Families have different tolerances to cursing, so make sure they know that just because their parents are relaxed about this, doesn’t mean that they can let loose when visiting friends. Discuss other family members, and how they feel about swearing. Perhaps Granny is ok with swearing, but Auntie Betty isn’t.
You aren’t just teaching them how to get along with YOUR family and friends, you are teaching them how to get along in life. Your child’s future tutor or boss shouldn’t have to take them aside and caution them about their inappropriate language. Some workplaces are less formal, but in many positions, it is considered completely unreasonable to use salty language.
Another facet of this discussion is hurtful language. I’d much rather my child used a swearword than used racist, sexist, homophobic or disabilist language, or was in other ways unkind. Words like fat, ugly, or stupid, when used to hurt or embarrass someone else, are worse than the odd F-bomb.
If you have younger children, then be aware of the example you and your older kids are setting. And of course the example that YOU are setting. Kids pick up new words fast, and when they learn a word that gets them a lot of attention, they will use it all the more! If your child does start using a word that you find inappropriate, tell them that it isn’t a word that you like them using, and then ignore. The more fuss you make, the more they’ll use it!
Language and Abuse
There is a huge difference between swearing when something goes wrong, and swearing at parents, siblings or other family members. Verbal abuse cannot be tolerated, and this should be made very clear.
“I’m so f*cking angry with my teacher”
“F*ck off, Mum”
With the former, anger and frustration is being expressed – in this situation, you may wish to deal with the issue, and leave the discussion about swearing for a later point. The second example is not to be ignored or tolerated. This is where the family rules come in, and where it does get tricky.
What do you do when your child continues to use these words, or is abusive towards you, or one of the other family members? Parental abuse by children does happen, and more often that we think. This generally doesn’t come out of nowhere, and is often a sign of something else that is happening in the child’s life, that they are not coping with.
Often parents feel overwhelmed, guilty or ashamed, that their child is behaving like this, and are reluctant to ask for help. If this happens to you, do not ignore it. It is not a phase that every child goes through. They are unreasonably angry, and they are taking that anger out on you. Speak to someone – your child’s teacher, a counsellor, your GP, or a trusted friend.
Signs of Parental Abuse, and what to do about it. | <urn:uuid:c9892146-dc45-4270-bacc-de4b161baaad> | CC-MAIN-2019-18 | http://jumpparents.co.uk/teens-and-swearing/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-18/segments/1555578529962.12/warc/CC-MAIN-20190420180854-20190420201935-00026.warc.gz | en | 0.962345 | 860 | 2.953125 | 3 |
To boost ambition and accelerate actions to implement the Paris Agreement on Climate Change, UN Secretary-General António Guterres will host the 2019 Climate Summit on 23 September to meet the climate challenge. The UNCTAD Trade Forum is meant as a contribution to the Summit from the trade and developmental community. It will bring into focus the need for action on the means of implementation – finance, technology and capacity building - and the role of trade as an enabling factor in meeting this need and leveraging the various co-benefits – economic diversification, jobs, innovation, better management and communications.
On the front line of climate change - at the ocean-land interface – coastlines and coastal communities are among the first and most affected. One group of Parties to the Paris Agreement are particularly active and vocal: Small Island Developing States, or SIDS. Sea-level rise, an increased frequency and magnitude of storms, flooding, erosion, and associated damage to coastal infrastructure, fisheries and ecosystems threaten the physical, economic and social fabric of coastal regions.
With its focus on islands and coastal communities, the agenda of the Trade Forum practically mirrors the Chilean vision of a “blue” COP 25, which has oceans as its overriding theme. SIDS and coastal communities may not be able to change the political course of efforts to mitigate climate change, but what the international community does or does not do will determine their fate. The Forum also reflects other priorities recently set out by the Chilean presidency: circular economy and biodiversity. While striking - the two events have been conceptualized independently of each other - this convergence is indicative of the critical importance of all these areas.
Oceans-based economic diversification could enhance the Nationally Determined Contributions of SIDS to the implementation of the Paris Agreement. Trade can be an enabling factor in adaptation and in mainstreaming oceans-based economic activities in SIDS, where domestic markets remain small and remoteness is an intractable hindering factor. Taking stock at current developments in the final phase of WTO fish subsidies negotiations on potential approaches on prohibitions, harmful effects and cap-based systems as well as complementary options could be quite timely when devising trade related policies on oceans-based activities. Disciplining fish and related fuel subsidies as well as a sound tax policy reform, can support mitigation efforts and create incentives for carbon-neutral technologies and best practices in key sectors such as transport, fisheries, and tourism.
Capacity Development in Ocean Governance plays a central role in ensuring safe and healthy oceans for the benefit of humankind. Additionally, obligations towards achieving the SDGs, notably SDG14 and its targets, and other interdependent SDGs, place a burden of responsibility on decision-makers and practitioners which may benefit from targeted capacity development and knowledge transfer at all levels. The International Ocean Institute (IOI) is an independent, non-governmental non-profit organisation conducting training and capacity development in Ocean Governance worldwide. The IOI, through its global network of centres, and a portfolio of international and regional Training and Capacity Development Programmes in Ocean Governance provides tangible and measurable action towards achieving Agenda 2030 and the interdependent SDGs and their targets. The panellists will advance examples of such outreach to developing countries and countries in transition towards achieving the 2030 Agenda, through developing capacity globally and through the emphasis on achieving the SDGS.
The 16th Raúl Prebisch Lecture will be given by The Honorable Mia Amor Mottley, Prime Minister of Barbados. Prime Minister Mottley’s lecture topic will be announced in due course.
The Honorable Mia Mottley is the 8th Prime Minister of Barbados. She became the first woman to occupy that high office, following general elections on 24 May 2018, in which she led the Barbados Labour Party to an emphatic victory, winning all 30 seats in the House of Assembly by the largest margin ever seen in the electoral history of the country.
Plastic pollution constitutes a serious threat to world’s oceans, affecting biodiversity, ecosystem services and livelihoods. Curbing plastic pollution is not simply a matter of changing consumer and municipality waste patterns because pollution sources are often linked to technologies and decisions applied in the manufacturing stages of products entering the global supply chains. At the same time, remediating plastic pollution already dispersed throughout the oceans is infinitely more challenging, although efforts are succeeding in removing plastics from coastlines and neighboring waters. As some aspects of manufacturing-related plastics pollution can be dealt with by circular approaches and other strategies, this session brings together advocates, researchers, producers and donors to discuss research, industrial and behavioral initiatives aimed at dealing with this problem.
UNCTAD’s Commodities and Development Report 2019 examines the nexus between commodity dependence, climate change and the Paris Agreement. Commodity sectors not only affect the climate but are also heavily vulnerable to it. On the one hand, the prospection, production, processing, consumption and disposal of commodities are among the main sources of anthropogenic greenhouse gas emissions. On the other hand, climate change is a source of important shocks to commodity sectors, posing dire social and economic risks to people and countries dependent on commodities. Although commodity-dependent developing countries (CDDCs) have contributed only modestly to greenhouse gas emissions, they will be strongly affected by the implementation of the Paris Agreement. Moreover, for most of these countries, rising to the challenge of climate change will be difficult as they lack the financial and technical capacities to design and implement adaptation measures, which highlights their need for assistance.
While climate change and the implementation of the Paris Agreement pose many challenges to CDDCs, they also create localized opportunities in some countries. In particular, the global push towards renewable energy creates opportunities in countries with large reserves of materials used in clean technologies, such as solar photovoltaic cells, wind turbines and electric vehicle batteries. The design of policies and strategies in commodity sectors needs to consider the challenges and opportunities emanating from climate change and an evolving global climate policy regime. This process will require significant finance and political will, as well as the development of human resources and technological capabilities.
According to the Intergovernmental Science-Policy Platform on Biodiversity and Ecosystem Services (IPBES), biodiversity loss is rapidly accelerating, with an estimated 1 million animal and plant species threatened with extinction. With 70 percent of the world’s poor depending directly on biodiversity, this ongoing decline undermines development gains achieved in recent decades, and may even reverse them. BioTrade can generate critical incentives for the conservation and sustainable use of biodiversity. Value chains respecting strict BioTrade principles and criteria are being developed in over 50 countries in Asia, Africa, Americas and Europe in sectors such as personal care, phytopharma, food, fashion, ornamental flora and fauna, handicrafts, textiles and natural fibers or sustainable tourism. The fifth BioTrade Congress will provide an international platform where BioTrade partners, practitioners and stakeholders can share experiences in implementing inclusive and sustainable business practices. This edition focuses on the transformational change needed for businesses and trade to curb biodiversity loss. Its conclusions will be contributed as inputs in the ongoing negotiations on the post-2020 global biodiversity Framework.
Discussions will explore how sustainable trade in biodiversity-based products and services can contribute to biodiversity conservation and discuss possible policy frameworks and incentive measures to promote the sustainable use of biodiversity-based products at all levels. In doing so, experts and business representatives will review major trends in sustainable sourcing, non-tariff barriers, ecolabels, transparency and packaging and their implications for biodiversity the conservation and sustainable use. Finally, the Congress will provide an opportunity to launch the updated BioTrade Principles and Criteria (P&C) and and will provide insights on the new company self-assessment tool developed jointly with ITC. It will also provide a space for SMEs and other suppliers from Africa, Asia and Latin America to present their products and share their experience with potential buyers and partners from Europe, Asia, Africa, Americas in an informal setting.
This Congress is organized under the BioTrade Programme: Linking trade, biodiversity and sustainable development funded by Swiss State Secretariat for Economic Affairs SECO and the French Facility for Global Environment (FFEM).
There is some issue in accessing document path, Please contact to Site Admin
TopicTrade and environment
Mr. David Vivas Eugui, [email protected] Oceans Economy | <urn:uuid:c6e84ce7-9ad5-484f-adb9-6274d7f0c7f7> | CC-MAIN-2023-14 | https://unctad.org/meeting/un-trade-forum-2019-sdgs-and-climate-change | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-14/segments/1679296943695.23/warc/CC-MAIN-20230321095704-20230321125704-00016.warc.gz | en | 0.921667 | 1,716 | 2.640625 | 3 |
Subsets and Splits
No saved queries yet
Save your SQL queries to embed, download, and access them later. Queries will appear here once saved.