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Donaghmore, Co. Leix (Co. Laois, Queen's County)
Donaghmore Poor Law Union was one of the second wave of Irish unions created between 1848 and 1850. It formally came into existence on 7th June 1850. Donaghmore Union was created from electoral divisions which had previously been part of the Roscrea Union with the exception of Grantstown, formerly in Abbeyleix. The new union's operation was overseen by an elected Board of Guardians, 15 in number, representing its 13 electoral divisions as listed below (figures in brackets indicate numbers of Guardians if more than one):
Co. Leix: Ballybrophy, Borris-in-Ossory (2), Donaghmore, Errill, Glemore, Grantstown, Kilcoke, Kildellig, Kyle, Moneenalassa, Moneymore, Rathdowney (2), Rathsaran.
The new Donaghmore workhouse occupied an 6-acre site to the north-west of Donaghmore, and was designed to hold 400 inmates. Its construction cost £4,750 plus £775 for fixtures and fittings etc. It opened its doors for the reception of paupers on 23rd September 1853. The workhouse location and layout are shown on the 1908 map below.
The workhouse layout was similar to others from the same period, for example at Castletowndelvin, Ballymahon, Glenamaddy, Mountbellew, and Portumna. At the east of the site, nearest to the road, were a pair of long two-storey blocks — for males at the north and for females at the south. The workhouse entrance would have originally been through an entrance archway that lay between these two blocks. To the rear lay a T-shaped block with its single-storey eastern range containing the workhouse chapel, and the three-storey north and south ranges provided further accommodation. A burial ground was located at the south-west of the workhouse.
On 30th September 1886, following a petition from the Donaghmore Board of Guardians, the Local Government Board dissolved the union with its electoral divisions being distributed among the adjacent Abbeyleix, Roscrea and Urlingford unions. Following the closure of the workhouse, the building was offered for sale for use as a school or other institution.
On 25th September 1927, the premises were taken over by the Donaghmore Co-operative Dairies.
In 1989, parts of the former workhouse buildings were renovated for use as an agricultural and workhouse museum. Many of the internal rooms can now be seen virtually as they were in the mid-nineteenth century.
In the dormitories, the raised sleeping platforms can be seen.
Many original fittings survive such as the door to the girls' dormitory.
Note: many repositories impose a closure period of up to 100 years for records identifying individuals.
- Laois County Library, County Hall, James Fintan Lalor Avenue, Portlaoise, Co. Laois. (Will be moving to Kea-Lew Business Park, Portlaoise.)
- Donaghmore Workhouse by Michael Dillane (Donaghmore Museum).
- Donaghmore Famine Workhouse Museum — well worth a visit!
Unless otherwise indicated, this page () is copyright Peter Higginbotham. Contents may not be reproduced without permission. | <urn:uuid:b88fbe5f-012d-4d4d-b027-d2178d1f5a95> | CC-MAIN-2019-13 | http://workhouses.org.uk/Donaghmore/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-13/segments/1552912202525.25/warc/CC-MAIN-20190321132523-20190321154523-00165.warc.gz | en | 0.962756 | 713 | 2.578125 | 3 |
Not Just Asphalt?
Unlike the name “Asphalt Shingle” would imply, asphalt shingles are not made entirely of asphalt. Two types of base materials are used to make asphalt shingles: A formerly-living organic base and fiberglass base. Both types are made in a similar manner with asphalt or modified-asphalt applied to one or both sides of the asphalt-saturated base (Wikipedia). These are then covered with slate, schist, quartz, vitrified brick, stone, or ceramic granules and the back side treated with sand, talc or mica to prevent the shingles from sticking to each other before use. Some shingles have copper or other materials added to the surface to help prevent algae growth (RoofingRoger).
Organic shingles are composed of waste paper saturated in asphalt, which makes it waterproof (pacificwestroofing). A top coating of adhesive asphalt is applied and ceramic granules are then embedded into each shingle. Organic shingles contain around 40% more asphalt per square (100 sq ft.) than fiberglass shingles (Wikipedia).
Fiberglass shingles have a base layer of glass fiber reinforcing mat. Fiberglass shingles resist fire far better than the older organic shingles. Fiberglass reinforcement was devised as the replacement for asbestos paper reinforcement of roofing shingles and typically ranges from 1.8 to 2.3 pounds/square foot. Fiberglass shingles are slowly replacing organic felt shingles and in 1982 the production of fiberglass shingles overtook organic shingles (Wikipedia).
History of Asphalt Shingles
Asphalt shingles are an American invention first used in 1901, in general use in parts of America by 1911 and by 1939 11 million squares of shingles were being produced (nrca). In 1960 fiberglass mat bases were introduced with limited success, the lighter more flexible shingles proved to be more susceptible to wind damage particularly at freezing temperatures. Asphalt Roofing Manufacturers Association (ARMA) formed the High Wind Task Force in 1990 to continue research to improve shingle wind resistance (ufl). | <urn:uuid:31bf8d62-456e-4489-80e6-0e230336ba30> | CC-MAIN-2017-39 | http://www.alibertyroofing.com/2017/what-is-an-asphalt-shingle-made-of/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-39/segments/1505818693459.95/warc/CC-MAIN-20170925220350-20170926000350-00396.warc.gz | en | 0.898895 | 449 | 3.703125 | 4 |
In your article of February 2, Mr. Charles E. Manierre, commenting upon my article in The Electrical Experimenter for February, which appeared in The Tribune of January 26, suggests that I give a definition of axial rotation.
I intended to be explicit on this point, as may be judged from the following quotation: “The unfailing test of the spinning of a mass is, however, the existence of energy of motion. The moon is not possessed of such vis viva.” By this I meant that “axial rotation” is not simply “rotation upon an axis” as nonchalantly defined in dictionaries, but is circular motion in the true physical sense — that is, one in which half the product of the mass with the square of velocity is a definite and positive quantity.
The moon is a nearly spherical body, of a radius of about 1,081.5 miles, from which I calculate its volume to be approximately 5,300,216,300 cubic miles. Since its mean density is 3.27, one cubic foot of material composing it weighs close to 205 pounds. Accordingly, the total weight of the satellite is about 79,969,000,000,000,000,000,000 and its mass 2,483,500,000,000,000,000 terrestrial short tons. Assuming that the moon does physically rotate upon its axis, it performs one revolution in 27 days 7 hours 43 minutes and 11 seconds, or 2,360,591 seconds. If, in conformity with mathematical principles, we imagine the entire mass concentrated at a distance from the centre equal to two-fifths of the radius, then the calculated rotational velocity is 3.04 feet per second, at which the globe would contain 11,474,000,000,000,000,000 short foot tons of energy, sufficient to run 1,000,000,000 horsepower for a period of 1,323 years. Now, I say that there is not enough energy in the moon to run a delicate watch.
In astronomical treatises usually the argument is advanced that “if the lunar globe did not turn upon its axis it would expose all parts to terrestrial view. As only a little over one-half is visible it must rotate.” But this inference is erroneous, for it admits of one alternative. There are an infinite number of axes besides its own on each of which the moon might turn and still exhibit the same peculiarity.
I have stated in my article that the moon rotates about an axis, passing through the centre of the earth, which is not strictly true, but does not vitiate the conclusions I have drawn. It is well known, of course, that the two bodies revolve around a common centre of gravity which is at a distance of a little over 2,899 miles from the earth’s centre.
Another mistake in books on astronomy is made in considering this motion equivalent to that of a weight whirled on a string or in a sling. In the first place, there is an essential difference between these two devices though involving the same mechanical principle. If a metal ball attached to a string is whirled around and the latter breaks an axial rotation of the missile results which is definitely related in magnitude and direction to the motion preceding. By way of illustration: If the ball is whirled on the string clockwise, ten times a second, then when it flies off it will rotate on its axis twenty times a second, likewise in the direction of the clock. Quite different are the conditions when the ball is thrown from a sling. In this case a much more rapid rotation is imparted to it in the opposite sense. There is not true analogy to these in the motion of the moon. If the gravitational string, as it were, would snap, the satellite would go off in a tangent without the slightest swerving or rotation, for there is no momentum about the axis and, consequently, no tendency whatever to spinning motion.
Mr. Manierre is mistaken in his surmise as to what would happen if the earth were suddenly eliminated. Let us suppose that this would occur at the instant when the moon is in opposition. Then it would continue on its elliptical path around the sun, presenting to it steadily the face which was always exposed to the earth. If, on the other hand, the latter would disappear at the moment of conjunction, the moon would gradually swing around through 180 degrees and, after a number of oscillations, revolve again with the same face to the sun. In either case there would be no periodic changes, but eternal day and night, respectively, on the sides turned toward and away from the luminary. | <urn:uuid:31c307aa-2aef-4b3f-960f-166c9d7ab10d> | CC-MAIN-2017-22 | https://teslauniverse.com/nikola-tesla/articles/tesla-answers-mr-manierre-and-further-explains-axial-rotation-moon | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-22/segments/1495463612003.36/warc/CC-MAIN-20170528235437-20170529015437-00387.warc.gz | en | 0.957337 | 961 | 3.3125 | 3 |
HIV/AIDS in Zimbabwe Has Reduced Life Expectancy, Not Affecting Population Growth, Study Says
August 29, 2007
HIV/AIDS has reduced the life expectancy in Zimbabwe, but the country's overall population growth remains unchanged as births continue to outpace deaths, according to a study recently published in the Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, Reuters reports.
According to Reuters, the purpose of the study was to test the accuracy of a 1989 World Health Organization study that estimated population growth rates in sub-Saharan Africa would become negative because of HIV/AIDS. Gregson said the 1989 estimates were inaccurate because researchers at the time did not realize that behavior contributing to the spread of the virus differed within populations and that transmission rates and other factors changed during the stages of infection. "The prevalence of HIV has been coming down in the last few years, and as more people receive treatment, we hope the death rate will also soon start to go down," Gregson said, adding that the effects of the HIV/AIDS epidemic are "substantial and still unfolding." Gregson said the new findings likely are representative of trends in other parts of Africa (Kahn, Reuters, 8/27).
This article was provided by Henry J. Kaiser Family Foundation. It is a part of the publication Kaiser Daily HIV/AIDS Report. Visit the Kaiser Family Foundation's website to find out more about their activities, publications and services. | <urn:uuid:2f329361-f9a5-4994-a7a0-74392025127b> | CC-MAIN-2017-43 | http://www.thebody.com/content/art42841.html?nxtprv | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-43/segments/1508187826642.70/warc/CC-MAIN-20171023202120-20171023222120-00071.warc.gz | en | 0.963674 | 286 | 2.859375 | 3 |
The geography Mexican migration to the U.S. has experienced deep transformations in both its origin composition and the destinations chosen by migrants. To date, however, we know little about how shifting migrant origins and destinations may be linked to each another geographically and, ultimately, structurally as relatively similar brands of economic restructuring have been posited to drive the shifts in origins and destinations. In this paper, we describe how old and new migrant networks have combined to fuel the well-documented geographic expansion of Mexican migration. We use data from the 2006 Mexican National Survey of Population Dynamics, a nationally representative survey that for the first time collected information on U.S. state of destination for all household members who had been to the U.S. during the 5 years prior to the survey. We find that the growth in immigration to southern and eastern states is disproportionately fueled by undocumented migration from non-traditional origin regions located in Central and Southeastern Mexico and from rural areas in particular. We argue that economic restructuring in the U.S. and Mexico had profound consequences not only for the magnitude but also for the geography of Mexican migration, opening up new region-to-region flows. | <urn:uuid:1512b3dd-621e-44b6-a93e-08f63765cc8b> | CC-MAIN-2019-35 | https://www.mysciencework.com/publication/show/pathways-el-norte-origins-destinations-characteristics-mexican-migrants-united-states-5bdb7846?search=1 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-35/segments/1566027317817.76/warc/CC-MAIN-20190823020039-20190823042039-00083.warc.gz | en | 0.961036 | 232 | 2.515625 | 3 |
Health Risks Related to Smokeless TobaccoSkip to the navigation
Smokeless tobacco products include chewing tobacco and snuff. These products are less harmful than smoking cigarettes. But they are just as addictive as cigarettes and do have serious health risks.
Smokeless tobacco causes the following health risks: footnote 1
- White, leathery patches ( leukoplakia ) that form on the inside of the cheek or on the gum. These patches can turn into cancer of the mouth ( oral cancer ), involving the lip, tongue, or cheek.
- Dental problems, such as abrasion of teeth, gum recessions, and periodontal bone loss.
- An increased risk of pancreatic cancer.
Nicotine from smokeless tobacco can lead to nicotine dependence. This can make quitting smokeless tobacco just as hard as quitting cigarettes.
Primary Medical Reviewer Adam Husney, MD - Family Medicine
Kathleen Romito, MD - Family Medicine
Specialist Medical Reviewer Michael F. Bierer, MD - Internal Medicine,
Current as ofMarch 20, 2017
Current as of: March 20, 2017 | <urn:uuid:fc21b122-6fae-47fb-a020-23425c266b45> | CC-MAIN-2017-47 | https://wa.kaiserpermanente.org/kbase/topic.jhtml?docId=aa152927&secId=aa152927-sec | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-47/segments/1510934806327.92/warc/CC-MAIN-20171121074123-20171121094123-00180.warc.gz | en | 0.899978 | 230 | 3.28125 | 3 |
RSS is currently contributing to new research on fire detection and management technology, driven by the project "FireSense". FireSense is a collaborative effort between RSS, ZEBRIS GIS and Consulting GbR, Max-Planck-Institut for Chemistry, the German Space Agency (DLR), and King's College London. The project aims to develop an improved fire information system to support environmental agencies, protected area management and fire fighters. The system intends to assess vegetation and peat fires, derive trace gas and aerosol emissions, and map burned areas. To do so, it will integrate sensor data from drones, planes or helicopters and satellites with newly developed and substantially improved algorithms.
Recently, a scheduled burn was carried out in Brandenburg and the FireSense project partners worked together to record it. The concept is to record the fire from multiple sensors, calibrate and contrast the results, and use this information to develop specialized and optimized tools for the integrative fire management system. Our drone pilot was out recording infrared footage over the burn and will be running similar tests in Kruger National Park, South Africa before the project's end. | <urn:uuid:fd112095-d698-41f7-a994-721df7273874> | CC-MAIN-2021-43 | https://www.remote-sensing-solutions.com/fire-experiment-in-brandenburg/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-43/segments/1634323583423.96/warc/CC-MAIN-20211016043926-20211016073926-00242.warc.gz | en | 0.898376 | 231 | 2.546875 | 3 |
Pima County, Arizona
Pima County has an area of 9,424 square miles, making it about equal to the States of New Jersey and Rhode Island combined. Pima County is one of the original counties into which Arizona was divided by the first legislature that met at Prescott in 1864, and is the portion of the Territory first settled by Europeans. This county is bounded on the north by the counties of Maricopa and Pinal; on the east by Graham and Cochise Counties; on the south by Santa Cruz County and the Mexican State of Sonora, and on the west by the County of Yuma.
Tucson, the oldest and at this time most populous town in the Territory, is the county-seat. This county has a large amount of fine land for agricultural purposes along the Santa Cruz River, which crosses the county from southeast to about northwest. There are several tributaries of the Santa Cruz, along which there is fine land for cultivation. Much of the tableland or mesas would produce well if water were gotten upon them. What is necessary is that artesian wells should be developed, or that the great amount of water that runs to waste during the periodical floods of the Santa Cruz River and its tributaries, the Rillito and other streams, should be gathered into reservoirs for use upon the land during seasons of drought.
There are several mountain ranges lying partially or wholly in this county, and there have been many mining claims taken up in all of them. Some few have been patented, but most are held by possessory title. Some are being successfully worked, while on others only enough work is being done as development work to hold the claim under the mining laws of the United States. Many considerable fortunes have been made from working the mines and from the sale of mines.
Some settlements were made by the Spaniards within the limits of Pima County, or what was Pima County, as early as 1687. The Mission of San Xavier del Bac, some nine miles southwest of Tucson, was started by the Society of Jesus in that year; also a sub-mission near Tucson for a school for the Indian children, and visited by a priest at stated periods.
The presidio of Tucson was occupied by Spanish soldiers as a military protection to the mission soon after. The Indian rancheria, or as some call it, "Old Tucson," was about a mile a little west of south from where the city of Tucson is today.
Pima County as originally constituted included all of the Gadsden purchase, from the sixth meridian of west longitude to the county of Yuma upon the west. Since that time there have been taken from the county of Pima two entire counties, viz.: Cochise and Santa Cruz, and those parts of Graham, Pinal and Maricopa lying north of the Gila River.
The light of Christianity for Arizona first shone, though faintly, through the night of barbarism within the limits of Pima County, and though many times nearly extinguished, again blazed forth, until it has illuminated the dark caves of superstition with life-giving light, and the inhabitants stand forth in the full blaze of the regenerating Gospel.
Rich in mines, in grazing land, in soil for raising grain and vegetables, in timber, in purest air and almost perpetual sunshine, Pima County offers great and varied inducements for the capitalist, the merchant, the mechanic or the hardy tiller of the soil, or whoever seeks an ideal home which can not be surpassed in any part of the world.
This county takes its name from a once-numerous tribe of Indians, who dwelt within its limits and made their living by agriculture.
Tucson, the county-seat, from its position in the Santa Cruz Valley, is the great center, commercial and social, and source of supply for a vast domain.
In Pima County are many mountain ranges and detached peaks, some rising to a considerable altitude, though hardly assuming the majesty of great mountains. To the east and northeast of Tucson are the Santa Catalina Mountains, whose culminating point is Mount Lemon, nearly ten thousand feet above sea-level; while to the southeast from same point is what is generally called the "Rincon." The apex or highest point is called by the Spanish-speaking people, "Santa Rosa," whose altitude is about eight thousand feet above sea-level. South from Tucson, some thirty-five miles, is the Santa Rita Range of mountains, crowned by "Old Baldy," or Mount Wrightson, with an altitude of 11,400 feet; but the major part of this range lies in the adjoining county of Santa Cruz. West, about fifty miles, is the Babo- quiveri Range, with the apex rising up to the altitude of 10,600 feet above sea-level in massive and rocky grandeur. It has generally been considered that the foot of man had never trodden this lofty summit, but in 1898 Professor Forbes of the University at Tucson, by the aid of ropes and grappling hooks, made the ascent and spent a day or more upon this elevated rock, leaving a fire burning, which attracted the attention of the people of the surrounding country for a circuit of thirty or forty miles; and among the superstitious Papago Indians it at first created great consternation, they thinking their mountain god had commenced to burn. One of their chiefs, more venturesome or less superstitious than his people, ventured to the mountain and saw Professor Forbes upon the summit, saw him come down, and his evidence served to dispel the illusion. There is a tradition among these Indians that many moons before the white man appeared in the country one of their great chiefs had a beautiful daughter, so beautiful that even as a child whenever she appeared great crowds followed her and were ever eager to gaze upon her exquisite face and form. From the charm of her voice she had been named in their language "The Heavenly Vision."
As this bewitching princess approached womanhood, her hand was sought far and near by princes and the sons of princes; but the wayward beauty turned with a joyous laugh from their blandishments. Finally, when in the full flush of her resplendent beauty, came the son of a great chief, with whom her people had long been at war, as the head of a peace embassy. A peace was concluded finally from the exhaustion of both parties, and not from any love for each other. The young brave found such favor in the eyes of the Indian maiden that she consented to be his and to repair to his wigwam if he would ascend Baboquiveri peak unaided and return to claim her within seven suns. The young man ascended the peak, witnessed by the whole tribe, amid shouts of congratulation; but in descending he became careless, perhaps his eyes were too much occupied in gazing upon his beloved. So he stepped upon a rolling stone, lost his balance and fell from a great height and was dashed to pieces before and in the presence of his beloved. As he fell, the maiden uttered a despairing cry and fell to the ground in a death-like swoon, and though from that she recovered, she never spoke more; but on the anniversary of the fatal day would repair to the spot where he fell and chant the Indian death-song over the resting place of her departed lover, until there came a time when she returned not. When sympathizing friends repaired to the spot, it was found her broken spirit had flown to join her heart's choice in that silent world where there are no sorrows. Even among the old Indians of the tribe today their folklore has it that up to within the last few years, upon the anniversary of that day the death song is sublimely chanted there by spirit voices in the stillness of the night: "Adieu, beautiful ones; sleep on, ever faithful hearts."
To the north and east of Baboquiveri Range of mountains is the lower range of the Tucson Mountains, and to the west are the Cababi and Quijotoa Ranges. Southeast of the Baboquiveri are the Las Gijas, Pajarito and Tumercacavi Ranges.
From these vast belts of rock-ribbed mountains the scenery is grand beyond description. Their granite heads, bold and destitute of other vegetation than scrub oak, pifion pine and the giant cactus (sujaro) can be seen on clear days for hundreds of miles. Beneath the shadow of lofty heads and up their steep sides are to be found great forests of pine, juniper, quaking asp, ash oak, cherry and walnut. Streams of pure water rush down the mountain sides and are swallowed up by the thirsty plains below. Locked in these mountains, as in a vast treasure house, are mineral deposits of gold, silver, copper and lead, and many other metals of recent discovery in Arizona, to greatly enhance the riches of the world; awaiting the touch of labor, backed by judgment and capital, to develop into great wealth producers.
And of the plains, what shall be said of them ? They, likewise, possess every element requisite for advancing an industrious and enterprising people to prosperity and greatness. The Santa Cruz River runs through this county, with many windings, nearly from south to north for some fifty miles, and there are fully fifteen hundred square miles of fine land for agriculture in this river bottom and its tributaries that will produce largely all the products grown in semi-tropical countries.
The great problem which has met the farmers face to face has been how to get water upon the land; how can a sufficient quantity be obtained to render the fine soil of this county productive and insure to a reasonable certainty a fair crop each year without too great an expense. Later developments made within the past year have in a great measure solved this question, as it has been demonstrated that a large flow of water can be obtained all along the Santa Cruz River by boring, and at no great depth. The policy has not yet been acted upon, though often talked of, of constructing reservoirs and having them filled when the streams are flooded in seasons of heavy rains, to be run out over the parched land in the dry season. When such a policy is adopted, Arizona will be a great producer of the necessaries of life. Arizona has the soil, now it remains for the moisture to be gotten upon that soil, and by the sun's aid cause the life-giving plants to spring forth.
The resources of Pima County are mining, stock-raising and agriculture. At this present time probably stock-raising is most remunerative. Various reasons are given why mining is not receiving more attention than it is at present. Among others, the low price of silver affords a convenient willow on which to hang the sorrowing harp. It is dwelt upon as though some one is to be blamed for the result, forgetting or not willing to understand that silver is but a product, and that what any product shall be worth in the markets of the world is not a matter to be regulated by law or at the behest of any one government or of all combined, for that matter. Supply and demand regulate the price of necessary commodities, or such as are deemed necessary, either for comfort, convenience or luxury, and gold and silver are no exceptions to the rule.
The old church of San Xavier del Bac, erected by the Jesuits and Franciscans as a mission church for the Papago Indians, is now in a good state of preservation, having been thoroughly repaired in the last few years. The exact age of this structure, built in the moorish style of architecture, is not known definitely, but the year 1797 is marke'd upon the vestry door, and it is generally considered that the church was completed that year. A temporary chapel was dedicated in the presidio of Tucson, perhaps for the convenience of the military and the few inhabitants occupying the same. The church of San Augustine, now a hotel of that name, is a later structure, having been erected in 1863.
The evidences of the cultivation of the soil by the Papago Indians and the mission priests are very plain, even at this date. From their old ruins, the foundations of buildings and ruined aqueducts are still discernible, also reservoirs, with a part of their embankments still in place, together with a vast amount of broken pottery on both sides of the Santa Cruz river, also on the Rillito, some six miles northeast and east of Tucson.
At the date of the transfer from Mexico to the United States (1853) of that portion of the Gadsden Purchase included in what is now Arizona, there were only two villages within those limits that contained other inhabitants than Indians, and these villages were Tucson and Tubac. Near each place were a few small ranches, under cultivation by the inhabitants.
The old name of Tucson, Tulqueson, Tuqueston, is an Indian appellation, but it is not easy to find from what derived.
There was a garrison of forty Mexican troops at Tubac in 1840, and the place then contained a population of about 400. In 1861 it was the restored ruins of an old village, and occupied by a mixed population of Americans and Mexicans, and near at hand were camped about one hundred Papago Indians, but in 1863 the place was again abandoned and in ruins.
In order to preserve the chain of history of the country, it may be well to state that the Spanish records of those times show that during the eighteenth century something near two hundred silver mines were worked in what is now Arizona and Northern Sonora, many of them being within the limits of Pima County. The King of Spain arbitrarily claimed a large share of the silver produced, as property of the Crown, which pretension on the part of Spain's ruler caused much indignation, not only among the silver producers, but the whole people as well, and after that time the proceeds of the mines were concealed as far as could be done and smuggled out of the country. It would seem to a certainty that in the vicinity of missions it was necessary to have the protection of troops, at least part of the time. It probably was the case that the Papagoes and Pimas, with the assistance of the priests did manage to struggle along and repel the often-repeated attacks of the Apaches, but between those tribes of Indians was perpetual war, and wherever and whenever one was caught by the opposing tribes, he was killed without mercy. As a matter of history, by the scanty records then kept, about the year 1800 Tucson was garrisoned by about one hundred regular Spanish troops.
The town consisted of about one hundred and fifty adobe houses, and had a population of three hundred and fifty persons, many of them discharged soldiers, who made a precarious living by cultivating small tracts of land in the river valley near the fort and selling the product to the troops and few citizens. No extensive cultivating of the fine bottom land could be done owing to the frequent and fierce raids of the ever hostile Apache Indians. Several times the old records state the Apaches made well-organized and desperate attempts to capture Tucson, under their bravest and ablest leaders and over one thousand warriors strong, but were always repulsed. The presidio of Tucson was the most northerly Spanish settlement, and was a constant hindrance to the raids of these Indians upon the settled portion of Sonora where prisoners, of whom slaves were made, and cattle could be obtained, and, therefore, the most strenuous efforts of Indian ingenuity and power were exerted through long years for its destruction—a second Tyre, but the Apaches developed no Alexander to break down its walls. In 1856 the place had some four hundred inhabitants, some thirty of whom were Americans.
On the 2ist of March of that year the. first American store, in the place was opened by Solomon Warner, who came from California with thirteen pack mules loaded with merchandise. Don Solomon, as the Mexicans called him, came only eleven days after the Mexican troops had been withdrawn, in pursuance of the terms of the Gadsden Treaty of purchase made in previous years. At this time Tucson had a flour mill and soon had another store.
In 1857, the first mail arrived from San Antonio, Texas, succeeded, in 1858, by the great overland tri-weekly mail line from St. Louis and Memphis, via Fort Smith, Fort Chadborne, El Paso, Mesilla, Tucson, Yuma, Indian Wells, Warner's Ranch, Los Angeles, and over the Coast route to San Francisco, California. This line was generally known as the "Butterfield" line, and did good and prompt service up to the breaking out of the Civil War, in 1861, when the Confederate authorities, or those pretending to act in their name, took possession of all of the stage company's property within their reach. The establishing of this mail and stage line put southern Arizona in easy communication with the outside world, which, with a few petty settlements along the Colorado River, was all there was of Arizona not dominated by the Apache.
The annals of Tucson, though of most absorbing interest to the student of history, are indistinct as to her past. For a period of time, approximating one hundred years, it was a walled fortress guarded by vigilant, armed and drilled Spanish soldiers. Up to within the last sixty years, or say up to 1840, Tucson was a military post—a walled town protected by a regular fort constructed in such a manner as to be a guard over the whole place, an immense wall in the shape of a square enclosed the entire place, shutting in the inhabitants and shutting out the Apache Indians— the hostile portion of them. The rear end of every house was built into and against this wall, and the only openings in the houses were the doors which opened into the central plaza. A heavily ironed gate, which was guarded continually, and which remained open in the daytime when there was no alarm from Apaches, afforded ingress and egress to this plaza. At night the gate was closed, locked and bolted. The wall at the back of the houses was some four feet higher than the house roofs, thus affording an excellent breastwork behind which, from their flat roofs, the inhabitants could with comparative safety fire upon an attacking force. These flat roofs were used almost universally during the summer season as the family bedroom.
The first establishing of Tucson seems to have been solely for military purposes, and its walls were built so strongly and so well fortified that no body of Apache warriors which could be assembled against it stood much chance of success. The result was that Tucson for at least one hundred years stood against all Apache wiles and machinations, though they were constantly on the watch to be able, in some unguarded moment, to strike a fatal blow, and destroy the place. The existence of this stronghold of the hated white race so far within their claimed jurisdiction, was a thorn in their side, and expedition after expedition was organized by their ablest war chiefs for its destruction, only to fail at immense loss of blood and energy to themselves.
It is clear from Spanish records that the Fort of Tucson was established in 1694 by them to protect the Catholic missions of San Augustine and San Xavier del Bac, at which date Tucson -may be said to have been permanently settled by Europeans. Before that time its occupation by whites was upon sufferance of the Apache Indians—a sufferance liable to be terminated by Apache treachery at any time and the priests with most of their following murdered. The Papago Indians, who early became converts to at least the forms of the Catholic religion, have, from the earliest times, been friendly to the whites, and it can be said to their credit that many times they have joined with the garrison at Tucson and rendered valuable assistance in beating off these marauders upon their raids. This was particularly the case in the great raid of 1720, when it seemed at one time as though the native race would sweep the whites into southern Mexico.
During Spanish occupancy of Tucson as a military post there were no outlying settlements owing to the frequent and ferocious incursions of the Apaches, there not being a sufficient number of soldiers in the country to overawe them. Movements of the inhabitants outside the walled town were made under the protection of troops. Over all the surrounding country and far south into the Mexican State of Sonora constant incursions were made by the active and fierce Apaches, who slaughtered many of the inhabitants, made captives of the young women and children and drove off whole herds of cattle and mules. The necessary supplies of the settlers around the post for many years came in from Guaymas and Hermosillo, under the protection of the troops. The Apaches for many years kept the military authorities in a state of constant watchfulness.
In 1847, during the Mexican War, a small force of United States troops and a battalion of Mormon Volunteers under command of Philip St. George Cook, en route for California, captured the town, but as they were pressed for time did not attempt the fort but left it with its brave garrison unmolested. The Mexican commander did not attempt pursuit, but congratulated himself on his "victory" in an "official" report to his government.
In 1849 the national boundary line was defined under the Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo of February 2, 1848, which closed the Mexican War, the garrison was largely increased and Tucson had trebled in population. The Gadsden Pur? chase was accomplished in 1853 and the boundary line of the new purchase ran out and settled in 1854-5, and in 1856 the United States took formal possession of the purchase by sending four troops of the First Dragoons into it,—this force was stationed first at Tucson and later at Calabasas. In 1857 a permanent site for a military post to be called "Buchanan" was selected on the stream called Sonoita, about twenty-five miles east of Tubac and fifty miles south from Tucson. During the Civil War quite a military force was kept at Tucson and many of the citizens of enterprise became contractors for furnishing such supplies as the quartermaster and commissary branches of a military force might require, and that the surrounding country could furnish, even calling largely upon the Mexican States of Chihuahua and Sonora. This gave Tucson a great impetus and she became almost at once a commercial center to a vast extent of country.
In 1868 the capital was removed from Prescott to Tucson, and at that day this also was considered a great promoter of a permanent prosperity; goods of all descriptions were brought in from the East and West.
From the Eastern marts of commerce, New York, Philadelphia, St. Louis and even from Europe, goods came by railroad and steamer to Independence, Missouri, and from there by ox or mule trains, across the great plains via Cim- arron, Raton Mountains, Santa Fe, down the Rio Grande via Albuquerque, Soccoro, Fort Craig, across the dreaded Jornada del Mucrto (journey of death), and crossing the Rio Grande at Roblero or farther down stream in the vicinity of Las Cruces, then west through mountain canons and across wide plains three hundred miles from the Rio Grande to Tucson. Traveling by train frequently occupied from three to four months and nearly the whole distance a vigilant lookout had to be kept for either Apache or Co- manche Indians, who, if in sufficient force, would attack a train and endeavor to capture it or some part of it, and at least stampede and run off the animals on every opportunity. So it was absolutely necessary to have a sufficient force to guard the whole train with military precision, night and day, as though traveling through the country of an enemy—in fact such was the case. Every man was well- armed and trained more or less in the use of arms, so that when a train was attacked the first business of teamsters under direction of the wagon-master was to park the train; that is, form a hollow square with the wagons, animals were driven into this square and the wagons used as a fortification. Old hands would park a large train in a few minutes, even the animals seemed to understand. One fierce old bull, part buffalo, which had been born on the plains and used as a draught animal seemed to have a spite against Indians and whenever they were around he was in a perfect fury and frequently gave the first alarm. Brave old "Buff," he was called, as it was known that he killed at different times three Comanche Indians; two he impaled upon his horns, tossed and stamped them to death, a third gave the old fellow a mortal wound with a spear, but as he fell he succeeded in ripping the Indian open with his sharp horns, then stretched out and died with a look of triumph in his dying eyes, that his foe was dying, too. His owner, General Otero, after the Indians were driven off, had the faithful animal buried with the honors of war and declared that over the grave of that old ox more tears were shed than he ever saw at a funeral; old bronzed teamsters and Indian fighters broke down and cried like children, and to restore order, he was compelled to give the order to "hitch up" and move on.
From the West, goods were shipped by steamer from San Francisco to the mouth of the Colorado River, then up the river by barge or the light draught steamers to Yuma, and from these transferred to wagons upon the Arizona side of the river and hauled to Tucson mostly by mule teams, two hundred and fifty miles.
Freight on goods those days was an important item as from the Colorado River alone, the charge was from nine to ten cents per pound, so that it can be seen on such articles as salt and iron it enhanced the value very materially. Much of the salt used was packed on mules and burros from the Gulf of California in sacks of about twenty-five pounds each, and not very clean at that. This packing of salt from the Californian Gulf was entirely engrossed by Papago Indians, male and female.
The advent of the Southern Pacific Railroad, which reached Tucson in 1880, changed the order of business very materially, and now the commercial affairs of Tucson and the country generally are conducted upon the principles of other large mercantile centers. The population of Tucson now (1903) is about twelve thousand and steadily increasing. Of churches the Catholics have an $80,000 cathedral; the Episcopalians, a church; Presbyterians, a church, (to be built) ; Methodists, a church; Baptists, a church; Congregationalists, a church; the Salvation Army have a hall and the Latter-day Saints (Mormons) have a foothold or a "stake" as they style it. All are prospering and instructing the people according to their light, how to live better here and reach a "better world" beyond "life's fitful fever."
Of schools, there is a large parochial school under the supervision of the Catholics, well attended and ably conducted. There are five public schools within the corporate limits of Tucson, and good, substantial buildings have been provided in every instance, together with all the modern appliances for teaching up-to-date. The Territorial University of Arizona is located at Tucson, where a first-class university education may be obtained at a slight cost.
There is also at Tucson a very flourishing Indian school, mostly under the supervision of the Presbyterians, which has done more for the elevation of the rising generation among the Papago Indians in the few years of its existence than all others have done in the three hundred and more years that have passed, since those professing Christianity first came among them. John Wannemaker, the merchant prince of Philadelphia, is understood to have contributed largely from his ample resources to forward the school and make it a success.
Of newspapers, there are three: two Democratic in politics, The Star, a morning daily issue, and the Citizen, an evening issue; The Post, a weekly issue, is Republican in politics.
Pima County's great industry and that which must, in the future be the chief reliance for supporting a large population, is agriculture. She has large bodies of fine land, which with water upon it, and properly tilled, would produce enough of the essentials of life to supply the wants of a dense population. At this time, January, 1903, there are but about three mines being worked within the county boundaries, and these not in an extensive manner. Of mining locations there are many, but the holders seem content to do the work required to hold a possessory title and wait for the boom that has been dancing upon the horizon of the future for these many years, when a fortune can be realized at once, and for the rest of their lives, freed from all care, they can enjoy a long life of unalloyed happiness. These are Life's dreams, which most indulge in, yet how few, how very few arrive at the reality. As a rule the individual who has accumulated a fortune or a competency by mining has earned it and is entitled to enjoy it.
Tucson has a free public library, the finest library building in the Territory, costing twenty-five thousand dollars, for which she thanks the Hon. Andrew Carnegie, who donated that princely sum for that purpose to the city. This leads to a few words upon the accumulation of riches: many holding that an individual ought not to be allowed by law to accumulate beyond a small competency. Those holding these views lose sight of the great incentive principle which causes men to struggle to accumulate property that is but the surplus product of labor. Were it not for the hope of accumulating for themselves and those who may come after them, how many would strive to carry on extensive business—call it by any name one will it is the incentive, the love of gain for himself, that first starts the savage on the road to civilization, and without it there never has been, nor could there be, progress in the world's history. The very people who most vociferously cry out against this accumulation of property are themselves in the race; to accumulate is the great incentive to labor, and when there can be no individual reward of industry, then will nations retrograde from civilization toward barbarism —so much for Socialistic theories.
St. Joseph's Academy, under the supervision of the Catholic sisters, affords for female children all the advantages of a thorough English and Spanish education. Though this institution is Catholic, yet pupils of every religious denomination, or maybe of none, from all parts of the country, are made welcome. The course of instruction embraces Christian Doctrine, orthography, reading, writing, grammar, composition, arithmetic, bookkeeping, algebra and geometry, modern topographical and physical geography, with use " of globes, astronomy, chemistry, history, and biography, rhetoric, literature, physiology, botany, natural philosophy and French, music on the piano, guitar and violin, drawing and painting in oil and water colors; plain and ornamental fancywork, etc.
Of secret and benevolent societies, there are Masons, Odd Fellows, Knights of Pythias, Elks, Red Men, Ancient Order of United Workmen and several other distinguished orders, and all seem to be in a flourishing condition. The Grand Army and Pioneers will go out with this generation.
Assessed value of property, $3,898,347.25 for 1903.
I will now proceed to give some personal history from an old resident of Tucson, whose memory of events extends back near a century, and who died here but a few years ago and was well known to some members of this society:
"We met an old lady this week, who is supposed to be over one hundred years old, and was born in Tucson. Her name is Mariana Dias, and from her we obtained several historical items relating to old times, which were very interesting to us. She says as long ago as she can remember Tucson consisted of a military post surrounded by a corral, and that there were but two or three houses outside of it. The country was covered with horses and cattle and on many of the trails they were so plentiful that it was quite inconvenient to get through the immense herds. They were valuable only for the hides and tallow, and a good sized steer was worth only three dollars. This country then belonged to Spain and the troops were paid in silver coin, and on all the coin the name of Ferdinand I was engraved, and money was plentiful. Goods, such as they required were brought from Sonora on pack animals. They had in those days no carts or wagons. The fields in front and below Tucson were cultivated and considerable grain was also raised upon the San Pedro. With an abundance of beef and the grain they raised they always had an ample supply. They had no communication with California and she never knew there was such a country until she had become an old woman. San Xavier was built as long ago as she can remember, and the church in the valley in front of town, and there was also a church on Court House Square, which has gone to ruin and no trace is left of it. The priests were generally in good circumstances, and were supported by receiving a portion of the annual products, but for marriages, burials, baptisms and other church duties, they did not ask or receive any pay.
"Among the leading and wealthier men who lived here at that time, she mentioned the names of Epumusena Lo- reles, Santa Cruz, Ygnacio Pacheco, Rita Soso, Padre Pedro, and Juan Dias. On inquiry about the Apaches she spoke with considerable feeling and said that many efforts had been made for peace with them, but every attempt had resulted in failure; that whatever promises they made, but a few days would pass before they proved treacherous and commenced murder and robbery again; that they murdered her husband in the field about two miles below Tucson and that most of her relatives had gone in the same way; that she was now left alone and would be in want but for such men as Samuel Hughes.
"She related the circumstances of one peace that was made about ninety years ago. It seems the Apaches got the worst of a fight on the Aravaca Ranch; several were killed and the son of a chief was taken prisoner and brought to Tucson, and the Indians at once opened negotiations to obtain this boy. Colonel Carbon, in command of the Spanish forces, agreed with them that on a certain day the Indians should all collect here, and to prevent treachery and being overpowered, he brought in at night, and concealed within the walls of the fort, all the men he could get from all the towns within one hundred and fifty miles. On the day appointed the Indians came in vast numbers; all the plains around were black with them. The colonel then told them if they had come on a mission of peace they must lay down their arms and meet him as friends. They complied with his request, and then all the people inside the walls came out and went among them unarmed. The colonel gave them one hundred head of cattle and the boy prisoner was produced and turned over to his father and they embraced each other and cried and an era of reconciliation and peace seemed to have arrived. The boy told his father that he liked his captors so well that he desired to live with them and in spite of the persuasions of the old man he still insisted upon remaining and the Indians were compelled to return to their mountain home without him. The boy was a great favorite with the people. Sometime afterwards he went to visit his people, but before leaving he saw everyone in the village and bade them good-by, promising to return, which he did in fifteen days. A few days after his return he took the small pox and died. Very soon after his death the Apaches commenced to murder and rob the same as before.
"The aged lady then remarked with apparently much feeling, that since her earliest recollection she had heard it said many times, 'We are going to have peace with the Apaches,' but every hope had been broken and she did not think we would have any peace as long as an Apache lived. When she was a girl the Apaches made two attempts to capture Tucson. The first time nearly all the soldiers and men were away. The Apaches, learning of this, took advantage of the absence of the defenders and attacked the town and would have taken it and murdered everyone in it, but for the timely assistance of the Pima and Papago Indians, who came to the rescue in large numbers, attacking the Apaches on two sides, driving them off and killing many. The next time the sentinel on the hill west of town discovered them coming, he gave the alarm, and after a severe fight the Indians were driven off. The Apaches had no firearms in those days and were armed with spears, bows and arrows.
"She referred to the pleasant times they used to have when their wants were few and easily supplied and told how they danced and played and enjoyed themselves. We asked her if she thought the people were happier then than now; she did not seem inclined to draw comparisons, but remarked that if it had not been for the Apaches they would hardly have known what trouble was. Crime was almost unknown and she never knew anyone to be punished more severely than being confined for a few days. The law required all strangers, unless they were of established reputation, to engage in some labor or business, within three days after their arrival, or leave the town, and to this regulation she attributes the exemption from crime. On inquiry as to whether they had liquor in those days, she said that she never knew a time when there was not plenty of mescal, but it was only on rare occasions that any one drank to excess, and then they acted to each other as brothers."
(The extract is taken from Tucson Citizen, June 21,
We here have a view of times in this country a century or so ago and it does not differ much from Greece as pictured in the days of Homer, some twelve centuries before the time of Christ.
It appears the town of Tucson was not the point first chosen as the residence of settlers, but was at first only a presidio or military post. The first church was some three miles down the Santa Cruz River, upon what is known as Grosetta's Ranch, where the old Padres lived, and it is within the memory of persons now living when an old ruin down there was styled "Casa de las Padres," Priest's House.
The following is a translation of an old document written in Tucson in 1777:
"Senor Capitan Don Pedro Allande y Savedra:
"In virtue of your order, dated the 2Oth of current month, to the effect that two citizens of the most eminence, well- known in the country and reliable, should appear in your presence to give you information concerning this locality as to watering places, lands for corn fields, pasture for horses and cattle, minerals, and, also, as to points of ingress and egress of the inimical Apaches, and where they make their abodes, I, Don Manuel Barragua and Antonio Romero and Francisco Castro (who are the individuals that possess the requisites which you demand), most respectfully obey, and affirm that the town of Tubac is situated between two mountains which are distant from each other six leagues.
"In the valley there is much land, fertile and suitable for corn fields; there is sufficient water for wheat growing but scarcely enough each year for corn; but if that which is at Tumicacori be distributed, one week to the Indian laborers, and another, for Tubac, it will sufficiently benefit the said laborers and there will be an abundance of water; in this manner was it disposed of by our former capitan, Don Juan Bapt Anza, and recently this same disposition has been sanctioned by your honor.
"There is as much pasture, with an abundance of sustenance for horses and cattle as well, on the hills and in the dales, as on the mountainless plains. In the same valley there is a great deal of cottonwood and willow, and in the Santa Rita Mountains there is an abundance of excellent pine of easy access, six leagues distant.
"Of provisions alone there is raised every year, by the inhabitants, six hundred or more fanegas of wheat and corn; one-third of the land not being occupied. There are many mines, very rich, to the west in the vicinity of Aribac at a distance of seven leagues. There are three, particularly in the aforesaid vicinity, one of which yields, according to rule (de sopotable ley), a silver mark from one arroba (twenty-five pounds) of ore, the other yields six marks from a load (one hundred pounds) of ore, and the third yields a little less.
"Three leagues beyond this vicinity, in the valley of Babacomri, there are fine gold placers, examined by Don Jose de Tarro, and this whole population.
"After three visits, which these people made with Don Jose at great risks, and by remaining there over three days each trip, it was verified by their having brought away and spent with two traders, who at this time have it, as much as two hundred dollars in gold. In the Santa Rita Mountains and its environs, which is distant from Tubac four leagues, there have been examined five silver mines— two have been tried with fire and three with quicksilver with a tolerable yield.
"All of this is notorious among this entire population, and they do not work them because there are Apaches in all these places, because they live and have their pastures there and pass continually by this mountain itself, to a place a little more than four leagues off called Hot Springs, (Agua Caliente).
"Daily experiencing more violence from the enemy, because he is aware of the few troops that we possess, we have desired to break up our homes and sell our effects, and you being aware of it, we received the order, which you were pleased to send us, imposing heavy penalties upon us if we should remove or sell our goods, and have punctually obeyed it; and now finally, the last month, the Apaches finished with the entire herd of horses and cattle which we had guarded, and at the same time, with boldness, destroyed the fields and carried away as much corn as they were able. Since the fort was removed to Tucson these towns and missions have experienced great calamities and they have been obliged to burn the town of Calabasas, a calamity it had never before experienced.
"Also but a few days ago, the cavalcade, which the Apaches brought from the west, was grazing for three days in the vicinity, falling every day upon the fields to load with corn, and to run away with those whom they found there, and lastly, their not leaving the neighborhood, we momentarily expect that they may serve us and our families as they have served our property, there being nothing else left for them to do.
"We trust in God that by the numerous petitions of the poor people this fort may be restored to its ancient site, and, if necessity requires it, there shall be more troops to protect the herds by remaining at the several points of ingress and egress, which the enemy have established throughout this entire region, and that they may be continually watching from the hills and the adjacent mountains.
"We humbly beseech you, in the name of the whole community, that you will pity our misfortunes and listen to our petition, that you may remove the continual misfortunes that we have suffered, being in continual expectation of our total destruction.
"We live in great confidence, from the knowledge that some of us have of you, that by your exertion and by your conduct and by that of the military commandant, we shall receive the benefit to which we are entitled, since no one is better known than Senor Savedra, and he knows that we exaggerate nothing, considering the many years we have been under his orders."
"Your humble and obedient servant,
"manuel Barragua, "francisco Castro, "antonio Romero." "San Augustin de Tucson, November 24, 1777."
Source: The History of Arizona: From the Earliest Times Known to the People of Europe to 1903 By Sidney Randolph De Long, Arizona Pioneers' Historical Society Published by The Whitaker & Ray company, 1905
Santa Cruz County.
Santa Cruz County is the last county set off up to this date and was taken entirely from Pima County. It has an area of 1,212 square miles, about equal to the State of Rhode Island, and is bounded as follows: On the north, by Pima; on the east, by Cochise; on the south, by the Mexican State of Sonora, and on the west by Pima County. It was organized as a county in 1899. Nogales is the county-seat, situated upon the line of railroad running from Benson on the Southern Pacific, to Guaymas in Sonora, and upon the boundary line. The name Nogales is walnut, from the fact that long ago walnut trees grew upon the site.
This county possesses, in the aggregate, considerable agricultural land mostly confined to narrow valleys along the streams; perhaps the largest body is along the Santa Cruz River, which is the whole width of the county. The Sonoita, also, has considerable agricultural land and some about the head of the Babacomri Creek. There is considerable land being cultivated in the Soperi Valley also. There is much fine grazing land in this county and some of the cattlemen have succeeded in having large herds of cattle; between the Santa Rita Mountains on the west and Whetstone on the east and the northern end of the Huachucas is a great cattle range; also farther south at La Norio or "Lochiel," is, perhaps, the finest cattle range to be found in the Territory.
Much of the county is mountainous, and the mountain ranges are filled with minerals, principally gold, silver, copper and lead. Silver, probably, predominates, though it is not easy to judge of that as many of the mines are but slightly developed. At the present time the Oro Blanco Mining District and mines are coming to the front as producers, and it is found upon going down that mines which had been for years abandoned as played out, or, as miners say, petered, are found to be of great value as depth is reached, say from four to eight hundred feet. One, the Oceanic, which has more than once been abandoned as "petered," is now working successfully, though I think that is in Pima County, being over the mountain west from Ofo Blanco.
In other portions of this county are extensive mines, as in the Patagonia Mountains. The old Mowry; among the first worked in the Territory; those of the Harshaw District named after David Tecumseh Harshaw, who formerly had been a sergeant in the California troops. The name Tecumseh is a family name in the Sherman family and was one of the names of General Sherman. In the latter '30's and early '4o's of the nineteenth century, a celebrated steamboat captain, on Lake Champlain, was Richard Tecumseh Sherman, for that day commander of the palatial steamer Burlington; "Dick" Sherman, as he was familiarly called, was an uncle of David Tecumseh Harshaw, hence his middle name. The Ohio Shermans are of same family.
The whole population of the county by census of 1900, was 4,545. Nogales, the county-seat, by same census, had a population of 1,761. It is on the international boundary line, and when first started was known as "Line City." There is a Nogales on the Mexican side of the line, also, with about the same population, principally Mexicans.
The street running along division line, separating the two countries, is called International Street. Nogales is the southern terminal of the New Mexico and Arizona Railroad, also, the northern terminal of the Sonora Railroad, which runs in nearly a direct line south to Guaymas on the Gulf of California, two hundred and sixty-four and seven-tenth miles or four hundred and twenty-six kilometers and gives Nogales daily a direct communication with a seaport. Both the United States and Mexican Governments have located custom-houses and warehouses for goods in bond and have consulates at this point.
The mineral region tributary to Nogales is very extensive and must materially aid in building up at this point a large city at no distant day. The grazing interest is also large in this vicinity.
Nogales, owing to its altitude, has a beautiful and healthful climate and is quite a summer resort.
The town in the county next to Nogales is probably Patagonia, a new town upon the Rio Sonoita and railroad, just in the mining center in the Patagonia Mountains and in the Santa Rita Mountains. The old adobe town of Tubac, at one time the principal town of Arizona, is within the limits of this county. In 1850, and for several years before that time, the Mexican Government kept a small garrison of troops there.
Tubac was for several years headquarters for all the large mining operations in what was then Southern Pima, viz., Salero, Cerro Colorado, Arivaca, Santa Rita and other active camps. Tubac was a presidio during the time the country was controlled by Mexico, after that country had thrown off Spanish domination. It was probably chosen as a settling point, as at seasons of the year the Santa Cruz River was a clear, running stream of quite a body of water, and there is considerable agricultural land near there; also it is the center of quite a mining region, whose richness was known even in far off Spain. Since cattle have been largely introduced into the country and considerable irrigation going on above Tubac, the water that formerly flowed above ground in the dry season near Tubac, disappears entirely. The Catholic Mission of St. Gertrudes was located here in 1750. At the present day it may be said of Tubac, "Its glory hath departed," in all probability never to return. The railroad station at the site of the old Mexican rancho of Calabasas, is some fifteen miles up the river from Tubac and about twelve miles north from Nogales. Here the Sonoita joins the Santa Cruz. At present it is a very small town, though its natural advantages are great. There is considerable water in the two streams for irrigating purposes, and with no large outlay of capital, sufficient water could be developed to irrigate the fine valley in proximity below.
Some fifteen miles westerly from Calabasas a peculiar mountain peak is visible called "Thumb Butte," from its resemblance in shape to a large human thumb. It stands fully sixty feet in height and about ten feet in diameter at what would be the base of the thumb. Calabasas is the nearest point to touch the Arizona and New Mexican Railroad for a large extent of country, both grazing and mining. A wagon road has been laid out and made practicable much of the way through the mountains west, direct to Oro Blanco, distant thirty-five miles; the cost would be but a small matter to render this road entirely practicable, so that instead of the long haul of seventy-five miles, Calabasas or Tucson Railroad can be reached in thirty-five miles from Oro Blanco.
A route for a railroad is now in contemplation from Tucson to the Gulf of California through the Baboquiveri Valley, that, should it be constructed, will give to the great mining region of Oro Blanco and Arivaca a still nearer railroad communication, also, the mines in the Baboquiveri Range of Mountains.
Camp or Fort Critten'den is almost historical ground, as the first military post established by the United States within the boundaries of the celebrated Gadsden Purchase (made in 1853, the treaty having been confirmed by the United States Senate on December 3Oth of that year), was here established in 1857 and called Fort Buchanan, after James Buchanan, then President, who had been inaugurated March 4th of that year. Fort Buchanan was abandoned upon the breaking out of the Civil War, in 1861, i. e., the regular United States troops were withdrawn to take part in other more active fields, and not again occupied until 1868, when it was re-established and called Crittenden, in honor of Thomas L. Crittenden, a son of Hon. John J. Crittenden of Kentucky, who then was in command of the military district embracing this portion of Arizona, south of the Gila River. At and around where was camp Crittenden, which is now upon the line of the Arizona and New Mexico Railroad, is one of the lovely spots of Arizona. The beauty of the scenery is hard to surpass, and the altitude is such that fruits of more northern climate, as the apple and the peach, ripen to perfection. At one time within the memory of oldtimers still living a band of wild horses, of the wild and free breed, roamed over these beautiful mesas, but with the advancing tide of civilization these horses have disappeared, being either frightened off or caught and broken to the uses of man. In the neighborhood of Camp Crittenden is an inexhaustible supply of limestone from which lime is supplied to the vicinity.
Mount Wrightson (Old Baldy), the highest point of the Santa Rita mountain range, with an altitude of fully 10,000 feet, is in this county about forty miles almost directly south from Tucson, in Pima County. There are fine schools established at the various points as required, and at Nogales is a fine schoolhouse. The schools are well managed and liberally patronized. There are no churches outside of Nogales, and there the Catholics predominate.
Of papers, there are two at Nogales, both lively sheets, the Oases and Vidette. The county, though at this time the youngest and smallest in area, contains vast natural resources that must, in the near future, make it the home of an industrious and rich people. The value of assessable property, $1,560,307.55 for 1903.
Source: The History of Arizona: From the Earliest Times Known to the People of Europe to 1903 By Sidney Randolph De Long, Arizona Pioneers' Historical Society Published by The Whitaker & Ray company, 1905 | <urn:uuid:18fd0269-c27d-40dc-85a8-33828c1fbd86> | CC-MAIN-2014-42 | http://genealogytrails.com/ariz/pima/history.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2014-42/segments/1413507444339.31/warc/CC-MAIN-20141017005724-00319-ip-10-16-133-185.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.981907 | 11,378 | 2.953125 | 3 |
The focus of nursing interventions:
- Minimize stressors
- Maximize the benefits of hospitalization provide psychological support to family members
- Prepare the child before entering the hospital
1. Efforts to minimize stressors can be done by:
- Prevent or reduce the impact of separation
- Prevent feelings of loss of control
- Reduce / minimize the fear of injury and body pain
2. Efforts to prevent / minimize the impact of separation
- Involving parents take an active role in childcare
- Modification of the treatment room
- Maintain contact with school activities: correspondence, meeting classmates
3. Prevent feelings of loss of control:
- Avoid physical restrictions if the child can be cooperative.
- When children do modifications isolated environment
- Create a schedule for the therapeutic procedure, exercise, play
- Giving children the opportunity to make decisions and involve parents in planning activities.
4. Minimizing the fear of bodily injury and pain
- Prepare psychologically for children and parents to act procedures that cause pain.
- Make the game before the child's physical preparation.
- Bringing parents whenever possible.
- Show empathy.
- In elective action whenever possible actions performed by telling stories, pictures. Need to do a psychological assessment of the child's ability to receive this information openly.
5. Maximizing the benefits of child hospitalization
- Help the development of children by giving parents the opportunity to learn.
- Provide opportunities for parents to learn about the child's illness.
- Improving the ability of self-control.
- Provide opportunities for socialization.
- Giving support to family members.
6. Preparing children for treatment in hospital
- Prepare the treatment room according to the stage of the child's age.
- Orient the hospital situation.
On the first day you should take:
- Introduce nurses and doctors
- Introduce the patient to another.
- Give the identity of the child.
- Explain the rules of the hospital.
- Implement assessment
- Perform a physical examination
Definition of play
- Natural way for children to express the conflict within him unconscious.
- Activities carried out in accordance with his own wishes to obtain pleasure.
Play is an activity
- fun / enjoyable
- to learn
- mental development
- play and work
Purpose of playing in the hospital
- To be able to resume normal growth and development during hospitalization.
- To express their thoughts and feelings and fantasies through the game.
Principles of play in hospital
- does not require a lot of energy
- time is short
- easy to do
- age group
- not opposed to therapy
- involving the family
- sensory motor activity
- cognitive development
- therapeutically moral development | <urn:uuid:f0aef0f8-a328-430c-b8a1-a1258078bc5c> | CC-MAIN-2017-04 | http://www.ncpnanda.top/2013/02/nursing-intervention-for.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-04/segments/1484560284411.66/warc/CC-MAIN-20170116095124-00196-ip-10-171-10-70.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.888467 | 571 | 3.546875 | 4 |
1. Abuse in its several forms damages people. The forms are these: physical, mental (cognitive), emotional and psychological. The damages have the same forms. This is well documented.
2. Corporal punishment also damages people, and the damages take the same forms: physical, mental, cognitive, emotional and psychological. This is well documented. The corporal punishment of children is being outlawed in much of the world, driven by the U.N. Committee on the Rights of the Child.
3. Non-corporal punishment cannot actually exist, it’s a logical fallacy – an oxymoron, in fact. The argument goes like this:
– punishments are unpleasantnesses, they are by definition, something the punished person would not want, and so they are necessarily imposed, forced upon the punished person, against his will. Anything forced, anything imposed, involves either direct physical means, or at least the threat of physical means.
– punishments are employed when reason and talk – non-physical methods – fail, or are presumed to fail. This is often true, that these non-physical means fail, babies and young toddlers can’t be reasoned with, and even for older children who can be, punishments are usually only considered when any child is being unreasonable in the first place. When non-physical methods have been attempted and then ruled out, then logically what remains is physical, either directly or in potential.
Therefore punishment is impossible except that it’s physical. The only possible exception to this logical proof is in the case of punishments that are purely mental, emotional, or psychological, and these sorts of punishments are also universally considered to be unacceptable and abusive.
When children submit to their non-corporal punishments, this is not a disproof. It is only that the child is making a choice, the child is either remembering his baby or toddlerhood punishments, the physical ones, or more likely the child knows that if he resists, that the punishments will escalate and become corporal punishments, or most likely both, some combination of the two.
4. Conclusion: there are no non-corporal punishments. All punishments require force and physicality. Therefore all punishment is corporal punishment, therefore all punishment cause the damages associated with corporal punishment. | <urn:uuid:36aad85f-331b-478d-aa16-f6a8cc88c7ac> | CC-MAIN-2019-51 | https://abusewithanexcuse.com/2013/11/23/abuse-with-an-excuse-doctrine-in-short-form-part-1/?replytocom=1637 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-51/segments/1575541315293.87/warc/CC-MAIN-20191216013805-20191216041805-00356.warc.gz | en | 0.965349 | 465 | 3.375 | 3 |
I have read that the FLOW OF ELECTRONS is called electricity. I wanna know that what is meant by flow of electrons? Pleaz answer me…. (Asked Kiruthika) Answer: Electric current is the flow of charges. (Measured as the rate of flow of charges). In conductors electric current is caused by the flow of free electrons. When a potential difference is…… Continue reading Electric Current and flow of electrons
The DC doesnt flow through capacitor. I thought it was because the electrons jus get saturated on one side and are lost on other side, such that it can’t take or give up anymore or plausibly due to voltage developed across it whereas in AC as directions keep changing, saturation doesnt occur. But it if […]
Is potential difference is directly proptional to resistance? (atanu asks) Answer: For a constant current, the potential difference is directly proportional to the resistance included in the circuit. For a given conductor at constant temperature, resistance is a constant and the potential difference across it is directly proportional to the current passed through it.
What are the dimensions of angle,specific heat,heat,latent heat,frequency,charge,potential difference,resistance? Angle does not have any dimension as it is a pure ratio Dimensions of Specific heat = [M0L2T-2K-1] Heat has the same dimensional formula as that of energy [ML2T-2] Latent heat is the heat energy required to convert unit mass of a substance from one state…… Continue reading Dimensions of angle, specific heat, heat, latent heat, frequency, charge, potential difference, resistance.
A cyclotron is device by which positively charged particle can be accelerated and the desired nuclear reaction can be brought about. Principle A positively charged particle can be accelerated to high energy with the help of an oscillating electric field, by making it cross the same electric field time and again with the use of…… Continue reading Cyclotron Animation
Pawan Asked “What is meant by potential difference?” Answer: “Potential Difference between two points is the difference in Potential between the two points and is equal to the work done per unit charge ion carrying a positive test charge from one point to another against the electric field and without any acceleration” | <urn:uuid:2f8e94f7-6be8-41d3-9214-d7b33c4f97e0> | CC-MAIN-2021-10 | http://plustwophysics.com/tag/potential-difference/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-10/segments/1614178358976.37/warc/CC-MAIN-20210227144626-20210227174626-00120.warc.gz | en | 0.944307 | 468 | 3.65625 | 4 |
Omega-3 fats get a lot of attention for their health benefits, but what about omega 6? Learn the difference between these fats and if there’s any truth to the rumors that they’re bad for you.
The Role of Omega-6 Fats
Both types of omega-6 fats (linoleic acid and arachidonic acid) are polyunsaturated fats, which don’t clog your arteries like saturated and trans fats do. Similar to omega-3 fats, you must eat omega 6s because your body can’t make them on its own. Omega-6 fats play an important role in brain function, growth and development.
Sources of Omega-6 Fats
Main sources include vegetable oils, such as corn, safflower, sunflower and soybean. Omega 6s are also in nuts, seeds, eggs, meat and dairy products — all whole foods that are full of fiber, protein, healthy fat, vitamins, minerals and antioxidants. Even packaged foods such as baked goods and bagged snack foods are typically made with omega 6-rich oils. Since Omega 6s are in so many foods, it’s fairly easy to get your daily dose.
Getting Too Much?
Many experts believe that Americans eat too much omega 6 and too little omega 3. These two fats are connected because they’re broken down by the same enzyme after we eat them. Basically, if you eat too much omega-6 fats, those fats end up hogging more of the enzymes and leave less available for breaking down omega 3s. Some also claim that when omega-6 levels far outweigh omega-3 levels, your body might be set up for increased inflammation and associated medical conditions, including heart disease, depression and some cancers. As it turns out, though, there’s not a lot of evidence to support such claims. Read more about the omega-6 debate in this recent Washington Post article.
The Bottom Line
Make sure your diet contains a balance of both omega-3 and omega-6 fats. If you do think you need to add more healthy fats to your diet, make sure to cut back on other (less healthy) foods so the extra calories don’t lead to unwanted weight gain.
Learn about heart-healthy omega-3 fats >> | <urn:uuid:7ecd96ad-9b89-41ab-9353-d83e79642b35> | CC-MAIN-2015-18 | http://blog.foodnetwork.com/healthyeats/2009/03/09/understanding-omega-6-fats/comment-page-1/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2015-18/segments/1429246652631.96/warc/CC-MAIN-20150417045732-00289-ip-10-235-10-82.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.940749 | 476 | 3.015625 | 3 |
Humans, livestock, and wildlife have been known to co-exist in Amboseli ecosystem
In Kenya,Humans, livestock, and wildlife have been known to co-exist in Amboseli ecosystem for centuries. Due to the low human population, great diversity of wildlife presence and different micro habitats; the area presents a great potential for conservation since it is a critical bridge that links the vast Tsavo National Parks in the East to the Great Rift Valley and the Serengeti-Mara Ecosystems in the West. The amboseli – Tsavo ecosystem consist of amboseli national park and six ranches owned by community groups. Each of the six ranches consists of an area set aside as conservancies strictly for nature conservation.
• The overall goal of USAID/KCSSP project through ACT! in this ecosystem is to ensure the continued existence of migration routes and connected dispersal areas between the Amboseli, the Tsavo, and Nairobi National Parks, and to reduce human wildlife conflicts.
• Promoting landscape level biodiversity conservation and improving the livelihood of local people through a stakeholders’ led process to implement the Amboseli Ecosystem General Management Plan (GMP)
• Development of an effective Amboseli Ecosystem Trust through proper Governance.
• Develop a proper monitoring system using improved technology including mapping. | <urn:uuid:eff9aaa4-c7f8-4607-84f7-512973738d9c> | CC-MAIN-2017-09 | http://ermisafrica.org/index.php/humans-livestock-and-wildlife-have-been-known-to-co-exist-in-amboseli-ecosystem | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-09/segments/1487501174157.36/warc/CC-MAIN-20170219104614-00380-ip-10-171-10-108.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.903902 | 279 | 3.203125 | 3 |
What is it?
A shoulder replacement is an orthopedic procedure in which the two surfaces that form the shoulder joint are replaced by a prosthetic joint. The two surfaces replaced are the glenoid, part of the scapula, and the humeral head, which is the proximal most part of the humerus, the upper arm bone. The joint is a ball (humeral head) and socket (glenoid) joint. The shoulder joint is the most mobile in the body and because of this when range of motion (ROM) is lost it can be very debilitating.
How Does it Happen?
There can be many conditions that lead to needing a shoulder replacement including, osteoarthritis, rheumatoid arthritis, avascular necrosis, and numerous failed surgeries.
With all these conditions, pain that limits the individual to use their hand leads to decreased function.
What Can You Do?
After surgery you will go through physical therapy to control pain and inflammation, improve strength and ROM, and restore function. Normally the hospital stay is a short one and is determined by your surgeon. You may or may not receive physical therapy in the hospital.
Initially, rehabilitation will begin with gentle passive ROM exercises, meaning the procedural arm is moved by your therapist. You will leave the hospital in a sling and be asked to wear the sling for up to a month. The purpose of the sling is to protect the replacement. Between two and four weeks you will be limited to lifting no more than a cup of coffee. Physical therapy for the first 2-4 weeks will be centered around basic ROM and strengthening exercises, teaching use of the sling, how to maneuver without using the surgical arm, and how to perform your daily activities like brushing your teeth, getting in/out of bed, and getting dressed without use of the surgical arm. You will not be able to drive for up to two weeks after surgery. Pain is common up to 3 months post surgery and will be controlled through multiple modalities including cryo/thermal therapy, laser therapy, electrical stimulation.
Progression after the initial phase of rehabilitation will be individually based and decided upon by you and your therapist. Gaining full ROM will be the first goal to allow full use of your arm for all your daily tasks. Strengthening will continue to be done in a pain free range of motion and progressed by your therapist. Rhythmic stabilization will then be incorporated into your program to give you the stability you need. Rehabilitation will take between 6 to 12 months at which time you will have full pain-free use of your arm for all daily, work, and recreational activities. | <urn:uuid:aad4181e-9a2b-4820-8383-44912819484c> | CC-MAIN-2021-04 | https://farmingdalephysicaltherapywest.com/services/shoulder-replacement/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-04/segments/1610704835901.90/warc/CC-MAIN-20210128040619-20210128070619-00070.warc.gz | en | 0.946263 | 540 | 2.59375 | 3 |
Class 13EG recently baked some Christmas biscuits during our food tech lessons. The main aim was to develop some of our key cooking skills. These included measuring, weighing, rubbing, kneading and cutting.
The students were asked to be responsible for their own work. This started by collecting the correct equipment in our own food tech learning station.
An instruction sheet was then followed. The students ticked off each activity once it was completed.
We prepared the biscuit mixture and then cut out some Christmas themed shapes for the biscuits. Washing up took place whilst our biscuits were baking.
It was then time for some fun with the decoration of the biscuits. The class members made an icing sugar mix. They chose which colour dye to add to the topping. This was spread on top of our biscuits. The final touch was to add some edible decorations. | <urn:uuid:7c3d28f4-e7fe-4bf6-899d-7a830d3f6cda> | CC-MAIN-2020-45 | https://turneyschool.co.uk/2019/12/03/class-13eg-bake-festive-christmas-biscuits/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-45/segments/1603107888402.81/warc/CC-MAIN-20201025070924-20201025100924-00670.warc.gz | en | 0.987028 | 173 | 3 | 3 |
Whenever a new virus threat appears, there is a period in which users are exposed to infection. This is because the virus has time to spread during the gap between the moment when the virus appears and the moment when the laboratories of antivirus companies provide their customers with an update to neutralize the new code.
This time period is usually short – a few hours, in the most difficult cases – but the authors of today´s viruses and worms, aware of the existence of this unprotected period, have managed to ensure that their creations spread far more quickly.
If we focus on the most rapid threats to have appeared to date – such as Sasser, Blaster or SQLSlammer – all of these managed to cause damage within a matter of minutes, well before any virus laboratory had time to react.
In order to alleviate this problem, some antivirus companies tried to implement automatic systems for detecting new viruses, allowing the user to send in suspicious files, and automatically generating a disinfection system for the suspected virus. The major drawback of this system is that the computer user needs to be aware that the file is suspicious in order to send it, and this is a lot to ask of users with limited IT knowledge.
One way of detecting unknown threats has been to use heuristics to analyze the internal code of a program in order to detect possible malicious instructions. This system is fine when the code implements actions that are directly harmful to the system, such as overwriting boot sectors of a hard disk. Unfortunately, today´s threats don´t use instructions as obvious as “format c:”. Virus creators are well aware that even the most basic heuristic engines will quickly detect this sort of attack. This is why they use systems that allow their creations to go unnoticed by the classical detection methods. For example, SQLSlammer and Sasser entered computers through an instruction given directly in TCP/IP.
Exploiting a vulnerability (in SQL Server and in Windows), both SQLSlammer and Sasser entered computers without arousing suspicion. Because they did not come in a file that arrived by e-mail or on a disk, and did not use a potentially harmful instruction, classic antivirus programs did not detect them. What possible solution can there be to this problem?
In principle, once a malicious code has entered the system it must perform some kind of action in order to reproduce itself, such as exploiting a vulnerability that causes the system security to fail. By using a specific process to monitor the basic elements of the system, it is possible to detect anomalies. So, for example, a system that monitors the number of outgoing e-mails would identify an increase in activity if a worm was resending copies of itself on a massive scale. Faced with a sharp rise in the level of e-mail activity, there would be no doubt that something strange was happening, and it would be sufficient to look for the process which was generating the sending of these e-mails to find a probable e-mail worm.
In the same way, if we monitor certain actions within vital elements of the system it is possible to avoid some of the typical problems associated with viruses. To return to the example of SQLSlammer, the only way to stop it is through deep inspection of all the TCP/IP packets in a communication, both incoming and outgoing. But in this instance we must go much further than this. If a virus of this type is capable of attacking in a few minutes, it is not enough just to look for a simple pattern that matches a virus signature; the reason for the transmission of the packet and its contents must be analyzed in order to identify it as a dangerous action. The analysis must be performed in TCP, UDP and ICMP, in order to detect attacks at levels above that of the network.
With a system for detecting potential threats like that described, it is possible to avoid service denial attacks, port scanning, direct hacker attacks, IP-Spoofing, MAC-Spoofing, etc. However, technology that performs this detection process cannot on its own offer users or network administrators an adequate level of protection against viruses and intruders. Classic antivirus protection should not be neglected, as the protection if provides is highly effective against known threats, even if it needs to be complemented with detection systems which go beyond simple scanning to extend to the analysis of processes being executed.
The arrival of these technologies is imminent, and this will certainly boost the level of protection that all Internet users in 2004 need in the face of new, unknown threats. | <urn:uuid:7d6fc131-39a7-42e6-9454-2f3d44221cca> | CC-MAIN-2020-40 | https://it-observer.com/beyond-antivirus-software.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-40/segments/1600400209665.4/warc/CC-MAIN-20200923015227-20200923045227-00758.warc.gz | en | 0.951602 | 926 | 3.40625 | 3 |
Supermarkets might be appearing left and right, but are they the best place to shop? Let’s take a moment to think about what sets member-owned food cooperative grocery stores apart from conventional supermarkets. The facts might surprise you!
Food co-ops are retail cooperatives that are owned by the people who shop there. This means that food co-ops are owned by members of the community – not outside investors. Each member-owner has a say in decisions that affect the co-op; and instead of paying outside investors, co-ops return their profits to their member-owners in the form of patronage refunds – dividends, cash, discounts, or store credit. Food co-ops source products from more local farmers and producers, donate proportionally more dollars to charity, have better worker wages and benefits, and give back more to the local economy than traditional grocery stores. Take a look at these statistics from the National Co+op Grocers about the environmental impacts of food co-ops versus those of conventional grocery stores:
When you walk into your local food co-op, staff members can answer the questions, “where does this potato come from?” or “is this product made in a sustainable manner?” because food co-ops have transformed the way business is conducted by establishing strong roots in the community. The employee with whom you converse might (likely!) be a member of the co-op him/herself!
The basis of cooperation is to work together toward a common goal. Food co-ops offer the opportunity for members to bring necessary goods and services to their community in a way that meets their needs. When large grocery chains offer bulk items with fewer quality control measures, co-ops alternatively “keep things local” by sourcing local, fresh, organic foods and products from producers in the area. This not only benefits local farmers; it also gives community members ownership and decisions in the kinds of foods their families eat. Community ownership, knowledgeable employees, and strong farm-to-store relationships are just a few factors that showcase the co-op difference!
Many independently owned and operated local food co-ops are members of the National Co+op Grocers (NCG). NCG is a business services cooperative for food co-ops, representing 150 food co-ops, with over 200 store locations in 38 states, owned by 1.5 million consumer-members. NCG gives food co-ops the resources they need to succeed by providing them with marketing resources, purchasing power, professional development and training sessions, and great operational and merchandising techniques. NCG advocates for co-ops, and it acts as a first-line resource for new and expanding co-ops. CEO Robynn Shrader recently spoke about increasing cooperatives’ competiveness in today’s changing business environment at the International Summit of Cooperatives in Quebec City, Canada. For an NCG member location near you, visit our Co-op Locator!
Visit your local food co-op today to see how dedicated employees and members, alike, are keeping things local. Fill out a membership application while you’re there so that you, too, can be an owner of the co-op. Why not own your shopping experience? Become a member of a food co-op today, and rest assured that your purchases are making your family, community, and planet healthier and stronger!
To learn more about food co-ops, and for some healthy eating tips and recipes, check out NCG’s YouTube channel.
For more information about food co-ops and the National Co+op Grocers, visit strongertogether.coop. | <urn:uuid:12e8cd4f-683b-4daa-92d1-7635567e5ce9> | CC-MAIN-2019-22 | https://cooperativesforabetterworld.coop/why-shop-at-a-food-co-op/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-22/segments/1558232256600.32/warc/CC-MAIN-20190522002845-20190522024845-00482.warc.gz | en | 0.969547 | 752 | 2.546875 | 3 |
What to do with this activity?
Babies and toddlers love putting things into and taking things out of containers.
Let them play with toy eggs, polystyrene eggs or even hard boiled eggs. You can buy pretend eggs in arts and crafts shops, especially at Easter time. Find a basket or other light container that your baby or toddler can lift. Talk to them while they play - "one egg, two eggs ...". Fire their imagination by pretending that they are buying eggs in a shop.
Give your toddler a plastic spoon and pretend to eat a boiled egg together - "yummy".
At Easter, your toddler can help you paint the eggs with child-friendly paint for a colourful home decoration.
All these activities develop your child's ability to hold things, increase their familiarity with numbers and words, and develop their imagination.
Always keep an eye on your baby or toddler to make sure that they don't bite into the polystyrene eggs.
Play is one of the main ways that babies and toddlers learn about the world – it’s also one of the most effective ways they learn. When a child plays they refine learning skills that continue to develop during childhood and beyond.
As a parent, you are your child’s best playmate so try to spend time every day playing together. As your baby gets older, don’t try to teach them anything during play. They will learn best if they choose what to play and you follow their lead.
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1 = Poor, 5 = Great. | <urn:uuid:1fc4d55e-a46d-41f1-85e6-54962ab92b78> | CC-MAIN-2019-18 | http://www.helpmykidlearn.ie/activities/0-2/detail/eggs-in-a-basket | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-18/segments/1555578732961.78/warc/CC-MAIN-20190425173951-20190425195951-00261.warc.gz | en | 0.964804 | 327 | 3.515625 | 4 |
8Aunit 2 Integrated skills P25-26
有两周休假 (3) have two weeks off/have two weeks’ holiday
have a two-week holiday
学生数 the number of the students
暑假长度 the length of the summer holiday 山的高度 the height of the hill / mountain 做早操 do morning exercises
做眼保健操 do eye exercises
花费时间做某事（2种） spend time on sth /spend time doing sth 有较多的老师 have more teachers
暑假放假最长 have the most weeks off for the summer holiday
花费较少的时间做家庭作业 spend less time doing homework 穿校服 wear uniforms
花费2小时做家庭作业(2) spend two hours on homework
spend two hours doing homework
花费最少的时间做家庭作业 spend the least time on homework 有最长的暑假 have the longest summer holiday. 工作最勤奋 work the hardest
有最多的学生 have the most students
有最少的教室 have the fewest classrooms
至多 at most
至少 at least
只有半个小时用于爱好方面 have only half an hour for my hobbies 在我们四人当中 among the four of us
在爱好方面花的时间比我多 spend more time on his hobbies than I 去游泳 go swimming
半个小时玩电脑 half an hour for playing computer games 下棋 play chess
…….的数目 the number of
大量 许多 a number of
1.你的电话号码是多少？ What’s your telephone number ?
2.我们班的学生数是５０ The number of students is 50 in our class.
3.许多的学生正在植树． A number of students are planting trees.
How much time do you spend on your hobbies every day?
I spent two hours doing/ on my homework yesterday. | <urn:uuid:c2475cf3-3757-4f60-a0cd-cea3e9699be4> | CC-MAIN-2016-50 | http://www.haihongyuan.com/chuzhongyingyu/110655.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-50/segments/1480698542695.22/warc/CC-MAIN-20161202170902-00286-ip-10-31-129-80.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.691476 | 657 | 2.640625 | 3 |
The IPCC Assessment Report 6– The physical sciences bases is full of bad news for humanity and a lot of science highlighting and supporting why we need to take this bad news seriously. It gives us more and more evidences (as if we did not already have enough!) that the global warming is caused by humans and every tonne of CO2 emission contributes to global warming.
These are not new things, even the first IPCC report had highlighted this. What is new is that our understanding of the science behind the climate change causes and impact has evolved. What is new that this report now adds the word ‘unequivocally’ and this is agreed by more than 190 countries who are part of IPCC. We now have more data and studies (report findings are based on more than 14000 studies!) confirming what scientists have been saying for more than three decades. If these cannot make you believe this obvious thing then nothing will.
The other thing that scientists have established that global warming beyond 2 degree (compared to the pre-industrial era) is apocalyptic. So we all are trying to keep the global warming below 2 degrees and desirably below 1.5 degree if we can. In 2015, 195 countries adopted a legally binding international treaty on climate change, known as ‘the Paris Agreement’ (https://unfccc.int/process-and-meetings/the-paris-agreement/the-paris-agreement), to limit the global warming below 2, preferably 1.5 degrees celsius compared to pre-industrial levels.
The bad news is that there is a very little hope that we would be able to meet the 1.5 degree scenario (in simple words- the possibility that we would reduce the emission to such a level that global warming would not be more than 1.5 degree from pre-industrial era). As per the updated estimates of the report, we only have a carbon budget (the amount of CO2 we can afford to emit) of 460 bn tonnes to keep the global warming below 1.5 degree (well to be exact we have only 50 per cent chance of keeping the global warming below 1.5 degree if we can emit below the 460 bn tonnes. You will note that unlike the climate change deniers and anti-climate change lobbyists who talk in absolute certainties, scientists talk in probabilities and with evidences). This is around 11-12 years of carbon emission at the existing rate of carbon emission (in 2020 we emitted 34 bn tonnes of CO2) every year (unless we drastically change this!).
The following table in the report makes it clear that there is only on scenario SSP1-1.9. (SSP1-1.9, SSP stands for Shared Socioeconomic Pathways. SSP1 is the scenario and 1.9 indicates the Radiative Forcing. There are five SSPs, with SSP1 being the best case scenario where we adopt the a growth trajectory that has very low challenges to mitigation and adaption and focuses on sustainable development and SSP5 is the pessimistic scenario where we have fossil fuel led development and high challenges to mitigation and adaption.)
Once we go beyond the 1.5 degree, at 2-degree itself, we are going to witness increased frequency of extreme temperature events, intense rainfalls (heavy precipitation) and agriculture and ecological droughts. And, these are going to further increase the intensity and complexity of many manifestations of climate change impacts.
Plastic Bottles are one of the top three contribution to plastic pollution globally. Photo by Brian Yurasits on Unsplash
You always have choices and will be known for what you chose.
A company in Australia https://thankyou.co/categories realized that it had a silly product in its portfolio. Packaged Drinking Water- a major source of plastic pollution. It stopped producing it. No justification, no convoluted statements.
On the other side, you will find corporates ad-washing their sins by mushy PR campaigns, headline-grabbing sustainability announcement wherein the money committed to sustainability returns more PR value and does nothing to the actual cause.
When you see an emotional ad that connects with you as it portrays the story of compassion, sustainability and reminds you to be more humane and less evil, do ask a question: do they believe in it?
Or they are using us to sell more products .. or to make their ads viral .. to grab more views.. to achieve more sales.. to establish their brand image by absolving themselves of their past sins..
Most of these companies used our inferiority complex to sell more products. Now, we have become more aware.. more conscious.. so they use our compassion and humanity to sell more products.
Times are changing.. I am waiting for all of us to be more critical, more questioning, and less forgiving when our core values and the future of our kids are in question.
2020 started horribly for me, and I am not talking about the pandemic which came later. The horrible start of the year forced me to agonise over and introspect about many things that would have never caught my attention normally. The vortex of pain and agony forced me for a much-needed introspection and I tried deepening understanding of mindfulness and meditation. So, I spend a lot of time reading books on meditation and mindfulness. It was not the usual reading from start to finish but more of reflection and cogitation on what I read.
The Science of Meditation by Goleman and DavidsonI is probably the most informative book on meditation written in a very unbiased way. The second book that I would recommend to any one interested in mindfulness, meditation and vipassana is The Art of Living by S N Goenka. These two books are quite different but give you a very good understanding of meditation and its different dimensions. I also read 10% Happier by Dan Harris and enjoyed it for being a candid take on author’s personal journey of mindfulness. There are at least 5-6 books on Buddhism and Meditation that I started and could not finish. I think one of the key takeaway for me from this year is a deeper understanding of Meditation as I graduated from studying the theories to practicing it (although I had to stop after 4 months, but I am keen to take it to the next level).
The other topic that I spent quite some time this year was popular non-fiction dealing with climate change and sustainability. While this is the topic that is the focus of my professional life I am very curious about how popular fiction and non-fiction is dealing with one of the worst crisis that humanity is facing. The recent years have seen many books on climate change for common readers. The Uninhabitable Earth” by David Wallace and This Changes Every Thing by Naomi Klein are two outstanding book on this topic. Two very different perspective but very readable and thought-provoking books. Highly recommended.
I finished three Hindi books as well. Reading Hindnaama- Ek Mahadesh ki Gaathaby Krishna Kalpit was very pleasant experience. This is part poetry, part prose; part history and part commentary on our history. Resplendent with erudition and incisive analysis. A must read.
I have been an Evernote user since 2008. Every time, I need to find a report, a document, receipts I search in my Evernote and it is there. Once I drag anything into Evernote I know that it is going to be there. The optical character reader (OCR) feature makes life so much easier. I can drag a PDF report in Evernote and can easily search the content of this PDF. This is an immensely valuable feature when your job requires going through numerous pdfs scouting for information. So for me Evernote is not a note taking tool but a repositories of my documents.
Evernote excels at what it is supposed to do and you can trust it to be there when you need it: online, offline, on mobile, on web, on Mac, On Windows.. It is everywhere. But a lot of things changed in last 12 years. We saw a number of apps coming and threatening Evernote and often excelled at one or another thing that Evernote does. Bear gave a brilliant writing interface; NimbusNote got some style and a few more bells and whistle than Evernote and then came Notion: the lego box that can be a note-taking app, a project management tool, a personal wiki.. the list goes on.
Now, the #RoamCult is taking over. RoamResearch is taking the note-taking to the next level. With its bi-directional linking and networked thoughts, this is something that is not Note-Taking but a learning and knowledge management tool that makes you think and collect knowledge bits without any kind of typology and structures. This is immensely helpful for the content creators and researchers. I work extensively on climate change and different development challenges and often putting a files into a particular structure or folder is very difficult. RoamResearch allows me to do that very well. But RoamResearch is not great for dumping all kind of content like we do in Evernote or for creating beautiful structured personal wiki as Notion.
But Evernote, RoamResearch and Notion together create a perfect knowledge management work-flow and system. My three step workflow is the following: Step 1: Everything goes into Evernote. Online articles, pdfs, my purchase receipts, critical documents. First landing place for any content. It is reliable, safe and available everywhere. And, the mobile app of Evernote is lightyears ahead of Notion and RoamResearch (in fact RoamResearch does not have a mobile app yet.).
Step 2: Synthesis of compiled content happens in RoamResearch. I review notes in Evernote, highlight them and bring the highlights and notes that I want to further use into RoamResearch. Here I process my notes to create a short summary in my own words. This also turns up into my CRM and ToDo list as it is quite intuitive. I can insert ToDo list and reference to different people easily in Roam.
Step 3: All the finalized content that I create goes into Notion in form of a personal wiki.
So far I am quite good with this flow. But I am looking forward to getting rid of one or other applications if they evolve further become one stop solution for my personal knowledge management.
The coming of the age, almost autobiographical, story of Vietnamese migrant Little Dog’s journey from war torn Vietnam to Hartford in USA, is a long poem in the guise of a novel. And thank god that this is done by Vuong and not by others. Not many would have produced something as endearing as this novel. Not every author is Ocean Vuong. This might be his debut novel but he is already a celebrated poet and a recipient of numerous awards including MacArthur Genius grant for his poetry/writing.
Little Dog might sound as a strange name but once I read the story behind his name, there was a tender familiarity that seeped through. Little Dog was named so to save him from bad things happening to him; making him undesirable so that death which prefers to take away the precious things ignores him. This is the practice which even I saw in many parts of our hinterland. Parents named their kid, after losing a few kids untimely, with names such as Fekan, Bechan, Lallu.. the most coveted kids had the most unwanted names.
The novel is in the form of a long letter written by Little Dog to his manicurist mother, who could not read. Little Dog and his mother both fought for dignity and self-esteem in an ‘English’ world with very little English in their kitty. But Little Dog grew up and he had a bellyful of English. And, this novel surely suggests the bellyful of English was also the beautiful English.
“In this nail salon, sorry is a tool one uses to pander until the word itself becomes currency. It no longer merely apologies but insists, reminds: I am here, right here, beneath you. It is the lowering of oneself so that client fells right, superior and charitable. In the nail salon, one’s definition of sorry is deranged into a new word entirely, one that’s charged and reused as both power and defacement at once. Being sorry pays, being sorry even, or especially, when one has no fault, is worth every self-deprecating syllable the mouth allows. Because the mouth must eat.” – From On Earth We’re Briefly Gorgeous by Ocean Vuong
Little Dog’s fitful account of his life, memories, his sexuality and his rumination on his relationship with his mother and grand-mother is visceral. It is gorgeous not briefly but perennially. Ocean Vuong has poured his yearnings into a book that will be remembered for its sheer power to evoke unique and indescribable mix of emotions.
The lock-down has forced us to work from home and while some of us have been used to it (I used to work from home from 2015 to 2018 and still I find working from home more productive!) but a number of my friends have been finding it quite challenging. While there is a mental-shift required to be productive from a place that is typically considered to be a space for you and your family’s private time, there is also a lack of support/infrastructure that poses a challenge to be productive while working from home.
Since I have been experimenting with technology and gadgets to find the best productivity system, I always find that my home setup has been far more productive than my work setup. A lot of people have asked me about my home setup (Warning: I love tinkering with my systems and even an incremental value-add often matters to me. Result — I have many redundancies and multiple devices!) so here is a snapshot of what my work from home setup consists of.
I juggle between multiple machines. But the main workhorse is a desktop Chakra (Yes, my machines have got their own names, ) that I assembled myself; and this is quite a powerful machine for my use (Nova Benchmark Score of 2797). This is connected to a 27inch 4k display. It has 9th Gen Intel i7, 32 GB of RAM and Nvidia GTX 1660 Graphics card. The processor and RAM are primarily needed for my occasional Photoshop and Lightroom (I have a massive library of more than 15k photos) work. I have a iMac 27” 5k as backup (I love the Retina display of that machine for colour accuracy) but the fusion drive in that machine sucks. My custom-built desktop has Samsung NVME 770 pro ssd harddrive that makes this whole setup a very zippy.
I have a couple of (in fact three if I include my office allocated machine) laptops that I use when I am on move. A 13” MacBook Pro Retina (Nandaka, this one quite old but still a great machine and I am waiting for Apple to fix the keyboard on MacBook Pro so that I can upgrade) and MacBook Air 2017 model. Apart from this tow Mac laptops, I have a Dell XPS 13 (Asi) with i7 and QHD touch screen display. While I have multiple machines but I have almost established use (apart from being a backup when one fails) for them.
At home and photo-editing: I need fast processing and a big screen, so it is primarily done on the Desktop.
Professional Travel for a day or two: MacBook Air. There is no better machine than this if you are in Apple ecosystem and crave for a good keyboard.
Personal travel for longer duration or vacations: MacBook Pro as I need a bit more firepower for photo editing needs.
The Dell XPS 13 is a backup in most cases or when I need to extract more juice from Excel, which is always better on a Windows machine.
I have a couple of mobile devices that I use along with these machines. I have the latest iPhone 11 Pro Max and iPad Pro (11 inch, 256Gbs) with Apple Pencil 2 and Keyboard. iPad is very handy for all the meetings and note taking. I am considering using this for my work travels for a day or so but did not find it that conducive when I need to work on reports or word docs. But with the mouse support just launched I am going to try this. These days of lockdown and work from home, I often use iPad for my video calls as it is much easier to carry and I use my laptops and desktops to quickly search information or files if needed for these calls. iPad also is my go to device for media consumption and for reading magazines and PDFs.
Apart from these machines, I use Logitech K850 keyboard and mouse combo. The keyboard allows me to wireless connect to 3 machine and I can use this as input to any of my laptops or desktop with just press of one button. I crave for a mechanical keyboard (I have a TVS Gold somewhere in my storage) but there are not many that can give me the ease that Logitech K850 gives. But, this is going to change. I am waiting for Das Keyboard 5Q. Nobody makes keyboards better than Das guys and this one is just drool-worthy.
For all the video calls, I use my Airpods 2 which have far better range and clarity than any other small wireless earphones. Also they seamlessly integrate in Macbook, Ipad, Iphone without any hassle. But these do not have great battery life; they don’t last more than 3 hours. I also have a couple of headphones (Sony WH1000XM3 and V-moda Crossfade Wireless 2) that I use as backup and for listening music. I have been using V-moda for quite sometime for its sound quality and multi-point Bluetooth connectivity. But Sony is the one I use on flights for its noise cancellation. It would replace my V-moda Crossfade the day it gets multipoint Bluetooth connection so that I can pair with a number of devices simultaneously. Sound quality is now almost at par.
Windows and MacOS: I am love to work on cross platform so I look for those solutions which integrate with multiple mobile and computing platform. Way back in early 2000, I experimented with Linux (Red Hat was the first distro I used) and Windows and got introduced to MacOS in 2007. Since then I have been a multiOS person. But now, it is mainly MacOS and Windows. Linux apart from being open-source does not add much value to my workflow.
Evernote:I have been a power user of Evernote since 2008. It has more than 4000 notes and I use it for file archiving and storing anything that I might need in future. The OCR feature and multi-platform availability makes it almost the best solutions for personal knowledge management. The one feature which is quite handy is that I can directly scan a business card and it stores the information in text format and sends a linked connection request to the person.
Microsoft 365— While there are multiple word processing software I used in past but this is the gold standard. I have subscription that gives me 1TB of storage space on OneDrive and all the office suite applications. But I use word processing software ‘as word processing software’ for editing my professional documents and not to write things.
OmniFocus: This is my preferred ToDo list app. But it might get redundant as I am trying to consolidate my workflow and Notion does allow me to manage my ToDo. The only problem with Notion is its mobile app.
Notion: I use Notion for my personal knowledge wiki and management. While earlier I was primarily dependent on Evernote for all the knowledge management needs but gradually I am using Evernote for note taking (with Penultimate it works great) and a lot of my knowledge management is happening on Notion.
Roam Research: This the note taking and personal knowledge management app of the future. But it is still in very early stage of its development. It has immense potential because of its contextual linking of text and bi-directional relationship of notes.
Adobe Photoshop and Lightroom: I use Lightroom to process my raw files and organize the photos that I have. I have quite a large library of photos and Lightroom’s catalog organizing capabilities are unparalleled. Adobe Photoshop is very rarely used. In fact, for photo retouching especially the portraits I use Luminar 4, and it is quite amazing for basic retouching.
Affinity Publisher: This is my preferred software (since InDesign is subscription based and I am not keen to pay for a subscription that I barely use) for designing anything. Quite cheap and very capable.
Calibre: The opensource and free software to manage the large library of pdfs and ebooks that I have. It also can run in server mode to help one access these files from anywhere.
Woven: This is in beta Calendar application that has some great features. I use this is to sync my Google Calendar.
Two internet connections (one with static IP address): I had learnt my lessons early when I started working from home. You cannot trust on one Internet connection. Airtel, one of the main service providers in my area has good reliability but it speed is yet not there. They are upgrading but not yet fully functional. So I have an Airtel which is only used for video calling and backup when my other connection does not work. The other connection has 300mbps speed. I also got a dedicated IP address which allows me to access my home cam and document library from anywhere. The high speed connection is hooked into Netgear Orbi ( a mesh router with one satellite) that has a lot of capabilities and provides very reliable connectivity in multiple rooms without any dead zones.
Private Internet Access: I have a subscription for a VPN service that allows me to use public wifi (hotels) cafe etc. without any security concerns. Not many people know but you are at great risk of losing your privacy and key data when you access any public wifi.
Apple Time Machine and One Drive: I have Apple Time Machine (Airport Extreme 2TB) and OneDrive configured to sync and backup all my key folders. This also allows me to seamlessly work from any device and not worry about duplication and data loss.
Apart from these online backups I do a regular offline backup almost every month on physical hard drive to ensure that I have a copy of my key files.
This was a post I used to write typically in the first or second week of January. But recently things have not been going in the usual way. I also used to provide a couple of line summaries and my take on the books that I read but that too seemed too much of effort. But I want to make sure that the list is here for archives and I get on with the things. This post was holding back a number of things that I wanted to write about.
While I am not going to write about each book that I read, however, there are somethings that can be generalized about my last year’s reading.
I did not get much time to read non-fiction. For me, non-fiction is serious reading and I do dedicate some time in my day for that but last year was a test for my time-management skills. While I completed only three books in the non-fiction category, I have a number of them unfinished. Last year, we had gone to Ramana Maharishi’s ashram and picked up a bagful of books. Ramana Maharishi is probably the only modern time sage who attracts me and evokes respect. So I spent good amount of time reading his books and his life story. The other theme that I read a lot (does not indicate in the list of books here as many of those books did not get completed) was climate change and air-pollution: these are not only my personal interest areas but also professional needs. But again, out of 10-15 books that I had planned to read last year on this topic, I could finish only three.
In the fiction category, there has been a conscious effort to read more Hindi books. And, I managed to read four books, including the epic-length Mujhe Chand Chahiye. I also risked picking up a book by young Hindi writers or Nayi Hindi authors and was quite surprised by Aughad.
Majority of fiction that I read this year were my flight reads or bedtime reading and I tried to finish some of the series that I was following, including a great series that turned into a disappointment by Dean Koontz. I also attempted an Indian crime fiction/whodunit by Bhaskar Chattopadhyay and it was good. Nine Perfect Strangers was a big disappointment and so was Blue Moon and The Silent Patient.
The two standout books of this year for me were Laburnum for My Head, a collection of short stories by Temsula Ao and Eleanor Oliphant is Completely Fine. Eleanor Oliphant has been a rage last year so it got on my reading list but Temsula Ao was a finding from some random search and glad that I got this.
The Silent Patient By Alex Michaelides
Blue Moon By Lee Child
Laburnum for My Head By Temsula Ao
Mujhe Chand Chahiye (Hindi) By Surendra Varma
Tell No One By Harlan Coben
Rehan Par Raghu(Hindi) By Kashinath Singh
The Arsonist By Kiran Nagarkar
The Girl Who Lived Twice By David Lagercrantz
Eleanor Oliphant is completely fine By Gail Honeyman
Finding a place that gives you a space to think, great ‘chai’ and good inspiration is an indescribable pleasure. Tapri in Jaipur (www.tapri.net) is one such place.
When we walked into this place, it was just starting its morning hours and it has an ethereal charm of unoccupied, beautifully decorated space. The seats next to the big-windows overlooking a large open greanspace amidst of which Indian flag was swaying.. this was quite a site.
But what impressed me most is the dash of humour and a lot of thinking that Tapri has put into making their operation more environment friendly. We had paper straw, lampshades made of earthenware, chairs from locally available materials… Great work Tapri team.
Captured this from my car window while traveling from Rishikesh to Delhi. Right from Rishikesh to Delhi, the road was full of colorful Kanwars and Kanwariys. Dancing, chanting, running.. this was a sight to behold. | <urn:uuid:0f2bfbee-e69f-4b6f-99ab-27001972e82a> | CC-MAIN-2021-39 | https://santoshsingh.net/blog/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-39/segments/1631780058467.95/warc/CC-MAIN-20210927181724-20210927211724-00086.warc.gz | en | 0.960182 | 5,578 | 3.109375 | 3 |
Skip to comments.FReeper Canteen~The USS NAUTILUS (SSN-571)~6 Sept 2007
Posted on 09/05/2007 5:50:54 PM PDT by AZamericonnie
The USS NAUTILUS (SSN-571) USS Nautilus is arguably the most famous submarine in the world. She was first in many respects, including being the first nuclear submarine, first submarine to navigate under the North Pole, as well as setting many endurance records for submerged operations. She also participated in many exercises that helped to rewrite Anti-Submarine Warfare doctrine.
USS NAUTILUS was laid down 14 June 1952, President Harry S. Truman officiating, at the Electric Boat Co., Division of General Dynamics Corp., Groton, Connecticut; launched 21 January 1954; sponsored by Mrs. Dwight D. Eisenhower, wife of President Eisenhower, and commissioned 30 September 1954, Comdr. E. P. Wilkinson in command.
Following commissioning NAUTILUS remained at dockside for further construction and testing until 17 January 1955. Then, at 1100, her lines were cast off and she was "underway on nuclear power." Trials followed and on 10 May NAUTILUS headed south for shakedown. She remained submerged while enroute to Puerto Rico, covering 1,381 miles in 89.8 hours, the longest submerged cruise, to that date, by a submarine, and at the highest sustained submerged speed ever recorded for a period of over one hour's duration. Throughout 1955, and into 1957, she investigated the effects of the radically increased submerged speed and endurance, such changes in submerged mobility having virtually wiped out progress in anti-submarine warfare techniques. The airplane and radar, which helped defeat submarines in the Atlantie during World War II, proved ineffective against a vessel which did not need to surface, could clear an area in record time, and swiftly change depth simultaneously.
On 4 February 1957, NAUTILUS logged her 60,000th nautical mile to bring to reality the achievements of her fictitious namesake in Jules Verne's 20,000 Leagues Under the Sea. In May she departed for the Pacific Coast to participate in coastal exercises and the fleet exercise, operation "Home run," which acquainted units of the Pacific Fleet with the capabilities of nuclear submarines.
NAUTILUS returned to New London 21 July and departed again 19 August for her first voyage, of 1,383 miles, under polar pack ice. Thence, she headed for the Eastern Atlantic to participate in NATO exercises and conduct a tour of various British and French ports where she was inspected by defense personnel of those countries. She arrived back at New London 28 October, underwent upkeep, and then conducted coastal operations until the spring.
On 25 April 1958 she was underway again for the West Coast. Stopping at San Diego, San Francisco, and Seattle she began her history making Polar transit, operation "Sunshine," as she departed the latter port 9 June. On 19 June she entered the Chukchi Sea, but was turned back by deep draft ice in those shallow waters. On the 28th she arrived at Pearl Harbor to await better ice conditions. By 23 July her wait was over and she set a course northward. She submerged in the Barrow Sea Valley 1 August and on 3 August, at 2315 (EDST) she became the first ship to reach the geographic North Pole. From the North Pole, she continued on and after 96 hours and 1830 miles under the ice, she surfaced northeast of Greenland, having completed the first successful voyage across the North Pole.
Proceeding from Greenland to Portland, England, she received the Presidential Unit Citation, the first ever issued in peace time, from American Ambassador J. H. Whitney, and then set a westerly course which put her into the Thames River estuary at New London 29 October. For the remainder of the year she operated from her homeport, New London, Connecticut.
Following fleet exercises in early 1959, NAUTILUS entered the Portsmouth Naval Shipyard, for her first complete overhaul (28 May 1959 - 15 August 1960). Overhaul was followed by refresher training and on 24 October she departed New London for her first deployment with the 6th Fleet in the Mediterranean, returning to her homeport 16 December.
NAUTILUS operated in the Atlantic, conducting evaluation tests for ASW improvements, participating in NATO exercises and, during the fall of 1962, in the naval quarantine of Cuba, until she headed east again for a two month Mediterranean tour in August 1963. On her return she joined in fleet exercises until entering the Portsmouth Naval Shipyard for her second overhaul 17 January 1964. On 2 May 1966, NAUTILUS returned to her homeport to resume operations with the Atlantic Fleet. For the next year and a quarter she conducted special operations for ComSubLant and then in August 1967, returned to Portsmouth, for another year's stay, following which she conducted exercises off the southeastern seaboard. She returned to New London in December 1968, and into 1970 she continued to participate in operations as a unit of the 2nd Fleet.
General Characteristics: Awarded: August 2, 1951
Keel laid: June 14, 1952
Launched: January 21, 1954
Commissioned: September 30, 1954
Decommissioned: March 3, 1980
Builder: Electric Boat Division of General Dynamics Corporation, Groton, CT.
Propulsion system: one nuclear reactor
Length: 324 feet (98.75 meters)
Beam: 27.8 feet (8.47 meters)
Draft: 22 feet (6.7 meters)
Displacement: Surfaced: approx. 3,530 tons Submerged: approx. 4,090 tons
Speed: Surfaced: approx. 22 knots Submerged: approx. +20 knots
Armament: six 533 mm torpedo tubes
Crew: 13 Officers, 92 Enlisted
In the spring of 1979, NAUTILUS set out from Groton, Connecticut on her final voyage. She reached Mare Island Naval Shipyard, Vallejo, California on May 26, 1979 - her last day underway. She was decommissioned on March 3, 1980 after a career spanning 25 years and over half a million miles steamed.
In recognition of her pioneering role in the practical use of nuclear power, NAUTILUS was designated a National Historic Landmark by the Secretary of the Interior on May 20, 1982. Following an extensive historic ship conversion at Mare Island Naval Shipyard, NAUTILUS was towed to Groton, Connecticut arriving on July 6, 1985.
On April 11, 1986, eighty-six years to the day after the birth of the Submarine Force, Historic Ship NAUTILUS, joined by the Submarine Force Museum, opened to the public as the first and finest exhibit of its kind in the world, providing an exciting, visible link between yesterday's Submarine Force and the Submarine Force of tomorrow.
The USS NAUTILUS (SSN-571)
USS Nautilus is arguably the most famous submarine in the world. She was first in many respects, including being the first nuclear submarine, first submarine to navigate under the North Pole, as well as setting many endurance records for submerged operations. She also participated in many exercises that helped to rewrite Anti-Submarine Warfare doctrine.
I’ll try again!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!
:) I had 3 helpers today .Terry and a lady who took off as soon as she got there and Sarah.Sarah put popcorn in every glass we had-HELP-Heeehee Buy a glass and get free popcorn.
Luv.....the hat trick.....#100, #150, #200!!
LOL! I love those chickies!
Very cool....popcorn with each glass....what a deal! LOL!!
We forgot to get a shot of our Peep shirts!
Pooooh! We sure did!
I wore it the other day and thought of my Sis! :D
Those barnacles look nasty.....
Those are barnacles, Sissy..
heeheee.I said Sarah don’t put keys in the TV.She said”I don’t like you”This is help?
Icky-looking creatures! Blech!
He IS cute!
VERY good annimation, by the way.
Wait!!!!! Porky Pig, Sarah? Was she your popcorn helper? That Sarah? | <urn:uuid:c850924a-3806-4f9e-a224-e4987192a7db> | CC-MAIN-2017-34 | http://www.freerepublic.com/focus/f-news/1891744/posts?page=209 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-34/segments/1502886124563.93/warc/CC-MAIN-20170823210143-20170823230143-00050.warc.gz | en | 0.960555 | 1,746 | 2.8125 | 3 |
The last lesson for Chapter 3! Wooot!
Some disturbance can be beneficial, but too much causes ecosystem unsustainability.
An avalanche of mud crashes down a hillside, already dotted with the scars of previous slips. Rocks and muddy debris sluice through the village, pushing aside coconut palms and other plants, before plunging into the ocean. How could a disturbance like this be beneficial?
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1735 – Richard Smith, born on the 22nd of March in Burlington, New Jersey. He was a lawyer and politician who served in the Continental Congress. He was educated under private teachers and in Quaker schools, and studied law.
1762 – He was admitted to the bar and practiced in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, and later in Burlington.
– He was commissioned county clerk of Burlington on the 7th of December.
1774 – 1776 – He was chosen as a New Jersey delegate to the Continental Congress.
1776 – He was a member of the New Jersey State council.
1776 – 1777 – He was elected treasurer of New Jersey.
1790 – He moved to Laurens, New York.
1799 – Then moved to Philadelphia.
1803 – Died near Natchez, Mississippi on the 17th of September, and was interred in Natchez Cemetery. | <urn:uuid:1d1f11f5-88fa-422a-8969-d6e3a23ea722> | CC-MAIN-2016-26 | http://www.s9.com/Biography/Smith-Richard | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783397567.28/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624154957-00103-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.991633 | 186 | 2.5625 | 3 |
The quail egg is prized as a dietary and healing food. It is recorded that Chinese medical practitioners have used quail eggs for thousands of years to remedy aliments such as rhinitis, asthma, hay fever, spasmodic cough along with skin conditions such as eczema and psoriasis. More recently the benefits are found in quail egg capsules sold online.
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Chicken Egg vs. Quail Egg
Quail eggs are packed with vitamins and minerals. Even with their small size, their nutritional value is three to four times greater than chicken eggs. Quail eggs contain 13 per cent proteins compared to 11 per cent in chicken eggs. Quail eggs also contain 140 per cent of vitamin B1 compared to 50 per cent in chicken eggs. In addition, quail eggs provide five times as much iron and potassium. Unlike chicken eggs, quail eggs have not been know to cause allergies or diathesis. Actually they help fight allergy symptoms due to the ovomucoid protein they contain.
Regular consumption of quail eggs helps fight against many diseases. They are a natural combatant against digestive tract disorders such as stomach ulcers. Quail eggs strengthen the immune system, promote memory health, increase brain activity and stabilise the nervous system. They help with anaemia by increasing the level of haemoglobin in the body while removing toxins and heavy metals. The Chinese use quail eggs to help treat tuberculosis, asthma, and even diabetes. If you are a sufferer of kidney, liver, or gallbladder stones quail eggs can help prevent and remove these types of stones.
Children eating quail eggs are less inclined to suffer from infectious diseases than other children do. In men, quail eggs provide the prostate gland with phosphorus, proteins, and vitamins that can be a powerful stimulant for sexual potency. Women find that the egg improves skin colour and strengthens hair. This is why quail eggs are in facial and in hair care products.
Ways to Consume Quail Eggs
If you purely want to promote your health without concern for intake you can eat raw quail eggs after washing them in boiling water. You don’t have to worry about salmonella with quail eggs as quails are resistant to infections due to their increased content of lysozyme that kills harmful bacteria. For this method eating three to five quail eggs each morning promotes a strong immune system and improves metabolism.
Raw quail egg consumption provides stronger health benefits than cooked eggs.
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10 Toxic Bodies Of Water
The sight of a calm, pristine lake, river, or beach is enticing to many. Whether it’s for fishing, swimming, boating, or just relaxing, bodies of water have always drawn people in. Sometimes, however, dipping one’s toes in that water isn’t at all recommended.
Lakes, rivers, and lagoons can become a threat to both animal and human populations. Causes include industrial pollution, human waste, bacterial growth, and even Mother Nature’s temper. Here are ten bodies of water that can cause some serious damage.
10 Blue Lagoon Not Suitable For Swimming
Looks can be deceiving, even when it comes to water. This is the case with the Blue Lagoon of Buxton, England. The “lagoon” is the disused Far Hill Quarry, which flooded and became a popular swimming spot. People are drawn to the brilliant blue water that looks as if a Caribbean oasis sits in the middle of Derbyshire. But in reality, the blue water is extremely toxic.
The turquoise color comes from chemicals leaching into the water from the limestone rocks. Calcium oxide, used as a part of the quarrying process, gives the lagoon a pH level roughly comparable to ammonia. One of the many signs warning visitors not to enter the water cautions that the high pH levels can cause skin and eye irritation, stomach problems, fungal infections, and rashes. On top of the chemicals, the lagoon has also been used as a dumping ground. Another sign posted near the area reads: “Lagoon known to contain: Car Wrecks, Dead Animals, Excrement, Rubbish.”
Despite warnings about the toxicity and unsanitary conditions, families continue to flock to the Blue Lagoon. Children are allowed to swim with the simple warning not to dunk their heads or swallow any water. Locals wanted to drain the flooded quarry but were told that doing so would pose a threat to their water supply. In June 2013, the town council dyed the lagoon black to deter swimmers, but by 2015, the water had reverted to its turquoise color.
9 Lake Titicaca Kills Endangered Frogs
South America’s largest lake has become contaminated by human and industrial waste. Lake Titicaca lies between Peru and Bolivia. It was one of the most sacred sites for the Incas, who believed the lake was the birthplace of the Sun. Now, heavy metals such as lead and arsenic pollute the water. Many of the industrial toxins come from El Alto, where 70 percent of factories operate illegally and are not monitored for pollution.
In addition, more than half of the people living on the shores of Lake Titicaca do not have plumbing.
In 2015, an estimated 10,000 endangered frogs were found dead on the shores of Lake Titicaca and its connecting river. The Titicaca water frog is one of the largest aquatic frogs in the world. Because of its baggy skin, the frog is often referred to as the “scrotum frog.” The cause of the massive die-off is thought to be the sewage and heavy metals that pollute the lake.
8 Pinto Lake Kills Sea Otters And More
Located in Watsonville, California, Pinto Lake has been referred to as the most toxic lake in the state, thanks to an abundance of blue-green algae.
The algae, also known as cyanobacteria, feed on nitrogen and phosphorus. These chemical elements exist in sediments at the bottom of Pinto Lake. Bottom-feeding fish such as carp stir up the nitrogen and phosphorous, which release into the water, feeding the algae blooms. These blooms produce a toxin called microcystin.
Touching or ingesting microcystin can cause nausea, fever, and even liver failure. The toxin has been linked to the deaths of birds, fish, sea otters, and dogs in the area. Signs are posted warning that any direct contact with the water is dangerous, and people are also cautioned not to eat any fish caught in Pinto Lake.
7 Buriganga River Suffocates Fish
The Buriganga River in Bangladesh flows though the capital city of Dhaka and is their primary water source. It is also the primary dumping ground for waste from the tanneries in Hazaribagh, a neighborhood in Dhaka. Hazaribagh is home to 95 percent of Bangladesh’s leather tanneries. These tanneries dump an estimated 22,000 liters (5,300 gal) of toxic waste into the Buriganga each day.
Tannery waste contains animal flesh and hair as well as numerous chemicals, dyes, oils, and heavy metals. Bangladesh does have environmental regulations, but there has been a complete lack of monitoring and enforcement. Samples of wastewater taken from tanneries contain chemicals and toxins that greatly exceed the permitted amounts. In 2002, the government ordered Hazaribagh tanneries to relocate outside of Dhaka within three years. The deadline has been extended for over a decade.
Trash collects in heaps along the shores of the Buriganga, and the water is so polluted that all the fish have died. Especially in the slums of the city, many residents use the river for bathing, cooking, and even drinking. People who depend on the river’s water often suffer from health problems such as headaches, diarrhea, and jaundice.
6 Karymsky Lake Boils Its Inhabitants
The Kamchatka Peninsula is located in far-eastern Russia. It contains a number of active volcanoes, as well as geysers and hot springs.
One of the most active volcanoes is called Karymsky, which lies about 5 kilometers (3 mi) north of Karymsky Lake. The lake was created when a massive eruption of the volcano emptied out a magma chamber, leaving behind a caldera that filled with water. The caldera was thought to be dormant, until it erupted in 1996.
The Karymsky volcano erupted first, around midnight on January 2. Later that afternoon, the lake began to explode. The underwater eruption caused steam and ash to spew into the air for about 18 hours. The erupted material landed back in the lake, creating a soup of sodium, sulfate, calcium, and magnesium. The water in the lake was actually boiling. The extreme temperatures and additional chemicals killed all life in the lake.
Before the eruption, Karymsky Lake was filled with clear water that had a pH level of 7.5. After the eruption, the water turned a yellowish-brown color and had a pH level of 3.2. The freshwater lake had become the biggest natural reservoir of acid water in the world.
By 2012, Karymsky Lake had regained a pH of 7.54, and the water was once again clear. However, new hot springs that appeared during the eruption keep the lake three times saltier than it was before.
5 Matanza-Riachuelo River Poisons Residents
The Matanza-Riachuelo, which literally translates to “slaughter brook,” runs through Buenos Aires, the capital city of Argentina. Having been used as a dumping site for waste and sewage, the river has become one of the most polluted waters in the world.
The Matanza-Riachuelo is lined by urban slums that house close to five million people. Tanneries, chemical plants, and factories dump an average of 82,000 cubic meters (2.9 million ft3) of industrial waste containing hard metals and pesticides into the river each day. As a result, 25 percent of children living in these slums have lead in their bloodstreams.
There is a lack of plumbing in the riverside slums. Some homes have outhouses with drainage pipes that lead directly into the Matanza-Riachuelo. Residents suffer from undiagnosed skin conditions, respiratory problems, and gastrointestinal illnesses so severe they can lead to death.
In 2005, an Argentine environmental minister vowed to have the Matanza-Riachuelo cleaned up within 1,000 days, adding that she would be the first to drink the water. Neither of those things happened.
4 Berkeley Pit Mass-Murders Snow Geese
On November 28, 2016, a large flock of geese landed on a small body of water in Butte, Montana, known as Berkeley Pit. It is estimated that roughly 10,000 geese landed in the water, and thousands of them died.
Berkeley Pit is a former mine where nearly 300 million tons of copper were extracted between 1955 and 1982. The process created a deep pit that eventually filled with 275 meters (900 ft) of water. The water is full of arsenic, cadmium, cobalt, copper, iron, and other compounds.
2016 was not the first time Berkeley Pit became a massive snow goose grave. In November 1995, 342 dead geese were discovered floating in the pit. Postmortem examinations revealed that the cause of death was due to the water, which is acidic enough to liquefy the steel propeller on a motorboat. The birds had burns and sores on their trachea, esophagus, and digestive organs.
As the water level in Berkeley Pit continues to rise, so do concerns about contamination. The water is scheduled to reach the level of Butte’s groundwater by 2023. If a successful treatment plan is not implemented before then, the pit pollution will enter the local water source.
3 Yamuna River Dies In Delhi
The Yamuna River begins as crystal-clear water that comes from a glacier in the Himalayas. North of Delhi, the river is home to turtles, fish, crocodiles, and numerous aquatic plants. But the Yamuna that enters the city is not the same river that emerges.
River water is diverted north of Delhi to supply one-third of the city’s drinking water, and it is also siphoned off to irrigate rice fields. This leaves nearly dry riverbeds, which are replenished with pollution and sewage.
Data from a 2011 water quality report showed that water leaving Delhi contained over one billion fecal coliform bacteria per 100 milliliters. The standard for bathing is 500 coliform bacteria per 100 milliliters. More than five million Delhi residents live in illegal settlements that lack sewer service. They defecate in places that drain directly into the river. Industrial waste containing heavy metals and other pollutants are dumped into the river daily.
In Hinduism, the Yamuna is not just a river but a goddess. The sad state of the Yamuna bothers some believers, who say that the goddess is dying and in need of help. Others maintain that because the river is a goddess, she can never be polluted, no matter how bad she is physically mistreated.
It might be debated whether or not the goddess is dying, but there is sufficient proof of the river harming mortal entities. The 23-kilometer (14 mi) stretch of the Yamuna that runs through Delhi has no aquatic life. The tainted river is responsible for numerous cases of typhoid fever as well as an unusually high infant mortality rate. Heavy metals in the water leach into local fields and contaminate vegetables, causing children in the area to suffer and even die from arsenic and lead poisoning.
2 Lake Natron Mummifies Its Victims
Lake Natron is a salt lake located in Northern Tanzania near the Kenyan border. The lake is named for a chemical it contains, natron, which is a naturally occurring mix of sodium carbonate and sodium bicarbonate (aka baking soda).
Lake Natron’s chemical makeup is due to a unique nearby volcano. Ol Doinyo Lengai, or “Mountain of God,” is the only active volcano on the planet that spills natrocarbonatites instead of silicates. The lava from Ol Doinyo Lengai is not as hot as lavas from other volcanoes. It also has a different appearance, resembling an oil spill more than flowing magma. When the lava cools, it turns into a whitish powder. Rainfall runoff collects the ashy residue and deposits it in Lake Natron. This gives the water a pH level that fluctuates between 9 and 10.5. Temperatures in the lake can reach 60 degrees Celsius (140 °F) during warmer months.
Photographer Nick Brandt came across the lake while on a photo shoot for a book about East Africa. Brandt was “blown away” when he saw the hundreds of carcasses the littered the shore. The remains consisted largely of bats and migratory birds. Birds often crash into the shallow lake, which is less than 3 meters (10 ft) deep. It is thought that they become confused by the lake’s highly reflective surface. Once the birds die in the lake, their skeletons are preserved by the sodium carbonate in the water. The chemical, which was used in Egyptian mummification, prevents the carcasses from decomposing. When water levels recede, the remains wash onto shore in their preserved state, which is what Brandt came across. With the help of locals, Brandt collected a variety of corpses and posed them in lifelike positions to create an eerie photo series.
Despite the corrosiveness of Lake Natron, one species uses it as a popular breeding location. Flamingos have very leathery skin on their legs, which allows them to tolerate the salty water. Lesser flamingos, the smallest of their kind, build nests on top of salt crystal islands that appear when the lake is low enough. The nests are protected by their location in the middle of the lake. Predators such as cheetahs and baboons are deterred by the caustic water, which keeps the baby birds safe.
1 The Jacuzzi Of Despair Is An Underwater Menace
The Jacuzzi of Despair is an underwater lake located in the Gulf of Mexico. The lake lies 1,000 meters (3,300 ft) under water, on the seafloor.
Underwater lakes, also known as brine pools, form when salts leach from ancient seabeds. The salt makes the water in one area extremely briny, until it is so dense that it doesn’t mix with the surrounding seawater. This results in an underwater lake that has its own surface, shoreline, and current.
The Jacuzzi of Despair is a crater-like pool that rises 3.7 meters (12 ft) above the ocean floor. It was named for its warm temperatures. The water in the lake is around 18 degrees Celsius (65 °F), while the surrounding seawater is only 4 degrees Celsius (39 °F).
Mussels thrive along the shoreline, but the extreme amounts of salt and methane in the lake itself are toxic to most sea creatures. The warmth of the lake attracts marine life, such as crabs, looking for food. If they fall into the Jacuzzi of Despair, they die.
While most sea creatures cannot survive the lake’s conditions, researchers have found proof of microbial life in the Jacuzzi of Despair. Scientists believe these creatures that adapted to the underwater lake may resemble life-forms that thrive on other planets.
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Statue of Apis, Thirtieth dynasty of Egypt (Louvre)
|Name in hieroglyphs|
In ancient Egyptian religion, Apis or Hapis (Ancient Egyptian: ḥjpw, reconstructed as Old Egyptian */ˈħujp?w/ with unknown final vowel > Medio-Late Egyptian ˈħeʔp(?w), Coptic: ϩⲁⲡⲉ ḥapə), alternatively spelled Hapi-ankh, was a sacred bull worshiped in the Memphis region, identified as the son of Hathor, a primary deity in the pantheon of Ancient Egypt. Initially, he was assigned a significant role in her worship, being sacrificed and reborn. Later, Apis also served as an intermediary between humans and other powerful deities (originally Ptah, later Osiris, then Atum).
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The Apis bull was an important sacred animal to the ancient Egyptians. As with the other sacred beasts Apis' importance increased over the centuries. During colonization of the conquered Egypt, Greek and Roman authors had much to say about Apis, the markings by which the black calf was recognized, the manner of his conception by a ray from heaven, his house at Memphis (with a court for his deportment), the mode of prognostication from his actions, his death, the mourning at his death, his costly burial, and the rejoicings throughout the country when a new Apis was found. Auguste Mariette's excavation of the Serapeum of Saqqara revealed the tombs of more than sixty animals, ranging from the time of Amenhotep III to that of the Ptolemaic dynasty. Originally, each animal was buried in a separate tomb with a chapel built above it.
Worship of an Apis bull, experienced by ancient Egyptians as holy, has been known since the First Dynasty in Memphis, while worship of the Apis as a proper god, at least according to Manetho's Aegyptiaca, seems to be a later adoption, purportedly started during the reign of king Kaiechos (possibly Nebra) of the Second Dynasty.
Apis is named on very early monuments, but little is known of the divine animal before the New Kingdom. Ceremonial burials of bulls indicate that ritual sacrifice was part of the worship of the early cow deities, Hathor and Bat, and a bull might represent her offspring, a king who became a deity after death. He was entitled "the renewal of the life" of the Memphite deity Ptah: but after death he became Osorapis, i.e. the Osiris Apis, just as dead humans were assimilated to Osiris, the ruler of the underworld. This Osorapis was identified with Serapis of the late Hellenistic period and may well be identical with him. Creating parallels to their own religious beliefs, ancient Greek writers identified Apis as an incarnation of Osiris, ignoring the connection with Ptah.
Apis was the most popular of three great bull cults of ancient Egypt, the others being the cults of Mnevis and Buchis. All are related to the worship of Hathor or Bat, similar primary goddesses separated by region until unification that eventually merged as Hathor. The worship of Apis was continued by the Greeks and after them by the Romans, and lasted until almost 400 CE.
This animal was chosen because it symbolized the courageous heart, great strength, and fighting spirit of the king. Apis came to being considered a manifestation of the king, as bulls were symbols of strength and fertility, qualities that are closely linked with kingship. "Strong bull of his mother Hathor" was a common title for Egyptian gods and male kings, being unused for women serving as king, such as Hatshepsut.
As early as the time of the Narmer Palette, the king is depicted with a bovine tail on one side, and a bull is seen knocking down the walls of a city on the other.
Occasionally, Apis was pictured with the sun-disk symbol of his mother, Hathor, between his horns, being one of few deities ever associated with her symbol. When the disk was depicted on his head with his horns below and the triangular marking on his forehead, an ankh was suggested. That symbol always was closely associated with Hathor.
Early on, Apis was the herald (wḥm) of Ptah, the chief deity in the area around Memphis. As a manifestation of Ptah, Apis also was considered to be a symbol of the king, embodying the qualities of kingship. In the region where Ptah was worshiped, cattle exhibited white patterning on their mainly black bodies, and so a belief grew up that the Apis calf had to have a certain set of markings suitable to its role. It was required to have a white triangular marking upon its forehead, a white Egyptian vulture wing outline on its back, a scarab mark under its tongue, a white crescent moon shape on its right flank, and double hairs on his tail.
The calf that matched these markings was selected from the herds, brought to a temple, given a harem of cows, and worshiped as an aspect of Ptah. The cow who was his mother was believed to have conceived him by a flash of lightning from the heavens, or from moonbeams. She also was treated specially, and given a special burial. At the temple, Apis was used as an oracle, his movements being interpreted as prophecies. His breath was believed to cure disease and his presence to bless those around with strength. A window was created in the temple through which he could be viewed and, on certain holidays, he was led through the streets of the city, bedecked with jewelry and flowers.
Details of the mummification ritual of the sacred bull are written within the Apis papyrus. Sometimes the body of the bull was mummified and fixed in a standing position on a foundation made of wooden planks.
By the New Kingdom period, the remains of the sacred bulls were interred at the cemetery of Saqqara. The earliest known burial in Saqqara was performed in the reign of Amenhotep III by his son Thutmose; afterward, seven more bulls were buried nearby. Ramesses II initiated Apis burials in what now is known as the Serapeum, an underground complex of burial chambers at Saqqara for the sacred bulls, a site used throughout the rest of Ancient Egyptian history into the reign of Cleopatra.
Khaemweset, the priestly son of Ramesses II (c. 1300 BCE), excavated a great gallery to be lined with the tomb chambers; another similar gallery was added by Psamtik I. The careful documentation of the ages of the animals in the later instances, with the regnal dates for their birth, enthronement, and death have thrown much light on the chronology from the Twenty-second Dynasty onward. The name of the mother cow and the place of the calf's birth often are recorded. The sarcophagi are of immense size and the burial must have entailed enormous expense. It is remarkable, therefore, that the ancient religious leaders contrived to bury one of the animals in the fourth year of Cambyses II.
The Apis was a protector of the deceased and linked to the pharaoh. Horns embellish some of the tombs of ancient pharaohs and Apis often was depicted on private coffins as a powerful protector. As a form of Osiris, ruler of the underworld, it was believed that to be under the protection of Apis would give the person control over the four winds in the afterlife.
According to Arrian, Apis was one of the Egyptian deities Alexander the Great propitiated by offering a sacrifice during his seizure of Ancient Egypt from the Persians. After Alexander's death, his general Ptolemy I Soter made efforts to integrate Egyptian religion with that of the new Hellenic rulers. Ptolemy's policy was to find a deity that might win the reverence of both groups, despite the curses of the Egyptian religious leaders against the deities of the previous foreign rulers (i.e. Set, lauded by the Hyksos). Without success, Alexander had attempted to use Amun for this purpose, but that deity was more prominent in Upper Egypt and not for those in Lower Egypt, where the Greeks had stronger influence. Since the Greeks had little respect for animal-headed deities, a Greek statue was created as an idol and proclaimed as an anthropomorphic equivalent of the highly popular Apis. It was named Aser-hapi (i.e. Osiris-Apis), which became Serapis, and later was said to represent Osiris fully, rather than just his Ka.
The earliest mention of a Serapis is in the authentic death scene of Alexander, from the royal diaries. Here, Serapis has a temple at Babylon, and is of such importance that he alone is named as being consulted on behalf of the dying Alexander. The presence of this temple in Babylon radically altered perceptions of the mythologies of this era, although it has been discovered that the unconnected Babylonian deity Ea was entitled Serapsi, meaning king of the deep, and it is Serapsi who is referred to in the diaries, not Serapis. The significance of this Serapsi in the Hellenic psyche, however, due to its involvement in Alexander's death, also may have contributed to the choice of Osiris-Apis as the chief Ptolemaic deity during their occupation of Ancient Egypt.
According to Plutarch, Ptolemy stole the statue from Sinope, having been instructed in a dream by the Unknown God to bring the statue to Alexandria, where the statue was pronounced to be "Serapis" by two religious experts. Among those experts was one of the Eumolpidae, the ancient family from which the hierophant of the Eleusinian Mysteries traditionally had been chosen since before any historical records. The other expert supposedly was the scholarly Egyptian priest Manetho, which increased acceptability from both the Egyptians and the Greeks.
Plutarch may not be correct, however, as some Egyptologists assert that the Sinope in Plutarch's report is the hill of Sinopeion, a name given to the site of an existing Serapeum at Memphis. Also, according to Tacitus, Serapis (i.e. Apis explicitly identified as Osiris in full) had been the tutelary deity of the village of Rhacotis, before it suddenly expanded into the great capital of "Alexandria".
Being introduced by the Greeks, understandably, the statue depicted a fully human figure resembling Hades or Pluto, both being kings of the Greek underworld. The figure was enthroned with the modius, which is a basket or a grain-measure, on his head, a Greek symbol for the land of the dead. He also held a sceptre, indicating rulership, and Cerberus, gatekeeper of the underworld, rested at his feet. It also had what appeared to be a serpent at its base, fitting the Egyptian symbol of sovereignty, the uraeus.
With his (i.e., Osiris') wife, Isis, and their son (at this point in history) Horus (in the form of Harpocrates), Serapis won an important place in the Greek world, reaching Ancient Rome, with Anubis being identified as Cerberus. The cult survived until 385, when Christians destroyed the Serapeum of Alexandria, and subsequently, the cult was forbidden by the Edict of Thessalonica.
The pharmaceutical company Novo Nordisk uses Apis as its logo.
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Ages and Stages
Key Feet Fact: The longer a baby can walk without shoes, the better.
Fun Feet Fact: New walkers take 176 steps a minute!
The Pre-Walker (0-15 months)
What parents need to know: Shoes are for protection and warmth. Non-walkers do not need to wear shoes. In fact, going barefoot is good for muscle development. A child learns and senses by feeling the ground underneath. As long as the environment is safe and warm, let your child go barefoot. Never force your child’s foot into a pair of shoes.
The Emerging Walker (9-15 months)
What parents need to know: Barefoot in a safe environment is best. If shoes must be worn for protection or warmth, a flexible foot covering is all that a child needs.
The Emerging Walker turns Independent Walker (13-15 months)
What parents need to know: Many children have begun walking by this age, but many toddlers take their first steps later – which is fine. Footwear should be flexible and provide a normal heel to toe off-stance for the walking child. According to the American Academy of Orthopedic Surgeons, “high-top shoes offer no advantages in terms of foot or ankle support over their low-cut counterparts.”
If new walkers and toddlers are not fitted properly and wear multiple pairs of ill-fitting shoes, they will begin drawing up their toes to relieve the discomfort. Eventually this repetition can cause children to develop a habit of walking on their toes, which can eventually translate to tight heel cords.
The Toddler (2 years)
What parents need to know: Proper fit and flexibility remain the top two priorities for the walking, running, jumping mover known as the Toddler. Most children at this age will have a broad choice of footwear but for normal foot development proper fit is key.
The Kids (3 – 5 years)
What parents need to know: At this age, children will begin voicing their opinions about the kind of shoe they want. Shoe Train fitters takes very seriously their job of directing children to the proper shoe that will not only work for a child’s foot but also their growing fashion sense.
Six Going on 16
What parents need to know: With their fashion senses in full swing, children in this age group will direct the fitter to the styles they need to have. At Shoe Train our fitters take very seriously a child’s fashion wants as well as the need to have a properly fitted shoe. | <urn:uuid:88d6c10d-30c9-4ba1-955c-e0e379e42d14> | CC-MAIN-2023-50 | https://www.shoetrainpotomac.com/ages-and-stages/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-50/segments/1700679100555.27/warc/CC-MAIN-20231205172745-20231205202745-00672.warc.gz | en | 0.951432 | 529 | 3.1875 | 3 |
As the number of women having twins has increased, so has the odds of developing a serious pregnancy complication called twin-to-twin transfusion syndrome (TTTS). This disorder affects as many as 15 percent of identical twin pregnancies, and results in uneven blood flow between the fetuses. Until recently the outcome was usually death or disabilities for the surviving babies.
Now a new minimally invasive laser treatment has improved the odds. Available at NewYork-Presbyterian Morgan Stanley Children’s Hospital - one of only 10 centers to offer it, and the only one in New York - the procedure involves coagulating unnecessary and harmful blood connections between the two fetuses.
“This laser treatment has saved the lives of many twins with TTTS, giving them the chance to grow up healthy and strong,” says Dr. Lynn Simpson, medical director of the Center for Prenatal Pediatrics at NewYork-Presbyterian Morgan Stanley Children’s Hospital and associate professor of clinical obstetrics and gynecology at Columbia University College of Physicians and Surgeons. “The laser approach is straightforward and safe. And while it isn’t always successful, it is a major improvement over the traditional approach of draining the mother’s amniotic fluid.”
Studies show that in about 90 percent of laser cases, one twin will survive, and in 70 percent of cases, both will. The traditional approach has a survival rate of only 66 percent for a single fetus. Normal brain development is also more likely in babies treated with the laser procedure.
Since Morgan Stanley Children’s Hospital began offering laser treatment in July, all TTTS cases meeting criteria for coagulation therapy have been treated using the laser.
The hour-long procedure is performed under local or regional anesthesia and uses a tiny scope that carries the laser wire and a camera though the mother’s abdomen and into her uterus. While it can be done on an outpatient basis, mothers are usually kept overnight for observation.
Twin-to-Twin Transfusion Syndrome
In identical twin pregnancies with TTTS, the fetal blood supply is abnormally connected within a shared placenta. Although each fetus uses its own portion of the placenta, the connecting vessels allow blood to pass from one twin to the other. Depending on the number, type and direction of the interconnecting blood vessels, blood can be transferred disproportionately from one twin (the “donor”) to the other (the “recipient”). This causes the donor twin to have decreased blood volume, retarding its development and growth, while the larger recipient is at risk of heart failure due to an overworked heart. In rare cases, the condition can happen with triplets or higher multiples, when a pair of fetuses shares one placenta. If untreated early in pregnancy, in 80 to 90 percent of cases, both twins will die. The condition is usually diagnosed during the second trimester with a routine ultrasound.
For more information, interested persons may call (866) NYP-NEWS.
The Center for Prenatal Pediatrics
The Center for Prenatal Pediatrics at NewYork-Presbyterian Morgan Stanley Children’s Hospital is the only comprehensive program in the New York metropolitan area, providing a seamless progression of specialized care for complex, high-risk pregnancies from diagnosis to birth and beyond. The prenatal program offers expectant mothers one of the nation’s largest teams of physicians specialized in detecting and treating the most complex, highest-risk conditions. Further information is available at PrenatalPediatrics.org.
NewYork-Presbyterian Morgan Stanley Children’s Hospital
NewYork-Presbyterian Morgan Stanley Children’s Hospital, located in New York City, offers the best available care in every area of pediatrics - including the most complex neonatal and critical care, and all areas of pediatric subspecialties - in a family-friendly and technologically advanced setting. Building a reputation for more than a century as one of the nation’s premier children’s hospitals, NewYork-Presbyterian Morgan Stanley Children’s Hospital is affiliated with Columbia University College of Physicians and Surgeons, and is Manhattan’s only hospital dedicated solely to the care of children and one of the largest providers of children’s health services in the tri-state area with a long-standing commitment to its community. It is also a major international referral center, meeting the special needs of children from infancy through adolescence worldwide. NewYork-Presbyterian Hospital also comprises NewYork-Presbyterian Hospital/Columbia University Medical Center, NewYork-Presbyterian Hospital/Weill Cornell Medical Center, NewYork-Presbyterian Hospital/Westchester Division and NewYork-Presbyterian Hospital/The Allen Hospital. NewYork-Presbyterian is the #1 hospital in the New York metropolitan area and is consistently ranked among the best academic medical institutions in the nation, according to U.S.News & World Report. For more information, visit http://www.nyp.org.
Office of Public Affairs
NewYork-Presbyterian Hospital/Columbia University Medical Center
627 West 165th Street
New York, NY 10032
Source: NewYork-Presbyterian Hospital/Columbia University Medical Center | <urn:uuid:50deaa9c-b659-4a68-a6a6-8aece1bed481> | CC-MAIN-2017-17 | http://www.health.am/pregnancy/more/minimally-invasive-laser-surgery-improves-odds/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-17/segments/1492917126538.54/warc/CC-MAIN-20170423031206-00537-ip-10-145-167-34.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.917506 | 1,093 | 2.859375 | 3 |
All of us depend on doctors and hospital workers for treatment when we are sick or injured. Many times they are successful, saving our lives or the lives of our loved ones. But hospitals are far from infallible. 195,000 people die each year in American hospitals due to potentially preventable medical errors. The following guide will give you the information you need to avoid being one of those statistics.
Before you Get to the Hospital:
– Research Your Options
Not all hospitals are equal, especially in regards to more complex surgeries. Take the time to find a doctor with expertise in the treatment you require by researching through accredited sites like the US News and World Report. If you have the time, ask potential doctors how they compare to regional and national averages in performance measures, such as complications and mortality.
– Bring the Patient’s Medication History and Paper to Write On
In one survey, 87% of nurses said that it would be helpful if patients brought a list of the drugs they are currently taking as well as the medications to which they are allergic. This includes over-the-counter drugs and supplements. A piece of paper will be necessary to write down information and questions you have once you get to the hospital.
At the Hospital:
– Identify a Point Person to Coordinate your Stay
38% of nurses have reported problems in the coordination of care due to the number of different nurses and doctors working on any given patient. Avoid this by asking a primary physician, a hospitalist, or another specialist to coordinate the stay and take accountability for watching over your health. This primary point of contact will serve as the ultimate authority over your care, and should be the person to whom you address key issues.
– Keep Track and Ask Questions
Try to write down the names of all the doctors and nurses that assist you, as well as all the drugs you are given. Given that you will (and should) have specific questions, write down all your thoughts ahead of time so that when the doctor visits, you can ask her or him everything on your mind.
– Insist on Cleanliness
Anyone who touches you, including doctors and visitors alike, should wash their hands. Do not be embarrassed to ask if they have done so. Additionally, any tubes placed inside you, such as urinary catheters and central intravenous lines, increase the risk of infection. Ask every day if they can be removed.
– Be a Proactive Patient
Before taking any new medication or undergoing any surgery or test, talk with the doctor about why it is necessary. This is especially true if something seems odd to you, or if you do not understand the reason for your doctor’s actions. Additionally, in regards to surgeries, always make sure the doctor marks the correct body side. Wrong-site surgeries happen 40 to 60 times a week in the United States.
– Notify Staff Before You need Them
Doctors and nurses have a lot of patients to tend to, especially late at night and on the weekends when the number of support staff decreases. If you anticipate needing help, call sooner rather than later.
Before You Leave:
– Make a Discharge Plan with your Doctor
According to a 2009 study in The New England Journal of Medicine, 20% of patients discharged from the hospital are readmitted within 30 days. To help avoid this, discuss what you will need at home in order to continue in good health, such as physical therapy or nursing home care. Ask specific questions and know who you can follow up with in case of an emergency.
Esposito, Lisa, “How to Survive Your Hospital Stay,” U.S. News Health Care, 3 June 2014.
Kirchheimer, Sid, “How to Survive a Stay in the Hospital,” WebMD.
“Staying safe in the hospital,” Consumer Reports, Volume 22 Number 11, 13 September 2010.
“Top 10 Ways to Survive a Hospital While Maintaining Your Sanity,” Happy Hospitalist. | <urn:uuid:68028977-102a-45e5-9f26-838c8323f95f> | CC-MAIN-2020-29 | https://blog.caesarnapoli.com/how-to-survive-a-hospital/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-29/segments/1593655897027.14/warc/CC-MAIN-20200708124912-20200708154912-00349.warc.gz | en | 0.938487 | 824 | 2.65625 | 3 |
Mauritius Penal System
Sources: The Library of Congress Country Studies; CIA World Factbook
Maldivians follow the sharia or Islamic law. Occasionally, the courts order convicted criminals to be flogged. Usually, however, punishment is limited to fines, compensatory payment, house arrest, imprisonment, or banishment to a remote island. The country's judicial system includes a High Court and eight lesser courts in Malé. The High Court handles politically sensitive cases and acts as a court of appeal. Each of the lesser courts deals with cases that involve debt, theft, or property claims. On other islands there are all-purpose courts. Maldives has no jury trials; Islamic law judges conduct trials, which are open to the public. The president appoints all judges and has the final word in all legal cases.
Data as of August 1994
NOTE: The information regarding Mauritius on this page is re-published from The Library of Congress Country Studies and the CIA World Factbook. No claims are made regarding the accuracy of Mauritius Penal System information contained here. All suggestions for corrections of any errors about Mauritius Penal System should be addressed to the Library of Congress and the CIA. | <urn:uuid:ae31bf0f-7111-4a33-baec-5a0131bbf915> | CC-MAIN-2015-35 | http://www.photius.com/countries/mauritius/government/mauritius_government_penal_system.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2015-35/segments/1440645298065.68/warc/CC-MAIN-20150827031458-00219-ip-10-171-96-226.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.90132 | 243 | 2.578125 | 3 |
John A. Scott, a research fellow at the University of Western Australia, is one of the world’s leading authorities on the poet Dante Alighieri. In Understanding Dante, Scott goes beyond simply explaining Dante’s works and provides a detailed discussion of the medieval poet’s writings. Scott takes up the works roughly in the order they were written. In the first chapter, he takes up Dante’s New Life, or Vita Nuova, a work of thirty-one poems inspired by his love for the late Beatrice, with a prose account of the poems. The author then looks at De vulgari eloquentia, Dante’s treatise comparing literature in Latin with the use of the living languages; Dante’s lyric poetry; the philosophical work, the Convivio; and Dante’s work of political theory, the Monarchia. Appropriately, in the middle of the book he takes up the masterwork that Dante himself set in his own mid-life, the Divine Comedy.
Many commentators tend to approach the three books of the Divine Comedy individually, looking separately at the Inferno, the Purgatorio, and the Paradiso. Scott takes a different approach, primarily treating themes across all three books. He considers the books’ moral order, their geographies and populations, the influence of classical antiquity on the Divine Comedy, and the poetic language and styles of the great poem. This topical approach is an effective way of emphasizing the unity of the work, and it may encourage the many readers who stop with the Inferno to continue on to the second and third books. After the Divine Comedy, Scott turns to a biographical and historical discussion of the major political and social events of Dante’s world and of the poet’s place in these. The book ends with a chapter on Dante’s minor works.
John A. Scott has given readers a comprehensive account of Dante’s work that will be useful to new readers and Dante scholars alike. It contains a helpful chronology of the events in the poet’s life and a short glossary of poetic forms. | <urn:uuid:cf576ab3-e926-479e-b7c9-0c313b2e0a2f> | CC-MAIN-2017-43 | https://www.enotes.com/topics/understanding-dante | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-43/segments/1508187824899.43/warc/CC-MAIN-20171021205648-20171021225648-00871.warc.gz | en | 0.918693 | 434 | 2.765625 | 3 |
OVERVIEW As part of the MCCAC’s Alberta Municipal Solar Program (AMSP), the City of Calgary installed five 2.4 kW solar…
126,000kWh/yearElectrical Energy Generation
82tonnes CO2e/yearGHG Reductions
Starland County, a rural municipality in Central Alberta and alternative energy leader, created the Starland Solar Initiative to support the community in adopting renewable energy through the installation of their own solar photovoltaic systems. The County’s set out to design a program that would make solar simple to install and an attractive investment for residents. The goal? A ten year payback period – the sweet spots identified by residents when asked ‘How can we make solar work for you?’
To achieve this goal, Starland collaborated with partners and suppliers to simplify connecting to the grid at a cost that was attractive to community members. The result is the Starland Solar Initiative, an incentive program that provided residents with an installation grant of fifty cents per watt up to a maximum of $5,000. The incentive was supported by the Municipal Climate Change Action Centre and Bullfrog Power.
To date, the project has resulted in 12 solar arrays being installed throughout the County, totaling 105 kilowatts in capacity. Combined, these systems will generate 126,000 kWh/year in clean energy and reduce greenhouse gas emissions by 82 tonnes/year.
Please visit http://www.starlandsolar.ca/ for more information. | <urn:uuid:e269a3fe-3de1-43d5-a2c7-c105464d7f07> | CC-MAIN-2023-06 | https://mccac.ca/project-showcase/starland-solar-initiative/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-06/segments/1674764499899.9/warc/CC-MAIN-20230201013650-20230201043650-00595.warc.gz | en | 0.911508 | 325 | 2.65625 | 3 |
In which you will find that
one who investigates the history of the Torah
who researches and examines its bases and foundations
will find revealed to his eyes
changes in content and script,
and how in each generation the tradition has changed
In this pamphlet are citations of Torah verses and the words of Chazal
The month of I Adar, 5760
“Is it possible Torah scroll is missing even one letter? But here it is written ‘Take this Torah scroll.’ So, until here G-d spoke and Moshe wrote, from here G-d spoke and Moshe wrote in tears” Baba Batra 15a. The Rambam ruled (Laws of a Torah Scroll, chapter 10) that if a single letter is missing or a single letter is added, the Torah scroll is invalid and it does not have the sanctity of a Torah scroll.
It is known that there are those who see as one of the great and marvelous principles of faith that the Torah we now possess is exactly that which was given to Moshe at Sinai. These people believe that the text which we read from today, down to its very letters, words, verses, and chapters, is that which was given to our forefathers 3300 years ago. They further believe that this is a sign and a proof of the holiness of the text and its Divine origin. They believe that generation after generation has passed the words of the Torah down with absolute fidelity, and that there has been no change, not even of a single letter, that the Torah, in its eternal text, is with us today, as brought in the above Gemara.
Now, after we have, at a fortuitous hour, published eight pamphlets on the words of the Oral Torah, we the speakers of true knowledge have come in this pamphlet, with the greatest respect and without prejudice, to enter the depth of the holy, the issues of the Written Torah.
To check the issue of the Torah text we now possess, to see if any changes have been made in the course of generations or not, we will investigate all the details. We will check the script and the language, the forms and positions of the letters, and of course the text itself, the number of verses, words, and letters.
First, we will speak of the script. We will clarify here in which script the Torah was written when it was given, from Tractate Sanhedrin 21b, “Mar Zutra, and some say Mar Ukba, said that at first the Torah was given to Israel in the [ancient] Hebrew script and the Holy Tongue, it was given to them again in the days of Ezra in the Assyrian script and Aramaic language, the people of Israel chose for themselves the Assyrian script and Holy Tongue.” In the Yerushalmi, Megillah chapter one, halacha nine, “Rabbi Levi said, ‘Those who say that the Torah was given in the ancient script, suppose the letter ayin was a miracle.” The closed letter engraved on the Tablets of Law, which stood by the force of miracle alone, was the letter ayin written in the ancient Hebrew script. Its form is: O.
And thus Rabbi Yosef Albo wrote in “Sefer HaIkarim,” article three, chapter 15, “And when they emigrated from Babylon they saw fit to make a commemoration of the second redemption and did so in two ways. One–they left aside the Hebrew script and chose the Assyrian script.” He even brought a proof from the Ramban who had been in Acre and found a coin engraved with the ancient Hebrew script. Though the Gemara, in Sanhedrin, brings Rabbi’s opinion that the Torah was given to Israel in the Assyrian script “And why is it called Assyrian (ashurit)? For it is authorized (meusheret) in writing,” this opinion does not hold up to critical review. Anyone with any sense understands that Ezra, who immigrated to Israel by virtue of to Cyrus, brought the Assyrian script used in those days with him. (The Assyrian script is really the Aramaic script which had been adopted by the Assyrians and Babylonians, and King Cyrus made it the official script of his kingdom. At the time of the giving of the Torah this script didn’t even exist; it was invented only hundreds of years later.) Chazal, as is their way, change words and turned Assyrian into authorized, just as they turned Cyrus (Koresh) into Darius, “who was a righteous (kosher) king” (See Rosh HaShana 3b), though Cyrus and Darius were two different kings, each mighty in his own era. There is no connection between the distortion of words and factual reality. One who wishes to learn more should read books about the history of writing in the ancient Near East.
You who seeks truth, see that even after we received the Assyrian script in the days of Ezra, changes in the letter form occurred. A gemara in Tractate Shabbat 104a says, “The doubled letters [those with terminal forms] were said by visionaries.” They did not innovate the actual letters, but they did not know whether the open letter belonged in the middle of the word or at its end and whether the closed letter belonged at the end or the middle. This is proof that the ends of words were forgotten. A good example of this is in Isaiah 9:6, “l’marbeh hamisrah” [the mem of marbeh, despite being in the middle of a word, is writen in the terminal form], see there.
But it is not only the word endings, but also the letter forms that have undergone changes, as brought in Tractate Menachot 29b, “Rav Ashi said, ‘I saw by the precise scholars of Rav’s house of study that they would straighten out the roof of the chet and hang from it the leg of the hey.” This means that generally they connected the leg of the hey to the roof. Today, if a scribe would write the letter this way it would invalidate the scroll (Shulchan Aruch Orech Chaim 32:25).
Similarly, in the Yerushalmi, Tractate Megillah, chapter one, halacha nine, “In the Torah of the Rishonim neither the hey nor the mem were closed….The men of Jerusalem would write Yerushalem as Yerushalaymahand they were not precise–[they’d write] also tzafon as tzafonah, tayman astaymanah.”
We have seen that the language of the Torah and its script and the form of its letters and the ways it was written have changed and been replaced over the generations. Proofs of this are not only from scientific research but from the Gemara and the words of Chazal and the Rishonim.
To conclude this issue we will bring the words of the Ridbaz, section three, paragraph 442, “It is a question, for in Sanhedrin it says that the Torah was first given to Israel in the Hebrew script and the Holy Tongue, and was given again in the days of Ezra in the Assyrian script and the Aramaic language…It was difficult for those Tanaim and Amoraim that the script in which the Torah was given was reduced to being used on letters and coins and all sorts of things with absolutely no holiness and left for the common people… while the script which was innovated by an angel and in which Ezra wrote the Torah has so much holiness. There is another difficulty in this matter — for great secrets are given from one person to the next about the drawing of letters and the writing of the names, and great mountains are dependent thereon. Many books have been written over the years, all speak of the drawing of Assyrian letters and not Hebrew…The ’Zohar’ by the Rashbi, ’Sefer Elkana’ and many others…But this may be the way things were, that the Ten Commandments were written on the stone [the Ridbaz forgot what was written in the Yerushalmi Megillah chapter one, halacha nine] in Assyrian script…and this script none knew but the Heavenly host…and as soon as the Tablets were given they were hidden in the Ark and they were not taken out. And they were filed away in the days of Jeremiah the prophet, so that no man saw them…because the script was so holy Moshe was not allowed to write in the Assyrian script, so he gave it to them in the Hebrew [Ivri] script which had been used by Shem and Ever.”
We have already seen that this is the way of rabbis when they trip upon a difficult question; they make something up and say that it is from Sinai and transmitted by the privileged few, while the rest of the people did not know it. We have already written about this habit of theirs on the issue of the invention of Rav Ada’s tekufa (pamphlet 6), and you, the student, notice well that the tradition of everything passing through the whole nation, father to son, is certainly not to be found here.
Now that we have clarified, with solid facts, that the script was completely changed and the body of the letters has become different over the course of generations, we will bring a wonderful proof that even verses, words, and letters have disappeared from the Torah text Ezra brought with him. In Tractate Kedushin 30a it is written, “And therefore they are called soferim[scribes or ones who count], for they would count all the letter in the Torah, they would say that the vav of Gahon [Leviticus 11:42] is the middle letter of the Torah scroll…Rabbi Yosef asked if the vav of gahon were on this side or that of the center? They said to him, ‘Let us bring a Torah scroll and count’…He answered, ‘They [the earlier generations] were expert in the matter of plene and defective spelling; we are not expert.'” First, this is explicit proof from the words of the Amoraim that we are not expert in the vowelizing letters (aleph, hey, vav,yud), and any word in the Torah which includes or could include these letters might already be distorted in its writing.
And see this great and awesome thing. We have checked the middle letter of the Torah scroll of today and find it to be the aleph of Hu LaHashem(Leviticus 8:28). There is a gap of three chapters, some 94 verses and thousands of letters, between the Torah scroll of the Talmudic period and the Torah scroll of our day!
Go and think what serious thing, perhaps even commandments, have disappeared in those three missing chapters.
The Gemara continues, “They said: ‘there are 5888 verses in the Torah scroll’.” Today we have only 5845 verses! The Michat Shai had wondered about this in his book (on Leviticus 8:8) “‘Vayasem alav et hachoshen‘ (Leviticus 8:8) is the middle verse of the Torah. This is what is written in our books and I have difficulties with it, for in Kidushin it says that ‘Vahitgalach‘ (Leviticus 13:33) is the middle verse, and furthermore it is said that there are 8888 verses [our version reads 5888] in the Torah scroll and we are missing hundreds of verses to make up this count, for according to the count of all verses in the Pentateuch there are 5845 verses. We can say that we are not expert in the verses, but this does not ease my mind, for the difference is great. And Elijah will answer this at the end of days.”
Look and see how strong is this question and how great the problem, so much so that only the prophet Elijah can solve it. And truly, anyone who insists on believing, in face of the facts and the explicit words of the Gemara, that the words of the Torah have not changed during the course of the generations does need the mercies of the prophet Elijah.
But we will clarify how in the contemporary text there are no great differences, if any, between the books which came from Europe, North Africa, and Yemen. The answer is quite simple. The Holy One, blessed be He, wanted to give the world benefit and gave wisdom to the gentiles, and they invented printing. In the year 1524 the printing house of Daniel Bomberg put out the “Mikraot Gedolot” edition of the Torah. But who was the proofreader who determined which text would be used by all the Jewish Diaspora? This proofreader was Yaakov Ben Chaim of Tunis, who later converted to Christianity! (See the Encyclopedia Hebraica, entry Yaakov Ben Chaim.) The text of this apostate went out throughout the world and based on it other editions were edited, distributed throughout the Diaspora.
Go and see what was written in Tractate Soferim, chapter six, halacha 4 (and similar things are brought in the Yerushalmi, Tractate Taanit, chapter four, halacha two) “Rabbi Shimon ben Lakish said: Three scrolls of the Torah were found in the Temple court: The Maon scroll, the Zaatutey scroll, and the Hoo scroll. In one of these they found it written ‘maon,’ and in the other two it was written, ‘Meonah E-lohei kedem‘ (Deuteronomy 33:27), so they adopted the reading of the two scrolls and discarded that of the one scroll. In another of the scrolls they found it written ‘Vayishlach zaatutey bney Yisrael,’ and in the other two they found written ‘Vayishlach naarey bney Yisrael,’ (Exodus 24:5) so they retained the reading of the two and abandoned that of the one. In one of the scrolls ‘Achad asar hoo’ was written, but in the other two it was written ‘Achad asar hee’, so they adopted the reading of the two and discarded that of the one.” Three versions were melded this way into a single version.
Understand: Reish Lakish was of the second generation of Amoraim and in his days the Temple had already stood in ruins more than two hundred years. He never saw the Temple court and never read the books found there. But from his words you can learn that it was the way of the sages and they had received a tradition of fixing distortions in the Torah text. They did not correct it based on a written tradition handed down from generation to generation, but according to the majority, two books against one. Perhaps it was the two books that were in error?
To see is the depth of the distortion, see what we have brought from Tractate Soferim above. Know that neither the words “achad asar hoo” nor “achad asar hee” are found in the Scripture at all! Therefore the Pnei Moshe and the Korban HaEda explained that the word hee is found eleven times in the Torah, and they noted it is so in the Mesorah. And you who seeks truth, if you check in the Scripture (the Koren edition, accepted by all the great rabbis) you will see that there are only four instances of hee and another seven of v’hee. This is according to the Minchat Shai (Genesis 14:2) who determined (on thehee and v’hee issue) against the tradition of his times, saying: “I will present to you the tradition as written by the Ramah OBM, which is clearer than our tradition.” He rejected the tradition of his days in favor of the Mesorah of the Ramah.
When we checked the Tanach distributed to Israeli soldiers (Adi Publications, Ltd., proofread by Aaron Dotan and based on the Leningrad manuscript, upon which the Bar Ilan Responsa Database Project relied) we found eight instances of of hee and another nine of v’hee, for a total of seventeen. There are six differences between the Koren edition and the Bar Ilan version, each proofread by the best proofreaders of our generation! If, in the era of computers and scanners, there are errors in the best proofed Torah texts, what can we say of the Torah scrolls written in times of trouble and exile?
More than that: there are errors in whole words. The Gemara in Shabbat 49a says: “The principal categories of labor are forty less one–to what do they correspond? … ‘Thus did Rabbi Simeon the son of Rabbi Jose the son of Lakonia say: They correspond to the words ‘work’ (melacha), ‘his work’ (melachto), and ‘the work of’ (melechet), which are written forty less one times in the Torah. We stand shaken; we checked the Torah scrolls of our times and these are the results: “melacha”–24 times, “melechet”–19 times, and “melachto”–4 times. This totals 47 times! How and when were eight whole words added? This is what we say and say again: many serious distortions befell the text of the Written Torah over the course of generations.
The distortions are so many that even about halachot determined by plene spelling there are distortions, as brought in Menachot 34b. They bring the word totafot (with the letter vav between the letters pay and taf) and from there determine the halacha that there are four separate portions in the head phylacteries. This isn’t found in our version of the Mesorah; see the Tosfot there. Similarly, in Sanhedrin 4a, they mention karnot with a vav, and that is not in our version of the Mesorah. To illustrate the distortion in the matter of plene and defective spelling, see the Mahzor Vitri, section 518, written by a disciple of Rashi, in which a portion of the traditions found in the midrashim is recounted, and there is a difference of 19 letters.
The author of the Minchat Shai, one of the Mesorah masters, thus wrote in his introduction: “And because the days of our exile have grown long, our knees have failed and our hands have grown weak…for the Torah has not been made as two different texts, but as differing texts without number…Pentateuch, Prophets, and Writings, there is nothing which has not become confused, full of mistakes in plene and defective spelling, cantillation and vowels, ways of reading and writing…and when I, the young, saw this impure occurrence which happened to all the books and the traditions, particularly about plene and defective spelling…I vowed in my heart to stand in the breach…and to see the important and excellent Torah scrolls which can be relied upon and to follow their majority…as the sages did on the three books found in the Temple court…I also fixed a few distorted traditions, some through consideration and some from other traditions found in manuscripts.” His clarity of language and the logic of his words testify like a thousand witnesses that he changed the text of the Torah, relying on the majority and sometimes only on his own consideration. And what about the text of the Torah as given at Sinai?
Thus the Meiri testified in the introduction to his book “Kiryat Sefer,” “And the settling of disputes between the books is, indeed, what we began to clarify, that at the time of the first exiles books were lost and the sages and experts were budged from one place to another; and when the age of the Great Assembly Sages came, whose hearts were inspired by G-d to restore the Torah to its glory, they found contoversies between the different books, and they followed the majority…and when there was no clear majority to follow they did as they saw fit to do, based on their knowledge, and when they could make no decision they wrote it one way and read it another (kri u’ktiv)…and after them the debate was renewed amongst those who were exacting, as in the disagreement about Ben Asher and Ben Naftali…from this I say that any plene or defective spelling which is not absolutely clear…one should not use to invalidate a Torah scroll.”
And thus he wrote at the end of the second article: “And if there is a disagreement, even between books, we follow the majority.”
Due to the distortion in copying from book to book, the Rama determined, in the Shulchan Aruch, Orach Chayim section 143, halacha four, “We do not remove another [Torah scroll] because of plene and defective spelling, for our Torah scrolls are not so precise that we can say the other will be more valid.” That is, all the texts are suspect of distortions and one scroll has no advantage over any other.
One who wants to expand his knowledge on this important topic should read the wonderful article written by Prof. Menachem Cohen, “The Idea of Sanctity of the Biblical Text and the Science of Textual Criticism” (from “HaMikrah V’Anachnu,” edited by Uriel Simon, Dvir Publishing, Tel Aviv 1987). Wonderful and wise are the conclusions of his study, and he says, “It therefore appears to me that the notion of a sanctified text in our era must be based on an halachic interpretation alone, i.e., it must derive its power not from a determination that people managed to preserve the text exactly as it was throughout the entire transmission, but from the faith that man was given authority to determine, using halachic methods of decision, the image of the sanctified consonantal text. The model which was decided upon would then be obligatory from a halachic standpoint, even if it is found not to be historically ‘correct’ in every detail.” He means to say that the sanctity of the text is only a human convention (“not from a determination…but from the faith”), for it is clear to anyone who seeks the truth that the Torah text has indeed greatly changed in the course of the centuries. Read his article attentively.
We have seen that the language of the Torah has changed and the script in which it is written has been replaced, and the distortion of words is plentiful (especially in the matter of plene and defective spelling), some parts have disappeared and its text was determined according to the majority and according to deduction. It was not handed down from generation to generation and there is not a shadow of a doubt that the text we hold today is not identical of the Revelation at Sinai.
Now we will see and prove that these different and distorted texts were not handed down from generation to generation throughout the centuries at all.
“Then the high priest Hilkiah said to the scribe Shaphan, ‘I have found a scroll of the Torah in the House of the Lord.’…When the king heard the words of the scroll of the Torah, he rent his clothes….The king commanded all the people, ‘Offer the Passover sacrifice to the Lord your G-d as prescribed in this scroll of the covenant.’ Now the Passover sacrifice had not been offered in that manner since the days of the Judges” (II Kings chapters 22-23).
The great lights of Israel have already testified about what happened. The Radak says (on II Kings 22:8), “Menashe was king for a long time, for he reigned 55 years, and he did evil in the eyes of G-d, following the disgusting ways of the gentiles. He built altars to idolatry in the house of the Lord and he made the Torah be forgotten by the Jews. None turned to it, for all turned to other gods and the laws of the gentiles, and in 55 years the Torah was forgotten.”
Thus wrote the Ramban (Numbers 15:22) in his explanation of how it is possible that the whole nation sinned, “And en masse, that is, they will think that the time of the Torah had already expired and it would not be eternal…or they would forget the Torah. In our sinfulness, this has already happened in the days of the evil kings of Israel, such as Jeroboam, that most of the nation completely forgot Torah and the commandments, and the instance in the book of Ezra about the people of the Second Temple.” He actually refers to what is written in Nehemiah 8:14, “And they found written in the Torah that the Lord had commanded Moses that the Israelites must dwell in booths during the festival of the seventh month… and they dwelt in the booths — for the Israelites had not done so from the days of Joshua Bin Nun, to this day.”
Even the Cuzari asked (article 3, section 54) “I only know that the people of the Second Temple period had already forgot the Torah, and they did not know the commandment of booths and the commandment of ‘Let Ammonites and Moabites not come into G-d’s community.'”
And though the Sage answered him, “When it says, ‘They found it written,’ it actually means that the common people and the mass heard [these words] and hurried making the booths, but the select few had forgotten neither small nor great commandments.” Look again at what we have written above and in other places, that when those who make excuses are confronted by a difficult question and they must make excuses about something none had earlier known, they hang their excuse on some “secret of the few” through the generations. These are the traditional few who alone knew, as it were, what the majority of the Jews had forgotten. But alas, there is neither hint nor note about these “select few” anywhere. Maybe they never existed, and that whole time the nation had no Torah and no commandments.
So you have testimony from the Scripture and from three of the great lights of Judaism that the Torah had been forgotten by most, if not all, the whole nation, for many years and generations. Therefore, the whole tradition passed from father to son was forgotten, even about well-known matters such as Passover and the succah. Keep this close to your heart: By the days of Ezra the Torah was again forgotten, after having been forgotten in the days of Menashe. Look and consider what happened during the period of Ezra when both things occurred simultaneously: the Torah and its laws were forgotten by the vast majority of the people and just then Ezra went and changed the script in which the Torah was written (and perhaps its language) and rewrote it. And he who is wise will fear and fall silent.
For after we have already proven that the Torah was twice forgotten and it was rewritten in a different script (and according to the Gemara in another language, as well), who can prove and show that the Torah which was renewed is that which was forgotten? What was forgotten had disappeared, and we will never know what it really was. | <urn:uuid:8a8b2181-ea8a-478e-ba03-f110fd160a5f> | CC-MAIN-2019-43 | http://daatemet.org.il/en/torah-science-ethics/pamphlets/pamphlet-9/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-43/segments/1570986684226.55/warc/CC-MAIN-20191018154409-20191018181909-00236.warc.gz | en | 0.976419 | 5,887 | 2.734375 | 3 |
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
|Look up perturbation or perturb in Wiktionary, the free dictionary.|
Perturbation or perturb may refer to:
- Perturbation theory, mathematical methods that give approximate solutions to problems that cannot be solved exactly
- Perturbation (geology), changes in the nature of alluvial deposits over time
- Perturbation (astronomy), alterations to an object's orbit—e.g., caused by gravitational interactions with other bodies
- Perturbation theory (quantum mechanics), a set of approximation schemes directly related to mathematical perturbation for describing a complicated quantum system in terms of a simpler one
- Perturbation (biology), an alteration of the function of a biological system, induced by external or internal mechanisms
- Perturbation (transport), operation of a transport system outside of timetable such that delays in arrival and departure from defined locations are present.
- Perturbation function, mathematical function which relates the primal and dual problems.
|This disambiguation page lists articles associated with the title Perturbation.
If an internal link led you here, you may wish to change the link to point directly to the intended article. | <urn:uuid:3ce626db-171e-435a-a6fd-935afd3b163e> | CC-MAIN-2015-27 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perturbation | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2015-27/segments/1435375099755.63/warc/CC-MAIN-20150627031819-00179-ip-10-179-60-89.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.843162 | 262 | 2.765625 | 3 |
Reassembling again for the event. This time, it's Auerback on "Will the US turn into a modern Weimar Germany?" Reminder: This liveblog is just a liveblog, no claims for accuracy or correctness can be made absolutely. I try my best but even I can only type so fast...
Remember that some of the panelists are bloggers themselves and later I'll try to give the links to their blogs.
So, now, it begins...
Why we tax: Abba Lerner says: The state can make anything into money, but it means nothing unless taxes/obligations are denominated in it. Then it becomes sovereignty.
Taxes also serve to regulate aggregate demand, not to "raise" money. We should evaluate policy in terms of effects and impacts in the real world, not dogmas of "soundness". Operational reality.
- Extremely harsh foreign war reparations.
- One third of gov't spending, half GDP.
- (But the USA only has 8% deficits at most.)
- German debt: denominated in foreign currencies, no control.
Foreign debt vs domestic debt.
- Germany hadn't enough gold to pay off its debts.
- Had to aggressively buy foreign currency --- massive price inflation!
- Weimar had a much larger unionized power and population, with COLA.
- Price inflation (BUT Auerback thinks that unions are a good thing in most circumstances.)
- No such mechanism in the USA; wages don't rise with prices, have declined. Potentially deflationary.
Obama has presided over a massive wealth transfer to the wealthy rather than raise wages.
Diff between Weimar Germany and USA: Germany operated in a gold-standard world, the Mark was worthless vs gold. French/Belgian occupation of Ruhr, met with passive resistance. But money was still paid to workers.
Is Zimbabwe a better example than Weimar?
- Zimbabwe civil war.
- Zimbabwe growth happened before drought, not perfect but happened.
- Problem: land reform. Whites resisted it, so the political response was a misguided land reform that pushed the productive capacity down.
- (Auerback notes that the political cost of inequality is very high, warning for USA.)
- Zimbabwe forced to buy food on foreign markets. No funds left for raw materials, collapse of manufacturing, 80% unemployment...
The Zimb. gov't response was to buy favour by increasing spending: hyperinflation!
USA is not quite as bad as Zimbabwe in these departments, so Zimbabwe is probably a poor analogy.
Bad gov'ts can wreck any economy. But with fiat money, a wise gov't can sustain price stabillity AND full employment.
Long-term unemployment yields lower productive capacity.
Missed first question, got distracted.
Mitchell summarizes Auerback: Take a country, destroy its productive capacity---then any gov't spending will cause hyperinflation. But Zimbabwe could not have stopped inflation without starving everyone to death. US going that way too?
Q from Ed Harrison: Social security -> inflation?
A from Wray: No, wages might do it, but soc sec "passes through" much more slowly. Misallocation possible in future.
Q from Ed Harrison: Inflation -> currency depreciation -> interest rate -> inflation?
A from Mosler: This is a political problem. Interest rates are a political decision.
A from Mitchell: Depreciation is not inflation. It's a one-off price increase. So the premise behind Harrison's claim is not quite right.
Objection from Harrison: So if the price of the currency goes down, doesn't everything become more expensive? (Oil, for instance.)
Panelists (mainly Mitchell): But...that's a once-off adjustment. A once-off adjustment is not inflation, inflation must be systemic.
Harrison: That's just a "definitional issue". A rise in price over defined time is inflation over that time.
Mitchell: But that's the point, it's a bad definition. If it's not systematic, it's not inflation.
Wray takes premise for the sake of argument. Yes, there is a political propensity to increase interest rates. But this can backfire. It's very hard to find a correlation over a long time that shows that interest rate and currency are connected. Central bank myth.
In response to another question (missed but answer interesting), Mitchell: The era when wages were tied to productivity didn't have hyperinflation; this didn't change in the 90s onward where productivity went to owners instead of workers. They aren't connected.
Mosler: Wages will stagnate without the support of the state, due to game theory.
Q from New Deal 2.0 blogger: Are there things that can be done to prevent inflation that the USA could be doing, or is the USA safe?
A from Mosler: pretty safe. The risks of inflation, anyway, are political, not economic. Doesn't hurt e.g. productivity. But may have ballot box effects.
Auerback: things are still heavily weighted to deflation, not inflation.
US oil price inflation will end itself very quickly, because there aren't government systems to keep it going [by demand destruction?]. If the USA had such systems, it would require institution reform to stop it.
Mitchell: so many developed economies have high unemployment; so it's be ridiculous to worry about inflation. High unemployment is so much more costly. It's the success of neoliberal ideology that we don't take unemployment into account FIRST. Gov'ts are wasting billions of dollars worrying about inflation over unemployment.
Unemployment in central bank ideology is a TOOL for the control of inflation, not the other way around. Outrageous, should be the other way around. Losses from last two years from unemployment in USA dwarf ALL historical US war costs.
Mosler: Financial sector is most useless waste of human resources ever. Keynes wanted "euthanasia of the rentier."
We've been on break for a few minutes. I'm going to start a new thread for the next and last talk shortly. | <urn:uuid:eca6926d-63af-4053-b73f-ac36a102293c> | CC-MAIN-2016-22 | http://politblogo.typepad.com/politblogo/2010/04/fiscal-sustainability-auerback.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-22/segments/1464049281363.50/warc/CC-MAIN-20160524002121-00244-ip-10-185-217-139.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.945044 | 1,284 | 2.546875 | 3 |
Q1. What Is An Object In C++?
Answer : An object is a package that contains related data and instructions. The data relates to what the object represents, while the instructions define how this object relates to other objects and itself.
Q2. What Is A Message?
Answer : A message is a signal from one object to another requesting that a computation take place. It is roughly equivalent to a function call in other languages.
Q3. What Is A Class?
Answer : A class defines the characteristics of a certain type of object. It defines what its members will remember, the messages to which they will respond, and what form the response will take.
Q4. What Is An Instance?
Answer : An individual object that is a member of some class.
Q5. What Is A Super-class?
Answer : Given a class, a super-class is the basis of the class under consideration. The given class is defined as a subset (in some respects) of the super-class. Objects of the given class potentially posses all the characteristics belonging to objects of the super-class.
Q6. What Is Inheritance?
Answer : Inheritance is property such that a parent (or super) class passes the characteristics of itself to children (or sub) classes that are derived from it. The sub-class has the option of modifying these characteristics in order to make a different but fundamentally related class from the super-class.
Q7. To What Does Message Protocol Refer?
Answer : An object’s message protocol is the exact form of the set of messages to which the object can respond.
Q8. What Is Polymorphism?
Answer : Polymorphism refers to the ability of an object to respond in a logically identical fashion to messages of the same protocol, containing differing types of objects. Consider 1 + 5 and 1 + 5.1. In the former, the message “+ 5” is sent to an object of class integer (1). In the later, the message “+ 5.1” is sent to the same integer object. The form of the message (its protocol) is identical in both cases. What differs is the type of object on the right-hand side of these messages. The former is an integer object (5) while the later is a floating point object (5.1). The receiver (1) appears (to other objects) to respond in the same way to both messages. Internally, however, it knows that it must treat the two types of objects differently in order to obtain the same overall response
Q9. What Are Instance Variables?
Answer : These represent an object’s private memory. They are defined in an object’s class.
Q10. What Are Class Variables?
Answer : These represent a class’s memory which it shares with each of its instances.
Q11. What Is A Method?
Answer : A method is a class’s procedural response to a given message protocol. It is like the definition of a procedure in other languages.
Q12. In C++ What Is A Constructor? A Destructor?
Answer : A constructors and destructors are methods defined in a class that are invoked automatically when an object is created or destroyed. They are used to initialize a newly allocated object and to cleanup behind an object about to be removed.
Q13. Compare And Contrast C And C++.?
Answer : Comparison: C++ is an extension to the C language. When C++ is used as a procedural language, there are only minor syntactical differences between them. Contrast: When used as a procedural language, C++ is a better C because: o It vigorously enforces data typing conventions. o It allows variables to be defined where they are used. o It allows the definition of real (semantically significant) constants. o It allows for automatic pointer dereferencing. o It supports call-by-reference in addition to call-by-value in functions. o It supports tentative variable declarations (when the type and location of a variable cannot be known before hand. As an object oriented language, C++ introduces much of the OOP paradigm while allowing a mixture of OOP and procedural styles.
Q14. What Is Operator Overloading?
Answer : It is the process of, and ability to redefine the way an object responds to a C++ operator symbol. This would be done in the object’s class definition.
Q15. What Is Cin And Cout?
Answer : They are objects corresponding to a program’s default input and output files. Contrast procedural and object oriented programming. The procedural paradigm performs computation through a step-by-step manipulation of data items. Solving problems this way is akin to writing a recipe. ie: All the ingredients (data items) are defined. Next a series of enumerated steps (statements) are defined to transform the raw ingredients into a finished meal. The object oriented model, in contrast, combines related data and procedural information into a single package called an object. Objects are meant to represent logically separate entities (like real world objects). Objects are grouped together (and defined by) classes. (This is analogous to user defined data types in procedural languages.) Classes may pass-on their “makeup” to classes derived from them. In this way, Objects that are of a similar yet different nature need not be defined from scratch. Computation occurs though the intercommunication of objects. Programming this way is like writing a play. First the characters are defined with their attributes and personalities. Next the dialog is written so that the personalities interact. The sum total constitutes a drama.
Q16. How Do You Link A C++ Program To C Functions?
Answer : By using the extern “C” linkage specification around the C function declarations. You should know about mangled function names and typesafe linkages. Then you should explain how the extern “C” linkage specification statement turns that feature off during compilation so that the linker properly links function calls to C functions.
Q17. Explain The Scope Resolution Operator.?
Answer : The scope resolution operator permits a program to reference an identifier in the global scope that has been hidden by another identifier with the same name in the local scope. The answer can get complicated. It should start with “coloncolon,” however. (Some readers had not heard the term, “scope resolution operator,” but they knew what :: means. You should know the formal names of such things so that you can understand all communication about them.) If you claim to be well into the design or use of classes that employ inheritance, you tend to address overriding virtual function overrides to explicitly call a function higher in the hierarchy. That’s good knowledge to demonstrate, but address your comments specifically to global scope resolution. Describe C++’s ability to override the particular C behavior where identifiers in the global scope are always hidden by similar identifiers in a local scope.
Q18. What Are The Differences Between A C++ Struct And C++ Class?
Answer : The default member and base class access specifiers are different. This is one of the commonly misunderstood aspects of C++. Believe it or not, many programmers think that a C++ struct is just like a C struct, while a C++ class has inheritance, access specifiers, member functions, overloaded operators, and so on. Some of them have even written books about C++. Actually, the C++ struct has all the features of the class. The only differences are that a struct defaults to public member access and public base class inheritance, and a class defaults to the private access specifier and private base class inheritance. Getting this question wrong does not necessarily disqualify you because you will be in plenty of good company. Getting it right is a definite plus.
Q19. How Many Ways Are There To Initialize An Int With A Constant?
Answer : There are two formats for initializers in C++ as shown in Example 1. Example 1(a) uses the traditional C notation, while Example 1(b) uses constructor notation. Many programmers do not know about the notation in Example 1(b), although they should certainly know about the first one. Many old-timer C programmers who made the switch to C++ never use the second idiom, although some wise heads of C++ profess to prefer it. A reader wrote to tell me of two other ways, as shown in Examples 2(a) and 2(b), which made me think that maybe the answer could be extended even further to include the initialization of an int function parameter with a constant argument from the caller.
Q20. How Does Throwing And Catching Exceptions Differ From Using Setjmp And Longjmp?
Answer : The throw operation calls the destructors for automatic objects instantiated since entry to the try block. Exceptions are in the mainstream of C++ now, so most programmers, if they are familiar with setjmp and longjmp, should know the difference. Both idioms return a program from the nested depths of multiple function calls to a defined position higher in the program. The program stack is “unwound” so that the state of the program with respect to function calls and pushed arguments is restored as if the calls had not been made. C++ exception handling adds to that behavior the orderly calls to the destructors of automatic objects that were instantiated as the program proceeded from within the try block toward where the throw expression is evaluated. It’s okay to discuss the notational differences between the two idioms. Explain the syntax of try blocks, catch exception handlers, and throw expressions. Then specifically address what happens in a throw that does not happen in a longjmp. Your answer should reflect an understanding of the behavior described in the answer just given. One valid reason for not knowing about exception handling is that your experience is exclusively with older C++ compilers that do not implement exception handling. I would prefer that you have at least heard of exception handling, though. It is not unusual for C and C++ programmers to be unfamiliar with setjmp/ longjmp. Those constructs are not particularly intuitive. A C programmer who has written recursive descent parsing algorithms will certainly be familiar with setjmp/ longjmp. Others might not, and that’s acceptable. In that case, you won’t be able to discuss how setjmp/longjmp differs from C++ exception handling, but let the interview turn into a discussion of C++ exception handling in general. That conversation will reveal to the interviewer a lot about your overall understanding of C++.
Q21. What Is Your Reaction To This Line Of Code?
Answer : delete this; It’s not a good practice. A good programmer will insist that the statement is never to be used if the class is to be used by other programmers and instantiated as static, extern, or automatic objects. That much should be obvious. The code has two built-in pitfalls. First, if it executes in a member function for an extern, static, or automatic object, the program will probably crash as soon as the delete statement executes. There is no portable way for an object to tell that it was instantiated on the heap, so the class cannot assert that its object is properly instantiated. Second, when an object commits suicide this way, the using program might not know about its demise. As far as the instantiating program is concerned, the object remains in scope and continues to exist even though the object did itself in. Subsequent dereferencing of the pointer can and usually does lead to disaster. A reader pointed out that a class can ensure that its objects are instantiated on the heap by making its destructor private. This idiom necessitates a kludgy DeleteMe kind of function because the instantiator cannot call the delete operator for objects of the class. The DeleteMe function would then use “delete this.” I got a lot of mail about this issue. Many programmers believe that delete this is a valid construct. In my experience, classes that use delete this when objects are instantiated by users usually spawn bugs related to the idiom, most often when a program dereferences a pointer to an object that has already deleted itself.
Q22. What Is A Default Constructor?
Answer : A constructor that has no arguments or one where all the arguments have default argument values. If you don’t code a default constructor, the compiler provides one if there are no other constructors. If you are going to instantiate an array of objects of the class, the class must have a default constructor.
Q23. What Is A Conversion Constructor?
Answer : A constructor that accepts one argument of a different type. The compiler uses this idiom as one way to infer conversion rules for a class. A constructor with more than one argument and with default argument values can be interpreted by the compiler as a conversion constructor when the compiler is looking for an object of the type and sees an object of the type of the constructor’s first argument.
Q24. What Is The Difference Between A Copy Constructor And An Overloaded Assignment Operator?
Answer : A copy constructor constructs a new object by using the content of the argument object. An overloaded assignment operator assigns the contents of an existing object to another existing object of the same class. First, you must know that a copy constructor is one that has only one argument, which is a reference to the same type as the constructor. The compiler invokes a copy constructor wherever it needs to make a copy of the object, for example to pass an argument by value. If you do not provide a copy constructor, the compiler creates a member-by-member copy constructor for you. You can write overloaded assignment operators that take arguments of other classes, but that behavior is usually implemented with implicit conversion constructors. If you do not provide an overloaded assignment operator for the class, the compiler creates a default member-by-member assignment operator. This discussion is a good place to get into why classes need copy constructors and overloaded assignment operators. By discussing the requirements with respect to data member pointers that point to dynamically allocated resources, you demonstrate a good grasp of the problem.
Q25. When Should You Use Multiple Inheritance?
Answer : There are three acceptable answers: “Never,” “Rarely,” and “When the problem domain cannot be accurately modeled any other way.” There are some famous C++ pundits and luminaries who disagree with that third answer, so be careful. Let’s digress to consider this issue lest your interview turn into a religious debate. Consider an Asset class, Building class, Vehicle class, and CompanyCar class. All company cars are vehicles. Some company cars are assets because the organizations own them. Others might be leased. Not all assets are vehicles. Money accounts are assets. Real-estate holdings are assets. Some real-estate holdings are buildings. Not all buildings are assets. Ad infinitum. When you diagram these relationships, it becomes apparent that multiple inheritance is an intuitive way to model this common problem domain. You should understand, however, that multiple inheritance, like a chainsaw, is a useful tool that has its perils, needs respect, and is best avoided except when nothing else will do. Stress this understanding because your interviewer might share the common bias against multiple inheritance that many object-oriented designers hold.
Q26. What Is A Virtual Destructor?
Answer : The simple answer is that a virtual destructor is one that is declared with the virtual attribute. The behavior of a virtual destructor is what is important. If you destroy an object through a pointer or reference to a base class, and the base-class destructor is not virtual, the derived-class destructors are not executed, and the destruction might not be complete.
Q27. Explain The Isa And Hasa Class Relationships. How Would You Implement Each In A Class Design?
Answer : A specialized class “is a” specialization of another class and, therefore, has the ISA relationship with the other class. An Employee ISA Person. This relationship is best implemented with inheritance. Employee is derived from Person. A class may have an instance of another class. For example, an Employee “has a” Salary, therefore the Employee class has the HASA relationship with the Salary class. This relationship is best implemented by embedding an object of the Salary class in the Employee class. The answer to this question reveals whether you have an understanding of the fundamentals of object-oriented design, which is important to reliable class design. There are other relationships. The USESA relationship is when one class uses the services of another. The Employee class uses an object (cout) of the ostream class to display the employee’s name onscreen, for example. But if you get ISA and HASA right, you usually don’t need to go any further.
Q28. When Is A Template A Better Solution Than A Base Class?
Answer : When you are designing a generic class to contain or otherwise manage objects of other types, when the format and behavior of those other types are unimportant to their containment or management, and particularly when those other types are unknown (thus the genericity) to the designer of the container or manager class. Prior to templates, you had to use inheritance; your design might include a generic List container class and an application-specific Employee class. To put employees in a list, a ListedEmployee class is multiply derived (contrived) from the Employee and List classes. These solutions were unwieldy and error-prone. Templates solved that problem.
Q29. What Is The Difference Between C And C++ ? Would You Prefer To Use One Over The Other ?
Answer : C is based on structured programming whereas C++ supports the object-oriented programming paradigm.Due to the advantages inherent in object-oriented programs such as modularity and reuse, C++ is preferred. However almost anything that can be built using C++ can also be built using C.
Q30. What Are The Access Privileges In C++ ? What Is The Default Access Level ?
Answer : The access privileges in C++ are private, public and protected. The default access level assigned to members of a class is private. Private members of a class are accessible only within the class and by friends of the class. Protected members are accessible by the class itself and it’s sub-classes. Public members of a class can be accessed by anyone.
Q31. What Is Data Encapsulation ?
Answer : Data Encapsulation is also known as data hiding. The most important advantage of encapsulation is that it lets the programmer create an object and then provide an interface to the object that other objects can use to call the methods provided by the object. The programmer can change the internal workings of an object but this transparent to other interfacing programs as long as the interface remains unchanged.
Q32. What Is Inheritance ?
Answer : Inheritance is the process of deriving classes from other classes. In such a case, the sub-class has an ‘is-a’ relationship with the super class. For e.g. vehicle can be a super-class and car can be a sub-class derived from vehicle. In this case a car is a vehicle. The super class ‘is not a’ sub-class as the sub- class is more specialized and may contain additional members as compared to the super class. The greatest advantage of inheritance is that it promotes generic design and code reuse.
Q33. What Is Multiple Inheritance ? What Are It’s Advantages And Disadvantages ?
Answer : Multiple Inheritance is the process whereby a sub-class can be derived from more than one super class. The advantage of multiple inheritance is that it allows a class to inherit the functionality of more than one base class thus allowing for modeling of complex relationships. The disadvantage of multiple inheritance is that it can lead to a lot of confusion when two base classes implement a method with the same name.
Q34. What Do The Keyword Static And Const Signify?
Answer : When a class member is declared to be of a static type, it means that the member is not an instance variable but a class variable. Such a member is accessed using Classname.Membername (as opposed to Object.Membername). Const is a keyword used in C++ to specify that an object’s value cannot be changed.
Q35. How Is Memory Allocated/deallocated In C ? How About C++ ?
Answer : Memory is allocated in C using malloc() and freed using free(). In C++ the new() operator is used to allocate memory to an object and the delete() operator is used to free the memory taken up by an object.
Q36. What Is Uml?
Answer : UML refers to Unified Modeling Language. It is a language used to model OO problem spaces and solutions.
Q37. What Is The Difference Between A Shallow Copy And A Deep Copy?
Answer : A shallow copy simply creates a new object and inserts in it references to the members of the original object. A deep copy constructs a new object and then creates in it copies of each of the members of the original object. | <urn:uuid:e7d0eb57-b2ed-4348-9da7-15ef626dd0a3> | CC-MAIN-2023-06 | https://talentbattle.in/blogs/technical-interview-questions-and-concepts/cpp-interview-questions-for-placements | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-06/segments/1674764494974.98/warc/CC-MAIN-20230127065356-20230127095356-00700.warc.gz | en | 0.9129 | 4,441 | 3.5 | 4 |
Hanoi (Vietnamese: Hà Nội, listen), is the capital of Vietnam and the country's second largest city. Its population in 2009 was estimated at 2.6 million for urban districts, 6.5 million for the metropolitan jurisdiction. From 1010 until 1802, it was the most important political centre of Vietnam. It was eclipsed by Huế during the Nguyen dynasty as the capital of Vietnam, but Hanoi served as the capital of French Indochina from 1902 to 1954. From 1954 to 1976, it was the capital of North Vietnam. | <urn:uuid:ecaaeadb-cd4c-4beb-a805-fdd7717433b6> | CC-MAIN-2023-06 | https://mytravelphotos.us/Vietnam/Cities/Ha%20Noi/index.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-06/segments/1674764500983.76/warc/CC-MAIN-20230208222635-20230209012635-00547.warc.gz | en | 0.972223 | 126 | 2.5625 | 3 |
If she says yes, her decision will reduce poverty and change the economic landscape in New Mexico.
If she says no, it will leave tens of thousands of us uninsured and without access to healthcare.
Starting in 2014, Medicaid can be made available to nearly everyone earning less than about $15,000 for a single adult or $32,000 for a family of four. With the Medicaid Opportunity, for the first time, almost all New Mexicans living in or near poverty would have access to a stable source of healthcare. This includes tens of thousands of parents, low wage workers, the homeless, veterans, and the recently jobless who, until now, have had no viable health coverage option.
While policymakers had initial concerns about how much this would cost, New Mexico's Legislative Finance Committee recently projected that the Medicaid Opportunity will actually save the state over $300 million in the next seven years.
This is because the federal government pays all of the costs for three years and then continues to pay at least ninety percent of costs in future years. That federal investment will generate new revenues without increasing taxes.
The state will receive premium taxes paid by insurance companies, gross receipts taxes levied on federal dollars moving through the healthcare sector, and income taxes generated by the over 7,000 new jobs the UNM Bureau of Business and Economic Research estimates will be created with the federal funds.
With that kind of savings, nothing should stop us from moving forward.
Anyone who has ever struggled with losing a job, worked for minimum wage, or tried to raise a child on a limited income knows what it is like to live with the anxiety of not having healthcare coverage. And that anxiety is well-founded.
A 2009 Harvard study found that 300 New Mexicans die each year because they are uninsured. Countless more suffer from conditions that go untreated or have medical bills they will never be able to pay off. Medical debt is now the leading cause of bankruptcy nationwide.
Having health insurance means having financial security. It means less time off work from being sick and a more productive workforce. People with coverage have better access to doctors, get more timely care, and have fewer complications that result in serious conditions and even death.
Children are also up to three times more likely to see a doctor if their parents see a doctor.
Some are concerned about what happens if the federal government doesn't hold up its end of the bargain. But federal Medicaid funding is likely to remain stable.
Last year, a Kaiser Family Foundation poll found that a majority of Americans oppose making any cuts to Medicaid as a way to reduce the federal deficit.
Over two thirds of Americans want to protect Medicaid when they are told a change could leave more people without access to healthcare services. Because of this strong public support, compared to other federal funding initiatives, Medicaid funding has a long, reliable history - and it's likely to stay that way. And refusing federal funds would just result in sending our tax dollars to other states rather than keeping them here.
As New Mexicans, we feel a deep and personal responsibility to contribute to our children, our families and our communities. Last a month, an Albuquerque Journal poll found that a majority of New Mexico voters favor making Medicaid available to 170,000 more people. So do numerous policymakers, community leaders, healthcare providers, and advocates who recognize that it is simply the right thing to do. It is time for the Governor to take this important step towards securing a healthier and more prosperous future for New Mexico.
Kelsey McCowan Heilman is the staff attorney for the New Mexico Center on Law and Poverty. | <urn:uuid:27427d4f-6ad2-4aa5-8ee9-6d154d8ca4cb> | CC-MAIN-2014-49 | http://www.demingheadlight.com/deming-opinion/ci_21727056/governor-martinez-should-embrace-medicaid?source=rss | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2014-49/segments/1416400379546.70/warc/CC-MAIN-20141119123259-00209-ip-10-235-23-156.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.960966 | 726 | 2.8125 | 3 |
EFFLORESCENCE, DELIQUESCE, TRANSFORMATION, & DECOMPOSITION
Several detrimental habits are responsible for certain minerals to undergo
chemical changes. Special conditions must be provided to preserve these
Efflorescence is the loss of water from the chemical structure of a mineral. A small
number of hydrous minerals may partially
lose the water in their structure if
kept in dry or hot areas. This causes the mineral to form a white powder on its surface,
and decreases its transparency. Some minerals eventually crumble from efflorescence.
Deliquesce is the opposite of efflorescence - it is the absorption of water into the
chemical structure of a mineral. This property is only present in a few water-soluble minerals.
Atmospheric water (humidity) gets absorbed into the structure of a mineral, thereby
destroying its crystal lattice and
causing it to dissolve. The most common delinquent minerals are Sylvite, Carnallite, and
some specimens of Halite.
Some minerals transform into other minerals under
stress, heat, and prolonged exposure to light. Some minerals, upon loss of water transform
into other minerals. Three examples are:
Na2B4O7 · 10h1O
transforms into Tincalconite
- Na2B4O7 · 5H2O
- Torbernite: Cu(UO2) 2
(PO4) 2 · 8-12H2O
transforms into Meta-torbernite - Cu(UO2) 2
- Autunite: Ca(UO2) 2
(PO4) 2 · 8-12H2O
transforms into Meta-autunite Ca(UO2) 2 (PO4)
A well-known transformation is Realgar to Paraealgar. Bright red Realgar specimens transform into yellow Paraealgar when exposed to
A small number of minerals decompose in certain
circumstances. Orpiment crumbles into a yellow powder when exposed to prolonged light.
Marcasite occasionally develops a
whitish encrustation on its surface that eventually causes it to
disintegrate. This growth may spread to other sulfide minerals in a collection and cause
them to disintegrate as well. This condition is not fully understood, and it only strikes
certain Marcasite specimens at random. This condition, known as "Pyrite decay",
is usually unpredictable.
Some minerals undergo color changes in different
lighting conditions or when exposed to radiation. For more information on this, see Color in mineral properties. | <urn:uuid:fed020fe-a939-4128-badb-26d5ffffe88b> | CC-MAIN-2019-26 | http://new.minerals.net/resource/property/efflores.aspx | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-26/segments/1560627998986.11/warc/CC-MAIN-20190619123854-20190619145854-00431.warc.gz | en | 0.841829 | 550 | 4.0625 | 4 |
THE PRESIDENT JOHN F. KENNEDY ASSASSINATION RECORDS COLLECTION ACT OF 1992 (JFK ACT)
This Act may be cited as the “President John F. Kennedy Assassination Records Collection Act of 1992.”
Findings, Declarations, and Purposes
(a) Findings and Declarations – The Congress finds and declares that –
(1) all Government records related to the assassination of President John F. Kennedy should be preserved for historical and governmental purposes;
(2) all Government records concerning the assassination of President John F. Kennedy should carry a presumption of immediate disclosure, and all records should be eventually disclosed to enable the public to become fully informed about the history surrounding the assassination;
(3) legislation is necessary to create an enforceable, independent, and accountable process for the public disclosure of such records;
(4) legislation is necessary because congressional records related to the assassination of President John F. Kennedy would not otherwise be subject to public disclosure until at least the year 2029.
(5) Legislation is necessary because the Freedom of Information Act, as implemented by the executive branch, has prevented the timely public disclosure of records related to the assassination of President John F. Kennedy.
(6) Legislation is necessary because Executive Order No. 12356, entitled “National Security Information” has eliminated the declassification and downgrading schedules related to classified information across the government and has prevented the timely public disclosure of records related to the assassination of President John F. Kennedy.
(7) Most of the records related to the assassination of President John F. Kennedy are almost 30 years old, and only in the rarest cases is there any legitimate need for continued protection of such records.
(b) Purposes – The purposes of this Act are – (1) to provide for the creation of the President John F. Kennedy Assassination Records Collection at the National Archives and Records Administration, and
(2) to require the expeditious public transmission to the Archivist and public disclosure of such records.
Review, Identification, Transmission to the National Archives, and Public Disclosure of Assassination Records by Government Offices
(a) In General
(1) As soon as practicable after the date of enactment of this Act, each Government office shall identify and organize its records relating to the assassination of President John F. Kennedy and prepare them for transmission to the Archivist for inclusion in the Collection.
(2) No assassination record shall be destroyed, altered or mutilated in any way.
(3) No assassination record made available or disclosed to the public prior to the date of the enactment of this Act may be withheld, redacted, postponed for public disclosure, or reclassified.
(4) No assassination record created by a person or entity outside of government (excluding names or identities consistent with the requirements of Section 6) shall be withheld, redacted, postponed for public disclosure, or reclassified…..
Postponements Under The JFK Act
Whenever an agency wishes, in the terms of the JFK Act, to “postpone” (i.e. redact) information, it must submit those proposed postponements to the Review Board, which then makes “formal determination” on the release of the information.
If an agency disagrees with a decision of the Review Board, its sole recourse under the JFK Act is to appeal the Review Board’s decision to the President. 1.
Whenever an agency wishes to postpone information from a record before the record is released to the public, the agency must identify with specificity the information to be postponed, identify the specific provision of Section 6 of the JFK Act that permits the postponement, and provide “clear and convincing” evidence to the Review Board as to why the information should be postponed. (See Section 6 of the JFK Act, attached.) By way of example, the FBI, which seeks to postpone information that might identify informants, provides other evidence that might be useful to the Review Board when evaluating the proposed postponements. The Review Board takes very seriously its statutory obligation to sustain proposed postponements “only in the rarest of cases [where there is a] legitimate need for continued protection of such records.” See Section 2(a)(7) (emphasis added). Under this statutory standard, which presumes the release of the information except in the “rarest of cases,” agencies have tended to postpone very little information and then only when they are able to provide evidence supporting the proposed postponements. 2.
- Thus far, only one agency, the FBI, has made an appeal to the President. After a full briefing of the issues by the FBI and the Review Board, the FBI withdrew all of its appeals. As a result, every formal determination made by the Review Board has been followed and every record has been made available to the public in accordance with the Board’s decisions.
- The Review Board does, however, routinely sustain postponements of Social Security numbers. No evidence need be provided for such postponements.
ONI Document Declassification Review and Transmission Procedure
The following steps should be taken by ONI to review records that it does not desire to release in full in accordance with JFK Act requirements.
- ONI should make a photocopy of the original record, conduct declassification review in accordance with Section 6 of the JFK Act, and mark the proposed postponements either by highlighting them, or by clearly bracketing them.
- ONI must create a Record Identification Form (RIF) for each document it reviews, using the DOS software and numbering disks created by NASA and previously provided by the ARRB.
- ONI should forward to the Review Board (with Rifs attached), upon completion of its declassification review, all such photocopies, with postponements identified by brackets or highlighting, reason codes (from Section 6 of the JFK Act) assigned to each postponement in the margin that identify which section of the JFK Act justifies postponement, and with all supporting evidence for each postponement. [Along with the highlighted or bracketed review copy of each document, either the original, or a pristine (i.e., unredacted) photocopy, must also be transmitted to the Review Board, with a separate copy of that document’s unique
Once the Review Board staff reviews ONI’s proposed postponements, the staff will notify the Review Board as to whether it concurs with your postponements or not. The Review Board will then evaluate ONI’s proposed postponements, in light of the ARRB staff recommendations, and the evidence provided by ONI (and any referral agencies) in support of these desired postponements.
The Review Board will make formal determinations regarding postponements recommended by ONI. ONI will then be promptly notified of the Board’s decisions, and the Board will explain subsequent procedures. If there are no postponements in a document RIFed by ONI, or if ONI recommends postponements that are not upheld by the Board (and ONI chooses not to appeal to the President), those documents will be immediately transmitted to the JFK Collection at the Archives by the ARRB, and released to the public. Whenever records contain postponements following formal determinations by the Review Board, both the unredacted version (original or pristine photocopy) and the redacted version is released to the public via the JFK Collection.
Grounds for Postponement of Public Disclosure of Records
Disclosure of assassination records or particular information in assassination records to the public may be postponed subject to the limitations of this Act if there is clear and convincing evidence that –
(1) the threat to the military defense, intelligence operations, or conduct of foreign relations of the
posed by the public disclosure of the assassination is of such gravity that it
outweighs the public interest, and such public disclosure would reveal – United States
(A) an intelligence agent whose identity currently requires protection;
(B) an intelligence source or method which is currently utilized, or reasonably expected to be utilized , by the United States Government and which has not been officially disclosed, the disclosure of which would interfere with the conduct of intelligence activities; or
(C) any other matter currently relating to the military defense, intelligence operations or conduct of foreign relations of the
the disclosure of which would demonstrably impair the national security of the United States ; United
(2) the public disclosure of the assassination record would reveal the name or identity of a living person who provided confidential information to the
and would pose a substantial risk of
harm to that person; United
(3) the public disclosure of the assassination record could reasonably be expected to constitute an unwarranted invasion of personal privacy, and that invasion of privacy is so substantial that it outweighs the public interest;
(4) the public disclosure of the assassination record would compromise the existence of an understanding of confidentiality currently requiring protection between a Government agent and a cooperating individual or foreign government, and public disclosure would be so harmful that it outweighs the public interest; or
(5) the public disclosure of the assassination record would reveal a security or protective procedure currently utilized, or reasonably expected to be utilized, by the Secret Service or another Government agency responsible for protecting Government officials, and public disclosure would be so harmful that it outweighs the public interest.
Termination of Effect of Act
(a) Provisions Pertaining to the Review Board – The provisions of this Act that pertain to the appointment and operation of the Review Board shall cease to be effective when the Review Board and the terms of its members have terminated pursuant to section 7(o).
(b) Other Provisions – The remaining provisions of this Act shall continue in effect until such time as the Archivist certifies to the President and Congress that all assassination records have been made available to the public in accordance with this Act. | <urn:uuid:1dd7e1a9-eb98-4b99-8fda-b0c4f55db8c5> | CC-MAIN-2018-09 | http://jfkcountercoup.blogspot.com/2012/10/jfk-assassination-records-collection.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-09/segments/1518891813712.73/warc/CC-MAIN-20180221182824-20180221202824-00070.warc.gz | en | 0.922926 | 2,040 | 3.125 | 3 |
Can Dietary Hemp Help With Inflammation and Cancer?
Becca Wolford, Contributing Writer
Cancer. It’s one word that no one wants to hear in their diagnosis. It is certain that most of us in one way or another have been touched by cancer or know someone who has. However, cancer is no longer a guaranteed early death sentence.
Cancer research has come a long way. There are medicines that help treat cancer or kill it. An IMPORTANT factor in cancer recovery is nutrition. And what better way to beat cancer than with the world’s most perfect, healthy plant?
Cancer can be caused my numerous factors. Some say there is a genetic link – that some cancers run through family generations. Poor diet, smoking, injury, illness, environmental toxins, inflammation – these can all have a hand in the appearance of cancer.
Studies have shown that inflammation is the cause of many diseases and illnesses, including cancer.
“This study by researchers at the Ohio State University Comprehensive Cancer Center — Arthur G. James Cancer Hospital and Richard J. Solove Research Institute (OSUCCC — James) found that inflammation stimulates a rise in levels of a molecule called microRNA-155 (miR-155).
This, in turn, causes a drop in levels of proteins involved in DNA repair, resulting in a higher rate of spontaneous gene mutations, which can lead to cancer.” (www.sciencedaily.com)
“Chronic inflammation is a major cause of cancer in the world because it releases powerful oxidants which both stimulate cell division and are mutagens.” (users.rcn.com)
What is inflammation?
“Inflammation is part of the complex biological response of vascular tissues to harmful stimuli, such as pathogens, damaged cells, or irritants. Inflammation is a protective attempt by the organism to remove the injurious stimuli and to initiate the healing process. Inflammation is not a synonym for infection, even in cases where inflammation is caused by infection. Although infection is caused by a microorganism, inflammation is one of the responses of the organism to the pathogen.” (Wikipedia)
Irritants (chemical, abrasive, etc.)
All of the above conditions can affect the immune system, and when the immune system kicks in this is what can happen:
“Pro-inflammatory cytokines are part of our immune systems that attack and kill cells with oxidative chemicals. If they don’t stop their attacks, they will start killing cells our bodies need. Unchecked inflammation is now thought to be responsible for cardiovascular disease and cancers.” (http://www.mnwelldir.org)
It is also believed that chronic inflammation is the result of low oxygen in the cells.
So, you may be asking, where does hemp come into play in all this?
If you recall, above I mentioned that poor nutrition can be a factor in inflammation. If the cells are not getting the nutrients they need they become unhealthy.
For example, hemp has the perfect ratio of Omega fatty acids. Fatty acids work to keep the cells healthy and strong, and keep the membranes supple for nutrients to easily pass in. Omega fatty acids are also the components in hemp that have anti-inflammatory properties.
Hemp has edestin protein, the protein closest to human globulin (and it is easily digested by the body). Edestin protein boosts the immune system by building what are called immunoglobulins, edestin works to repair cells, and also maintains cell DNA.
Hemp is a complete protein and is one of the most nutrient dense plant sources on the earth. Because it is so nutrient dense, it makes it a perfect addition to the diet to improve and sustain health. It has been shown that in some instances poor nutrition have a hand in the occurrence of disease; proper nutrition with plenty of Omega fatty acids, protein, fiber, and micronutrients found in hemp can be the turning point to good health (along with wise diet choices, exercise, and removing as many toxins as possible).
It is a known fact that a nutrient-rich diet can treat or reverse disease. Can hemp cure cancer? Some say yes.
Does a diet rich in hemp help strengthen the body and immune system? That is a definite yes.
About the Author
Becca Wolford is a writer, entrepreneur, artist, reiki practitioner, and hemp activist. She has experienced first-hand the nutritional and healing benefits of hemp and her passion is learning, writing, and educating others about the benefits of hemp – benefits that encompass nutritional health for humans, a healthy environment, and a healthier economy. Becca also distributes Versativa, an amazing raw, clean, hemp-based nutritional supplement and Restoration90, a raw, clean, nutritional product with marine phytoplankton, hemp, and essential nutrients for optimum health. Please support her at her excellent blog Hemphealer.com.
This article is offered under Creative Commons license. It’s okay to republish it anywhere as long as attribution bio is included and all links remain intact.
~~ Help Waking Times to raise the vibration by sharing this article with the buttons below… | <urn:uuid:6d513906-fb86-4530-96dc-fb1f962dafe2> | CC-MAIN-2022-27 | https://www.wakingtimes.com/can-dietary-hemp-help-with-inflammation-cancer/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-27/segments/1656104277498.71/warc/CC-MAIN-20220703225409-20220704015409-00661.warc.gz | en | 0.938878 | 1,124 | 2.75 | 3 |
Insufficient Evidence On Benefits Of Hearing Loss Screenings
Connie K. Ho for redOrbit.com — Your Universe Online
The U.S. Preventive Services Task Force (USPSTF) recently looked at the benefits and harms of hearing loss screenings. The authors believe that the study is important as age-related hearing loss is prevalent among the elderly who are 50 years or older. It is also an issue of concern as it can affect the quality of life and social functioning of seniors.
To begin, the USPSTF looked at evidence that was published from 1950 to January 2010. The studies were related to screenings for age-related sensorineural hearing impairments in adults who were 50 years of age or older who were not diagnosed with hearing loss. Based on the results of the review, the authors recommended that, for asymptomatic adults who were 50 years of age or older, there was not enough current evidence to understand or measure the benefits and harms of having screenings for hearing loss.
In one part of the statement, the authors described how screening tools can help identify hearing loss in adults. Clinical tests can test a person´s ability to hear things like a finger rub, a whispered voice, or an insect. A handheld screening instrument, made up of an otoscope with an audiometer built-in, is also utilized in exams. Further testing includes single test questions or more detailed questionnaires like the Hearing Handicap Inventory for the Elderly-Screening Version (HHIE-S).
As well, the authors explained in the statement how hearing loss may be due to a number of different things. The risk factors include past exposure to loud noises, recurring inner ear infections, some systemic diseases like diabetes, or genetic factors. For individuals who believe they need a hearing aid, they can confirm hearing loss with a pure-tone audiogram. Studies have shown that hearing aids can improve communication, social functioning, and self-reported hearing for adults who have age-related hearing loss.
“Ask them how they’re doing. If they say they’re fine, just leave it there,” remarked Ellen O’Neil, associate director of audiology at the Massachusetts Eye and Ear Infirmary, in the Reuters Health article.
Older adults may not realize that they have hearing loss. On one hand, they may change their daily activities to deal with the hearing loss. On the other hand, they might feel a social stigma to seeking out treatment or obtaining a hearing-aid. So, even though the USPSTF statement doesn´t make any recommendations, some experts believe it is still important for physicians to ask their patients about possible hearing loss.
“If you don’t ask, you won’t find out,” Ronald A. Hoffman, medical director of the New York Eye and Ear Infirmary’s Ear Institute, told Reuters Health.
The recommendation replaces a recommendation made in 1996 by the USPSTF that advised older adults to consider periodic examination and counseling regarding the availability of hearing aids. There have been few other studies that have examined the effectiveness of the “treatment” for hearing loss. The statement calls for more studies to be done to understand if screenings can be helpful of harmful for the health of the elderly.
“I think the recommendation is nothing more than a call to action for researchers,” commented Jaynee A. Handelsman, vice president of audiology practice for the American Speech-Language-Hearing Association (ASHA), in the Reuters Health article. “The gist of the recommendation is that there is not sufficient evidence to say whether we are or we’re not supposed to be screening adults 50 years old and older.” | <urn:uuid:c8df6dbf-ea05-461d-9c40-cae7001d6026> | CC-MAIN-2014-23 | http://www.redorbit.com/news/health/1112675203/screening-for-hearing-loss-081412/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2014-23/segments/1406510264575.30/warc/CC-MAIN-20140728011744-00030-ip-10-146-231-18.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.947567 | 772 | 3.171875 | 3 |
A new study published in the online journal Appetite compared the impact of eating the exact same food, but with one labeled as a “snack” and the other labeled as a “meal.”
The findings were astonishing!
At the University of Surrey, researchers asked 80 participants to eat pasta that was offered as either a snack or a meal. Both dishes contained the same amount of pasta.
To distinguish between the two, the pasta “snack” was presented as one might eat a snack, out of a plastic container with a plastic fork, standing up. The pasta “meal” was presented at a table with a chair, on a ceramic plate with a metal fork.
After finishing their meal or snack, they were invited to partake in an additional taste test of different foods like Animal Crackers, M&Ms, and Mini Cheddar Crackers.
The researchers found that those who ate the pasta presented as a “snack” ate significantly more than those who ate the pasta presented as a “meal.” The group that ate the pasta “snack” standing up ate 50 percent more total calories, total food mass, and total sweet mass than the group who ate the pasta “meal” sitting down.
This suggests that marketing food as a “snack” leads to increased consumption and continued overeating.
The researchers concluded that when eating a snack, we eat faster, are more easily distracted, and, therefore, are not fully conscious of how much food is actually being consumed. When sitting down at a meal, we are more aware and more conscious of the amount of food we are eating. Foods labeled as snacks unconsciously provoke overeating. When snacking, some of us are completely unaware or may not even remember what we have just eaten compared to when we eat a meal.
Three Tips to Becoming a Conscious Eater.
According to Ayurveda, snacking is taboo. Sitting down and relaxing during a meal is considered by some to be even more important than the kind of food you are eating! In the West, we argue and debate over what diet we should be on, but rarely lend credence to the importance of how you eat. Eating consciously is of utmost importance in Ayurveda.
Traditionally, Indian mothers would threaten their children with, “If you eat standing up, death looks over your shoulder,” to encourage them to become conscious of how they were eating.
Tip #1: Eat with your Fingers.
Yes, I said it. Eating with your fingers forces you to slow down, become conscious, and intimately engage yourself in the process of eating. It is quite unappealing to answer your phone, text, use the TV remote, or flip through a magazine with fingers full of food acting as your utensils.
Tip #2: Relax and Take Time to Dine.
Studies show that when you eat your food in a relaxed, calm manner, the “rest and digest” parasympathetic nervous system engages. Taking your time when you eat literally strengthens your digestive ability. When you eat standing up or on the run, you stimulate the fight-or-flight sympathetic nervous system which literally turns off the digestive system.
Tip #3: Eat Until you are Just Three-Quarters Full.
Centenarians (humans who live to be over 100) also practice this technique of only eating to three-quarters full and, therefore, never stuff themselves or overeat. This is also a classic Ayurvedic eating principle. By going into a meal knowing you are only going to eat until you are three-quarters full, there is a natural tendency to slow down, take time, actually chew, and enjoy every bite. This is conscious eating.
Author: Dr. John Douillard
Image: Unsplash/Jaco Pretorius
Editor: Travis May
Copy Editor: Callie Rushton | <urn:uuid:e4d657b7-226d-490b-bc11-6b59bd2f0104> | CC-MAIN-2022-21 | https://www.elephantjournal.com/2018/02/mindless-eaters-consume-50-more-calories/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-21/segments/1652662531352.50/warc/CC-MAIN-20220520030533-20220520060533-00565.warc.gz | en | 0.973224 | 825 | 3.109375 | 3 |
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The online converter calculator on this page allows you to select the area/surface measurement unit you want to convert to starting from circular inches (circ in). To make a conversion starting from a unit of area other than circular inch, simply click on the "Reset" button.
What is circular inch?
The circular inch is a unit of area in the Imperial and US customary systems of units equal to 5.067075x10-4 square meters (1 circular inch = 5.067075x10-4 m2), the standard derived unit of area in the International System of Units (SI). It is also equal to 5.067075 square centimeters (cm2), or 506.7075 square millimeters (mm2), or 506.707.5x106 square micrometers (μm2) or 5.067075x1014 square nanometers (nm2) (units of area in the SI), or about 785,398.196 square mils, or 0.785398196 square inches (sq in) or 0.00545415414 square feet (sq ft), which are Imperial / US customary units of area.
The circular inch is an Imperial / US customary unit of area. The inch is a unit of length in the Imperial and US customary systems of units. An area of 1.0 circular inch is the area of a circle that is 1.0 inch in diameter.
The conversion formula between square inches and circular inches:
Square Inches = π/4 × Circular Inches
The circular inch is used to specify the area of the cross section of a cable or wire.
Below you can find a comprehensive list with conversions from circular inches to other (metric, imperial, or customary) area and surface measurement units. | <urn:uuid:d879f7b6-2f0a-4691-a73d-e87985e6958e> | CC-MAIN-2014-41 | http://www.conversion-website.com/area/from-circular-inch.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2014-41/segments/1410657124607.22/warc/CC-MAIN-20140914011204-00015-ip-10-196-40-205.us-west-1.compute.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.769579 | 382 | 3.4375 | 3 |
The oldest Jews in Rotterdam reside here. They are no longer alive though – Bet Hagajiem is the oldest Jewish cemetery in the city. Abraham de Pinto, the founder of the Jewish community in Rotterdam is buried here. The history books say further that “the plot was bought in 1613 by Gracia Rodriguez Vega, widow of Gaspar Sanges, and was used until around 1700”. Jewish cemeteries remain sacred ground forever, so the burial stones on the grassy patch are still there, between the modern high-rises.
Amsterdam was, and still is, the center of Jewish life in the Netherlands, but before WWII and the Holocaust, Rotterdam was home to thousands of Jews. Sadly, most of them didn’t survive the deportations and the death camps. Today the Jewish community of Rotterdam numbers just a few hundreds (including myself). The Jewish history of Rotterdam is still here though, albeit a bit hidden. It’s places like Bet Hagajiem or the statue of Lodewijk Pincoffs that keep alive the memory of what the community once was like. If you’re visiting, lay a rock on the memorial stone. It’s our way of saying “I’ve been here. I remember.” | <urn:uuid:ff8206b7-8091-4002-a757-f159cf65d0c7> | CC-MAIN-2020-05 | https://www.spottedbylocals.com/rotterdam/bet-hagajiem/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-05/segments/1579251672537.90/warc/CC-MAIN-20200125131641-20200125160641-00381.warc.gz | en | 0.948373 | 274 | 2.5625 | 3 |
|Credit: Takuma Fujii|
Zoantharians are colonial cnidarians commonly found in a variety of marine environments. Many of them live in the shallow waters of the subtropical and tropical regions, where their large colonies can be found on coral reefs.
There are very solitary zoantharian species. Only three species are described, all reported more than 100 years ago from the Indo-Pacific region. Today's species, named Sphenopus exilis, is much smaller than the other three species and currently only known from two bays on the east coast of Okinawa Island. Its name was derived from the latin word exilis meaning slender or small, as polyps have an elongate and narrow foot.
For the experts: A new species of free-living solitary zoantharian is described from Okinawa, Japan. Sphenopus exilis sp. n. occurs on silty seafloors in Kin Bay and Oura Bay on the east coast of Okinawa-jima Island. Sphenopus exilis sp. n. is easily distinguished from other Sphenopus species by its small polyp size and slender shape, although there were relatively few differences between Sphenopus exilis sp. n. and S. marsupialis in the molecular phylogenetic analyses. Currently, very little is known about the ecology and diversity of Sphenopus species. Thus, reviewing each species carefully via combined morphological and molecular analyses by using newly obtained specimens from type localities is required to clearly understand and distinguish the species within the genus Sphenopus. | <urn:uuid:8f6263e5-0ce9-490b-8224-76c067d1e94e> | CC-MAIN-2017-30 | http://onebugaday.blogspot.com/2016/07/a-new-zoantharian-sphenopus-exilis.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-30/segments/1500549423839.97/warc/CC-MAIN-20170722002507-20170722022507-00536.warc.gz | en | 0.955118 | 325 | 3.265625 | 3 |
TEACHER'S GUIDE FOR:
By Anastasia Suen
Illustrations by Linda Finch
Focus: Concepts of Print
- one-to-one matching
- using the picture clues
- reading the number words
- using an exclamation point
Supportive Text Features
- familiar words and concept
- patterned phrase
- number words used in the phrases
High-frequency Words: here, comes, the
Concept Words: one, two, three, four, five
Getting Ready to Read
Introduce the concept and vocabulary by asking open-ended questions:
- Tell me what the school bus does each morning.
- What does a school bus do as it picks up children on the way to school?
- Connect children’s past experiences with the book vocabulary:
- Hold the book, calling children’s attention to the title. Read: “Here Comes the Bus.”
- Ask them to predict what they would expect to see the bus do as it goes along.
- Have children suggest some words they might read in the story.
- Give children the book and have them look at the pictures.
- Ask them what they see happening as the bus goes along its route.
- Remind children of the strategies they know and can use with unfamiliar words:
- Ask them, “What will you do if you come to a word you don’t know?”
- Encourage children to look at the pictures and the beginning sound of the word.
- Be aware of the following text features:
- The book contains the number words one through five.
- There is a patterned phrase: “Bus stop one.”
- Only the number word changes in the phrase.
- The first and last sentences are different: “Here comes the bus.” and “Last stop!”
Reading the Book
Set a purpose by telling children to read the book and find out what happens as the bus moves along its route.
Have children read quietly, but out loud. Each child should be reading at his or her own pace. Children should not read in chorus. Listen to children as they read by leaning close or bending down beside each child.
- Look for these reading behaviors during the first reading:
- Do the words they say match the printed words in the book? (voice to print match)
- Do they look at the pictures before they read the text or after they read?
- What do they do if they encounter an unfamiliar word? (appeal to you, try a strategy)
- Do their eyes go up to the picture before reading the new word in the pattern?
- Are they saying the initial sounds of words before saying the whole word?
- Are they saying the individual letter sounds /s/ - /t/ - /o/ - /p/ or blending the sounds?
- Do they reread if they come to an unfamiliar or unknown word?
- Have they self-corrected any mistakes?
- Is there any inflection or speech-like sound to their reading?
- Have they responded with a laugh or other sound as they read the text?
- Do they make comments as they read?
As children read, suggest a reading strategy if they are struggling: “Try looking at the picture to make sense of the print.” Encourage children to take a guess or use the beginning letter sound.
- Possible teaching points to address based on your observations:
- Review using the picture to help with each new word.
- Review using the beginning sound.
- Model how to reread the sentence if it doesn’t sound right or make sense.
- Call attention to the high-frequency words children have learned and used.
After the First Reading
Have children confirm the predictions they made before reading.
Compare how this bus route is similar and different than the one they ride.
Generate something for each child to say as he or she gets on the bus.
Reflect on what the driver is doing as the bus moves along.
Talk about the exclamation point on the last page and how it affects the reading.
Have children reread the book in a whisper voice or to a partner.
- This is a time for assessment. While they are reading, watch what children do and what they use from the teaching time. Alternatively, you might take a running record on one student as an assessment of the student’s reading behavior.
Music: Sing the song “The Wheels on the Bus” using the motions for each verse.
Art: Children draw a picture of themselves on the bus. Ask them who are they sitting beside and what are they doing as they ride along. Encourage them to put those details into the picture.
Math: Have children practice counting one through ten, forward and backward.
Science: Discuss the daily weather by revisiting the class weather chart or by keeping track of the weather for a week. Then revisit the story and brainstorm what would be added to each picture for a rainy day, a windy day, a chilly day, a snowy day, etc. Ask: “How would the bus driver change his or her driving to match the weather?”
Social Studies: Read RIDING THE BUS WITH MRS. KRAMER by Alice Flanagan (Children’s Press) and discuss the bus driver’s job. Ask: “How is a bus driver a community helper?”
Writing: Children write about something that happened when they were riding the bus.
Guided Reading with YA VIENE EL AUTOBÚS
Guided Reading™: B DRA: 2 Reading Recovery®: 2
The Spanish edition also uses a patterned phrase, but the ordinal numbers are used rather than the counting numbers. The introduction should include using these words: primera, segunda, tercera, cuarta, quinta. Also the title and first line of the book do not translate exactly from the English. Be aware the Spanish word ya is different from the word aqui and so has a different meaning. Ya translates as already, now, finally, soon, and so has a temporal meaning. Help children understand this during the introduction.
The book introduction and guided reading lesson follow the outline for the English edition. Children need exactly the same support and strategy instruction as their English-speaking classmates.
If children have difficulty with concepts or words in the story, see the introduction to the guide for some suggestions.
About This Title
Interest Level:Grades K - K
Reading Level:Grades K - K
Vehicles In Motion, Counting Money/Everyday Math, Neighbors, Multiethnic interest, Friendship, Families, Cultural Diversity, Childhood Experiences and Memories, Beginning Concepts, Asian/Asian American Interest, How To, People In Motion, Realistic Fiction
Early Emergent Dual Language, Early Emergent English , Bebop English Guided Reading Level B, Bebop Realistic Fiction Collection Grades PreK-2, Bebop Asian American English Grades PreK-2, Dual Language Levels A-C Collection
Asian American Collection English 6PK, Diverse Backgrounds Collection English 6PK
Want to know more about us or have specific questions regarding our Teacher's Guides?Please write us! | <urn:uuid:e8206d42-0678-48b3-832e-54378a8817e2> | CC-MAIN-2019-04 | https://www.leeandlow.com/books/here-comes-the-bus/teachers_guide | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-04/segments/1547583660070.15/warc/CC-MAIN-20190118110804-20190118132804-00469.warc.gz | en | 0.929503 | 1,534 | 4.375 | 4 |
One of the mysteries of the English language finally explained.
Treatment of an illness or disorder that takes into account the body's natural rhythms and cycles.
- ‘Western medicine uses the understanding of chronotherapy to treat illness more effectively.’
- ‘Chapter 6 deals with circadian rhythm and chronotherapy of asthma medications.’
- ‘This study would form the basis for cancer chronotherapy, which aims in drug administration at appropriate timing according to the circadian rhythms of cancer cell susceptibility which will avoid adverse effects of chemotherapy.’
- ‘Other illnesses that may benefit from chronotherapy include hay fever, which is worst in the morning.’
- ‘Still, when observing how ancient Chinese medicine understood chronotherapy, one cannot help but be impressed by the similarities with the discoveries of modern research.’
Top tips for CV writingRead more
In this article we explore how to impress employers with a spot-on CV. | <urn:uuid:ce7e574a-ca64-445d-a372-15d2be02b081> | CC-MAIN-2017-22 | https://en.oxforddictionaries.com/definition/us/chronotherapy | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-22/segments/1495463612537.91/warc/CC-MAIN-20170529184559-20170529204559-00482.warc.gz | en | 0.908499 | 196 | 2.703125 | 3 |
BABS offers the following four majors as part of any Science Undergraduate Degree program.
Biotechnology can be defined as the use of various biological processes to make products and perform services. Biotechnology is used for the production of food, industrial chemicals, development of improved crops and livestock for farming, environmental clean-up, forensics and the production of pharmaceuticals. Biopharmaceuticals include hormones, vaccines, anti-hypertensive agents, anti-inflammatory agents and new therapies for the treatment of cancer.
Genetics is the study of the behaviour of the genes that are fundamental to all living organisms. In humans and all other species, genes influence every characteristic, from chemistry to appearance to behaviour to disease. Because genes affect every characteristic of every organism, each new development in genetics has had far-reaching consequences. The combination of molecular and more traditional genetics has allowed the solving of problems ranging from molecular genetics to human disease, plant breeding, microbiology, and conservation biology.
Microbiology is the scientific study of the smallest forms of life namely, bacteria, viruses, archaea, fungi and protozoa. These fascinating organisms impact on our lives in many ways. On the negative side, they cause disease in humans, animals and plants, and they spoil our food. However, microorganisms are also of great benefit, they are the key participants for the turnover of nutrients and elements and they are the main producers of carbon and biomass.
Molecular and Cell Biology
Recent advances in molecular cellular biology, especially the continuing development of recombinant DNA technology, have revolutionised our understanding of the structure, function and regulation of individual genes. Cell biology is the subdiscipline of biology that studies the basic unit of life, the cell, including cell anatomy, cell division, and cell processes such as cell respiration and cell death. | <urn:uuid:92adcd79-1481-4cfd-9946-aa5e4d509083> | CC-MAIN-2021-31 | https://www.babs.unsw.edu.au/study/undergraduate/undergraduate-majors | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-31/segments/1627046153860.57/warc/CC-MAIN-20210729140649-20210729170649-00623.warc.gz | en | 0.921157 | 370 | 2.546875 | 3 |
Acts 1:1-11; Luke 24:44-53
After Jesus has been taken up in a cloud , the “men in white” convey a
message of hope to the disciples: this Cloud Rider will return in the
same way they saw him go. The cloud that carried Jesus away was the
power and presence of God, the Ancient of Days. It is a powerful
metaphor for God, and reminds us of other metaphors, and other
God was present with Moses at Mt. Sinai in a cloud that covered the mountain, and “the glory of the Lord” appeared “like a devouring fire on the top of the mountain.” Moses met with God in a “tent of meeting” where a “pillar of cloud” covered the tent or stood at its entrance. Moses’ face-to-face encounter with God was so transformative that his face shone and he had to cover it with a veil (Ex. 24: 15-18; 33: 7-11; 34:29-35).
God was present in a cloud in Jesus’ life on the mountain at the day of the transfiguration, when Jesus’ face, like Moses’ face, changed while praying to God. That day a cloud overshadowed Jesus and the apostles, and they went into the cloud. God spoke from inside the cloud, saying, “This is my Son, my Chosen; listen to him!”
We call Jesus both Son of God and Son of Man. What does the “Son of Man” title reference? To better understand, let's go back to the time of Daniel. Daniel saw a vision of a series of imperial rulers represented as gruesome beasts. There was a lion with eagles’ wings, a bear with tusks, a beast with four wings and four heads, and a beast with iron teeth that chewed and mauled everything in its path.
Then “the Ancient One took his throne” and the beast-like, arrogant ruler was destroyed. Daniel saw “one like a Son of Man (“one like a human being, “ NRSV). This Son of Man, this human being, was given “dominion and glory and kingship” over “all people, nations, and languages” (Dan. 7:9-14).
I think there is something significant in the fact that one like a human being became the true and enduring ruler after a series of beast-like rulers fell. There is something about humanity and mercy and justice and humility all wrapped up in this human-like ruler.
In Daniel, the Son of Man comes to the Ancient One in clouds, but Jesus himself spoke of the Son of Man coming in clouds to the people, to bring redemption (Luke 21:27-28). When the angels in Acts 1 promise that Jesus will come back they are affirming that he is the Son of Man, he is the Cloud Rider, the king who has not lost his humanity to become an arrogant beastlike-ruler.
King Nebuchadnezzar learned about this humanity when he was exiled , his human mind taken from him because of his own arrogance and lack of mercy. Finally he found his humanity and humility as a ruler, regained his throne, and proclaimed the justice and truth of the King of heaven.
When the men in white confirm that the Cloud Rider will be back, they are also affirming that unjust kingdoms and arrogant leaders ultimately fall. What never changes is that God, is in ultimate control and gives authority to the just and the humble.
The kingdom of God is here now, Jesus said in Luke 17:21, and people will come from east and west, from north and south, to sit at table in the kingdom of God. Even the Cloud Rider, Jesus himself, will drink of the fruit of the vine at that table (Luke 22:18). | <urn:uuid:52cfbcf0-3933-4382-9095-da53767065db> | CC-MAIN-2016-07 | http://www.christiancentury.org/blogs/archive/2008-04/cloud-rider | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-07/segments/1454701152130.53/warc/CC-MAIN-20160205193912-00027-ip-10-236-182-209.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.969713 | 817 | 3.078125 | 3 |
Today, it’s exciting to see a comet streak across the sky. But in 1910, when Halley’s Comet approached, it sparked mass hysteria and had people rushing out to buy “comet-protecting umbrellas.” Yes, umbrellas.
Newspapers even reported that the comet would “snuff out all life on Earth,” and shady entrepreneurs were quick to smell an opportunity. Besides umbrellas, they sold things like gas masks and anti-comet pills.
The comet passed by without harm, of course—which means we can still see these great links to the original newspapers, thanks to the US Library of Congress. | <urn:uuid:0d40c520-733a-4ea4-b7dd-e4b441c204f1> | CC-MAIN-2019-22 | http://sdlivingston.ca/index.php/comet-catastrophe/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-22/segments/1558232258849.89/warc/CC-MAIN-20190526045109-20190526071109-00377.warc.gz | en | 0.96408 | 142 | 2.703125 | 3 |
The Stewart Math Room houses the mathematics curriculum for students to explore after their first year until they graduate. It is a five year program that allows the students to learn all the Indiana Academic Standards required during those years, at a comfortable pace in a logical and meaningful way. Children are not limited by their age or grade level, and are exposed to even higher level Standards when appropriate to their ability.
When the children arrive, they are introduced to the process of independent study and how to maximize their time in the room. Each student has a log that follows them for five years to record their progress as they work through the materials on the shelves. A variety of Montessori and other activities are available for students to manipulate and discover how fun math can be, while they are learning necessary skills.
The work is hands-on and often self-checking, and teachers act as facilitators to ensure that children are staying on-task. The teachers also closely monitor the children so as to ensure that each child is exposed to all areas of math. Through individual interviews and paperwork, teachers assess whether a child has mastered each of the skill areas and determine if that child is ready to move on to another area.
As they become comfortable and adept at working independently, they are encouraged to work in every skill area, but also given the opportunity to pursue an interest beyond their years if they are motivated and ready.
Group exposure takes place as well, with small or large groups of children who are at similar levels. Teachers use a variety of resources to ensure that basic skills are introduced in a logical order, and students practice during both group time and independent study.
An emphasis is placed on critical thinking and learning higher level thinking skills. Problem solving and cooperative group work are required. Children have the opportunity to participate in Math Labs during class time throughout the year, which allows application of their newfound skills.
Our Math Bowl competitive team is frequently ranked in the top ten in the state, and in 2009 placed first in Bartholomew County, against all the private and public schools in our area.
At the end of the five year program, students often enter into high school level algebra in middle school. | <urn:uuid:e6b64b26-9c2c-4d08-8b6b-e6e65e2ace53> | CC-MAIN-2019-13 | http://abc-stewart.org/Schools/Elementary/Stewart-Elementary-Curriculum/Stewart-Mathematics-Curriculum | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-13/segments/1552912204969.39/warc/CC-MAIN-20190326095131-20190326121131-00477.warc.gz | en | 0.975824 | 440 | 2.984375 | 3 |
The larger you can build a wind turbine, the more power it can generate. But you can only build them so large before they’re impossible to transport across the country. So GE’s engineers have found a better way to improve their efficiency: a giant nine-tonne dome strapped to the front of the blades.
It’s one of the more bizarre ways to help wind turbines generate more power, but also one of the more practical. Designed to be assembled on site, the ecoROTR’s large 60-foot-wide (18.2m) dome would be easy to transport to areas where a wind farm would be ideal.
At first glance you’d might think a giant shield would actually block wind from hitting a turbine’s blades. But the ecoROTR’s dome serves to redirect and refocus the wind to the outer edges of a turbine’s blade, which are more efficient at harnessing a breeze than the inner sections. It also allows the blades to be made larger to catch more wind, but not longer, which is important because the large one-piece components are already difficult to transport.
The engineers and scientists who work on GE Global Research’s sustainable energy projects are still in the process of testing and perfecting the ecoROTR dome, but their smaller-scale experiments have already resulted in a three per cent increase in energy production. That not might seem like much, but when you spread that across hundreds of turbines in a large wind farm, the additional output really adds up. | <urn:uuid:62420ff3-878a-4229-bf96-2ed7a3344978> | CC-MAIN-2017-04 | http://www.gizmodo.co.uk/2015/06/this-captain-america-style-shield-makes-wind-turbines-more-powerful/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-04/segments/1484560280791.35/warc/CC-MAIN-20170116095120-00228-ip-10-171-10-70.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.943477 | 323 | 3.265625 | 3 |
A riparian buffer is the vegetation located along the edge of a body of water. The roots of the plants help in preventing runoff and erosion by soaking up water and stabilizing soil.
About this Project
In partnership with the John James Audubon Center at Mill Grove, the Alliance for Watershed Education, and the Norristown Area School District, Keep Norristown Beautiful has started the process of rebuilding the riparian buffer along the Schuylkill River at Riverfront Park, planting dozens of native species to reduce erosion and protect the river from harmful runoff. By protecting our waterways, we not only protect the wildlife living in the river, but also protect ourselves by promoting water that is cleaner both for drinking and recreating. | <urn:uuid:6e62016d-d676-48b7-a7f3-c9b9491fd9fc> | CC-MAIN-2019-13 | http://norristown.org/495/Riparian-Buffer-Project | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-13/segments/1552912201996.61/warc/CC-MAIN-20190319143502-20190319165502-00067.warc.gz | en | 0.951034 | 148 | 3.78125 | 4 |
Dalcroze Musicianship Classes
Powerful, Interactive, & Dynamic Music Education
Integral Steps offers integrative education programming for children, teens, and adults. We foster balanced development by integrating physical, cognitive, and social-emotional learning.
Dalcroze music education is prominent in many of our programs. It is a teaching and learning philosophy with over a hundred-year history and widely practiced throughout the world. Through movement, social interaction, and improvisation, Dalcroze education provides comprehensive musicianship training which deepens and supports instrumental or vocal training.
In Dalcroze classes at Integral Steps, we intentionally balance the three centers of learning:
Watch a Dalcroze Class
This 5-minute video shows highlights of a demonstration class featuring students from one of our partner organizations, The Dalcroze School of the Rockies.
This class was given at the 2020 Dalcroze Society of America Conference. The students in the video are 11-13 years old and have multiple years of experience in the Rhythmic-Solfège sequence.
Partner with us to offer this curriculum in your school!
We would love to hear from you!
Contact us with questions about the curriculum or to discuss program fees. Email [email protected] or call (720) 577-5441.
Principles and Benefits of Dalcroze Education
Benefits of Dalcroze Education
- The Body is our Instrument. Students externalize beat, rhythm, meter, phrase, pitch, harmony, and form using a variety of gross and fine motor movements. Daily natural movements such as walking, running, skipping, lunging, and clapping are combined with students’ improvised movement ideas. We fine-tune the body’s coordination, control, balance, attention, flexibility, focus, spatial awareness, and emotional knowledge. When we invite meaningful participation of the body in music education we become more engaged, expressive, free, alive and whole. When a student applies the musicianship skills they learn in the Dalcroze classroom to their applied instrument, they bring a deep internalized understanding of music. They can focus on the technical challenges associated with their instrument because they have internalized the music through their body.
- Theory follows Practice. We explore new content by experiencing and ‘doing’ first. Then we follow it by analysis and cognition, including written notation and theoretical understanding. Doing leads to thinking. Both are important, but thinking, processing, analyzing, and synthesizing are all based on experience.
- Social Interaction. Students learn with and from their peers. Through partner and group games, they embody a variety of ensemble experiences from solos and duets to larger combinations. We build a community in which students support each other in learning, and where everyone feels that they can take risks to overcome and celebrate new challenges together.
Improvisation and Invention. Students improvise in a Dalcroze classroom to internalize musical topics and create a personal connection with the music. Creativity and group improvisation are embedded in the practice.
- Active Listening. Through games involving signals, changes, and surprises, active listening develops participation of mind and body. The mind can wander to the past or future, but the body is always present. Our bodies are the source of musical expression and communication, whether we are teaching or performing.
- Music is the Motivator, Stimulator, and Regulator. Music itself drives the learning in a Dalcroze classroom. Students are surrounded by music constantly - they listen and respond to improvised and composed music performed by the teacher or classmates, as well as respond to a rich variety of recordings from cultures around the world.
- Joyful Discovery-based Learning. Emile Jaques-Dalcroze said "Joy is the most powerful of mental stimuli." Learning should be pleasurable, unhurried and supported by encouragement from the teacher. Dalcroze education is a process-oriented program. By experiencing musical ideas in their body and with their peers, students discover the musical concept of the lesson rather than being told what it is. By inviting students’ imaginations and playfulness into the classroom, students enjoy the learning process, which has been proven to increase retention of the material.
Benefits of Dalcroze Education
- Improved intonation
- Finer listening capability
- Better ensemble skills
- Energetic rhythmic and metric vitality
- Development of inner hearing (internal audiation of music)
- Development of expressive and imaginative-music making
- A deepened understanding of musical analysis, nuance, and aesthetics as they relate to performance | <urn:uuid:daaa2d64-9252-4aa4-b4a0-c519bd98c650> | CC-MAIN-2023-23 | https://www.integralsteps.org/dalcrozeeducation.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-23/segments/1685224644506.21/warc/CC-MAIN-20230528182446-20230528212446-00530.warc.gz | en | 0.9297 | 964 | 2.625 | 3 |
In a year that has seen a spike in the number of tornadoes across the country, how is Mississippi stacking up?
The Storm Prediction Center - the National Weather Service office responsible for severe weather forecasts and tallies - says that 1,330 tornadoes have been reported this year. Not all of those tornadoes have been confirmed yet, but even still the numbers of confirmed tornadoes are already nearly three times that of the most active periods of previous years.
The National Weather Service Forecast Office in Jackson says 68 tornadoes have been confirmed to have touched down in Mississippi so far this year. In 2007, a total of 33 tornadoes touched down. In less than half the time the number of tornadoes has more than doubled.
In 2005, 99 tornadoes touched down in Mississippi, setting the record for most tornado touch-downs in a year for the state. Only five twisters impacted the state in 1964 - that's the record for least amount of tornadoes in a year. The average is 26 per per year with an average of 7 deaths reported due to tornadoes.
Most tornadoes in Mississippi occur between November and May. We are entering a period of the year that is, on average, very calm as far as tornadoes are concerned. In 2007, Only 1 tornado occurred from May to September.
Most of Mississippi's tornadoes are EF0 or EF1 intensity, meaning the winds are estimated at 65-110 mph. The strongest tornadoes reported this year were EF3-intensity with winds of 136-165 mph.
So just like the rest of the country, Mississippi may be on its way to a record tornado season if the trend established during the early part of the year continues. | <urn:uuid:cee3a620-10b7-4112-ac40-c2140326bde3> | CC-MAIN-2015-40 | http://www.wtok.com/weather/headlines/19645399.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2015-40/segments/1443737916324.63/warc/CC-MAIN-20151001221836-00151-ip-10-137-6-227.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.963068 | 347 | 3.265625 | 3 |
After Alexander the Great conquered much of the Middle East, the homeland of the Jews in ancient Palestine spent several centuries under the rule of Greek empires. During this time, a process called "Hellenization" occurred, in which Jews and other peoples within the Greek empires adopted elements of Greek culture. This formed an important period in Jewish history in which a conflict arose over how much Hellenization was acceptable among the Jewish people.
During the time of Greek control, the Jewish people were influenced by an influx of Greek language, art and ways of thinking. Greek education was a source of knowledge for Jews within the empire, and Jewish literature was greatly influenced by traditions from Greece. Many Greek words made their way into Hebrew, and some Jews read and wrote largely in the Greek language. Some modern scholars argue that in a sense all Jews were "Hellenized" during this time. However, Greek influence on Jewish culture declined in later centuries as anti-Greek voices gained prominence among Jewish emigrants, and the most strongly Hellenized Jewish traditions became increasingly associated with early Christianity.
Although Greek culture did come with its own religion--the polytheistic belief system connected to what we today call "Greek mythology"--it was not adopted by Hellenized Jews. Religion was not something the Jews would compromise, and even the most assimilated of Hellenized Jews usually refused to worship the Greek gods. However, even the adoption of non-religious Greek traditions was controversial within Jewish society, and when Greek rulers attempted to institute their own religion in Palestine, a Jewish group known as the Maccabees overthrew the Greeks and established the Jewish Hasmonean Dynasty in the Holy Land.
Despite the fact that Hellenized Jews refused to worship the Greek gods, some other religious concepts may have been influenced by Greek beliefs. In early Jewish sacred books, a dark underworld known as Sheol dominated Judaism's belief regarding the afterlife. However, in later times Jews came to believe in heaven and hell, the immortality of the soul and a future of eternal salvation. These beliefs began to change during the time of Greek rule, and some argue that they took inspiration from concepts in Greek religion and astrology.
Worship of Greek gods was considered off limits by Hellenized Jews, but broader ideas from Greek philosophy were widely adopted by Jewish writers. For example, the Wisdom of Solomon, a Jewish work that is included in some versions of the Bible, writes about wisdom and ethics using concepts from Greek philosophy. The book defines wisdom similarly to how Greek philosophers define reason, and its concepts of the relationship between the soul and the body closely follow the teachings of Plato.
- Photos.com/Photos.com/Getty Images | <urn:uuid:b22de8c0-546b-45c8-89f6-9a5c06a83f11> | CC-MAIN-2017-51 | http://classroom.synonym.com/beliefs-of-hellenized-jews-12087918.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-51/segments/1512948587577.92/warc/CC-MAIN-20171216104016-20171216130016-00122.warc.gz | en | 0.973752 | 545 | 4.03125 | 4 |
The process of oxidative stress, a body imbalance that modifies proteins, is a problem associated with heart disease, diabetes and Alzheimer’s disease – yet it remains poorly understood and difficult to detect using traditional methods.
In an important development to better understand this protein modification that is known as cysteine sulfenic acid, researchers at Flinders University’s Institute for NanoScale Science and Technology have invented a new tool that detects a protein modification formed during oxidative stress, working in collaboration with the University of Adelaide and the University of Cambridge.
The study, led by PhD student Lisa Alcock and supervisor Dr Justin Chalker, addressed the need for improved detection by inventing a molecule that reacts rapidly and specifically with cysteine sulfenic acid. The key discovery was to use a “spring loaded” derivative of a molecule called norbornene.
The research team has demonstrated that this molecule is faster-acting and more selective than other methods of detection – and it even works in complex protein mixtures and living cells.
“Our new chemical tool provides an alternative to current methods, and will allow researchers to tap into previously undiscovered cysteine sulfenic acid sites formed during oxidative stress,” says Ms Alcock.
Ms Alcock is currently in the UK, studying at the University of Cambridge’s Department of Chemistry under the supervision of Dr Gonçalo Bernardes, as part of winning an Endeavour Postgraduate Scholarship. She is now using this new tool to map the formation of cysteine sulfenic acid and better understand the cellular consequences of oxidative stress.
“Using our new chemical tool to detect these cysteine sulfenic acid sites could lead us to discover new protein targets of oxidative stress associated with disease states,” says Ms Alcock. “This could lead to developing new therapeutic targets in the fight against these diseases.”
Dr Chalker, Senior Lecturer in Synthetic Chemistry at Flinders University’s College of Science and Engineering, says the new biomarker detection tool has a special significance in the continuing fight to combat cancer and other invasive diseases.
“The ability to map protein oxidation is critical in understanding signalling pathways and biomarkers of disease,” says Dr Chalker. “This tool will help labs around the world in their studies of oxidative stress and the many diseases associated with this condition.
“Understanding the fundamental biochemistry of these diseases is the first step in developing future medical treatments.”
“From a chemistry perspective, this is a remarkable achievement in selectivity: we can treat cells with our compound and the compound reacts specifically with cysteine sulfenic acid. It is like finding a needle in a haystack.”
The paper – Norbornene probes for the detection of cysteine sulfenic acid in cells, by Lisa Alcock, Bruno Oliveira, Michael Deery, Tara Pukala, Michael Perkins, Gonçalo Bernardes and Justin Chalker - has been published in the journal ACS Chemical Biology (DOI: 10.1021/acschembio.8b01104). The paper can be accessed here.
Ms Alcock completed key experiments in this research at Adelaide University in collaboration with Associate Professor Tara Pukala and later at Cambridge University in the lab of Dr Gonçalo Bernardes, who was a Flinders Visiting International Research Fellow in 2017 and is a long-standing collaborator with the Chalker Laboratory based at Flinders University.
Ms Alcock will be returning to Flinders University in April 2019. | <urn:uuid:71b12656-bfa6-4d52-9190-898ca2d7d657> | CC-MAIN-2021-21 | https://www.miragenews.com/new-tool-a-key-to-understand-disease-biomarker/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-21/segments/1620243989749.3/warc/CC-MAIN-20210510204511-20210510234511-00516.warc.gz | en | 0.928389 | 728 | 3.203125 | 3 |
Ninety years ago, 14 men lost their lives and 11 people were injured when a large fire and explosion occurred at an oil refinery located in Everett, Massachusetts.
From the NFPA Quarterly, v.21, no.4, 1928
At 3:03 P.M. on February 10, 1928, a vaporizer exploded, showering burning oil upon all employees in the vicinity. A portion of the vaporizer was thrown 120 ft., landing on two men. The shower of burning oil was responsible for the fourteen deaths and eleven serious injuries. Great heroism was shown by other employees in rescuing those enveloped in flaming oil. It is reported that men who wore heavy winter clothing suffered less seriously than those lightly clad…Public and private fire alarms were given, the private fire brigade assembled and soon foam streams from the foam fire pump and portable foam generators, as well as streams from private hydrants, were in service… Meanwhile the public fire department arrived and immediately a third alarm was sent in which summoned four pumpers with two others from Chelsea and two from Boston, although the latter were not used. This equipment used nine hose streams, principally for cooling purposes on exposed apparatus.
At the time of the fire, the property damage was estimated to be about $172,000.
For more information regarding this and other moments in fire history, please feel free to reach out to the NFPA Research Library & Archives.
The NFPA Archives houses all of NFPA's publications, both current and historic.
Library staff are available to answer research questions from members and the general public. | <urn:uuid:179eea30-bb21-418f-817c-5aaf0e22ea60> | CC-MAIN-2020-29 | https://community.nfpa.org/community/nfpa-today/blog/2018/02/15/tbt-from-the-nfpa-archives-oil-refinery-fire-1928 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-29/segments/1593657147917.99/warc/CC-MAIN-20200714020904-20200714050904-00179.warc.gz | en | 0.97026 | 320 | 3.046875 | 3 |
role in Cyrenaic school...to reviving some of the original principles of the school. During his lifetime the Cyrenaic school was undergoing a transformation, and two key figures responsible for this change were Theodorus and Hegesias. Anniceris differed from Theodorus in believing that pleasure had to be understood as embracing much more than sensual enjoyment. Anniceris differed from Hegesias, a pessimist, in believing...
Simply begin typing or use the editing tools above to add to this article.
Once you are finished and click submit, your modifications will be sent to our editors for review. | <urn:uuid:6e8d454e-2726-49d4-a2c4-6ce12a26e9bf> | CC-MAIN-2015-14 | http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/259458/Hegesias | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2015-14/segments/1427131300031.99/warc/CC-MAIN-20150323172140-00209-ip-10-168-14-71.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.961762 | 126 | 2.578125 | 3 |
Hate and racism endanger our open, diverse and democratic togetherness. No matter where, no matter when – we all are challenged to intervene again and again. In many places in Brandenburg, people are involved in civil society initiatives against racism for this reason. They stand up against inhumanity and protect human rights. They overcome exclusion and bring people together. They break down prejudices and promote mutual understanding. Their volunteering is creative and lifelike. It ranges from meeting offers, such as cooking together, to discussions and training courses to cope with hate and prejudices. A theme that connects all volunteers, is the commitment to the inviolable individual human dignity.
Many associations, initiatives and educational institutions have also found ways in the pandemic to counter racist, anti-Semitic and anti-Gypsy positions, attitudes and actions. On a voluntary basis and in their leisure time, they made clear: Together we are strong. Diversity enriches us. Racism has no place in Brandenburg.
The international weeks against racism direct attention to such actors, network them and show everyone what is possible and necessary in the fight against racism. The “Tolerante Brandenburg” and the “Bündnis für Brandenburg” are also taking part in the campaign week on their Facebook channel to raise awareness against racism. And last but not least, the “Bündnis für Mut und Verständigung“ will once again honor people and initiatives who are particularly committed to combating racism and who demonstrate courage. You can still submit your suggestions until April 30th, 2021.
We here present you two particularly great examples of engagement against racism and for human rights. | <urn:uuid:d0fce815-b3ec-45b1-9ca8-83e3f9144935> | CC-MAIN-2022-27 | https://ehrenamt-in-brandenburg.de/aktionswochen-gegen-rassismus/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-27/segments/1656104375714.75/warc/CC-MAIN-20220704111005-20220704141005-00231.warc.gz | en | 0.945284 | 344 | 2.828125 | 3 |
Unfortunately, we MUST have an advocate with us when we enter a health care facility. Regardless if it is a doctor’s appointment, lab work, outpatient surgical center, hospital, or just everyday care from a practitioner. It is not safe to be a patient and not have a second set of ears with us to direct our care. When we do not feel well and entrust in another’s care for us; there is a certain amount of trust given and we should not extend that trust. It is just not safe to be a patient alone because there are many patients; nurses and doctors have lives that can’t help but affect their decisions and efforts, we should have someone we trust with us to keep us safe. The National Coordination Council for Medication Error Prevention considers a medication error as any preventable event that may cause or lead to inappropriate medication use or patient harm. As humans we know their intent is good and it takes an incredibly special person to be a healthcare worker/advocate; however, we are human and mostly we mean no harm. Regretfully, humans take on too many responsibilities and errors do occur. Even though they are not intentional, it happens. Therefore, there are consequences because families are affected.
There are many reasons that Prescription errors occur:
- Failure to properly read the doctor’s handwriting
- Putting the wrong prescription into the pharmacy computer
- Dispensing the wrong medication
- Dispensing the wrong instructions on the medication
- Failing to detect new medications adverse interaction with existing medications
- Medication administration errors
- Entering inaccurate or incomplete information about the patient
There are several people who can be held liable for the prescription error. It could be the doctor who wrote it wrong or his/her handwriting may not be legible. It is more common that there is inaccurate dosing. Too much or too little of a drug could cause grave harm to a patient. Prescribing a drug for an accurately diagnosed condition is the ultimate goal, however, to prescribe a drug for a misdiagnosed condition could cause permanent damage and possibly death. In a hospital or a nursing home, the majority cause of prescription errors is by the nurses and staff. Incorrectly administering of medications is the leading cause of overdoses in these facilities. Different medications must be administered in certain ways. Such as if a drug needs to be given by a shot in a specific location, it is the nurse that must administer the medication properly. Giving a shot in the wrong location or wrong method is considered negligent and the licensed nurse will be held liable.
Medical malpractice law in Florida is complicated and strictly specific. Proving medical negligence is difficult. The litigation process is exceptionally long, and the compensation is very costly. The Law Office of Perry & Young has over 70 years of experience and we will strive to ensure that you receive full and fair compensation. Call us or contact the law firm through our email site for a free consultation. https://perry-young.com/ 850-215-7777 | <urn:uuid:cfaeb128-85c3-41af-ad66-d5db58a0af25> | CC-MAIN-2020-40 | https://perry-young.com/medical-malpractice-and-prescription-errors/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-40/segments/1600400208095.31/warc/CC-MAIN-20200922224013-20200923014013-00346.warc.gz | en | 0.94738 | 617 | 3.03125 | 3 |
The ceremony is held annually to commemorate the lives of all Irish people who have died in past wars or while on service with the United Nations.
Youngsters have recited poetry to commemorate a century of war.
In subsequent years, the hour and day was set aside to commemorate the war dead of the Allied nations.
Sixty years on, that spirit is remembered and celebrated as 15 Heads of State participate in a ceremony which will commemorate the values the veterans fought for.
a wreath-laying ceremony to commemorate the war dead
More than 4,000 petals were dropped at a ceremony to commemorate police officers killed in the line of duty.
Gabriel Fawcett investigates how the Germans commemorate the losses they sustained in the First and Second World Wars.
In the following weeks the people would watch as a tall memorial was built to commemorate those who had died.
So he argued against the rich being able to commemorate their war dead with ornate personal graves.
The medal was first established in 1856 after the end of the Crimean War to commemorate actions of extreme bravery in the face of the enemy. | <urn:uuid:1c4878e7-b91a-42c5-96bc-c73e505dcf85> | CC-MAIN-2019-43 | https://myefe.ru/anglijskaya-transkriptsiya/commemorate | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-43/segments/1570986669546.24/warc/CC-MAIN-20191016190431-20191016213931-00509.warc.gz | en | 0.979661 | 226 | 4.125 | 4 |
Images of Central American children alone and crying in detention centers torment us while we debate what to do about immigration. A psychiatry professor gave part of the answer in a lecture long ago about child refugees who survived the apocalyptic events of World War II.
Though hardship and horror beset these children, the main predictor of whether they would reach adulthood emotionally intact was whether they had family with them. If they had their mother, the prognosis was good. If they had both father and mother, it was very good — regardless of what else happened. The children who endured these things alone were lost emotionally forever.
Sincere concern for the welfare of these children means reuniting them with their loved ones. Their mothers, their fathers, their brothers and sisters, their grandparents — these are the people they cry for.
It betrays how venal we have become that we assume we, with our houses, our cars and our possessions, can offer a better life to these children than they could have — but for their poverty — in their own country reunited with their loved ones.
The mothers who sent them here were desperate. They do not get their immunizations. They may not go to school. (Schools are not free in Mexico. I suspect the same is true in Central America.) Though food is plentiful in these countries, they may not get enough to eat.
Brazil instituted the highly successful Bolsa Familia program for the people of the favelas (urban slums.) Families are given a stipend as long as the children receive their immunizations (given free) and are kept in school. School supplies and the modest tuition are paid.
Brazil is a large country. Honduras, Nicaragua and El Salvador are small. Congress could ask the CBO to estimate the cost of beginning such a program in cooperation with respected welfare organizations in these countries. The benefits will be much less expensive done there than done here.
This solution would already have suggested itself but for the potential effect of this influx on the electoral balance of power. The number of Democrats and Republicans is almost equal while Hispanic voters tend heavily to vote Democratic. The president doesn't open the floodgates to illegal immigration because he loves immigrants. It pleases his base and tilts the balance in favor of his party.
Neither do Republicans want to seal the border because they hate immigrants. They realize that opposing the flood of "illegals" further alienates Hispanic voters. Republicans think the president is using children as pawns in a political chess game.
Reuniting these kids with their families while extending a helping hand to them at home is the way most consistent with our country's affinity for people who yearn for and strive for a better life through peaceful means.
On the other hand, we should welcome legal immigrants. The argument that they will take our jobs is bunk. There is plenty of work to be done. Our infrastructure is rotting. Our roads are inadequate. The electrical transmission system needs to be secured against terrorists and should be extended to carry wind power from remote areas to population centers. Our bridges are outdated and dangerous. Air traffic control is outdated. There is much else.
These great infrastructure projects cry out to be done while we spend the wealth of future generations on social programs that yield only short-term benefit. Far better would be investing in infrastructure that grows the economy and in immigrants — may they be many — with the brains and the brawn to build it.
It would reignite the fires of our economy. It would bring about a better future for all of us.
Dr. Farquhar is a Newport News resident. | <urn:uuid:4c5d6bf1-29b2-4217-b223-e893d07fd65b> | CC-MAIN-2017-30 | http://www.baltimoresun.com/dp-nws-oped-farquhar-0817-20140819-story.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-30/segments/1500549426372.41/warc/CC-MAIN-20170726182141-20170726202141-00488.warc.gz | en | 0.974075 | 732 | 2.609375 | 3 |
U.S. scientists are working to better understand the complex relationship between coastal storms and groundwater, as well as how that relationship may be changing. Recent studies suggest intensifying storms may be a double-edged sword for coastal communities: greater stormwater volumes may present higher risks for water quality and necessitate a more thorough treatment process, but also may help ensure local drinking water supplies remain abundant.
Scientists on the U.S. east coast are researching the quality concerns around coastal storms while Hawaiian scientists are focusing on quantity issues.
When large amounts of saltwater enter aquifers during heavy coastal storms, groundwater reserves can become brackish and make potable reuse more costly and complex. On the other hand, saltwater intrusion also runs the risk of spreading such common underground pollutants as nitrate, phosphorus, and heavy metals into oceans if aquifers overflow.
Strengthening coastal storms entail larger waves, higher precipitation volumes, and fierce winds that speed natural erosive processes. To better predict what those changes could mean for both groundwater and ocean quality, a research team involving scientists from the University of Massachusetts Lowell (UMass) and the Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution (Falmouth, Massachusetts) are in the early stages of a new investigation.
“The response of beach aquifers to those interacting factors is not clear,” described UMass environmental scientist James Heiss in an October release. “This is what our research aims to find out.”
In early summer 2021, the research team will dig a series of monitoring wells into a beach aquifer beneath a U.S. Army Corps of Engineers field research station in Duck, North Carolina. They will install a series of computerized sensors along the shoreline before hurricane season begins, receiving data from the sensors that indicate how much water flows in and out of the aquifer during a heavy storm. According to the release, the team also will track the volumes of various contaminants. They predict that larger storms will overwhelm the aquifer and deposit more nutrients and heavy metals into the ocean.
“In beach aquifers, the increasing salinity will likely influence the aquifers’ ability to remove pollutants before flowing into the ocean,” Heiss said, describing that the heightened influx of these pollutants may pose increased risks to both humans and wildlife. “Excess nitrogen in coastal waters can cause algal blooms, mass die-offs of fish, and loss of biodiversity, which can impact the environment and coastal economies.”
The team is in the process of designing purpose-built sensors for the project and defining its scope.
Bordered on all sides by the Pacific Ocean, the Hawaiian Islands are uniquely susceptible to intense precipitation, which tends to occur year-round in different forms. In winter, the region experiences periodic tropical cyclones known as kona storms, which form as a result of strong, west-moving winds and deliver huge amounts of rainfall. Outside the wet season, the islands frequently experience orographic rainfall or mauka showers, in which incoming winds collide with mountains and are forced upward into the atmosphere. Moisture from the winds then condenses and falls as rain.
Hawaiian ecologists have long understood that these year-round storms are vital to keeping the archipelago’s groundwater aquifers — the region’s main source of drinking water — brimming. However, the differing effects on Hawaii’s groundwater from these various types of storms had never been formally documented. Researchers from the University of Hawaii at Manoa (UHM; Honolulu) recently concluded a study demonstrating how much precipitation from each type of storm eventually reaches Hawaiian aquifers.
“Because windward and mauka showers are so common, it is easy to assume [they are] the main source of our drinking water,” said Daniel Dores, UHM environmental scientist and lead author of the study, in an October release. “However, our research found that a lot of the rain from kona storms makes it into our groundwater aquifers and is an important source of our drinking water.”
The UHM team focused their efforts on the island of Oahu, collecting rainfall and groundwater samples after kona and mauka storms from around the island every 3 months for more than a year. The researchers examined individual rainwater molecules in each sample and identified their chemical composition. By comparing the compositions of fresh rainwater from different types of storms with the composition of the groundwater beneath Oahu, the team determined that winter kona storms contributed far more water to the aquifer than mauka showers.
Recognizing the importance of these seasonal storms can help inform drinking water and stormwater management decisions year-round, Dores described.
“By better understanding how our groundwater is impacted by these extreme precipitation events, we can better protect the resource itself,” Dores said.
Read the team’s study, “Implications for groundwater recharge from stable isotopic composition of precipitation in Hawai’i during the 2017–2018 La Niña,” in the journal Hydrological Processes. | <urn:uuid:71ef9c4c-6f28-4f26-9f56-7fe6a0ed35d6> | CC-MAIN-2023-06 | https://stormwater.wef.org/2020/12/studies-explore-complex-relationship-between-stormwater-and-groundwater/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-06/segments/1674764499801.40/warc/CC-MAIN-20230130034805-20230130064805-00691.warc.gz | en | 0.93886 | 1,058 | 3.359375 | 3 |
The primary purpose of the URGWOM is to facilitate more efficient and effective accounting and management of water in the Upper Rio Grande Basin. Historically, water of the Rio Grande has been used primarily for crop irrigation; however, rapid population growth in the Basin and urbanization in many areas has resulted in increasing and diversifying demands on the hydrologic system. Water management decisions must account for a board range of issues including flood control, irrigation demands, transmountain diversions, the Rio Grande Compact, municipal and industrial demands, Native American water rights, Endangered Species Act compliance, and recreational uses. As the wide range of water demands grow in the face of an inherently variable, and limited water supply, higher levels of precision and reliability in water accounting and forecasting are required.
A fundamental service provided by computational modeling with URGWOM is providing assistance to water managers in delivering supplies to all entitled water users on time, in the desired quantities, and with minimum conflict between users with particular focus on deliveries, exchanges, and leases of San Juan-Chama Project water. URGWOM, fed by automated data collection, provides accurate and up-to-date water accounting and reporting in support of this need. URGWOM provides the community of water managers and users with a clear, consistent, and common set of data to formulate, evaluate, and support decisions.
Water accounting with URGWOM is used to track the status of water for Compact deliveries, international treaty obligations, Native American water rights, and more. Additional water accounting procedures are used to calculate the Otowi Index Supply so that the imported San Juan-Chama Project water is not included in calculations of downstream delivery obligations for Rio Grande Compact purposes.
Water is stored annually in El Vado Reservoir to ensure the prior and paramount water rights of 8,847 acres of the Six Middle Rio Grande Pueblos. This right is provided under Section 11 of the March 17, 1980 agreement between the Secretary of the Interior and the Middle Rio Grande Conservancy District (MRGCD). Accounting procedures are needed in the model to differentiate this water from other native water and the San Juan-Chama Project water in the system.
Several of the major metropolitan areas in the Rio Grande Basin have shifted to conjunctive use of their available water resources. This water use strategy allows municipal water managers to meet increasing water demand by using both groundwater and surface water supplies. These conjunctive use strategies require detailed and reliable accounting to ensure that groundwater pumping effects are offset by reservoir releases that keep the river whole for downstream users. These changes impact the needs for modeling with URGWOM. | <urn:uuid:0d9ece6c-ca75-4c4d-8525-a3e47a48f621> | CC-MAIN-2024-10 | https://www.spa.usace.army.mil/Missions/Civil-Works/URGWOM/Purpose-and-Need/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2024-10/segments/1707948223038.94/warc/CC-MAIN-20240305060427-20240305090427-00449.warc.gz | en | 0.931644 | 530 | 2.8125 | 3 |
Working With Disabled Persons
Be a Mirror
Reflect who people with disabilities are to themselves. Help them to really see themselves in reference to the world and how they see themselves operating in the world. Regardless of ability, being told “you can’t do that,” “you won’t be able to” or “you need help” takes a toll on the self-esteem, self-worth, and confidence of a person. We can empower others by helping disabled persons and future generations see themselves as a part of the larger community, instead of an isolated advocate.
Never Assume You Know if a Person has a Disability
Many disabilities, like autism, deafness, epilepsy and mental illness, are invisible. If you feel it appropriate, ask as respectfully as you can but never assume you know. The difficulty of people with invisible disabilities is that they often have to validate their disability while trying so hard not to be discriminated against because of it.
If you happen to know the disability of a person with whom you are working, take time to find information about the best ways to assist people with a particular health problem. There is a wealth of data available concerning any health issue or disability. Often, a national foundation that represents and advocates for a certain disability is the best place to garner details. Never assume to know facts if you aren’t certain. Most people with a disability will be open to any questions that you may have about their situation so long as they are presented with authenticity and respect.
Disability etiquette can provide you with cultural nuances of specific disabilities and help you to treat individuals with dignity. There may be instances when a disabled person is rude despite your best efforts, just like some people without disabilities are. In that case, refer back to the first tip: Keep calm and just be a mirror. | <urn:uuid:3d77f941-720b-4980-881f-b4f45134c4f4> | CC-MAIN-2019-43 | https://mymetrotrans.com/4-ways-to-work-with-disabled-persons/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-43/segments/1570987798619.84/warc/CC-MAIN-20191022030805-20191022054305-00148.warc.gz | en | 0.958193 | 377 | 3.109375 | 3 |
Happy Chanukah From UA!
For those who aren’t familiar with the origins of the holiday, Chanukah is the celebration of the re-dedication of the holy temple in Jerusalem after the Jewish victory over the Syrian-Greeks in 165 B.C.E. It is celebrated for eight nights because, according to the story, the Jewish soldiers had enough oil to illuminate the menorah for one day, and it miraculously lasted for eight. For this reason, Chanukah is also known as the “Festival of Lights”.
Here are a few of the most common Chanukah traditions:
- The Menorah: Each night for the eight nights an additional candle is lit using the “worker candle” which is the center, more elevated candle on the Menorah.
- The Dreidel: In this game, people spin the dreidel (which has Hebrew letters on each of the four sides) with hopes of winning gelt (chocolate coins).
- Fried foods: Since Chanukah celebrates the miracle of the oil that burned for eight days instead of just one, foods that are cooked in oil are especially popular for this holiday. One such food is potato pancakes, or “latkes”. These are made with potatoes, onion and either matzah (unleavened bread) or breadcrumbs. Many people eat this dish with applesauce or sour cream on top. Another fried Chanukah dish is called “Sufganiyot”, or jelly-filled doughnuts.
Happy Chanukah to our Jewish friends, employees and customers! | <urn:uuid:f992819d-e562-4999-a75a-1f85a74a1c7b> | CC-MAIN-2017-39 | https://blog.uniformadvantage.com/2011/12/20/happy-chanukah-from-ua/?like=1&source=post_flair&_wpnonce=1c9f85538d | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-39/segments/1505818687711.44/warc/CC-MAIN-20170921082205-20170921102205-00011.warc.gz | en | 0.952122 | 339 | 2.703125 | 3 |
Serov has been hailed as the defining Russian artist of the transitional period between the late 19th and early 20th centuries, perhaps the best portrait painter in Russian art, whose “early rise to the top is almost unparalleled in the history of art”.
What factors contributed to this artist’s greatness?
Could it be an inherent talent? He was born into a creative family and immersed in an artistic environment from childhood; indeed, both his parents were famous composers.
Or, could it be his drive and his determination to succeed? There’s no doubt that Serov was a hard worker and a competitive artist, who strove to be at the forefront of the new artistic movements of his generation. He worked tirelessly to perfect his drawing skills and painted everything he could lay his eyes on.
What about his passion for the works of the greats? He began, at a formative age, to pay attention to the “‘high craftsmanship’ that characterised the Old Masters” which “led him to understand what an artist should aspire to”, inspiring him to go perfect his technique and create technically excellent pieces of art.
Although these factors surely had an impact on the artist himself, they are representative of many talented and determined artists, so what was it that made Serov stand out?
Serov was extremely privileged in his upbringing, benefiting from his parents’ hospitality; “The Serovs’ apartment in St Petersburg was a popular meeting place for famous painters and sculptors, including Nikolai Ge, Mark Antokolsky, and Ilya Repin.”
This nepotism served him well, as it was Antokolsky who recognised the youngster’s talent, delivering him “into the hands of Repin”, who taught and befriended his young colleague: “Repin was in France at the time on a postgraduate assignment from the St Petersburg Academy of Arts, and Serov began attending his studio.” Serov assisted Repin in several large compositions he was doing at the time, drawing the barn that can be seen in the background of Repin’s Send-off of Recruit.
After Repin had taught the boy all he needed to know, his connections secured Serov a place in the Russian Academy of the arts, where he was taught by Pavel Chistiakov, “the only man in the Academy capable of teaching a novice the basic principles of art”.
Although some artists have had humble beginnings, many struggle to make ends meet during their lifetimes and, like Van Gogh, their talents remained “undiscovered” until after their death. Would Serov have reached such dizzying heights were it not for the excellent training he received through his family connections?
Wealth and contacts seem to go a long way in the art world. If you’re looking to be a prize-winning artist, maybe take a leaf out of Serov’s book – a bit of light hobnobbing certainly wouldn’t go amiss. | <urn:uuid:0561c810-5eb1-4101-be45-796e6c1a1fa9> | CC-MAIN-2020-24 | https://parkstone.international/2012/09/10/the-secret-to-being-a-great-artist/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-24/segments/1590347390758.21/warc/CC-MAIN-20200526112939-20200526142939-00479.warc.gz | en | 0.98994 | 639 | 2.625 | 3 |
Reverse Effect: Jeanne Gang on the Chicago River
Jeanne Gang is most commonly associated with the landmark 82-story Aqua building on Chicago's "New East Side." The undulating tower mirrors the river it shadows over and reflects the lake into which its views spill. Water has become a preoccupation for the MacArthur Genius; her designs not only reflect water as a form, but speak to water systems on the whole as meshing with the built environment. Nowhere is there more on display than in Gang's new book Reverse Effect, an innovative design plan that seeks to restore the natural Mississippi River and Great Lakes' watersheds, implement permeable green infrastructure, and reclaim vast swaths of underutilized land along the Chicago River for redevelopment.
Gang's plans for the Chicago River's remediation were revealed in a late November talk at the Harold Washington Library with Steve Edwards of WBEZ and Henry Henderson of the Natural Resources Defense Council. As illustrated in the book's title, Reverse Effect proposes the incorporation of green infrastructure as a way to mitigate the concern of invasive species threatening the entire water system from the Great Lakes down through the Mississippi River to the Gulf of Mexico by restoring the natural watersheds of the Great Lakes Basin and the Mississippi River. Specifically, Gang proposes erecting a barrier near Bubbly Creek, the still-simmering toxic repository of the Chicago River on the border of the Pilsen and Bridgeport neighborhoods. With the barrier in place that separates the watersheds back to their natural state, and the introduction of adjacent green space to act as wetlands around Bubbly Creek, Gang's designs would work to recharge the lake, and provide an opportunity to reclaim the surrounding fallow, industrial land for redevelopment. As Gang stated, "this water problem is an urban problem. Our solution is to make the urban solution a water solution."
Bubbly Creek? Yes, Bubbly Creek. - Designs by Jeanne Gang.
The holistic approach by Gang is indicative of the mindset underfoot that is about restoration and reclamation, rather than large-scale infrastructure works that threaten the long-term health and viability of water networks. This approach reflects the City of Chicago's efforts in cleaning up the riverfront and Bubbly Creek in particular, in an effort to repurpose the river as an environmental and economic catalyst, rather than liability. In the 2005 City of Chicago report, "Chicago River Agenda," the Daley administration outlined its plans to develop new parkland along Bubbly Creek, acknowledging "solutions to sediment and water quality problems will undoubtedly be expensive and take many years to complete." Coupled with the new Emanuel administration's dictate to make Chicago's riverfront the city's "backyard," finding the funds to move forward on this project has taken on an immediate importance.
The beauty of Gang's approach is that its economic potential is manifest. Foremost, the restoration of the natural watershed will work to mitigate the cost fighting against invasive species such as zebra mussels and Asian carp, which currently threaten both the Great Lakes and river systems that feed into the Gulf of Mexico. The environmental benefit of protecting the 95% of domestic freshwater supply found in the Great Lakes by simply erecting the barrier pays for itself many times over, as opposed to the costly treatment of the continued symptoms of new invasive species. The creation of wetlands along the site would allow for groundwater recharge of the lake in a way that addresses some of the concerns raised by Peter Annin in his book, The Great Lakes Water Wars, where the author states Chicago's insatiable appetite for water strains the capacity of the entire regional network. And further, by addressing the watershed issue, Gang creates the conditions for recreational engagement with the river. Such an approach will allow for an attendant rise in new ventures that exploit the river as a natural asset. The potential increase in tax revenue from these businesses will go to further enhance the capability to protect the river and add overall value to the city.
Gang's approach to creating new development opportunities that reconnect the industrial lands surrounding Bubbly Creek into the urban fabric add perhaps the mostutility and value. The mix of residential and commercial construction on the extended Chicago waterfront will provide the most stable and lucrative income streams to the city. And by designating green infrastructure as the foundation of the redevelopment approach, there would be an additional decrease in costs when it comes to the treatment of stormwater, the effects of combined sewage overages, and the infrastructure it takes to currently offset such forces. Essentially, Reverse Effect is a manual for creating a natural water body and extending Chicago's urban form. The long-term value inherent in this approach makes it the most common-sense application for the city and region to implement as a sustainable solution to water treatment.
There is legitimate concern as to the cost of Gang's designs. Not surprisingly, these concerns are raised not so much for the overall initial costs, but from entrenched shipping interests of the $16 billion dollar industry along Chicago's waterways. As NRDC chief Henry Henderson said at the Reverse Effect presentation, "Chicago is the 3rd largest transit hub in the world. 55% of the nation's goods come through here. But only 1% came through our canal and waterway network. The costs of maintaining the status quo puts the entire region's environment at risk. This is an opportunity to get down on those remediation costs and move goods more efficiently." Henderson's quote illustrates that the initial costs for implementation are negated by the fact that current spending in the millions goes to maintain a failing system. It is the difference between investment with potential for return, and throwing money down the dirty drain of Chicago's waterways.
Chicago is a city that has repeatedly shown it has the wherewithal and capacity to reinvent itself. Annin's The Great Lakes Water Wars devotes an entire chapter to how Chicago reversed its river to first feed its insatiable thirst, and then to increasingly use its water as a selling tool for exurban municipalities dependent upon the city. The resulting strain on the network, depletion of groundwater, and unsustainability have led to the city creating new frameworks such as the 2005 "Chicago River Agenda" to represent a paradigm shift in the thinking of what the river represents. With this as the backdrop, Jeanne Gang has unveiled a broad, far-reaching, yet realistic way to unlock the river's economic potential by adhering to the environmental and sustainable principles the city seems intent on implementing. Aligned with the goals of the Emanuel administration, Reverse Effect is a prescription for the healthful future of Chicago and the region's waterways, and an effective way to marry growth with stewardship.
This piece originally appeared at Gapers Block.
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A board is 24 ft. long and is cut into two parts. If one piece is twice the length of the other, find the length of both pieces.
smaller length = ? feet
larger length = ? feet
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Think of it like this. Pretend the smaller length board is x ft long. Then the other side is 2x, right? So
Solve for x and you have the length of the smaller side. Spoiler:
Last edited by shenanigans87; Apr 29th 2010 at 09:24 PM.
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This could mean that the use of supplements to "prevent" osteoporosis must now be reconsidered. The practice may be causing an epidemic of cardiovascular calcification, hypertonicity of the cardiac tissue, arrhythmias, and heart attacks both through heart muscle cramping and destabilized plaque and subsequent occlusion.
According to the study, as reported by Green Med Info:
“Calcium supplements ... increase the risk of cardiovascular events, especially myocardial infarction ... A reassessment of the role of calcium supplements in osteoporosis management is warranted.”
For many years, the general medical industry has been pushing calcium supplements as your primary form of "insurance" against osteoporosis, reciting the mantra "calcium builds strong bones and teeth," far and wide.
Calcium is added to everything these days, from pasteurized milk to baby formula, orange juice, and boxed foods like breakfast cereals. And certainly, your body does need calcium. In fact, calcium from whole foods may even extend your lifespan.
But this is NOT the case for calcium supplements.
The belief that calcium is what builds strong bones is absolutely ingrained in our society, but has no basis in reality—calcium is but ONE of the many minerals your body needs for building strong bones. Calcium supplements have demonstrated little benefit, and here is one more piece of research suggesting they may increase your risk for a cardiovascular event.
This is just another example of marketing madness taking precedence over a deeper understanding of human biology, and why we need well-designed scientific studies before making blanket statements about any intervention. This isn't the first study to suggest your calcium supplement may be doing more harm than good.
Research Studies You May Never Hear About
There have been a number of studies that indicate calcium supplements increase your risk for cardiovascular incidents and other problems, as well as NOT being of much benefit to your bones. Several significant studies are summarized in the following table.
Cardiovascular 2010 meta-analysis showed calcium supplements (without coadministered vitamin D) are associated with increased risk for heart attack (BMJ 2010) 2008 study found calcium supplements are associated with a greater number of heart attacks in postmenopausal women (BMJ 2008) 2004 study showed that people with excess calcium in their coronary artery and who take statins have a 17-fold higher risk of heart attacks than do those with lower arterial calcium levels; researchers concluded that the two most definitive indicators of heart attack were LDL levels and calcium build-up. Osteoporosis and Bone Density 2010 article presented evidence for a total lack of support in the research for calcium supplements reducing fracture risk (Clin J Am Soc Nephrol 2010) 2007 study showed that calcium from dietary sources has more favorable effects on bone health than calcium from supplements in postmenopausal women (Am J Clin Nutr 2007) 2009 study of postmenopausal women using calcium supplements showed that, although calcium loss from bone was slowed, bone loss was still occurring (Osteoporosis Int. 2009) 2000 study showed that it's exercise, not calcium, that builds strong bones in teenagers (Pediatrics 2000) 1997 study showed women with the highest consumption of calcium from dairy products had the highest risk of fractures, and those who took calcium supplements had the highest risk for kidney stones (Nurse's Health Study, Ann Intern Med 1997) Prostate Cancer 2001 study found men who consumed more than 600mg calcium a day from dairy products showed a 32 percent higher risk of prostate cancer than men consuming less than 150mg per day, and each additional increase of 500mg calcium from dairy was associated with another 16 percent increase in prostate cancer risk (Physicians' Health Study, Amer J Clin Nutri 2001) Longevity 2009 study found men consuming the most calcium from food were 25 percent less likely to die over the next decade (Amer J Epidem 2009)
So why is something touted as being so good for you causing such a plethora of problems? Because the ENTIRE calcium paradigm needs to be changed!
Dr. Robert Thompson and "The Calcium Lie"
What you were led to believe about calcium preventing osteoporosis has been shown to be a myth. Robert Thompson, M.D. wrote a book on this subject called The Calcium Lie, which explains that bone is comprised of at least a dozen minerals, and the exclusive focus on calcium supplementation is likely to worsen bone density and actually increase your risk for osteoporosis.
Dr. Thompson believes overconsumption of calcium creates other mineral deficiencies and imbalances that will increase your risk of heart disease, kidney stones, gallstones, osteoarthritis, hypothyroidism, obesity and type 2 diabetes—and the latest study certainly lends credibility to his theory. Part of the reason calcium is so misunderstood is that the predominant theory of bone mineralization is itself flawed.
Revising Our Theory of Bone Mineralization
When you take a biologically foreign form of calcium, or when your body's ability to direct calcium to the right places becomes impaired (as when you are deficient in vitamin K), calcium is deposited where it shouldn't be—like sand in gears.
Calcium deposits are major contributors and even causative factors in many conditions, including the following:
Cellulite and scar tissue Coronary artery disease and atherosclerosis Dental plaque and gum disease Hypothyroidism Obesity and diabetes Alzheimer's disease Breast cancer and cysts (fibrocystic breasts) Gallstones, colon cancer and Crohn's disease Kidney stones Ovarian cysts Cataracts, glaucoma, and macular degeneration Bone spurs, stiff joints, osteoarthritis, tendonitis and bone cancer
Complicating the problem of calcium deposits are nanobacteria that actually use this bad calcium to their advantage, forming hard shells of calcium phosphate that serve as defensive armor against your body's immune system, like a clamshell shields a clam. When the shells harden, toxins such as mercury, pesticides, and plastics are trapped in there, which is why it is so hard for you to get those toxins out of your body. This encapsulated space also forms an excellent hiding area for opportunistic viruses, bacteria and fungi.
And when it comes to bone health, drugs are certainly not the answer.
If you want to prevent osteoporosis, please avoid taking bisphosphonate drugs (including Fosamax, Boniva, and Actonel) as there is ample evidence they do not lower your fracture risk or make your bones stronger, and they have a whole host of side effects, including jawbone death, and liver and kidney damage, among other things. These drugs poison your osteoclasts, permanently killing them and interfering with your normal bone remodeling processes. For a discussion of how to effectively prevent bone loss without dangerous or expensive drugs, refer to my osteoporosis article.
Arterial Plaque is a Calcium Problem—NOT a Cholesterol Problem
So, if your calcium supplement is being turned into "little rocks" that are being deposited in your soft tissues and arteries, you can begin to understand how this could be increasing your risk for a heart attack or stroke.
Many believe that arterial plaque is simply a buildup of cholesterol. But in reality, more than 90 percent of these fatty plaques are calcified. Cholesterol is soft and waxy and does not impair the elasticity of your arteries. But calcium deposits are like concrete, "hardening" your arteries and impairing their ability to expand. It is calcium, not cholesterol, which induces arterial stiffness.
This is particularly important for postmenopausal women, because hormone balance is necessary for proper calcium signaling—directing your body to deposit calcium into your bones. When hormones fall out of balance, this signaling causes calcium to slowly exit your bones and become deposited in your arteries instead.
This is why your risk for heart disease can jump substantially with the onset of menopause—some say by as much as 360 percent.
There is simply NO good evidence that calcium supplementation is achieving its goal of reducing fractures, but there is abundant evidence it's wreaking havoc on people's health. The calcium must be in a bioavailable form, and must be balanced out with vitamins D and K and important trace minerals, and part of a total nutritional plan.
The Bottom Line
One of the best ways to achieve healthy bones is by consuming a diet rich in fresh, raw whole foods that maximize natural minerals so that your body has the raw materials it needs to do what it was designed to do.
It's more likely your body can use calcium correctly if it's plant-derived calcium. Good sources include raw milk from pasture-raised cows (who eat the plants), leafy green vegetables, the pith of citrus fruits, carob, and wheatgrass, to name a few. It's worth mentioning that the studies done about calcium from dairy products are all done with pasteurized dairy, rather than raw dairy products that have more of their nutrients intact, and this muddies the results of these studies.
You also need sources of silica and magnesium, which some researchers say is actually enzymatically "transmuted" by your body into the kind of calcium your bones can use. This theory was first put forth by French scientist Louis Kevran, a Nobel Prize nominee who spent years studying how silica and calcium are related.
Good sources of silica are cucumbers, bell peppers, tomatoes, and a number of herbs including horsetail, nettles, oat straw, alfalfa, and raw cacao, which is also extremely rich in highly bioavailable magnesium.
Dr. Thompson recommends the use of natural unprocessed salt as a far better alternative to calcium supplements because it provides the trace minerals you simply cannot get from food grown in today's mineral-depleted soils. My favorite source of trace minerals is pure, unprocessed Himalayan salt, which contains 84 elements needed by your body.
Other Suggestions for a Healthy Heart and Strong Bones
In order to achieve the best possible health, you have to devise a plan of attack from multiple angles. These suggestions will synergistically help keep your heart, blood vessels, organs and bones healthy.
- Limit fructose to less than 25 grams per day. For most people, it would also be wise to limit your fructose from fruit to 15 grams or less, as you're virtually guaranteed to consume "hidden" sources of fructose if you drink beverages other than water and eat processed food. For a reference list of some of the most common fruits that you can use to help you count your fructose grams, please see this previous article.
- Optimize your vitamin D either from natural sunlight or an oral supplement. Check your blood levels regularly.
- Vitamin K2 prevents coronary calcification and is required to bind calcium into the matrix of your bone, and without it, vitamin D may actually encourage heart disease. Nearly everyone has been found to be deficient in Vitamin K2. Vitamin K2 has been shown to extend your lifespan (Rotterdam Study) and reduce your risk for heart attack (Prospect Study). Optimize your vitamin K through a combination of dietary sources (leafy green vegetables, fermented foods like natto, raw milk cheeses, etc.) and a K2 supplement, if needed.
- Make sure you do weight-bearing exercise, which has profound benefits to both your skeletal and cardiovascular systems. My favorite is the Peak Fitness system.
- Consume a variety of fresh, local organic whole foods, including vegetables, fruits, nuts, seeds, organic meats and eggs, and raw organic unpasteurized dairy. The more foods you consume raw, the better nourished you will be. Minimize sugar and refined grains. Avoid low fat diets, which are known to impair calcium absorption.
- Consider a high-quality omega-3 fatty acid supplement—my favorite is krill oil.
- Make sure you are getting enough restorative sleep each night.
- Handle the stress in our life since it has a significant impact on your physical and mental well being. My favorite de-stressing tool is the Emotional Freedom Technique (EFT). | <urn:uuid:4f85eec1-6042-4d35-853d-99af472b3ffe> | CC-MAIN-2017-17 | http://articles.mercola.com/sites/articles/archive/2011/08/15/amp/is-your-calcium-supplement-a-heart-attack-or-stroke-waiting-to-happen.aspx | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-17/segments/1492917121869.65/warc/CC-MAIN-20170423031201-00322-ip-10-145-167-34.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.939976 | 2,498 | 2.578125 | 3 |
“Mom! There’s a cockroach on my banjo case! ” “Okay honey, I’ll bring the skillet” Entomophagy is the term for eating insects as food. Insects as food? The idea is not culturally accepted in many developed first world countries. So why do so many people frown upon the consumption of insects? Offering a fried grasshopper to a friend would probably bring about comments such as “gross! ” “no way” or “you’re kidding me!! ” Let’s face it, bugs are known for some gross things. Cockroaches, for instance, prefer meats, sweets and starches, but also eat hair, decaying matter, and dead skin cells.
The idea of eating something that eats dead skin cells is not very appealing. Our minds may scream at us not to eat insects, but if raised, prepared, and cooked right they are usually safe and nutritious! Common sense has to be used, like in most things. If the insect has a strong odor, or is brightly colored, it’s practically challenging you to eat it. A challenge that you would most likely lose. Not often do people die from eating these types of insects, but sickness is a possibility. There are 1,462 recorded species of edible bugs.
People of various countries eat what is indigenous to their country. For instance, the Japanese eat different kinds of larva, grasshoppers, and Japanese beetles. People in West Africa are known for eating termites, grasshoppers, crickets, and caterpillars. And the people of Thailand eat mealworms, and grasshoppers. Although these days eating insects isn’t very socially acceptable, entomophagy goes back centuries. The Romans and Greeks used to consider beetle larva and locusts a delicacy. Aristotle, a Greek philosopher and scientist, wrote about tasty cicadas, which is a flying bug.
In the book of Leviticus, book 11 verse 22 says “Of these you may eat any kind of locust, katydid, cricket or grasshopper. ” God knows all things! It’s a good idea not to argue with God. If that’s not enough to make the insects in Israel a bit squeamish, John the Baptist lived off locusts and honey comb when he was preaching in the wilderness of Judea. In Matthew 3, verse 4 it says “John’s clothes were made of camel’s hair, and he had a leather belt around his waist. His food was locusts and wild honey. ” So, obviously, eating insects was not out of the question.
Throughout history and in different cultures eating bugs was a part of life. So there must be reasoning behind all the madness. A hundred grams of grasshoppers typically have 20. 6 grams of protein and only 6. 1 grams of fat. Whereas 107 grams of a McDonalds hamburger has 12. 0 grams of protein and 10. 0 grams of fat. So not only do grasshoppers have a lot of protein and low fat, but they have other vitimuns also. 100 grams of those little hoppers have 20 percent of a persons daily value of iron and three percent of calcium. | <urn:uuid:4f65345e-033a-4a3d-8a1b-9213c4c0fbcc> | CC-MAIN-2019-26 | https://orebrotattooexpo.com/entomophagy-insect-and-eat-different-kinds/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-26/segments/1560628000266.39/warc/CC-MAIN-20190626094111-20190626120111-00300.warc.gz | en | 0.967596 | 687 | 2.765625 | 3 |
Potassium, Sodium and Chloride belong to the electrolyte family of minerals. These work closely to maintain cellular health and activity. More than 95% of Potassium in the body is stored within the cells, while sodium and chloride are stored outside the cells.
Potassium is an important mineral required for regulating the activity of muscles and nerves in the body. Muscle contraction and nerve transmission, the two most important functions in the body are largely dependent on Potassium. It is also involved in the storage of carbohydrates (to be used as fuel by the muscles) and in maintaining the electrolyte and pH balance in the body.
Potassium deficiency can lead to muscle weakness, irritability, fatigue, chronic diarrhea, confusion and heart disturbances. To avoid such health problems, it is important to eat a diet rich in potassium. The good thing about this mineral is that it is available in abundance in most fruits and vegetables, so you can easily get your recommended daily dosage from a normal diet.
Let’s take a look at the Best Food Sources of Potassium:
- Sweet Potato – Sweet potatoes are a rich source of Potassium, Beta Carotene and Vitamin A. One average-sized sweet potato contains 694 mg of potassium, which is 15% of the recommended daily dosage. However you must cook the potato with the skin, as peeling and dicing allows the potassium to leach out.
- Bananas – Bananas are the most popular and commonly available source of Potassium. An average sized banana contains approx. 453 mg of potassium.
- Oranges – Known for their Vitamin C content, Oranges are also a rich source of Potassium.
- Beet Greens – Another root vegetable that is a rich source of Potassium are the Beet Greens. Half a cup of greens contains 655 mg of potassium. Toss them in Olive oil and have as a side dish or add to your salads. Beet Greens are also rich in Vitamin A and Vitamin K.
- White Beans – Half a cup of white beans contain 600 mg of potassium. Like all other legumes, white beans are also a good source of protein, iron and fiber. There are various ways you can cook these delicious legumes and add to your daily meal.
- Tomatoes – Tomato is truly a super food as it is a rich source of potassium, Vitamin E, and Lycopene. You can have them raw, diced, or in the pureed form. This tasty vegetable can add wonderful flavor to all your recipes.
- Clams – Clams are a storehouse of powerful nutrients and minerals such as Potassium, Phosphorous, Vitamin A, Vitamin B12, Iron and Protein. These are usually found across the coastal sides of the Atlantic and Pacific Ocean. The fat content in Clams in very low, making them an ideal food for health-conscious people.
- Raisins – This tiny dry fruit is packed with a lot of nutrients and is a rich source of Potassium as well. Half a cup of raisins contains up to 543 mg of Potassium. Add them to your daily cereal, to sweets/cakes or just eat them raw. Be careful about the calorie content though!
- Dates – This tasty, Middle Eastern fruit is an excellent source of Potassium. Just a handful of dates will give you up to 590 mg of potassium.
- Yogurt – Known for its high calcium content, yoghurt is also a great source of potassium. Have a bowl of unsweetened yogurt everyday for its high nutritional content and for improved digestion.
Benefits of Potassium-Rich Foods
As mentioned above, potassium is an essential mineral that controls and regulates the body’s cellular and muscular functions. Potassium is an electrolyte that is required for organ and tissue repair, carbohydrate metabolism, muscle building, and protein synthesis in the body.
Eating a diet rich in potassium can help ward off a wide range of illnesses and keep you healthy and fit. Some benefits of Potassium-rich diet are as follows:
- Assists in healthy functioning of the muscular and nervous system
- Regulates the Electrolyte and Acid-base balance in the body
- Enables transfer of nutrients at the cellular level
- Lowers the risk of Heart diseases
- Maintains healthy Blood Pressure Levels
- Prevents loss of calcium through the urine, thereby preserving bone health
- Reduces the risk of Osteoporosis
The recommended daily allowance for Potassium is 2 to 6 grams, and your daily diet should be able to meet this requirement. Eating a diet rich in fruits and vegetables (especially the ones mentioned above) can easily fulfill the potassium requirements of your body, and keep your body functioning in a healthy and efficient manner. | <urn:uuid:28dd5799-3af4-4cce-881e-7ef94d461bd6> | CC-MAIN-2017-04 | http://www.bewellbuzz.com/body-buzz/nutrition/potassium-rich-foods/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-04/segments/1484560281649.59/warc/CC-MAIN-20170116095121-00433-ip-10-171-10-70.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.923327 | 976 | 3.421875 | 3 |
Nutrition in Critical Care
By James Collier BSc (Hons) - Consultant in Nutrition and Moderator of Dietetics.co.uk
Patients in the critical care setting are at high risk of malnutrition, due to the nature of their illness and their hypermetabolic state. Their immune system is compromised, so they are at increased risk of infection and septicaemia. Delayed healing and infections contribute to prolonged Intensive Care stay, increased mortality and morbidity and higher treatment costs. Correct nutrition from the onset of admission is imperative.
Choices of feeding in critical care are enteral tube feeding (ETF) or parenteral nutrition (PN). Enteral feeding literally means using the gastrointestinal tract for the delivery of nutrients, which includes eating food, consuming oral supplements and all types of tube feeding. The route of ETF most often used in critical care is naso-gastric tubes (NGT). Patients who need feeding post pyloric sphincter are given naso-jejunal tubes (NJT) which are being used more frequently these days. Some patients may already have percutaneous endoscopic gastrostomy (PEG) tubes in situ, if it is known they will not be able to feed for sometime after surgery.
As a rule PN should only be administered if there is a clinical reason that the gastro-intestinal tract should not be used, as there is more risk of infection and it provokes the acute-phase inflammatory response. It has been shown that early feeding (within 24hours of admission) reduces the risk of sepsis and improves clinical outcome (Heyland 2000), but also the choice of feed may affect speed of recovery.
Types of feed
A number of enteral feeds are available form a variety of different manufactures in this highly competitive industry. Standard feed (generally 1kcal/ml) are most often used, although there are higher energy alternatives (1.2 or 1.5kcal/ml) available for patients who need more calories in a shorter period of time, or who do not tolerate large volumes. New EC guidelines have called for all enteral feeds to be nutritionally complete (i.e. provides sufficient amounts of all nutrients to meet average requirements) in 1500kcal (EC 1999). There are also fibre-containing feeds which help both diarrhoea and constipation; some have specific blends of insoluble and soluble fibres, shown to maintain gut function integrity and flora (Khalil et al 1998).
Respiratory failure is the most common organ failure on an intensive care unit (ICU), and feeding is of utmost importance to the ventilated patient (Collins 2000). Certain enteral feeds exist which are both high in calories and designed for the ventilated patient; made up of a higher fat : carbohydrate ratio, as fat metabolism produces less carbon dioxide than carbohydrate metabolism, supposedly helping to wean the patient off the ventilator.
Some patients may not tolerate the above whole protein feeds and may require elemental or semi-elemental feeds. Elemental feeds are nutritionally complete, but contain fully digested forms of the macronutrients, i.e. amino acids, monosaccharides and fatty acids. Semi-elemental feeds are partially digested containing oligopeptides and amino acids, oligosaccharides and monosaccharides, and medium, short and free fatty acids.
Immunonutrition is a relatively new concept in critical care feeding to which there is a growing body of evidence reporting benefits. Such feeds may contain arginine, omega-3 fatty acids, nucleotides and glutamine. Arginine is an amino acid shown to improve immune response to bacteria, viruses and tumour cells, promote wound healing and increase protein turnover (Seifter et al, 1978; Efron & Barbul 2000). Omega-3 fats enhance immune function by boosting neutrophil activity, and reduce inflammation (Wigmore et al 1997). Nucleotides are essential for maintaining cellular integrity and enhancing production of repair cells. Glutamine is the most abundant amino acid in the body and becomes essential during severe physical stress. Evidence as to which elements are more beneficial in immunonutrition is conflicting.
Impact (Novartis Nutrition) is an immunonutrition feed containing arginine, omega-3 fats and nucleotides and has been shown in many studies to improve immune parameters and clinical outcome. Oxepa (Abbott Nutrition) contains omega-3 and omega-6 fatty acids, Stresson (Nutricia Clinical Care) contains glutamine, omega-3s and omega-6s, and Recovan (Fresenius-Kabi) contains glutamine, arginine, omega-3s and omega-6s. Of the above, Impact has by far the most research and has been available and used for much longer, and there is little evidence to date of the benefits of the other three to ICU patients.
Many ICUs now have protocols for the use of immunonutrition feeds, often where all patients admitted to ICU for more than 24hours will commence on such a feed. Such ICUs have demonstrated a significant reduction in overall therapeutic interventions, including infectious complications and reducing length of stay on ICU and hospital (Hibbert et al 2001). The associated reduction in costs, more than compensates for the higher cost of feeding all patients with immunonutrition feeds (Senkal et al 1999).
Problems in tolerating enteral tube feeding
A number of problems have been noted in respect of tolerating ETF, most commonly diarrhoea or constipation. Before the type of feed or regimen is altered, it is important to rule out side effects of any medication or pathogenic cause. Stool samples may highlight any bacterial infections. If no other cause can be identified, the dietitian may suggest a different type of feed, e.g. fibre-containing or semi-elemental.
Large aspirates, abdominal bloating and vomiting can be common side effects, in which case the rate or method of administration need to be reviewed. Some patients fail to tolerate large volumes at one time, in which case the pump rate may need to be slowed, a higher energy feed used or frequent rest periods may be advised to allow gastric emptying.
There are a variety of routes of nutrition and types of feed available to patients in critical care, and evidence points to the effectiveness of immunonutrition feeds. Trials do indicate benefits to therapeutic parameters and in reduction of length of stay. Further trails should be directed towards evaluation of cost-effectiveness of immunonutrition (Hibbert et al 2001), and to look at longer-term follow-up to see if benefits extend to after the patient’s discharge from hospital.
1. Collins C (2000) The role of nutrition in respiratory failure. News Views Talk in Nutrition. 1: 1,6-7.
2. Efron D, Barbul A (2000) Role of arginine in immunonutrition. Gastroenterology. 35(12): 20-23.
3. European Commission (1999) The Commission Directive 199/21/EC on Dietary Foods for Special Medical Purposes. Official Journal of the European Communities.
4. Heyland DK (2000) Enteral and parenteral nutrition in the seriously ill, hospitalised patient: A critical review of the evidence. Journal of Nutrition, Health and Ageing 4(1): 31-41.
5. Hibbert CL, Edbrooke DL, Coates E (2001) Immunonutrition – a cost effective approach to care? Complete Nutrition. 1(1): 9-13.
6. Khalil L, Ho KH, Png D, Ong CL (1998) The effect of enteral fibre containing feeds on stool parameters in the post surgical period. Singapore Medical Journal 39(4): 156-159
7. Seifter D, Rettura G, Barbul A, Levenson SM (1978) Arginine: an essential amino acid for injured rats. Surgery. 84(2): 224-230.
8. Senkal M et al (1999) Outcome and cost effectiveness or perioperative enteral immunonutrition inpatients undergoing elective upper gastro-intestinal tract surgery. Archives of Surgery 134: 1309-1316.
9. Wigmore SJ, Fearson JC, Maingay JP, Ross JA (1997) Down-regulation of the acute phase response in patients with pancreatic cancer cachexia receiving oral eicosapentaenoic acid is mediated via suppression of interleukin-6. Clinical Science. 92: 215-221. | <urn:uuid:a7546daa-2b7a-4911-9529-819a6d26f024> | CC-MAIN-2017-22 | https://www.dietetics.co.uk/nutrition-critical-care.aspx | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-22/segments/1495463607245.69/warc/CC-MAIN-20170523005639-20170523025639-00624.warc.gz | en | 0.890703 | 1,793 | 2.625 | 3 |
What is polyarteritis nodosa (PAN)?
Polyarteritis nodosa (PAN) is a rare disease that results from blood vessel inflammation ("vasculitis") causing injury to organ systems. The areas most commonly affected by PAN include the nerves, intestinal tract, heart, and joints. PAN can also affect the blood vessels to the kidney resulting in high blood pressure and damage to kidney function.
What is vasculitis?
Vasculitis is a general term that refers to inflammation of the blood vessels. When inflamed, the blood vessel may become weakened and stretch in size, which can lead to aneurysms, or become so thin that they rupture resulting in bleeding into the tissue. Vasculitis can also cause blood vessel narrowing to the point of closing off entirely so that organs become damaged from loss of oxygen and nutrients that were being supplied by the blood.
PAN exclusively affects medium sized blood vessels.
Who is affected by PAN?
PAN can occur in people of all ages, from children to the elderly and appears to affect men and women equally.
What causes polyarteritis nodosa (PAN)?
The cause of PAN is unknown. PAN is not a form of cancer, it is not contagious, and it does not usually occur within families. Evidence from research laboratories strongly supports that the immune system plays a critical role in PAN, causing blood vessel and tissue inflammation and damage. PAN is highly associated with hepatitis B infection. Since the hepatitis B vaccine was established, the rates of PAN have decreased significantly.
What are the symptoms of polyarteritis nodosa (PAN)?
Because many different organ systems may be involved, a wide range of symptoms are possible in PAN. Patients who have PAN may feel generally ill and fatigued, have fevers, or have loss of appetite and weight. They may have symptoms related to areas of involvement such as pain in the muscles and/or joints, skin sores that may appear as hard tender nodules or ulcers, abdominal pain or blood in the stools occurring as a result of intestinal tract involvement, or shortness of breath or chest pain from disease affecting the heart. High blood pressure is common in PAN and usually due to vasculitis decreasing blood flow to the kidneys. PAN may affect nerves and cause abnormal sensations, numbness or loss of strength. Any combination of these symptoms may be present. | <urn:uuid:f75c128f-0fb7-4614-8594-979289ecf471> | CC-MAIN-2019-26 | https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/13284-polyarteritis-nodosa | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-26/segments/1560627998724.57/warc/CC-MAIN-20190618123355-20190618145355-00273.warc.gz | en | 0.954868 | 486 | 3.1875 | 3 |
Thursday, March 26, 2009
Palm Sunday in Ireland
Irish speakers once referred to Palm Sunday as Domhnach an Iúir - Yew Sunday. That's because the "palm" was most often a sprig from the yew tree or some other conifer such as a silver fir, spruce or cypress. In County Fermanagh, early on every Palm Sunday morning, a Protestant cut down sprigs of yew and placed them on his garden wall.
In the old days, families brought their own fronds of "palm" to the church to be blessed. While he didn't have a Palm Sunday ceremony in his own church, it's on record that this very considerate Protestant soul offered palms to his less than fortunate Catholic neighbors on their way to chapel.
It was expected that every member of a family would be present at Mass to receive a blessed palm in commemoration of Christ's entry into Jerusalem. After Mass, the men and boys broke off a sprig and wore it all day in their hat or lapel. Often, it was worn for much longer.
In Spencer T. Hall's Life and Death in Ireland, he writes: "...most of the men and boys I met had small bunches of palm in their hats or buttonholes (lapels), which they said had been consecrated by the priest, and which many of them wore or renewed for a nearly a fortnight afterwards." In this context, we are assuming that the author is implying that renewal meant more blessings - perhaps on Good Friday, Easter and beyond.
As for the womenfolk and children, they brought their fronds home. A palm would be hung up in the house; one would be put out in the barn so that the animals could share in the blessing. And another would be set aside to be used as a sprinkler for Holy Water.
In many areas of Ireland, a palm stem was charred and a cross was marked on eggs set for hatching, while in parts of Galway and Mayo, a bit of palm was shredded and mixed through the seed grain. In any event, most families had extra eggs on hand because of the Lenten fast, so Palm Sunday was often the day that children called on neighbors and began collecting eggs for Easter.
The date on which Palm Sunday fell was also closely observed. If it coincided with St. Patrick's Day, when "the Shamrock and Palm would be worn together", it was said that something unusual would occur. This could be interpreted as ominous. The optimistics predicted an exceptionally fine summer or an end to Ireland's troubles. They also made the same predictions when Palm Sunday fell on the feast of the Annunciation - March 25th.
We did a bit of digging. In 1347, Palm Sunday coincided with the feast of the Annunciation. That year, the black death arrived in Messina. By New Year's Eve, it had spread to Genoa. Within three years it had wiped out one third of Europe. On a happier note, in 1945, the Annunciation and Palm Sunday coincided and the war in Europe came to an end. We found two other recent dates: St. Patrick's Day and Palm Sunday coincided in 1940: the Annunciation and Palm Sunday coincided in 1956. We'll be delving into the history books a bit further to see, in retrospect, if these old Irish predictions hold any water.
For future reference: The next time the Annunciation and Palm Sunday coincide is 2018. As for St. Patrick's Day - it won't happen again until 2391. God willing, by then, the troubles will be as ancient history as the pyramids.
- ► 2010 (48)
- Chelmsford Cathedral
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- The Ass in Stained Glass
- Repeat from Last Year...
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- Still another German Christ Carving
- A realistic German Palmesel figure
- Palm Sunday in Ireland
- Ivory Christ on Donkey
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- Shrovetide characters and the famous Palm processi...
- Heaven on Wheels???
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- I grew up in Chautauqua County, NY. I graduated from Edinboro University of Pennyslvania in 1981 with a BFA in Jewelry and Metalworking. I have been married 31 years. I currently run a small business with my husband. We both enjoy the outdoors and animals a great deal and live on a tiny farm in Western, NY. | <urn:uuid:11f5f963-bf9a-42f9-8098-654ad3703137> | CC-MAIN-2017-51 | http://thepeddlersdonky.blogspot.com/2009/03/palm-sunday-in-ireland.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-51/segments/1512948517845.16/warc/CC-MAIN-20171212173259-20171212193259-00296.warc.gz | en | 0.97236 | 950 | 3.25 | 3 |
A ‘plague’ of locusts have descended on Egypt and southern Israel this week, arriving with biblical timing just three weeks before Passover.
A giant swarm of locusts was the eighth plague that God unleashed on the Egyptian Pharoah to convince him to let Moses’ people go, according to Exodus.
The locusts of the Bible covered “all the ground until it was black” and devoured “everything growing in the fields and the fruit on the trees.” This year’s attack hasn’t been nearly as catastrophic, although damage to crops in the region is a worry.
The grasshopper-like bugs crossed over on east winds from Egypt into Israel on Monday. Nearly 2,000 acres of desert were covered overnight, officials said. Israeli authorities sprayed pesticides over farming fields in the early morning, trapping the locusts on the ground before the dew could dry on their wings. | <urn:uuid:49f602f7-5b9d-4629-9e13-a1ff4f68f0f0> | CC-MAIN-2017-30 | http://justkhaotic.com/2013/03/juicy-news/thousands-of-locusts-swarm-over-israel-egypt-just-in-time-for-passover/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-30/segments/1500549424610.13/warc/CC-MAIN-20170723202459-20170723222459-00630.warc.gz | en | 0.968845 | 197 | 2.75 | 3 |
Gioachino Rossini (born Pesaro 29 February 1792; died Passy 13 November 1868) was an Italian composer. He was the most famous composer of operas in his time. His operas had lots of new ideas. Italian operas had become rather unimaginative, with composers such as Cimarosa and Paisiello writing the same sort of thing each time. Rossini made his operas interesting by writing skillfully for the singers, giving them good tunes, as well as giving the orchestra interesting music, and by choosing a variety of stories for his operas. The opera for which he is best known today is the Il Barbiere di Siviglia (The Barber of Seville). Many of the overtures to his operas are played at orchestral concerts. The most popular is the overture to his opera Guillaume Tell (William Tell) with its famous galloping tune.
During the last 40 years of his life Rossini wrote no more music. His friends begged him to write another opera but he always refused.
Life[change | change source]
Rossini was born on 29 February of the leap year 1792. His birthplace was Pesaro, a small town in Italy on the Adriatic coast. His father played the horn in military bands and opera houses and his mother sang in operas. Often his parents toured together and the young Rossini was left in the care of his grandmother. The family eventually settled in Bologna. Rossini had lessons in singing, cello, piano and counterpoint. He did not like the counterpoint lessons, but it did help him to study different styles of music and he became very good at writing harmony in a clear way.
Early career[change | change source]
Italian opera at this time needed a new composer to bring more life into it. Five of his first nine operas were written for the Teatro S Moise in Venice. Other theatres soon asked him to write operas. In 1812 he wrote La pietra del paragone for the Teatro alla Scala in Milan. It was a great success. Many of these early operas were comic operas (opera buffa). Sometimes he had to produce so many new operas that he kept reusing some of the music he had already written in another opera. Nevertheless they include a lot of fine music, and Rossini was developing his musical personality. His overtures have a fine sense of orchestral colour. He often started with a slow section and then went into fast music with a crescendo. Because he did this a lot it is often called a “Rossini crescendo” or “Rossini rocket”.
It was not easy for him to earn enough money to keep himself. He only got paid for the operas he took part in. There were no copyright laws in those days. The important singers were well paid, but the composers earned much less. We know very little about his life at this time, but we do know that he travelled a lot. His most famous operas from this period are Tancredi, La Gazza Ladra (The Thieving Magpie) and Il barbiere di Siviglia (The Barber of Seville) which has often been called the greatest of all comic operas.
Mid career[change | change source]
By 1815 Rossini’s operas were famous everywhere in Western Europe except in Naples. Neapolitan opera had been famous throughout the 18th century and the city was proud of its tradition. The Neapolitans did not want a young composer from the north to continue their operatic tradition. Nevertheless, Rossini soon won their hearts. He wrote for the Teatro S Carlo which had a fine orchestra and very good singers. He wrote many of his best serious operas (opera seria) for Naples, and this tradition which he built up made it possible for Verdi to take over thirty years later as Italy’s leading opera composer.
Later career[change | change source]
Rossini’s international fame took him to Vienna where he met Beethoven. After returning to Italy for a while he travelled to Paris and England. He was only 31 years old and had written 34 operas. The Paris audiences already knew his operas. In London a Rossini Festival was organized. Most of the time in England he spent at social parties at the houses of rich people who were glad to pay him money to come and be their guest. Soon after this he settled in Paris for five years. He was director of the Théâtre-Italien until 1836. His two greatest operas from this period were Le Comte Ory (which was an opéra comique) and Guillaume Tell which was based on a play by Schiller. These works have beautifully flowing tunes (like Italian opera) as well as grand drama (like French opera).
Retirement[change | change source]
In 1829, at the age of 37, Rossini decided to retire. He had lots of money but his health was not particularly good. Although he wrote a few small pieces of music he never composed another opera. He went back to Bologna, although he returned to Paris nearly 20 years later with his wife. Here his health improved and he wrote a little music. His Petite messe solennelle for 12 voices, two pianos and harmonium is still performed today. When he died in 1868 thousands of people came to his funeral.
Rossini’s place in music history[change | change source]
Rossini’s music is a link between the Classical and the Romantic periods. He was brought up hearing 18th century opera, and much of his best known music is still Classical in style, but he developed a lot as he matured and was writing in a more Romantic way by the end of his career. He gradually stopped writing music which has set numbers all the time: music divided sharply into arias and recitative. His recitative became more expressive and was accompanied by the orchestra instead of by a harpsichord. This helped to make his music more continuous. He did not often write for castrati as they were going out of fashion. The chorus have an important part in the drama of his operas (in 18th century opera they just used to comment on what was going on). | <urn:uuid:52b635dd-2df5-4514-a66f-bcbfa0ee692c> | CC-MAIN-2014-23 | http://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gioachino_Rossini | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2014-23/segments/1406510267330.29/warc/CC-MAIN-20140728011747-00287-ip-10-146-231-18.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.992944 | 1,333 | 3.140625 | 3 |
U.S. minimum wage gets first federal boost in a decade
Tuesday, July 24, 2007
The increase, which was approved by Congress in May, is the first stage of a 3-step increase over the next two years. Next summer, the minimum will increase by another 70 cents per hour, followed by another bump of 70 cents in the following summer, bringing the minimum wage to US$7.25 an hour by 2009.
The increase is aimed at helping minimum wage earners keep above the poverty level. The United States Department of Health and Human Services considers anyone who earns less than $10,210 per year to be in poverty. At the previous minimum wage level, a person working 40 hours a week would only exceed this by $500 a year.
As many as 20 states took the initiative to raise minimum wages before this federal government action became effective. Those states will only be affected by the new law if they fall beneath the new federal mandate.
By comparison, today's current minimum wage for adults in the United Kingdom is equivalent to almost $11.50. As of 2005, Mexico's minimum wage was Mex$4.50. The lowest minimum wage in Canada is C$6.50 in New Brunswick. The highest in Canada is in Nunavut, C$8.50 or US$8.15.
Many countries in Europe, such as Norway, Sweden, Finland, Denmark, Switzerland, Germany, Austria, Italy, and Cyprus have no minimum wage laws, but rely on employer groups and trade unions to set minimum earnings through collective bargaining. As of December 2006, the Australian standard federal minimum wage is A$13.47 per hour, equivalent to US$11.90.
- "Thousands in Va. get minimum-wage boost" — , July 24, 2007
- "THE 2007 HHS POVERTY GUIDELINES" — , accessed July 2007
- Dan Grech. "Mexico's minimum wage" — , December 30, 2005 | <urn:uuid:ebaad76e-8b03-424f-a41b-288a0e5b7358> | CC-MAIN-2021-21 | https://en.wikinews.org/wiki/U.S._minimum_wage_gets_first_federal_boost_in_a_decade | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-21/segments/1620243989690.55/warc/CC-MAIN-20210516044552-20210516074552-00034.warc.gz | en | 0.961568 | 405 | 2.796875 | 3 |
The Chemical Name of ” hypo” Commonly Used in Photography is
Answer: (1) Sodium thiosulphate
Sodium thiosulfate is the chemical name of “Hypo”. The chemical formula of “Hypo” is Na2S2O3 It is easily soluble in in water and it is not soluble in silver salt. It is a colorless crystal of sodium, sulfur, hydrogen and Oxygen.
It is used in chemical manufacture and chrome – tanning leather. It is mostly used in photography for developing film. | <urn:uuid:5b99e3b3-e9b7-4943-ac5c-cb51478217be> | CC-MAIN-2019-09 | https://www.edupil.com/question/hypo-common-name/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-09/segments/1550249414450.79/warc/CC-MAIN-20190223001001-20190223023001-00494.warc.gz | en | 0.89555 | 120 | 2.6875 | 3 |
In Uganda, by the beginning of the nineties, corpses kept piling up in the morgues and nobody knew what was going on. During the days when it seemed like hope had escaped that land, a few HIV positive women decided to bring it back, not for them but for their children. That is how NACWOLA (National Community of Women Living with HIV/AIDS) was born, during the International Conference on AIDS held in Amsterdam in 1992. The three founding members died of AIDS during the following years, but their legacy was a ray of light in the darkest days. With the help of European health and psychology professionals, the decided to put in writing what they would never be able to tell their children, and they created the Memory Books. These books are their recollections, they tell us about them and the future they want for their children n pages full of words of care and affection. They are motherhood guides from beyond, survival tutorials for lost children, since over 12% of Sub-Saharan underage population will lose at least one of their parents in the next 12 months, and they will be on their own. As Gladys, the person in charge of the Memory Books project in Luwero, the center of the country, tell us: "They are each special and very personal, in spite of following a common pattern that includes family photos, memories and a family tree. With these books we encourage parents to listen to their children, to talk to them frankly about their disease."
The project is like a big family with members helping each other emotionally and financially in their daily struggle for survival. Mothers, orphans and grandmothers, many of them displaced by the internal war with the LRA (Lord's Resistance Army). In a country where 35% of the population is HIV positive, where there are two million orphans, a country in which polygamy and dowry are common practice, these women are struggling against the AIDS stigma and are not afraid of anything. NACWOLA and the project have given them back hope. | <urn:uuid:5cfc6bb5-0272-4d55-8b6b-1143d9f3fc23> | CC-MAIN-2023-23 | http://www.alvarolaiz.com/memory-books | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-23/segments/1685224654871.97/warc/CC-MAIN-20230608103815-20230608133815-00729.warc.gz | en | 0.983909 | 413 | 2.515625 | 3 |
People of ACM - Jennifer Rexford
March 24, 2016
You were closely involved in studying the Border Gateway Protocol, which allows Internet traffic to be reliably and efficiently routed without global synchronization. Some have pointed out that the decentralized nature of routing makes the Internet vulnerable to accidental or malicious disruptions. Because of the wide range of networks controlled by varied organizations, finding a "one-size-fits-all" approach to verifying the identity of BGP routers would seem to be a challenge. Do you see any promising areas of research on the horizon that might secure the internet despite its decentralized structure?
Like so many of the Internet's protocols, BGP trusts that the participants in the protocol are honest. When a network sends bogus BGP announcements, whether accidentally or maliciously, the effects can be anything from a major outage to a traffic-interception attack. The Resource Public Key Infrastructure (RPKI) can help, by providing a way to validate basic assertions about who can introduce a route into the interdomain routing system. RPKI adoption is proceeding, albeit slowly. It will be a long time before the entire Internet adopts any one solution, whether RPKI-based or not. I think the most promising avenues of research focus on understanding how BGP security solutions behave under partial deployment, and how to create incentives for networks to take the plunge. Also, the RPKI itself raises some concerns about misbehaving RPKI authorities, including governments or law enforcement agencies using RPKI to take down a network or web site. New research can help address these concerns by designing ways to detect manipulation of RPKI data and exploring multi-party solutions that limit the power any one country or organization has over the system.
Scalability is a challenge in many areas of computer science. Some estimate that the size of the Internet doubles every year. Do you see any inherent limitations in the architecture or the technology of the internet that will eventually limit its continued growth?
Scalability is indeed a big challenge. The number of devices, IP addresses, and networks continues to grow, and the link speeds grow as well—meaning that network devices have even less time to decide how to handle one packet before the next one arrives. The Internet of Things (IoT) will exacerbate the problem by introducing significantly more devices, including devices that are mobile. Right now, the Internet infrastructure handles mobility in a particularly clumsy way, since IP addresses are used both as "identifiers" (identifying a device in a conversation with another device) and as "locators" (indicating the device's current location in the routing system). Many people have observed that we need to separate these two roles, but identifying the best solution and spurring adoption is a perennial challenge. I believe that moving functionality to the end hosts, by allowing them to change their addresses and directly update the other ends of their connections, would go a long way toward relieving pressure on the Internet infrastructure. This would also enable a number of other useful capabilities, such as using multiple interfaces (such as WiFi and cellular) and paths at the same time, or steering traffic selectively through middleboxes that help improve security or performance. Right now, we try to solve too many scalability problems inside the network, when a better solution would leverage the end-host computers. Stepping back, if we knew 40 years ago that Internet hosts would be mobile, multi-homed, and reliant on middleboxes, the basic Internet transport protocols like TCP and UDP would have been designed with a separation of identifier and location from the beginning.
You have worked as a practitioner at AT&T Labs and in the academic arena at Princeton. How is working in industry different from working in academia? How do venues such as ACM SIGCOMM bring these areas together for fertile collaboration?
I worked for nine years at AT&T Labs--Research, and for the past 11 years at Princeton University. I found both environments incredibly enriching. In industry, I loved working closely with my peers on collaborative projects, and connecting with practitioners to learn about new technical challenges, acquire invaluable measurement data, and tech-transfer my solutions to practice. In academia, I relish the close and long-term relationship with students, and the greater opportunity to explore long-term solutions to challenging problems. Also, while I collaborated across disciplinary boundaries at AT&T, academia affords me an even wider set of potential collaborators. At Princeton, I have been fortunate to collaborate with leading researchers in network optimization, cryptography, and programming languages over the years, allowing me to attack an exciting set of research problems that I could never have tackled alone.
Networking conferences like ACM SIGCOMM bring together researchers from both academia and industry. While I was at AT&T, these conferences allowed me to stay connected with my academic peers. Now, these conferences allow my students and me to keep a close eye on technology trends and emerging research problems, and to find industry collaborators for research projects and summer internships. I've been fortunate to have strong ongoing relationships with Microsoft, Google, Intel, Cisco, and several smaller companies that still inform my research.
You recently tweeted out that, with 47 women and 81 men, computer science is the most popular major for Princeton's junior class. Why do you believe overall enrollment in computer science at Princeton is up in the past few years? Do you believe the trend of women entering computer science at Princeton will be mirrored across the US in coming years? If so, what do you think has changed to make more women interested in becoming CS majors?
The rise in CS enrollments and majors is a nationwide trend, as students see the excitement of the field and the great job opportunities. We've had a particularly large increase in majors at Princeton—around a factor of four in the last six or seven years. Beyond the general trends, I think our department's great introductory curriculum is a big part of the story. Our General Computer Science (COS 126) course—the gateway course for our majors—is now Princeton's most popular course, taken by well over half of all Princeton students. The course is innovative and has interesting, outward-facing assignments that appeal to a broad range of students. Another factor may be that we offer both a BSE and a BA degree in computer science, making it possible for students to enter our major even if they only discover computer science after they arrive at Princeton—say, after experimenting with our introductory course. We also have a vibrant Princeton Women in Computer Science group that runs all sorts of events, and provides great mentoring to the younger women students; I have no doubt that PWiCS has a big hand in our increase in women CS majors.
The news that Princeton plans to add 10 tenure-track positions to the computer science department is exciting. As the department chair, how will you and your colleagues decide which computing disciplines to add to the department? Would you say Princeton's computer science department is recognized for certain disciplines? How would you like the department to be known within the computing community in 10 years?
We're excited for the unprecedented opportunity to shape the future of our department in the years ahead. We plan to bolster our strength in core computer science, both by building in existing areas of strength like machine learning, computer systems, and theory, and by expanding into areas where CS touches the real world (e.g., human-computer interaction, cyber-physical systems, and robotics). Plus, we will enhance our connections with the rest of campus, including public policy, mathematics, and the sciences. Princeton is distinctive in having a small, intimate campus with uniformly strong departments across many fields, so it is natural for us to excel in interdisciplinary scholarship. As computer science is increasingly central to nearly every human endeavor and academic discipline, we plan to become an ever more central part of the Princeton campus—a part of every student's experience, a lever for everyone's research, and an effective way to tackle major societal challenges.
Jennifer Rexford is the Gordon Y.S. Wu Professor of Engineering and Chair of the Computer Science Department at Princeton University. She is a recognized expert in the development of models, algorithms and deployed systems that assure stable and efficient Internet routing without global coordination. Rexford is perhaps best known for her major contributions to the Border Gateway Protocol (BGP), a system that exchanges routing and reachability information among autonomous systems on the Internet.
Prior to joining the Princeton faculty, Rexford was employed at AT&T Labs from 1996 to 2005. For ACM, she served as Chair of the Special Interest Group on Data Communication (SIGCOMM) from 2003 to 2007. Rexford was also a co-founder of two ACM conferences: the Internet Measurement Conference started in 2001 and the Symposium on SDN Research started in 2012 as HotSDN. Her numerous accolades include receiving ACM's Grace Murray Hopper Award in 2004, given annually to an outstanding young computing professional; being named the 2016-2017 Athena Lecturer by ACM-W; and being selected as an ACM Fellow in 2008. | <urn:uuid:3b15db15-daf0-4285-baf6-461f2f079ee8> | CC-MAIN-2019-47 | https://www.acm.org/articles/people-of-acm/2016/jennifer-rexford | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-47/segments/1573496669868.3/warc/CC-MAIN-20191118232526-20191119020526-00491.warc.gz | en | 0.947893 | 1,841 | 2.59375 | 3 |
In most fashionable educational strategies of the world, secondary training comprises the formal training that happens throughout adolescence. In america, Canada, and Australia, major and secondary training collectively are commonly known as Ok-12 training, and in New Zealand Yr 1–13 is used. The target of secondary training could also be to provide frequent data, to ensure literacy, to prepare for bigger training, or to educate instantly in a profession. UNESCO gives worldwide and regional administration in training, strengthens training programs worldwide and responds to fashionable world challenges by the use of training with gender equality as an underlying precept. Its work encompasses high quality educational enchancment from pre-school to larger training and past. The Council of Europe helps co-operation amongst its forty seven member states in lots of areas, together with training.
- Nevertheless, non-formal training is not recognised on the identical stage as formal education, each in administrative phrases or in individuals’s perceptions.
- This program prepares college students with theories and practices in administrating training every in formal and nonformal institutions.
- A category measurement experiment inside america found that attending small courses for 3 or additional years inside the early grades elevated highschool commencement expenses of scholars from low revenue households.
- The right way to Make Lecturers Knowledgeable Shoppers of Synthetic Intelligence Synthetic intelligence presents alternatives to strengthen educating and studying, however not if classroom educators fail to grasp its capabilities and limitations, audio system at an ISTE panel stated this week.
- This program prepares college students to turn out to be educational counselor personnel who’ve educational and expert talents.
Training Sciencesis a global peer-reviewed open entry journal revealed month-to-month on-line by MDPI. Editor’s Selection articles are based mostly totally on ideas by the scientific editors of MDPI journals from all around the world. Editors choose a small variety of articles recently revealed within the journal that they consider could be notably fascinating to authors, or important on this Education topic. The aim is to supply a snapshot of numerous essentially the most satisfying work printed within the quite a few analysis areas of the journal. This kind of paper provides an outlook on future directions of research or doable functions. The EEA initiative constructions collaboration between Member States and stakeholders to construct additional resilient and inclusive nationwide training methods.
Nevertheless, a learning catastrophe has emerged all through the globe, due to the reality that a big proportion of students enrolled at school aren’t studying. A World Financial institution study discovered that “53 p.c of kids in low- and middle-income nations cannot learn and perceive a easy story by the tip of main faculty.” Whereas training has elevated quickly over the sooner couple of many years, learning has not adopted go well with. However in primitive cultures, a lot of the training occurs not on the formal however on the informal diploma. This usually signifies that there is no such thing as a distinction between actions centered on training and completely different actions.
My Training Com Accounts
Proper, Boone Elementary Faculty principal Manuela Haberer directs school college students and parents within the pick-up line on the conclusion of the school day on Might 19, 2022 in San Antonio, Texas. Hansika Daggolu will likely be a junior at Mission San Jose Excessive Faculty in Fremont, Calif., this fall when a brand new state regulation requires the varsity day to start later for heart and highschool school college students. Hansika, 15, stated she is glad she’s going to not have to rise sooner than 7 a.m. Again-to-Faculty 2022 MTSS Toolkit Use the worksheets and belongings inside the toolkit to create a plan to help most school college students meet grade-level benchmarks this fall. The Uvalde taking photos has launched a renewed focus to maintaining school college students and educators protected in school.
Dukung Pembelajaran Dengan Alat Google Workspace For Training Yang Sederhana, Aman, Dan Fleksibel
The form, methodologies, taught materials – the curriculum – of formal training is ready by political determination makers together with federal corporations such as a result of the state training firm in america. In time, some ideas from these experiments and paradigm challenges may be adopted as a result of the norm in training, simply as Friedrich Fröbel’s technique to early childhood training in Nineteenth-century Germany has been included into up to date kindergarten lecture rooms. College training consists of educating, analysis, and social suppliers actions, and it consists of every the undergraduate stage and the graduate stage . The category ISCED 5 is reserved for short-cycle packages of requiring diploma stage research. It spans the interval between the typically frequent compulsory, major training to the elective, selective tertiary, “postsecondary”, or “bigger” training of ISCED 5 and 6 (e.g. college), and the ISCED 4 Additional training or vocational faculty.
Empirical analyses are almost certainly to assist the theoretical prediction that poor nations must develop faster than rich nations as a finish results of they’re going to undertake cutting-edge applied sciences already tried and examined by rich nations. Nevertheless, experience switch requires educated managers and engineers who’re in a position to function new machines or manufacturing practices borrowed from the chief to have the flexibility to shut the hole by the use of imitation. Due to this fact, a rustic’s functionality to be taught from the chief is a function of its stock of “human capital”. Current analysis of the determinants of combination financial progress have burdened the importance of primary monetary establishments and the position of cognitive experience. Instructional psychology can partially be understood by the use of its relationship with completely different disciplines. | <urn:uuid:bc40861d-37bc-4bf9-a665-0ccecc471fc6> | CC-MAIN-2023-50 | https://premiumbeautynews.xyz/texas-governor-ready-to-downside-education-of-migrant-kids.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-50/segments/1700679100779.51/warc/CC-MAIN-20231208212357-20231209002357-00535.warc.gz | en | 0.943844 | 1,190 | 2.71875 | 3 |
The Hindu Widows’ Remarriage Act XV of was passed which enabled widows to marry again. This gave a severe shock to the then conservative Hindu . 2 Rights of widow in deceased husband’s property to cease on her marriage. -All rights and interests which any widow may have in her deceased husband’s. Law, custom, and statutory social reform: the Hindu Widows’ Remarriage Act of Lucy Carroll. Centre for South Asian Studies. University of Cambridge.
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Mukherji on behalf of the appellant. If Section 2 of the Hindu Widows’ Remarriage Act, applies to property in all cases in which a Hindu widow has obtained it At that date his nearest heir was the defendant Shankar, a Her right in deceased husband’s property cease on her remarriage in view of Section 2 of the Hindu Widows’ Remarriage ActNalini TM to find other cases containing similar facts and legal issues. The decision in Rasul’s case has now been followed for over half Section 57 1 of the Evidence Act.
hindu widow’s remarriage act, | India Judgments | Law | CaseMine
Meghu Tiwari 9 it has been held, approving Vishnu v. Actwas enacted to remove all legal obstacles to the marriage of the Hindu widows. Union Of India And O Appellate Tribunal For Foreign Exchange 0.
Hindu Widows’ Remarriage Act, A Hindu widow in India seen in this engraving remarfiage — was not allowed to wear a blouse or choli under her sari. Daroga Prasad Singh TM to find other cases containing similar facts and legal issues. The first two questions involve a consideration of the effect of Ss.
That section is referred to by the learned Judges, and they obviously base their decision upon their interpretation of it Ram Krishna Prodhan v.
Appellate Tribunal For Forfeited Property1 0. It is submitted that in the y In ancient India women enjoyed equal status with man in all fields of life, she received the same education like man, many Hindu religious books like Vedas, Upanishads, Ramayana, Mahabharata femarriage mentioned the names of several women who were great scholars, poets, philosophers of the time.
Ceremonies constituting valid marriage to have same effect on widow’s National Consumer Disputes Redressal Commission 0.
Hindu Widows’ Remarriage Actwas drafted at a time when a widow succeeding to her husband or to his lineal successor took only a limited estate, the language of that section is, it is Act, provided that a Hindu widow on remarriage shall forfeit her right to the property which she had inherited from her husband.
See Bhola Umar v.
Act of is quite material and it would be fruitful to quote the said provision, which reads, thus: It is not clear whether the Hindu Widows Remarriage Act Act 15 of was extended to Keonjhar State where the parties reside and the To start with, I proceed to consider the question with reference to Act 15 of Appellate Tribunal For Electricity 0.
Armed Forces Tribunal 0. Filter by Judge Name Beta. Courts as a valid marriage. Section 23 of the Hindu Succession Act. The preamble and sections 1, 2, and 5: However, overall, the remsrriage was a failure.
Hindu Widows Remarriage Act: 1856
Central Information Commission 0. Hindu Succession Act, she became the absolute owner thereof. Right of widow in deceased husband’s property to cease on her re-marriage. Meenakshi Ammal TM to find other cases containing similar facts and legal issues. Madras High Court No marriage contracted between Hindus shall be invalid, and the issue of no such marriage shall be illegitimate, by reason of the woman having been previously married or betrothed to another person who was dead at the time of such marriage, any custom and any interpretation of Hindu Law to the contrary notwithstanding.
He can successfully claim that the widow, on remarriageAs per section 2 of this Actthe right of the widow in the No Case or Topic can be added. Widows Remarriage Act Section 8 of Hindu Succession Act, she is entitled to get entire property of the deceased inherited.
After successfully banning the practice of suttee widow-burningthe British government in India has been mindful of the plight of higher-caste widows, forbidden to remarry, deemed unlucky by their families, often poorly treated, and sometimes forced into beggary and prostitution.
Gajapathi Naidu And Two Ors. The Hindu Widow’s Remarriage Act Railway Claims Tribunal 0. You have reach your max limit. Appellate Tribunal For Forfeited Property. Hindu Law or the provisions of the act. He has also contended that the tenancy rights after the remarriage of Poshi ceas The Hindu Succession Act governs and prescribes rules of succession applicable to a large | <urn:uuid:5f0d100b-a349-4f5c-b59d-c3d52c2f592d> | CC-MAIN-2020-45 | https://veupropia.info/hindu-widows-remarriage-act-1856-46/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-45/segments/1603107874340.10/warc/CC-MAIN-20201020221156-20201021011156-00290.warc.gz | en | 0.935942 | 1,105 | 2.5625 | 3 |
Liberation theology gets one truth correct about the gospel, which is that Jesus identifies with the oppressed. But there are two major issues with liberation theology’s understanding of this concept. First, though Jesus does “identify” with the oppressed in a sense, yet the cross is emptied of its power when it is seen merely as a symbol of camaraderie with oppressed people. Liberation theologians believe that the cross is symbolic of Jesus’ identification with oppressed classes: either victims of racial, religious, and economic oppression. It is similar to the notion that lurks within liberal theology that Jesus’ sufferings are simply His public statement to the world that certain social ills are wicked. And while, certainly, at the cross of Jesus we see the height of religious, racial, and political oppression, yet the cross itself is not meaningful merely with this insight. Instead, as Paul puts it–the cross is the power of God unto salvation–not merely unto elevation or liberation from certain material evils. And so this is the reason why, first, liberation theology is largely flawed in its description of the cross: it ignores the main purpose of the cross: salvation from the condemnation of sin.
Second, liberation theology is flawed in its understanding of the oppressed in that it misidentifies the oppressed persons for whom Jesus died. Jesus’ death was for those oppressed by the power of sin, Satan, and the fear of death. Jesus did not die to create economic equality in this world. He did not die to create perfect race relations in this world. He did not die to teach the equality of religions. No, He died to purchase a peculiar people from the wrath of God, and to restore them to fellowship with Him. Only in this context, again, only in THIS context of redemption from wrath, is there any hope of secondary effects: that of racial reconciliation, economic generosity or sharing, and religious peace. Paul’s teaching that we, though many races, though male and female, are also one in Christ, first necessitates that we be in Christ for salvation from sin. The example of the early Church in sharing our resources, in creating economic equality, necessitates that we first be disciples of Jesus Christ. God’s revelation of a sheet holding unclean foods was given to Peter, a follower of Jesus, compelling him to share the good news of Jesus’ saving grace to those of other ethnicities and religions. By misidentifying the oppressed persons for whom Jesus died, liberation theology bankrupts the cross of its power. It first obfuscates the gospel by ignoring the truest plight of man (the effects of sin), and by keeping people from truly trusting Jesus for salvation it also keeps them from additional benefits of the gospel. | <urn:uuid:9faf7f2f-7a0e-4d5c-ab04-38bd11de81fc> | CC-MAIN-2019-43 | https://bibleandbeeswax.com/a-short-critique-of-liberation-theology/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-43/segments/1570987833089.90/warc/CC-MAIN-20191023094558-20191023122058-00492.warc.gz | en | 0.966623 | 561 | 2.6875 | 3 |
Alternatively: How many books were included in early Bible compilations and then later removed?
A book in the bible, to my understanding, is one of the many named divisions in the Old and New Testament. Mathew, Mark, Luke and John would be 4 different books, and each of Paul's letters to the churchs in the different cities would each be a 'book'
There are a certain number of Books in the King James Version, but how many other 'books' or writings did scholars/historians/religious leaders have access to but for one reason or another, were never included in the more modern Bible compilations. (perhaps due to controversy, or translation disputes, or issues in verifying the author)
If we could go back and add all of these books and letters to the Old and New Testament today, how many books would the Bible have?
This questions comes out of curiousity after seeing books in a Catholic printing of the bible that did not exist in the King James version.
I'm assuming the Apostles or whoever compiled the Bible books, didn't have the whole structure and order down in the exact way they printed now. | <urn:uuid:908492d3-b7e0-46e6-a2e7-226c89189daf> | CC-MAIN-2014-15 | http://christianity.stackexchange.com/questions/9484/how-many-books-never-made-it-to-the-bible-old-and-new-testament/9488 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2014-15/segments/1397609537754.12/warc/CC-MAIN-20140416005217-00091-ip-10-147-4-33.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.97423 | 236 | 2.625 | 3 |
I have several times seen the claim that, despite the apparent pause in surface temperatures, global warming is actually going faster than ever, with the missing heat in the ocean. So far I have seen no support for that claim. I did, however, recently come across an article
discussing global heat content changes and problems in estimating them that contains an interesting graph.
As best I can tell, the different lines represent different ways of estimating the values, given the data limitations, with data becoming available later for the deeper depths; the vertical lines show, for each depth, the date when global coverage reached 50%. So the bottom graph is the best in terms of how deep it goes, the worst in quality of the data.
The pattern seems pretty clear. Slow warming until about 1996, faster from then until about 2004, slower to zero warming thereafter. | <urn:uuid:6d2e0768-2ae1-426d-9ae4-e159b9dd000e> | CC-MAIN-2015-32 | http://www.daviddfriedman.blogspot.com/2014/04/ocean-warming-data.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2015-32/segments/1438042986022.41/warc/CC-MAIN-20150728002306-00197-ip-10-236-191-2.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.926699 | 173 | 2.625 | 3 |
Thanks to the heads up by Nancy Brown we received this wonderful news that many Minnesota schools are switching to Non GMO food! YES!
MINNESOTA SCHOOL DISTRICTS AIM TO REDUCE GMOs in SCHOOL FOOD
GMO Awareness Day will be paired with efforts to transition to non-GMO foods
November 3, 2014—(Minneapolis, MN) Five Minnesota school districts plan to raise awareness about genetically modified foods and take steps to reduce GMO content in school meals.
Schools in Hopkins, Minneapolis, Orono, Shakopee, and Westonka will celebrate GMO Awareness Day on November 5 by offering non-GMO menu options and communicating to students and families about GMOs.
Director-level staff at the five districts began meeting to discuss GMOs in April, 2014, and decided to hold a collective awareness-raising event to help engage their communities.
“We want to start conversations about the foods we serve and how our decision-making works,” says Laura Metzger, Director of Food and Nutrition Services at Westonka Public Schools.
“Our students will grow up to make their own decisions about the foods they eat, so this is an opportunity for education.”
GMOs, or “genetically modified organisms,” are plants or animals produced using a technology that merges DNA from different species to create new combinations of plant, animal, bacterial and viral genes that cannot occur in nature or in traditional crossbreeding.
Now that most corn, soy, canola, cotton, and sugar beet crops grown in the United States are genetically modified, it is estimated that up to 80 percent of processed foods in U.S. supermarkets contain GMOs.
Though there’s been little research on the human health impacts of GMO consumption, animal feeding studies have linked GMOs to cancer, allergies, infertility, and more.
Three U.S. states—Connecticut, Maine, and Vermont—have recently joined more than 60 countries worldwide requiring disclosure of GMO content on food packaging.
Bertrand Weber, Director of Culinary and Nutrition Services at the Minneapolis Public Schools, says he’s seen increasing interest in the GMO issue among school nutrition directors.
“Many of us are already working to reduce food dyes and additives and bring in produce from local farms,” Weber says.
“Reducing GMOs is another way we can support kids’ long-term health.”
To implement reductions in GMO content, nutrition directors are communicating non-GMO preferences to vendors and distributors, switching to non-GMO cooking oils, and working to eliminate other risk ingredients.
“It’s been great to collaborate with other districts on this effort,” Metzger says.
“It’s allowed us to share ideas and make sure we’re not reinventing the wheel.”
The five districts serve a total of about 56,700 meals per day."
31 million GMO Meals are served each day to our children in public schools. Their health issues such as autism, asthma, allergies, obesity, diabetes, auto immune issues and mental health issues are skyrocketing. Moms are reporting that their children GET BETTER when they get off GMOs and related pesticides, so we see school eliminating GMOs as responsible, proactive step in the right direction.
THANK YOU to the courageous and committed mothers. parents, teachers, food service directors and principals who are leading the way. Thank you for disappearing the myth that schools must serve their children GMO food provided by the government or else lose out on support for under privileged children. It can be done and it is better for the, children, teachers, community and local farmers.
If anyone is interested in the connection between school performance, attendance and behavior and the food they eat, please check out Life Time Acheivement ward winner, Dr.Barbara M. Stitt's book " Food and Behavior: The Natural Connection"
Also click here to view part I of Anthony Samsel's interviews about Glyphosate (sprayed on GMOs in Roundup) and the connection to the impairment of the bodies ability to make Melatonin and Seratonin, which regulate depression, focus, mental illness and behavior.
Below is Part II
How glyphosate weakens the immune system according to Anthony Samsel Part II is based on research with MIT Dr.Stephanie Seneff.
Unfortunately the agriculture industry is being convinced by the chemical industry that buying their products is more important than the heath of our children. Click here for article on how glyphosate use is expected to rise with the rise of GMO crops.
Moms Across the World and the International community are speaking up and we are saying NO to GMOs and Glyphosate with a letter to China, the world's largest purchaser of GMOs and largest producer and exporter of glyphosate.
Thank you for sharing this page and looking at if you will be the one to have YOUR SCHOOL go GMO Free! We can do it! | <urn:uuid:6816ff8b-23d4-4972-9f3e-b2343f0ec091> | CC-MAIN-2021-17 | https://www.momsacrossamerica.com/minnesota_schools_go_gmo_free | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-17/segments/1618038065903.7/warc/CC-MAIN-20210411233715-20210412023715-00112.warc.gz | en | 0.935987 | 1,025 | 2.984375 | 3 |
The Mediterranean Monk seal (Monachus monachus; Figure 1), is currently considered to be facing a ‘very high risk of extinction’. According to the IUCN, it is the most endangered Pinniped species in the world, with less than 600-700 individuals left, of which 300-400 in Greece.
Mykali Bay is a rocky beach in the south-eastern side of Samos and M. monachus presence is confirmed by several sightings in the last two years. A complete study is necessary in order to identify the ecological and anthropogenic factors influencing the presence of this species. For this reason, our research consists on behavioural land surveys, habitat mapping and marine biodiversity assessment.
Land surveys are conducted daily at Mykali Bay in order to record the presence of M. monachus individuals in the area. If a Monk seal is spotted, its behaviour such as diving, feeding, etc. is recorded following a specific protocol. In addition to this, the number and type of boats are also noted to assess any anthropogenic disturbances which may influence its presence.
An extensive habitat mapping survey is also conducted to identify possible preferences of the Monk seal. Most studies focus on the identification of caves which it inhabits for resting and breeding, but very few on the feeding ecology or more general day-to-day habitat use of this species. The surveys are carried out by snorkeling, recording the type of substrate (sand; cobbles; pebbles; mud; sea grass; Posidonia oceanica; Cymodocea nodosa; Figure 2).
Monk seal primarily feeds on cephalopods but has an opportunistic diet that also includes fish and crustaceans. Fish biodiversity surveys are conducted in order to identify the dietary influence on the pattern of seal presence in the bay. This involves a visual census of randomly selected points to monitor changes in fish abundance and biodiversity over a spatial and temporal scale.
With the current status of the M. monachus population, the collected data will fill the knowledge gap and thus contribute to the conservation of this highly valuable species by allowing decision-making authorities and governmental bodies to identify potentially important areas for the Monk Seal.
Jack Fosberry, Zoology Cardiff University, Wales | <urn:uuid:6c15525d-f304-4ccb-8d93-3d91ced89085> | CC-MAIN-2023-14 | https://archipelago.gr/mykali-bay-monk-seal-project/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-14/segments/1679296944606.5/warc/CC-MAIN-20230323003026-20230323033026-00622.warc.gz | en | 0.920913 | 481 | 3.421875 | 3 |
Scaling and Root Planing
What is SRP?
Scaling and Root planing is deep cleaning of gum on patients diagnosed with periodontal disease. Gum disease is caused when your gum pull away from your teeth due to food deposits and bacteria and/or due to tartar (mineral) deposit on your root of your teeth, which leads to bone loss around the teeth, leading to periodontal disease. Scaling and Root planing is the most effective way to treat gum disease.
Your dentist may need to use local anesthetic to numb your teeth and gums and the roots of your teeth before starting the treatment. Probing is done to determine the depth of pockets between your teeth and gum and is recorded. Along with the level of tartar build up, recession of gum and bone loss around the teeth structure is recorded and is called Periodontal Charting.
Next the dentist or the dental hygienist will clean the buildup and other deposits between your teeth and gum using scalers. Ultrasonic cleaning tool may also be used to remove hard deposits.
If patient also has very deep pockets, your dentist may deliver antibiotic agents (Arrestin) in selected pockets in your gum. This locally placed antibiotic helps to heal gum faster.
SRP may cause harmful bacteria to enter your blood stream. So if you have certain medical conditions like heart disease, weak immune system or have any man-made implants (like a knee or hip joint or an artificial heart valve), or uncontrolled diabetes, you will need to take antibiotic medication before and after scaling and tooth planning. Polishing of your teeth, flossing between teeth and instruction of how to keep your oral health will also be part of the treatment.
What should I do after my treatment?
Your gum and teeth will be numb for few hours if anesthesia was given prior to treatment. To heal the gum and soft tissues around the teeth, dentist may prescribe antibiotic or prescription strength mouthwash. Patients with gum disease will need to visit the dentist more often to maintain the gum and to make sure proper healing occurs after the initial scaling and root planning. Dentist may also recommend adjunctive aids like Proxa brush to clean gaps in between the teeth depending on the patient’s periodontal condition. | <urn:uuid:95dc557b-c2d8-4a38-9853-52f3036457b7> | CC-MAIN-2018-13 | https://www.sunrisedentaltexas.com/scaling-root-planing/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-13/segments/1521257647692.51/warc/CC-MAIN-20180321195830-20180321215830-00760.warc.gz | en | 0.934301 | 463 | 2.859375 | 3 |
Researchers at the German Aerospace Center (DLR) have been instrumental in the preparation of a report by the World Meteorological Organization (WMO) regarding the development of the ozone layer in the stratosphere. Based on estimates, by about the mid 21st century, the ozone layer will have the same thickness as it had in the early eighties.
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DLR respects the confidentiality of your details and will not pass them on to third parties. | <urn:uuid:189e426d-9708-4136-8c9b-2ea9e937c82f> | CC-MAIN-2017-09 | http://www.dlr.de/dlr/presse/en/desktopdefault.aspx/tabid-10172/213_read-5393/year-all/213_page-2/sendafriend-1/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-09/segments/1487501171251.27/warc/CC-MAIN-20170219104611-00368-ip-10-171-10-108.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.928481 | 112 | 2.8125 | 3 |
A group of revolutionaries in the backstreets of 19th-century London plot the destruction of the Greenwich Observatory in this 1907 masterpiece of suspense. Rich in atmosphere and psychological realism, the tale centers on a shopkeeper whose double life encompasses a quiet family circle, active friendships with anarchists, and allegiance to a foreign government.
Joseph Conrad is recognized as one of the 20th century's greatest English language novelists. He was born Jozef Konrad Nalecz Korzeniowski on December 3, 1857, in the Polish Ukraine. His father, a writer and translator, was from Polish nobility, but political activity against Russian oppression led to his exile. Conrad was orphaned at a young age and subsequently raised by his uncle. At 17 he went to sea, an experience that shaped the bleak view of human nature which he expressed in his fiction. In such works as Lord Jim (1900), Youth (1902), and Nostromo (1904), Conrad depicts individuals thrust by circumstances beyond their control into moral and emotional dilemmas. His novel Heart of Darkness (1902), perhaps his best known and most influential work, narrates a literal journey to the center of the African jungle. This novel inspired the acclaimed motion picture Apocalypse Now. After the publication of his first novel, Almayer's Folly (1895), Conrad gave up the sea. He produced thirteen novels, two volumes of memoirs, and twenty-eight short stories. He died on August 3, 1924, in England. | <urn:uuid:08ce6070-3f8d-4370-96ff-ee00a507aa73> | CC-MAIN-2017-09 | http://idreambooks.com/The-Secret-Agent-by-Joseph-Conrad/reviews/102472 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-09/segments/1487501170708.51/warc/CC-MAIN-20170219104610-00476-ip-10-171-10-108.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.978043 | 306 | 2.96875 | 3 |
In a recent KidsDr.com website article, Pediatrician, Sue Hubbard, writes about Food Myths & Your Baby. Dr. Hubbard emphasizes the need to introduce a variety of foods to children when they start eating solid foods. The myths relate to a nonexistent forbidden foods list parents should avoid in order to prevent their child from having an allergic reaction.
New recommendations, from the American Academy of Allergy, Asthma & Immunology (AAAAI), support Dr. Hubbard's encouragement of including foods such as wheat, milk, eggs, fruits, nuts and shellfish in your child's diet.
In 2000, the American Academy of Pediatrics (AAP) issued guidelines that suggested children should put off having milk until age 1, eggs until age 2 and peanuts, shellfish and nuts until age 3. However, in 2008 the AAP revised those guidelines citing little evidence that delays prevented the development of food allergies. It didn't say when and how to introduce such foods though.
The AAAAI's recommendations address those concerns by suggesting foods that are considered highly allergic be slowly introduced in small amounts- after first foods such as cereals, fruits and vegetables have been eaten and tolerated. Babies can be introduced to the more allergic type foods as long as they are prepared correctly. Foods should be mushy and easy for an infant to eat or in the case of eggs and fruits cut into very small pieces.
"There's been more studies that find that if you introduce them early it may actually prevent food allergy," said David Fleischer, co-author of the article and a pediatric allergist at National Jewish Health in Denver. "We need to get the message out now to pediatricians, primary-care physicians and specialists that these allergenic foods can be introduced early."
The theory behind introducing foods, that are considered the most likely to cause an allergic reaction, early and in small doses is that children may actually be able to build up immunity to them. If introduction is delayed, their immune systems may treat them as foreign substances and attack them, resulting in an allergy.
Dr. Fleischer believes more study results are needed before there is any conclusive evidence that early introduction actually prevents allergies. There are several trials currently under way and the highly anticipated results should be available next year.
Lots of children suffer from food allergies. In the U.S. approximately 6 million children or 8% have one or more food allergies. They also seem to be on the rise and experts are not sure why. One possible explanation from some experts is that westernized countries have become more hygienic. Children don't have the same exposure to germs, which affects the development of the immune system.
Vitamin D may also play a role. In a study out this week in the Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology, researchers took blood samples from more than 5,000 babies and found that those with low vitamin D levels were three times more likely to have a food allergy.
The new recommendations from the AAAAI committee say an allergist should be consulted in cases when an infant has eczema that is difficult to control, or an existing food allergy. For children who have a sibling with a peanut allergy and have a 7% greater risk of a peanut allergyparents may request an evaluation but the risks of introducing peanut at home in infancy are low, the recommendations noted.
Food allergies can cause severe reactions and should never be taken lightly. If you are interested in introducing highly allergic food into your child's diet to give your child's immune system a boost- talk with your pediatrician about his or hers recommended method.
Copyright 2016 Nexstar Broadcasting, Inc. All rights reserved. This material may not be published, broadcast, rewritten, or redistributed. | <urn:uuid:5ba7ba83-7e53-40a6-9524-0d1cb81effca> | CC-MAIN-2016-50 | http://www.your4state.com/news/starting-babies-on-allergy-related-foods-early_20150816100724555 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-50/segments/1480698540915.89/warc/CC-MAIN-20161202170900-00113-ip-10-31-129-80.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.966018 | 759 | 3.28125 | 3 |
Borderline Personality Disorder: Risk Factors
BPD is more common among those who have first-degree relatives with the disorder. Experts call it a biosocial disorder because it is the result of two distinct factors, biological and social. The biological factor in BPD is a temperament that is highly emotionally reactive, quick to get very upset and slow to return to baseline. The social factor is being raised in an environment that does not validate those intense emotions in childhood, either through neglect or ordinary parenting practices that dismiss extreme emotions as overreactions. Without that validation from adults, children may not develop effective skills in emotional regulation, and may instead resort to unhealthy ways of coping with their feelings. | <urn:uuid:f9f477e2-838f-4299-a3ad-d9d596311509> | CC-MAIN-2019-43 | https://childmind.org/guide/guide-to-borderline-personality-disorder/borderline-personality-disorder-risk-factors/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-43/segments/1570986647517.11/warc/CC-MAIN-20191013195541-20191013222541-00322.warc.gz | en | 0.943319 | 137 | 3.0625 | 3 |
OTTAWA, June 5, 2019 /CNW/ - Health Canada is aware of reports that Canadians are sharing and purchasing unprocessed human donor breast milk, and would like to remind Canadians of the potential health risks of consuming this milk.
Obtaining human donor milk from the Internet or directly from individuals raises health concerns because, in most cases, the donor's medical history is unknown and it hasn't been tested. Human milk is a bodily fluid and can transmit substances, such as prescription and non-prescription drugs, and can be contaminated with viruses, such as HIV. Human milk can also spoil or become contaminated with bacteria or viruses as a result of improper extraction, storage, or handling.
In Canada, milk banks are the only way to access safe donated human milk. There are currently four human milk banks in Canada operating in Calgary, Montreal, Toronto, and Vancouver. These milk banks abide by strict operating procedures, which include donor screening, medical supervision, bacteriological and viral testing, pasteurization, storage, and distribution.
Health Canada recommends that Canadians consult their health care professional should they have questions about breastfeeding or if they are considering using donor human milk.
For more information on child health and breastfeeding, visit:
- Health Canada's Infant Feeding information
- Public Health Agency of Canada's Breastfeeding & Infant Nutrition information
Également disponible en français
SOURCE Health Canada
For further information: media inquiries: Health Canada, (613) 957-2983; Public Inquiries: (613) 957-2991, 1-866 225-0709 | <urn:uuid:1975b935-a31a-4da1-a64a-3a8900f8a068> | CC-MAIN-2019-26 | https://www.newswire.ca/news-releases/information-update-health-canada-reminds-canadians-of-the-risks-associated-with-consuming-unprocessed-donor-human-milk-817680679.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-26/segments/1560627999218.7/warc/CC-MAIN-20190620125520-20190620151520-00231.warc.gz | en | 0.925594 | 330 | 2.953125 | 3 |
In November, General Vandegrift had been able to resume the attempt to extend the western line beyond Kokumbona. The 17th Army had been decisively defeated in October, and was unable to mount another counteroffensive until it could receive strong reinforcements. More American troops and planes were soon to be sent to Guadalcanal, and the offensive could be resumed with good prospects of ultimate success.
Advances Toward Kokumbona
Kokumbona Offensive, 1-4 November
Operations 1-11 November
The first offensive move was begun before the mid-November naval battle. The objectives were about the same as those of the Marine offensive which opened on 7 October--first, the trail junction and landing beaches at Kokumbona, over 8,000 yards west of the Matanikau, and second, the Poha River, about 2,600 yards beyond Kokumbona. Once the Poha River line had been gained, the Lunga airfields would be safe from enemy artillery fire.
The infantry forces selected for the attack were the 5th Marines, the 2d Marines (less the 3d Battalion), and the Whaling Group, which now consisted of the Scout-Sniper Detachment and the 3d Battalion, 7th Marines. Supporting the offensive were to be the 11th Marines and attached Army artillery battalions, aircraft, engineers, and a boat detachment from the Kukum naval base.
The infantry forces were to attack west in column of regiments on a 1,500-yard front from the Matanikau River, the line of departure. The 5th Marines, closely followed by the 2d Marines in reserve, would make the assault. The Whaling Group would move out along the high grassy ridges on the left (south) of the assault forces to protect the left flank. Colonel Edson was to command the attacking force. The time for the attack was set for 0630, 1 November.
Full use was to be made of supporting artillery and mortar fire. The 11th Marines and attached battalions were to mass fire first in front of the 5th
OPENING THE KOKUMBONA OFFENSIVE. Col. Merritt A. Edson (seated at desk, above) discusses plans for the 1 November attacks beyond the Matanikau River. Part of the plan was the construction of fuel-drum pontoon footbriges across the stream (below), where Marines are seen crossing en route to the front lines.
Marines. Artillery and mortar fire were to be placed on each objective and on each ravine and stream approached by the infantry. At least two battalions of artillery were to fire at targets as far west as the Poha, displacing their howitzers forward as the need arose. Aircraft were to strike enemy troop concentrations and artillery positions. Spotting planes for the division artillery would be furnished by the 1st Marine Air Wing.
On the night before the assault, the 1st Engineer Battalion was to construct footbridges across the Matanikau, and an additional bridge suitable for vehicles on the day of the attack. The naval boat detachment was to provide boats for amphibious supply and evacuation as the troops advanced up the coast.1
In preparation for the attack, the 1st and 2d Battalions of the 2d Marines were brought to Guadalcanal from Tulagi. The 3d Battalion, which had served as division mobile reserve for six weeks, was sent to Tulagi to rest. The 5th Marines moved to the forward Matanikau position to relieve the 2d Battalion, 7th Marines, and the 3d Battalion, 1st Marines; responsibility for the 5th Marines' old sector in the perimeter defense was assigned to the 2d Battalion of the 7th Marines. Detachments from the heavy weapons companies of the 3d Battalion, 1st Marines, and from the 2d Battalion, 7th Marines, remained in position along the Matanikau to cover the attacking forces as they made the crossing on 1 November. The 2d Marines (less the 3d Battalion) meanwhile moved into bivouac east of the Matanikau River.
The engineers salvaged and prepared material for the bridges between 25 and 31 October. On the afternoon of 31 October they hauled the material to the east bank of the river. Early on the morning of 1 November E Company of the 5th Marines crossed the river to outpost the west bank in order to cover the troops constructing the bridges. Between 0100 and 0600, 1 November, A, C, and D Companies of the 1st Engineer Battalion laid three footbridges over the river. Each bridge had a 40-inch-wide treadway which was supported by 2-by-4-inch stringers lashed to a light framework which in turn was lashed to floating fuel drums.
At daybreak on 1 November the 11th Marines, assisted by the 3d Defense Battalion's 5-inch guns, fired the preliminary bombardment. The cruisers San Francisco and Helena and the destroyer Sterrett had been sent up by Admiral Halsey, and they shelled the areas west of Point Cruz.2 P-39's and SBD's from
Map No. 9: Push Toward Kokumbona, 1-4 November 1942
Henderson Field struck Japanese artillery positions, while nineteen B-17's from Espiritu Santo dropped 335 100-pound bombs on Kokumbona.3
When the artillery fire lifted, the three battalions of the 5th Marines started across the Matanikau bridges. (Map 9) By 0700 the move had been completed successfully, and the 1st and 2d Battalions, on the right and left respectively, deployed to the attack. Their left was covered by the Whaling Group, which had crossed the river farther upstream. The 1st Battalion of the 5th, advancing over the flat ground along the beach, met the heaviest opposition as the Japanese, yielding ground slowly and reluctantly, fought a delaying action. The 2d Battalion, moving over higher ground, pushed ahead rapidly and lost contact with the 1st shortly after 1230. The advancing forces halted for the night short of Point Cruz, having gained slightly more than 1,000 yards in the day's action.
During the day the engineers, using a 10-ton temporary pier, had put a vehicular bridge across the Matanikau about 500 yards from the mouth. Although completed that day the bridge could not be used until the following afternoon, when a new road from the coast road to the bridge was completed.
THE POINT CRUZ TRAP into which the Japanese were pushed by the advance of 1-4 November, is shown at the top of this vertical aerial photograph. Bridging the Matanikau in the vicinity of the sharp river bend, the 5th Marines moved along the flat coastland north of Hills 78 and 79 while the Whaling Group crossed near Hill 67 and fought westward over the terrain of Hills 73-75.
The next morning Colonel Edson committed the reserve 3d Battalion to assist the 1st Battalion on the right, while the 2d Battalion, having advanced beyond Point Cruz, turned to the right to envelop the enemy by attacking northward. By 1042 the 2d Battalion had reached the beach west of the Point and trapped the Japanese who were still opposing the 1st and 3d Battalions.4
During the afternoon of 2 November the two battalions of the 2d Marines passed by on the left of the 5th Marines to continue the westward push the next day. On 3 November the 1st Battalion, 2d Marines, and the Whaling Group, which had continued its advance inland, led the assault. The 2d Battalion, 2d Marines, and, the 1st Battalion, 164th Infantry (Lt. Col. Frank C. Richards commanding), which had been ordered forward from its positions on the Ilu River, were in reserve. Meanwhile the 5th Marines successfully reduced the pocket at Point Cruz; the regiment killed about 350 Japanese and captured twelve 37-mm. guns, one field piece, and thirty-four machine guns. In the final phases of the mop-up the 5th Marines delivered three successful bayonet assaults,5 and drove the surviving Japanese into the sea.6 After the reduction of the pocket the 5th Marines and the Whaling Group were ordered back to the Lunga area, and Colonel Arthur, commanding the 2d Marines, took over tactical direction of the offensive from Colonel Edson.
The next day the 1st Battalion of the 164th Infantry and the 2d Marines (less the 3d Battalion) resumed the advance. By afternoon they had moved forward against the retreating Japanese to a point about 2,000 yards west of Point Cruz, or about 4,000 yards short of Kokumbona. At that point division headquarters halted the advance. Enemy troops had landed east of the perimeter defense, and there could be no further westward movement until the threat had been removed. At 1500 the three battalions dug in at Point Cruz to hold part of the ground they had gained.
Division headquarters had been expecting a Japanese landing in early November at Koli Point east of the Lunga perimeter.7 To forestall the attempt, the 2d Battalion of the 7th Marines, Lt. Col. H. H. Hanneken commanding, had been ordered out of the Lunga perimeter to make a forced march to the Metapona River, about thirteen miles east of the Lunga. By nightfall of 2 November,
Map No. 10: Koli Point, 2-3 November 1942
when the 5th Marines had reduced the Point Cruz pocket, the battalion had established defensive positions east of the Metapona's mouth near the village of Tetere. (Map 10) About 2200 on 2 November the silhouettes of one Japanese cruiser, one transport, and three destroyers appeared offshore in the rainy darkness to land supplies and about 1,500 soldiers8 from the 230th Infantry at Gavaga Creek, about one mile east of Colonel Hanneken's position. Hyakutake had ordered these troops, with ammunition and provisions for 2,000 men, to land, join Shoji's force in the vicinity of Koli Point, and build an airfield.9
By the time the Japanese were landing, Colonel Hanneken's radio communication had failed, and he was unable to inform division headquarters of his situation. The next morning the Japanese force moved west. The Marine battalion engaged the enemy, and was hit by artillery and mortar fire. When one Japanese unit pushed southwest to outflank the marines, the battalion, fighting
as it went, withdrew slowly westward along the coast, crossed the Nalimbiu, and took a stronger position on the west bank. Colonel Hanneken, whose troops were running short of food, attempted to radio information about his situation to division headquarters but was not able to get his message through until 1445.10
When headquarters received Hanneken's message, arrangements for support and reinforcement were quickly completed. Aircraft from the Lunga airfields bombed and strafed enemy positions, but as no targets were visible from the air results were probably insignificant.11 The cruisers San Francisco and Helena and the destroyers Sterrett and Lansdowne, which had been supporting the Kokumbona attack, sailed eastward to shell Koli Point.12 The 1st Battalion, 7th Marines, with the regimental commander Col. Amor L. Sims, immediately embarked on landing craft to reinforce the 2d Battalion at Koli Point. (Map VIII.) The 164th Infantry (less the 1st Battalion) was ordered out of its positions along the Ilu to march east to a point about 4,000 yards south of the 7th Marines at Koli Point to be in position to envelop the Japanese left (south) flank.13
General Rupertus, assistant commander of the 1st Marine Division, took command of the Koli Point operation, his first tactical experience on Guadalcanal. On 4 November, the day on which the Kokumbona attack was halted, the Lunga perimeter command was reorganized. General Rupertus was transferred from the relative quiet of Tulagi to Guadalcanal. The Lunga area was divided into two separate sectors, one east of the Lunga and one west of the river. General Rupertus took the east sector. Brig. Gen. Edmund B. Sebree, assistant commander of the Americal Division, who had just landed on the island to prepare for the arrival of the remainder of his division, took the west sector. Both generals reported directly to division headquarters, which thus operated as a small corps headquarters.
On 4 November General Rupertus, and regimental headquarters and the 1st Battalion of the 7th Marines reached Koli Point. The 164th Infantry (less the 1st Battalion) and B Company of the 8th Marines left the Ilu River line at O600 to march to their objective about seven miles to the east. General Sebree accompanied the 164th to gain close experience with jungle warfare. At the same time, 1st Marine Division headquarters issued orders to the 2d Raider Battalion,
which had just landed at Aola Bay with the 147th Infantry, to advance overland toward Koli Point to intercept any Japanese detachments moving eastward.
The 164th Infantry progressed slowly on its inland march through swampy jungles and hot stretches of high kunai grass. As there were no inland roads, trucks carried some supplies along the coast to Koli Point, but inland the soldiers of the 164th Infantry, wearing full combat equipment, had to hand-carry all their weapons and ammunition. It was noon before the regiment reached the first assembly area on the west bank of the Nalimbiu River. While regimental headquarters and the 3d Battalion bivouacked for the night, the 2d Battalion. advanced northward in column of companies along the west bank of the Nalimbiu. After advancing about 2,000 yards, the 2d Battalion bivouacked. It had not established contact with the 7th Marines. Patrols had met only a few small Japanese units.
On the following morning, 5 November, General Rupertus ordered the 164th Infantry (less the 1st Battalion) to cross to the east bank of the Nalimbiu, and then to advance north to Koli Point to destroy the Japanese facing the 7th Marines at Koli Point. The 3d Battalion crossed the flooded Nalimbiu about 3,500 yards south of Koli Point, then swung north to advance along the east bank. Again no large organized enemy force appeared. The battalion advanced against occasional rifle and machine-gun fire. Machine-gun fire halted two platoons of G Company for a time until American artillery and mortar fire silenced the enemy guns. The 2d Battalion of the 164th Infantry, which had withdrawn to the south from its bivouac positions, followed on the right and rear of the 3d Battalion.
Action on 6 November was indecisive. The 7th Marines crossed the flooded Nalimbiu with difficulty, while the 164th Infantry's battalions moved slowly through the jungle. The 3d Battalion found an abandoned Japanese bivouac about i,000 yards south of Koli Point, but the enemy had escaped to the east. The 3d Battalion reached Koli Point at night on 6 November and was followed by the 2d Battalion the next morning. During the night of 5-6 November the 2d and 3d Battalions, mistaking each other for the enemy, exchanged shots.14 Regimental headquarters and the Antitank and E Companies of the 164th Infantry, together with B Company of the 8th Marines, followed a more circuitous route, and reached Koli Point later in the morning.
The combined force then advanced eastward to a point about one mile west
of the wide mouth of the Metapona River. Again there was no enemy resistance, possibly because the Japanese were preparing defenses east of the Metapona to permit the main body to escape.15 The Americans dug in to defend the beach west of the Metapona against an expected landing on the night of 7-8 November, but it failed to materialize. On 8 November the 2d Battalion of the 164th Infantry was attached to the 7th Marines and placed in reserve. To surround the Japanese, who had dug in along Gavaga Creek at Tetere about one mile east of the Metapona, the three battalions left their positions west of the wide, swampy mouth of the Metapona and advanced to the east and west of Gavaga Creek. The 1st Battalion, 7th Marines, occupied the west bank and took positions running inland from the beach. The 2d Battalion, 7th Marines, was posted on the east to hold a shorter line between the east bank of Gavaga Creek and the beach. When dengue fever put General Rupertus out of action on 8 November, General Sebree took command on orders from Vandegrift.
With the Japanese force located and surrounded, the size of the American force at Koli Point could be safely reduced. Since General Vandegrift desired to commit a large part of the 164th Infantry to the attack against Kokumbona, regimental headquarters, the Antitank Company, and the 3d Battalion of the 164th Infantry and B Company of the 8th Marines were brought back to the Lunga perimeter by boat and truck on 9 November.
On that day, at Koli Point, the 2d Battalion (less E Company) of the 164th Infantry took positions on the right of the 1st Battalion, 7th Marines. During the night E Company was committed to the left flank of the 2d Battalion of the 7th Marines. The Americans now held a curved line from the beach around a horseshoe bend in Gavaga Creek. The Japanese, blocked on the east and west, repeatedly attempted to break out of the trap. They used machine guns, mortars, and hand grenades in their attempts to drive the Americans back. One gap in the American lines remained open in the south, for F and E Companies of the 164th, which were separated by the swampy creek, had failed to make contact. Although wounded seven times by mortar shell fragments, Colonel Puller remained in command of the 1st Battalion of the 7th Marines.
The marines and soldiers, supported by 155-mm. gun batteries, two 75-mm. pack howitzer batteries, and aircraft, began to reduce the pocket. The Japanese resisted vigorously with grenades, mortars, automatic weapons, and small arms. On 10 November F Company of the 164th Infantry attempted to close the gap
and join flanks with E Company. The attempt failed, and the commander of the 2d Battalion of the 164th was relieved.16 On the next day G Company drove east to close the gap. As the Marine battalions closed in from the east and west, the 2d Battalion of the 164th Infantry pushed north to reach the beaches in the late afternoon of 11 November. By 12 November the pocket had been entirely cleared. About forty Americans had been killed, 120 wounded; 450 Japanese had been killed.17 The captured materiel included, besides stores of rations and fifty collapsible landing boats, General Kawaguchi's personal effects.
Hyakutake apparently abandoned the idea of building an airfield near Koli Point, for he ordered Shoji's troops to return via the inland route to Kokumbona.18 Some of the Japanese had escaped through the gap between the two companies, and some others had apparently withdrawn inland about 7 November. These forces, retreating south and west toward Mount Austen, were harried by Lt. Col. Evans F. Carlson's 2d Raider Battalion which had marched west from Aola Bay. The raiders, in a remarkable 30-day march outside the American lines, covered 150 miles, fought 12 separate actions, and killed over 400 enemy soldiers at a cost of only 17 raiders killed before they finally entered the Lunga perimeter on 4 December.19 Of the estimated 1,500 Japanese soldiers who may have landed at Koli Point, probably less than half survived to rejoin the main forces at Mount Austen and the hills to the west,
Resumption of the Kokumbona Offensive
On 10 November, with the trapping of the Japanese at Koli Point, it became possible to renew the westward offensive toward Kokumbona. Under Colonel Arthur's command, the 1st Battalion of the 164th Infantry, the newly arrived 8th Marines, and the 2d Marines (less the 3d Battalion) moved west from Point Cruz on 10 November. Supported by fire from the 1st, A and 5th Battalions of the 11th Marines, the composite force executed a frontal attack on a three-battalion front. The 1st Battalion, 164th Infantry, advanced on the right along the beach; the 2d Battalion, 2d Marines, advanced in the center, and the 1st Battalion, 2d Marines, was echeloned to the left and rear in the attack. On 11 November the advance was resumed against rifle, machine-gun, and mortar fire. By noon the troops had fought their way to a point slightly beyond that which they had reached on 4 November.
CARLSON'S RAIDERS, LANDING AT AOLA BAY the morning of 4 November, moved toward Koli Point to intercept Japanese forces which had come ashore east of the Lunga perimeter. Enemy positions were beyond Taivu Point, seen on the far horizon.
JAPANESE COLLAPSIBLE LANDING BOATS of the type shown in this picture taken later in the Guadalcanal campaign, were part of the materiel captured at Koli Point. With the stern section removed, the boat's sides can be compressed as the rubber bottom folds.
The Japanese were grimly determined to prevent the Americans from taking Kokumbona. This village was the site of the 17th Army command post, and also the terminus of the main supply trail to the positions which the Japanese were secretly preparing on Mount Austen. Accordingly Hyakutake assigned the mission of halting the American attack to a new general, Maj. Gen. Takeo Ito, Infantry Group commander of the 38th Division and a veteran of the fighting in China. Ito had landed at Tassafaronga from a destroyer on 5 November to take command of a reserve force of 5,000 men. Believing that the American front west of Point Cruz was so narrow that he could easily outflank it, he moved his force to a concealed position in the jungled hills on the left flank of the Americans, about 5,000 yards south of the beach. From this point he planned to strike the American left flank and rear.20
Before Ito could attack, and before the Americans were even aware that their left was in danger, Vandegrift was once more forced to halt the offensive when he received word that the Japanese were preparing to bring large troop convoys to Guadalcanal in mid-November. To meet the threat of another counteroffensive, all troops were needed within the Lunga perimeter.
The battalions disengaged; the 2d and 8th Marines retired toward the Matanikau, covered by the 1st Battalion of the 164th Infantry. The marines recrossed the Matanikau on ii November, followed next day by the Army battalion. The entire 164th Infantry, having returned from its operations across the Matanikau and Metapona Rivers, went into division reserve. Once safely across the Matanikau, the Americans destroyed the bridges and held their lines while the air and naval forces fought desperately to keep the Japanese away.
As a result of the naval victory in mid-November and the arrival of the 182d Infantry, commanded by Col. Daniel W. Hogan, the offensive toward Kokumbona and the Poha Rivers was resumed. The 1st Marine Division headquarters, which ordered the attack, placed General Sebree, commander of the western sector, in tactical command. Available troops in the west sector included the 164th Infantry, the 8th Marines, and the two battalions of the 182d Infantry. To support operations in any direction, all artillery battalions remained grouped within the perimeter under del Valle's command.
Push Toward the Poha
General Sebree planned first to gain a line of departure far enough west of the Matanikau and far enough south of the beach to provide sufficient room for the regiments to maneuver. Once the line of departure had been gained, a full-scale offensive could be opened. The line which General Sebree planned to capture first ran about 2,500 yards inland from Point Cruz to the southernmost point (Hill 66) of a 1,700-yard-long ridge (Hills 66-81-80).
It was thought that the west bank of the Matanikau was not occupied by the Japanese during the second week of November. This belief was confirmed by infantry and aerial reconnaissance patrols, and General Sebree and Colonel Whaling of the Marines personally patrolled the ground as far west as Point Cruz without meeting any Japanese.
Once the line of departure had been gained, the assault units were to move west, followed by the 1st Marines on the inland flank. The latter regiment was to turn northward to envelop any Japanese pockets as the 5th Marines had done so successfully earlier in the month, while the assault units continued to advance westward. This part of the plan was canceled when the 1st Marine Division was alerted for departure from Guadalcanal.21
The 2d Battalion of the 182d Infantry was to cross the Matanikau on 18 November to seize Hill 66, the highest ground north of the northwest Matanikau fork, and the 1st Battalion of the 182d Infantry would advance across the river and west to Point Cruz the next day. As the American forces which had withdrawn on 11-12 November had destroyed all the Matanikau. bridges, engineers were to bridge the river, improve the coast road, and build a trail over the ridges to Hill 66.
The terrain west of the Matanikau differs from the deep jungles of the inland areas. The coast is flat and sandy. South of the beach rocky ridges, covered with brush and coarse grass, thrust upward to heights of several hundred feet. These ridges, running from north to south, rise near the beach and increase in height toward the south. Between these steep ridges are deep, jungled ravines which the Japanese could exploit to good advantage. The ridge line formed by Hills 80, 81, and 66 faces northwest and turns sharply eastward at Hill 66 toward the Matanikau River's main stream. It is separated from the high hills on the south by the valley cut by the northwest Matanikau fork.
Unknown to the Americans, the 17th Army had also been planning for local offensive action. While the shattered 2d Division assembled near Kokumbona,
the 38th Division had been ordered to advance east from Kokumbona, cross the Matanikau, and seize the high ground on the east bank for artillery positions and as a line of departure for another assault against the Lunga airfields. At the same time troops under Ito's command had been ordered to occupy Mount Austen.22
On 18 November the 2d Battalion of the 182d Infantry (Lt. Col. Bernard B. Twombley commanding), covered by the 8th Marines on the east bank of the Matanikau, crossed a footbridge about 700 yards from the Matanikau's mouth to seize Hill 66. (Map IX) The battalion climbed to the top of the first ridge on the west bank (Hill 75) and advanced southwest behind the ridge crest toward Hill 66, about 2,000 yards from Hill 75. There were no Japanese on the ridges, but the inexperienced battalion made slow progress. The men, having landed only six days before, were not yet accustomed to the moist heat. Since landing, most of them had been unloading ships and moving their supplies. They carried full loads of ammunition, water, and food. Many who had not swallowed salt tablets collapsed, exhausted from the hard climb. The 2d Battalion did not reach Hill 66 until noon.23 Having taken the objective, the men dug foxholes and gun emplacements on the west and south military crests of Hill 66. On the left was G Company, and F on the right. Battalion reserve consisted of E Company, and H Company put its mortars in a gully behind the battalion command post.24
In the afternoon a detail of two officers and thirty enlisted men from G Company went into the valley on the south to fill canteens at a water hole. They reached the spring safely, but failed to post sentries as they filled the clanking canteens. As one man in the group glanced up, he saw a Japanese officer and about twenty soldiers deploying in the jungle near by. The Japanese promptly opened fire. The water detail scattered, each man taking cover as best he could. When a rescue party from the 2d Battalion later made its way to the spring, the enemy patrol withdrew and the water party straggled back to the crest of Hill 66. One officer and one enlisted man had been killed.25 There were no more encounters with the Japanese that day.
The 1st Battalion of the 182d Infantry, commanded by Lt. Col. Francis F.
MacGowan, crossed the Matanikau the next morning (19 November). The battalion advanced along the flat ground between the northernmost hills and the beach, while B Company of the 8th Marines, acting on Sebree's orders, advanced over the most northerly hill (Hill 78) to cover the battalion's left flank. About 400 yards west of the river the battalion met fire from small enemy groups, but there was no heavy fighting. The battalion moved slowly and cautiously, fighting a series of skirmishes as it moved toward Point Cruz.26
B Company of the 8th Marines also met enemy fire west of Point Cruz and withdrew to the vicinity of Hill 78 to take cover. The company again attempted to advance, but could not gain ground.27 About noon Colonel MacGowan's battalion halted just east of Point Cruz; it dug in along a 700-yard line from the beach east of the point to the west tip of Hill 78, refusing the left flank eastward a short distance along the south slopes of the hill. The Marine company then withdrew across the Matanikau to rejoin its regiment. The 1st and 2d Battalions of the 182d Infantry were then separated by a gap of over 1,000 yards.
Japanese troops had been secretly moving east from Kokumbona.28 These forces took positions west of the 1st Battalion during the night of 19-20 November, while artillery and mortars fired on the American lines. About dawn on 20 November part of this force struck suddenly at the 1st Battalion's left flank. The troops holding high ground on the battalion's left held their line, but as the attack developed along the 1st Battalion's line the troops on the low ground fell back about 400 yards. General Sebree, Lt. Col. Paul A. Gavan, the operations officer, and Lt. Col. Paul Daly, the assistant intelligence officer, of the Americal Division, came forward and found the battalion "somewhat shaken." They halted the withdrawal and reorganized the companies.29
Planes and artillery then struck at the Japanese, who had not exploited their advantage by advancing east of Point Cruz, and the 1st Battalion again moved west and by 0900 had regained its position.30
C and A Companies of the 182d attacked west after the recapture of the initial line and advanced to the beach just west of Point Cruz. There the attack stalled after the companies had been hit hard by Japanese artillery and mortar
fire. There was "considerable confusion and some straggling" in the 182d Infantry, and it was only after order had been restored that the 1st Battalion organized a disciplined firing line.31 The Japanese retained Point Cruz itself.
By afternoon on 20 November it had become obvious that more American troops were needed west of the Matanikau. The Japanese were known to be moving more troops forward into the engagement.32 General Sebree therefore ordered the more experienced 164th Infantry out of reserve to fill the gap between the two battalions of the 182d Infantry. The 164th Infantry was to enter the line under cover of darkness and attack the next morning. The 1st Battalion of the 164th Infantry entered the line on the left of the 1st Battalion of the 182d Infantry, and the 3d Battalion of the 164th moved in between the 2d Battalion, 182d Infantry, and the 1st Battalion, 164th. Each battalion of the 164th took over about 500 yards of the line, and the 182d Infantry battalions, on either side of the 164th Infantry, extended their flanks to join with those of the 164th.
During the first three days of the operation supplies for the units west of the Matanikau had been carried forward by hand from the river line. The engineers finally succeeded in building a footbridge over the flooded Matanikau, but the bridge for heavy vehicles was not completed until 21 November.33
The 1st Battalion of the 182d attacked west from the Point Cruz area on 21 November. It met heavy artillery and mortar fire, as well as small-arms fire from some Japanese entrenched on Point Cruz itself, the beach on the west, and the near-by hills and ravines. The battalion reduced Point Cruz, but failed to advance west.34
The battalions of the 164th Infantry also attacked to the west on 21 November from the Hill 80-81 ridge line. A ravine about 200 feet deep, varying in width from 150 to 300 feet, lay directly in front of Hills 80 and 81. A series of steep ridges (Hills 83 and 82) lay west of the ravine. To get through the ravine and gain the ridges on the west, it would be necessary for the 164th Infantry to cross about fifty yards of open ground on the ridge. Between 11 and 18 November the Japanese had built strong positions, containing a large number of automatic weapons, in the hills and ravines and on the flat ground west of Point Cruz. The hill positions, well dug in on the reverse slopes, were defiladed
THE RAVINE IN FRONT OF HILLS 80-81, where the 164th Infantry attacks stalled on 23 November, was well defended by Japanese dug into defiladed positions in Hills 83 and 82. American troops were halted on the line of Hills 66, 81, 80.
from American artillery and mortar fire. Machine guns sited at the head of each ravine could put flanking fire into advancing troops. The ravine in front of Hills 81-80 was especially well defended. On the flat ground in places where a thin layer of earth covered a coral shelf, the Japanese had dug shallow pits with overhead cover, as well as foxholes under logs and behind trees. These positions, organized in depth, were mutually supporting. Small arms supported the automatic weapons, and artillery and mortars could cover the entire American front.35
Japanese fire quickly halted the 164th Infantry after it had made an average gain of less than forty yards. The 182d and 164th Regiments attacked again on 22 November but failed to make progress. In the afternoon the 8th Marines was notified that it was to pass through the 164th Infantry the next day to attack toward Hill 83.
After the infantry had withdrawn 300 yards behind the front lines early on 23 November, the 245th Field Artillery Battalion and L Battery and the 1st and 2d Battalions of the 11th Marines fired a 30-minute concentration on the Japanese lines. The 8th Marines then passed through the 164th Infantry and delivered successive attacks against the Japanese throughout the day. The regiment was supported by the artillery which fired 2,628 rounds of all calibers.36 During the bombardment, Hyakutake and the 17th Army chief of staff were slightly injured at their command post near Kokumbona.37 The American forces failed to gain. The Japanese, defending vigorously, put fire all along the entire American lines. The 3d Battalion of the 164th Infantry was hit by accurate fire. In the afternoon Of 23 November mortar fire struck the command posts of L, 1, and K Companies, and killed the battalion surgeon, four lieutenants, and one 1st sergeant.38
American headquarters concluded that "further advance would not be possible without accepting casualties in numbers to preclude the advisability of [continuing] this action."39 The troops were ordered to dig in to hold the Hill 66-80-81-Point Cruz line. The attack had ended in a stalemate.
Operations up to 23 November had demonstrated that frontal assault would be costly. By 25 November less than 2,000 men of the 164th Infantry were fit
for combat. Between 19 and 25 November 117 of the 164th had been killed, and 208 had been wounded. Three hundred and twenty-five had been evacuated from the island because of wounds or illness, and 300 more men, rendered ineffective by wounds, malaria, dysentery, or neuroses, were kept in the rear areas.40 The 1st Marine Division was soon to be relieved, and its impending departure would reduce American troop strength too greatly to permit the execution of any flanking movements over the hills south of Hill 66. Until reinforcements could be brought in, the westward offensive had to be suspended.
The attacks on 18-23 November had, however, achieved some success. Hyakutake's plan to recapture the Matanikau's east bank had been thwarted, although in November he secretly began to increase his strength on Mount Austen.41 American troops had finally established permanent positions west of the Matanikau. The Americans and the Japanese now faced one another at close ranges, the Americans on high ground, the Japanese on reverse slopes and in ravines. Each side could cover the opponent's lines with rifle, automatic, mortar, and artillery fire, and put mortar and artillery fire on the trails and rear areas. Americans and Japanese were to hold these static but dangerous lines until the beginning of the XIV Corps' general offensive in January.
1st Mar Div Opn Ord No. 13-42, 30 Oct 42, in 1st Mar Div Rpt, V, Annex K.
CTF 65 to COMSOPAC, 0330 Of 4 Nov 42; CG 1st Mar Div to COMSOPAC, 2131 of 1 NOV 42. SOPAC War Diary.
COMAIRSOPAC to COMSOPAC, 0705 of 1 Nov 42. SOPAC War Diary.
1st Mar Div Rpt, V, Annex P (5th Mar Record), 9-10.
1st Mar Div Rpt, V, 28.
Rpt, OPD Obs to OPD, 13 Mar 43, App. III. OPD 381 SOPAC Sec. III PTO (3-13-43).
CG 1st Mar Div to COMSOPAC, 0005 of 1 Nov 42. SOPAC War Diary.
CG 1st Mar Div to COMSOPAC, 2205 of 17 Nov 42. SOPAC War Diary.
17th Army Opns, I; Amer Div Int Rpt, Tab A; XIV Corps, Enemy Opns, which states that landing craft brought the Japanese from the western beaches of Guadalcanal, asserts that two battalions landed. Brig. Gen. E. B. Sebree, when Military Attache to Australia, interrogated the prisoner of war Maj. Gen. Takeo Ito (former CG, 38th Div Inf Gp) at Rabaul in 1947. Ito stated that the only troops at Koli Point then were the 230th Infantry survivors who had come there in October; the ships landed only supplies on the night of 2-3 November 1942. Interv with Gen Sebree, 19-20 Jun 43, who lent his notes of the interrogation of Ito to the author.
1st Mar Div Rpt, V, Annex U, (D-3 journal), 25; 1st Mar Div Rpt, V, 29.
1st Mar Div Rpt, V, Int Annex N, 15.
CTF 65 to COMSOPAC, 0330 of 4 Nov 42. SOPAC War Diary; 1st Mar Div Rpt, V, Int Annex N, 15.
164th Inf Opn Rpt, 31 Oct-7 Nov 42, in USAFISPA G-3 Periodic Rpts, 29 Oct-16 Nov 42.
Interv with Gen Sebree.
164th Inf Opn Rpt.
Interv with Gen Sebree.
1st Mar Div Rpt, V, 30.
17th Army Opns, I, which does not mention the engagement at Koli Point.
1st Mar Div Rpt, V, 30-31.
Interv with Gen Sebree.
Ibid.; interv with Col Paul A. Gavan (former G-3, Amer Div), 14 Nov 46. No formal field order was published.
17th Army Opns, I; Interrog of Hyakutake, Miyazaki, and Maruyama.
Interv USAFISPA Hist Off with Col William D. Long (former G-2, Amer Div), 31 May 44; interv, author, with Col Long, 26 Mar 46.
2d Bn, 182d Inf, S-2 Journal, 18 Nov 42.
Interv with Col Long.
Interv with Col Gavan.
Amer Div Narrative of Opns, p. 3.
XIV Corps, Enemy Opns, pp. 4-5.
Lt Col Paul A. Gavan, Personal Experience Account of ACofS, G-3, Amer Div, p. 1; interv with Col Gavan.
Intervs with Gen Sebree and Col Gavan.
Amer Div Narrative of Opns, p. 3>
Gavan, Personal Experience Account, p. 2.
Intervs with Col Long.
182d Inf Opn Rpt, pp. 3-4.
Intervs with Col Long.
1st Mar Div Rpt, V, Arty Annex R, 3.
17th Army Opns, 1.
164th Inf Unit Rpt, 23 Nov 42. Colonel Hall, 3d Battalion commander, was wounded and evacuated from the island the next day.
Amer Div Narratives of Opns, p. 3.
164th Inf S-1 Journal, 25 Nov 42.
On 30 November 1942, 8 enemy destroyers attempted to land reinforcements and supplies. Intercepted by 5 U.S. cruisers and 6 destroyers off Tassafaronga, they failed, but sank 1 and damaged 3 American cruisers, suffering 1 destroyer sunk and 1 damaged. See USSBS, Campaigns of Pacific War, pp. 139-40, and ONI, USN, Combat Narratives: Solomon Islands Campaign, VII, Battle of Tassafaronga, 30 November 1942 (Washington, 1944). | <urn:uuid:0470c32e-4502-4514-bdb8-367e3342c630> | CC-MAIN-2020-10 | http://www.ibiblio.org/hyperwar/USA/USA-P-Guadalcanal/USA-P-Guadalcanal-8.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-10/segments/1581875146186.62/warc/CC-MAIN-20200226023658-20200226053658-00027.warc.gz | en | 0.973275 | 8,985 | 2.984375 | 3 |
What does it mean when hospitals, doctors, or medical documents are referring to ACE?
ACE stands for:
Angiotensin Converting Enzyme
Drugs with Angiotensin Converting Enzyme called ACE inhibitors are used to treat high blood pressure, heart failure, diabetes and kidney diseases.
Note that sometimes abbreviations and acronyms have several meanings. ACE may mean something different in your context.
If you have any questions or concerns about anything regarding your health and treatment, you should talk to your doctor.
What does ACL stand for in medical terms?
Here is the next medical term on our list that you can check out.
Go here for a large list of medical terms. | <urn:uuid:2eabae8b-4be4-45c3-b795-96da8d87bab8> | CC-MAIN-2017-22 | http://foenix.com/Health/Medical-Terms/What-does-ACE-stand-for-in-medical-terms.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-22/segments/1495463607871.54/warc/CC-MAIN-20170524230905-20170525010905-00114.warc.gz | en | 0.929425 | 145 | 2.84375 | 3 |
[HISTORY: Adopted by the Council of the City of Schenectady 2-9-1970 by Ord. No. 15274. Amendments noted where applicable.]
Environmental quality review — See Ch. 147.
Fire prevention and protection — See Ch. 156.
Editor's Note: The provisions of this chapter are derived from Ch. 4 of the former Revised Ordinances, adopted 2-9-1970 by Ord. No. 15274.
It is hereby declared to be the public policy of the City to preserve, protect and improve the air resources of the City so as to promote health, safety and welfare; prevent injury to human health, plant and animal life and property; foster the comfort and convenience of its inhabitants; and, to the greatest degree practicable, facilitate the enjoyment of the natural attractions of the City.
It is the purpose of this chapter to safeguard the air resources of the City from air pollution.
As used in this chapter, the following terms shall have the meanings indicated:
- COMBUSTION INSTALLATION
- A plant, equipment or device in which fuel is burned for the purpose of generating heat, steam or hot water.
- COMBUSTION PRODUCTS
- Particulate and gaseous contaminants created by the burning of any kind of material.
- The Commissioner of Health of the City, or his duly appointed representatives.
- The Department of Health of the City.
- Solid, liquid or gaseous combustible materials used primarily either to kindle or sustain fire or produce heat, including refuse to be consumed in refuse-burning equipment.
- Waste resulting from distribution, preparation and serving of foods.
- OPEN FIRE
- Any fire wherein the combustion products are directly emitted into the outer air without passing through a stack.
- Garbage, rubbish and trade wastes.
- RINGELMANN CHART
- The chart published and described in the United States Bureau of Mines Information Circular 7718, on which are illustrated graduated shades of gray to black for use in estimating the light obscuring density of smoke.
- Solid waste material, including but not limited to rags, ashes, leaves, tree branches, yard trimmings, furniture, tin cans, glass, crockery, demolition materials, discarded automobiles and automotive parts, paints and oils.
- Small gasborne particles, consisting essentially of black carbonaceous material from the burning of fuel, in sufficient number to be observable.
- Any conduit, chimney, duct, vent or flue arranged to conduct any gaseous or gasborne products to the outer air.
- TRADE WASTES
- Flammable or combustible solid or liquid material resulting from construction or any business, trade or industry operations, including but not limited to the following materials: plastics, cartons, chemicals, paints, greases, oils and other petroleum products, sawdust, dead animals and dead fowl.
The Commissioner shall have the following powers and duties:
To investigate complaints, make observations of smoke and other air-polluting conditions and air-pollution nuisances and require the necessary and proper steps to minimize the effect, hazard or nuisance therefrom.
To inspect, from time to time, any installation, equipment, devices and appurtenances thereto that may, can or do cause air pollution or an air-pollution nuisance.
To enforce the provisions of this chapter and to commence and prosecute any legal or equitable action to enforce the penalties provided for violation of this chapter.
To disseminate information to the public on air-pollution reduction or control.
To enlist the cooperation of civic, trade, technical, scientific, educational, governmental and other organizations in the control and reduction of air pollution.
No person shall burn any refuse in any open fire, except that:
No person shall operate any fuel-burning equipment or other combustion installation so as to produce, emit or permit the escape of smoke, regardless of how produced or discharged, of a shade-of-gray density darker than No. 1 on the Ringelmann Chart or equivalent standard, except that:
Fuel-burning equipment or other installations which were in operation on or before February 1, 1967, may emit or permit the escape of smoke of a shade-of-gray density not darker than No. 2 on the Ringelmann Chart or equivalent standard.
When building a new fire, tube blowing or when a breakdown of equipment occurs such as to make it evident that the emission was not reasonably preventable, smoke not darker than No. 3 on the Ringelmann Chart or equivalent standard may be emitted for a period or periods aggregating three minutes in any thirty-minute period.
Smoke may be emitted for the purpose of training or research when approved by the Commissioner of Health.
No person shall discharge from any source whatsoever such quantities of air contaminants or other material which cause injury, detriment, nuisance or annoyance to any considerable numbers of persons or to the public or which endanger the comfort, repose, health or safety of any such persons or the public or which cause, or have a natural tendency to cause, injury or damage to business or property.
No person shall undertake to construct a new installation which will, or might reasonably be expected to, contribute to air pollution, or make modifications to an existing installation which will, or might reasonably be expected to, increase the amount or change the effects or the characteristics of the air contaminants discharged, or install an air-cleaning device without first submitting plans and specifications to the Commissioner for approval of the initiation of construction. These plans and specifications will be reviewed in accordance with the Rules to Prevent New Air Pollution, adopted by the New York Air Pollution Control Board, as authorized by Public Health Law, Article 12-A.
No person shall interfere or attempt to interfere with the personnel of the Department in the performance of any duty hereunder or refuse to permit the inspection or examination of any premises by authorized persons for purposes of investigating compliance.
Any person who violates any provision of this chapter or any state rule of air pollution control shall, upon conviction thereof, be punished by a fine not exceeding $150 or by imprisonment for a term not exceeding 150 days, or both, or by a penalty not exceeding $500, to be recovered in a civil action. Each day a violation of this chapter shall continue shall constitute a separate offense.
[Amended 6-2-1986 by L.L. No. 3-1986]
Action pursuant to Subsection A of this section shall not be a bar to enforcement of this chapter in force pursuant thereto, and orders made pursuant to this chapter, by injunction or other appropriate remedy, and the Department shall have the power to institute and maintain in the name of the City any and all such enforcement proceedings.
Nothing in this chapter shall be construed to abridge, limit or otherwise impair the right of any person to damages or other relief on account of injuries to persons or property and to maintain any action or other appropriate proceeding therefor. | <urn:uuid:b4252e5e-dd85-4cc6-ac60-061f0f3f09c6> | CC-MAIN-2020-10 | https://www.ecode360.com/8686151?noresponsive=true | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-10/segments/1581875143635.54/warc/CC-MAIN-20200218055414-20200218085414-00430.warc.gz | en | 0.885792 | 1,435 | 2.859375 | 3 |
Relevant Definitions from Joint Vision 2020 Serving as Foundation for Assessment Methodology
Information Superiority is the capability to collect, process, and disseminate an uninterrupted flow of information while exploiting or denying an adversary’s ability to do the same. Information superiority is achieved in a noncombat situation or one in which there are no clearly defined adversaries when friendly forces have the information necessary to achieve operational objectives.
Dominant Maneuver is the ability of joint forces to gain positional advantage with decisive speed and overwhelming operational tempo in the achievement of assigned military tasks. Widely dispersed joint air, land, sea, amphibious, special operations and space forces, capable of scaling and massing force or forces and the effects of fires as required for either combat or noncombat operations, will secure advantage across the range of military operations through the application of information, deception, engagement, mobility and counter-mobility capabilities.
Focused Logistics is the ability to provide the joint force the right personnel, equipment, and supplies in the right place, at the right time, and in the right quantity, across the full range of military operations. This will be made possible through a real-time, web-based information system providing total asset visibility as part of a common relevant operational picture, effectively linking the operator and logistician across Services and support agencies.
Precision Engagement is the ability of joint forces to locate, surveil, discern, and track objectives or targets; select, organize, and use the correct systems; generate desired effects; assess results; and reengage with decisive speed and overwhelming operational tempo as required, throughout the full range of military operations.
Full Dimensional Protection is the ability of the joint force to protect its personnel and other assets required to decisively execute assigned tasks. Full dimensional protection is achieved through the tailored selection and application of multilayered active and passive measures, within the domains of air, land, sea, space, and information across the range of military operations with an acceptable level of risk.
SOURCE: JCS (2000).
The Accessibility variable focuses on the question How difficult would it be for an adversary to exploit the technology? It addresses the ability of an adversary to gain access to and exploit a given technology. This assessment is divided into three levels:
Level 1. The technology is available through the Internet, being a commercial off-the-shelf item; low sophistication is required to exploit it.
Level 2. The technology would require a small investment (hundreds to a few hundred thousand dollars) in facilities and/or expertise.
Level 3. The technology would require a major investment (millions to billions of dollars) in facilities and/or expertise.
In general, Level 1 technologies are those driven by the global commercial technology environment; they are available for exploitation by a diverse range of potential adversaries. Level 3 technologies, by contrast, are typically accessible only to state-based actors. The indicators likely to be of value in determining an adversary’s actual access to a given technology vary by level as well as by the type of technology. | <urn:uuid:475e16c7-dca4-4c9e-be2d-0d73f18b2929> | CC-MAIN-2014-42 | http://www.nap.edu/openbook.php?record_id=12816&page=88 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2014-42/segments/1413507448169.17/warc/CC-MAIN-20141017005728-00091-ip-10-16-133-185.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.93011 | 626 | 3.09375 | 3 |
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