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The choice of what you eat is perhaps globally as influential – or more – as your vote in national elections.
It always has been. Think about the history of food.
In the beginning there was selfishness. A hunter-gatherer lifestyle promoted competition over cooperation, in line with the logic of – literally – first come, first served.
The transition from a hunter-gatherer lifestyle to a structured agriculture with management and cultivation of crops and animals had massive political implications.
But the dark side of humans – in the form of competition or even fierce, existential rivalry in the pre-settlement era – was still there. The rise of societal structure gave birth to the concept of political elites, which would normally be formed of those most qualified or most in the position to manage the food surplus. Back then, what we would call today a national treasury, was directly linked to agriculture.
With the rise of political elites, the inevitable happened. Whilst the pre-settlement model was based on the tribal logic of us-against-them, it also curbed any individual ambitions which put the benefit of the group first. The new arrangement, however, allowed for the rise of internal divisions, including inequalities and class systems.
Years later, the erosion and soil depletion around Rome triggered another revolution of a political nature, when the empire was forced to establish trade relations with North Africa, particularly Egypt, in order to meet its fundamental promise of feeding its people.
Since then, the management of crops surplus and trade pacts served for many centuries as a driving force of alliances, wars, political debates, and engines of growth for many parts of Europe and indeed the world.
Fast-forward. Think about the more recent times, the start of the twentieth century and the innovation of ammonia fertiliser – “the bread from air” – by the German chemist, Fritz Haber. His rather innocent set of scientific achievements, designed to answer the problem of food shortages following rapid population growth, sent Europe into some of its darkest moments in history. His ammonia fertiliser is believed to have at the same time fed millions, if not billions, of people, but also to have extended the first world war by at least a year, being effectively used as an explosive and claiming many human lives.
One thing that connects all these examples is that every single decision we make about food, every single step changing the way we produce it, has political – understood as societal – consequences.
When today you choose cheaper, lower quality products over those perhaps a bit more expensive, but produced in a controlled, sustainable environment – it is an essentially political decision. If you go for simplified, standardised, and mechanically-produced goods over those from local sources – it is an equivalent of a political vote for your vision of the future.
As we enter the new age of uncertainty and global challenges, when even Haber’s magic formula increasingly seems to be not enough to meet the demand for the 21st Century with 10 billion people expected by 2050, we may be on the brink of another historic turn. Where do we go from here?
I, for one, believe in the spirit of the famous saying of the former Czechoslovak leader, Vaclav Havel, who hugely influenced the Central European understanding of politics. “The salvation of this human world,” he said, “lies nowhere else than in the human heart, in the human power to reflect, in human meekness and human responsibility.”
Appreciating the progress my country, Poland, has made since the collapse of communism in 1989, effectively joining the most developed countries in the world, I feel morally obliged to support others in meeting their aspirations of a prosperous and peaceful life.
If there is a way forward – to the world of no hunger, limited inequalities, little problems with nutrition – I believe it to be strictly connected to our ability to cooperate with each other in the spirit of solidarity and inclusion. The recently adopted set of UN Sustainable Development Goals – including much welcomed actions connected to food security, food safety, responsible production and consumption – offers the real prospect of a better world, but requires a paradigm shift for the change to take place.
Every single purchase of every single food product needs to be considered a political decision. As consumers, we indeed are co-responsible for making informed choices, even if it takes an extra 30 seconds to use our smartphone and check if the product we are about to buy meets the environmental, quality and social standards for the future world we want to live in.
Climate change, poverty, hunger, rising inequalities. It is all one, interconnected fight we are a part of.
This World Food Day, as business and government leaders across the globe reaffirm their political commitment to fight hunger, make no mistake: you are one of them. You are perhaps the most influential of them all, as you are in a position to reaffirm this pledge every time you go shopping.
Spread the word among your friends, and encourage them to make responsible decisions.
The next time you buy groceries, remember: it’s decision time. What you eat is what you vote for.
Author: Paweł Jarczewski, CEO, Grupa Azoty. Chairman of the Technical and SHE Committee of the International Fertilizer Industry Association.
Image: A woman checks vegetables at the Biocompany organic supermarket in Berlin, January 31, 2013. REUTERS/Fabrizio Bensch | <urn:uuid:16f4fac9-99cd-40b4-a1e0-ef78c26fb099> | CC-MAIN-2020-29 | https://www.weforum.org/agenda/2015/10/why-your-food-choices-are-a-political-act/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-29/segments/1593655933254.67/warc/CC-MAIN-20200711130351-20200711160351-00464.warc.gz | en | 0.95664 | 1,119 | 2.625 | 3 |
Before finalizing their response to the recommendations of the Black Student Affairs Report, the University trustees set up guidelines for recruiting more black students and administrators. Thirty black students were enrolled in the fall of 1969 and two black administrators were hired. UNH had hired several black faculty members.
Myrna Adams, the first black administrator at UNH, was hired as assistant to the Academic Vice President. Mrs. Adams, who came to UNH from Chicago City College (Malcolm X University), counseled black students and helped facilitate financial aid for them.
Adams saw her responsibilities as both providing educational opportunities for black students and integrating cultural differences present nationwide into the local community of UNH. Both the students and UNH should benefit from the experience.
James Johnson, former guidance counselor at an all-black high school in Virginia, took the position of Assistant Director of Admissions. His charge included the recruitment of black students as requested in the Black Student Affairs Report.
Johnson emphasized that he was not creating a special program for black students. His goal was to empower black students to thrive in "regular University pursuits." Many of those students did thrive. Among those former students are now a director of human resources, a director of behavioral medicine, and an advertising executive who recruits minorities in his industry.
In January 1970, the trustees issued operating guidelines for the recruitment program:
- Students admitted must be capable of meeting the academic standards of UNH
- Financial support should not be taken from other programs already in operation
- A larger number of "Negro students" should be admitted, but there should be no quota
- "Strenuous efforts" should be made to see that black students are provided with the assistance they need to succeed in their college programs | <urn:uuid:c0e330b4-350c-4f04-9ec1-ddf14bcec4d8> | CC-MAIN-2019-09 | https://www.library.unh.edu/exhibits/diversity/administrative-response | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-09/segments/1550247479101.30/warc/CC-MAIN-20190215183319-20190215205319-00359.warc.gz | en | 0.974172 | 353 | 2.875 | 3 |
The cucumber is a vegetable that provides numerous health benefits and it even possesses healing properties. It belongs to the same family as zucchini, watermelon and pumpkin. Cucumbers contain lots of water but are also loaded with various beneficial nutrients that can improve your health in many ways. Here are some of the benefits that happen if you consume cucumbers regularly.
You can supplement your hydration with cucumber if you find it difficult to drink 8 glasses of water per day. You can relieve burning sensation caused by sunburn if you rub it on your skin.
The consumption of cucumbers stimulates the pancreas to produce insulin. This veggie contains a substance that benefits diabetics a lot. People who suffer from this issue have to consume cucumber on a daily basis.
-PROMOTES HEALTHY KIDNEYS-
These veggies reduce the levels of uric acid and thus decreasing the work of the kidneys!
-RELIEVES MUSCLE AND JOINT PAIN-
The large amounts of vitamins and minerals in its content eliminate both joint and muscle pain.
-SOFTENS YOUR NAILS AND HAIR-
The presence of silica in cucumber gives shine and strength to your nails and hair.
Due to its fiber content, you can train the jaws very well by chewing this veggie. It is excellent for the process of digestion.
-REFRESHES YOUR MOUTH-
The large amounts of liquid in its content refreshes your gums and mouth. Cucumber actually cures the gums that cause bad breath.
-STABILIZES THE PRESSURE-
Many people prove that cucumbers can significantly lower your blood pressure.
You should consider cucumber consumption if your family has a history of cancer. These veggies reduce the chances of developing several kinds of cancer.
-IT HELPS YOUR VISION-
Applying slices of cucumber on your eyes will significantly reduce your dark circles, swelling and bags under the eyes.
-PROMOTES WEIGHT LOSS-
The consumption of cucumbers can help you in the fight against weight loss. These veggies are ideal for the excess pounds.
-FULL OF MINERALS-
Cucumbers are rich in silicon, potassium and magnesium that will improve your overall health.
-RICH IN VITAMINS-
The presence of Vitamin A, B and C will keep you radiant, provide energy and boost your immunity. Prepare your freshly squeezed juice by using spinach, carrots and cucumber.
Since it is mostly liquid, this veggie can help us to get rid of toxins and waste from the body. It can also help you eliminate kidney stones!
The presence of compound known as sterol will reduce the cholesterol in your body.
We highly recommend you start consuming this veggie! It can do wonders to your overall health! | <urn:uuid:04dd7782-b202-404a-a18f-7c198711aab3> | CC-MAIN-2023-06 | https://myamazingstuff.com/started-consuming-cucumber-3-times-per-day-doctor-said-5-days-something-changed/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-06/segments/1674764500356.92/warc/CC-MAIN-20230206145603-20230206175603-00774.warc.gz | en | 0.928349 | 658 | 2.640625 | 3 |
Jump to:Page Content
A World with Higher Interest Rates
Thomas J. Healey
The past ten years have been characterized by extraordinarily low interest rates around the industrialized world. These rates have persisted in the wake of the recent economic crisis, as central banks have loosened monetary policy significantly. While a dramatic increase in interest rates over the near-term is unlikely, speculation is rife that such an increase is not only plausible, but could unfold rather quickly, impacting virtually every major sector of the economy.
This study attempts to take a more cautious and global approach in examining one possible future path of interest rates and their impact on selected sectors. Based on an analysis of global savings supply and investment demand, we suggest that a return to higher real rates could happen through the savings supply channel. In addition, higher inflation could result in a contractionary monetary policy and higher nominal rates.
This report analyzes some of the consequences of a rise in interest rates. One heavily impacted area would be debt service for industrialized governments. Here, we identify rollover risk as a key factor for determining the size and timing of the debt service problem in the near future. Our findings suggest that countries with low debt maturity would be more prone to debt service problems than countries with long maturity debt. A high interest rate environment would create sets of winners and losers across the global economy. The U.S. Social Security system trust funds, for example, could avoid projected bankruptcy through higher interest income, while consumers with variable rate debt, such as students with private loans, would be hurt significantly. In addition, corporate pension plans would benefit from rising interest rates, while equity markets would suffer.
To understand how tightly the financial markets are tethered to interest rates, it’s helpful to look at May 2 to July 5 of this year. | <urn:uuid:a2d1efe1-c550-4c79-8003-b210a72993ce> | CC-MAIN-2015-27 | http://www.hks.harvard.edu/centers/mrcbg/publications/awp/awp22 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2015-27/segments/1435375097730.92/warc/CC-MAIN-20150627031817-00253-ip-10-179-60-89.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.95465 | 365 | 2.578125 | 3 |
THE INTERNATIONAL Energy Agency reported on Monday that global energy-related carbon emissions last year were the highest ever, and that the world is far off track if it wants to keep temperatures from rising more than 2 degrees Celsius, after which the results could be very dangerous.
So what does Germany’s government decide to do? Shut down terawatts of low-carbon electric capacity in the middle of Europe. Bowing to misguided political pressure from Germany’s Green Party, Chancellor Angela Merkel endorsed a plan to close all of the country’s nuclear power plants by 2022.
German environmentalists cheered, apparently satisfied that the government will be able to scale up renewable energy sources and scale back electricity demand enough to compensate for the loss of the power plants, which produce a quarter of the nation’s electricity. But the Breakthrough Institute, a think tank, points out that renewables would have to generate an incredible 42.4 percent of the country’s electricity in 2020 to displace nuclear. The government could bring that number down some with very aggressive reductions in energy use. But, even then, all that will merely hold the German power industry to its current carbon footprint. The country has an ambitious goal to reduce emissions, which will require yet more drastic reforms to its electricity sector — and all, apparently, over the course of a single decade.
European financial analysts aren’t convinced, estimating that Germany’s move will result in about 400 million tons of extra carbon emissions by 2020, as the country relies more on fossil fuels. Nor is Donald Tusk, Poland’s prime minister, who ominously announced that Germany has put coal-fired power “back on the agenda” — good for his coal-rich nation directly to Germany’s east but terrible for the environment and public health.
Germany is also likely to import more power from its neighbors, regardless of how well it does in ramping up renewables, since sometimes the wind does not blow and the sun does not shine. Utilities across Europe may end up burning more coal or natural gas. Anne Lauvergeon, chief executive of French nuclear parts manufacturer Areva, predicts that after shunning nuclear, the Germans will end up buying electricity generated in nuclear plants in nations such as France.
Instead of providing a model for greening a post-industrial economy, Germany’s overreaching greens are showing the rest of the world just how difficult it is to contemplate big cuts in carbon emissions without keeping nuclear power on the table. Panicked overreaction isn’t the right response to the partial meltdowns in Japan’s Fukushima Daiichi nuclear complex. Instead, countries aiming to provide their citizens with reliable, low-carbon electricity should ask how to minimize inevitable, if small, risks — making their nuclear facilities safer, more reliable and more efficient. | <urn:uuid:59e31509-3841-4871-a58b-86edb853d7a8> | CC-MAIN-2015-06 | http://www.washingtonpost.com/opinions/germanys-nuclear-energy-blunder/2011/05/31/AGjjGkGH_story.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2015-06/segments/1422115863825.66/warc/CC-MAIN-20150124161103-00170-ip-10-180-212-252.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.940492 | 578 | 2.921875 | 3 |
Edited by Alexander Nill
Chapter 12: Environmental ethics: theory and implications for marketing
Many marketers recognize they have obligations toward the non-human world, obligations that are not fully understood. This chapter sheds light on how such marketers can justify their own feelings and persuade others. The chapter begins with the historical rise of environmental consciousness before discussing the two most influential of the Western ethical theories: Kantianism and utilitarianism. It then discusses their shortcomings before moving on to the sentimentalist approach to ethics that comes down to us from David Hume and Adam Smith. A direct line from the sentimentalist approach is drawn to the environmental/ecological ethics of Aldo Leopold. Much is left out of this chapter: virtue ethics, social contract theory or any of the strictly environmental philosophies that have emerged (deep ecology, ecofeminism, social ecology, bioregionalism). Neither are any of the spiritual or religious approaches to environmental ethics discussed. If you’re not depressed, I often joke to my students, it’s only because you haven’t been reading the newspaper. And indeed we do live in a frightening time, marked by fundamentalist violence, aggressive wars, ethnic conflict, starvation amid plenty, and the subject of this book: enormously pervasive environmental problems. (Gottleib 2006, p. vii) For the most part we have cared little about our impact on the environment. The past century and especially the past 50 years has witnessed an increasing awareness that we can and are causing significant harm to the rest of nature.
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Plants grow in the most amazing places !
What is Phytotechnology?
Phytotechnology is the strategic use of plants to solve environmental problems by remediating the qualities and quantities of our soil, water, and air resources and by restoring ecosystem services in managed landscapes. Traditional phytoremediation has been largely focused on the soil and groundwater clean-up of hazardous waste sites in removed locations. Phytotechnology expands this umbrella to include many of the natural resource management challenges we face in cities, on farms, and other landscapes more integrated with daily public activities. Wetlands that treat wastewater, rain gardens that treat stormwater, poplar tree plantings that treat soil contamination, urban tree canopies that treat air pollution, specialized plants that treat decommissioned mine sites are just a few examples of phytotechnologies.
The diagram to the right offers a visual understanding of the intersection where phytotechnology is particularly active- the intersection between our water networks, our plant/soil/nature networks, and our engineered networks of pipes/buildings/urban infrastructure. Phytotechnology uses science and engineering to design systems where plants can thrive and also come into contact with polluted resources- resources that humans depend on for survival and health. When plants come into contact with polluted resources, they use a number of different physical and physiological mechanisms to sequester, uptake, transform, or limit migration of contaminants so that the safety of our soils, waters, and air can be improved for human use. Plants are particularly good at this since they have been practicing and providing these services naturally since the beginning of time. Designing plant-based treatment systems usually is much more cost-effective, and in addition to treatment of natural resources, plants offer many other ancillary benefits such as habitat, livability, emotional connection/stress reduction, and property value increase.
Phytotechnology is a very diverse and multidisciplinary field, including biochemists, analytical chemists, plant physiologists, botanists, ecologists, engineers, designers, landscape architects, health scientists, toxicologists, and horticulturists. In close partnership with these scientists are the regulators who support phytotechnology permitting and the industries that actually build the systems and apply them in the landscapes. Increasingly, phytotechnology is also including a new sector of professionals who are specialized in the on-going maintenance of these systems. | <urn:uuid:ea128ced-f0c5-4acc-b62d-9265389debd5> | CC-MAIN-2016-36 | http://phytosociety.org/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-36/segments/1471982925602.40/warc/CC-MAIN-20160823200845-00068-ip-10-153-172-175.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.944667 | 486 | 3.34375 | 3 |
The Curriculum at Avening Primary School
At Avening Primary School, children, staff and governors aim to treat everyone with respect. Resourceful, resilient and reflective, we will engage in our learning and aspire to be the very best that we can be. As a community of sucessful learners, we will collaborate to make our world a better place to live and learn. We look forward to our futures with hope.
Together we'll fly.
Our Curriculum Intent
At Avening Primary School, our curriculum and the way in which it is facilitated is determined by our five golden values: Respect, Engage, Aspire, Collaborate, Hope. Within this framework, character, resilience, healthy relationships, physical and mental well-being, and British values such as tolerance, are important characteristics which we want to develop in our young people. Our aim is to provide an exciting, challenging, relevant, outward-looking curriculum which inspires learners – intellectually, socially, emotionally, physically, spiritually, morally and culturally – so that ‘Together we’ll fly.’
Our Golden Values
1. Through our curriculum, we aim for children to be respectful: able to celebrate our difference, but treat one another equally.
2. We aim for our school to be a community of engaged achievers: self-motivated, resourceful, independent and equipped with life-long skills and knowledge.
3. Our curriculum is designed so that our children can aspire: we strive to be ambitious, reflective and achieve excellence.
4. We recognise the importance of collaboration. Our curriculum gives opportunities to learn and develop with others in our school, and learn about our local national and international communities.
5. Finally, we approach the curriculum with hope. We aim to ensure that children leave Avening Primary School with the skills, knowledge and cultural capital required for them to feel empowered and able to make a positive difference to all of our futures.
Our curriculum is carefully and consistently planned across the school to ensure a sequentially planned progression of knowledge, skills, vocabulary and cultural capital from reception to Year 6, set out in the schemes of work for each subject. This is continuously reviewed, refined and adapted by teachers and subject leads to ensure that the curriculum meets the diverse needs of all of our children within the local, national and international context of our school.
Our curriculum intent is to develop a deep body of essential knowledge, introducing our young people to the best that has been thought and said and helping them to engender an appreciation of human creativity and achievement: a curriculum where children have the opportunity to master key concepts that they need to be educated citizens of the future.
In addition, we recognise that our curriculum offer extends beyond the curriculum. Also central to our provision is a wide range of extra-curricular activities – sporting, artistic, musical and cerebral – as well as leadership opportunities, supporting the development of our children into rounded, confident and tolerant individuals who have a positive contribution to make to our society.
Curriculum Implementation - Choreographing a Creative Curriculum PathwayAt Avening Primary School, we see the National Curriculum as a framework on which to build a curriculum that is meaningful and motivating, which supports individual progress and which allows for opportunities to celebrate success. Ofsted (January 2019) state that ‘Learning is at least part defined as a change in long-term memory’. As Sweller et al (2011) have pointed out, ‘if nothing in the long-term memory has been altered, nothing has been learned.’ It is, therefore, important that we use approaches that help pupils to integrate new knowledge into the long-term memory and make enduring connections that foster understanding. Taking this into account, we block learning across the curriculum and repeat practice of key skills and knowledge over time as research indicates that this leads to better long-term retention of knowledge. This repetition is carefully planned through subject specific schemes of work. Our aim each term is to ‘choreograph’ a creative, cohesive and thematic pathway through a thematic learning journey, where fluid links between explicitly taught subjects encourage children to make connections in their learning, so that the knowledge and understanding of every child is built upon and extended. All learning is carefully planned through whole school schemes of work so that progressive knowledge is a key component. Our approach to planning across the curriculum revolves around a five-stage cycle:
In the Early Years Foundation Stage, the Early Years Foundation Stage document (EYFS) shapes curriculum content. From Year 1 – 6, the National Curriculum is divided between terms over a two-year rolling programme, which also includes the Gloucestershire Agreed RE Syllabus and Personal, Social, Health and Citizenship education, with topics taught in phases, so that we can be sure of breadth, balance and coverage.
We then build upon the National Curriculum by considering how learning can be made meaningful: by utilising our local links; by drawing on our own interests and the interests of our classes; and through topical events. When planning each topic, we consider carefully how to involve parents, how we can enrich the experiences of the children through visits and visitors, how to ignite the learning, and how to share and celebrate our successes at the end.
We recognise the clear and compelling evidence about the importance of vocabulary development, and the range of studies which highlight the extent to which there can be a vocabulary gap between children from disadvantaged families and their peers. To address the importance of key vocabulary in children’s long term memory learning, at Avening Primary School we identify and explicitly teach subject specific vocabulary that is crucial to learning and success across the curriculum and for text comprehension. This non-negotiable vocabulary is identified on our schemes of work and used on success criteria shared with the children. Key knowledge and vocabulary is identified and deliberately practised.
In addition to explicit vocabulary instruction, the development of reading comprehension skills is fundamental to our curriculum intent. From carefully matched phonic books to support the early stages of reading, to progression within types of questions in guided reading (inference, retrieval, choice, grammar, structure, summarise, predict) success in reading is recognised as key to unlocking wider understanding. Intervention in reading for children who are not yet at age-related expectations is prioritised.
In order to ensure that our expectations are sufficiently challenging, we use progressive success criteria, ‘Steps to Success’, which are shared with the children. In Maths and English, these are drawn from the National Curriculum requirements. In other areas of the curriculum, they are based on a set of milestones which define expectations at the end of Year 2, Year 4 and Year 6.
We aim for mastery of curriculum content by all children. We recognise that information is best presented with a degree of repetition, particularly in the form of repeating and reviewing key concepts. This is developed through effective questioning. In addition, the use of Knowledge Organisers for topic themes supports effective teaching, providing overview of objectives, content and vocabulary, calling attention to and supporting the review of main ideas.
In line with the aims of the National Curriculum 2014, we see progress as rectangular, rather than linear. Children develop their knowledge and skills, before applying and practising these skills in new contexts. To demonstrate mastery, their learning is deepened – applied successfully in a wide range of contexts or challenges. Deepening the children’s understanding occurs before any acceleration through new content. Across the curriculum, including in maths and English, core knowledge is taught in small steps before being independently applied or innovated creatively.
In addition, in maths, we have deliberate Maths Practice sessions for retrieval practice, which strengthens memory and makes it easier to retrieve the information later. Mathematical concepts are taught in small chunks and then rehearsed so as to lessen the cognitive load. In English, our approach based on Pie Corbett’s Talk for Writing, enables both vocabulary to be developed and sentence structures and patterns of language internalised. Story mapping and topic mindmaps are also used to enhance recall, as dual coding theory suggests.
As we aim to create a school full of self-motivated, resilient learners, learning to learn always features in our curriculum planning too. We like the children to ‘work their learning muscles’, developing skills such as ‘managing distractions’, ‘noticing patterns’ and ‘being logical’, found in the ‘Learning Gym Bags’ of our resident superhero animal learners. We look for opportunities to reinforce these important skills through our themes.
Beyond the curriculum, a broad range of activities and experiences are planned for. As a small school, we are proud of the additional opportunities we extend to all of our pupils. There is a packed calendar of sporting events, numerous theatre visits each year to extend our cultural capital, annual musical performances, participation in academic competitions such as Maths 24 and the Nature Quiz, and regular Forest School sessions for all children, as well as additional sessions with our emotional literacy support assistant for our children feeling vulnerable. We foster positive community links, as well as engage proactively with our local secondary schools and playgroup. We have young leaders – Playground Patrollers, School Councillors, an Active Council and an Eco-Council, reading buddies, school monitors and House Captains. This is because we recognise the importance in such leadership opportunities to develop skills such as organisation, communication and team work, as well as self-esteem and confidence. We recognise that when children feel good about themselves, their learning is enhanced. | <urn:uuid:b20d6f22-6c38-4cf6-9126-a8892923eac5> | CC-MAIN-2023-23 | https://www.avening.gloucs.sch.uk/Curriculum/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-23/segments/1685224653183.5/warc/CC-MAIN-20230606214755-20230607004755-00787.warc.gz | en | 0.947776 | 2,031 | 3.203125 | 3 |
Front-loading clothes washers are designed to use High Efficiency detergent. Using regular detergent creates too much suds, which will affect the machine’s washing and rinsing performance. Over time, it can lead to odors and mechanical problems.
Clothes washers use about the same amount of energy regardless of the size of the load, so run full loads whenever possible.
Water heating consumes about 90% of the energy it takes to operate a clothes washer. Unless you’re dealing with oily stains, washing in cold water will generally do a good job of cleaning. Switching your temperature setting from hot to warm can cut energy use in half. Using the cold cycle reduces energy use even more.
Where and when possible, air-drying clothes instead of using a dryer not only saves energy, but also helps them last longer.
This super hot cycle, available on some models, increases energy use significantly. Only use it when absolutely necessary.
If your clothes washer has spin options, choose a high spin speed or the extended spin option to reduce the amount of remaining moisture in your clothes after washing. This decreases the amount of time it takes to dry your clothes.
Front-loading washers use airtight seals to prevent water from leaking while the machine is in use. When the machine is not in use, this seal can trap moisture in the machine and lead to mold. Leave the door ajar for an hour or two after use to allow moisture to evaporate. Make sure children do not climb into the machine while the door is open.
Some manufacturers recommend rinsing the washer each month by running a normal cycle with 1 cup of bleach to help reduce the risk of mold or mildew buildup. Consult the product owner’s manual before attempting.
ENERGY STAR does not label clothes dryers because there is little difference in energy use among models. Here are some ways to reduce energy consumption when using your clothes dryer:
Many new clothes dryers come designed with a moisture sensor, which automatically shuts off the machine when clothes are dry. Not only will this save energy, but it will also save wear and tear on your clothes caused by over-drying.
Cleaning the filter after every load will improve air circulation and increase the efficiency of the dryer. It’s also an important safety measure.
Dryer sheets can leave a film on the filter that reduces air flow and, over time, can affect the performance of the motor. Use a toothbrush to scrub it clean once a month.
Visit the U.S. Department of Energy’s Web site to learn more about clothes dryers and energy efficiency . | <urn:uuid:bf28c25b-fc89-403d-a6de-1b1c49e015a4> | CC-MAIN-2015-22 | http://www.energystar.gov/index.cfm?c=clotheswash.clothes_washers_performance_tips | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2015-22/segments/1432207928865.24/warc/CC-MAIN-20150521113208-00296-ip-10-180-206-219.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.910774 | 552 | 2.6875 | 3 |
Astigmatism is a common vision condition that happens when a person's cornea is not symmetrical. A normal cornea is round like a baseball. With astigmatism, the cornea curves more severely, like a rugby ball.
What Causes Astigmatism?
Astigmatism can come in combination with shortsightedness and longsightedness. Because of its asymmetrical curvature, the astigmatic eye focuses light correctly along one axis, but incorrectly along the other. Light entering the eye is not focused on a single point on the retina, so objects both near and far become blurred or distorted producing an effect similar to looking through a pane of wavy glass.
Symptoms of Astigmatism
An eye care professional may diagnose astigmatism through a variety of tests, including a simple vision test, light refraction test, cornea measurement, or electronically mapping the surface of the eye. Common symptoms of astigmatism include:
Objects both near and far appear blurred
Inability to read small print
Constant squinting of the eyes
Treatments for Astigmatism
Since astigmatism occurs from the uneven distribution of light rays, it's corrected when light rays are focused on a single plane. This is done in a number of ways:
Contact Lenses : PureVision2 for astigmatism lenses are uniquely designed to meet the special vision correction needs of people with astigmatism
Astigmatic Keratotomy: Performed through LASIK laser technology (photorefractive keratotomy) or through manual incisions (radial keratotomy), this procedure reshapes the cornea by removing small pieces of tissue from the cornea. | <urn:uuid:e781a5de-3bdf-47b5-88c7-2bd525c5a408> | CC-MAIN-2018-13 | http://www.bausch.ca/en-ca/your-eye-concerns/vision-correction/astigmatism | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-13/segments/1521257646914.32/warc/CC-MAIN-20180319120712-20180319140712-00471.warc.gz | en | 0.900654 | 343 | 3.921875 | 4 |
'iKnife' tested on cancer patients
An "intelligent" knife that knows when it is cutting through cancerous tissue is being tested in three London hospitals.
Experts believe the wand-like device, the first of its kind in the world, will revolutionise cancer treatment by removing uncertainty from surgery.
In an early study, the "iKnife" identified malignant tissue in cancer patients undergoing operations with 100% accuracy. After more extensive trials it could be approved for general use in operating theatres within three years.
Surgery is often the best hope of a cancer cure, yet even the best surgeons cannot be sure of removing every part of a tumour.
In the case of breast cancer, more than 20% of the cancerous tissue may be left behind. This can result in a recurrence of disease, or patients having to undergo repeated operations.
The iKnife helps the surgeon by indicating exactly where the cancerous tissue is, and when it has all been removed. It could allow surgeons to perform riskier operations, and also has the ability to reveal the original site of a cancer that has spread.
As well as potentially improving cancer survival, the device could save thousands of pounds per patient by cutting the cost of lab tests and follow-up operations.
The device is a hi-tech form of "electric scalpel", a tool routinely used by surgeons that uses electricity to sear through membranes and internal organs.
As the knife cuts, smoke from the burned tissue is pumped through a tube into a mass spectrometer, a machine that uses magnetism to produce a chemical "fingerprint" of the atoms fed into it.
The customised version being tested at St Mary's, Hammersmith and Charing Cross hospitals in London employs a user-friendly "traffic light" display. Red indicates cancer and green healthy tissue, while yellows shows that a region is still unidentified. | <urn:uuid:bfd7b24f-c7a2-4f3f-8f6c-6bbadde61570> | CC-MAIN-2017-30 | http://www.belfasttelegraph.co.uk/news/uk/iknife-tested-on-cancer-patients-29428580.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-30/segments/1500549427749.61/warc/CC-MAIN-20170727062229-20170727082229-00405.warc.gz | en | 0.954208 | 391 | 2.796875 | 3 |
500 unreached villages in India rapidly accepted the Gospel when missionaries first visited. Some of these villages had no ongoing access to the word of God after the missionaries left. Missionaries returned to some of the other villages and gave the villagers an audio Bible in their heart language. Missionaries encouraged those villages to choose a leader to lead weekly meetings where they read the Word of God. Over the next few years, missionaries returned to visit the villages. In the villages without the Bible, only 2% of those who had accepted Jesus remained believers. In the villages with Bibles, they saw a multiplication with 200% as many believers as they started with!
In 1454 the Bible was first printed on the Gutenberg press. The revolutionary effect of God’s word being released in print for the first time sparked the release of scripture translations in eight European languages. The transformational power of this historic release of scripture resulted in reformation, revival, and spiritual, industrial and political revolutions far beyond European shores.
Widespread application of biblical knowledge sparked massive social change for countries like Norway and Switzerland. In three generations these nations shifted from being among the least free nations in Europe, with rampant poverty, to prosperous and free nations.
New understanding took root on how God values the downtrodden and desires freedom for the oppressed. Slavery was abolished in the UK 1833, as well as in the U.S. and most of the rest of the world by 1865. Voting became a right for men of all races (1870 in US) and finally for women (1920 in US, 1928 in UK).
Corruption became the exception in many nations that had been transformed by application of Biblical values across the spheres of society. These trends continue today where God’s word and principles are being applied.
The Bible has become the most translated, accessible, and accurate literary work of all time with over 550 complete translations currently available. 80% of the world’s population can now read the New Testament in their mother tongue.
Still, as many as 1624 language groups have no access to God’s Word in their heart language. But innovations in language and translation techniques are accelerating the release of many new translations.
Oral language groups are now being empowered to write and read through Uniskript – an innovative writing system developed at YWAM Kona that can be applied to any language. Uniskript is now enabling illiterate peoples to read in less than two weeks.
Oral Bible translation projects enacted by YWAM ministries are providing written word translators with key linguistic knowledge. YWAM outreach teams are putting existing translations in the hands of local translators, who are being trained in the practical application of modern technology to translate scripture accurately and effectively.
For the 700 languages groups in Africa alone that still need translations in their heart language, these innovations bring hope that ending Bible poverty is attainable soon.
Along with translation efforts, distribution of scripture is also accelerating since the advent of the internet and massive growth of mobile technology. Over 900 Bible translations are already freely available – even in developing nations.
Peer-to-peer distribution is being used by YWAMers to transmit the Word of God via wifi, bluetooth and micro SD cards – including in some of the most closed nations on earth. God is rallying believers from all nations to get His word out like never before. If Bible translations in just eight languages resulted in such enormous growth, prosperity, and innovation worldwide, what will happen with the release of 1624 more translations of the Bible?
To be a part of this worldwide movement to eradicate Bible poverty, you can: | <urn:uuid:272cf772-779c-4d73-9f00-b33d23de3400> | CC-MAIN-2018-51 | http://www.uofnkona.edu/news/gods-word-going-farther-joel-rogers/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-51/segments/1544376825495.60/warc/CC-MAIN-20181214070839-20181214092339-00445.warc.gz | en | 0.95243 | 740 | 2.71875 | 3 |
What Is Avoidant Personality Disorder?
Firstly, if you are looking into personal development, personality type, or psychological state management, you need to take a look at our free MP3 designed to 'tune' your brainwaves. To get it, click here.
Those with personality disorders often think that a personal development plan will not be of benefit to them. However, it can greatly aid with your treatment and helping to alleviate certain symptoms and this is very true for avoidant personality disorder. In fact, it can help to set the groundwork for ensuring that your treatment plan is effective.
People with avoidant personality disorder go through their life experience a pattern of feeling inadequate, being extremely shy and being hypersensitive to rejection. Of the adult population in the United States, approximately five percent have this disorder. Having a general understanding of this disorder will help you when it comes time to make your personal development plan.
Looking at the Causes of this Disorder
When it comes to avoidant personality disorders, researchers have yet to find the cause. Environmental and genetic factors are believed to play a role in the development of this disorder. Experts often look at risk factors, but with this disorder, there is not set list of risk factors that determine if someone will develop this disorder.
It is important to note that those with this disorder were almost always shy as children. However, it is important that you know that not all shy children develop avoidant personality disorder as adults. The lack of a concrete cause and risk factors can make it harder to diagnose this condition and it makes it nearly impossible to determine whether someone is likely to develop the disorder once they reach adulthood.
Exploring the Symptoms of this Disorder
People with this condition often find it hard to interact in a work and social environment. This is due to fear of things like:
Those with this disorder might not believe that people actually like them and want them around. This causes this to always be alert and waiting for people to criticize them or reject them. In some cases, neutral actions and comments that are not meant to be negative may be seen as negative to someone with this disorder.
How Professionals Diagnose Avoidant Personality Disorder
Diagnosing this disorder starts with determining when it began because it has to occur in early adulthood at the latest. There are a number of symptoms that professionals are looking for, and to be diagnosed, you have to have a minimum of four of these symptoms:
The Treatments Used for this Disorder
Therapy and medications are used to treat this disorder. Psychotherapy is the most commonly used treatment because it is typically the most effective. The purpose is to ensure that you can see your unconscious beliefs and how they are affecting you. It also helps you to better function socially and at work. There are two types that might be used:
If medications are prescribed, they are typically used to reduce how sensitive you are to rejection. Medications are only used to complement your therapy and not as a replacement.
Your personal development plan can help you to target the symptoms that are causing you the most trouble. It also helps you to see which treatments are helping you the most with your symptoms.
As you can see, having a personal development plan for avoidant personality disorder can be very beneficial. It gives you the chance to really focus on improving the symptoms that are causing you the most issue. It can also help you and your healthcare provider to determine the efficacy of your treatment. You will be able to monitor how your symptoms are affecting you and be able to determine how this condition is affecting your life. It also helps you to identify coping strategies to improve your life despite this disorder.
Speak with a Coach
Speak with a Coach | <urn:uuid:6ea34f00-1e2f-4768-a997-bef71ed158bc> | CC-MAIN-2020-16 | http://www.breakthroughpsychologyprogram.com/what-is-avoidant-personality-disorder.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-16/segments/1585370518622.65/warc/CC-MAIN-20200403190006-20200403220006-00072.warc.gz | en | 0.957088 | 751 | 2.515625 | 3 |
Of all the precious metals, gold is the most popular as an investment. Investors generally buy gold as a hedge or harbor against economic, political. or social fiat currency crises (including investment market declines, burgeoning national debt, currency failure, inflation, war and social unrest). The gold market is subject to speculation as are other markets, especially through the use of futures contracts and derivatives. The history of the gold standard, the role of gold reserves in central banking, gold's low correlation with other commodity prices, and its pricing in relation to fiat currencies during the Late-2000s financial crisis, suggest that gold behaves more like a currency than a commodity.
Gold has been used throughout history as money and has been a relative standard for currency equivalents specific to economic regions or countries, until recent times. Many European countries implemented gold standards in the latter part of the 19th century until these were temporarily suspended in the financial crises involving World War I. After World War II, the Bretton Woods system pegged the United States dollar to gold at a rate of US$35 per troy ounce. The system existed until the 1971 Nixon Shock, when the US unilaterally suspended the direct convertibility of the United States dollar to gold and made the transition to a fiat currency system. The last currency to be divorced from gold was the Swiss Franc in 2000.
Since 1919 the most common benchmark for the price of gold has been the London gold fixing, a twice-daily telephone meeting of representatives from five bullion-trading firms of the London bullion market. Furthermore, gold is traded continuously throughout the world based on the intra-day spot price, derived from over-the-counter gold-trading markets around the world (code "XAU"). The following table sets forth the gold price versus various assets and key statistics | <urn:uuid:3a2efd77-1ef6-4fd8-bc07-13026f83d733> | CC-MAIN-2017-39 | http://jewishgoldinvestment.blogspot.com/2012/04/gold-investment.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-39/segments/1505818689752.21/warc/CC-MAIN-20170923160736-20170923180736-00484.warc.gz | en | 0.940769 | 362 | 3.15625 | 3 |
Just by getting older and sicker, baby boomers will prominently contribute to an 18 percent increase in health care costs due to demographic changes by 2050, according to a new study.
The costs would be in addition to likely increases in spending from new technologies as well as growing appetites for health care services, according to the study from researchers at Bloomington-based insurer HealthPartners.
While the increased cost impact of an aging population is practically assumed at this point – with countless health care expenditures being couched in terms of preparations for graying boomers – the new study being published in the journal Health Services Research adds a few new wrinkles.
First, costs won’t increase uniformly in all major categories of medical practice.
The projected change in per capita costs due to aging is most pronounced in kidney disorders, where spending should increase by 55 percent between 2000 and 2050, according to the report. Per capita spending for heart and vascular conditions – the single large major practice category – is projected to increase by 44 percent.
But costs per person actually will decrease for care of newborns, chemical dependency and pregnancy/infertility care as a consequence of demographic changes.
Unlike other reports on the subject, the HealthPartners study closely looked at spending for people age 85 and older, and found that average per capita costs keep declining as people get closer to 100, said E. Mary Martini, a study author and senior consultant with the health plan’s informatics division. She said that finding was difficult to explain and required further study.
Finally, the new report raises questions about gender differences in health care costs.
“Controlling for age, male costs related to heart and vascular conditions are up to 60 percent higher than female costs,” the study authors wrote. “While this difference may be explained by the natural history of heart and vascular conditions, part of the gap may represent under-treatment of women and/or over-treatment of men.”
The first baby boomers turn 65 in the year 2011, and by 2030 the number of people 65 and over will be twice what it was in 2000. The aging of the baby boomer generation – a group of 74 million people born between 1946 to 1964 – has prompted lots of discussion among health-policy experts about how the country’s health care system will need to change to meet future needs.
The HealthPartners study could help the planning, Martini said, by pinpointing areas of concern, such as the number of kidney specialists in the physician work force.
While the increase in health care costs has been inevitable in recent years, and the aging of the boomers certainly won’t help matters, studies such as the one presented by HealthPartners should temper fears, Martini said. That’s because the 18 percent increase by 2050 amounts to an average increase of just 0.3 percent per year.
“That’s not what’s new,” Martini said, noting that several other studies have estimated the average annual increase in costs due to population aging at less than 1 percent. “But it is reassuring.”
Christopher Snowbeck can be reached at 651-228-5479 or [email protected]. | <urn:uuid:86391746-b049-41d6-aed3-5f5d9618c708> | CC-MAIN-2018-43 | https://www.twincities.com/2007/03/05/aging-boomers-drive-costs/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-43/segments/1539583516071.83/warc/CC-MAIN-20181023044407-20181023065907-00163.warc.gz | en | 0.956078 | 671 | 2.71875 | 3 |
Published September 07, 2013
Following short-lived Tropical Depression 8, another tropical system is showing signs of brewing in the far eastern Atlantic.
Odd favor a vigorous tropical wave emerging off the African coast becoming the next tropical depression or storm in the Atlantic Basin.
What makes this wave different from its predecessors that hinted at development but failed to do so is the atmosphere the wave is moving into.
The wave is tracking south of the disruptive wind shear and dry air that has kept this hurricane season relatively quiet thus far.
Without those hindrances in place, the AccuWeather.com Hurricane Center expects the wave to gradually strengthen over the next couple of days.
The next tropical storm in the Atlantic Basin will acquire the name Humberto.
How strong the system gets will depend on how long it maintains a westward heading. Eventually, it will make a sharper turn to the north and could encounter the drier air, stronger wind shear and even cooler water.
The longer the system delays that turn to the north, the more opportunity it has to strengthen. If it manages to become a hurricane before Thursday, it would prevent 2013 from setting the record for the formation of the latest first Atlantic hurricane.
That record, for storms in the satellite era, is currently held by 2002 when Gustav reached hurricane status on September 11, according to AccuWeather.com Expert Senior Meteorologist Alex Sosnowski.
The system is expected to definitely make that northward turn prior to reaching the central Atlantic, sparing the Caribbean islands from being impacted.
Farther down the road, it appears that the system should not reach the United States.
The worst impacts to land will come over the Cape Verde Islands. Potentially flooding rain threatens to spread across the islands Monday through Tuesday. Depending on when the systems takes its northward turn, the drenching could last through Wednesday.
Damaging winds and rough surf will become greater concerns if the system is a developing or strengthen tropical storm as it crosses or passes very close to the islands.
Elsewhere in the Atlantic
A close eye is also being kept on the area of disturbed weather north of Puerto Rico and Hispaniola that contains part of what was once-Tropical Storm Gabrielle.
The window can open for this area to gradually become better organized if the disruptive wind shear in its path to the north lessens.
Even if development occurs, the cold front set to bring another shot of cool air to the Northeast late next week will keep the system away from the United States.
Interests in Bermuda, however, should monitor the feature. Some drenching showers and thunderstorms could still reach the island nation at midweek regardless of whether or not a tropical depression takes shape.
The AccuWeather.com Hurricane Center will also be watching the southwestern Gulf of Mexico for another system to follow in the footsteps of once-Tropical Depression Eight and Tropical Storm Fernand. | <urn:uuid:e72d716d-bd56-47f7-81f4-b4bff996cbeb> | CC-MAIN-2014-10 | http://www.foxnews.com/weather/2013/09/07/another-atlantic-tropical-system-trying-to-brew/print | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2014-10/segments/1394678701185/warc/CC-MAIN-20140313024501-00092-ip-10-183-142-35.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.938054 | 599 | 2.921875 | 3 |
Walking to St. Barnabas
We walked to St Barnabas church in Claverham with our reading buddies in Robin Class. When we got there, Rev. Jo talked to us about the story of Mary meeting Jesus in the garden after he had risen. We then completed craft activities!
Kestrel Class have been looking at Chinese Dings. We designed and made our own dings out of air-drying clay. This is us decorating our dings and writing our special questions to the Gods on the inside.
Making Irrigation canals
This week, we were looking at how the Yellow River affected the Shang Dynasty. We looked at how there was a lot of flooding due to the Yellow River which wiped out crops and villages that provided food to the people of the Shang cities.
We looked at how Yu the Great built canals off of the Yellow River to reduce the water levels and provide water for crops in villages. We then built our own model irrigation canals out of mud!
Happy New Year!
Welcome back! I hope you all enjoyed your Christmas break. This term, we are looking at the Shang Dynasty and seeing how they used to live in Ancient China. Alongside this, we will be reading 'The Kite Rider' and using this text to form our English for the term. We're hoping to finish off by writing our own version of the story from a different viewpoint.
In Maths this term, we're off to a cracking start with our fractions work and Miss Carter is excited to see us progress further.
We are also joined this term by Miss Paul, who has come to join us from Plymouth University.
Please ensure that you are working really hard to practise your spellings each week and that your homework is handed in on a Wednesday. | <urn:uuid:a748adde-a402-401d-973b-1a29b83fb66c> | CC-MAIN-2021-25 | https://www.courtdewyck.co.uk/terms-3-4-2/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-25/segments/1623488560777.97/warc/CC-MAIN-20210624233218-20210625023218-00012.warc.gz | en | 0.968495 | 369 | 2.71875 | 3 |
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For decades, researchers have known that poor sleep leaves people vulnerable to developing depression and anxiety. The presence of poor sleep has also been found to act as a barrier to recovery from mood problems. Now, researchers have shown that treating poor sleep doubles the chance of recovering from depression.
From a neuroscience perspective, this makes sense. Restricting sleep results in less activation of the frontal executive network. This is the area of the brain that helps us regulate strong emotions like sadness and worry. When this brain system is working well, it allows us to “talk ourselves down” from depressive thoughts like “things will never work out,” or “I’ll never feel any other way.” When it is not working well, it is easy to become overwhelmed with negative feelings.
When a family member has depression, actively ensuring healthy sleep habits is an important first step in helping them feel better. Rather than sleeping pills, which have side effects that can effect mental sharpness, the study demonstrates that utilizing non medication sleep techniques works to improve both sleep and mood.
Excerpt from the NY Times article.
“Curing insomnia in people with depression could double their chance of a full recovery, scientists are reporting. The findings, based on an insomnia treatment that uses talk therapy rather than drugs, are the first to emerge from a series of closely watched studies of sleep and depression to be released in the coming year.
The new report affirms the results of a smaller pilot study, giving scientists confidence that the effects of the insomnia treatment are real. If the figures continue to hold up, the advance will be the most significant in the treatment of depression since the introduction of Prozac in 1987.
Depression is the most common mental disorder, affecting some 18 million Americans in any given year, according to government figures, and more than half of them also have insomnia.
Experts familiar with the new report said that the results were plausible and that if supported by other studies, they should lead to major changes in treatment.
“It would be an absolute boon to the field,” said Dr. Nada L. Stotland, professor of psychiatry at Rush Medical College in Chicago, who was not connected with the latest research.
“It makes good common sense clinically,” she continued. “If you have a depression, you’re often awake all night, it’s extremely lonely, it’s dark, you’re aware every moment that the world around you is sleeping, every concern you have is magnified.”
The study is the first of four on sleep and depression nearing completion, all financed by the National Institute of Mental Health. They are evaluating a type of talk therapy for insomnia that is cheap, relatively brief and usually effective, but not currently a part of standard treatment.
The new report, from a team at Ryerson University in Toronto, found that 87 percent of patients who resolved their insomnia in four biweekly talk therapy sessions also saw their depression symptoms dissolve after eight weeks of treatment, either with an antidepressant drug or a placebo pill — almost twice the rate of those who could not shake their insomnia. Those numbers are in line with a previous pilot study of insomnia treatment at Stanford.
In an interview, the report’s lead author, Colleen E. Carney, said, “The way this story is unfolding, I think we need to start augmenting standard depression treatment with therapy focused on insomnia.”
Dr. Carney acknowledged that the study was small — just 66 patients — and said a clearer picture should emerge as the other teams of scientists released their results. Those studies are being done at Stanford, Duke and the University of Pittsburgh and include about 70 subjects each. Dr. Carney will present her data on Saturday at a convention of the Association for Behavioral and Cognitive Therapies, in Nashville.
Doctors have known for years that sleep problems are intertwined with mood disorders. But only recently have they begun to investigate the effects of treating both at the same time. Antidepressant drugs like Prozac help many people, as does talk therapy, but in rigorous studies the treatments, administered individually, only slightly outperform placebo pills. Used together the treatments produce a cure rate — full recovery — for about 40 percent of patients.
Adding insomnia therapy, however, to an antidepressant would sharply lift the cure rate, Dr. Carney’s data suggests, as do the findings from the Stanford pilot study, which included 30 people.
Doctors have long considered poor sleep to be a symptom of depression that would clear up with treatments, said Rachel Manber, a professor in the psychiatry and behavioral sciences department at Stanford, whose 2008 pilot trial of insomnia therapy provided the rationale for larger studies. “But we now know that’s not the case,” she said. “The relationship is bidirectional — that insomnia can precede the depression.”
Full-blown insomnia is more serious than the sleep problems most people occasionally have. To qualify for a diagnosis, people must have endured at least a month of chronic sleep loss that has caused problems at work, at home or in important relationships. Several studies now suggest that developing insomnia doubles a person’s risk of later becoming depressed — the sleep problem preceding the mood disorder, rather than the other way around.
The therapy that Dr. Manber, Dr. Carney and the other researchers are using is called cognitive behavior therapy for insomnia, or CBT-I for short. The therapist teaches people to establish a regular wake-up time and stick to it; get out of bed during waking periods; avoid eating, reading, watching TV or similar activities in bed; and eliminate daytime napping.
The aim is to reserve time in bed for only sleeping and — at least as important — to “curb this idea that sleeping requires effort, that it’s something you have to fix,” Dr. Carney said. “That’s when people get in trouble, when they begin to think they have to do something to get to sleep.”
This kind of therapy is distinct from what is commonly known as sleep hygiene: exercising regularly, but not too close to bedtime, and avoiding coffee and too much alcohol in the evening. These healthful habits do not amount to an effective treatment for insomnia.
In her 2008 pilot study testing CBT-I in people with depression, Dr. Manber of Stanford used sleep hygiene as part of her control treatment. She found that 60 percent of patients who received seven sessions of the talk therapy and an antidepressant fully recovered from their depression, compared with 33 percent who got the same drug and the sleep hygiene therapy.
In the four larger trials expected to be published in 2014, researchers had participants keep sleep journals to track the effect of the CBT-I therapy, writing down what time they went to bed every night, what time they tried to fall asleep, how long it took, how many awakenings they had and what time they woke up.
When the diaries show consistent, seldom-interrupted, good-quality slumber, the therapist conducts an interview to determine if there are any lingering issues. If there are none, the person has recovered. The therapy results in sharp reductions in nighttime wakefulness for most people who follow through.” | <urn:uuid:ea1b79a0-769a-4c22-af6a-990f9889c0bd> | CC-MAIN-2022-05 | https://karenpostal.com/2013-11-20-to-cure-depression-fix-sleep-problems/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-05/segments/1642320304947.93/warc/CC-MAIN-20220126101419-20220126131419-00047.warc.gz | en | 0.950503 | 1,785 | 3.046875 | 3 |
The Couch Potato Effect
Embargo expired: 30-Nov-2010 12:00 PM EST
Source Newsroom: Sanford Burnham Prebys Medical Discovery Institute
Newswise — Daniel Kelly, M.D., and his colleagues at Sanford-Burnham Medical Research Institute (Sanford-Burnham) at Lake Nona have unveiled a surprising new model for studying muscle function: the couch potato mouse. While these mice maintain normal activity and body weight, they do not have the energy to exercise. In the December 1 issue of Cell Metabolism, Dr. Kelly’s team reports what happens when muscle tissue lacks PGC-1, a protein coactivator that muscles need to convert fuel into energy.
“Part of our interest in understanding the factors that allow muscles to exercise is the knowledge that whatever this machinery is, it becomes inactive in obesity, aging, diabetes and other chronic conditions that affect mobility,” Dr. Kelly explained.
Normally, physical stimulation boosts PGC-1 activity in muscle cells, which switches on genes that increase fuel storage, ultimately leading to “trained” muscle (the physical condition most people hope to attain through exercise). In obese individuals, PGC-1 levels drop, possibly further reducing a person’s capacity to exercise – creating a vicious cycle. In this study, mice without muscle PGC-1 looked normal and walked around without difficulty, but could not run on a treadmill.
This is the first time that PGC-1 has been completely removed from muscle tissue, providing researchers with a new model to unravel the protein’s role in muscle development, exercise and metabolism. So what happens to mice with muscles short on PGC-1? Their mitochondria – the part of the cell that converts fuel into energy – can’t function properly, so cells have to work harder to stay vigorous. This extra effort rapidly depletes carbohydrate fuel stores, leading to premature fatigue. In short, PGC-1 is necessary for exercise, but not normal muscle development and activity.
But these mice held another surprise. PGC-1-deficient couch potato mice were not obese and still respond normally to insulin – meaning they are not at risk for developing diabetes despite their sedentary lifestyles and mitochondrial problems. This was unexpected because many scientists believe that dysfunctional mitochondria trigger a cascade of insulin resistance and diabetes. This study dispels that notion, instead suggesting that perhaps malfunctioning mitochondria are a result of diabetes, rather than a cause.
“Lo and behold, even though these animals couldn’t run, they showed no evidence of insulin resistance,” Dr. Kelly said. “We are now investigating what happens when we boost PGC-1 activity intermittently, as normally occurs when a person exercises.”
This work was supported by the National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases (NIDDK) and the National Heart, Lung and Blood Institute (NHLBI), institutes within the National Institutes of Health (NIH), and the American Diabetes Association. For more information about Sanford-Burnham research, visit http://beaker.sanfordburnham.org.
Zechner C, Lai L, Fong JL, Geng T, Yan Z, Rumsey JW, Collia D, Chen Z, Wozniak DF, Leone TC, Kelly DP. Total skeletal muscle PGC-1 deficiency uncouples mitochondrial derangements from fiber type determination and insulin sensitivity. Cell Metabolism. December 1, 2010.
About Sanford-Burnham Medical Research Institute
Sanford-Burnham Medical Research Institute is dedicated to discovering the fundamental molecular causes of disease and devising the innovative therapies of tomorrow. Sanford-Burnham, with operations in California and Florida, is one of the fastest-growing research institutes in the country. The Institute ranks among the top independent research institutions nationally for NIH grant funding and among the top organizations worldwide for its research impact. From 1999 – 2009, Sanford-Burnham ranked #1 worldwide among all types of organizations in the fields of biology and biochemistry for the impact of its research publications, defined by citations per publication, according to the Institute for Scientific Information. According to government statistics, Sanford-Burnham ranks #2 nationally among all organizations in capital efficiency of generating patents, defined by the number of patents issued per grant dollars awarded.
Sanford-Burnham utilizes a unique, collaborative approach to medical research and has established major research programs in cancer, neurodegeneration, diabetes, and infectious, inflammatory, and childhood diseases. The Institute is especially known for its world-class capabilities in stem cell research and drug discovery technologies. Sanford-Burnham is a nonprofit public benefit corporation. For more information, please visit www.sanfordburnham.org. | <urn:uuid:e7b88003-4f4a-48e7-ae56-721858cf0dce> | CC-MAIN-2016-30 | http://www.newswise.com/articles/view/571191/?sc=dwhr&xy=10002094 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-30/segments/1469257824570.25/warc/CC-MAIN-20160723071024-00316-ip-10-185-27-174.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.910991 | 984 | 3.078125 | 3 |
This activity is perfect for a review of the rock cycle, but when done in its entirety is a simulation of the rock cycle! Good for learning it for the first time (for 3rd graders) or reviewing concepts and vocabulary (4th grade, 5th grade). Students can also gain plenty of practice using science vocabulary.
Benchmarks (For Earth Science in the 3rd to 5th grand band):
A. Explain the characteristics, cycles, and patterns involving Earth and its place in the solar system.
B. Summarize the processes that shape Earth’s surface and describe evidence of those processes.
C. Describe Earth’s resources including rocks, soil, water, air, animals and plants and the ways in which they can be conserved.
D. Analyze weather and changes that occur over a period of time.
Related Grade-Level Indicators
3rd Earth Systems
1. Compare distinct properties of rocks (e.g. coloring, layering and texture).
3. Describe that smaller rocks come from the breakdown of larger rocks through the actions of plants and weather.
4. Observe and describe the composition of soil (e.g., small pieces of rock and decomposed pieces of plants and animals, products of plants and animals.
6. Investigate that soils are often found in layers and can be different from place to place.
4th Earth and Space Sciences: Processes that Shape the Earth
9. Describe evidence of changes on Earth’s surface in terms of slow processes (e.g., erosion, weathering, mountain building, and deposition) and rapid processes (e.g. volcanic eruptions, earthquakes, and landslides).
• Crayons, crayon sharpener
• Wood (optional)
• Hot plate (alternately, a candle)
• Aluminum pie pan
• Heavy Duty aluminum foil
• Tongs / oven mitts
*** As always, I appreciate and look forward to your feedback! *** | <urn:uuid:0c419452-1d20-47da-b9f5-0834e0a70a6f> | CC-MAIN-2014-49 | http://www.teacherspayteachers.com/Product/Using-Crayons-to-Teach-about-the-Rock-Cycle-A-Guided-Inquiry-Activity-336462 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2014-49/segments/1416400378724.10/warc/CC-MAIN-20141119123258-00031-ip-10-235-23-156.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.891856 | 416 | 4.4375 | 4 |
Why Do The Chinese Give Out Ang Pows During Chinese New Year?
For as long as anyone can remember, giving out ang pows a.k.a. red packets have been an integral part of Chinese culture, particularly during Chinese New Year
Ang pows - red envelopes stuffed with money - are usually given out by elders and married couples as gifts to the young and unmarried during festivals such as Chinese New Year as well as social or family gatherings like weddings and birthday celebrations.
The red colour of the envelope signifies good luck and is a symbol to ward off evil spirits, with illustrations that typically bestow blessings and good wishes of longevity, prosperity, and good health to the recipient.
Ever wondered how and when the practice of giving out ang pows began?
It is widely believed that the practice dates back to the Qin Dynasty (221 BC - 206 BC), where the elderly would thread coins with a red string to gift to the younger generation as ya sui qian.
Back then, ya sui qian means "money to ward off evil spirits" (压祟钱, pinyin: yā suì qián) and was believed to protect the recipient from sickness and death.
The ya sui qian was later replaced by red envelopes when printing presses became more common. It was then that it became known as "money to ward off old age" (压岁钱) when the phrase yā suì qián is written with the homophone for suì that means "old age" instead of "evil spirits".
The origin of ya sui qian might have its roots in a folk tale involving an evil demon called Sui. Apparently, he touched children's heads while they were asleep, causing them to fall deathly ill or lead to their deaths.
Sui is said to be completely black, except for his hands, which are colourless. He was known to appear every Chinese New Year's Eve during the night to touch a sleeping child's head three times, causing the child to fall deathly ill or even resulting in their death.
Parents would stay up all night to watch over their children as the demon continued his bout of terror, until a worried couple decided to pray to their god to protect their newborn child. Hearing their prayers, the god sent eight fairies to aid the small family. The fairies turned themselves into eight coins to trick the demon, which were then wrapped in red paper and placed under the infant's pillow.
Everyone eventually succumbed to sleep, and that was when Sui appeared. Just as he approached the infant's bed, beams of golden light burst out from the red paper and scared Sui away!
The miraculous story soon spread throughout the village, and everyone began wrapping coins in red paper to protect their children from Sui. As time went by, ang pows ceased to become a protector from evil spirits and became a symbol of well wishes and blessings for children.
In another story, legend has it that the first ang pow was gifted to a courageous orphan after he defeated a dragon-like demon and saved a village during the Song Dynasty.
Sometime during the Song Dynasty (960–1279), a village called Chang-Chieu was being terrorised by a gigantic dragon-like demon. No one in the village could defeat it, not even their greatest warriors and statesmen... until a young orphan came along armed with a magical sword he'd inherited from his ancestors.
The young lad fought and eventually destroyed the dragon. The villagers were overjoyed and presented the brave orphan with a red envelope (or most likely, a pouch) filled with money to thank him for saving the village.
Since then, handing out ang pows has become a traditional custom to signify luck, prosperity, and goodwill. In modern times, ang pows may come in shades of orange, pink, and yellow, but its significance remains largely unchanged.
In Malaysia, the practice has been assimilated into the culture of other ethnicities as well. For example, duit raya has been known to be distributed in the form of green packets modelled after the ang pow, while purple or yellow packets are handed out for Deepavali.
What are some do's and don't's when it comes to receiving and handing out ang pows? Share your knowledge with us in the comments section below!
The Chinese community in Malaysia is actually a diverse group of people categorised by their respective dialect groups:
Chinese New Year is fast approaching, so we hope you've gotten your CNY snacks all baked and ready to go! If not, here's some inspiration for the Year of the Rooster: | <urn:uuid:a6ba2d1e-2b3f-47fb-b189-2aaf11bf649b> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://says.com/my/lifestyle/the-history-of-ang-pow-and-why-its-given-out-for-chinese-new-year | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882570827.41/warc/CC-MAIN-20220808122331-20220808152331-00429.warc.gz | en | 0.98297 | 968 | 3.375 | 3 |
NEW DELHI: The government is working on a scheme to promote energy efficient homes
by offering cheaper loans and lower registration fee for green residential units as it ramps up efforts to mitigate climate change by moving towards a net zero-energy building regime.
Government sources said the proposal is part of ongoing discussions on framing the ‘Energy Conservation Building Code for Residential Sector (ECBC-R)’ on the lines of such a code for government and commercial buildings framed in 2007.
Minister for power, coal and renewable energy, Piyush Goyal, is scheduled to release the refreshed version of the code, ECBC-2017, on Monday, outlining a quantum leap towards a greener outlook for Indian realty.
Sources said the Bureau of Energy Efficiency
(BEE), an outfit under the power ministry, is working on a scheme to incentivise new homes that are more energy efficient and make lower demand on utilities for lighting and cooling energy.
Also on the table is a proposal to extend the incentives to make existing residential properties more energy efficient through retrofitting.
The thinking behind the proposals is in line with the incentives given to rooftop solar projects for the residential sector, which have been brought under the ambit of home loans that enjoy low interest rates.
Admittedly, it is still a work in progress and, as the sources said, “the i’s are yet to be dotted and the t’s to be crossed”.
The move for a code for residential buildings has been prompted by concerns over demand side management, a vital step for maintaining a sustainable growth and lowering carbon emission at a time when the economy trots apace.
ECBC-R will be a booster for the government’s ‘Make in India’ campaign as it is expected to raise the demand for energy efficient household equipment as well as other services.
As reported by TOI on November 2, 2016, the World Bank estimated India’s market potential for energy efficient products at Rs 1.6 lakh crore, on the basis of the success of Ujala — the Narendra Modi government’s scheme to replace old filament and CFL bulbs with modern LED lamps.
Seen in the backdrop of climate change and expanding cities, ECBC-R will strengthen the government’s efforts at reducing the carbon footprint of a growing segment of energy consumers. It will also add green jobs in the real estate sector. | <urn:uuid:e731c5ee-ca5e-452a-b167-259298b737d4> | CC-MAIN-2020-24 | https://realty.economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/industry/cheaper-loans-lower-registration-fee-for-green-homes-soon/59212098 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-24/segments/1590347434137.87/warc/CC-MAIN-20200603112831-20200603142831-00379.warc.gz | en | 0.930923 | 497 | 2.65625 | 3 |
1. What is a “trademark” or “servicemark”?
A trademark is a word, name, symbol, or device used in trade to indicate the source of goods and to distinguish them from the goods of others. A servicemark is the same, except it indicates and distinguishes the source of a service rather than a good. The terms “trademark” and “mark” are commonly used to refer to both trademarks and servicemarks.
The U.S. Patent and Trademark Office (PTO) reviews trademark applications and decides whether or not to grant federal registration. The PTO does not: (i) conduct trademark searches for applicants, (ii) provide opinions as to the registerability of a proposed mark, (iii) make decisions on the applicant’s right to use a mark or (iv) give any legal advice
2. What is the difference between the notations TM, SM and ®?
Any time you claim rights in a mark, you may use the “TM” (trademark) or “SM” (service mark) designation to alert the public to your claim, regardless of whether or not you have filed an application with the PTO. However, you may use the federal registration symbol “®” only after the PTO actually registers your mark, and not while an application is pending.
3. Should marks be registered?
Registration is not required, as the right or ownership of a mark is established by the legitimate use of the mark. However, securing a registration is highly recommended. The main benefits of registering a trademark are that it:
• provides exclusive, national scope and protection to the mark and its usage
• acts as public notice and gives legal presumption of ownership
• gives the right to sue for infringement in federal courts
• helps to obtain registration in foreign countries
• helps to prevent importation of infringing foreign goods
4. Do I need a trademark attorney to register the mark?
Not necessarily, as you can file the application yourself. However, the services of a skilled trademark attorney who is familiar with conducting searches, the detailed application filing procedure and maintenance requirements will help you to save time, avoid liability, ensure proper protection in the appropriate classes and avoid unwarranted rejection.
5. Can I apply for a mark without actually using it?
Yes. You can file on the basis of a bonafide “intent to use” the mark in commerce in the future. There are additional, post-application fee and filing requirements for marks filed on an “intent to use” basis. You must file either a Statement of Use (“SOU”) or an extension within six months after your initial application has been accepted to prove your “actual use” in the marketplace or to extend your time to prove such use for an additional six months. You are entitled to five consecutive extensions for a total of 2.5 years. Thereafter, you would have to file a SOU or the mark would be abandoned. Actual use of the mark must begin before the PTO registers the mark. Pricing is available here.
6. What is a trademark search?
A search for conflicting marks is necessary to ascertain the uniqueness and ultimate registerability of your mark. A search will confirm whether or not there is a similar mark already in use as a registered mark, or part of a pending application, in the same or similar classes. We conduct our search using the PTO website, search engines and proprietary software to achieve the most comprehensive results possible. Thereafter, we provide you with a detailed opinion letter summarizing our findings. Our search fees are available here.
7. On what grounds might my application be rejected?
The application can be rejected for a number of reasons, including, without limitation:
1. The mark (or a confusingly similar mark) is already in use as a registered mark, or is part of a senior pending application.
2. The mark uses words that generically identify a good or service (e.g. ‘Pen’ for a pen manufacturer).
3. “Merely descriptive” marks:
• Descriptive of the goods or service (e.g. ‘Small’ for a compact computer)
• Descriptive of quality or feature of goods or service (e.g. ‘Fast’ for a super fast car)
• Geographically descriptive (e.g. ‘California’ for a software company)
• Descriptive of an individual by using merely a surname (e.g. ‘John’ for a law firm)
4. “Deceptive” marks: The mark misleads people as to the nature, quality, feature or geographic origin of the goods
5. Immoral or Scandalous Marks
6. Government’s flag, armorial bearings, official hallmarks and emblems of states and international organizations
8. What is an "Office Action"?
An “Office Action” is a letter from the PTO refusing registration of a trademark application. Refusals may be informal, requiring clarification or amendment of the application in order to place it in proper condition for publication. Informalities include problems with the identification of goods or services, the legal entity status or citizenship of the applicant, improper specimens, etc. More complicated problems may involve substantive legal refusals based on statutory prohibitions, such as refusals based on mere descriptiveness (or generic marks), likelihood of confusion or scandalous marks. If you receive an “Office Action” from the PTO, you may require legal assistance to properly respond to the issues. Absent such a response, your application may be abandoned and you may lose your rights. We can assist you with a proper response to an Office Action.
9. What is publication for opposition?
Once the PTO is convinced about the credentials and uniqueness of your mark, your mark will be published in the Official Gazette. The PTO offers thirty (30) days from the date of publication for any third-party to file an appeal against the approval of your mark. If there is no opposition either a Certificate of Registration (for applications based on actual use) or a Notice of Allowance (for “intent to use” applications) will be issued. Certificates of Registration are typically issued about twelve weeks after the date the mark was published.
10. What is a Notice of Allowance (NOA)?
If the mark is published based upon the applicant's bona fide intention to use the mark in commerce, and no party files an opposition or a request to extend the time to oppose, the PTO will issue a NOA about twelve (12) weeks after the date the mark was published. The applicant then has six months from the date of the NOA to either: (i) use the mark in commerce and submit a SOU or (ii) request an extension. The PTO will issue the registration certificate only after the SOU is filed and approved.
11. What is an Allegation of Use (AOU)?
This is a sworn statement signed by the owner (or a person authorized to sign on behalf of the owner) to declare the use of the mark in commerce. An AOU can be filed only: (i) on or before the day the PTO approves the mark for publication in the Official Gazette or (ii) on or after the day the PTO issues the NOA. An AOU filed before the mark is approved for publication is called an Amendment to Allege Use. An AOU filed after the NOA is issued is called a SOU. The AOU must be filed along with: (i) a specimen showing use of the mark in commerce for each class of goods or services listed in the original application and (ii) the appropriate filing fee. services.
12. How long does a trademark last?
Rights in a federally-registered mark can last indefinitely if the owner continues to use the mark in connection with the goods/services in the registration and files all necessary documentation in the PTO at the appropriate times. Most registrants file (i) a Combined Declaration of Use and Incontestability (“Section 8 & 15”) between the 5th and 6th years after their registration date and (ii) a Combined Declaration of Use and Application for Renewal (“Section 8 & 9”) between the 9th and 10th years after their registration date, and every ten years thereafter. Pricing is available here.
13. How long will it take to register the trademark with the PTO?
You have to be patient as the completion of the registration process may take a long time. The applicant should receive a response to the application from the PTO within six (6) months from filing the application. However, the total time for an application to be processed may be more than a year, depending on the basis for filing, and the legal issues which may arise in the examination of the application.
14. Is my US registration valid in foreign countries?
No. US registration protects your rights only within the US. For protection in foreign countries, you need to register your mark internationally. This is typically accomplished on a country-by-country basis. However, there are a few international agreements that give the benefit of multiple filings across different member countries by filing just one application. For more information about international searches and filings, please contact us.
15. How can I protect my registered trademark?
The golden rule is to continue to use your mark in trade and commerce. At the same time, be wary of potential infringers and counterfeiters. If you happen to come across any misuse of your registered mark, you must notify the infringing parties or risk losing your trademark rights. ‘Aspirin’ lost its trademark status due to the failure of the owner to prevent others from using it. We can help you protect your trademark.
16. What if there is a trademark infringement?
If there has been an infringement of your trademark, you can file a claim under the federal and state laws. As the plaintiff, the onus will be on you to prove that the use of a similar mark by the defendant has created a likelihood of confusion. If you are successful in establishing that there has been an infringement: (i) the court will grant an injunction against further infringement, (ii) your attorney’s fees will be recouped, if the mark is federally registered and (iii) you may be awarded monetary damages.
17. Can I register my domain name as a trademark?
Yes, provided the domain name is used to provide a unique and distinct image and identity to your goods or services. Simply registering your domain name does not mean that the domain name is protected as a trademark.
18. Is a "trademark" the same as a "trade name?"
No. A “trade name” is a name an owner uses to identify his or her business. It normally ends with “Inc.,” “LLC.,” etc. Trade names are typically registered with the county in which the business operates. For more information about forming an entity, please contact us.
19. What is a “copyright”?
A copyright is a legal right granted to authors of “original works of authorship” that are fixed in a tangible form of expression, whether published or unpublished. Copyright protection is available for the following types of works: Literary, Musical, Dramatic, Choreographic, Architectural, Pictorial, Graphic, Sculptural, Sound recordings, Motion pictures and other audiovisual works.
20. What are the benefits of timely copyright registration?
While conventional wisdom suggests that copyright protection exists once a work is reduced to writing (or any other tangible medium, as in the case of software code written to disk), a copyright must be registered with the U.S. Copyright Office before a party may sue in federal court for its infringement. A bonus is granted to those that register their copyrights immediately, or within three (3) months of publication, in the form of statutory damages and attorney’s fees for infringement. We can assist you in filing the documents needed to register your copyright.
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Understanding Respiratory Hazards
Many tasks, both at work and at home, can cause respiratory hazards. The length of time you're exposed, how often you're exposed, and the concentration of the hazard all add to your risk of having health problems.
Dust, fumes, mist, smoke, and fog
These hazards occur in many ways. Dust can form when substances are broken down into smaller pieces. Fumes and smoke may be released into the air with temperature changes. Mist and fog may occur when substances are sprayed. Some of the tasks that may expose you to these hazards are:
Gases and vapors
Gases and vapors may have no smell, taste, or color. Gases can be released with temperature changes or after a container is opened. Vapors may be released as a substance evaporates. Certain gas and vapor exposure, such as carbon monoxide, can quickly cause injury or even death. This is called an IDLH (Immediately Dangerous to Life or Health) situation. Some of the tasks that may expose you to these hazards are:
Lack of oxygen
When oxygen levels drop below 19.5%, your life is at risk. Confined areas, places with certain gases, or places where there are fires can cause an IDLH situation. Some of the tasks that may lead to a life-threatening lack of oxygen are: | <urn:uuid:43a1a083-956b-45ae-8d44-87a5f9fef445> | CC-MAIN-2019-26 | http://tsclinic.kramesonline.com/HealthSheets/3,S,85637 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-26/segments/1560627999000.76/warc/CC-MAIN-20190619143832-20190619165832-00462.warc.gz | en | 0.947241 | 281 | 3.40625 | 3 |
Future Reflections Summer 1992, Vol. 11 No. 3
BLINDNESS: FROM THE PERSPECTIVE OF SIGHTED CHILDREN
Editor's Note: The following two items--an article by Lauren L. Eckery and a school essay by Rochella Cook--give us a peek into the minds of two sighted children who have a special relationship with someone who is blind. Lynden Eckery's mother, Lauren, is blind, and Rochella has a younger sister who is blind. The article by Lauren Eckery is reprinted from the November, 1991, Braille Monitor; the essay by Rochella Cook was a school assignment, and was mailed to Future Reflections by her mother, Esky Cook.
Blindness: From the Perspective of Children
by Lauren L. Eckery
[PICTURE] Lynden (center) is about to get some hands-on experience in how to use a white cane. This NFB Parents Division-sponsored activity reinforces healthy attitudes about blindness and gives sighted children of blind parents, sighted siblings, and blind kids a chance to have fun while making friends with others their age who share a common relationship with someone who’s blind.
[PICTURE] Sora Mindy Cook (Rochelle’s sister)isn’t much interested in the esthetics of this outside dividing wall- she just wants to know how far down it is!
We have said many times throughout the years that children are the hope for the future of the National Federation of the Blind. We do not limit our hope to blind children, since sighted children will also grow up either to help or to hinder our cause as we progress. The children who will help us most will be those who have learned early in life to recognize the real issues surrounding blindness. If they carry this knowledge with them for the rest of their lives and put it into useful practice, they will stand beside us, constantly aware and totally convinced that sight is not everything.
We often speak, particularly among ourselves, of the many incidents in our lives which reek of unintended discrimination against the blind and of the ways in which these words and actions bother us. I think it is important that we do this. Discrimination and oppression are an integral part of our reality. However, our hope and enthusiasm in our Federation work and play can be greatly enhanced by the wisdom and humor which come from children who have given our blindness a second thought. I have shared examples of this nature with you in the past. I have some more recent examples, which I would now like to share with you.
Not long ago I was walking home from work, traveling up Webster Street. I heard the squeals and the roar of several small children in joyful play with their wagons, cars, Big Wheels, and tricycles. They were playing on the sidewalk. Suddenly, I heard a mother's shriek of terror, "Watch out! Take those toys off the sidewalk right now so she won't trip over them!" It sounded like a matter of life and death. As I continued walking toward the children, I heard them scurry to remove their toys from the sidewalk.
One little boy didn't make it. As he was tugging away at his vehicle, I approached him, saying "Hi" to him as I quickly maneuvered around him and his vehicle by using my long white cane.
Immediately he asked, "What's that?" As I explained to him how and why I used my cane, I discovered other toys still on the sidewalk. I remarked to him that it might be a good idea to take the rest of the toys off the sidewalk since somebody might come along and trip over them. I was astonished by his response.
"But you finded 'em." Obviously he saw no need for panic since he had just witnessed a demonstration that one did not have to see to find the toys on the sidewalk.
Then there is my daughter Lynden. She seems to go through phases of pretending her father and I are not really blind; being angry about our blindness, complete with insulting behavior; and occasionally being unusually realistic about our blindness.
One day this past winter, when I was ill, Lynden wanted one of her school papers signed. My signature guide was not easily at hand. Neither of us wanted to go get it. In the past, in a situation like this, Lynden might have said, "Why can't I just sign it for you?" I have explained to her that this is never a good idea. As her mother, I can and will sign anything needing a parent's signature. Her father will do the same. On this particular day, Lynden left the room, busying herself in some mysterious activity. Returning, she presented me with a paper signature guide which she had fashioned herself. The accuracy of the shaping of this guide assured me that she had indeed noticed and accepted the tool I have used all these years to facilitate the independent signing of my name. This was not an act of shame and anger, but one of consideration, love, and respect.
Finally, I would like to share a poem which Lynden wrote. Her third-grade class was given an assignment to write a poem about the color green. Each poem was placed on a large green paper shamrock for St. Patrick's Day.
Most of the references to color I hear from sighted people come in predominantly visual terms. Although green is not Lynden's favorite color, I think her description of green, with its inclusion of other bodily senses--the good, the bad, and the fun of life--demonstrates an open, wholesome, and heathy perspective on the color green. With Lynden's permission, it is with a mother's pride and with an editor's pleasure that I now share this poem:
by Lynden Eckery (Spring, 1990)
Green is Spring
And a four-leaf clover,
And the feeling of running.
Green is the taste of mints.
Grass and fresh air smell green.
Green is the sound of a bird and a cricket.
Mouldy bread and a headache are green.
Green is camping.
Editor's Note: Everything is relative, so they say. Certainly it is true that what is precocious behavior in a 2-year-old would be childishly immature behavior in a 7-year-old. The deep insight of a 10-year-old old is shallow thinking in a 21-year-old. Understanding blindness is also relative to age and maturity. As parents we need to understand this and encourage our children when they express thoughts that are basically sound and appropriate for their age level. Consider the following school essay. The young girl who wrote it is attempting to demonstrate how wrong the public is about what it believes about blindness. It is not a denial of blindness (as the last sentence seems to imply), only a denial that blindness necessarily means deprivation of all the small pleasures and beauties of life. Here is Rochella's essay.
Essay Question: If you had the power to give anything to anyone, what would it be and to whom would you give it?
Rochella Cook, Baltimore, Maryland.
My sister is blind. She is seven. She has black, curly hair and a few freckles. I would give her sight. I would show her all those pretty colors. Bright, glaring red; soft, soothing pink; grassy, shiny green; and light, sky blue. I would show her the striking sky during a sunset. I would show her the gorgeous rainbow after a rainstorm. I would show her flowers beginning to bloom and flashing traffic lights. I would show her smoke as it curls and wiggles away into the sky. I would show her a little, red balloon as it climbs higher and higher into the sky. I would show her all the photographs she never saw before. I would show her and show her until there was nothing left to show her. But someone already beat me to this present. My sister can see. She can see by feeling, by smelling, by hearing, and by tasting. When she eats a fireball, she says, "This is red!" When she hears rain pouring and thunder booming she says, "It's grey outside!" When she smells burning, she says, "Oh no! It's black!" My sister is not really blind.
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|Photo from the Galileo spacecraft, 1990.|
This future, of course, is predicated on the consumption of power. Lots of power. The technologically sophisticated lifestyles we have come to enjoy will require an unending supply of energy, on an enormous scale. In 2005, the United States alone consumed about 100 quadrillion BTUs, roughly the energy contained in 800 billion gallons of gasoline or 3.6 billion tonnes of coal. Annual world consumption is on the order of 450 quadrillion BTUs, and with the world population climbing ever upward, it's easy to see that the demand for energy will continue to swell.
But there's a problem. Our power consumption is responsible for an obscene level of carbon emissions which threaten to alter the climate of the Earth, causing violent storms, coastal flooding, the destruction of ecosystems, the acidification of the oceans, and the widespread extinction of many species, which may have a profound impact on the food chain. Fueled mainly by coal, oil and natural gas, this level of consumption is unsustainable at best, and extraordinarily reckless at worst.
On Earth Day, much is made about the need for conservation. Not only should we recycle and do what we can to minimize pollution, but we should also cut down on our energy consumption. That's a great idea, and in 2011, that's what you must do if you're serious about saving the planet. At a time when there is heartbreakingly little political will to make big changes in our energy economy, the only way to reduce our environmental impact is individual responsibility. Earth Day is an important part of spreading that message, making sure people know what they can do to make a difference, but it may do little toward convincing the millions of Americans who are decidedly hostile toward environmentalism. And so, even if every environmentalist in America were to minimize their carbon footprint, half of the population might persist in unchecked consumption.
What is troubling about the energy conservation message, and what is understandably so unattractive to those on the right, is the austerity.
We are told to turn off our lights when we leave a room. We should unplug everything when not in use. But for myself, I don't want to turn off the lights! I would prefer to have every light on when I'm at home in the evening. But if I'm going to be serious about the environment, I have to knock it off. Adding to the frustration is the sense -- familiar to any voter -- that the actions of one single person cannot have much of an impact. If I'm extremely responsible about my energy consumption, it still doesn't feel like I'm changing anything... the carbon dioxide in the atmosphere continues to tick upward. And of course the opposite is also true: If I'm terribly irresponsible when it comes to the environment, it doesn't really feel like I'm doing much damage. After all, I'm just one person, and the world is very large. But the reality is, you're either a small part of the problem, or a small part of the solution.
But austerity is not how I imagined the future. None of us dreamed of a future in which we have all learned to be extraordinarily frugal with our energy resources. We have dreamed of flying cars, faster airplanes, bigger televisions... but that future will require lots of energy. We might imagine a world where recycling is as routine as brushing your teeth, where saving energy is as natural to us as closing the window on a cold day. But the inhabitants of the future will not be super-beings, miraculously trained in the ways of environmentalism at some unknown time between now and then. No, they will be us, and they will be our equally fallible progeny. We would be foolish to count on a sea change in personal responsibility.
That's why I believe the government has to intervene in some way. We just can't hope to get all the way there with personal responsibility, and austerity is just not a long-term solution. But with an energy economy based on clean, renewable sources, we would not have to worry nearly so much about our carbon emissions. We could consume energy more-or-less unselfconsciously, and I suspect that's an idea America could get behind.
Undoubtedly, the biggest investment would be the energy production itself. We should not waste much time with technology that seeks to convert corn into fuel; the process simply consumes too much energy to start with. The yield is too low, and the carbon emissions of production ultimately make the technology insufficient for our needs. On the other hand, we have a collection of simple, elegant solutions available to us: harness the power of the wind, the power of the Sun, the power of the waves. None of these on their own are a perfect solution, but together they represent the best answer to solving our energy crisis. There is an infinite amount of power available from these sources... we are only limited by the number of generators we can build. There is no need to mine, drill, or grow; we can simply harvest the abundant energy of nature. Some of the technology is not yet cost competitive, but it could be, given a leg up.
There's a funny thing about technology: as it ages, it becomes much cheaper, but it is obviously no less sophisticated. A typical VCR in 1986 might have set you back about $300; adjusting for inflation, that's almost $600 in 2010. But a VCR/DVD combo, purchased in 2010, might cost you as little as $60. It's not that VCRs are 10 times easier to produce now than they were 25 years ago. Instead, market forces have dictated the price. The point is, there is nothing inherently expensive about most of our clean energy alternatives. Rather, they are simply not quite as cheap as they could be, because they are still comparatively rare. The one exception to this is solar power... most photovoltaic cells are made from rare Earth materials, so they cannot be made much cheaper. But we can feel sure that in time, given enough support and demand, wonderfully imaginative ways will be found to create these materials synthetically, or something far less expensive will be found to work almost as well.
Of course, it would be difficult for entrepreneurs to start clean energy companies on their own. But since it is in the best interest of the nation, the government would be well advised to invest. We can imagine an arrangement whereby the government fronts much of the initial cost to install a network of clean energy production sites, and then the coal, oil and natural gas companies could buy the government out over time... not unlike the very successful rehabilitation of American car companies in 2009. In this way, these corporations would not be put out of business by the government. Rather than stifling growth and passing unfunded mandates, the government would be able to steer the energy economy in a direction that benefits all parties, and allow the private sector to take over gradually. A partnership between government and business, benefiting the public at large, is essentially what both parties want anyway. The companies could remain the nation's chief energy suppliers, and the historical opposition to their product would fade away. And it would make good sense for these companies to take the deal... as time goes on, fossil fuels will be more difficult to access, and as the effects of climate change become more apparent, public opinion could force them out of business altogether. Other nations are now moving to get in on the clean energy revolution, so the United States would be wise to get ahead of the market while it can. The time is now to start moving on building a clean energy economy. The plan I've outlined may be flawed in some way, as the situation is far more complex than can be summed up in a few paragraphs. But the point here is not to advance a particular idea, so much as to emphasize the need for novel approaches to the problem. We need a lot more people thinking boldly. We need imaginative solutions.
Reducing energy consumption in the short-term remains critical. The transition to a clean energy economy won't happen over night, so we will still rely on fossil fuels to bridge the gap. But beyond personal responsibility, higher efficiency standards can play a big role here. The solution would seem to require little in the way of government spending. We need only be brave enough to tell the corporations that their products will have to be a little more efficient if they want to sell them in the United States. Efficient windows, light-bulbs, appliances, automobiles... these changes need not put too much strain on the market. If every company has to play by the same rules, there should be no major fluctuation in the market dynamics. Besides, the American demand is not going away. So long as there are Americans, there will be companies itching to sell to them. And if efficient products are the only ones available, that's all that will be used. I can no longer choose to purchase leaded gasoline. It was taken off the market, and we are all better for it. Any tremors in the market caused by higher efficiency standards should dissipate quickly, and they would be a small price to pay for securing the energy future. Instead of fearing the economic consequences of doing the right thing, we should focus on finding ways to make sure doing the right thing is economically productive.
President Obama has proposed that 80% of our energy come from clean energy sources by 2050. That's a step in the right direction, but if history is any guide, this goal will be adjusted, watered down, or downright abandoned in the coming years. It will take sustained effort to see all of the necessary changes through to completion. There are powerful interests that would like to maintain the status quo. But these powerful interests are more concerned with short-term profits than long-term viability, and it is the job of the government to temper the needs of business with the needs of the people. In a time of economic downturn, there will be those who say we cannot afford to make big investments. But some people will never be on the side of government solutions. And I, for one, have a hard time imagining a better investment.
Earth Day is about spreading awareness, and that is crucial in 2011. There can be no serious plan put into place until there is the political will to do so, and we know that the political will follows sluggishly behind mainstream opinion. We will have to evangelize for science. We will have to educate people on the real dangers of climate change. In the 21st century, we are used to having pills to take for any ailment. We are vigilant when it comes to our own health. But there are no magic pills to maintain the health of the Earth, and we have ignored the symptoms for too long. We've got to save the planet if we're to see the future of our dreams. | <urn:uuid:f994bf41-a077-4aa3-b678-4924b956b0f0> | CC-MAIN-2014-42 | http://sagansbrain.blogspot.com/2011/04/on-earth-day-need-for-big-ideas.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2014-42/segments/1413507444829.13/warc/CC-MAIN-20141017005724-00215-ip-10-16-133-185.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.966818 | 2,220 | 3.0625 | 3 |
Delirium is defined as an acute, fluctuating syndrome of altered attention, awareness, and cognition. It is common in older persons in the hospital and long-term care facilities and may indicate a life-threatening condition.
Can an elderly person recover from delirium?
In fact, it’s pretty common for it to take weeks — or even months — for delirium to completely resolve in an older adult. In some cases, the person never recovers back to their prior normal. For more on delirium, see: 10 Things to Know About Delirium (includes information on delirium vs.
How long does delirium last in the elderly?
Delirium often clears in a few days or weeks. Some may not respond to treatment for many weeks. You may also see problems with memory and thought process that do not go away. Talk to your health provider about your concerns.
Is delirium in elderly fatal?
Delirium, an acute disorder of attention and cognition, is a common, serious, costly, under- recognized and often fatal condition for seniors. Its diagnosis requires a formal cognitive assessment and history of acute onset of symptoms.
What is the most common cause of delirium in older adults?
Delirium can be triggered by a serious medical illness such as an infection, certain medications, and other causes, such as drug withdrawal or intoxication. Older patients, over 65 years, are at highest risk for developing delirium. People with previous brain disease or brain damage are also at risk.
What are the 3 types of delirium?
Experts have identified three types of delirium:
- Hyperactive delirium. Probably the most easily recognized type, this may include restlessness (for example, pacing), agitation, rapid mood changes or hallucinations, and refusal to cooperate with care.
- Hypoactive delirium.
- Mixed delirium.
What is the best treatment for delirium?
Delirium is more common in older adults, especially those with dementia, and people who need hospitalization. Prompt treatment is essential in helping a person with delirium recover. Antipsychotic drugs include:
- Haloperidol (Haldol®).
- Risperidone (Risperdal®).
- Olanzapine (Zyprexa®).
- Quetiapine (Seroquel®).
Will delirium go away?
Delirium typically goes away in a few hours to a few days or several weeks or months. During its entire course, it may disappear and come back again. The doctor can advise the person to stay in the hospital for some days so that they can monitor their symptoms.
Can delirium be fatal?
In extreme cases, delirium can be fatal, so it’s vital that the person receives treatment as soon as possible.
What happens if delirium is not treated?
In the long term, delirium can cause permanent damage to cognitive ability and is associated with an increase in long-term care admissions. It also leads to complications, such as pneumonia or blood clots that weaken patients and increase the chances that they will die within a year.
What helps elderly delirium?
How to Help a Person with Delirium
- Encouraging them to rest and sleep.
- Keeping their room quiet and calm.
- Making sure they’re comfortable.
- Encouraging them to get up and sit in a chair during the day.
- Encouraging them to work with a physical or occupational therapist.
- Helping them eat and drink.
What is the usual duration of delirium?
Delirium often lasts about 1 week. It may take several weeks for mental function to return to normal. Full recovery is common, but depends on the underlying cause of the delirium.
How long does delirium last before death?
Although delirium is one of the most common neuropsychiatric problems in patients with advanced cancer, it is poorly recognised and poorly treated. Delirium is prevalent at the end of life, particularly during the final 24–48 h.
Does dehydration cause delirium?
The cause of dehydration is multifactorial, related to swallowing difficulty, lack of thirst, cognitive impairment, physical limitations (including restraints), and misuse of diuretics (3). Dehydration is both a predisposing and precipitating factor for delirium or acute confusional state (4).
Is delirium an emergency?
Though delirium can happen to anyone, it is most concerning in elderly patients. It is an acute change, one that happens in a matter of hours or days, and should be considered a medical emergency.
Do people remember having delirium?
Most people who have had delirium do not remember their time of confusion. Those who do remember describe their experience as very frightening and upsetting. If your loved one is upset by memories from experiencing delirium, you and the care team can reassure your loved one. | <urn:uuid:83b81a40-b416-46ae-b4dc-c6fa3b18dd1a> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://elrenosacredheart.com/elderly/readers-ask-what-is-delirium-in-elderly.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882572304.13/warc/CC-MAIN-20220816120802-20220816150802-00170.warc.gz | en | 0.938864 | 1,058 | 2.828125 | 3 |
High levels of malnourishment and persistent poverty are key challenges facing the country. Access to sufficient food at affordable prices remains a major challenge for poor households.
Government’s response is centred around production and consumer based subsidies focused on ensuring that there is an adequate supply of food in the market at affordable prices and that poor households are able to access the food. Basic food grains are distributed to poor households through a number of schemes such as the Public Distribution System, the Mid-Day Meal and the Integrated Child Development Scheme (ICDS) and at present roughly 62 million tonnes of food grain is distributed at a cost of Rs. 130,000 crore.
The most significant of the food subsidy programs is the Public Distribution System (PDS) a rationing mechanism that supplements household food requirements and entitles households to specific amounts of selected commodities at subsidized prices. A large network of Fair Price Shops (FPS) have been established through which households purchase rationed items.
Until 1997, the program was universal in principle and all households rural and urban with a registered address were entitled to subsidized rations. The program was re-designed in 1997, as the Targeted Public Distribution System (TPDS) to more effectively reach poor households and reduce leakages within the program. A two tier system was designed within which identified poor households were designated Below the Poverty line (BPL) and receive a fixed amount of food grains and other commodities at specially subsidized prices. The remainder households were identified as Above the Poverty Line (APL). In 2000 an additional element was introduced to the TPDS in order to more finely target the poor, the Antodaya Anna Yojana (AAY) to provide 10 million of the poorest households with 25kg per month at Rs. 2/kg for wheat and Rs. 3/kg rice. Administering states were able to set their own guidelines and alter the scheme by adding items, and changing quantities and prices. The Food Corporation of India (FCI) is tasked with overseeing and implementing national food policy including the procurement and distribution of food grains through the PDS (although it does not directly distribute any stocks).
In 2013, as part of an overarching policy to reduce malnourishment the PDS became the centrepiece of the National Food Security Act that covers 67% of the population (50% urban and 75% rural) and guarantees 5 kg of food per person (AAY households get 35 kg) at Rs. 3/2/1 for rice, wheat and millets with the oldest women in the household accessing the entitlement. The NFSA also proposes a number of reforms for the PDS in order to improve on its efficiency and the policy has also allowed for alternative mechanisms of delivery such as cash transfers.
The expansion of the PDS comes at a time when a number of studies on the PDS have highlighted high levels of leakage in the programme resulting from errors of inclusion and exclusion of the wrong beneficiaries and the diversion of food grains in the supply chain. Studies also highlight a poorly designed supply chain mechanism particularly in the viability of the FPS. Wide inter-state variations in implementation have meant that a small number of states have developed models for implementation while others lag.
The cost of the subsidy has increased from Rs. 30,056 crore in 2001-2 to Rs. 1,26, 480 in 2012-13, increasing at an annual rate of 14% although as a percentage of GDP at market prices it remains at 1.19% and 1.26% for the same period. Himanshu and Sen 2013; Gulati, 2014
A 2004-05 evaluation by the Planning Commission of the TPDS found that inefficiencies in the system meant that it cost Rs. 3.65 to transfer Rs. 1 to the poor. About 57% of the subsidized grain did not reach the target group of which 36% was siphoned off in the supply chain. The program was plagued by large errors of exclusion and inclusion. According to the study only 23% of the FPS were viable and the rest survived on diversion of grains.
Over the past five years food price inflation has remained consistently high in double digits and the average Indian household spends close to 50% of their expenditure on food. In 2012 and 2013 public agencies accumulated massive stocks of food for example 80 mts. and 72 mts. respectively for wheat, the highest levels of stocks ever held by government.2 Against this backdrop the need for evidence based public policy intervention has grown to ensure that efforts around food security interventions are correctly targeted and are able to impact on improved nutritional outcomes and poverty reduction.
Why undertake a study of the PDS?
The passing of the NFSA and the expanded role of the PDS within it presents a significant policy shift and a unique opportunity to assess the impact of the PDS in its new expanded role. This evaluation will allow us to develop a baseline of information that will answer key questions around the functioning of the PDS both in terms of design, processes and the impact of the scheme in improving food security, nutritional outcomes and in reducing poverty that will allow us the assess the impact of the NFSA and the expanded PDS through amid term impact evaluation.
The PDS evaluation
The IEO has undertaken an impact evaluation of the PDS beginning in April 2014 for the duration of 15 months. There are four components to this evaluation; | <urn:uuid:eece1bd7-007e-4842-97b6-281d5dc96060> | CC-MAIN-2017-51 | http://ieo.gov.in/thematic-areas/explore/pds | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-51/segments/1512948529738.38/warc/CC-MAIN-20171213162804-20171213182804-00372.warc.gz | en | 0.963555 | 1,090 | 3.484375 | 3 |
Last week we discussed how honoring our parents helps inculcate the trait of gratitude. One reason why we must honor our parents is because we should feel immense gratitude at the numerous kind deeds that they have done for us. And first and foremost, they gave us the greatest gift possible – that of life itself.
This week, we hope to take this idea further; it is well-known that the command to honor our parents is one of the Ten Commandments that were given to the Jewish people on Mount Sinai. These commandments were engraved onto two tablets of stone, five on each one. The Rabbis write that there are two general categories within which all commandments belong; ‘between man and G-d’ or ‘between man and his fellow’.
Those that are between man and G-d include commands such as eating kosher food and keeping Shabbat. The purpose of such commands is to develop our relationship with G-d by following these commands, they have little obvious relevance to our relationships with other people1 .
In contrast, the commands that are between man and man are intended to enable us to improve our relationships with those around us – obvious examples are, ‘love thy neighbor’ and ‘do not steal’.
The Rabbis have a tradition that the first tablet was engraved with the first five commandments which all fall into the ‘man and G-d’ grouping. The difficulty with this understanding, is that the fifth commandment, which is part of the ‘man and G-d’ section is ‘honor your parents’. It would have seemed that this command is purely one that helps develop our relationship with our fellow man and has little direct relevance to improving our relationship with G-d. However, on deeper analysis it is clear that keeping this command properly will greatly enhance our relationship with G-d.
The Sefer HaChinuch who we quoted last week discussing the importance of being grateful to our parents, continues to develop this theme. He discusses how appreciating our should lead us to appreciating everything Hashem has done for us. He writes:
“Once a person fixes this trait [of gratitude to our parents] in his heart, he will come to a great feeling of gratitude towards Hashem, who is the cause of his existence and that of all his ancestors back to Adam HaRishon2 . [He will thank Hashem for] bringing him into the world and for providing his needs for his whole life… and gave him a knowing and thinking soul, for without this soul he would be like a wild horse, and he should think how important it is to be careful in serving Hashem correctly3 .”
By focusing on everything that our parents have done for us, we should automatically come to a recognition that Hashem has done even more kindness than them – for example, even after we leave our parent’s home and have to fend for ourselves, we are still constantly being looked after and guided by Hashem. Thus, in a similar way that our gratitude to our parents should cause us to honor them, so too our gratitude towards Hashem should make us do our utmost to follow His ways. Moreover, we should realize that His unending kindness demonstrates his immense love for us and that anything He tells us to do is ultimately for our own benefit.
1 It should be noted that even commands that are in the ‘man and G-d’ category can nonetheless greatly enhance our relationships with other people. Observing Shabbat, for example, offers an excellent (and otherwise rare) opportunity for family members to spend quality time together without being distracted by television, internet, or telephones.
2 ‘Rishon’ means first.
3 Sefer HaChinuch Mitzva 33.
Text Copyright © 2008 by Rabbi Yehonasan Gefen and Torah.org | <urn:uuid:4bb97a07-0261-4f49-b61f-ee1352e631a4> | CC-MAIN-2017-09 | http://torah.org/learning/jewish-values-honoring3/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-09/segments/1487501170839.31/warc/CC-MAIN-20170219104610-00433-ip-10-171-10-108.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.976599 | 803 | 3.140625 | 3 |
As technology advances, our need for resources increases as well. Likewise, as the population on Earth increases, our energy and material needs increases as well. This is seen in the rise in urbanisation and agriculture which has resulted in increased forest clearing. One example of this is the increase in widespread deforestation. Our need for paper and furniture has led to the destruction of many acres of forests, causing enhanced global warming. This article will show you how deforestation harms our environment and our planet. Before you continue reading, remember to follow me and subscribe to the newsletter!
#1: Enhanced Global Warming
Forests are famously known as the lungs of the Earth. As many of you have learnt in school, trees give out oxygen when they photosynthesise during the day while taking in carbon dioxide. This helps to regulate the concentration of carbon dioxide and oxygen in the atmosphere. Forests are therefore also known as carbon sinks. However, rampant deforestation has resulted in an increase in concentration greenhouse gases like carbon dioxide in the atmosphere. The result is enhanced global warming, whereby global temperatures are predicted to rise as a result of infrared radiation being trapped in the atmosphere. Consequently, an increase in global temperatures will cause a rapid increase in the rate of ice melting in both poles of the Earth.
#2: Many Animal Species Will Be Endangered
The image above shows a picture of the endangered Purplish-mantled Tanager. Its species are endangered as a result of widespread deforestation and habitat loss. As can be seen, deforestation might result in the extinction of numerous species which rely on forests for food and shelter. The extinction of such species will disrupt the ecosystem and destroy numerous food chains. Let’s imagine that the Purplish-mantled Tanager went extinct. The animals that used to feed on the Purplish-mantled Tanager might go extinct due to the loss of a food source. Likewise, the insects that the Purplish-mantled Tanager fed on during its existence would suddenly thrive and increase in population. The result is imbalance in our ecosystem.
#3: Soil Erosion and Flooding
Trees help to hold the soil together by anchoring the soil with their roots. Without these trees, soil erosion can occur easily. Rains and floods are now able to wash away the top layer of soil with little or no resistance, thereby also washing away the nutrients needed to regenerate plant life in the future.
Trees play an important role in the water cycle. Tree roots take in water from the ground and return water vapour into the air through transpiration. In the absence of trees, the previously forested area becomes much drier. As a result, levels of precipitation in the area will decrease due to a decrease in water vapour in the atmosphere and reduced cloud formation. As the area becomes warmer and drier, the previously forested area can become a desert, as the occurrence of drought increases. | <urn:uuid:54faf389-68b9-4c04-a67a-8a67706625ac> | CC-MAIN-2021-43 | https://bestofwrite.com/2020/12/04/the-consequences-of-deforestation/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-43/segments/1634323587799.46/warc/CC-MAIN-20211026042101-20211026072101-00485.warc.gz | en | 0.954618 | 601 | 3.4375 | 3 |
One of the displays you will find in church this afternoon explores an idea which has become central
Christian faith; the atonement. Atonement is a word which was invented
around the time of the English Reformation by those who first translated the
Bible from Latin into English – translators like Wycliffe and Tyndale. They
couldn’t find an exact match for the Latin “reconciliare” – reconciliation
wasn’t a word that was used then – so they had to think up something new. The
word they came up with was as obvious and literal as they could make it.
Atonement is really “at-one-ment” . It is something that brings things, or
people, together, something that makes them “at one” again.
|The twig cross was made at Messy Church in the morning.|
We added purple ribbons as our prayers of sorrow or concern
and gold ribbons for our thanksgiving.
The word was new, but the idea wasn’t. Of course it wasn’t. “At-one-ment” is a very basic human desire, whether we have any religious belief or not. We all know what it feels like to be “at one” with someone, that deep sense of peace when we don’t have to explain ourselves, when we know that there is no unfinished business, no hidden agenda, that we are pulling in the same direction.
And we know just as well, perhaps even better, what it feels like not to be “at one” with people – to be at odds with them instead. We know about ruptured relationships and broken promises and that dreadful sense that it’s all gone wrong somehow. It’s not just other people we might feel at odds with. We can feel at odds with ourselves, knowing that all is not well within us. We can feel at odds with creation, beset by illness, baffled by natural disaster. And we can feel at odds with God, distant from him, angry with him, or afraid that he is angry with us.
The first followers of Jesus knew the difference between these two states just as well as we do. They suffered the same kinds of problems as us, and a whole lot more of their own too. They lived under the rule of Rome, and they knew that the occupying forces they saw around them every day would be brutal to those who opposed them. They lived in a world where life was fragile and often unfair, a world where power, strength and wealth bought you security, but where the weak and the sick had very few safety nets to sustain them.
But into their world, with all its brokenness, came Jesus. And throughout his ministry he brought about atonement, making people “at one” with themselves, with each other and with God. He did it as he healed and as he taught. He did it as he welcomed and loved those whom no one else noticed or cared about. He did it as he declared God’s forgiveness and set people free from the burdens that weighed them down. He did it as he showed them a new way of life and made them part of a new community, helping them to become the people God had wanted them to be. When he was around they found themselves made whole again – that’s another way of describing at-one-ment.
But then, because of the message he preached and lived, he was crucified. The brokenness of the world broke him, as he knew it would. You didn’t have to be a prophet, let alone the Son of God, to see it coming. Real at-one-ment – putting things back to rights - means change, and change is threatening, especially for those who have the most to lose, those at the top of the heap, those with the power. So Jesus, who had come to make us “at one” found himself broken apart; broken physically, broken from those he loved as his friends betrayed and deserted him. Even his relationship with his Father seemed to have been broken as he cried out “why have you forsaken me?” It seemed as if death had had the last laugh, the final word, as if all the at-one-ment he had achieved through his ministry had had been a cruel lie.
George Orwell, in his novel 1984, described a totalitarian and deeply hopeless society, where the state exercised absolute control and dedicated itself to eradicating joy and love from the world. “If you want a picture of the future,” says one of the government agents in the story “imagine a boot stamping on a human face — forever.”
If the Christian story stopped at Good Friday, that would be the image we’d be left with too. No life, no light, no future. No is the word that echoes through Good Friday. The message that Jesus had brought seemed to have come to nothing. Love had come to nothing. Hope had come to nothing.
But of course, the story doesn’t end there. We should never hurry through this day and the day that follows it. We should never brush away the reality of despair and suffering that Christ and his disciples felt as he hung on the cross or lay in the tomb. We need to keep this time of desolation, because at some point in our lives we will all feel that sense of utter hopelessness. If it hasn’t happened yet, it one day will, and knowing that Christ has been there too can be the only thing that gets us through.
But we can’t tell the story of Good Friday without an awareness of Easter Sunday, just around the corner, out of sight at the moment, but still there. And Easter Sunday proclaims that however all-enveloping the “No” of the cross seems to be, in the light of Easter it becomes part of God’s great triumphal “yes”. We see in it not just the death and the pain, but the commitment and the love which led Jesus to it, commitment and love which were not given in vain. It is this “yes” which truly has the last word.
As St Paul put it, “In Christ every one of God’s promises is a ‘Yes.’ For this reason it is through him that we say the ‘Amen’, to the glory of God. “(2 Corinthians 1.20 ). In the life, the death and the resurrection of Jesus – and they all go together in the end – we hear God’s ‘yes’ to us; his ‘yes’ to the possibility of life when all seems dead, his ‘yes’ to the possibility of change when all seems stuck, his ‘yes’ that gives us hope when everything in our lives seems to be screaming “no”.
In a moment, the choir are going to sing an anthem which picks up this message. It is a prayer for God’s help to increase our faith, to change our lives, to bring us the “at-one-ment”, the wholeness which is not only our deepest desire, but also what our world needs most. “Sweet Jesus, say ‘amen’” it ends. “Say yes” – that is what ‘amen’ means. And we make that prayer in confidence, because we make it to Christ whose whole being and life, whose death and resurrection, are God’s atoning “yes” to us.
O Lord, increase my faith, often attributed to Orlando Gibbons, but probably by Henry Loosemore. The youtube clip here isn't of our choir, of course, but we made a good sound too! | <urn:uuid:0177815a-7366-4c0e-ad05-1a74b17f9cd4> | CC-MAIN-2017-39 | http://sealpeterandpaulsermons.blogspot.com/2015/04/good-friday-gods-yes.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-39/segments/1505818695375.98/warc/CC-MAIN-20170926085159-20170926105159-00092.warc.gz | en | 0.985252 | 1,651 | 2.609375 | 3 |
Codnor Park, as the name implies, was an area of parkland associated with Codnor Castle, the castle standing on top of a ridge of land just to the south of the Park. The castle was believed to have been last occupied by Sir Streynsham Master who acquired it in 1692. It was later abandoned and fell into ruin, its stone being pillaged for other buildings. In 1794, the owner, the Revd Legh Hoskin Master, resident in America, advertised leasing the minerals under 700 acres of the Park. He realised that the Cromford Canal which formed the Park’s northern and eastern boundaries would provide an excellent means of distributing the minerals whilst providing himself with a nice income.
In 1796, Outram & Co.’s partners signed two leases with Master. The first was for ten years at £450 / year to mine coal and iron ore from a large area under the eastern portion of the 700 acre park. The second was a 63 year lease at £10 / year for a 5 acre pocket of land bordering the canal in the north east part of the park. They also agreed to invest at least £1,000 within the 10 year period to establish blast furnaces, a forge, limekilns and dwelling houses.
In addition to the mineral wealth the partners would have no doubt realised the importance of establishing an ironworks to produce wrought iron which was a very desirable material for steam boiler plates, the construction of buildings and components for machinery and wagons. The Butterley ironworks at Ripley only produced pig iron and cast iron. For wrought iron production it was necessary to establish blast furnaces, refining furnaces and puddling furnaces, working in conjunction with rolling mills to produce bar (wrought) iron suitable for hammer forging into desired components. Unlike cast iron, pieces of wrought iron could be hot hammer welded together making it suitable for producing large plates and beams.
In 1808, following Brunton’s appointment as Chief Engineer, work began on the construction of a foundry later to be followed by a forge. By 1811 the first blast furnace was taking shape but work slowed up around 1815 due to a depression caused by the end of the Napoleonic War. It was not until 1819 that the Forge and rolling mills began full production. The model village of Ironville was built during the 1830’s to house the large workforce and their families. During the next century, the works developed into what became known as the Codnor Park Forge and Wagon Works. The Forge closed down in 1965, the Wagon Works following it in 1975 after which the site was extensively open cast mined for the coal lying just below the surface. | <urn:uuid:8e5fa434-d910-4626-9558-f352bd3dfac8> | CC-MAIN-2018-39 | https://www.rdht.org.uk/the-origin-of-codnor-park-ironworks/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-39/segments/1537267156613.38/warc/CC-MAIN-20180920195131-20180920215531-00005.warc.gz | en | 0.97688 | 554 | 2.953125 | 3 |
Week 3: 20.04.2020
- Practise writing all your numbers to 20 using the correct formation. You can practise writing on paper, in sand, in shaving foam, paint. Can you make numbers out of playdough? Can you put them in the right order?
- Can you spot any 3D shapes in your house? Go on a different shape hunt. | <urn:uuid:074f877a-032e-484b-a988-55c71de6d15c> | CC-MAIN-2020-45 | https://www.hilton.derbyshire.sch.uk/week-3-20042020-2/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-45/segments/1603107902038.86/warc/CC-MAIN-20201028221148-20201029011148-00604.warc.gz | en | 0.897508 | 78 | 2.671875 | 3 |
Last week, the National Education Association held its annual meeting. It was filled with the usual twaddle that NEA activists talk about when they get together, but there was one useful thing it accomplished for the nation. It admitted that Critical Race Theory (CRT) was not only taught in schools; protecting the ability of teachers to conduct struggle sessions by humiliating and intimidating their young charges into submission was a top priority. This is what was termed Business Item 39:
The NEA will, with guidance on implementation from the NEA president and chairs of the Ethnic Minority Affairs Caucuses:
A. Share and publicize, through existing channels, information already available on critical race theory (CRT) — what it is and what it is not; have a team of staffers for members who want to learn more and fight back against anti-CRT rhetoric; and share information with other NEA members as well as their community members.
B. Provide an already-created, in-depth, study that critiques empire, white supremacy, anti-Blackness, anti-Indigeneity, racism, patriarchy, cisheteropatriarchy, capitalism, ableism, anthropocentrism, and other forms of power and oppression at the intersections of our society, and that we oppose attempts to ban critical race theory and/or The 1619 Project.
C. Publicly (through existing media) convey its support for the accurate and honest teaching of social studies topics, including truthful and age-appropriate accountings of unpleasant aspects of American history, such as slavery, and the oppression and discrimination of Indigenous, Black, Brown, and other peoples of color, as well as the continued impact this history has on our current society. The Association will further convey that in teaching these topics, it is reasonable and appropriate for curriculum to be informed by academic frameworks for understanding and interpreting the impact of the past on current society, including critical race theory.
D. Join with Black Lives Matter at School and the Zinn Education Project to call for a rally this year on October 14—George Floyd’s birthday—as a national day of action to teach lessons about structural racism and oppression. Followed by one day of action that recognize and honor lives taken such as Breonna Taylor, Philando Castile, and others. The National Education Association shall publicize these National Days of Action to all its members, including in NEA Today.
E. Conduct a virtual listening tour that will educate members on the tools and resources needed to defend honesty in education including but not limited to tools like CRT.
F. Commit President Becky Pringle to make public statements across all lines of media that support racial honesty in education including but not limited to critical race theory.
The union has also approved funding for "increasing the implementation" of CRT in K-12 curricula and for attacking conservative groups who oppose CRT indoctrination.
The teachers union has made critical race theory its #1 priority—and want to implement it nationwide. pic.twitter.com/QaeTBouTf2
— Christopher F. Rufo ⚔️ (@realchrisrufo) July 4, 2021
Why is this so useful? Because ever since the debate erupted over teaching Critical Race Theory premises in public schools, the defenders of Critical Race Theory, the left, and sad, pathetic creatures at The Bulwark have been insisting that a) the critics don’t know what CRT is and b) even if they did know, it doesn’t matter because CRT is only taught at the university level. This is sort of like the way legendary Texas lawyer Richard “Racehorse” Haynes says you defend a client everyone knows to be guilty: “My dog doesn’t bite. And second, in the alternative, my dog was tied up that night. And third, I don’t believe you really got bit. And fourth, I don’t have a dog.”
As Reason’s Robby Soave notes, in a roundabout way, it also marks a real win for conservatives on this issue. The NEA accepted what we have been calling CRT as, well, CRT.
The public debate over critical race theory (CRT) is in large part a semantics argument, with the anti-CRT faction attempting to include “all of the various cultural insanities” people hear about in the media under the banner of CRT while the other side protests that it’s technically a much more limited concept confined to elite education. Progressives are essentially correct that the definition of CRT is being tortured to match conservative grievances, but conservatives are justified in feeling aggrieved by some of these things, and thus the argument is quite tedious.
That said, the National Education Association (NEA) appears to have accepted the conservative framing of CRT: namely, that it’s not merely confined to academia but is in fact also being taught in K-12 schools. And the NEA thinks this is a good thing that should be defended.
This is no small matter, given that many progressives have rested their entire defense of CRT on the idea that it’s a very narrowly defined aspect of elite law school training. Judd Legum, formerly of ThinkProgress, has said the notion that CRT is taught in K-12 schools is a lie. During an extended and furiously unproductive debate on the subject, MSNBC’s Joy Reid accused Manhattan Institute scholar Christopher Rufo—the leading anti-CRT activist—of “making up your own thing, labeling it something that already existed as a name, slapped that brand name on it, and turned it into a successful political strategy.”
As this post went live, an amazing thing happened.
So, shortly after I published this, the National Education Association took down the web page showing the org's vote in favor of critical race theory. https://t.co/34KKCUWIVb
— Robby Soave (@robbysoave) July 6, 2021
That’s right. If you look for Business Item 39 on the NEA website, https://ra.nea.org/business-item/2021-nbi-039/, you find the page has been scrubbed. The copy posted in this article is from the Wayback Machine.
What purpose was served by deleting an item the NEA voted to approve in a meeting viewed by thousands of people? The obvious answer is that the battle over the definition of CRT is not over for some on the left, and the NEA acknowledging that they are pushing CRT undercuts the argument that no such problem exists. Nevertheless, two equally large lessons for us can be drawn from this episode. The first is that CRT is a major focus of NEA activity, and, as Ron White says, that’s a handy piece of information to have.
The second thing is that we can expect the NEA to change course and begin to relentlessly lie about their advocacy for CRT.
All of this goes to show that we are in a total war for the minds of our children. If we don’t fight it by running for office and passing laws outlawing racism as a teaching technique, we will lose this nation and deserve to do so. | <urn:uuid:e1b2f806-09c6-43a0-b9f1-62e92039733d> | CC-MAIN-2021-49 | https://redstate.com/streiff/2021/07/06/national-education-association-suddenly-deletes-critical-race-theory-documents-from-its-website-proving-crt-is-not-taught-in-our-schools-n407469?utm_source=akdart | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-49/segments/1637964358560.75/warc/CC-MAIN-20211128134516-20211128164516-00085.warc.gz | en | 0.959914 | 1,509 | 2.5625 | 3 |
|Cardiac myocyte cell with fibroblast cell in a rat heart injected with the new nanoparticle. Red color indicates the dead myocyte with unharmed green fibroblast.--Courtesy of U. of Michigan|
Cardiac arrhythmia is the result of a specific kind of cell's presence in the heart that causes the organ to beat irregularly. And researchers from the University of Michigan have developed a nanoparticle that can target and destroy those cells without doing harm to the healthy cells in the heart.
Many of the drugs currently used to treat cardiac arrhythmia have serious side effects, according to a MedicalXpress report, and surgery can have damaging effects. The scientists therefore created a nanoparticle small enough to penetrate the capillaries inside the heart while also being able to hold a chemical marker for the offending cells. Once marked with the chemical, a red light can be used to destroy only those cells without harming the unmarked ones.
"The great thing about this treatment is that it's precise down to the level of individual cells," lead author Raoul Kopelman said in a statement. "Drugs spread all over the body and high-power lasers char the tissue in the heart. This treatment is much easier and much safer."
The nanoparticle itself is made of polyethylene glycol and has 8 tentacles that hold onto the chemical marker. The whole thing is tagged with a peptide that targets the disease-causing cells.
The researchers published their work in the journal Science Translational Medicine. | <urn:uuid:1ea35807-1f1d-4830-a58d-88e2b2d5d95b> | CC-MAIN-2019-35 | https://www.fiercepharma.com/r-d/michigan-researchers-target-cardiac-arrhythmia-causing-cells-nanoparticles-and-light | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-35/segments/1566027316194.18/warc/CC-MAIN-20190821194752-20190821220752-00418.warc.gz | en | 0.923805 | 312 | 3.5 | 4 |
Iowa's bountiful harvests wouldn't be a reality without underground drainage. After years of installing tile in farm fields to increase drainage to improve yields and profits, questions are being asked about environmental impacts. New technologies that may minimize negative environmental impacts will be installed July 12 at the Iowa State University (ISU) Southeast Iowa Research and Demonstration Farm near Crawfordsville.
ISU Extension and the Natural Resources Conservation Service, along with tile manufacturers and local tiling contractors, will install controlled drainage systems and construct a wetland. The demonstrations will run from 9 a.m. to 4 p.m. One project will investigate controlled drainage to determine if this system has an advantage in southeast Iowa over conventional drainage. Controlled drainage allows excess soil moisture lower in the subsoil to be held early in the season in case it is needed later during dry weather.
A wetland will be constructed to see if it results in lower nitrates in tile water exiting the property. Tile will also be placed to compare shallow, close spacing of drainage tile to deeper, wider spacing. Both plowing and trenching machines will be demonstrated. Matt Helmers, Iowa State University Extension agricultural engineer, and Greg Brenneman, Iowa State University Extension field engineer in southeast Iowa, will supervise the research conducted at the farm and collect data for several years. Both will be at the field day to speak with attendees, along with Jim Baker, Iowa State University professor emeritus.
Certified crop advisers can obtain 3 hours of soil and water continuing education credit by attending a special session from 11 a.m. to 2:30 p.m. There is a $40 fee for credit. The rain date is July 13. Food will be available for purchase.
For more information, contact Jim Jensen, Iowa State University Extension farm management specialist, 319-385-8126, [email protected] or Kevin Van Dee, farm superintendent, Southeast Iowa Research and Demonstration Farm, 319-658-2353, [email protected]. The farm is located 13/4 miles south of Crawfordsville on Highway 218, then 2 miles east on County Road G-62, then 3/4 mile north. Watch for Iowa State University field day signs on Highway 218.
This article originally appeared on page 181 of the IC-496(16) -- June 19, 2006 issue. | <urn:uuid:196ff9a5-214f-412b-9259-b357fe13febc> | CC-MAIN-2015-27 | http://www.ipm.iastate.edu/ipm/icm/node/571/print | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2015-27/segments/1435375094690.4/warc/CC-MAIN-20150627031814-00233-ip-10-179-60-89.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.924934 | 491 | 2.640625 | 3 |
Give your finger to support your child, not your entire hand to hold for lifetime else they never be able to survive without you. If you want to make your child independent and confident in future follow steps from now only:
- Don’t feed your child, let them eat by themselves. Let them starve to develop sense of hunger.
- Let them wear their cloths on their own with your little help.
- Let them decide which color things they want. This help them to develop decision making power in them.
- Let them pack their school bag. If they forget anything, let them face the situation so from very young age they become very particular.
- In school if they have not completed their books, please don’t call other parents but tell child to copy from friend’s book next day. This creates realization in child that how it feels if I don’t complete books. It makes them responsible. | <urn:uuid:a064d124-2a26-4e0b-9164-409c27a3f91d> | CC-MAIN-2019-35 | http://www.kidzaura.com/parenting-tips/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-35/segments/1566027321160.93/warc/CC-MAIN-20190824152236-20190824174236-00501.warc.gz | en | 0.968803 | 193 | 2.6875 | 3 |
Sacred Hunger is a historical novel by Barry Unsworth first published in 1992. It was joint winner of the Booker Prize that year, sharing the position with Michael Ondaatje's The English Patient.
The story is set in the mid 18th century and centers around the Liverpool Merchant, a slave ship employed in the triangular trade, a central trade route in the Atlantic slave trade. The two main characters are cousins Erasmus Kemp, son of a wealthy merchant from Lancashire, and Matthew Paris, a physician and scientist who goes on the voyage. The novel's central theme is greed, with the subject of slavery being a primary medium for exploring the issue.
Enlightenment but long before the days of Darwin and the Slavery Abolition Act 1833. Matthew Paris is a central character in the novel, a physician several years older than his cousin Erasmus. Prior to the beginning of the story Paris had been imprisoned for writings on evolution that clashed with the dogma of the church, his wife Ruth dying while he was incarcerated. Wishing to escape his past, he accepts a position as surgeon on the Liverpool Merchant, a slave ship owned by his uncle William Kemp. His son Erasmus Kemp, a young man in his early twenties, has a long standing hatred for his cousin dating back to his younger years. He participates in a play initially, and is enamored with Sarah Wolpert, the daughter of a friend of his father. The ship's crew is made up of men available at the time around the Liverpool docks, and many are recruited by blackmail and deception. As the ship sets off toward the African continent to collect its cargo, it becomes clear that Paris and the ship's captain, Saul Thurso, have very different world views.
The novel is broken into two parts, beginning in 1752 and ending in 1765, with a decade or so separating the two. The Liverpool Merchant is the setting for most of the first part, with several landings on the coast of West Africa for picking up slaves and other excursions. Paris finds himself among a crew of men who despise being on the ship but have little other option. Some form friendships with him, while others are more inhospitable. While the crew are treated harshly under the ruthless discipline of Captain Thurso, Paris stands on a different level, being the nephew of the ship's owner. Tension between these two men arise early, and grow throughout the voyage. As they reach the coast of Guinea, Paris learns that the slaves are recruited by the local Kru people, who 'hunt' for slaves further inland. Slaves are bartered for trade goods of little value such as slave beads and kettles, with the captain haggling with the local traders.
Back in England Erasmus is falling in love with a local girl named Sarah Wolpert, and participates in The Tempest, a play that she is involved in. The two start a relationship, but Erasmus is very possessive, and conflicts ensue. Meanwhile his father, a cotton broker, is in financial trouble, and is relying heavily on a good profit from the voyage of the Merchant. He becomes depressed.
As the slaves come aboard Paris becomes increasingly concerned with their living conditions and general treatment. He is joined on the ship by De Blanc, an artist and philosopher who shares a similar stature with him on the ship, and with whom he exchanges views on subjects such as authority. The voyage is unlike anything he expected, the slaves taking on a defiant stance. They attempt to take their own lives, with the crew trying to prevent them from doing so. With disease and death already frequent on board the ship, dysentery then strikes. The writings in Paris' journal and his exchanges with those on board show his growing disgust with the slave trade, and he comes to question his motives for coming on the voyage and his role in assisting the slave traders.
I have assisted in the suffering inflicted on these innocent people and in doing so joined the ranks of those that degrade the unoffending... We have taken everything from them and only for the sake of profit—that sacred hunger... which justifies everything, sanctifies all purposes.
Meanwhile, William Kemp commits suicide. Erasmus, now planning to marry Sarah, is offered a job by her father, a wealthy business man. Too proud to accept his pity, he turns away from the Wolpert family, aiming to rebuild his father's empire.
The situation on board the Merchant continues to deteriorate. Thurso cuts the ship's rations, trying to keep as many slaves alive as possible. Death continues, the corpses tossed overboard. Thurso throw's a monkey overboard, a pet brought on board by one of the seamen. The crew begin to rebel against him, and he becomes paranoid, keeping to his own quarters. Finally, Thurso decides to throw the remaining slaves overboard, the insurance money being more attractive than their prospects for sale in a sickened state. As he attempts to have them tossed into the ocean, chains and all, the shipmates revolt. As the first part of the book ends, the fate of the Liverpool Merchant remains unclear.
Roughly a decade on, the second part of the book initially focuses on the fate of Erasmus. Having recovered from bankruptcy and the shame of his father's death, he has married into a wealthy family. His wife Margaret is the daughter of a wealthy man, Sir Hugo, President of the West India Association. Their marriage is clearly not one of love. It seems sure that the Liverpool Merchant has been lost at sea in bad weather. However, Kemp soon learns from another captain that the ship is beached on the south east coast of Florida. The ship's crew and slaves are said to be living together in a small inland settlement, trading with the local Indians. He immediately wishes to find them, seeking retribution against his cousin. He manages to obtain a small force of infantry equipped with cannon to capture them.
The ship's crew and slaves have been living together in a community for over a decade, speaking a trade pidgin from the Guinea coast. The few women are shared among the men, many of which now have children. Paris has a son with a woman named Tabakali, who he shares with another man. The small community live in a primitive fashion, having a simple anarchist/socialist political system. It is revealed that on several occasions in their early years individuals who threatened the fabric of their society were killed. Life is peaceful in general though, even utopian. The translator tells the children stories in a pidgin tongue which they all share, while Paris reads to them from Pope and Hume. Tensions in the community arise though, with a trial being contested between two men, Iboti and Hambo. Hambo accuses Iboti of trying to kill him, proposing that Iboti works for him for three years. He is acquitted of any wrongdoing, but the case concerns Paris deeply, and he is suspicious of the motives of the accusers. He takes his argument to Kireku, an important figure in the community. The men share very different viewpoints however, and Paris is unable to convince him that such use of fellow men is no worse than the slavery they were themselves subjected to—"he concludes that "nothing a man suffers will prevent him inflicting suffering on others. Indeed, it will teach him the way..."
Erasmus finds Paris' journal among the wreckage of the Merchant, his cousin's writings clashing with his strongly capitalist convictions, and further whetting his appetite for retribution. Erasmus' hatred for his cousin stems back to his childhood, when Matthew had forcefully lifted him away when he was trying to dam a river, a moment that has stuck with him throughout his life. With his party of fifty, he finds the settlement. Some are shot, the rest being taken to St. Augustine by ship. He intends to sell the slaves as his father's property, and have the crew hung. Although he particularly looks forward to the hanging of his cousin, Paris' leg is infected from a gunshot wound, and he becomes sick. As his cousin dies before they reach St. Augustine, Erasmus comes to the realization that he did not lift him clear of the dam to cheat him of victory, but to save him from defeat. | <urn:uuid:8b97bc28-8dc7-40f3-aec4-558f42e613e6> | CC-MAIN-2017-51 | http://hoyconcursos.blogspot.com/2007/10/sacred-hunger.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-51/segments/1512948514051.18/warc/CC-MAIN-20171211203107-20171211223107-00541.warc.gz | en | 0.981822 | 1,691 | 2.71875 | 3 |
When you hear the term audit, you may immediately think of a team of IRS officers rummaging through your files looking for discrepancies and errors in your business's tax returns. However, financial audits are another type of audit altogether with different objectives and requirements. Financial audits generally are requested by banks and financial regulatory bodies, such as the Securities and Exchange Commission, to check the accuracy of financial statements and the performance of a business during a set period of time. Although there is no arguing that financial audits are inconvenient, time consuming and expensive, if you know their requirements, you can minimize the disruption they cause your business.
Financial audits generally start by stating the agency or institution that requested the audit, who carried out the audit and the name of the company audited. It also provides a summary of the audit's finding. For instance, it will briefly mention if the financial statements present financial data in a fair way and whether financial reporting and internal control measures meet current laws and regulations.
The opinion section of a financial audit provides a detailed description of the auditors' findings. Although the results will depend on the purpose of the audit, financial audits usually focus on the accuracy of statements, the reporting methods and internal control methods of the company and the level of compliance with industry standards and legal requirements.
Scope and Objectives
This section sets out the specific goals of the audit and the factors that determine the scope of the audit. This will vary widely depending on who requests the audit. For instance, a bank considering whether to provide a line of credit to a company will have different objectives than a government agency looking into allegations of fraudulent financial reporting tactics or inside trading.
The methodology section of the audit describes the methods, procedures and tests used to assess the financial data. For example, if the audit sets out to confirm the company complies with financial reporting laws, the methodology will state which laws the auditors used as a benchmark and how they tested compliance. Auditors need to state carefully the methods and tools they use so a third party can assess their results independently.
- Thinkstock/Comstock/Getty Images | <urn:uuid:793a1e4c-c820-438f-9d90-19129e98b0dc> | CC-MAIN-2016-22 | http://smallbusiness.chron.com/example-financial-audit-checklist-24968.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-22/segments/1464049273946.43/warc/CC-MAIN-20160524002113-00100-ip-10-185-217-139.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.937203 | 424 | 2.875 | 3 |
Ok, it might not be a full-fledged desktop computer. But it can do tiny analytics such as pressure readings, temperatures, and imaging. It could also be implanted for medical diagnosis or used in oil wells to sense deeper reserves of hard-to-get oil. David Blaauw said in a UMich article that this is enough for the mini-machine to satisfy the definition of a computer: "the ability to process that data—meaning process and store it, make decisions about what to do next—and ultimately, the ability to output the data."
While it may not be ready to stream Netflix, the rice-sized device is a big step toward making smaller and smaller computers. It can communicate with other computers just a few feet away via radio, thus enabling a sort of super-microcomputer processing power. It's hard to imagine where the ultra-low-power computer couldn't go. We're especially excited to see what it could do in space if someone were to put it in a series of micro-probes, like the proposed asteroid-measuring nanoprobes. | <urn:uuid:ef240c65-cff8-4043-936e-b578c508dbe2> | CC-MAIN-2021-21 | https://www.popularmechanics.com/technology/a14950/worlds-smallest-computer-michigan-micro-mote/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-21/segments/1620243988953.13/warc/CC-MAIN-20210509002206-20210509032206-00583.warc.gz | en | 0.948596 | 222 | 3.328125 | 3 |
Photos by Stephanie Hacke.
Kids from Propel East envision a way for coastal cities to survive when waters start to rise from global warming.
The plan: Live underwater.
“Global warming is a major factor on the earth and it’s irreversible, so we thought we may as well start living in the water,” says Caleb Lohr, 12.
Their idea is to build a dome around Aquacivis, a city in the year 2130 that is powered by algae.
“When algae goes to photosynthesis, it gives off a minor electric current,” says Juliana Connelly, 13. “So, by harnessing those currents, it allows for a renewable and environmentally friendly place to live.”
To that end, the team envisioned SAM, a Self-Automated Algae Machine, which will collect algae from the outside of the dome to make it quicker, easier and safer to collect the energy.
This forward-thinking group is one of 19 middle school teams who gathered at Carnegie Science Center for the regional DiscoverE’s Future City Competition. This year’s theme, Powering the Future, challenged kids to imagine and design innovative power grids for their future cities that can withstand and quickly recover from the impacts of a natural disaster.
Through the process, kids learn about engineering and why science and math are relevant to their lives.
The first-place team, Fort Couch Middle School, heads to the Future City Competition National Finals in Washington, D.C., during Engineers Week in February. St. Edmund’s Academy took second place, followed by West Mifflin Area School District at third, St. Bede School at fourth, and Marion Center Junior/Senior Highh School at fifth place.
Teams have been working for months researching how cities work, the important issues a city faces and how power grids operate, says Liz Whitewolf, director of science and education at the Carnegie Science Center, which partnered with Future City for the regional competition.
“They’re learning about engineering, power and power sources, and maybe they’re learning about alternative energy, maybe they’re learning about electricity,” she says. “It’s really up to them to define the challenge and make it their own.”
Teams turn in documentation of their findings and keep to a schedule, just like professional engineers. Their $100 budget forces them to be thrifty and learn how to re-use recycled materials.
The team of students from West Mifflin Area Middle School found the solution for tornadoes and flash flooding for their city, located near Topeka, Kansas. Their city, Imperium Civitas, is set in the year 2023.
Their plan includes houses built on hydraulics that move underground during a natural disaster. Solar panels provide electricity for a week, with a backup battery, if needed, says Flynn McCracken, 13.
The city’s roads are made of permeable concrete that allows water to flow to an underground system, where it is caught and filtered.
“We rely on clean energy,” says Angkith Khatiwada, 13. “All of our cars are electric, so our citizens don’t have to live in a polluted area.”
The team at St. Bede School saw a way to embrace the floods in their city, called Jala Kamala, by taking a cue from the lotus flower.
“When water hits the lotus flower, it beads up and rolls off, taking any diseases with it,” says Bridget Shaver, 13.
The team created “lotus skin,” to apply to the town’s buildings, using a substance that coasts nonstick cooking pans. The town runs on hydro turbines and wind turbines shaped like the lotus flower.
STEM lessons aside, working together brought a whole other level of knowledge and experience.
“Teamwork is everything,” says Nya White, 14. “If you don’t have teamwork, you have no idea what’s happening.” | <urn:uuid:f9392e3f-b38e-4b7a-bd31-641b1bbc1ba7> | CC-MAIN-2020-05 | https://www.kidsburgh.org/how-will-we-live-in-the-future-these-kids-offer-cool-solutions-for-cities-ahead-of-their-time/?shared=email&msg=fail | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-05/segments/1579250606975.49/warc/CC-MAIN-20200122101729-20200122130729-00409.warc.gz | en | 0.940301 | 865 | 3.125 | 3 |
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Where did the Irish larkin family come from? What is the Irish larkin family crest and coat of arms? When did the larkin family first arrive in the United States? Where did the various branches of the family go? What is the larkin family history?Many variations of the name larkin have evolved since the time of its initial creation. In Gaelic it appeared as O Lorcain, which is derived from the old personal name Lorc, which means rough or fierce.
The Middle Ages saw a great number of spelling variations for surnames common to the Irish landscape. One reason for these variations is the fact that surnames were not rigidly fixed by this period. The following variations for the name larkin were encountered in the archives: Larkin, O'Larkin and others.
First found in County Galway (Irish: Gaillimh) part of the province of Connacht, located on the west coast of the Island, where they held a family seat from ancient times.
This web page shows only a small excerpt of our larkin research. Another 133 words(10 lines of text) covering the year 1172 is included under the topic Early larkin History in all our PDF Extended History products.
Another 57 words(4 lines of text) are included under the topic Early larkin Notables in all our PDF Extended History products.
In the 19th century, thousands of Irish left their English-occupied homeland for North America. Like most new world settlers, the Irish initially settled on the eastern shores of the continent but began to move westward with the promise of owning land. The height of this Irish migration came during the Great Potato Famine of the late 1840s. With apparently nothing to lose, Irish people left on ships bound for North America and Australia. Unfortunately a great many of these passengers lost their lives - the only thing many had left - to disease, starvation, and accidents during the long and dangerous journey. Those who did safely arrive in "the land of opportunities" were often used for the hard labor of building railroads, coal mines, bridges, and canals. The Irish were critical to the quick development of the infrastructure of the United States and Canada. Passenger and immigration lists indicate that members of the larkin family came to North America quite early:
larkin Settlers in the United States in the 17th Century
- William Larkin, who settled in Boston in 1630
- Eliz Larkin, who landed in Virginia in 1635
- Elizabeth Larkin, who settled in Virginia in 1637
- Edward Larkin, who arrived in Charlestown, Massachusetts in 1640
- Wm Larkin, who arrived in Virginia in 1650
larkin Settlers in the United States in the 18th Century
- Benjamin Larkin settled in Annapolis Maryland in 1720
- Jno Larkin, who landed in Virginia in 1769-1770
- Ann Larkin, who arrived in America in 1797
larkin Settlers in the United States in the 19th Century
- John P Larkin, who arrived in America in 1802
- Miss W Larkin, who arrived in New York, NY in 1810
- Mary Larkin, who arrived in Massachusetts in 1813
- Jane Larkin, aged 30, landed in America in 1821
- Patrick Larkin, who arrived in Allegany (Allegheny) County, Pennsylvania in 1836
- Eugene Thomas Larkin (b. 1962), American Major League Baseball player
- Shannon Larkin (b. 1967), American rock drummer
- Barry Larkin (b. 1964), retired American Major League Baseball player
- Oliver Waterman Larkin (1896-1970), American art historian
- Thomas O. Larkin (1802-1858), American merchant and diplomatic agent, signer of the original California Constitution
- Lieutenant-General Thomas Bernard Larkin (1890-1968), American Assistant Chief of Staff (G-4) US Army (1950-1952)
- Milt Larkin (1910-1996), American jazz trumpeter and bandleader
- Deacon John Larkin (1735-1807), American ordained minister of the First Congregational Church in Charlestown, Massachusetts who helped Paul Revere by securing a horse for his famous "Midnight Ride"
- James "Big Jim" Larkin (1876-1947), Irish trade union leader and socialist activist
- Denis Larkin (1908-1987), Irish politician
- O'Hart, John. Irish Pedigress 5th Edition in 2 Volumes. Baltimore: Genealogical Publishing, 1976. Print. (ISBN 0-8063-0737-4).
- The Norman People and Their Existing Descendants in the British Dominions and the United States Of America. Baltimore: Genealogical Publishing, 1975. Print. (ISBN 0-8063-0636-X).
- Fairbairn. Fairbain's book of Crests of the Families of Great Britain and Ireland, 4th Edition 2 volumes in one. Baltimore: Heraldic Book Company, 1968. Print.
- Sullivan, Sir Edward. The Book of Kells 3rd Edition. New York: Crescent Books, 1986. Print. (ISBN 0-517-61987-3).
- Donovan, George Francis. The Pre-Revolutionary Irish in Massachusetts 1620-1775. Menasha, WI: Geroge Banta Publsihing Co., 1932. Print.
- Read, Charles Anderson. The Cabinet of Irish Literature Selections from the Works of the Chief Poets, Orators and Prose Writers of Ireland 4 Volumes. London: Blackie and Son, 1884. Print.
- Passenger Lists of Vessels Arriving at Galveston Texas 1896-1951. National Archives Washington DC. Print.
- Weis, Frederick Lewis, Walter Lee Sheppard and David Faris. Ancestral Roots of Sixty Colonists Who Came to New England Between 1623 and 1650 7th Edition. Baltimore: Genealogical Publishing, 1992. Print. (ISBN 0806313676).
- Colletta, John P. They Came In Ships. Salt Lake City: Ancestry, 1993. Print.
- Fitzgerald, Thomas W. Ireland and Her People A Library of Irish Biography 5 Volumes. Chicago: Fitzgerald. Print.
The larkin Family Crest was acquired from the Houseofnames.com archives. The larkin Family Crest was drawn according to heraldic standards based on published blazons. We generally include the oldest published family crest once associated with each surname.
This page was last modified on 23 March 2014 at 15:14.
houseofnames.com is an internet property owned by Swyrich Corporation.
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The inter-connectivity of our ecosystem has been underscored by new and alarming scientific findings. Recently, the National Marine Fisheries Service has reported that the dramatic, well-documented declines in Pacific salmon fisheries may lead to the extinction of Pacific killer (Orca) whales. This killer whale population, a unique species, is already endangered under federal law, and currently numbers only 84 animals; they normally inhabit ocean waters off the Pacific Northwest coast, but have been seen as far south as the ocean waters off the Central California coast.
Salmon, as it happens, are the Orcas’ primary source of food. And Pacific Coast salmon populations–especially those that rely on the California Delta and its waterways for spawning–are themselves crashing due to a convergence of adverse impacts: dams, water pollution, the operation of water diversion facilities, rising river ocean temperatures, etc.
So we’re seeing killer whales, which never venture into fresh water, nonetheless imperiled by the human demands placed on those freshwater resources, which in turn threaten the salmon runs upon which the whales depend for survival.
This leads to another thought about threatened and endangered species generally. For years, the key “indicator species” gauging the ecological health of the California Delta was the Delta smelt, a tiny fish of little interest to anyone other than wildlife biologists and environmentalists. The crash of California-based salmon fisheries has resonated somewhat more broadly with the general public. But it’s interesting that while salmon are venerated in the Pacific Northwest, in Alaska and among many foreign cultures, the passion for salmon fisheries in other parts of the U.S. seems largely limited to commercial and recreational fishing interests (along with at least some environmental groups).
Orca whales, on the other hand, are considered an iconic species by most Americans–along with the bald eagle, polar bears, sea otter and a few other critters. The potential extinction of the Pacific killer whales is a concern that, hopefully, will galvanize public attention and lead to meaningful, restorative action. And that, perhaps, will simultaneously inure to the benefit of salmon and Delta smelt fisheries that are similarly under siege, as we struggle to restore critically-impaired ecosystems such as the California Delta. | <urn:uuid:e087d1a9-7f96-40f5-ae5e-56d5fe4ce3c6> | CC-MAIN-2018-51 | http://legal-planet.org/2009/02/26/of-smelt-salmon-whales/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-51/segments/1544376823228.36/warc/CC-MAIN-20181209232026-20181210013526-00620.warc.gz | en | 0.944895 | 459 | 3.046875 | 3 |
State of nature and social contract, nominalism, right of nature, law of nature.
I shall start by unravelling the process of thought, the method behind the man, as with many philosophers the argument begins with the method of deduction and hypothesis, and so by looking at Hobbes in such a way we might well learn the means in which his arguments are constructed.
Nominalism is the process of thought that deals only with what is real, real in the sense that it is an argument built from premises, that in themselves can-not contain facts that are mere predictions or science; words therefore are relevant as long as they are in the context of the individual. "a universe is only a word (Leviathan, chp,4)
Counter examples come form philosophers like Quine.W.O.V (1908-pres) nominalism is rejected and arguments are ignored. Preferring instead to use Ontological Frugality, a process by which arguments are made through empiricist premises, and the rejection of all ˜meaningful' statements that refer to immediate experiences, that can not, in themselves be substantiated through empirical date.
Such nominalist arguments, are by their very nature apposed to Platonism and realism (nominalism vs. ontological) in which things like properties, class, and propositions are denied as they are form's of abstraction.
For Hobbes the nomological argument is beyond question, as he writes " science, that is, ignorance of causes disposeth, or rather constraineth a man to rely on the advice, and authority of others (Leviathan, chp,4,15:28-29) such nomological arguments allows Hobbes to ignore such issues as class, and social hierarchy, thus allowing him to provide us with the idea that all men are equal.
Hobbes's construction of the state, as a nominalist hypothesis, begins with the division of history into two categories; ˜natural history,' which is the effects of nature, and the history of plants, animals and countri | <urn:uuid:bf510d81-e4e8-4d4a-bb9d-621dbba086c4> | CC-MAIN-2014-35 | http://www.exampleessays.com/viewpaper/57301.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2014-35/segments/1408500835119.25/warc/CC-MAIN-20140820021355-00207-ip-10-180-136-8.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.957079 | 428 | 2.828125 | 3 |
Earth Hour is a global event that takes place every year at 8:30 p.m. on the last Saturday of March. For one hour, people turn off their lights. Famous monuments, statues, and landmarks go dark. This grassroots movement began in 2007 to raise awareness about climate change. Today, millions of people participate.
Author Nanette Heffernan first learned about Earth Hour while driving one night on the Golden Gate Bridge. The lights went out as she travelled across the famous landmark. At first, Heffernan thought there was a power outage. She later discovered that the bridge was part of the Earth Hour event.
After that experience, Heffernan wanted to get involved in the cause. She made a pledge to tell one million people about the event. She wrote the book Earth Hour: A Lights Out Event for Our Planet to inspire readers to protect nature.
Learners are going to love reading Earth Hour. Illustrator Bao Luu takes readers on a nighttime journey around the world. First we see famous landmarks and homes all aglow. Then, the lights go out at 8:30 p.m. Lou does a beautiful job illustrating the event. The images have a cinematic feel to them that readers will enjoy.
Invite learners to collaborate and develop activities to protect Earth. The lesson below supports the AASL Standards Framework for Learners.
Lesson for Earth Hour
AASL Standards Framework for Learners: Collaborate/Think III.A.3: Learners identify collaborative opportunities by deciding to solve problems informed by group interaction.
- Introduce the word “equinox.” Point to the word and practice pronouncing “equinox” with Google’s pronunciation tool. Give a quick description with a visual image.
- Read the objective for the lesson: By the end of this lesson, I will be able to share ideas about how I can work with others to protect nature. Display the objective, vocabulary words, and to-do list while you read.
During the Reading
- Ask learners the following questions:
- What do you suppose you will learn by reading this book? How do you know this? (Cover)
- How would you describe the word energy by looking at the illustrations on these pages? What do you think the yellow dots are in the background? What makes you say that? (Pages 1-2)
- What do the illustrator and the author want us to know about energy after reading these pages? (Pages 3-12)
- How would you describe Earth Hour to a member of your family or to a friend? (Pages 14-21)
- What does the author mean when she writes, “Alone we are one…But together we have power. United, we are Earth Hour?” (Pages 25-28)
- Visit the Earth Hour website. Show the promotional video. Read about the different Earth Hour activities developed by groups of people around the world.
- Invite learners to think about how they can work with others to protect Earth.
Click here to access the worksheet for this lesson.
What are your favorite conservation lessons? Please share in the comment box below!
Author: Maureen Schlosser
Author: Lessons Inspired by Picture Books for Primary Grades published by ALA Editions
Skillshare Teacher: https://skl.sh/3a852D5 | <urn:uuid:d0d82775-ccb9-45fa-8fed-fa51b5714a39> | CC-MAIN-2021-25 | https://knowledgequest.aasl.org/earth-hour-a-collaboration-lesson/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-25/segments/1623488552937.93/warc/CC-MAIN-20210624075940-20210624105940-00611.warc.gz | en | 0.932094 | 706 | 3.328125 | 3 |
What does cabbage loopers look like?
About Cabbage Looper Pests The larvae mature to thick green caterpillars with a white stripe running along either side. They have five pairs of prologs and a cigar shaped body, which is thinner at the head end. By the time the larvae reaches maturity, it may be as much as 2 inches (5 cm.) long.
What does a looper caterpillar look like?
The adult cabbage looper is a gray, mottled moth with a characteristic white or silver “Y” mark on each forewing. The larva is a smooth, greenish caterpillar with thin white lines on its back and sides. It crawls in a looping motion.
What kind of butterfly does a cabbage looper turn into?
The cabbage looper (Trichoplusia ni) is a medium-sized moth in the family Noctuidae, a family commonly referred to as owlet moths….
What does the cabbage looper caterpillar turn into?
An adult cabbage looper moth lays multiple pale yellow, round eggs on each plant, both on the tops and bottoms of the leaves chosen. They then form a pupa or cocoon, and somewhere between 4-12 days later they will emerge as full-grown adult, semi-nocturnal moths.
Do cabbage loopers bite?
Although green like the cabbageworm, the looper is slightly larger—about 1½ to 2 inches long—with white stripes down its back. Moving relatively quickly, the looper feeds on the underside of brassica leaves, taking large bites as it goes.
How long do cabbage loopers pupate?
The pupal stage lasts for two weeks. With warm temperatures, development of all cabbage looper stages – from egg to adult – takes about 18 to 25 days. Looper activity (egg laying and larval feeding) will decrease as cool weather (50 F) becomes common.
What do looper worms eat?
Host Plants (Back to Top) The cabbage looper feeds on a wide variety of cultivated plants and weeds. As the common name implies, it feeds readily on crucifers, and has been reported damaging broccoli, cabbage, cauliflower, Chinese cabbage, collards, kale, mustard, radish, rutabaga, turnip, and watercress.
How long do looper moths last?
How long will the outbreak last? Outbreaks can last three to four years and we are currently in year two. While outbreaks are not uncommon and populations build every 11 – 15 years in our region, the moth populations could diminish next year or we may see another year of defoliation next summer.
What plants do cabbage loopers eat?
The cabbage looper feeds on a wide variety of cultivated plants and weeds. As the common name implies, it feeds readily on crucifers, and has been reported damaging broccoli, cabbage, cauliflower, Chinese cabbage, collards, kale, mustard, radish, rutabaga, turnip, and watercress.
How big do cabbage loopers get?
1 1/2 inches
Description: Cabbage looper moths have a wingspan of 1 1/2 inches. The forewings are grayish brown with a silvery spot resembling a “V” or figure 8 near the center. The hindwings are pale but become darker near the outer margin. Eggs are round, greenish white, and slightly smaller than a pinhead.
What does the larva of a cabbage looper look like?
Early instar larva of the cabbage looper, Trichoplusia ni (Hübner). Photograph by John L. Capinera, University of Florida. Pupa: At pupation, a white, thin, fragile cocoon in formed on the underside of foliage, in plant debris, or among clods of soil.
What are the white spots on cabbage looper moths?
The forewing bears silvery white spots centrally: a U-shaped mark and a circle or dot that are often connected. The forewing spots, although slightly variable, serve to distinguish cabbage looper from most other crop-feeding noctuid moths.
How many eggs do cabbage looper moths lay?
Adult cabbage looper, Trichoplusia ni (Hübner). Photograph by Lyle J. Buss, University of Florida. During the adult stage, which averages 10 to 12 days, 300 to 600 eggs are produced by females (Shorey 1963). Moths are considered to be seminocturnal because feeding and oviposition sometimes occurs about dusk.
Why does the cabbage looper die at high altitude?
This is likely due to the residual effects of a nuclear polyhedrosis virus, which is quite lethal to this insect. The cabbage looper is highly dispersive, and adults have sometimes been found at high altitudes and far from shore. | <urn:uuid:5e8cf834-2a68-42db-bd38-83f6949aca35> | CC-MAIN-2024-10 | https://laurenceanywaysthemovie.com/what-does-cabbage-loopers-look-like/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2024-10/segments/1707947474661.10/warc/CC-MAIN-20240226162136-20240226192136-00094.warc.gz | en | 0.925962 | 1,031 | 2.53125 | 3 |
Technology has a predominant part in any business these days, and even for those business sectors where you think technology wouldn’t play a major part, you can think again because it’s creating a new world of businesses structure themselves.
For the fishing industry, in particular, technology is going so far to boost turnovers and companies’ profits, and we wanted to take you deeper into how sustainable fishing practices are coming into play, thanks to technology.
Forget The Fishing Net Try PVC
The first major step has been to replace the traditional fishing net with a PVC liner that has the ability to hold water in a tunnel. This new style of catching fish has major benefits which include less stress to the fish that have been caught, the reduction of physical damage and fatigue to the fish, and more money for the fishing business.
The PVC liner itself contains small pockets where smaller unwanted fish can escape back out through, whilst keeping the other fish isolated in a water vacuum free from stress.
By doing this, unintentionally caught fish are able to swim free and the value of the other fish increases. Overall you are looking at an economic benefit of over $40 million in the next 10 years alone.
What this means is that those smaller fish will get the chance to grow into adult fish, so the oceans will contain more decent sized fish for catching at a later date. At the moment juvenile fish are being accidentally caught and because of this, the fishing industry has been suffering. There is still no idea of how much fish is being dumped but on average, in New Zealand, 140,000 fish are being dumped each year.
The Biggest Step Forward in 150 Years
This new technology is currently in a six-year testing period, and has been kept out of the public eye for the past 2 years, but a small selection of fishing Kayak and Boats are now utilizing the PVC liner in order to check its effectiveness and iron out any details before it is rolled out on a wider spread platform.
The fish that will be caught will hold a higher value because they won’t contain any blood spots or bruising from having to fight to get out of the fishing net. Instead, they will be surrounded by water, and won’t be cramped up with other fish. This alone with improving the quality which will have a knock-on effect for consumers, the environment, and seafood industries across the world.
With the new technology also comes new plans for how fishing boats are designed and created, we can expect layouts to change to make way for this new harvesting technology.
The only initial drawback is that any vessel wishing to use this new harvesting technology will need a special permit in order to use it. This stage of the proceeding is still in the discussion by the parties involved in how they can license out the technology to fishing companies around the world. | <urn:uuid:4eeacf37-a9da-4a09-898e-ed588be87145> | CC-MAIN-2019-43 | https://www.techprevue.com/technology-is-boosting-turnover-of-fishing-business/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-43/segments/1570986653876.31/warc/CC-MAIN-20191014150930-20191014174430-00274.warc.gz | en | 0.962003 | 578 | 2.671875 | 3 |
Adult emerald ash borers are easily identifiable through their bright, metallic emerald green coloring and their linear, cylindrical shape. Other beetles in the Buprestidae genera have a rounder, fatter shape than emerald ash borers.Continue Reading
The emerald ash borer, which belongs to the Agrilus genus, is one of 53 Buprestidae genera found in North America. However, the distinctive shape of the emerald ash borer makes it easy to identify among its relatives. The body shape is elongated and slim, while the prothorax base sits backwards, like a lobe. A typical emerald ash borer has a distinctly emerald metallic coloring, with the elytra having a duller or darker green color. Various amounts of brassy or coppery hues may appear within the overall green color. These colors tend to be more obvious on the pronotum and ventral areas. Some emerald ash borers may present with a completely coppery red or rusty coloring, while some others may be bluish-green without any rusty overtones at all.
The length of the emerald ash borer is around half an inch, making it larger than others in the Agrilus genus. It is also the only species in that genus to have a bright red abdomen dorsal surface. While this is probably its most distinguishing characteristic,, it can only be seen when the beetle spreads its wings.Learn more about Bugs | <urn:uuid:41f7e528-e0e1-429d-b55e-95f80e8812b3> | CC-MAIN-2017-22 | https://www.reference.com/pets-animals/identify-emerald-ash-borer-116efc281130ad1e | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-22/segments/1495463608067.23/warc/CC-MAIN-20170525121448-20170525141448-00166.warc.gz | en | 0.931691 | 302 | 3.125 | 3 |
Most human beings are born with 46 chromosomes. Two of them are sex chromosomes, with females having two X chromosomes and males one X and one Y chromosome. About 1 in 18,000-40,000 males are born with an extra X and Y, resulting in a condition called 48,XXYY.
48,XXYY is one of multiple sex chromosome variations that affect males. Others include 47,XXY, 47,XYY, 48,XXXY, and 49,XXXXY.
Researchers have yet to discover the exact cause of 48,XXYY. There is no evidence that parents of one XXYY child are more likely to have other children with the condition or other sex chromosomal variations.
Diagnosing 48,XXYY requires a genetic test called a karyotype. It is performed with a simple blood draw and laboratory analysis.
Partly because of a general shortage of research on XXYY, it is often mistaken for other syndromes. It is also frequently—and mistakenly—referred to as a “variant” or “under the umbrella” of Klinefelter syndrome, which it is not. XXYY is its own condition, with a number of common characteristics. It is important to remember, however, that individuals can vary greatly in the number and severity of symptoms they exhibit. The most common symptoms are:
• Developmental delays
• Speech impairment or delay
• Tall height, often unrelated to family history
• Behavioral outbursts and mood swings
• Learning disabilities
• Intellectual impairment
• ADD or ADHD symptoms
• Autism, autism spectrum, PDD-NOS
• Clinodactyly (curved-in pinky fingers)
• Low muscle tone
• Flat feet/club feet
• Delayed sexual development
• Undescended testes
• Low or no testosterone
• Dental problems
• Leg ulcers
• Heart defects (i.e. VSD)
For much more extensive information on 48,XXYY, visit the XXYY Project at xxyysyndrome.org.
Living with Klinefelter Syndrome (47,XXY) Trisomy X (47, XXX) and 47, XYY: A Guide for Families and Individuals Affected by Extra X and Y Chromosome Variations
(AXYS special note: Also includes information on XXYY)
Thanks to the generosity of the book’s author, Virginia Isaac’s Cover, MSW, AXYS is pleased to make this book available to the X and Y variation community, in its entirety, at no cost. Please feel free to download and/or print it for your personal use. (Those wishing to purchase a soft-bound copy can do so at Amazon or Kindle. All proceeds from the sale of this book benefit AXYS.) | <urn:uuid:9a8431f6-23b1-421b-87b1-2a48a991c757> | CC-MAIN-2018-17 | https://genetic.org/variations/about-xxyy/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-17/segments/1524125945669.54/warc/CC-MAIN-20180423011954-20180423031954-00400.warc.gz | en | 0.924356 | 587 | 3.578125 | 4 |
What Is a Nylander Test?
The Nylander test is a medical test for glucose in the urine, making use of a solution that contains bismuth subnitrate. The solution forms a black precipitate in a positive reaction.
To prepare the reagent for the test, dissolve four grams of sodium tartrate in 100 cubic centimeters of a ten percent caustic soda solution. Then add two grams of bismuth subnitrate. Heat the mixture to 50 degrees Celsius and filter after cooling. Preserving the reagent, even for months, leaves it unaltered.
The test works on the principle that when a subnitrate of bismuth comes in contact with grape sugar in a boiling alkaline solution, it reduces to black metallic bismuth. For the test, boil 10 cubic centimeters of urine with 1 cubic centimeter of the reagent for two minutes.
The conclusion of the test is that when sugar is present, there is a brown to black colouration of the fluid where the metallic bismuth settles down. If the dark coloration occurs as the fluid is cooling down, it does not prove the presence of sugar. The reaction takes place when the proportion of sugar in the urine is 0.1 percent. If the Nylander test gives a negative result, there is no need to do any further test. | <urn:uuid:863410ba-a375-4260-9660-3ed14bbdd1e7> | CC-MAIN-2022-49 | https://www.reference.com/world-view/nylander-test-36d7f3a87d491697 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-49/segments/1669446710829.5/warc/CC-MAIN-20221201153700-20221201183700-00103.warc.gz | en | 0.882031 | 274 | 3.15625 | 3 |
We are going through a radical shift in the way people work and use computers. Increasing availability and affordability of wireless broadband is giving the global workforce true mobility, for the first time in history. Many of them will use smartly designed mobile rugged computers for their everyday computing and communication needs, instead of traditional laptops.
”We live in interesting times”, said Robert Kennedy in 1966. I am prone to agree, although Bob and I surely refer to vastly different developments and scenarios. I would like to suggest that we are presently going through a real, radical shift in the way in which people work and use computers. It is about true mobility, for the first time in history.
With increasing availability and affordability of wireless broadband, people are no longer confined to the traditional office environment. Soon we will all be connected, everywhere and always. Mobile operators are expanding networks and increasing capacity to handle the explosion of data traffic stemming from the increasing use of smartphones (that are in reality more computers than phones).
Working from home or closer to the customers can have several positive effects: it may make staff more content and also more productive. It may make the organization slimmer by reducing the need for office space. And the society as a whole may reap great environmental rewards if this newly found true mobility leads to fewer trips by car, bus, train or plane to and from the office.
Another strong trend that drives true mobility is the availability of much improved so-called rugged, or ruggedized, computers. As opposed to traditional, or commercial, computers, these computers are specifically designed to operate reliably in harsh usage environments and conditions, such as strong vibrations, extreme temperatures and wet or dusty conditions.
Standard computers are simply not suitable for use in outdoor environments. They have poor battery life and cannot withstand shock, dust and water. They break too easily and too often, thus making the price-benefit analysis inferior to that of rugged computers (although the latter are more expensive to purchase). The total cost of ownership is much lower, as much as 65 percent lower per year, for rugged computers, mainly because their durability minimizes or eliminates the loss of productivity that is the result of computers breaking down.
Ordinary office workers embrace rugged devices
Traditionally, rugged computers have been used by field workers operating in tough and ‘naturally mobile’ environments such as logistics, geomatics, forestry, public transportation, construction, mining, public safety and military. But a strong parallel trend is that even ‘ordinary’ office workers are now also starting to use rugged computers for a life ‘on the go’ to avoid having to replace commercial laptops or handheld devices or even smartphones so often. Many blue collar workers, like garbage collectors and train staff, have also started using rugged computers and handheld devices to make their work more effective and productive.
But what is a rugged computer?
There are two main standards for classifying rugged computers:
- The American military standard for equipment, MIL-STD-810. This is a broad range of environmental conditions that include: low pressure for altitude testing; exposure to high and low temperatures plus temperature shock; rain; humidity, fungus, salt fog; sand and dust exposure; leakage; shock and vibration. The standard is comprised of 24 laboratory test methods. Generally speaking, the more methods tested (and passed), the more rugged the unit. So a rugged computer would on one level be classified by how many test methods it has passed.
- The IP scale. Not to be confused with Intellectual Property or IP address, IP in this case stands for Ingress Protection and the ratings are displayed as a two digit number. The first digit reflects the level of protection against dust. The second digit reflects the level of protection against liquids (water). So an IP67-rated unit is totally dust proof and is capable of immersion in water for at least 30 minutes to a depth of one meter.
As everybody knows Apple has been hugely successful with the iPhone and the iPad. This success has also spread into the ruggedized market where some enterprises who traditionally would have bought rugged devices have opted for an iPhone or iPad as their enterprise mobility hardware. The tremendous success of Apple has more than anything taught the broad masses that usability is important, that design matters and that the essence of mobility lays in the size and weight (or lack thereof) in a device. The manufacturers of rugged equipment are learning quickly and are now launching rugged smartphones and other user-friendly and smartly designed devices.
Rugged computers have become much more sophisticated and advanced in the last few years. They now have faster processors to offer better and broader use, and the ability to bring desktop functionality out into the field. Their batteries can work for eight hours on a single charge – a full work day. They may work on any choice of wireless frequency anywhere in the world. They have high quality cameras that allows in field image capture.
Rugged is cool
Rugged mobile computers have also become much lighter and have much better functionality overall, including better displays and improved ergonomic design – all contributing to an improved user experience. New screen technology provides spectacular screen clarity and brightness in any outdoor condition, even direct sunlight.
They also look better – it has become cool to own a rugged computer (also because many famous athletes and adventurers use them). Design and functionality are two strong reasons why the rugged computer segment is growing faster than other computer segments.
Jerker Hellström is a pioneer and industry veteran in the mobile rugged computer industry. In both entrepreneurial and managerial positions, he has more than 25 years of experience from developing, designing, manufacturing and marketing rugged computers globally.
Want to learn more about today’s powerful mobile Internet ecosystem? Then be sure to attend the Mobility Tech Conference & Expo, collocated with ITEXPO West 2012 taking place Oct. 2-5 2012, in Austin, TX. Co-sponsored by TMC Partner Crossfire Media the Mobility Tech Conference & Expo provides unmatched networking opportunities and a robust conference program representing the mobile ecosystem. The conference not only brings together the best and brightest in the wireless industry, it actually spans the communications and technology industry. For more information on registering for the Mobility Tech Conference & Expo click here.
Stay in touch with everything happening at Mobility Tech Conference & Expo. Follow us on Twitter.
Edited by Brooke Neuman | <urn:uuid:fa9e42e0-14ea-4bab-a4e6-d97a1adc90be> | CC-MAIN-2017-13 | http://www.mobilitytechzone.com/topics/4g-wirelessevolution/articles/2012/07/13/298782-true-mobility-trend-future-mobile-computers-rugged.htm | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-13/segments/1490218186895.51/warc/CC-MAIN-20170322212946-00528-ip-10-233-31-227.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.949219 | 1,291 | 2.578125 | 3 |
Before discussing the new term Population Health Management, let’s take a look back at how we have progressed with the concept of healthcare.
In 1946, the World Health Organization (WHO) wrote a constitution for defining health. We have extracted an excerpt to share.
“Health is a state of complete physical, mental and social well-being and not merely the absence of disease or infirmity. The enjoyment of the highest attainable standard of health is one of the fundamental rights of every human being without distinction of race, religion, political belief, economic or social condition.
The health of all peoples is fundamental to the attainment of peace and security and is dependent upon the fullest co-operation of individuals and States. Governments have a responsibility for the health of their peoples which can be fulfilled only by the provision of adequate health and social measures. The achievement of any State in the promotion and protection of health is of value to all.”
Why we still continue to see healthcare as a system for helping the sick and not an integrative system for improving the wellness of society, is frustrating, to say the least.
Even though the World Health Organization had no idea of the technological future to come, they were outlining and forecasting the direction to follow. These powerful words outlined in 1949 are defining our responsibility NOW!
Population Health Management is a tool to implement the World Health Organization’s constitution.
Using the World Health Organization's constitution as a guide will certainly keep us on the right path for creating an effective Population Health Management program.
Currently, you can find a variety of definitions for Population Health Management (PHM). The common theme seems to be using technology to organize, manage, and evaluate the healthcare delivery system. The goal is to produce safe, cost-saving, more clinically effective outcomes. Emphasis is placed not just on the individual, but the collective information of a specified group of people.
PHM is more encompassing than prior systems of health management because it takes the whole health of a particular population demographic. PHM is exciting and encouraging for one main reason, we are now focusing on caring for the whole, rather than select individuals that may have an economic advantage.
When we fail to understand the importance of our neighbor's health, we do not manage to comprehend the economy of health.
Any vibrant economy shares its wealth amongst its people. It is dependent on the members that comprise of it. The same applies to wellness; what happens to someone a few streets away will eventually affect your health and wellbeing. If done well, PHM has the capabilities to improve a community in ways yet to be seen.
The core of PHM success lies in tracking, gathering, and analyzing data. PHM direction is due in part to revenue models changing in the healthcare industry. Value-based care or pay by performance is increasing for healthcare organizations. Payments and cost determine the quality and efficiency of the healthcare services provided. The financial stability of organizations has everything to do with the ability to turn the data into interpretable actionable forms.
Success for PHM depends on the study of analytics. Understanding the data can help identify where wasteful spending is, who is at risk, how environment plays a role, the economic & social impacts, and contribute to aligning physicians, coordinate care, make referrals, and more.
The problem facing a majority of healthcare organizations lies in the difficult task of making the switch to a fully functioning PHM system.
Over the last decade, billions of dollars have been spent helping to build out electronic health records (EHRs), but these systems have no current way of making that data useful for PHM. Often the EHRs can only communicate within themselves and are unable to process the information for Population Health Management.
Disparity remains a major problem for organizations making the transition to Population Health Management. They need to do it, the financial stability of their future relies on it, but at what cost? How much disruption will it cause them to incorporate a new system?
These were the questions we aimed to answer here at Rural Health IT Corporation. Along with our partners EHN and Pitney Bowes, we have found a solution that helps everyone. We knew that the answer needed to be vendor neutral, integrate data in multiple formats, and quickly and inexpensively connect all the health organizations.
Thankfully we have reached a solution.
The low-cost, scalable platform can help bridge the gap to an effective PHM program. It’s important to keep in mind that the bigger picture of healthcare depends greatly on the wide scale success of PHM.
Let’s relate an interoperable healthcare system to weather forecasting. Think about how far we have come with predicting the weather. We have data and information that allows us to forecast. The more weather they can track, the more we understand our climate and this, in turn, allows for us to make arrangements and preparations. We need healthcare to reach the same analyzing capabilities.
When we are managing a population's health, we will be learning valuable new insights. Yes money will be saved, efficiency increased, but even more importantly, lives in our community will improve, and that will eventually mean your life will improve too. | <urn:uuid:ec6c016a-c7af-4a8d-807c-35214da207ee> | CC-MAIN-2019-35 | https://ruralhealthit.com/blog/2016/2/4/defining-population-health-management-a-responsibility-of-our-times | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-35/segments/1566027314904.26/warc/CC-MAIN-20190819180710-20190819202710-00236.warc.gz | en | 0.948501 | 1,060 | 3.0625 | 3 |
Cloud Computing is a model for enabling on-demand network access to a shared pool of configurable computing capabilities or resources (e.g., networks, servers, storage, applications, and services) that can be rapidly provisioned and released with minimal management effort or service provider interaction. Examples of cloud computing services are the Apple iCloud, Microsoft Office Online, and the Google App Engine.
What Does This Mean For An SMB?
Your business needs to take proactive measures today to first reduce its chances of being hit by ransomware, phishing, or other cybersecurity attacks. Secondly, validate backups and disaster recovery plans are current and functioning in case you end up hit with ransomware. CyberHoot recommends the following best practices to avoid, prepare for, and prevent damage from these attacks:
- Adopt two-factor authentication on all critical Internet-accessible services
- Adopt a password manager for better personal/work password hygiene
- Require 14+ character Passwords in your Governance Policies
- Follow a 3-2-1 backup method for all critical and sensitive data
- Train employees to spot and avoid email-based phishing attacks
- Check that employees can spot and avoid phishing emails by testing them
- Document and test Business Continuity Disaster Recovery (BCDR) plans
- Perform a risk assessment every two to three years
Start building your robust, defense-in-depth cybersecurity plan at CyberHoot.
Source: CNSSI 4009, NIST SP 800-145 | <urn:uuid:9c3cac24-28ff-4fa6-bd1c-f5c8e8d80c15> | CC-MAIN-2022-40 | https://cyberhoot.com/cybrary/cloud-computing/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-40/segments/1664030331677.90/warc/CC-MAIN-20220924151538-20220924181538-00647.warc.gz | en | 0.877138 | 304 | 2.71875 | 3 |
The Yin & Yang of Pet Food
Preventing pet disease with Traditional Chinese Medicine
Photo Credit: gurinaleksandr/Thinkstock
Traditional Chinese Medicine is a variety of medicinal practices and concepts that are built on a historical tradition going back 2,000 years. In TCM (Traditional Chinese Medicine) and other Eastern medicinal practices, diet is used in the prevention as well as treatment of diseases and ailments.
Traditional Chinese Medicine and food energy theory
TCM is a very complicated subject. However, there are a few core principles that are easy to learn, and which can be applied to our animal companions. The primary concept of TCM is balance. Food energy theory divides foods into cooling (Yin), warming (Yang) and Neutral.
The Yin Diet
A dog that is hot will typically seek cool places to rest and can tend to have itchy inflamed skin. A hot dog will often be hot to the touch. He/She may pant excessively and will tend to itch more and act restless at bedtime. A dog that is hot may also have red eyes or red skin. These dogs are prone to allergies and feeding a cooling diet can be very beneficial.
Feeding a hot dog hot foods (like lamb or venison, which are considered the hottest proteins) is like throwing kerosene on the fire. Hot dogs should be fed cooling foods to dampen the negative effects of heat on their bodies. Proteins like duck, rabbit, or fish are considered cooling by Chinese theory. Some examples of other cooling foods are apples, bananas, oranges, pears, tomatoes, cucumber, lettuce and mushrooms.
The Yang Diet
In contrast, a dog that has cool tendencies should be fed warming foods. Signs that point to your dog needed a warming diet can include general weakness, fatigue, and exercise intolerance, lack of appetite and shortness of breath. These dogs are your classic couch potatoes and they will tend to seek out warm places. Cool dogs may suffer from joint stiffness and pain, especially in the winter months.
All of these symptoms of coldness can be aided by feeding warming foods like turkey, chicken, squash, sweet potatoes and oats. Similarly, a dog that is affected by arthritis tends to be cold in nature (this is why arthritis gets even worse during the winter months). For this reason, a dog that needs added joint support would benefit most from a warm diet.
The Neutral Diet
Neutral foods like beef and salmon are great for any dog, and can balance the effects of hot or cold foods. Some examples of neutral foods include tuna, milk, cheese, eggs, white or brown rice, potatoes, peas, carrots, or green beans.
How to Identify a Deficiency in an Animal
A Yin deficiency is when an animal is too hot. The animal may suffer from conditions such as excessive panting, as well as dry skin, a dry cough, restlessness and gastric ulcers. Other symptoms include a red, dry tongue.
A Yang deficiency is when an animal has cold ears, nose, back, and limbs. It may arise when the animal has a deficiency of Qi. This includes general weakness, diarrhea and weight loss as well as asthma, urinary or fecal incontinence. Other symptoms include a pale, wet tongue.
A Blood deficiency is another condition that includes dry eyes, dry skin, cracked paws, lack of stamina, restlessness and being easily frightened. Other symptoms include a pale, dry tongue
These Eastern practices are a wonderful way of preventing disease in dogs and cats, but this subject can get very deep and intricate, so it is highly recommended to learn and investigate to fully understand the subject. Read Cheryl Schwartz’s book, Five Paws, Five Directions. It is not only fascinating but highly informative on the subject. Also, for even more information on TCM, read Prince Wen Hue’s Cook, Chinese Dietary Therapy by Bob Flaw and Honora Wolfe.
In 2002, Lucy Postins was trying to find a minimally processed dog food for her beloved dog Mosi, who was suffering from food allergies. She decided to create a dehydrated pet food using real whole foods herself. The food spoke for itself in how good it tasted and the health benefits it yielded – and The Honest Kitchen was born! | <urn:uuid:b79e449b-adf9-485c-af3a-8657937544a3> | CC-MAIN-2019-39 | https://spiritualityhealth.com/articles/2015/08/22/yin-yang-pet-food | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-39/segments/1568514577363.98/warc/CC-MAIN-20190923150847-20190923172847-00053.warc.gz | en | 0.95275 | 879 | 2.90625 | 3 |
Friday, February 23, 2018
Guns and the Wild West of Modern America
As if teachers did not have enough to do, training for the very exacting job of keeping students actively interested, as well as keeping up with the skills they are expected to impart...
As friend Maggie Rainey Smith commented on FaceBook, "Imagine if our professional development week mid-term, included how to handle a semi automatic firearm or hand gun...then imagine the funding issue - hmmm bullets or whiteboard markers ... and then of course, the parents will want all their kids to have a gun in their lunch box to keep things in perspective."
Has anyone over there thought of the obvious answer, that to buy a gun you have to have a gun licence, issued by the police -- which means you have a clean record, no history of violence or mental illness, are old enough to drink and vote and have a driving licence and a car with a licence of its own?
But let's get away from the controversy, and look at the Second Amendment, instead. What does it actually mean?
It reads: A well regulated Militia, being necessary to the security of a free State, the right of the people to keep and bear Arms, shall not be infringed.
There are two important words here -- important because they are the focus of the debate of who has the right to bear arms.
The first is MILITIA. The impressment of citizens to form military groups -- small armies -- began in the 10th century in England, and was formalized after the Norman Conquest into an obligation to serve a term for some lord or other, who was supposed to arm and feed them. They were incurably amateurish, however, something that was recognized in the English Civil War. The Royalists, supporting the king, relied on these small, amateur armies, while the Parliamentarians developed a much more professional version, called the New Model Army, with the result that we all know.
And so the system survived after the Restoration of the King to the Crown, with the royal household having what was in effect a small army of its own, though everyone was very careful to call the soldiers "guards." (Hence the Royal Guards.) Then, in colonial North America, the militia system evolved even further. The settlers had hostile forces to contend with, but no professional soldiers, so formed their own squads of guards -- the village militia. These amateur soldiers were remarkably successful -- in Bermuda there were interesting encounters with mutinying privateers, where the Bermudian Militiamen did very well indeed. (In New Zealand, in the 1860s, similar village militia units were raised from the local populace to help fight the Land Wars.)
Back in England, in the 18th century, the militia system was evolving, as well. The politicians, wary of a military force that was controlled by the throne, passed legislation outlawing the establishment of a standing army in times of peace -- with the codicil that any man who was a Protestant had the right to bear arms. This meant that a local militia could be easily raised in an emergency -- for instance, to contest the tyrannical action of a king.
This system was easily transferred to colonial North America. Colonial militia, manned by villagers, served a vital role in the French and Indian Wars, And then they were taken over by the Revolutionaries, providing a valuable supplement to the regular force that was also formed -- the Continental Army. And we know the result of that, too.
Interestingly -- and importantly -- the militiamen were expected to provide their own weapons. The Militia Act of 1792 reads, in part: "... each and every free able-bodied white male citizen of the respective States, resident therein, who is or shall be of age of eighteen years, and under the age of forty-five years (except as is herein after excepted) shall severally and respectively be enrolled in the militia, ... every citizen, so enrolled and notified, shall, within six months thereafter, provide himself with a good musket or firelock."
So there we have the explanation for the second important word in the Amendment -- PEOPLE.
To read it again: A well regulated Militia, being necessary to the security of a free State, the right of the people to keep and bear Arms, shall not be infringed.
Every able-bodied white male citizen, according to this, had the right to carry a "good musket or firelock" so that if he was called up to join the local militia, he would be carrying his own weapon with him.
Today, there are more than 500 militia groups in the United States, most of them rightwing. You can watch a PBS documentary about them HERE.
Naturally, they all claim the right to bear arms. Naturally, too, those "arms" are not "a good musket or firelock."
Did the writers of the Second Amendment have assault rifles in mind? Obviously not. But still it comes down to semantics. | <urn:uuid:6696b70a-9329-4007-94f9-8e504a118c94> | CC-MAIN-2019-09 | http://joan-druett.blogspot.com/2018/02/guns-and-wild-west-of-modern-america.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-09/segments/1550249508792.98/warc/CC-MAIN-20190223162938-20190223184938-00089.warc.gz | en | 0.980694 | 1,026 | 2.65625 | 3 |
A Precoded Message of Damage
The subject was discovered on a routine gravimetric exploration approximately one mile beneath the Earth’s surface in a small cavern rich in copper. Dwelling in complete darkness and surrounded by approximately 3500 urns of various shapes and sizes, the age of the subject remains indeterminate. Subsequent testing revealed the age of the urns to be approximately 500,000 years old. Due to the absence of illumination, the subject is effectively blind. It was initially thought the subject was also deaf and mute, but prolonged interaction revealed otherwise. Months of interaction with the subject initially through sound and eventually through the development of a kind of pidgin shared between subject and researchers yielded the following information. This information was conveyed over many months, the results being less a dialogue and more the externalization of what appeared to be a continuous inner monologue on the part of the subject. Initial contact was made February 11, 2014.
April 22, 2015: It is dark. It is always dark, but since dark has no meaning it just is. Vibrations send out dark. Vibrations send out light is not dark. But dark is not dark just is.
August 15, 2015: Movement. Vibrations send out slowly. But slowly has no meaning. Movement is movement not slowly. Movement just is.
December 6, 2015: Textures. Each not other textures. Empty but full. Textures and textures. Vibrations say everyday, but everyday has no meaning. Textures just is.
March 3, 2016: It is spoke that textures are urns. Each different from the other. Each hollow but full. It is said that each urn is touched once everyday. It is said that each urn is touched once everyday in order. But order has no meaning. Everyday has no meaning. Urns are touch just is. Movement and texture and urns.
July 28, 2016: It is spoke that everyday is one day another day another day. But this just is. It is spoke that the urns are task. Task is done day another day another day. But task just is. Not different another and another. Task is task. Dark is dark. Movement is movement. Texture is texture.
September 9, 2016: It is told that sound is heard as urns are touched, as movement is, as texture is touched. It is told that sound comes from touch, but sound and touch just is. Sound is touch is movement is texture is urn.
November 12, 2016: Sounds are words, I am told. I am told nodding means understanding. I am told I understand. I am told words are language. I am told I understand. I am told language has taken a long long day to understand. Long long day has no meaning. Just is. Understanding is like texture, each one different from the other but just is. Each other different from I. But texture just is and I just is. Different from has no meaning. Just is.
January 22, 2017: I am told that I am form. But form has no meaning as dark has no meaning as task has no meaning as day has no meaning as movement has no meaning as texture is texture as is just is. I am told I understand. I nod, but nod just is.
February 8, 2017: I am told that things like texture have names. Names are words, each one a different word. But texture just is. I am told they name me Uruk. I nod, but I understand no difference between I and texture and urn and dark and task. Just is.
March 3, 2017: I am told I can speak. Speak just is, but speak means that I understand and they understand. I nod. They tell me they nod. I speak just is but they do not understand. They point out Uruk is different from the urns. Different from the dark. Form different from movement. They speak out urns, each one different, each one a different name. But names do not feel like texture. Names are words. Texture just is. Each one different from the other.
April 13, 2017: I neglected the urns today. No texture, just words. Names. Words. I am asked about how I understand. How I understand the dark, the texture, the task, the urns. I nod. I am told that my words are like texture. That words can be touched again and again. But texture is not again and again, texture just is. I understand, but they do not. They do not say they nod. They ask, I tell, but they do not say they nod. Words are not sound. Sound is urns and movement and texture. I neglected the urns today.
April 25, 2017: It is dark. It is always dark. Dark is the absence of light.
At this point there was a prolonged break in communication as the subject fell silent for one year and twelve days.
May 8, 2018: The urns have long since decayed, many of them broken and spilling out onto the cave floor mixing with the dust. I am told that the oils from my hand preserved them, kept them in a state of hibernation, with a potential for change. But that is no longer possible. I am told that each urn contains the ashes of a lost civilization. Hundreds, thousands, gone. Lost to time. Lost to dust. Their textures faded, their memories no more. My hands crack and wither and decay like the urns. I am no longer just is. I am now and now is decay. But I am told that by speaking is can be preserved, can survive through time to a future I could once not imagine. Is became then became now became then. Just is became words became names became things became difference became. Texture and urn and hand and movement and sound and form and task and dark is not is, but was.
At this point in the research the subject abruptly stopped all communication and as of August 1, 2024 has not moved or spoken. | <urn:uuid:53cb16c1-abab-464b-94e1-0255660cb914> | CC-MAIN-2021-04 | https://www.metapsychosis.com/a-precoded-message-of-damage/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-04/segments/1610703517159.7/warc/CC-MAIN-20210118220236-20210119010236-00318.warc.gz | en | 0.98245 | 1,264 | 2.640625 | 3 |
Floor Covering Adhesives and Indoor Air Quality
Adhesive manufacturers have joined the building industry's efforts in improving indoor air quality. The challenge, however, lies in delivering the same level of adhesive performance expected from time-tested solvent-containing formulations, while at the same time adhering to guidelines set by the EPA for improved indoor air quality.
Meeting changing safety demands and guidelines is nothing new for the adhesives industry. Since the majority of floor covering adhesives are used to glue down carpet and felt-backed sheet goods, these adhesives were the first to be made solvent-free. However, some floor covering adhesives for carpet and sheet goods are still being produced with solvent-containing chemicals.
As solvent-containing adhesives cure (dry), they produce gases known as volatile organic compounds (VOCs), which in concentrated form can prove harmful to indoor air quality.
Further safety guidelines were set for adhesive manufacturers in 1990 when the Southern California South Coast Air Quality Management District (SCAQMD) established are regulations for VOC limits for floor covering adhesives and other common building products. Known as Rule 1168, the SCAQMD guideline set a maximum content of 150 grams/liter for floor covering adhesives, using the method of dividing the weight of the solvent in the adhesive by the volume of the material, less water.
Although Rule 1168 is applicable only to the SCAQMD district, adhesive manufacturers have adopted its regulations in producing new, lower VOC adhesives. | <urn:uuid:52447259-bb0d-4583-9add-b9b72ef75062> | CC-MAIN-2018-51 | https://aatglue.com/Floor-Covering-Adhesives-and-Indoor-Air-Quality--AAT--Advance-Adhesive-Technologies-INC-Quality-Service-Innovation.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-51/segments/1544376823236.2/warc/CC-MAIN-20181210013115-20181210034615-00026.warc.gz | en | 0.945458 | 317 | 2.765625 | 3 |
Writing can go fast, and then you run headfirst into a wall: how did ancient people live? What did they eat? What kind of clothes did they wear? What were their houses like?
This gets more challenging the more obscure you get, particularly when you’re dealing with pre-literary cultures.
I’m deep into writing The Triumph of the Sky, Book 2 of the Dark Ark trilogy. As most of you faithful readers already know, it’s a story set 1500 years ago, in the early 7th century CE. This was a dark time for the Eastern Roman Empire.
In the part of the story that I’m working on now, the hero, Javor, returns to his birthplace in central-eastern Europe. He’s part of a dispersed group of people known to the Romans (who were mostly speaking Greek by this time) as the Sklavenes, or Slavs.
How did the ancient Slavs live?
I’ve set Javor’s home just south of the lower slopes of the Carpathian mountains, in the area that today overlaps western Ukraine, southeastern Poland and eastern Hungary.
According to sources like the Ukrainian Encyclopedia and Orest Subtelny’s Ukraine: A History, the proto-Slavic people of that region lived in small villages, growing crops and raising small herds of animals and keeping bees. Honey was a major trading commodity of the time.
Ancient Slavic houses
Semi-subterrannean dwellings were common in this period and region. People would dig an oblong excavation about a metre deep, lining the sides with cut timbers. They would build a stone or clay oven in one corner, and erect an A-frame roof over the top. It made for a basic, warm and safe home suitable for a nuclear family. Villages consisted of a collection of these in a suitable spot, near water and other resources, protected as much as possible from the elements. As more materials were available, people also built surface level log houses.
Interestingly, the ancient Slavic people would erect a grady or holody, a fortified palisade for protection in case of attack, but their houses were not located inside these structures. At least in their earlier history, their houses were outside of the fortifications, and they would withdraw within it when they needed to.
Over time, the fortifications became larger and more elaborate, and came to enclose dwellings and other buildings. But in the period I’m writing about, the houses were outside the fortifications—which could prove problematic, as I’m sure you can imagine.
See? I told you historical research could be fun.
Next installment: houses in ancient Constantinople. | <urn:uuid:8df09972-902c-440f-bd3b-125ffe1727f1> | CC-MAIN-2020-34 | http://scottburyauthor.com/2018/06/26/more-historical-research-what-kind-of-homes-did-dark-age-people-live-in/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-34/segments/1596439738555.33/warc/CC-MAIN-20200809132747-20200809162747-00091.warc.gz | en | 0.975911 | 572 | 2.5625 | 3 |
(Edited by Margot Sunderland)
This book is a vital resource for all professionals and parents who seek to reach and help teenagers who struggle with anger, anxiety and low self-esteem. It contains vital theory and practice, tools, techniques and case studies from eminent contributors with extensive hands-on experience of working with troubled teenagers.
Learn how to initiate and develop healing conversations. - Understand what lies behind aggressive behaviour.- Help teenagers address their feelings so they don't act them out in a destructive manner. - Understand key psychological research and the brain science behind troubled feelings and behaviour in adolescence. - Gain key parenting skills. The extensive selection of illustrated worksheets and exercises have been developed in consultation with teenagers themselves, and will be a vital aid to helping teenagers to effectively address their feelings. Contributors: Louise Bartel; Lynne Davis; Alison Eldridge; Tracy Godfroy; Dom Guard; Margot Sunderland; Louis Sydney.
- Publisher: Hinton House Publishers Ltd; 1st edition (25 May 2012)
- ISBN-10:: 1906531307
- ISBN-13:: 978-1906531300 | <urn:uuid:e219c694-2b8f-4ee6-9595-2e78297337d6> | CC-MAIN-2023-14 | https://artspsychotherapy.org/shop/buy-books/116-helping-teenagers-with-anger-low-self-esteem | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-14/segments/1679296949533.16/warc/CC-MAIN-20230331020535-20230331050535-00333.warc.gz | en | 0.876871 | 231 | 2.828125 | 3 |
Fireblight is a serious plant disease which can infect apples, pears and hawthorn as well as other members of the Roscaeae family, sub-family Maloideae (Pome fruits).
It is caused by the bacterium Erwinia amylovora. As the name suggests, infected plants can take on a scorched appearance.
Fireblight is established in the UK, France and most other EU Member States. It was first detected in Guernsey at the Vale Castle in 2014 but was successfully eradicated. However in 2020 the infection was again confirmed on apple and hawthorn in St Peters, and on hawthorn in the Forest.
There is no risk from Fireblight to human health.
What are the symptoms?
- Fireblight can affect all aerial (above ground) parts of the host plant. Symptoms include:
- Wilting and death of flower clusters following blossom infection.
- Wilting and death of young shoots: in some cases the tip of the shoot bends to form a characteristic "shepherd's crook". Infected leaves generally remain attached to the plant.
- Infected fruit turning brown or black; these become shrivelled but remain attached to the plant.
- Cankering - sunken areas of a stem, often with discolouration, caused by disease - which may spread to the main stem and kill the plant by girdling. Externally, the cankers are usually sunken in appearance and surrounded by irregular cracks in the bark. When the bark is removed, a reddish-brown discolouration of the underlying tissues may be seen.
- Some images of symptoms are shown below. Further images of symptoms can be seen on the European Plant Protection Organisation website at: https://gd.eppo.int/taxon/ERWIAM/photos.
Fireblight host plants (plants affected by Fireblight)
- Amelanchier (June Berry)
- Chaenomeles (Flowering Quince)
- Crataegus (Hawthorn)
- Cydonia (Quince)
- Eriobotrya (Loquat)
- Malus (Apple)
- Mespilus (Medlar)
- Photinia davidianna
- Pyracantha (Firethorn)
- Pyrus (Pear)
- Sorbus (Rowan or Mountain Ash)
How does it spread?
- Guernsey has EU Protected Zone status for Fireblight which allows strict import controls to be applied to all host plants. However, the most likely means of introduction into Guernsey is on infected plants.
- In outbreak situations, sticky bacterial ooze is produced in warm conditions and can be spread by insects, birds, small animals, wind and rain.
- Migrating birds arriving in Guernsey to feed on hawthorns and the fruit of other host plants are another potential route of infection.
- The bacteria can also spread on pruning tools. Tools should be disinfected between use on plants using household or garden disinfectants, alcohol based cleaners or a 10% bleach solution.
What treatments are available?
- There are no effective chemical measures available to control Fireblight. The only guaranteed method of eradicating this disease is through the removal of infected plants.
What should I do if I suspect my plants are infected?
- There is a legal obligation to report the presence or suspected presence of Fireblight to the Plant Health Inspector.
- Samples of infected flowers and shoots can be brought at no charge to the States Analytical Laboratory, Longue Rue, St Martin, GY4 6LD. Tel: 01481 707612. Email: [email protected]
- Samples should include the transition between dead and healthy plant material as this is where the disease will be most active.
- The Plant Health Inspector will be notified in the event of a positive result.
- Alternatively the Plant Health Inspector can be contacted directly and a site visit can be arranged to inspect suspect plants and for samples to be taken.
- To contact the Plant Health Inspector please Tel: 01481 711161 or Email: [email protected] | <urn:uuid:a4fb246f-a711-48f4-9588-108a15f5228b> | CC-MAIN-2020-40 | https://gov.gg/fireblight | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-40/segments/1600400212959.12/warc/CC-MAIN-20200923211300-20200924001300-00425.warc.gz | en | 0.916114 | 882 | 3.640625 | 4 |
Nutrition for Your Needs
NutriMirror’s free food journal not only helps control your calorie count, it’s also customized to give appropriate nutrition recommendations based on your own personal, individual needs.
Zinc is an essential trace mineral that is a component of thousands of proteins in the human body. It is highly concentrated in specialized areas of the brain, pancreas, and adrenal glands, but is present in all cells, particularly in the nucleus.
Deficiencies: Signs of zinc deficiency include hair loss, skin lesions, diarrhea, and wasting of body tissues. A deficiency in zinc can cause problems with eyesight, taste, smell, and memory. Chronic zinc deficiency in humans results in reduced growth and sexual development, which are reversible by raising zinc intake.
Food sources: Zinc is highly abundant in red and white meat and shellfish, and is also found in beans, nuts, almonds, whole grains, pumpkin seeds, and sunflower seeds.
Dietary Reference Intakes for ZincRecommended Intakes for Individuals*
*These Recommended Dietary Allowances are set to meet the needs of almost all (97 to 98 percent) individuals in the groups listed in the table above.Tolerable Upper Intake Levels (UL)**
**UL = The maximum level of daily nutrient intake that is likely to pose no risk of adverse effects. Unless otherwise specified, the UL represents total intake from food, water, and supplements.
Source: Food and Nutrition Board, Institute of Medicine, National Academies
Vitamin, Mineral, and Nutrient Reference Values
The values in the label shown below are the targets used to determine Daily Value percentages that appear on the Nutrition Facts labels on foods sold in the U.S. These numbers are meant to approximate the nutrients needed for the average person consuming 2000 calories per day. Click any of the vitamin or nutrient names below to learn more about the importance of each element, and to see detailed dietary allowances (the Dietary Reference Intake values) for specific population groups.
***Daily Value recommendations are based on a 2000-calorie diet. Recommendations for individuals will vary depending on sex, age, weight, and other factors.
©2007 NutriMirror ® | <urn:uuid:2c0c7a4a-b4e4-4fb0-9363-4cf48ed846e3> | CC-MAIN-2014-23 | http://www.nutrimirror.com/nutrition-nutrients/zinc | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2014-23/segments/1406510274866.27/warc/CC-MAIN-20140728011754-00371-ip-10-146-231-18.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.896875 | 453 | 2.65625 | 3 |
Dee Finney's blog
start date July 20, 2011
today's date January 1, 2013
TOPIC: THE SPACE FENCE
Shelton Discusses Importance of Space Defense
By Jim Garamone
WASHINGTON, Jan. 7, 2014 - Space is fundamental to the economy, the military and the way of life in the United States and officials must continue to guard against challenges in the domain from adversaries, the commander of Air Force Space Command said today.
Gen. William Shelton shared with students at George Washington University here some of his worries and concerns.
In the past 60 years, space has grown from a domain with a lone satellite beeping across the heavens to a $300 billion economic engine.
"The advent of space systems has allowed citizens and governments to engage routinely in the world around them, communicate at the speed of light and to tap sources of information previously unavailable to them," Shelton said.
Satellites are now essential parts of the 21st century way of life for all nations. Weather forecasting, precise navigation, instant communications and many other capabilities tie space to Earth.
These are incredibly important during crises. The death tolls from Hurricane Katrina in 2005 and the Japanese tsunami in 2011 would have been even higher had not satellite surveillance and communications been available, he said.
Space has also changed the military. "In all of recorded history, when armies met on the battle field, they fought for the coveted high ground because of the obvious advantage it gave them over the adversary," Shelton said. "Later, balloons performed that function and even later, airplanes were used as observation platforms."
Space is the ultimate high ground, he said.
Shelton's command has a global mission with global responsibilities reaching all corners of the planet and up to 23,000 miles in space and geosynchronous orbit. "We get space-derived information to all sorts of users, including the military operators of our nation's Army, Air Force, Navy and Marines -- those who rely on timely and accurate data," he said.
Intelligence, logistics and other operationally relevant data flow seamlessly to the front lines in Afghanistan as well as to other parts of the world where U.S. forces are operating.
"I can't think of a single military operation across the full spectrum from humanitarian relief operations all the way to major combat operations that doesn't somehow depend on space for mission success," Shelton said. "But frankly, this dependence on space has also become quite a bit of a double-edged sword. Our potential adversaries have been going to school on us during these many years of combat operations."
Adversaries are mimicking American procedures and looking for chinks in American armor, the general said. "More concerning, as they've watched us, we've watched them develop systems to challenge our advantages in space," he said.
"Because space launch is so expensive, we loaded as much as we could onto our satellites -- multiple missions, multiple payloads, " Shelton said. "After all, we were operating in a relatively peaceful sanctuary in space."
Not today. "As I look at the next 20 years in space, we have a difficult, up-hill climb ahead of us," he said. "I equate this to the difficulty of turning the Queen Mary. You send the rudder command and the delayed response tries your patience."
To sustain space services, the United States must consider architectural alternatives for future satellite constellations. "These alternatives must balance required capability, affordability and resilience," he said. "There are many options that we're actively studying right now. The notion of disaggregation is one. And what we mean by this is moving away from the multiple payload, big satellite construct into a less complex satellite architecture with multiple components."
Distributing space payloads across multiple satellite platforms, increases U.S. resiliency. "At a minimum, it complicates our adversaries' targeting calculus," he said.
Follow Jim Garamone on Twitter: @GaramoneAFPS
NOTE: THESE ARE THE NOTES I TOOK FROM A DOCUMENTARY FILM ABOUT A REAL SPACE FENCE, ALREADY IN OPERATION IN THREE STATES, WHICH I WATCHED ON THE MILITARY CHANNEL ON TELEVISION.
THERE ARE OVER 3,000 SATELLITES FLYING OVERHEAD. THERE ARE RULES THEY MUST FOLLOW BUT ALMOST IMPOSSIBLE TO ENFORCE.
A computer image generated by NASA shows objects orbiting Earth, including those in geosynchronous orbit at a high altitude.
The objects are not to scale.
IT MAY ALREADY BE A WARZONE.
IF A SATELLITE GETS HIT BY SOMETHING AS SMALL AS A PEBBLE, IT COULD CAUSE A SATELLITE TO WOBBLE AND SUBSEQUENTLY CRASH.
THERE ARE OVER 150, 338 OBJECTS IN SPACE. NOT ALL OBJECTS ARE FUNCTIONAL.
REAL TIME SATELLITE TRACKING
SKY AND TELESCOPE
THE SPACE FENCE.
A 2,000 FEET LONG FENCE THAT TRACKS EVERY SATELLITE IN ORBIT.
SPACE JUNK IS DANGEROUS. SPACE IS NOW CUTTERED WITH NUMEROUS DEFUNCT SATELLITES, LEFT OVER ROCKET BOOSTERS AND OLD PARTS FROM LEFTOVER SPACECRAFT.
THE SPACE FENCE IS THE FIRST LINK OF DEFENCE. IT IS LOCATED 90 MILES FROM BIRMINGHAM, ALABAMA.
IT IS NEARLY A MILE LONG.
IT WORKS WITH TWO OTHER IDENTICAL FACILITIES IN TEXAS AND ARIZONA.
TOGETHER IT SHOOTS A MASSIVE RADAR BEAM STRAIGHT TO THE HEAVENS.
JORDAN LAKE, AL, LAKE KICKAPOO, TX, GLANVER, AZ.
THERE ARE SIX RECEIVERS ON EARTH THAT CAPTURE THE SIGNAL SENT BACK FROM THE SATELLITE BEING HIT BY THE RADAR BEAM.
AT PENSACOLA, FL IS A SITE CALLED G-6.
FEW PEOPLE ARE ALLOWED TO SEE IT.
THIS IS A SISTER SYSTEM TOT HE SPACE FENCE AND IT'S THE MOST POWERFUL RADAR IN THE WORLD.
IT'S A 14 STORY BUILDING THAT HAS 5028 POWERFUL ANTENNAS INSIDE IT.
THE SPACE FENCE PLUS THIS FACILITY IS CALLED ' THE SPACE SURVELLANCE NETWORK.'
IT CAN TRACK 200 SATELLITES SIMULTANEOUSLY.
THE QUESTION IS: DOES THIS FACILITY DO MORE THAN TRACK SATELLITES?
IN 2008, A U.S. SPY SATELLITE USA/93 MALFUNCTIONED AND WAS FALLING BACK TO EARTH. IF IT LANDED ON A CITY, IT WOULD EXPLODE LIKE A BOMB. IT WAS LOADED WITH 1,000 LBS. OF SATELLITE FUEL.
THE SPACE FENCE FACILITY WAS CALLED UPON TO HELP. WHAT THINGS WOULD BE EXPOSED WHEN THE SPY SATELLITE WAS SHOT OUT OF THE SKY?
THOUSANDS OF SATELLITES ARE FLYING AROUND EARTH AT THE SPEED OF 10 TIMES THE SPEED OF A BULLET.
THE U.S.S. LAKE ERIE IS LOCATED N.W. OF HAWAII AND COORDINATES WITH THE SATELLITE CONTROL FACILITY. IT THEN LAUNCHES A SPACE MISSILE AT THE SATELLITE THAT IS MALFUNCTIONING AND BLOWS IT APART.
THERE WAS A DANGER TO PEOPLE IF THE SATELLITE WOULD HAVE HIT EARTH BUT THERE IS MORE TO THE STORY.
IT DEMONSTRATED A NEW WEAPONS SYSTEM.
THERE IS EVIDENCE THAT SHOW THAT OTHER LARGE COUNTRIES HAVE FACILITIES LIKE OURS.
ON JANUARY 10, 2011, CHINA USED A SAPCE MISSILE TO KNOCK OUT ONE OF ITS OWN WORN OUT WEATHER SATELLITES.
THE CLEAR MESSAGE IS THAT THE CHINESE ARE ALSO CAPABLE OF SHOOTING DOWN SATTELITES - OUR SATELLITES TOO.
MODERN WARFARE RELIES HEAVILY ON SATELLITES SO A FUTURE CONFLICT WILL LIKELY START IN SPACE.
SPACE IS LIKELY TO BE A PLACE OF FUTURE CONFLICTS.
MILITARY WOULD NEED TO BE ABLE TO TAKE OUT SATELLITES WITHOUT LEAVING EVIDENCE OF FOUL PLAY.
X-37B - AN UNMANNED SPACE CRAFT.
IT HAS RARELY BEEN PHOTOGRAPHED. THE X-37B USES EVIDENCE FROM THE SPACE FENCE TO TRACK FOREIGN SATELLITES. THEN IT COULD ATTACK THEM. BUT WOULDN'T THAT START WWIII?
EXPERTS SAY IT WOULD BE MORE CLANDESTINED THATN ROCKETS OR MISSILES.
IF YOU COULD SPRAY A SATELLITE WITH A NON-REFLECTIVE MATERIAL YOU WOULD CAUSE IT TO OVERHEAT, CAUSING IT'S SENSITIVE INSTRUMENTS TO MALFUNCTION, SENDING IT OFF COURSE AND PLUNGING TO EARTH.
THE GOOD PART OF THE PLAN IS THAT IT IS IMPOSSIBLE TO PROVE WHO IS BEHIND IT.
THE X-37B WAS LAUNCHED IN 2010. ITS MISSION AND ORBIT ARE STILL TOP SECRET.
SOME AMATEURS HAVE DISCOVERED HOW TO TRACK THE X-37B BY TRACKING THE RECEIVING BLIPS ON THE SPACE FENCE.
HOME BUILT SATELLITE TRACKERS CAN BE BUILT IN ONE'S OWN BACK YARD APPARENTLY. ONE OF THEM IS IN COLORADO.
IT WAS BUILT WITH COAT HANGARS AND COAXIAL TV CABLES. THE OWNER FOUND THE FORMULAS TO BUILD IT ON THE INTERNET. HE FORMULATED A WAY TO SEE THE SAPCE TRACKING ON A SCREEN IN HIS BEDROOM.
HE DISCOVERED THAT IT FLIES CLOSE TO CHINESE SATELLITES, BT THERE IS NO EVIDENCE THAT IT TAMPERS WITH THEM.
IN 2011 A MALFUNCTION MAKED THE WORLD TAKE NOTICE. RUSSIA LAUNCHED A PROBE BOUND FOR MARS NAMED PHOBOS GRUNT.
SHORTLY AFTER LAUNCH, PHOBOS GRUNT WAS CRIPPLED BY SOLAR PANEL FAILURE AND ALL COMMUNICATION WAS LOST.
THE 14 TON CRAFT STARTED MAKING A SLOW DESCENT BACK INTO EARTH'S ATMOSPHERE. PHOBOS GRUNT IS THE HEAVIEST OBJECT TO FALL BACK TO EARTH AND DANGEROUSLY OUT OF CONTROL.
BUT COULD THE U.S. BE RESPONSIBLE FROM THE BEGINNING? IT WOULD HAVE BEEN POSSIBLE TO USE THE SPACE FENCE TO TRACK PHOBOS GRUNT AND THEN USE THE RADAR TO BLOCK RUSSIA'S ABILITY TO COMMUNICATE WITH IT.
PHOBOS GRUNT BROKE UP INTO MANY PIECES AND FELL INTO THE SOUTH PACIFIC AND THOUGH RUSSIA BLAMES THE U.S. FOR THE FAILURE OF THE SPACE CRAFT, THERE IS NO EVIDENCE TO PROVE IT.
QUESTION: IS THE SPACE FENCE JUST A TRACKING DEVICE, OR IS IT A SPACE WEAPON? WE DON'T KNOW! THAT INFORMATION IS CLASSIFIED.
The Air Force Space Surveillance System, colloquially known as the Space Fence, IS a U.S. government-multistatic radar system built to detect orbital objects passing over America. It is a component of the US space surveillance network, and was claimed[by whom?] to be able to detect objects as small as 10 cm (four inches) at heights up to 30,000 km (15,000 nautical miles.)
The system ceased operation in September 2013.
There are three transmitter sites in the system:
The master transmitter at Lake Kickapoo is said to be the most powerful continuous wave (CW) station in the world, at 768 kW radiated power on 216.97927 MHz. Overhead imagery (see coordinates given above) of the Gila River and Jordan Lake sites suggests that the original design called for antennas of twice the present length with, presumably, greater radiated power.
There are six receiving stations:
The following receiving stations were placed in cold storage in April 2013:
The receiving stations at Elephant Butte and Hawkinsville are considered to be "High Altitude" stations with longer and more complex antenna systems that are designed to see targets at higher altitudes than the other four receiving stations.
Although formerly operated by the U.S. Navy from 1961 until October 2004, and known then as NAVSPASUR (short for "Naval Space Surveillance"), command passed to the Air Force 20th Space Control Squadron on October 1, 2004.
In 2009, the operations and maintenance contract for the day-to-day management and operation of the Fence was awarded to Five Rivers Services,LLC, based out of Colorado Springs, Colorado. On September 30, 2011, Five Rivers Services was awarded a $7,022,503 firm fixed price with cost reimbursable line items contract modification to manage, operate, maintain, and logistically support the nine Air Force Space Surveillance System field stations, presumably for Fiscal Year 2012.
The 850th Electronic Systems Group, Electronic Systems Center awarded 3 $30-million contracts to Lockheed Martin, Northrop Grumman andRaytheon on 11 June 2009.
The Space Fence is envisaged to be a system of two or three S-band ground-based radars designed to perform uncued detection, tracking and accurate measurement of orbiting space objects. The Space Fence is intended to replace the Air Force Space Surveillance System, or VHF Fence, that was transferred from the Navy to the Air Force in 2004. The shorter wavelength of the S-band Space Fence allows for detection of much smallersatellites and debris.
The February 10, 2009, collision of a U.S. Iridium communications satellite (Iridium 33) and a Russian Cosmos 2251 communications satellite, which added hundreds more pieces of debris to the atmosphere, highlighted the need for more precise tracking of space objects.
Data collected from the Space Fence's sensors would potentially feed into the Joint Space Operations Center Mission System, which is used to track objects orbiting the Earth, monitor space weather and assess foreign launches. Used by operators at the 614th Air and Space Operations Center atVandenberg Air Force Base, Calif., the 614 AOC's 24-hour-a-day, seven-day-a-week support provides vigilance of global and theater operations and equips the Joint Functional Component Command for space operations with the tools to conduct command and control of space forces.
Plans to award the final contract have been stalled by U.S. budget sequestration in early 2013. and the AFSSS system is likely to be discontinued in October 2013 due to budget cuts
(Published August 13, 2013)
PETERSON AIR FORCE BASE, Colo. (AFNS) -- Due to resource constraints caused by sequestration, Air Force Space Commandofficials have directed the 21st Space Wing to prepare to discontinue operations at the Air Force Space Surveillance System by Oct. 1. Final decisions on all fiscal 2014 budget issues will be made over the next few weeks. By discontinuing operations, the AFSSS would not be maintained in operational status; however, equipment will not be removed until a final disposition determination is made. The AFSSS sites are operated under contract and the 21st SW has notified the vendor, Five Rivers Services in Colorado Springs, Colo., that it most likely will not exercise the next contract option beginning Oct. 1. By de-activating the AFSSS by Oct. 1, AFSPC would see a cost savings of approximately $14 million per year, beginning in fiscal 2014. AFSPC officials have devised modified operating modes for the Perimeter Acquisition Radar Characterization System at Cavalier Air Force Station, N.D., and for the space surveillance radar atEglin Air Force Base, Fla., which allows the discontinuation of AFSSS operations while still maintaining solid space situational awareness. The AFSSS is a series of three transmitters and six receivers along the 33rd parallel stretching across the southern United States.The three transmitter sites are located at Jordan Lake, Ala.; Lake Kickapoo, Texas; and Gila River, Ariz. The six receivers are located at Tattnall, Ga.; Hawkinsville, Ga.; Silver Lake, Miss.; Red River, Ark.; Elephant Butte, N.M.; and San Diego, Calif. The two receiver sites at Tattnall and Silver Lake were deactivated in April of this year.The AFSSS, which has been operational since 1961, is just one part of AFSPC’s global Space Surveillance Network. The system is designed to transmit a “fence” of radar energy vertically into space to detect all objects intersecting that fence. The operational advantage of the AFSSS is its ability to detect objects in an un-cued fashion, rather than tracking objects based on previous information. The disadvantage is the inherent inaccuracy of the data, based on its dated design. The new operating modes at Cavalier AFS and Eglin AFB will provide more accuracy than the AFSSS and still collect un-cued observations.The AFSSS is typically referred to as the “space fence,” which has caused confusion with the new space fence being developed for the future. “The AFSSS is much less capable than the space fence radar planned for Kwajalein Island in the Republic of the Marshall Islands,” said General William L. Shelton, the commander of Air Force Space Command. “In fact, it’s apples and oranges in trying to compare the two systems.” Unlike the AFSSS, the new space fence will provide very precise positional data on orbiting objects and will be the most accurate radar in the Space Surveillance Network. It will provide enhanced space surveillance capabilities to detect and track orbiting objects such as commercial and military satellites, depleted space boosters and space debris. The new space fence will have much greater sensitivity, allowing it to detect, track and measure an object the size of a softball orbiting more than 1,200 miles in space. Because it is also an un-cued tracking system, it will provide evidence of satellite break-ups, collisions, or unexpected maneuvers of satellites. “When combined with the new Joint Space Operations Center’s high-performance computing environment, the new fence will truly represent a quantum leap forward in space situational awareness for the nation,” Shelton said. (Courtesy of Air Force Space Command Public Affairs)
On August first, General William L. Shelton, commander of Air Force Space Command, directed that the Air Force Space Surveillance System be closed and all sites vacated effective October first. The AFSSS was turned off September first. "It appears they pulled the plug at 00:00 UT (6 am Local MDT) on September 1st," reports engineer Stan Nelson, who was monitoring the radar using an antenna in Roswell, New Mexico. The radar's final echoes came from a Russian satellite and a sporadic meteor." | <urn:uuid:a99be148-9734-4caf-b23f-07f0891f8d82> | CC-MAIN-2017-17 | http://www.greatdreams.com/blog-2014/space-fence.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-17/segments/1492917121869.65/warc/CC-MAIN-20170423031201-00557-ip-10-145-167-34.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.89088 | 4,235 | 2.59375 | 3 |
Exchange traded funds (ETF’s) are investment products have come into prominence during the past decade. ETF’s are liquid market products that replicate the movement of a basket of assets or an individual asset such as an index, commodity, currency or market sector. An ETF can hold assets such as stocks, commodities, currencies or bonds and are actively traded throughout a trading session like a stock.
Exchange Trade Funds
Trading ETF’s differ from mutual funds in that they provide intra-day liquidity and the ability to allow investors to exit at the current live price as opposed to an end of day price. ETFs are considered attractive as investments because of their low costs, and stock-like features.
ETF’s are broad based instruments and have allowed investors to focus on different sectors of the equity markets. Generally, a sector ETF’s hold baskets of stocks that participate in similar businesses. There are numerous ETF’s available for each of the major stocks sector categories.
A common classification breaks the market into 10 different sectors. Investors consider some of the sectors defensive and many of the sectors cyclical. Stocks sectors are helpful comparison tools, as they assist in the process of asset allocation and diversification.
Defensive stocks include utilities and consumer staples. Utilities provide electricity and natural gas which are products that are needed by consumers despite current economic activity.
Cyclical stocks fluctuated based on a variety of market conditions. A list of cyclical sectors include:
- Consumer Discretionary – These types of stocks sell items that consumers purchase beyond items that would be considered necessary or staples.
- Energy – This sector focuses on stocks that produce, refine service and market energy products.
- Industrials – This sector focuses on companies that build and manufacture.
- Financials – This sector follow the major financial institutions along with regional banks.
- Information Technology – This sector focuses on large cap technology companies that focus on business activity as well as individual consumers.
- Materials – have experienced solid volatility, as European uncertainties continue to cap this equity sectors upside.
- Telecomm – This sector has been performing well and seems to be driven by the increasing global demand for mobile devices.
- Healthcare – Healthcare generates revenue from increasing population and regulations that favor the industry.
Currency and Commodity ETFs
There are ETF on specific assets such as currencies, commodities, and even volatility. A currency ETF would hold spot currency pairs as well as futures on currency pairs to track the direction of a currency pair. A commodity ETF such as a Gold ETF, would hold gold futures and gold spot transaction and track the direction of a gold benchmark.
Exchange Traded Funds are excellent investment vehicles to use to initiate risk in a specific sector as well as a robust way to generate a diversified portfolio using ETF to track specific assets. An ETF is liquid and trades like a stock allowing you to enter and exit intra-day. Sector ETF’s allow investors to have exposure across a broad range of businesses, and allow traders to hedge exposure to individual stocks. | <urn:uuid:0344bb28-df8a-419d-b062-0f7135e88963> | CC-MAIN-2022-21 | https://www.thinkplandoact.in/mutual-fund/exchange-trade-funds/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-21/segments/1652662512229.26/warc/CC-MAIN-20220516172745-20220516202745-00436.warc.gz | en | 0.94643 | 646 | 2.5625 | 3 |
Nile River from source to mouth
With an estimated length of almost 6.700 km the Nile is the longest river in the world.
The White Nile rises in Lake Victoria in Uganda. Untill today the discussion about the real source is still going on. Since 2006 the British discoverer Neil McGrigor claims having found the most distant source in Rwanda, at the beginning of the Kagera River with its mouth in the western part of Lake Victoria.
The Nile leaves this largest lake of Africa at Ripon Falls near Jinja in Uganda. For 500 kilometres the so called Victoria Nile flows in northern direction.
After the passing of the famous Murchison Falls the river flows into Lake Albert. From here the river is known as the Albert Nile and is the last part of the river on Ugandan territory. Via South Sudan the White Nile enters Sudan.
Near the capital Khartoum the White Nile meets the Blue Nile. This tributary begins at Lake Tana in Ethiopia and flows into Sudan from the southeast.
The northern section of the river flows almost entirely through desert into Egypt. This country has depended on the river since ancient times. Most of the population and cities of Egypt are situated along the Nile and nearly all the cultural and historical sites of Ancient Egypt are found along the banks of the river. Through a large delta the Nile ends into the Mediterranean Sea. The mighty waters of the Nile flow at an average volume of 300 million cubic meters per day passing in the course of a 3 month journey.
Part 1: the Nile in Uganda
The team of Travelling along Rivers is flying from Amsterdam to Entebbe, the airport of the Ugandan capital Kampala. About 80 km from here the first goal is Jinja, a town along Lake Victoria near the source of the Nile. Not far away from here Holland Park, lush situated in a lovely and hilly landscape is run by a Dutch couple. A perfect place along the Nile to relax and recover from the tiring flight and recharge the battery for further travelling in Uganda.
Holland Park is also an ideal base for visiting Jinja and other points of interest along the river. We got a special permission to visit the Breweries, where the famous Nile Beer is produced with water tapped from the river.
The team follows the course of the Victoria Nile in northern direction with the help of Aerolink, a domestic airline offering flights into Uganda’s national parks. Our goal is the Pakuba Airstrip in Murchison Falls National Park. Sliced in half by the Victoria Nile the park is also the location of the spectacular Murchison Falls. Here the river is facing a narrow passage of 6 meters wide and presents an impressive demonstration of power while the swirling water overcomes a height difference of almost 43 meters.
In Murchison Falls Park our team awaits an intensive program. Based in the luxurious lodge Paraa Safari Lodge, we are planning a wild life safari in the savannah landscape, a visit to the Murchison Falls and two boat safari’s on the Albert Nile. The last sailing trip will bring us upstream to the Delta near the border of South Sudan, the end of the course of the Nile on Ugandan territory.
The age-old question: Where is the real source?
For thousands of years the source of the Nile River has been a subject of constant speculation.
The Ancient Egyptians believed that the river had its source in two great mountains with eternal springs. From here one branch was said to flow north, dividing Egypt, and another south into Nubia and Ethiopia.
Some also believed that the Nile River’s annual inundation was caused by snowfall at its source.
In August 1858 explorer John Hanning Speke became the first European to see Lake Victoria. He claimed this largest lake in Africa to be the source of the Nile River.
For the majority of people, Lake Victoria is still considered to be the real source, but there is also a theory this spot should be traced back further. For example to the headwaters of the longest river flowing into the lake. This is the Kagera River. Its remotest source was traced to the hills of Burundi in 1934 by the German Burckhard Waldecker.
However in 2006, three explorers from Great Brittain and New Zealand ‘discovered’ to what they claim is the most distant source, in the Nyungwe Forest in Rwanda. Their critics however pointed out that the Burundian source is much further south than the one in Rwanda. So who’s right?
In the meantime the conclusion seems justified that the discussion about the real source of the Nile will go on for a while…
Meet and greet mountain gorillas in their natural environment the stunning afromontane forest of Bwindi Impenetrable National Park
Discover the rich biodiversity of Uganda in Queen Elizabeth National Game Park. This Safari Guarantees you Lion hunting Experience
Enjoy a wonderful safari to Uganda's largest game park and see the most powerful fall in the world. The Hub for Wildlife in Africa
Glimpsing Uganda’s famous wildlife can be tricky for time-limited travelers in the capital. Utilize your weekend with this Safaris
This Safari will offer you the best sightings of several mammals including the tree climbing Lions, Gorillas, Chimpanzees & Birds.
This Unique Safari takes you to the unique Wildlife Park of Kidepo in the Lonely Region of Karamojja in Uganda, Lots of wildlives.
Source of the Nile | <urn:uuid:6d534795-2584-4d49-bfb9-974b66f50bf9> | CC-MAIN-2021-25 | https://www.inspiresafaris.com/the-source-of-river-nile-in-uganda/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-25/segments/1623488551052.94/warc/CC-MAIN-20210624045834-20210624075834-00455.warc.gz | en | 0.932213 | 1,144 | 2.78125 | 3 |
U.S. Department of Transportation
Federal Highway Administration
1200 New Jersey Avenue, SE
Washington, DC 20590
The Highway Performance Monitoring System (HPMS) provides data that reflects the extent, condition, performance, use, and operating characteristics of the Nation's highways. It was developed in 1978 as a national highway transportation system database. It includes limited data on all public roads, more detailed data for a sample of the arterial and collector functional systems, and certain statewide summary information. HPMS replaced numerous uncoordinated annual State data reports as well as biennial special studies conducted by each State. These special studies had been conducted to support a 1965 congressional requirement that a report on the condition of the Nation's highway needs be submitted to Congress every two years.
The HPMS data form the basis of the analyses that support the biennial Condition and Performance Reports to Congress. These reports provide a comprehensive, factual background to support development and evaluation of the Administration's legislative, program, and budget options. They provide the rationale for requested Federal-aid Highway Program funding levels, and are used for apportioning Federal-aid funds back to the States under TEA-21; both of these activities ultimately affect every State that contributes data to the HPMS.
These data are also used for assessing highway system performance under FHWA's strategic planning process. Pavement condition data, congestion-related data, and traffic data used to determine fatality and injury rates are used extensively by the Administration to measure FHWA's and the State's progress in meeting the objectives embodied in the Vital Few, FHWA's Performance Plan, and other strategic goals.
In addition, the HPMS serves needs of the States, MPOs and local government and other customers in assessing highway condition, performance, air quality trends, and future investment requirements. Many States rely on traffic and travel data from the HPMS to conduct air quality analyses and make assessments related to determining air quality conformity, and are now using the same analysis models used by FHWA to assess their own highway investment needs, HERS-ST. As a result of these uses, States have an additional stake in assuring the completeness and quality of these data.
Finally, these data are the source of a large portion of information included in FHWA's annual Highway Statistics and other media and publications. They are widely used in both the national and international arenas by other governments, transportation professionals, and industry professionals to make decisions that impact national and local transportation systems and our transportation dependent economy.
The requirements outlined in the HPMS Field Manual are authorized under 23 U.S.C. 315, which places the responsibility on the Secretary of Transportation for management decisions which affect transportation. In addition, 23 CFR 1.5 provides the Federal Highway Administrator with authority to request such information deemed necessary to administer the Federal-aid highway program. A biennial estimate of the future highway investment needs of the Nation is mandated by Congress (23 U.S.C 502(g)). HPMS data are used for assessing highway system performance under FHWA's strategic planning and performance reporting process in accordance with requirements of the Government Performance and Results Act (GPRA, Sections 3 and 4) and for apportioning Federal-aid highway funds under TEA-21, (23 U.S.C. 104). Finally, 23 CFR 420.105(b) requires States to provide data that support FHWA's responsibilities to the Congress and the public.
The State department of transportation is responsible for the collection of data and reporting of these data to the FHWA headquarters through FHWA developed and maintained PC-based submittal software. While the FHWA receives, screens, organizes, and uses these data, these are still the State's data and the State is ultimately responsible for the quality of the data. The State department of transportation is encouraged to cooperate with local governments and metropolitan planning organizations (MPOs) in the collection, assembling and reporting of the necessary information; a "collect it once, use it often" approach is worthy of consideration in view of the resource constraints facing data programs at all governmental levels.
By June 1 of each year, the State must provide an annual Certification of Public Road Miles (23 CFR 460) signed by the current Governor or his/her designee. These data are used by the NHTSA to apportion highway safety funds to the States. The Certified State Public Road Mileage is used as a basis for apportionment of a fraction of the funds under 23 U.S.C. 402(c) (safety).
By June 15th of each year (resource #1), the State must report the HPMS data for the previous year to FHWA headquarters using the HPMS submittal software.
The FHWA Division Office also shares in the overall responsibility of providing HPMS data. The Division Office does this by:
When the State submits HPMS data to FHWA, the division should assess the timeliness, completeness, and quality of the data. This is particularly true of those data items that pose the highest risk to the FHWA and the State; an example is the quality of the Interstate System lane-miles and traffic data that are used to apportion Interstate Maintenance funds to the States. The submittal software (resource #2) provides tools that can be used by the division to view and analyze the data.
There are two useful tools for looking at HPMS data trends. One is the TranStats HPMS Map Viewer (resource #5), which allows viewing mapped HPMS data for the past several years; this is useful when comparing the reasonableness of section specific data in an HPMS submittal to what has been previously reported or when looking at changes over time to data trends on specific roadway sections. For instance, the tool permits looking at how pavement IRI has changed on a specific Interstate or NHS route in the State over time. Another tool is the five-year trends tables (reference #9), which allows comparison of key variables for the State for the past 5 years. For instance, this tool allows assessing what the trend in rural Interstate travel is over time in your State compared to other States and the nation as a whole.
The division should also be concerned with the adequacy of the State's sample management activities. At a minimum, a State should be assessing sample adequacy and maintaining a valid number of samples in each volume group. Since the HPMS relies on the use of sampled data at the functional system level expanded through mileage related factors to represent the entire functional system, valid estimates of critical variables such as system level travel depend on the maintenance of a viable sample. The CBT (resource #4) has extensive interactive training sessions on sampling, and sample management. A CD containing the CBT program has been provided to each division and State; additional copies are available from Headquarters. The division could chose to assess the technical adequacy of the State's sample management program for the HPMS, including its weaknesses and plans for improvement, as part of a program review activity.
The Headquarters data review comments on the State's submittal should be reviewed and discussed with the State to assure that they are understood, that any corrections requested for the current year are provided, and that changes for the future will be made. A response to these comments can be prepared by the division or by the State and included in either the next year's data submittal or the next division annual HPMS review report. Timely discussion of, and appropriate response to, the review comments is important so that the State will have ample time to make necessary corrections and/or investigate questionable data prior to the next data submittal.
Additionally, FHWA is involved in the annual SPR planning program review and approval process. It is through this process that the division can negotiate with the State over the inclusion and funding of improvements to the State's data processes that will assure that inadequate, or at risk, HPMS related data programs are changed or repaired. This SPR program reflects the State's commitment of resources for data collection; execution of the work program should be monitored to assure that adequate staff is available and adequate budget resources and work effort are applied.
By November 1st of each year (resource #3), the FHWA Division Office must provide the results of an annual review of the State's HPMS program to FHWA headquarters including a certification that the State's public road mileage data, highway miles traveled (VMT), and lane miles data are valid and suitable for use in apportionment of Federal-aid highway funds.
The annual review of the State's HPMS data submittal conducted by each Division includes four components:
High Risk Subject Areas
Data item problems are usually identified as being of high risk because they have a potential to significantly impact upon the apportionment of Federal-aid highway funds, or the biennial Condition and Performance Report to Congress, or FHWA's ability to provide required performance information. These include, but are not limited to:
High priority (risk) areas identified in the Appendix to the Field Review Guidelines should be regularly surveyed on no more than a 3-year interval to determine if in-depth program or process examinations are needed. Issues that are specifically identified in the headquarters review comments, should be considered for immediate action. The application of continuous process improvement review and analysis techniques and follow up through the SPR review and approval process are essential elements to assuring the comprehensive management of the division's HPMS responsibilities.
In completing program reviews, the Division should consider the application of continuous process improvement review and analysis techniques (resources #6 and #12) to assess the adequacy of underlying State data programs, such as the State's traffic count or pavement roughness data programs, that are the source of HPMS data.
Each division should establish a schedule to review HPMS inventory data on a basis that is consistent with good data quality management practice. Although the divisions are responsible for determining how often to conduct overall field inventory reviews of the State's HPMS data, a 3-year cycle is recommended. The objective of these reviews should be to ensure that data being entered by the States into HPMS match field conditions.
The data items reported into HPMS, which should be reviewed periodically on a sample basis by the divisions, include at least the following: type of facility, number of through lanes, number of peak lanes, type of signalization and percent green time, type and number of at-grade intersections, median type, shoulder type, access control, surface and pavement type, speed limit, turning lanes (urban only), peak parking (urban only), and high occupancy vehicle operations and surveillance data. The divisions should also verify by observation if the median width, shoulder width, lane width, and curve and grade data reported for the HPMS sections reviewed are reasonable.
Data Trends Examination
The divisions must annually certify that the State's public road mileage data, highway vehicle-miles traveled (VMT), and lane miles data are valid and suitable for use in the apportionment of Federal-aid highway funds. Each year, the divisions should examine the data trends for reported AADT, public road mileage, travel both on and off the State system, and number of lane miles for reasonableness before making the certification. Prior year trend information can be found on the FHWA Office of Highway Policy Intranet staff site at: http://intra.fhwa.dot.gov/ohpi/index.htm
Mileage Certification Review
The total extent of public road miles, used for apportionment of section 402(c) safety funds (23 CFR 460), certified as of December 31 of the data year must be the same as those reported in that calendar year's HPMS data. States have the primary responsibility for certifying State and local government estimates of owned roads in their respective States. In addition, the annually certified public road miles and the HPMS data base reported miles should conform to lengths reported by Federal agencies having public roads in each respective State. Entities owning public road miles that must be included in the certified total include State transportation agencies, other State agencies, county and town governments, Indian Nations, toll commissions, airports, Federal agencies and public/private partnership roads.
Divisions are responsible for demonstrating in an annual review memo to headquarters that their respective States have a satisfactory HPMS data program in place. This annual review memo is due by November 1 of each calendar year.
The review memo should cover the results of the data trends and mileage certification reviews, as well as the results of any process reviews conducted during the year. The review memo should also document any FHWA actions taken or recommendations made as a result of the review and steps the State is taking to make improvements in deficient areas or processes. High priority data areas needing improvement should be specifically noted in the review memo along with the actions taken to remedy previously identified problems. Follow up reporting by the division of issues, recommendations and results on a year-to-year basis are essential to staying on the path to quality improvement over time. And, in an era of rapidly changing staff responsibilities, it is important to maintain an adequate record of progress. Significant changes by the State in the oversight and management of programs and processes providing HPMS data should be a consideration in determining if further reviews are needed.
Whenever a review is performed, the division should address adequacy of funding for the HPMS program for both the States and MPOs. The division also should examine the adequacy of personnel,equipment, and training needed by State and local entities to conduct the HPMS program in a quality manner.
Issues identified by the divisions should have a schedule for addressing problems identified in any data or process reviews. Resolution of high priority data issues should be a factor in determining priorities for funding of activities in State Planning and Research (SPR) and Unified Planning Work Programs (UPWP).
When a State contracts for data provision with a private vendor, MPO or local government, or toll facility, the State should have a reasonable means of validation to ensure that properly collected, current data are being reported. The division should review the State's process for assuring accuracy of these data.
The HPMS submittal software and the TranStats HPMS map viewer are excellent tools to use in examining the quality of data submitted by the States. The divisions are encouraged to learn how to use these tools for reviewing the quality of their States HPMS data and for conducting in-depth program and process reviews of critical HPMS data areas. The divisions should make full use of the HPMS Field Manual as a resource when developing and coordinating data and process reviews. | <urn:uuid:4d221e1f-d5bc-4ded-a4d9-ae6741c775b8> | CC-MAIN-2019-18 | https://www.fhwa.dot.gov/policyinformation/hpms/hpmsprimer.cfm | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-18/segments/1555578613888.70/warc/CC-MAIN-20190423214818-20190424000818-00088.warc.gz | en | 0.937677 | 3,007 | 2.671875 | 3 |
The most incisive guide to issues facing the American family today . . . An invaluable resource for anyone wishing to stay on the cutting edge of research on family trends.
-W. Bradford Wilcox
Associate Professor of Sociology, University of Virginia
A flood of research implicates the decay of family life as a prime reason that so many children are now overweight. Swelling that flood is a study recently completed by a team of epidemiologists in Sweden, Belgium, Spain, Denmark, Germany, Hungary, Italy, Sweden, Estonia, and Cyprus. Complementing other studies identifying the single-parent household as a prime setting for problems of childhood weight control, this new international study identifies the child without siblings—a creature of the Birth-Dearth generation—as a child particularly likely to experience such problems.
To isolate the statistical correlates of children’s being overweight, the researchers pored over cross-sectional data collected for 12,720 children ages two to nine living in eight European countries (all of the countries—except Denmark—with scholars represented on the research team). These data clearly establish that the only child is decidedly at risk of becoming overweight. Using a sophisticated statistical model that took into account such factors as parental education, parental weight, and gender, the researchers established that the single children in their survey were over half-again more likely than peers with siblings to be overweight (Odds Ratio of 1.52). What is more, this elevation of the only child’s risk of becoming overweight was especially pronounced among the older age group, ages six through nine (Odds Ratio of 1.70).
In interpreting their findings, the researchers acknowledge that, compared to peers with siblings, “fewer only children had two-parent households; they had less play time outdoors; a higher propensity to consume sugar; and were more likely to have parents supportive of food as a reward and television in the bedroom.”
Still, the researchers insist that “the excess risk of overweight among children without siblings” is so “robustly observed” that it persists even in statistical analyses that take into account the “behavioral mediating factors” such as “playtime, screen time per day, [and] dietary propensities for sugar or fat.”
At a time when approximately 22 million European children (not to mention millions of American children) are overweight, the researchers recognize the international importance of studies such as theirs. Remarkably few babies have been born in the industrialized West in recent decades. But an alarming number of those babies are growing up surrounded not by healthy siblings but instead by their own all-too-corpulent flesh.
(M. Hunsberger, “Overweight in Singletons Compared to Children with Siblings,” Nutrition & Diabetes 2.7 : e35.) | <urn:uuid:0eaf1dbf-50fe-4026-9365-9837b5b6ccdc> | CC-MAIN-2017-13 | http://familyinamerica.org/journals/winter-2013/only-child-overweight-child/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-13/segments/1490218189802.18/warc/CC-MAIN-20170322212949-00381-ip-10-233-31-227.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.95926 | 584 | 2.734375 | 3 |
Listed in: Geology, as GEOL-45
Anna M. Martini (Section 01)
Through biogeochemical cycles microbes influence the chemical composition of all of our habitable environments. They are found in the most extreme environments on Earth, from the upper atmosphere to the depths of our oceans as well as in the deep subsurface of Earth’s crust. In this seminar, we will examine tracers and proxies for microbial activity present in rock, sediment, soil and porewater. Environments to be studied include hydrothermal vents, deep sedimentary basins, early Earth and possible extraterrestrial habitats. We will survey the major biologically relevant elements of the periodic table (C, O, S, N, Fe, P) and examine how these elements cycle through the environment, focusing on stable isotopic tracers of biological processes. Students will gain experience with field and laboratory techniques and we will emphasize the current scientific literature in discussions. Once a week this advanced seminar will meet jointly with biogeochemistry experts across the five colleges. Three hours of class per week. Requisite: Chemistry 11 or Geology 28 or consent of the instructor. Fall semester. Professor Martini. | <urn:uuid:1e50d265-f00a-4f6f-a6b0-7ffcdf377003> | CC-MAIN-2018-51 | https://www.amherst.edu/academiclife/departments/courses/0809F/GEOL/GEOL-45-0809F | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-51/segments/1544376828507.57/warc/CC-MAIN-20181217113255-20181217135255-00526.warc.gz | en | 0.895203 | 242 | 2.640625 | 3 |
Hello, I would like some help with the following question. I highly appreciate your help ! A mass falls freely for 2.0 m before it hits a vertical spring. The mass sticks to the spring, and the system begins to oscillate with a period of 2.2 seconds. If you start a stopwatch when the mass is at the lowest point of the oscillation (and you set x = 0 at that point), where is the mass when the stopwatch reads 1.0 seconds? So, what I did is that I found (Phi not ø) to be ∏ ( pi ) but I am not very sure. I then used period to get ω. ω=2∏/T. Also, ω=√k/m . Therefore I could find the ratio k/m Then I used energy conservation so : mg(h+A) = 1/2 kA 2 I then rewrote it as k/m = ( 2g(h+A))/ A2 So I got the the amplitude. Then, I used x=Acos(wt+ø) I got the final answer to be 3.55 meters above the lowest point. I don't care about numbers as much as I care to get the concepts right and that I got ø right because I always have some trouble with finding it. Thank you ! | <urn:uuid:9a91a50c-eec9-4db1-9fde-f4381899f80a> | CC-MAIN-2017-34 | https://www.physicsforums.com/threads/energy-and-oscillations-combined.747907/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-34/segments/1502886110578.17/warc/CC-MAIN-20170822104509-20170822124509-00698.warc.gz | en | 0.954259 | 281 | 3.125 | 3 |
Albert Einstein facts you had no idea about
The genius passed away on April 18, 1955
© Getty Images
Albert Einstein is not only one of the greatest physicists of all time, but he has also become a pop culture icon. Einstein's groundbreaking theory of special relativity turned him into one of the most important figures in history. Though, just like with other famous personalities, there are real facts but also myths that survive to this day. In this gallery we debunk some of them, and bring you a number of surprising facts about Einstein that you probably never heard of.
Browse through and learn more about the genius that was Albert Einstein.
RECOMMENDED FOR YOU | <urn:uuid:4914c5cc-aa6f-48fd-9caa-dce3cd31f8d2> | CC-MAIN-2022-27 | https://www.starsinsider.com/lifestyle/495126/albert-einstein-facts-you-had-no-idea-about | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-27/segments/1656104432674.76/warc/CC-MAIN-20220704141714-20220704171714-00652.warc.gz | en | 0.910682 | 249 | 2.640625 | 3 |
C H A P T E R 4
RECOGNISING AN OBJECT FROM DIFFERENT VIEWS
4.0 The Role of Canonical Views in Object Recognition
Earlier in chapter 3, I reviewed the theories of RBC (Biederman, 1987) and Marr & Nishihara (1978). Although both of the two theories emphasizes the recognition of objects from any viewpoint, there is evidence that not all views of objects are equally easy to recognize. Palmer et al. (1981) described how each of the different objects they examined appears to have a “canonical” viewpoint. For instance, Palmer & Rosch (1981) proposed that an automobile in side view is perhaps best recognised as an automobile rather than if it is perceived from the front or back. The authors’ explanation for this is that the canonical orientation of a three‑dimensional object is the one that “reveals the most information of greatest salience about it”. (p.147)
Furthermore, Palmer (1981) demonstrated that the latency to name familiar objects decreases as the view of the objects becomes more canonical.
Although the theories of Marr & Nishihara (1978) and Biederman (1987) stress the recognition of objects independent of viewpoint, each could readily accommodate such canonical view effects. For example, Biederman emphasises that certain viewpoints may conceal the non‑accidental properties which define the “geons”, and other viewpoints may better reveal them. Therefore, it is not critical for “view‑independent” models of object recognition that certain aspects of the process may be view‑dependent.
Neuropsychological studies support a role for “canonical views” in object recognition. The ability to identify an object from an unusual perspective has been linked to damage to right hemisphere. For example, Warrington and Taylor (1973) have shown that patients with posterior (usually parietal lobe lesions of the right cerebral hemisphere) have great difficulty recognizing common objects depicted from unconventional points of view, but relatively little difficulty if those same objects are depicted conventionally (canonical/upright). Warrington and Taylor; (1973; 1978) findings were that few errors were made from conventional view, but that group of patients (posterior injuries of right hemisphere) were poor at identifying the objects from an unconventional view.
Warrington and Taylor (1973) investigated the role of angle of viewpoint on identifying common objects. The “Unusual views” task consists of black and white photographs of common objects pictured from an unusual or unconventional angle .
FIGURE 4.1 Examples from the Unusual Views Test (Warrington & Taylor, 1973).
Although the view of the object was one which would be relatively familiar in everyday life, it was considered to be unusual as a photographic representation of the stimulus. Warrington & Taylor (1973) point out that they chose the unusual views so that they were not necessarily unfamiliar views. Patients were selectively impaired in identifying the “unusual‑view” objects as compared with the same items pictured from a conventional viewpoint. For example, [see Figure 4.1] the iron might be called “a cap on its side”, “the bucket “a fried egg”, the basket “a table mat”, and goggles “a belt”. The patients’ with posterior injuries of the right hemisphere were poor at identifying objects from an unconventional view. “Errors” appear to reflect the visual properties of the stimulus, either over emphasising some detail in the stimulus or ignoring a major detail.
Since Warrington and Taylor’s (1973, 1978), research was conducted, a number of studies have shown that patients with right‑hemisphere damage have difficulty in recognizing unconventional views of objects, but generally perform well with conventional views of the same objects (Humphreys & Riddoch, 1984; Ratcliff & Newcombe, 1982; Warrington & James, 1986, 1988).
4.1 Cerebral Lesions and object recognition
Neuropsychological studies of vision attempt to understand the visual impairment caused by lesions to specific areas of the brain. Current neuropsychological research assumes that dissociations between processes are more informative than associated deficits. It is well established that a disorder of visual object recognition occurs in patients with post‑rolandic lesions of the right hemisphere. Milner (1958) compared patients who had undergone temporal lobotomy for the treatment of epilepsy. She found that the right‑hemisphere group were significantly poorer than a comparable left‑hemisphere group on the McGill Anomalies test. This test requires patients to identify an anomaly in a sketchily drawn scene, and she suggested that the right temporal lobe “facilitates rapid visual identification“.
Warrington & James (1967a) tested a consecutive series of patients with verified localised unilateral cerebral lesions on Collin’s picture test, a graded difficulty task of identifying incomplete outline drawings of objects. The authors found that there was an insignificant deficit in the right temporal group compared with the left temporal group, and also reported a highly significant deficit in the right parietal group compared with a comparable left parietal group.
This result was later replicated by Warrington & Taylor (1973) who reported findings of a significant right posterior deficit, but no trace of an impairment in the right temporal group compared with the left temporal group.
In all the group studies cited, the right hemisphere lesion groups were compared with comparable left hemisphere groups. It is commonly found that the incidence of visual field defects is much the same in the two groups. However, it has been well documented that the recognition deficit cannot be accounted for by raised sensory thresholds in supposedly intact parts of the visual field. Warrington & Rubin (1970) found that while tachistoscopic threshold measurements for detecting the presence or absence of a ‘black dot’ or identifying a letter (not degraded) in the central visual field were impaired in all brain‑damaged groups, the critical right parietal group were not selectively impaired.
4.2 Disorders of visual object recognition
Neuropsychological studies of vision attempt to understand the visual impairments caused by a lesion to specific areas of the brain. For instance, the occipital lobes at the back of the brain receive the major projections from the retina, and are conventionally thought of as the primary centre for visual processing in the brain.
Humphreys & Riddoch (1984) and Riddoch & Humphreys (1986) found that in four patients the ability to recognize photographs of foreshortened objects [see figure 4.2] was impaired. One group of patients showed impaired performance only if the major axis of a target object was foreshortened. Another patient was impaired only if the primary distinctive features of the target object were obscured. This double dissociation within the group of patients suggests two functionally independent routes to object constancy: one specifying the object’s structure defined with reference to its major axis; the other characterized by something like a feature‑list of the object’s distinguishing properties or parts. Such views could occlude parts or features as well as obscure an object’s main axis of elongation.
FIGURE 4.2‑Examples of the foreshortened and minimal‑feature conditions of Humphreys and Riddoch’s (1984) matching task.
Humphreys and Riddoch (1987) documented the case of an integrative agnosic ‘patient’ called H.J.A. who suffered an impairment in the perceptual organization stage. H.J.A. attempted to identify objects by their salient local features, for example he recognised a pig “because of the curly tail.” However, the authors conclude that in order to recognise more complicated objects by their salient local features, a different process is needed. A patient described by Pallis, (1955) who appears similar to H.J.A. in many respects, stated of faces that ” I can see the eyes, nose and mouth quite clearly but they just don’t add up.” It is particularly necessary to be able to relate local parts of a figure with its global form in order to recognize and distinguish between items which are visually similar to other items from the same category. For instance, the various local parts of one face are very similar to those of many others (the nose, eyes, etc., considered in isolation), as is the general global shape of each face. The proposal concerning faces also generalize to other stimuli from categories with visually similar exemplars, such as buildings. Face recognition appears to be dependent on some emergent property which arises out of the specific combination of global and local features: it is this specific combination that defines the individual’s facial identity. Consequently, patients such as HJA should show poor recognition and exploration of the environment because they fail to identify visual landmarks (Humphreys & Riddoch, 1987a).
For Riddoch and Humphreys (1978a), then, HJA’s perception is impaired, but it is impaired at the highest level of visual analysis. HJA can pick up local features, shape cues, depth cues, and so on, but Riddoch and Humphreys think that he does not readily integrate these into a coherent representation of what he is looking at. Young and Deregowski (1981) suggested that a similar process is quite generally implicated in picture perception, because under certain conditions children will pick up local depth and feature cues correctly but fail to integrate these into a coherent representation of the depicted object, leading to problems strikingly similar to those experienced permanently by HJA.
According to the model of object recognition of Ellis and Young (1988) the idea of an agnosic integration defect is due to the construction of an adequate object‑centred representation which involves at least two steps: (1) finding the object’s axis of elongation; and (2) integrating local details correctly with respect to this. Patients with posterior lesions of the right hemisphere would then be impaired for the first step, but HJA was only impaired for the second step. It remains possible that HJA had some further, subtle defect in perceptual integration to the construction of effective viewer‑centred representations, as it is to object‑centred representations.
The fact that foreshortening views disrupted the right hemispheres damaged patients is consistent with the idea that identification and matching across viewpoints was dependent on an axis‑based structural description, so that performance suffered when the principal axis was more difficult to derive (by foreshortening). The naming performance of these patients suggested that they often misidentified foreshortened objects because they failed to perceive that the object was oriented in‑depth, and they interpreted the form information as being oriented in‑the‑plane.
Three dimensional vision (3‑D) depends on a number of independent cues, both monocular and binocular; ( i.e., the creation of 3‑D information from the disparities present between the images present in the left and right eyes). Patients with complete loss of 3‑D vision seem to lose the ability to use some of these different cues. But there are also cases where patients can selectively lose the ability to use only some of the cues. This means that lesions to particular parts of the brain can selectively impair different visual functions. The term “visual agnosia” refers to one such class of selective deficit. Lissauer (1890) proposed that there might be two different kinds of agnosia : “apperceptive visual agnosia” and “associative visual agnosia”. Apperceptive agnosic patients are thought to have difficulty in perceptual processing (i.e. the perceptual abilities that enable us to tell one shape from another); associative agnosic patients are thought to have intact perceptual processing, but have difficulty linking the products of this perceptual processing with their stored memories about objects.
4.3 Anatomical basis of the visual agnosias
Cases of visual agnosia are rare, although they have been documented since the late nineteenth century (e.g., Charcot 1883). This rarity can be explained on anatomical grounds. In some cases, agnosia is linked to bilateral brain damage (i.e., damage to both the left and right cerebral hemispheres) to regions bordering the occipital and temporal lobes (to the rear of the brain; see Mack & Boller, 1977; Ratcliff & Newcombe, 1982). The posterior parts of the brain, especially the occipital lobes, are supplied by two posterior cerebral arteries, which come from a common basilar artery. It is therefore possible that obstruction to the blood supply to that part of the brain could produce bilateral brain damage. However, any moderate to large bilateral lesion produced in this way is likely to damage major portions of the striate cortex (V1) and so render the patient blind to visual forms. Thus agnosia must be due to a relatively small lesion of this type. Moreover, vascular damage tends to occur more frequently with the middle rather than the posterior cerebral arteries, because the middle cerebral arteries follow a more convoluted course. Thus posterior brain damage of this sort tends in any case to be infrequent.
The recognition of other classes of stimulus material has also been shown to be impaired by a right posterior lesion.
4.4 Human faces as a class of visual object
An issue which is of considerable interest is that the functional organization similarity between visual objects and faces. Patients who are agnosic for objects also typically have problems recognizing faces. Agnosic patients often have more difficulty identifying objects from categories with visually similar exemplars (such as living things) than those from categories with visually dissimilar exemplars (e.g. man‑made objects).
The nature of the stored information of faces may differ from those of other objects. For example, the particular local and global features involved, the role of three‑dimensional coding which may be especially more important for face recognition
than for objects.
An impairment in the perception of photographs of faces was first noted by De Renzi & Spinnler (1966), and extended by Warrington & James (1967b) to the perception of letters. More specifically, the latter authors maintain that if letters are degraded along a perceptual dimension they give rise to a right hemisphere deficit (Warrington & James 1967a). A similar result was reported by Faglioni et al., (1967). The hallmark of this syndrome appears to be a difficulty in perceiving meaningful visual stimuli when the redundancy normally present within the figure is reduced or degraded. Moreover, Bruner & Potter (1964), presented subjects with pictorial images that were degraded by projecting them out of focus. They found that verbal cueing aided recognition, and also noted an interference phenomenon. The more de‑focused the object was initially, the higher the identification threshold when it was finally recognised. This may be due to the subjects’ incorrect hypotheses from earlier trials, interfering with later ones.
4.4.1. Failure to recognise familiar faces‑Prosopagnosia
Prosopagnosia is an impairment of the ability to process visual information derived from the faces. Several different forms of prosopagnosia have been proposed (e.g. De Renzi, Scottie, & Spinnler, 1969; De Renzi, Faglioni, Grossi, & Nichelli, 1991).
The anatomical basis of these forms, associative and amenesic associative (Damaiso, Tranel, Damasio, 1990), provides useful clues as to how and where information about faces is processed within the ventral stream.
A number of models of face recognition have been proposed, using methods and models developed in cognitive psychology, to explain the different forms of prosopagnosia. The proposed sub‑components of these models are based almost entirely on behavioural data from human subjects.
In fact, there is a strong correlation between the inability of brain damaged patients to recognize familiar faces and occurrence of topographical impairments (Ajuriguerra & Chiarelli, 1957; Meadows, 1974), and in many cases patients with topographical problems seem reliant on using cues to orient themselves and to identify their surroundings.
The findings of Warrington and Taylor (1973, 1978) appear to have been an important factor in the development of Marr’s theory of object recognition (Marr & Nishihara, 1978) in which the axis of elongation plays a crucial role.
Marr and Nishihara (1978) argued that many important kinds of object could be considered to be constructed from generalized cone components, and that the lengths and arrangement of the axes of these components, relative to the major axis of the object as a whole, could be used to distinguish between different objects classes. Thus, axis‑based representations allow us to construct descriptions at different spatial scales in a hierarchically organized way.
Most computational theories of object recognition emphasizes that the problem of recognizing the unusual views of the same object can arise if descriptions constructed of an image of an object are not suitable to match the stored representations of object appearances. According to Marr, visual object recognition can be described as the outcome of the comparison of two information structures; one is a representation of the visually presented object, the other is a long‑term representation of the object or object class.
Object recognition can thus be considered to involve a comparison of the structure of a seen object with the structures of objects that are already known. In this case the comparison will often demand knowledge of the three‑dimensional structure of the objects concerned. Marr suggested that the long‑term representation of an object consists of a structural description of the object, and to make contact with such a long‑term representation, Marr argued that the representation of the visually present object must be a similar structural description based on an object‑centred coordinate system.
Ellis & Young’s (1988) model makes use of Marr’s idea that three levels of representation of visual input can be distinguished. They have initially called these initial, viewer‑centred and object‑centred representations. Neuropsychological evidence is consistent with this model.
Problems in recognizing objects can arise through deficits within or between any of the levels, and the patterns of impairment in object recognition which have been observed in brain damaged patients are revealing about the relationship between these different levels, and the internal organization of each.
Warrington (1982; 1978) has argued that object recognition requires some means of assigning equivalent stimuli to the same perceptual category, in order to cope with transformations of orientation, lighting, distance and so on. It is this perceptual categorization that Warrington think is defective in patients with posterior injuries to the right cerebral hemisphere.
Warrington‘s idea of perceptual categorisation involves the combined action of the functional components described as viewer‑centred representation, object‑centred representation, and object recognition units (i.e. stored descriptions of the structures of familiar objects). The key feature of many of the unusual views used by Warrington & Taylor (1973) is most likely to be the foreshortening of the object’s principal axis of elongation which would make it particularly difficult to derive an object‑centred representation (Marr & Nishihara, 1978) Marr and Nishihara (1978) proposed that shapes are represented in memory as structural descriptions in object‑centred co‑ordinate systems, so that an object is represented identically regardless of its orientation.
Ellis and Young (1988) suggest that at least part of this defect in recognizing an object from an unconventional view is due to an impairment in constructing object‑centred representations. Moreover, the intact performance of the patients with right posterior injuries on conventional views suggests that the viewer‑centred representations and object recognition units are relatively unimpaired.
4.5 Object categories
There is evidence showing that object recognition can be based on quite general descriptions of objects. For example, Rosch et al (1967) found objects could be classified as members of their basic category more quickly than they could be classified as members of superordinate or subordinate categories. Thus you would be quicker to identify a friend’s dog as a dog than as an animal (superordinate category) or as a collie (sub‑ ordinate category). The existence of category‑based representations could be used to explain why pictures are categorized very quickly. However, exceptions that are poor category examples can be found. Thus we identify a penguin as a penguin faster than we identify it as a bird (Jolicoeur, Gluck and Kosslyn,1984).
Problems in matching foreshortened objects might arise for a number of reasons: (i) if patients were impaired at deriving axis‑based descriptions; (ii) if patients were sensitive to viewpoint‑dependent information, as foreshortening produces large changes to any viewpoint‑dependent representation of an object.
Neuropsychological data from brain damaged patients such as visual agnosic and prosopagnosic patients suggest that those patients suffered ancillary deficits concerning the representation of visual information in 3D space. These results shed some light on the problem of stereopsis disorder, in which the perceptual complaints might be exacerbated by visual motion (Zihl et al., 1983).
Object recognition requires that viewer‑centred and object centred representations of seen objects to be matched to stored descriptions of the structures of known objects which then allows access to semantic representations. However, neuropsychological impairments do not affect object recognition as if it were a single function. There are, for instance, no accounts of patients who show impaired processing of shape information and yet recognise seen objects without difficulty. One patient (HJA) can perceive shape but fails to form an effective integrated representation that combines local and global features. The organization of complex abilities such as object recognition seems to be into a number of separable functional components or modules, any one of which may be impaired selectively.
Computer‑vision theorists are concerned with perceptual problems; they try to solve problems of edge extraction and resolving stereoscopic images rather than those of modelling human object recognition. Thus, current algorithms for object recognition concentrate on the formation of the initial representations at the pictorial register. Nevertheless, computer vision models must propose some sort of permanent representation of an object (template) against which the temporary representation is matched.
A satisfactory model needs to explain what functional components are involved in the ability of object recognition or object naming, and how these are organised with respect to each other. It should be able not only to account for the patterns of impairment observed, but also for those that are not found.
The study of mental processes in brain damaged individuals has provided insights into the processing mechanisms involved in a range of different cognitive tasks. For example, most people are able to recognize visually presented shapes of objects regardless of how they oriented in space. To do so, however, apparently requires an act of “mental rotation” that takes place in real time just as actual physical rotation does.
Generally, our ability to identify objects successfully is not contingent upon viewing objects in a canonical orientation. However, the process of identifying objects that are disoriented is not entirely without consequence. For a disoriented object to be recognized, the input representation has to be aligned with the stored representation through a normalization process (Ullman, 1989). Moreover, the normalization processes underlying the linear potion of the naming function reflects the same analogue transformation process that is assumed to underlie the orientation effect observed in tasks requiring some judgement of left‑right reflection‑namely, mental rotation (Jolicoeur, 1985, 1988, 1990; Tarr & Pinker, 1989).
The next three sections review studies that have looked for evidence for a mental rotation transformation hypothesis.
The question is posed is how long it takes subjects to recognize an object from different view. | <urn:uuid:8483f6e9-fe58-4f6e-a93d-ba15af3a28f5> | CC-MAIN-2018-05 | https://neurosman.com/2012/09/09/c-h-a-p-t-e-r-4-dr-fawzy-osmans-ph-d-recognising-an-object-from-different-views/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-05/segments/1516084890582.77/warc/CC-MAIN-20180121120038-20180121140038-00707.warc.gz | en | 0.93219 | 4,918 | 2.890625 | 3 |
This is one of several translated excerpts from Byzantine sources produced and mounted with historical introduction and commentary by Paul Stephenson.
THE ICONODULE INTERLUDE, AND THE SECOND PERIOD OF POLITICAL ICONOCLASM
Constantine V died in 775, and the five-year reign of his successor, Leo IV, “The Khazar,” is remembered largely for a victory at Germanikeia in 787. At his death in 780, Leo’s widow Irene ruled as regent for their young son, Constantine VI (780-97). She approached the Carolingian court in the West, with a view to arranging a marriage between Constantine and Charlemagne’s daughter Rotrud; and sought to improve relations with the papacy. Both western powers were opposed to the policy of Iconoclasm. More particularly, in seeking to consolidate her own control over the institutions of the state, and not to be sidelined by powerful vested interests represented by the former followers of her husband, Irene began to investigate ways to end Iconoclasm. She saw to the election of a sympathetic Patriarch of Constantinople, Tarasios, following the death of Patriarch Paul in 784. In 786 she attempted to convene a synod at Holy Apostles in Constantinople, which was disrupted by iconoclasts. Finally, in 787, she convened a synod at Nicaea, now known as Nicaea II, the seventh and last orthodox ecumenical council. The rulings of this council preserve the only records that we have of earlier Iconoclast rulings, which they overturned or scorned.
The iconodule interlude was to last until 813, in which period Irene’s attempts at rapprochement with the West came to naught, despite her best efforts. It was even suggested that Irene offered herself as wife to Charlemagne, but he had found an another way to secure the title emperor, having himself crowned thus by the pope in December 800. Byzantium, therefore, remained a cowed power, which was in P. Magdalino’s words (in C. Mango, ed., Oxford History of Byzantium, Oxford 2002, pp. 171-2) “afflicted by humiliating military defeats, usurpations and short reigns of emperors who all, apart from Irene, had bad relations with the church.” One character who fulfilled all these criteria was Nikephoros I (802-11), who ousted Irene in 802. A contemporary source, likely written very shortly after the events it describes, recounts Nikephoros’ defeat and death at the hands of the Bulgars in 811. We have translated excerpts of the so-called Chronicle of the Scriptor Incertus. The re-establishment of Iconoclasm in 813 is addressed polemically by Nicetas David Paphlago, in his Life of Ignatios the Patriarch.
The second period of political iconoclasm lasted until 843. Once again impressions of this period are provided by Iconodule sources, notably the Chronicle of Theophanes Confessor, and the Short History of Patriarch Nicholas. The hagiography, amounting to some two dozen saints's lives, is as suspect as that for the first period, lacking contemporary views. Most lives are written far later, employing motifs taken from the Life of Stephen the Younger, or fifth- and sixth-century confabulations concerning early Church martyrs. One also finds visual polemics in margins of psalters. Most famous, perhaps, are miniatures depicting the Patriarch of Constantinople, John Grammatikos, whitewashing image of Christ next to image of crucifixion and soldier with vinager-soaked sponge on a stick.
The end of iconoclasm, in 843, came to be known as the "Triumph of Orthodoxy." It resulted in creation of new icons in Hagia Sophia, hence the oldest suriving icon in that church is from 860s, being of the Virgin and Child in the apse. This was described by the Patriach Photios, who considered it as life-like. We can still see it, and may judge it differently. But the icon depicts a higher, unearthly reality, the “noetic,” which is beyond human comprehension.
Paul Stephenson, November 2006
Revised January 2009; January 2012. | <urn:uuid:bf5c4300-c33c-4a34-850c-718c7ddfcdc4> | CC-MAIN-2018-05 | http://www.paulstephenson.info/trans/IconoclasmII.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-05/segments/1516084891546.92/warc/CC-MAIN-20180122232843-20180123012843-00326.warc.gz | en | 0.969288 | 915 | 2.8125 | 3 |
What is Flame malware?
The recently discovered Flame malware demonstrates how MD5-based certificates can be exploited to perform man-in-the-middle and other attacks.
Based on currently available information, Flame was a sophisticated piece of malware designed to gather intelligence information in Iran and the Middle East. The developers of Flame were able to create fraudulent Microsoft digital certificates due to Microsoft’s use of the weak MD5 algorithm (proven hackable in 2005). These fraudulent certificates were used as part of HTTP man-in-the-middle attacks to distribute and install the Flame malware rapidly as a bona fide Microsoft update by masquerading as the Windows Update service.
Summary: Flame impersonated Microsoft, loaded malware, and that malware opened a “door” that enabled its creators to steal information.
Sequence of events:
- Microsoft certificate
- Microsoft certificates based on MD5 hash algorithms were targeted
- Certificate was remanufactured (using the cracked MD5 algorithm) which made it look like a genuine certificate
- Hackers set up a man in the middle attack to get between Microsoft and the targeted machines
- The targeted machines thought they were dealing directly with Microsoft
- Licensing and update services were attacked and compromised
- Microsoft licensing
- Windows update
- Code signing
- Code was signed using fake certificate
- Windows allowed the malware to run and install
- Flame Malware
- Stole small parts of files
- Sent to over 80 different DNS (URLs)
- If content looked valuable malware instructed to get more
In response to Flame, Microsoft issued an emergency patch that explicitly identified the fraudulent certificates as “Untrusted Publishers” within Windows. This patch, once implemented, should protect organizations from the specific Microsoft MD5 vulnerability that was exploited by the Flame developers. MD5-based certificates were the open door, or attack vector, that allowed Flame to work. Microsoft closed their door by rendering the Microsoft specific MD5 certificates, invalid. | <urn:uuid:469351f3-fcb2-4e07-ba5a-6fd06b2e5da0> | CC-MAIN-2015-40 | https://www.venafi.com/solutions/remediate-flame-md5-certificate-risks/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2015-40/segments/1443737961332.92/warc/CC-MAIN-20151001221921-00210-ip-10-137-6-227.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.93667 | 404 | 2.65625 | 3 |
Promoting people-centred, decentralized renewable energy in Kenya
More than 35 per cent of Kenya’s population lack electricity, most of them living in rural areas. The situation is worse for Garissa County where electricity access is less than one per cent. This aggravates food insecurity, water scarcity and vulnerability to climate change. It affects the general health and well-being of residents in Garissa. The IKI Small Grants project installs solar mini grids to enable farmers to access new sources of water through solar powered pumping for agricultural purposes. In this way the project contributes to increase the access to renewable energy, providing 1,200 residents with environmentally friendly energy. With this the project enhances the access to people-centred, environmentally as well as socially appropriate renewable energy. It improves community livelihoods and is further supported by informed and sustained advocacy that transforms the policy environment for renewables in Kenya.
Garissa County in Kenya is a semi-arid and water scarce area where only 24 per cent of the people have access to clean water. Firewood and charcoal are the primary sources of energy for cooking. The district’s economy is highly dependent on natural resources and therefore very vulnerable to the impacts of climate change. The increasing frequency and intensity of droughts and floods threaten people’s livelihoods, especially in the context of the climate-water-energy nexus. Kenya’s energy sector is composed of 70 per cent biomass, 9 per cent electricity and 21 per cent imported oil. In addition, there is a significant gap in policy support for decentralised renewable energy investments, while fossil fuels are mostly used in off-grid areas.
The direct beneficiaries of the project in Garissa are community members (men, women, and youth), and the local authority of Garissa County government. The project targets 130 households in Garissa County and about 1,200 people of which 50 per cent are women.
APPROACH AND ACTIVITIES
The IKI Small Grants project aims to enhance the access to sustainable renewable energy for underserved communities to improve their living conditions. For the installation of solar mini grids, the organisation identifies local public institutions such as schools, health facilities and police posts to provide necessary lighting solutions as public good. A private company installs the water pumping system, which is powered by the mini grid.
To maintain the installed infrastructure, community committee members receive trainings on its maintenance and management. The organisation establishes a gender balanced committee whose members receive a maintenance, management, and financial management training to ensure the infrastructure’s longevity. Another training aims to raise awareness and sensitise the whole local community to the importance of renewable energy.
The project further aims to mainstream the use of clean energy and gender empowerment in county energy plans. For this, Power Shift Africa (PSA) organises meetings and workshops with different county energy stakeholders including the Garissa district government, the private sector, civil society organisations and local communities. Furthermore, the organisation prepares a new energy plan in consultation with the county government that enables the use of clean energy to meet the region’s energy needs.
PSA organises and facilitates advocacy forums on energy transition policy for different stakeholders. This involves organising multistakeholder workshops and roundtables at the national level. The project aims to build a dynamic multi-stakeholder team in Garissa to advocate for renewable energy investments in off-grid areas of the county, including powering water points. In addition, PSA organises nationwide studies on energy demand and the share of renewable energy, facilitates stakeholders’ workshops to discuss those findings and communicates them through social media.
IKI Small Grants supports PSA in their organisational capacity development through technical trainings on solar projects.
ABOUT THE ORGANISATION
Power Shift Africa is a NGO that was founded in 1992. Its mission is to mobilise climate action in Africa and amplify African voices by presenting a unified, evidence-based message to governments, media, and other stakeholders. In doing so, the organisation aims to support a shift in energy policy towards low-carbon alternatives and emancipatory energy solutions, as well as increased media and public relations efforts, and to make this voice heard internationally. | <urn:uuid:846c5d69-1175-47a3-b2a8-28534dbac4c6> | CC-MAIN-2023-14 | https://iki-small-grants.de/project/promoting-people-centred-decentralized-renewable-energy-in-kenya/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-14/segments/1679296945248.28/warc/CC-MAIN-20230324051147-20230324081147-00078.warc.gz | en | 0.918284 | 870 | 2.734375 | 3 |
Nativity Scene Ornament Craft
Before making your Nativity ornaments, read Galatians 4:4-6 and discuss:
- God sent Jesus when the time was right in history. God is in charge of history, so he planned and arranged for the perfect moment in history.
- Jesus was fully human and fully God. He was fully human so that he could make the payment for our sins. Jesus never sinned.
- What does adoption mean?
- God arranged for the adoption of those who believe in Jesus, confess him with their mouths, and repent of their sins.
- Do you want to be adopted by God? | <urn:uuid:5337ea74-b514-48bc-a7bb-ad9527900c09> | CC-MAIN-2022-40 | https://thinkingkidspress.com/products/nativity-scene-ornament-craft | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-40/segments/1664030334871.54/warc/CC-MAIN-20220926113251-20220926143251-00624.warc.gz | en | 0.962506 | 150 | 2.75 | 3 |
Obsessive secrecy dominates the work of intelligence agencies as well as some areas of commercial intelligence. Obsessive secrecy is one of the top 5 ethical challenges.
- Hint. How to recognise someone with access to intelligence secrets: start a conversation about intelligence matters in front of them. They go to lengths to avoid saying anything meaningful.
Obsessive secrecy encourages bad behaviour
The habit of prioritising secrecy above everything means people are hurt, laws are broken, and missions are compromised. Working for a prolonged period in a culture of secrecy changes behaviour and it can distort beliefs and values. Obsessive secrecy can bring out the worst of people.
- Yet for some people, the inherent conflicts of working in secret intelligence brings out the best in them. See The assassination – a 2-page story of an ethical dilemma and Reputational risk – a 2-page story of a forced confession.
Secrecy is used to cover mistakes
The emphasis on secrecy goes way beyond hiding the intelligence that is collected. Intelligence workers hide everything about their operations, however small. This goes way beyond competitiveness. It is driven by the complexity of Counter Intelligence (CI) as well as the need to protect individuals.
- An example of the secrecy culture is the long delay in checking simple pieces of intelligence that need to be released to the public.
For a different example of the impact of secrecy-first, see The price of secrecy-first – a 2½-page story.
The secrecy laws are draconian
The culture within intelligence is to make everything secret, even when it does not need to be. That way everyone knows the rules, and it cuts across the stress people are under.
- Intelligence argument: It’s fair and effective.
It has improved in the past. There was a time when intelligence methods were treated with the same secrecy as technical capabilities, but now intelligence methods are the subject of academic study. Cases and insights are often leaked to the press, and intelligence chiefs occasionally make public appearances and announcements.
It can improve again. Secrecy rules could be reduced for trained intelligence officers in specific situations. (This is a balance between public confidence and restricting minor secrets.) More statistics and more cases could also be released.
“The future of counter-intelligence: the twenty-first-century challenge”, by Arthur S. Hulnick. Chapter 5 of The Future of Intelligence, Challenges in the 21st century, Taylor & Francis, 2015. | <urn:uuid:5371a85f-c229-49b4-aa1e-60d9c0bf8069> | CC-MAIN-2022-49 | https://adriancowderoy.com/obsessive-secrecy/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-49/segments/1669446711108.34/warc/CC-MAIN-20221206124909-20221206154909-00580.warc.gz | en | 0.922904 | 505 | 2.671875 | 3 |
An industrious, semi-aquatic mammal with excellent engineering skills. A furry, monogamous creature that smacks its tail on the water when frightened. A buck-toothed rodent whose anal sacs contain castoreum, a substance used to make perfume.
And an enduring symbol of our nation?
The lowly beaver is an official symbol of the sovereignty of Canada, having received royal assent in 1975. But its presence on our communal cultural radar is spotty at best, limited to currency (the nickel), camping ailments (beaver fever) and sugary fried bread snacks in the nation's capitol (beaver tails).
So is the beaver still a potent image of what it means to be Canadian? Or are we clearly due for a new and improved national symbol?
See our gallery of other contenders for Canada's national symbol below..
Historically, castor canadensis was central to our country's beginnings. Beavers became the wildlife most wanted in the1600s and early 1700s when fur hats became exceedingly au courant in the world of European fashion. Because North America had a massive beaver population to exploit, soon both English and French traders were selling pelts at 20 times their original purchase price from North American aboriginals. This lucrative fur trade was the basis of the North American colonies, and accordingly, the image of the beaver popped up frequently over the years: on the Hudson's Bay Company's coat of arms in 1678, on the armourial bearings of Quebec City and Montreal (in 1678 and 1833 respectively) and on Canada's first stamp in 1851.
Bonnie Huskins, a professor of history at St. Thomas University in Fredericton, N.B., gives lectures on the beaver.
“I quite often get my students at the beginning of the course to throw out a few ideas of what they think of when they think Canada, and very few people ever mention the beaver,” she says. “But I try to convince them that we still should think of it as part of the Canadian experience, that it's very important.”
Huskins says that one of the reasons the beaver remains an important Canadian symbol is its link to Canada's natural bounty.
“We still think of Canada in terms of wilderness,” says Huskins. “Whether that's accurate or not, we still think of the Group of Seven paintings and the lakes of British Columbia and the wide open Prairies, so when you think about the beaver, it's certainly situated in the landscape.”
But she also notes that there has been debate over the beaver's merits as a symbol. In 1921, the editor of the magazine 'Rod and Gun' objected to the omission of the beaver from Canada’s arms, but Under-Secretary of State Thomas Mulvey pointed out that the Canadian Merchant Marines had used the beaver in their logo, but they had to stop because people started to call it, “The Rat Line.”
And depending on where you're from in Canada, Huskins says, the beaver might not make sense at all.
“If you look at it in terms of the perspective of Atlantic Canada instead of Central Canada, you might choose the codfish. And there are some aboriginals who might argue it's a negative symbol,” she says. “It's a debated question – some historians argue now that aboriginals were very astute traders and they got good deals for just a few beaver pelts, and others argue in the long term they certainly suffered for becoming involved so deeply in the beaver trade and hunting the beaver almost to extinction.”
David Morrison, director of archeology and history at the Musee de Civilisation Canadiens in Hull, Que., feels the image of the beaver reflects the character of the Canadian people.
“I'm a big fan of the symbol of the beaver because I feel a country gets the animal it deserves,” he says. “A beaver is an unaggressive, hard-working, waterproof, unassuming, wonderful animal and I think it speaks well of Canadians that we chose it,” he says. “And even if the fur trade is long dead and in the ground, I think it still works.”
Morrison points out that most other nations are represented by showy, aggressive and usually predatory animals.
“England has the lion, Russia has the bear, France has the rooster,” he says. “Whereas our humble beaver is much more egalitarian — they build real houses, they store up food for the winter. It often looks like a hairy amoeba, but that's a good thing too.”
“We're not grand. We're the hard-working good guys.”
But when it comes to being a brand for Canada, Steven Wright of tourism marketing company Brand Arcade isn't convinced the beaver is doing a particularly good job.
“Historically, the beaver has a lot of connections with Canada, but unfortunately the rest of the world doesn't know about the history,” says Wright. “And even if they did know, the beaver's history was to be stripped bare and sold to foreigners, which you could argue from an economic standpoint is not an entirely inaccurate depiction of Canadian history.”
“I guess you could argue the beaver is industrious — busy as a beaver is the phrase — but is that accurate to describe Canadians as busy people? I don't really think it fits.”
Wright has thought a lot about Canadian symbols — his company recently developed “Brand Canada” for the Canadian Tourism Commission. And although he admits most of the world thinks of “mountains, moose and mounties” when they think of Canada, he says the beaver is one stereotypical symbol that just doesn't work.
“Depending on the depiction of the beaver, it's either a buck-toothed rat or it's a cuddly, cartoonish character. But I don't know if either of those is doing much for us,” says Wright. “If you look at the notion of country branding, it's got all sort of facets — it's economic, it's investment, it's tourism, it's culture, and I don't know if the image of a beaver stretches as far as we'd like across that whole spectrum.”
“And along the way, if I can put this delicately, pop culture has given a different definition to the word,” he adds.
Indeed, one of the most notable film quotes involving the furry rodent is between beloved Canadian comedian Leslie Nielsen and Priscilla Presley in 'The Naked Gun': “Nice beaver,” says Nielson as Frank Drebin. “Thanks, I've just had it stuffed,” replies Presley as she comes down a ladder, the taxidermied animal in her hands. The euphemism caused “The Beaver,” Canada's second-oldest magazine, to change its name to “Canada's History” in 2010 because its name was confusing visitors to its website and newsletters were getting caught in Internet filters.
But Robert Kozinets, an associate professor of marketing at York University's Schulich School of Business, says he doesn't necessarily see this connotation as a negative.
“I think it's a mixed blessing in a way. It imbues it with a certain appeal it didn't have before, so it allows for all sorts of opportunity in terms of double entendre and innuendo and memorability,” says Kozinets. “I think it works for us probably more than it works against us. And we're known for very good-looking women, which is not a bad thing to be known for.”
Kozinets also adds that the beaver has been extremely successful as an image for at least one Canadian company.
“Roots, the Canadian clothing brand, has really leveraged the beaver logo very successfully,” he says. “It says outdoors, it says woods, it says camps, it says nature, and they've done it well. It has been used successfully as a brand and there is potential to use the symbol further.”
Though he acknowledges that it's not entirely a modern image for Canada, he says that a symbol of the country should be about heritage rather than attempting to make it hip.
“What are we going to symbolize ourselves with? The BlackBerry tablet? The tar sands? Do we really want the CN Tower as our national logo? No, I don't think so,” he says. “The beaver is a family animal, it's protective, there's a lot of positive aspects. And if we're stuck with the beaver, we might as well make the best of it.”
Article continues under the slideshow..
But are there other options that might be more interesting than a smallish, brown, dam-building creature?
Rapper Kardinal Offishall, a “proud Canadian” and unofficial ambassador for Canada who's travelled the world while on tour, says he wouldn't abandon Canadian stereotypes in favour of a new, more modern symbol.
“I would rather embrace (a stereotype) and make it cool, to show our strength in what some may characterize as silly or dated,” he says. “A Mountie hat with colour camouflage to represent the different cultures and races would be my symbol. Mind you, it would have to be tastefully designed (ahem), but that's my choice.”
Iconic Canadian artist Charles Pachter chose another particularly Canadian animal, the moose, a subject he's featured frequently in his artwork.
“Why the moose? It's awkward, majestic, a survivor in the cold,” says Pachter, “The beaver is a rodent!”
George Stromboulopoulos, Canadian media darling and CBC kingpin, suggests a “fighting moose,” a logo he's actually worked on himself. It's a moose on his hind legs with his front hooves in a boxing position.
“What I love about Canadians, the inner core of us is very strong like a moose,” he says. “We can tackle anything but you don't really see us, and we don't really talk about who we are. We're sort of out there doing our own thing like a moose and then when you travel around the world and someone meets you they're like, 'Oh, you're Canadian!' Like you're this rare thing.”
“But if you run into us, watch out,” he says. “That's what happens when people mess with Canadians, for example, hockey.”
Steven Wright of Brand Arcade favours that most recognizable of Canadian symbols, the maple leaf (“it's recognized around the world, you have scores of people travelling putting the maples leaf on their backpacks because they know they'll be well received”) but says if we do need to choose a national animal, he too would lean towards the moose.
“The antlers of a moose are as individual as a fingerprint,” he says, “And I think that accommodating the individual and accepting the individual is as much a part of Canadian history and the fabric of the country as beaver pelts have ever been.” | <urn:uuid:1693ac39-8137-4400-924e-f18d02ed5bf0> | CC-MAIN-2019-22 | https://www.huffingtonpost.ca/2011/07/01/canadian-symbols-beaver_n_886777.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-22/segments/1558232258849.89/warc/CC-MAIN-20190526045109-20190526071109-00330.warc.gz | en | 0.97538 | 2,423 | 3.25 | 3 |
November derived its name from the Latin word “Novem” meaning (9). It is the ninth 9th month of the Biblical sacred calendar (the month Cheshvan), the second 2nd month according to the civil calendar 5777 and the eleventh 11th month according to the Gregorian calendar. Though it became the 11th month, it retained its name when January and February were added to the Roman calendar.
MarCheshvan (sometimes called Cheshvan) is the second month of the Jewish calendar counting from Rosh Hashanah. Cheshvan is the only month that does not have any holidays. Jews are taught that it is “reserved” for the time of Messiah, who will inaugurate the Third Temple in the month of Cheshvan.
The great flood in the days of Noah began in this month, and it was a year later, also in the month of Cheshvan, that Noah left the ark.
October, November and December constitute the last quarter of the year following the Roman Gregorian calendar. It is the fall season moving into the winter. Except for human activity, the rest of creation is drying off, dying or falling away or going into hibernation in preparation for rest and recuperation during the long winter period. It’s the season when the seed must fall to the ground and begin to die (John 12:24). Only the barest necessities for survival remain and minimal energy is utilized.
During this period, there is heightened spiritual activity both for evil and for good. There are a few instances during the Bible times that indicate this. It was during the 9th month that the children of Israel led by Ezra brought repentance and restitution before Jehovah for marrying foreign wives (Ezr 10.9). During that same month Prophet Jeremiah received a prophecy concerning Jehovah’s judgment over Israel. It was a time of fasting. When King Jehoiakim heard the prophecy read from a scroll he rejected it and burnt it up (Jer 36:9,22). Prophet Haggai received significant words from Jehovah (Hag 2:10,18) concerning blessings for a defiled people. Prophet Zechariah also received a word from Jehovah during Cheshvan concerning Jehovah’s greater interest in justice and mercy rather than fasting/sacrifice.
On the 1st & 2nd November “All Saints” and “All Souls Day” are celebrated in honor of the dead (All Hallowmas). A time when the occult all over the world activate the mysteries of the graveyard to control, manipulate or destroy destinies.Click Here to View as PDF | <urn:uuid:6f98ce0f-e09f-4d36-85a4-8588e2d47153> | CC-MAIN-2019-35 | http://gapnetwork.org/praying-through-the-month-of-november-2016/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-35/segments/1566027317130.77/warc/CC-MAIN-20190822130553-20190822152553-00273.warc.gz | en | 0.960875 | 545 | 2.875 | 3 |
Scientists once thought the brain's key development ended within the first few years of life. Now, thanks to advanced brain imaging technology and adolescent research, scientists are learning more about the teenage brain both in health and in disease. (Raleigh Philp in Amy Standen interview "Understanding How Adolescents Think," www.edutopia.org, 2010)
New brain imaging studies are revealing—for the first time—patterns of brain development that extend into (and beyond) the teenage years. Studies continue to demonstrate that the teen brain is not fully developed until the mid-twenties (possibly even 30), prompting educators to assess new ways to teach adolescents and young adults. (Michael Streich, "Teen Brain Research In Education," educationalissues.suite101.com, February 24 2009)
Scientists don't know all the reasons for the observed changes; however, they are becoming convinced the patterns parallel a pruning process that occurs early in life following the principle of "use-it-or-lose-it." It seems neural connections, or synapses, that get exercised are retained, while those that don't are lost. (J. Giedd, J. Blumenthal, N. Jeffries, et al, "Brain Development During Childhood and Adolescence: A Longitudinal MRI Study," Nature Neuroscience, 1999)
At least, this is what studies of animals' developing visual systems suggest. While it's known that both genes and environment play major roles in shaping early brain development, science still has much to learn about the relative influence of experience versus genes on the later maturation of the brain.
Jay Giedd neuroscientist at the National Institute of Mental Health reported around puberty and on into the adult years is a particularly critical time for the brain sculpting to take place. He compared the human brain in the years of puberty to an unformed block of granite ready for the artist's hand. The art is created by removing pieces of the granite, and that is the way the brain also sculpts itself. Bigger isn't necessarily better, or else the peak in brain function would occur at age 11 or 12. ... The advances come from actually taking away and pruning down of certain connections themselves. ("Inside the Teenage Brain," Frontline, www.pbs.org, January 2002)
The gray matter of the human brain peaks just before puberty (overproduction). After that peak, the gray matter thins as the excess connections are eliminated or pruned back down throughout adolescence. Enter the "use-it- or-lose-it" phase.
So, in the teen years, the part of the brain that is helping organization, planning and strategizing is not done being built. Then, some of the most dramatic development happens in the frontal lobes, the seat of judgment and decision-making, and the development has the potential to have lasting positive or negative effects. (Jay Giedd, "Inside the Teenage Brain," Frontline, www.pbs.org, January 2002)
The cerebellum, in the back of the brain -- is not very genetically controlled. Identical twins' cerebellum are no more alike than non-identical twins. So, Giedd and others think this part of the brain is very susceptible to the environment. And interestingly, it's a part of the brain that changes most during the teen years. This part of the brain has not finished growing well into the early 20s, even.
The cerebellum used to be thought to be primarily involved in the coordination of the muscles. So if their cerebellum was working well, people were apt to be graceful individuals, good dancers, or good athletes.
But now researchers believe the cerebellum also sub-serves changes in behaviors. It's involved in coordination of cognitive (thinking) processes. "Just like one can be physically clumsy, one can be kind of mentally clumsy. And this ability to smooth out all the different intellectual processes to navigate the complicated social life of the teen and to get through these things smoothly and gracefully instead of lurching ... seems to be a function of the cerebellum," claimed Giedd. ("Inside the Teenage Brain," Frontline, www.pbs.org, January 2002)
Effects On Youth
So, if a teen is doing music or sports or academics, those are the cells and connections that will be hard-wired. If they're lying on the couch or playing video games or MTV, those are the cells and connections that are going to survive.
A 2005 study published in the journal Child Development found that the parts of the brain responsible for multitasking don't even fully mature until people are 16 or 17 years old. According to USA Today in an article entitled, "So Much Media, So Little Attention Span," (Marian Elias, March 30 2005) children that are exposed to 8½ hours of TV, video games, computers and other media a day — often at once — may be losing the ability to concentrate.
Are these students developing brains that are becoming hard-wired to “multi-task lite” rather than learning focused critical thinking? This is a critical question. Children are becoming more attuned to distractions around them. Studies with college students and adults have confirmed that the brain doesn’t work as well when it focuses on more than one task.
And, research presented at the BA Festival of Science in 2006 revealed that teens also have a neural excuse for self-centeredness. For example, when considering an action that would affect others, teens are less likely than adults to use the medial prefrontal cortex, an area associated with higher-level thinking, empathy and guilt.
The crucial difference is that the distribution of those brain activities shifts from the back of the brain (as a teenager) to the front (as an adult). Teens' judgment of what they would do in a given situation is driven by the simple question: "What would I do?" according to Sarah-Jayne Blakemore of the University College London Institute of Cognitive Neuroscience. (Sara Goudarzi, "Study: Teen Brain Lacks Empathy," LiveScience, www.msnbc.msn.com, September 8 2006)
Teens learn empathy by practicing socializing, the researchers said. So much for grounding them until they're 20? Should parents let teens go to find their own experiences? Of course not -- parents have known for a long time if they let their teens do their own things, they'll first seek out adult role models, but if those are not available for them, they'll seek out teen role models.
Naturally, some of the teen role models youth find are negative influences. Raleigh Philp stated that teenagers, dealing with physical and emotional changes, sexual development, and a host of other things are undertaking socialization with brains that aren't capable of functioning like adult brains. (Raleigh Philp in Amy Standen's interview "Understanding How Adolescents Think," www.edutopia.org, 2010)
Parents of stubborn teenagers may take some consolation in the belief that an adolescent attitude, stems, in part, from lack of frontal brain development. Dr. Ken C. Winters' research concluded that, “The teenage brain is quite capable of demonstrating plenty of mental ability. But the teenager…is more likely to act impulsively and with gut instinct when confronted with stressful or emotional decisions…” (Adolescent Brain Development and Drug Abuse, Department of Psychiatry, University of Minnesota, June 2008)
Teenagers and adults often don't see eye to eye, but this new brain research is shedding light on why. Although adolescence is often characterized by increased independence and a desire for knowledge and exploration, it is also a time when brain changes can result in high-risk behaviors, addiction vulnerability, and mental illness, as different parts of the brain mature at different rates. Some teens never recover from such behaviors.
In reference to his findings, Geidd lamented, "It's also a particularly cruel irony of nature, I think, that right at this time when the brain is most vulnerable is also the time when teens are most likely to experiment with drugs or alcohol. Sometimes when I'm working with teens, I actually show them these brain development curves, how they peak at puberty and then prune down and try to reason with them that if they're doing drugs or alcohol that evening, it may not just be affecting their brains for that night or even for that weekend, but for the next 80 years of their life...." ("Inside the Teenage Brain," Frontline, www.pbs.org, January 2002)
This research may help explain why many top tier students who excel in upper level academic classes and who also engage in innumerable extra curricular activities and service projects often make poor choices in other parts of their lives. Why does a student making straight A’s get caught using illegal substances? Why is a star athlete cited for excessive speeding? Why do the best students frequently make poor choices? Understanding the teen brain and applying that knowledge benefits all members of the extended school community.
All too often, however, teachers, parents, counselors, and school administrators are apt to use the “frontal lobe” disconnect as a blanket excuse for every teenage failure or meltdown, so caution is needed in every evaluation.
What Would Influence the Development of the Cerebellum?
1. Actual physical activity, not with thumbs and video games, may have an effect on the development of the cerebellum.
2. Recess, play, and physical education in school need to be emphasized, not cut out of the school curriculum.
3. Computer people use the analogy that the cerebellum is like a math co-processor. It's not essential for any activity. People can get by quite well without large chunks of it. But it makes many activities better. The more complicated the activity, the more people call upon the cerebellum to help them solve the problem. And so almost anything that one can think of as higher thought -- mathematics, music, philosophy, decision making, social skills -- seems to draw upon the cerebellum. ... | <urn:uuid:edc8b61b-f08a-4dd5-b0b5-09ba24edd00b> | CC-MAIN-2016-40 | http://allthingswildlyconsidered.blogspot.com/2010/08/to-be-teen-and-know-what-i-know-now.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-40/segments/1474738661778.39/warc/CC-MAIN-20160924173741-00224-ip-10-143-35-109.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.954031 | 2,086 | 3.890625 | 4 |
International Transgender Day of Remembrance 2012
Last Saturday a celebration of trans lives took place at the Dublin Unitarian Church, St Stephen’s Green. It was all part of the International day of remembrance which will take place on today, November 20th worldwide.
Why have such a day some might ask. However, the reasons are clear, it is of the utmost importance that we, as a community, never forget those who have lost their lives for no other reason than they were trans. Members of the trans community suffer various types of discrimination on a daily basis as simply being themselves opens them up to all kinds of prejudice. The statistics in terms of acts of violoce against them are horrific, from January 2008 until December 2011 there were 816 reported deaths of trans persons (source) and from this map you can see it’s an international issue.
Here in Ireland we have some wonderful groups working towards trans equality, including the Trans* Education and Advocacy (TEA) group, they tell us
Although this day (Transgender Day of Remembrance) is a sad and poignant reminder of the hatred, violence and discrimination experienced by trans people across the world as we remember all those who have died simply for being themselves, it is also a wonderful opportunity to raise awareness about trans experiences, to come together and support each other in solidarity.
Out of the sadness, anger and grief, we can become stronger together in our ongoing fight for respect, recognition and the right to be ourselves without fear or shame.
Another wonderful Irish organisation is the Transgender Equality Network Ireland (TENI) on their site Sara Phillips, facilitator of the Dublin Trans Peer Support Group declares
We use the the Trans Day of Remembrance to celebrate trans lives and to remember those throughout the world who have lost their lives as a result of violence and abuse. In Ireland we have yet to identify any individual case of a trans person losing their life as a direct result of their gender identity. However it is clear from a recent study carried out by TENI that suicide is a much greater issue. The Transgender Remembrance Ceremony is a way to recognise the problems we face as a community in every day life and to also celebrate those lives
The international day of remembrance began in 1998 and today events are happening everywhere you can think of, so no matter where you are you can take part. For a list of events see here. | <urn:uuid:7e5f546c-a4d0-4c51-81c7-c178abc01dd0> | CC-MAIN-2014-35 | http://www.gaelick.com/2012/11/international-transgender-day-of-remembrance-2012/29623/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2014-35/segments/1408500831903.50/warc/CC-MAIN-20140820021351-00072-ip-10-180-136-8.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.967725 | 489 | 2.828125 | 3 |
Lesson 6-1 Hemocrit
The hematocrit or the packed-cell volume is the percentage of the total volume of red blood cells in relation to the total volume of whole blood. The term "hematocrit" is derived from two Greek words: Hemato, meaning blood; and Krites, meaning to judge (then reduced to crit, meaning to separate). The procedure is performed by filling a capillary tube with blood and centrifuging at a constant speed for a constant period of time. The packet cell volume is then measured. The hematocrit can also be determined by automated sequential analyzers but is usually a calculated value.
The hematocrit is the most useful single index for determining the degree of anemia or polycythemia. It can be the most accurate (2-4 percent error) of all hematological determinations. In contrast, the direct red blood cell chamber count has a percent error of 8-10 percent. The hematocrit is, therefore, preferable to the red blood cell count as a screening test for anemia. The values for the hematocrit closely parallel the values for the hemoglobin and red blood cell count.
A capillary tube is filled with whole blood by capillary action to within one to two cm of the end. The unfilled end is sealed and the tube is centrifuged. After centrifugation, the capillary tube is placed in a reading device and the hematocrit value determined.
(1) If anticoagulated venous blood is the specimen, fill a plain capillary tube with blood. If blood without anticoagulant is used, fill a heparinized capillary tube with the blood specimen. A heparinized capillary tube is identified by red line on the tube specimen. A heparinized capillary tube is identified by a red line on the tube.
(2) Allow blood to enter two capillary tubes until they are approximately 2/3 filled with blood. Air bubbles denote poor technique, but do not affect the results of the test.
(3) Seal the unfilled ends of the tubes with clay.
(4) Place the two hematocrit tubes in the radial grooves of the centrifuge head exactly opposite each other, with the sealed end away from the center of the centrifuge.(5) Screw the flat centrifuge head cover in place.
(6) Centrifuge at 10,000 rpm for 5 minutes.
(7) Remove the hematocrit tubes as soon as the centrifuge has stopped spinning. Determine the hematocrit values with the aid of a microhematocrit reader. Results should agree within +1 percent. If they do not, repeat the procedure.
| NOTE: Since there are a variety of readers available, it is necessary that the technician carefully follow the directions of the manufacturer for the particular device utilized. |
c. Sources of Error.
(1) Inadequate mixing of the blood prior to sampling.
(2) Improper sealing of the capillary tube causes the blood to blow out of the capillary tube during centrifugation.
(3) Capillary tubes must be properly identified. Numbered holders for capillary tubes are available. Place the tubes in slots on the holder and record the numbers on the laboratory request slip.
(4) Improper centrifugation leads to varied results. For good quality control, maintain prescribed centrifuge speed and time. (5) Misreading the red cell level by including the buffy coat causes elevated values.
(1) The microhematocrit technique is advantageous because of speed, and because only a small quantity of blood is necessary for the determination. An additional advantage is the ease with which this procedure is adapted to infants and small children. The microhematocrit technique requires only a simple capillary puncture whereas in the Wintrobe method venous blood must be used. Another advantage is the use of disposable capillary tubes.
(2) If the microhematocrits cannot be read promptly, the capillary tubes must be properly identified and placed in a vertical position. Slanting of the cell layer will occur if tubes are left in a horizontal position for more than 30 minutes.(3) Hematocrit results may also be obtained or computed through use of an automated cell counter. Hematocrit calculated on the automated hematology analyzer is calculated from the determination of MCV and RBCs. The computation makes no allowance for the trapped plasma that always occurs to some degree in manual packing procedures.
e. Normal Values.
(1) Birth: 45 to 60 percent.
(2) Male: 40 to 52 percent.
(3) Female: 36 to 48 percent. | <urn:uuid:42c1cef8-3379-432d-af26-594186a5770c> | CC-MAIN-2018-17 | http://www.free-ed.net/free-ed/Courses/06%20MedHealth/MD%20Series/MD0853/Hematology.asp?iNum=0601 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-17/segments/1524125945448.38/warc/CC-MAIN-20180421203546-20180421223546-00329.warc.gz | en | 0.897435 | 989 | 3.96875 | 4 |
Continued development of theoretical thought was a young sociology organisticheskaya sociology of Herbert Spencer, who drew an analogy society with a biological organism, as well as using the theory of social Darwinism, transferring to public natural principle of natural selection. It is not something Gavin Baker, New York City would like to discuss. In this case, we see that there are still close to the views of the fathers of sociology ideas of the natural sciences. At the same time it operates and Karl Marx, who explain the development of society through the changing socio-economic Pharmacy, which are based on the conflict between the ruling and subordinate class. According to Marx, society is presented in a specific complex, multi-layer formation, which is based on social production, a number of specific objective structures. The laws of society defined as objective, and the very development of society – as a natural historical process 4. Ideas of the founders of sociology were developed, especially in the work of Emile Durkheim, F.
Tonnies, Georg Simmel, Max Weber and Pareto, each of whom offered their understanding of the purpose and content of social science. Durkheim believed that sociology should study the social facts that are different from the physical, economic, psychological and etc. facts of reality, have particular characteristics. According to F. Tonnies, sociology studies the phenomena of social life, interpersonal relationships are formed and the will of the people.
These relationships are not only subjective in nature, but also objective, predetermined conditions of life of people. The basis of their theoretical constructions F. Tennis on the concept of 'community' and 'society', which he identified two conventional poles between which all interested in the sociology of the phenomenon. | <urn:uuid:69ee9194-48e4-4c96-b9c1-d2e355c1da83> | CC-MAIN-2021-21 | https://www.linuxbench.org/tag/research/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-21/segments/1620243989812.47/warc/CC-MAIN-20210515035645-20210515065645-00361.warc.gz | en | 0.954702 | 352 | 2.9375 | 3 |
Treatment for warble flies in dogs varies according to when the dog's owner seeks treatment for the pet, explains VCA Animal Hospitals. If treatment comes after the warble has detached from the skin, the veterinarian cleanses the area, removes the contaminated skin and prescribes antibiotics. If treatment precedes the warble leaving the skin, the veterinarian removes the warble and excises the affected areas surgically.Continue Reading
Canines with fewer warble flies generally suffer substantially fewer side effects, if any, and enjoy a complete recovery from the condition, states VCA Animal Hospitals. The prognosis is much more dire for dogs who face numerous warbles or if a warble moves through or forms near sensitive tissue, organs or nerves.
People rarely notice warble flies in the early stages of growth through mere visual inspection, according to VCA Animal Hospitals. Pet owners usually only note an infection after the larva enlarges into a sizable swelling that a person feels or observes beneath the skin. Warbles create a small, observable breathing hole in the skin that expands as the flea matures and is readying to leave the canine. Most dogs form an abscess or infection where the warble leaves the skin, which may be the first time a caretaker notices a concern.Learn more about Veterinary Health | <urn:uuid:637e15b4-a521-4d74-979c-08cf04c79cfc> | CC-MAIN-2016-50 | https://www.reference.com/pets-animals/treat-warble-flies-dogs-d4c88e01d09e1279 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-50/segments/1480698541696.67/warc/CC-MAIN-20161202170901-00090-ip-10-31-129-80.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.916888 | 267 | 3 | 3 |
Commenting on his latest book, The Return of Merlin, Deepak Chopra observed recently that history exists in the eye of the beholder. Chopra spoke of the History Of the Soul versus the textbook variety. And while the author did not bother to cite examples, it's safe to say that historical accuracy has often taken a back seat to political correctness, the old Soviet Union comes to mind. In the days of Galileo, it was the Church that defined reality. She even rearranged the heavens, declaring that the sun revolves around the earth not the other way around. When heresy ran afoul of her, she obliterated not only the infidels but their written testimony, as was the case with the Cathars in southern France. Seven centuries later, accounts of the Cathars found in encyclopedias reflect the Church's geocentricism, as if all revolves around Rome. Yet the last time we checked, the earth revolves around the sun, which in turn spins in the arm of a spiral galaxy reeling into infinity. And the truth behind medieval heresies may have a similar trajectory, The Never-Ending Quest of mystics, Templars, and Cathars for Absolute Knowledge. That quest, relegated by skeptics to quixotic fancy, has little to do with textbook history, yet everything to with secret history, the history of the soul.
Braveheart, the re-released film about Scottish freedom-fighter Sir William Wallace, opens a chapter in the book of secret history. The film deals with the war for Scottish independence in the late thirteenth century, but neglects a rarely discussed element in that struggle which has influenced human events up to the present. Like a golden thread, that key element runs through Scottish and American history. It runs through the Middle Ages and the Inquisition to ancient Israel, the Temple of Solomon, even to ancient Egypt. It links all of the above, winding farther, deeper, and more secretly than politically correct chroniclers dare conceive. It is the thread Vatican armies tried to destroy, the Order of the Ancient Mysteries, and their progeny, the Knights Templar.
Braveheart and beyond, the textbook account…
In the final years of the thirteenth century, William Wallace rallied Scotland against the English crown. As he did, many Scottish nobles lent only half-hearted support to the cause, and at times none at all. Even so, Wallace defeated the English governor John de Warenne near Stirling in 1297. As Braveheart poignantly shows, Robert the Bruce eventually championed Wallace's cause. But in 1305, Edward II had his way with Wallace. He captured the charismatic rebel and tried him for treason. Wallace was then hideously tortured and executed, so much for Sir William.
But the story continues. By the time of the Battle of Bannockburn, June 1314, the Scots had all but driven the king's forces back to England. Sterling Castle, the gateway to the Highlands, King Edward's last stronghold in Scotland, was under siege. The castle's weary governor vowed to surrender if the king's army did not relieve him by midsummer. Meeting the challenge, Edward assembled a heavily-armored fighting force, possibly as large as 100,000 men, but probably closer to 20,000. He did so, most likely, not only to save Sterling but to annihilate Robert the Bruce and occupy Scotland. To intercept the English army, Robert assembled a smaller less-heavily-armed force of only 8,000 men. The two armies met at Bannockburn, where, despite overwhelming odds, the Scots defeated the English. That dramatic victory paved the way for a free Scotland with Robert the Bruce as her king.
What about the secret history?
The Battle of Bannockburn took place on Saint John's Day, June 24, a day of particular importance to the Knights Templar, the enigmatic warrior-monks of the middle ages. But accounts of the battle leave much to be desired. Even the location stands in question. Historians agree, though, that the English vastly outnumbered the Scots, and that the Scottish army consisted mostly of pikemen, with relatively few horsemen. Furthermore, those horsemen could have been no match for Edward's heavily-armored knights. The amazing Scottish victory, then, rests on a mysterious event.
During the battle, with all Scottish units engaged between Bannockburn (burn means stream) and the River Forth, something strange happened. A fierce charge erupted with banners flying from the Scottish rear. Historians describe the charge as consisting of camp-followers, even children, non-combatants whom the English somehow mistook for a fierce fighting unit. The charge, history tells us, arose spontaneously from the camp-followers who made banners from sheets and gathered weapons from the dead and wounded. Incredibly, this charge, which by necessity would have been launched on foot, inspired such fear among the armored English knights, who were mounted, that they fled en masse.
This almost romantic history appeals to Scottish patriotism. It is the stuff of legends, or of Braveheart II. The idea, however, of unmounted peasants driving off a massive English army does not appeal to common sense. That the charge swept panic through the English ranks, though, seems clear. King Edward and 500 of his knights fled the battlefield followed by his foot soldiers. And while some accounts speak of slaughter, chronicled English losses were slight. The rout appears then to have resulted from sheer panic alone.
The Temple and the Lodge by Michael Baigent and Richard Leigh points convincingly to the mysterious attackers at Bannockburn as having been the Knights Templar, easily recognized by their banners and splayed crosses, the only fighting force of the time that could have inspired such fear and confusion. The authors demonstrate that many Templars fled to Scotland while the Inquisition hunted them down all over Europe. And at Bannockburn, where a mounted Scottish charge is known to have occurred, the victorious Scots marched behind an Ark-shaped receptacle known as the Monymusk Reliquary, a model of the Temple of Solomon which figures prominently in the Templar tradition.
A rich and powerful brotherhood, the Templars proved difficult for the Church and the king of France to destroy. King Phillip the Fare, allied with Avignonese Pope Clement V, ruthlessly suppressed the Order throughout Europe, medieval style, with arrests, torture and executions. Many Templars, however, evaded capture and found refuge abroad. The Order's entire fleet, in fact, escaped with a vast fortune, the fate of which remains a mystery to this day. Refugee Templars, evidence shows, found sanctuary in Scotland, where Templar graves bear witness to them having lived and died in the fourteenth century. King Robert the Bruce apparently had no interest in persecuting the Order, in spite of a papal bull ordering him to do precisely that. To the contrary, he must have taken advantage of their fugitive status, offering them asylum if they would help him fight his war against England.
Who were the Knights Templar, really?
Hugh de Payens and eight other knights took vows on June 12, 1118 at Arginy Castle near Lyons, France. The nine founders pledged themselves to Christ and to the protection of pilgrims traveling in the holy land, the textbooks tell us. King Baudouin of Jerusalem, whose brother, Godfroi de Bouillon, had captured the holy city for Christendom nineteen years prior, received them as knights at his palace with open arms, a precedent that was to be repeated by kings all over the world. According to tradition, the knights built quarters over the ruins of Solomon's Temple, which some modern commentators believe says something about the Order's secret purpose. In 1126, the immensely influential Saint Bernard of Clairvaux won ecclesiastical legitimacy for the Templars at the Council of Troyes. From then on, the Order's ranks swelled at an extraordinary rate, as did their treasury and holdings. In a short period of time the Templars held lands in England, France, Spain, Portugal and Scotland. By the mid-twelfth century they had established themselves second only to the papacy in wealth, power and prestige, an indication that their success hinged, as tradition suggests, on some secret knowledge.
The Templars proved themselves extraordinarily influential and, despite abuses in the later years, consistently idealistic. Well aware of their power, and at times subscribing to their ideals, kings aligned themselves with the knights. The Order in turn influenced kings, occupying themselves, for instance, with trying to reconcile England's King Henry II with Thomas ˆ Becket. And Henry's son, Richard Coeur de Leon, was likely an honorary Templar. He kept company with the knights, resided in their preceptories, sailed in their ships, and sold the island of Cyprus to them, which became the Order's official seat for a time. Richard's brother and rival, King John, had as his trusted advisor, Aymeric de St. Maur, Master of the Order in England. Owing to Aymeric's counsel, King John, no champion of liberty, reluctantly signed the Magna Carta in 1215, a document cited with the Declaration of Independence and the Constitution of the United States as foundational to the rights of man.
Having grown astonishingly powerful, the Templars accomplished almost anything they desired on a scale and of a nature suggesting an almost supernatural capacity. Their role in designing and building the great Gothic cathedrals of Europe, for instance, a role often not credited to them, testifies to an esoteric knowledge of architecture that transcended anything in Western civilization, save the pyramids of Egypt. As with the pyramids, the Gothic cathedrals baffle historians, rising seemingly out of nothingness in terms of any technical precedent during the Middle Ages. Gothic architecture sprang, in fact, from the Templars and their dedication to sacred geometry, the mystical science of number and proportion frequently identified with the Egyptian pyramids and the Temple of Solomon.
What was the Templars secret purpose?
The Order's official raison d'etre, as protectors of pilgrims, remains on the books. Judged by their endeavors and associations, however, the Templars had more profound goals than the textbooks reveal, creating, for instance, material receptacles, Grails, if you will, for the spiritual essence revered within their Mystery tradition: preceptories, cathedrals, churches, even nations, a universal brotherhood. To this end, the original nine knights excavated the Temple of Solomon, possibly hoping to find the lost Ark of the Covenant (see Graham Hancock's The Sign and the Seal). So doing, the Templars would have wielded authority that transcended even the pope's, paving the way for a Templar state adorned with structures of mystically oriented design. It is alleged, in this regard, that the original nine knights secured secrets of design and proportion encoded in the Temple of Solomon itself, secret geometry that may date to the building of the Egyptian pyramids.
The Knights Templar, though, like any of us, can best be known by their fruit, which Baigent and Leigh tell us includes writing the medieval Grail romances. The Quest for the Holy Grail, then, and the import of that Quest, comes down to us from devotees of the Mysteries, those who actually quested. And therein we find Chopra's History of the Soul, the search for divinity (the most politically incorrect heresy of all, the modern age notwithstanding), which in various guises has animated societies since the dawn of time. The Templars, we may deduce, encoded within the famous Grail legends the true nature of their Order, and of their souls, well aware of the consequences of doing so openly, while establishing the ideal of the search for immortality in the popular psyche, reliable, albeit unorthodox, history in Chopra's terms. We may add this accomplishment, then, to the list of fruits by which the Templars can be known, along with trying to syncretize the Christian, Judaic, Islamic, and Celtic Mysteries, for the purpose of creating a golden-age kingdom, if you will, centered at Carcassonne in southern France, where prior to the Inquisition a golden age had already begun to blossom under Cathar and Templar influence.
Tracing our golden thread one step farther, Wolfram von Eschenbach, said to have been a Templar himself, wrote the medieval Grail romance Parzival. In that epic story, he dubs the Templars Protectors of the Grail and the Grail Family. In this context, another book by Baigent and Leigh, Holy Blood, Holy Grail presents a cogent theory for the Templars having pledged themselves to this cause, not in fiction, but in reality, the Grail Family being the actual descendants of Jesus Christ and Mary Magdalen, who, legend says, migrated to France, possibly as founders of the Merovingian dynasty.
This extraordinary theory suggests that in A.D. 679, after the assassination of the last Merovingian monarch, Dagobert II, protectors of the royal lineage formed a secret society, the Priory of Sion, around the sang real, the royal blood of the descendants of Jesus and Mary Magdalen. This may be the true meaning of sangraal, Baigent and Leigh suggest, the Holy Grail of medieval romancers. The Knights Templar, the authors found, may have had much to do with this Priory of Sion, the foundations of which may hearken back to the House of David, to Jesus and Solomon, the lineage of the Israelite kings. The Templars may have secretly dedicated themselves to this very special bloodline, believing the wisdom-legacy of Solomon and Jesus to be their own. Enthroning this lineage during the Middle Ages, the Templars would have set their golden age in motion.
How does the Lost Ark of the Covenant fit into the puzzle?
In Raiders of the Lost Ark, Steven Spielberg acquainted the viewing public with one of the great mysteries of all time, the fate of the Lost Ark of the Covenant, the ancient Israelite repository of divine authority. While Spielberg portrays Hitler's Reich lusting after the Ark, fictionally, the Templars probably attempted to find the Ark in reality. Graham Hancock's The Sign and the Seal points convincingly to Templars having pursued the Lost Ark from Jerusalem to its alleged final resting place in Ethiopia. Hancock argues that the Ark itself may have been the enigmatic Holy Grail, and that romancers encoded within their texts the Templar's secret mission to find and harness its holy power. Bearing in mind that in the Middle Ages possessing the Ark would have meant wielding the power of God, doing so would have established the Knights Templar as THE dominant force on earth, the pope notwithstanding. With evidence of the Templars having excavated the Temple of Solomon, and then of their presence in Ethiopia, where the Ark is believed to reside to this day, and a country that figures in Wolfram's Parzival, a case exists for the knights having searched for the famous artifact, probably to further their mystical/political goals of establishing a golden age.
Secret History After Bannockburn
Tracing our golden thread to more recent centuries, the quest of the Knights Templar reveals itself long after the period of their official existence. Driven underground during the Inquisition, refugee knights, a specific Masonic tradition claims, gave birth to Scottish Freemasonry. That tradition traces its origins directly to the Order and King Robert the Bruce. Robert, the tradition specifically states, founded the first Scottish Masonic lodge after the battle of Bannockburn to receive Templars fleeing persecution in France. By the seventeenth century, the tradition had splintered into a variety of forms. The Jacobite variety, however, the most intensely political and mystically devoted, claimed the Templar tradition as its own. The Jacobites failed to restore the Scottish Stuarts to the English throne, even with the help of powerful Masonic allies in France, but by that time the Enlightenment was underway. The Templar ideal of a free society founded on religious and political liberty had taken root, philosophically at least. Scottish, English and French Masons had begun to dramatically change the way the world thought. Locke, Montesquieu, Voltaire, all Masons, preached the philosophy of Liberty, a natural consequence of Templar experience and the suppression of their ideals. As if by providence, then, the tradition sprouted on distant shores, the threads of which, now luminous strands, united the philosopher revolutionaries of the New World.
On August 28, 1769, Saint Andrew's Masonic Lodge in Boston conferred a Freemasonic degree named after the Knights Templar. By 1773 the lodge had assumed a highly significant role in the American Revolution. The Grand Lodge of Scotland made Joseph Warren Grand Master for the whole continent. Other members included Paul Revere and John Hancock. And the lodge's membership overlapped with the most catalytic secret-society of the day, the Sons of Liberty, with at least twelve members of the lodge participating in the Boston Tea Party. But the story hardly ends in Boston. Freemasons played major roles in the Revolutionary War itself and the signing of the Constitution, including George Washington, many of his generals, Benjamin Franklin, Patrick Henry, the Marquis de Lafayette and numerous others, Franklin being a member of a mysterious French society called the Royal Lodge of Commanders of the Temple West of Carcassonne, a mouthful in more ways than one.
That our golden thread links Benjamin Franklin to the medieval city of Carcassonne connects him with some of the most secret history of all. The area around the fortress at Carcassonne, a medieval center for Cathars and Templars, houses a network of profound and mysterious symbols having to do with sacred geometry, symbols that surface in ritual garments worn by Franklin and Washington during Masonic ceremonies. As if designed by the forces of creation, an uncanny arrangement of mountain peaks form a perfect Masonic five-pointed star around Rennes-le-Chateau in the Carcassonne area (see Henry Lincoln's Discoveries in France). Then a series of medieval churches, towers, and ancient Celtic sites expand upon the design, creating Masonic triangles in the precise proportions of the golden mean of sacred geometry, an overall pattern that stretches from Rennes-le-Chateau to the island of Bornholm in the Baltic Sea, where evidence of a Templar presence exists, to Jerusalem and the Temple of Solomon. The vast geometric design and the symbols carved in stone at the sites have been traced to the Priory of Sion and to the Templars, secret societies working in ways that transcend culture, religion, and mundane history.
Our golden thread then represents only a portion of the whole cloth. The greater tapestry suggests that the mystery is even more profound, even more elusive, yet as apparent as the Great Seal of the United States, the Masonic symbol found on the dollar bill. That the full story has been kept from us should not be surprising, though. That which we perceive merely as subtle and continuous manifests as a raging current at the auspicious hour, a deluge that threatens the tyrants of orthodoxy, the guardians of politically correct history. That current rages still, for those who have ears to hear the roaring of the waters. But don't expect to find the secret story in a history textbook. | <urn:uuid:912e3fcd-5937-4982-8716-aa15f1bda1f2> | CC-MAIN-2017-43 | http://www.esoterism.ro/english/secret-history.php | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-43/segments/1508187825174.90/warc/CC-MAIN-20171022094207-20171022114207-00819.warc.gz | en | 0.95257 | 3,980 | 2.546875 | 3 |
How does relative dating help determine the age of a fossil watch online
This is because it is not possible for a younger layer to slip beneath a layer previously deposited.
Correlation can involve matching an undated rock with a dated one at another location.
In many respects they are analogous to fluid inclusions.
Faults are younger than the rocks they cut; accordingly, if a fault is found that penetrates some formations but not those on top of it, then the formations that were cut are older than the fault, and the ones that are not cut must be younger than the fault.
The black arrow points to one good example, but there are several others.
Melt inclusions are generally small — most are less than micrometres across a micrometre is one thousandth of a millimeter, or about 0.
Craters are very useful in relative dating; as a general rule, the younger a planetary surface is, the fewer craters it has.
If long-term cratering rates are known to enough precision, crude absolute dates can be applied based on craters alone; however, cratering rates outside the Earth-Moon system are poorly known.
A later event, such as a river cutting, may form a gap, but you can still connect the strata.
The method of reading the order is called stratigraphy layers of rock are called strata.
As organisms exist at the same time period throughout the world, their presence or sometimes absence may be used to provide a relative age of the formations in which they are found. | <urn:uuid:eaffbacc-1403-4ac9-a15f-cbc193e93433> | CC-MAIN-2019-39 | https://centervillewashingtontimes.com/virgin/how-does-relative-dating-help-determine-the-age-of-a-fossil.php | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-39/segments/1568514573735.34/warc/CC-MAIN-20190919204548-20190919230548-00305.warc.gz | en | 0.963397 | 322 | 3.75 | 4 |
|Introduction||Vision , Mission & Objectives||Scope||Facilities||Admission Criteria||Curriculum|
Dental technologists are part of healthcare team working closely with dentists and dealing withdesigning and manufacturing corrective devices for and replacements of natural teeth.
selection of appropriate dental materials for the design, manufacture and repair of fixed and removable oral and extraoral appliances and prostheses prescribed by a practising dental specialist, dentist, clinical dental technologist, medical practitioner or other practising health practitioner. processes and procedures associated with the design, manufacture and repair of:
- complete removable dentures and overdentures.
- removable partial dentures including precision attachments.
- fixed and removable orthodontic appliances.
- crowns and bridges including precision attachments on natural teeth and implants.
- implant overdentures and implant supported dentures.
- tissue and implant supported maxillofacial, ocular and auricular appliances and prostheses, and other appliances and prostheses involved in the overall prosthetic rehabilitation of patients.
- specialist treatment appliances such as, but not limited to: diagnostic stents and radiographic stents, appliances for the treatment of temporomandibular disorders, appliances for the treatment of speech disorders, appliances for the treatment of sleep disorders and appliances for the treatment of audio disorders.
- undertake shade taking and shade checking, which may include the removal of a preloosened temporary restoration and try-in of the permanent restoration, without removal or placement of an abutment, as prescribed by and prior to the final fitting1 by a dentist or dental specialist.
Ideal candidates for this career possess excellent eye-hand coordination, attention to minute details, ability to recognize the differences in color and shape, manual dexterity and interest in material sciences and emerging technologies. Dental laboratory technology is ideal for those who are artistic as well as for those who are business and technology savvy. In fact, this is the only allied dental field that offers practitioners the chance to become entrepreneurs by opening their own dental laboratory business.
Flexibility: Dental laboratory technology is a flexible career offering several opportunities for advancement. Experienced technologists can find well-paid positions in commercial laboratories based on their technical or communication skills, become department heads in larger laboratories where they would have supervisory responsibilities, or potentially own their own laboratory. Dental technologists also may teach dental technology courses in educational programs and apply their knowledge to research, sales and/or marketing of prosthetic materials, instruments and equipment.
Independence: Technologists perform much of their work without close supervision. They often experience the satisfaction that results from taking an entire project from start to finish.
Creativity: Dental laboratory technology requires the skill and touch of an artist. Technologists need to be creative when they make prostheses.
Security: The services performed by dental technicians will always be needed. With the population growing older, there will be a continued demand for prostheses which improve these individuals' nutrition, appearance and ability to speak clearly.
Personal fulfillment: Dental technologists experience the satisfaction that they help to provide a valued health care service and positively affecting patients' oral health and self image. Technologists play a significant role in the delivery of dental health care and take pride from producing a hand-crafted product.
With advancements in technology and materials, there is an increased demand for restorative and cosmetic dentistry. As a result, there currently is a great demand for dental laboratory technologists Employment opportunities will be excellent well into the next century.
Most dental laboratory technologists work in commercial dental laboratories. The average laboratory employs about five to ten technologists who may provide a full range of dental prosthetic services, or specialize in producing one particular type of prosthesis (e.g., removable partial dentures, crown and bridge, etc).
Additionally, some opportunities are available in private dental offices for technologists who like close one-on-one contact with a dentist. Employment opportunities also may be available in dental schools, hospitals and companies that manufacture dental prosthetic materials. Dental laboratory technology education programs offer some teaching positions for experienced technicians
The increasing number of dental colleges too has created a demand for postgraduate teaching staff for those interested in having an academic career. | <urn:uuid:db76e48a-21ca-49d0-9703-157f61eeccc8> | CC-MAIN-2018-26 | http://ami.edu.pk/page.php?p_id=136 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-26/segments/1529267863463.3/warc/CC-MAIN-20180620050428-20180620070428-00173.warc.gz | en | 0.933468 | 866 | 2.8125 | 3 |
A study was conducted
on rats and showed that erucic acid in mustard oil was harmful, but those
studies are now believed to be flawed. 'American Chefs Discover Mustard
was published in a New York Times article.
Mustard oil is
considered to have low saturated fat
compared to other cooking oils.
Mustard oil has been used for centuries as a food additive with curative
properties and even an aphrodisiac
This oil is a strong
stimulant as it stimulates excretion, circulation and digestion
increases the production of bile and digestive juices. Mustard also acts as an
appetizer and boosts hunger.
The monounsaturated fatty acids and proper ratio of polyunsaturated fatty acids which improve heart health and keeps the balance of
cholesterol levels in the body, which also lowers triglycerides and prevent obesity
and kidney disease
Mustard seeds are
effective on gastrointestinal and colorectal cancer, as mustard is rich in
glucosinolate and phytonutrients.
A massage with mustard oil relieves rheumatism and
arthritis, sprains and aches. The selenium present in the oil reduces effects
of asthma and joint pains.
The high level of
vitamin E improves skin health, it also protects the skin against strong
ultra-violet rays and sun, reduces wrinkles and fine lines too
In winters it is
massaged on the soles of feet, especially for children as a relief from colds
It is very effective in curing
cold, cough, body pains and aches, congestion caused by colds, headaches and
for muscular growth
. Also, it can be rubbed on the gums to strengthen them
and also to protect them from germs.
Mustard seeds are used as a
seasoning and fresh leaves of the plant are used in cooking - it is an acquired | <urn:uuid:f3b236ea-7c71-477c-b0e7-79b776997389> | CC-MAIN-2018-34 | https://www.medindia.net/news/healthwatch/mustard-oil-benefits-117947-1.htm | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-34/segments/1534221217354.65/warc/CC-MAIN-20180820215248-20180820235248-00597.warc.gz | en | 0.941857 | 400 | 2.609375 | 3 |
Look deep into nature, and then you will understand everything better. ~Albert Einstein
A hard silicate mineral formed in the cavities of igneous rocks, Topaz is a gemstone that typically presents itself as colorless, yellow, or brown.
While found throughout the world, Topaz in gem-quality form usually comes from Brazil or Sri Lanka. In the U.S., Topaz is the state gemstone of Utah.
Some say the word Topaz comes from topazos (“to seek”) after stones that were found in what is now Zabargad in the Red Sea. Others say the word is from the Sanskrit and means “fire.”
This highly transparent stone is believed to harness the power of the sun. Topaz is said to bring true love and fidelity, while bestowing courage, wisdom, and success in every endeavor.
Ancient Egyptians believed Topaz symbolized Ra, their sun god. Hindus thought it would protect their homes from fire. Greeks and Romans valued its ability to give strength and prevent injury.
According to the Bible, Topaz is the second stone in the breastplate of the Jewish High Priest. The Book of Revelation lists it as the 9th foundation in the wall of the New Jerusalem to come.
Until the 1970s, most jewelry stores sold Topaz in shades of yellow or brown. Today, colorless Topaz is heated, coated, or irradiated to appeal to buyers who prefer it in shades of blue.
Topaz is the traditional birthstone for November (some sources say December) and the wedding anniversary stone for four years.
Feng Shui practitioners teach that Topaz uses fire energy, Yang in nature, and should be placed in the south area of a home or room to enhance fame and reputation.
Regarded as the “crystal of potency,” Topaz occurs in a range of colors, from colorless to blue, yellow, orange, brown, and pink. The different colors of Topaz stimulate different Chakras (for example, blue activates the throat or third-eye, pink stimulates the heart, and brown enhances the root).
Topaz is believed to cleanse the aura and release tension. Blue Topaz, especially, is said to be most beneficial for alleviating fear of public speaking, inspiring creativity, and defeating writer’s block.
(Bring a U-Haul; I’ll take a ton!)
Topaz is an 8 on the 1-10 Mohs Scale of Hardness, but that doesn’t mean it can’t be broken. Clean your Topaz with a soft cloth after soaking it in warm, sudsy water, and keep it away from high heat or direct sunlight to prevent fading its color.
Note: The claims here aren’t meant to take the place of medical advice. They’re based on folklore and other sources, and likely “work” best if one’s belief is strong enough! | <urn:uuid:61269fae-6f2d-45b9-9bc9-b3c8e2f604c5> | CC-MAIN-2020-16 | https://domermom.com/2018/12/16/sundays-gem-topaz/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-16/segments/1585370509103.51/warc/CC-MAIN-20200402235814-20200403025814-00047.warc.gz | en | 0.93087 | 619 | 2.546875 | 3 |
An article in the magazine “Embedded Systems Design” describes an algorithm that produces linear acceleration in stepper motors, but without the heavy math overhead often required. This technique, presented by Pramod Ranade, CTO at SPJ Embedded Technologies, appears in the April 2009 issue of ESD: www.embedded.com/design/multicore/21640186.The author’s algorithm uses only addition and subtraction operations to produce a triangular or trapezoidal speed profile for a stepper motor. Due to space limits in a printed magazine, this article covers only the triangular algorithm. You can download the complete C code at: /www.embedded.com/code.new. You’ll find other code on this page, too.Although the author implemented his algorithm in a combination of an MCU and an FPGA, you can still adapt his code to an MCU-firmware-only approach. The C code should compile properly regardless of which compiler you use. The author used Microsoft’s C compiler.Stepper motors require a linear increase in speed based on the motor’s characteristics and the load it will drive. If you attempt to start a stepper motor by giving it a high-speed start–akin to stomping on your car’s gas pedal–the motor can stall and take time to get up to speed with many drive pulses wasted by generating heat. That’s not what you want. Most vehicle drivers realize they cannot get from 0 to 60 mph instantly. The same holds true for stepper motors. –Jon TitusFor more information about stepper-motor drive techniques, refer to:Austin, David, “Generate stepper-motor speed profiles in real time,” embedded.com/columns/technicalinsights/56800129. (Lots of math.)–, Industrial Circuits Application Note, “Stepper Motor Basics” www.solarbotics.net/library/pdflib/pdf/motorbas.pdf.–, “Stepper Motor Reference Design,” AN155, Silicon Laboratiories, www.silabs.com/Support%20Documents/TechnicalDocs/an155.pdf. (Reference information, circuit, and code.)
Focus on Fundamentals consists of 45-minute on-line classes that cover a host of technologies. You learn without leaving the comfort of your desk. All classes are taught by subject-matter experts and all are archived. So if you can't attend live, attend at your convenience. | <urn:uuid:32732c19-efc5-4619-9df3-aa7bfb6f59a5> | CC-MAIN-2015-35 | http://www.designnews.com/author.asp?section_id=1386&doc_id=210160&piddl_msgorder=asc | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2015-35/segments/1440644066275.44/warc/CC-MAIN-20150827025426-00018-ip-10-171-96-226.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.880101 | 536 | 3.125 | 3 |
You may remember trade unions. They used to be quite popular, but nobody much seems to bother with them nowadays.
The Winter of Discontent in 1978, and the subsequent union-busting actions of That Woman, sounded a death knell for the golden age of union power. Offered a choice between streets full of unemptied bins and the promise of a BMW three series, voters did some quick thinking.
Their chosen option means that only a small proportion of British Trade Union Posters – An Illustrated History features post-Thatcher era designs.
The posters, arranged chronologically, tell their own stories. Early examples leave the reader in no doubt as to the need for unions in the 19th century. Workers were treated so badly that to finish a shift alive must have been quite an achievement.
The ruling classes were keen to keep things that way. A poster issued by the County of Dorset in 1834 reminds uppity workers that attempting to recruit union members was punishable by seven years deportation to Australia.
The posters of the period are simple: little or no illustration, simple typography. Some are heavily laden with political text – suggesting that the oppressed working men of the day could at least read and draw their own conclusions.
Coloured paper seems to have become more commonplace for posters in the 1920s, as slogans were slimmed down and type size bumped up. The populist approach meant a move away from dull wordy manifestos to something nearer modern ad campaigns. A 1934 poster asking members of the National Union of Seamen to “Pull together” would probably be laughed overboard by sailors today, though.
By the 1940s and 1950s, the posters take on a more familiar image. Stereotypically British in tone, and worthy, but dull in message. Artwork – not credited to its designers – varies from the Happy Russian Worker style to modernist graphics which wear their age well.
There was more realism from the 1970s onwards. “Do You remember 1926?” the Trades Union Congress asked members in 1976, cleverly ignoring the irony that if people could remember the great strike of 50 years earlier and were still having to work, they had obviously been members of the wrong union.
Posters from this period often seem to feature images of bloody knives being stuck in worker’s backs, and, occasionally, classic and memorable slogans such as Coal not Dole.
But the posters on the last few pages of the book are a disappointment after what went before. A bit like the unions themselves.
British Trade Union Posters – An Illustrated History by Rodney Mace is published by Sutton Publishing, price £25 | <urn:uuid:0879059f-2128-4a80-b729-35c3727c8b70> | CC-MAIN-2019-09 | https://www.designweek.co.uk/issues/22-july-1999/up-the-workers/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-09/segments/1550247505838.65/warc/CC-MAIN-20190221152543-20190221174543-00370.warc.gz | en | 0.976136 | 543 | 2.703125 | 3 |
Beginning a new series, a brief look at the people on the Australian banknotes, both the current polymer notes (started in 1992 and a full set for all denominations in circulation by 1996), and those preceding the polymer notes.
Queen Elizabeth II:
A portrait of Queen Elizabeth II is shown on the front of the $5 banknote together with a sprig of eucalyptus. The portrait is drawn from photographs commissioned by the Reserve Bank in 1984. The Queen gave approval to use this portrait on an Australian banknote in 1988, and it appeared on the first $5 polymer banknote on 7 July 1992.
Sir Joseph Banks:
Sir Joseph Banks (1743–1820) was with Captain James Cook at the landing at Botany Bay in 1770. He played a major role in exploring and collecting many aspects of natural science in his travels with Cook. Though returning to England, Banks remained influential in the administration of the colony and in botanical studies of Australia.
Caroline Chisholm (1808–1877) first arrived in New South Wales in 1838. She worked to establish better conditions, including suitable employment and accommodation, for young migrant women. Her work expanded to include facilitating the passage to Australia of families. What Australia needed most, in her view, were 'good and virtuous women'.
The $5 banknote featured a woman, other than the Monarch, for the first time on Australia's currency notes. The portrait of Caroline Chisholm is set against a background of the women and children, sailing ships and Sydney foreshore of her time.
Sir Henry Parkes:
Sir Henry Parkes,(1815-1895), the "Father of Federation", long advocated federation and breathed life into the ailing movement with a rousing speech in Tenterfield, New South Wales, in 1889. He continued to work towards this goal but died in 1896.
To the right of Parkes, are architectural drawings of the Royal Exhibition Building in Melbourne which was the site of the first Commonwealth Parliament in 1901. Below this is a scene of the opening of Australia's First Federal Parliament based on a painting once again by Tom Roberts who was commissioned to record the opening. His Royal Highness The Duke of Cornwall and York (later to be King George V) who can be seen in the foreground, performed the honours. At the bottom is the Federation Pavilion in Sydney's Centennial Park which was specially constructed for the celebrations. To the left of Parkes is the Tenterfield School of Arts building, the site of his rousing speech in 1889. The six State badges are at the bottom left.
Catherine Spence (1825-1910) was a journalist and social reformer active in the cause of state children, a novelist and a prominent supporter of electoral reform. Although unsuccessful, she was the first woman to run for electoral office in Australia, a candidate for the Australasian Federal Convention of 1897.
To the right on the banknote are portraits of prominent campaigners for Federation, one from each of the six colonies viz Clark (Tasmania), Barton (New South Wales), Forrest (Western Australia), Deakin (Victoria), Kingston (South Australia) and Griffith (Queensland). Barton became Australia's first Prime Minister, Deakin was Prime Minister on three occasions and Griffith was the first Chief Justice of the High Court.
To the left is a building of the South Australian Children's Department, Adelaide, with which Spence was closely involved for almost 40 years. A spray of wattle, a sun burst and the stars of the Southern Cross complete the back.
Francis Greenway (1777–1837) was convicted of forging a contract and transported to New South Wales in 1814. A trained architect, Greenway was soon employed by Governor Macquarie in the planning and supervision of public buildings. His work included the Hyde Park Barracks and St James Church, Macquarie lighthouse at South Head and St Matthews Church, at Windsor.
Despite a harsh and impoverished childhood and an acute hearing problem, Henry Lawson (1867–1922) became one of Australia's best known authors. His writings captured the mateship and hardships of the 'underdog' in the gold fields and outback sheep country.
The profile of Henry Lawson on the $10 note was accompanied by scenes of his childhood years, mainly from the gold town of Gulgong in New South Wales. These scenes were identified from photographs in the Holtermann Collection which came to light in 1951.
Andrew Barton "Banjo" Patterson:
Andrew Barton “Banjo” Patterson (1864-1941) was an Australian bush poet, journalist and author whose many ballads and poems about Australian life focused on the rural and outback areas. His more notable poems include "Waltzing Matilda", "The Man from Snowy River" and "Clancy of the Overflow".
The note incorporates several references to Paterson’s life and work:
· The portrait of Banjo Paterson is based on a photograph taken at the time of his return from the Boer War in 1900. As a war correspondent, he filed graphic accounts of the fighting for the Sydney Morning Herald, Melbourne Age, and also the international news agency Reuters.
· Facing the portrait, the horseman reflects Paterson’s lifelong enthusiasm for horses and horsemanship, which resulted in his famous equestrian ballads.
· The horseman is rounding up ‘brumbies’ (wild horses) which are seen emerging over Paterson’s left shoulder. According to the Reserve Bank of Australia, they are based on pictures that appeared in The Australian Newspaper in 1870 and The Illustrated Sydney News in 1875.
· The images are inspired by ‘The Man From Snowy River’ – underneath are the famous poem’s opening lines: There was movement at the station, for the word had passed around That the colt from old Regret had got away
· The ‘Waltzing Matilda’ logo, seen right of Paterson’s hat, was taken from Marie Cowan’s sheet music for Waltzing Matilda published in 1903. In possibly the first product placement ever, Cowan changed the words of the chorus to promote Billy Tea.
· Lines from ’The Man from Snowy River’ also appear next to Paterson’s portrait in tiny print.
Dame Mary Gilmore:
Dame Mary Gilmore (1865-1962) is depicted twice on the banknote, once as a young woman and in the background, a Dobell portrait of her in her later years. Gilmore was a celebrated author, poet, and social reformer campaigning for voting rights for women, relief of the poor and disadvantaged through a government welfare system and improved treatment of aborigines. In the 1890's she spent several years in a utopian community established in Paraguay.
A bullock dray with bales of wool is also shown. Images of homesteads or other outback buildings are shown at far left and right. An outback woman with a hat features as the orange merges into the blue towards the left. The profile of an extract from one of Gilmore's poems is at the extreme left: "No foe shall gather our harvest or sit on our stockyard rail".
Portrait of Dame Mary Gilmore by William Dobell, 1957
"The painting is far more important than the sitter. This painting will still be carrying my identity when my own work is forgotten."
- Dame Mary Gilmore 1957 | <urn:uuid:1385b6bb-c5f1-4b9e-be04-d4ae25825890> | CC-MAIN-2017-43 | http://bytesdaily.blogspot.com/2016/01/people-on-australian-banknotes-part-1-5.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-43/segments/1508187825399.73/warc/CC-MAIN-20171022165927-20171022185927-00026.warc.gz | en | 0.950365 | 1,559 | 2.890625 | 3 |
Millions of street-connected children and young people worldwide live or work in street environments. They are vulnerable to many risks, whether or not they remain connected to families of origin, and despite many strengths and resiliencies, they are excluded from mainstream social structures and opportunities.
Primary research objectives
To evaluate and summarise the effectiveness of interventions for street-connected children and young people that aim to:
• promote inclusion and reintegration;
• increase literacy and numeracy;
• facilitate access to education and employment;
• promote mental health, including self esteem;
• reduce harms associated with early sexual activity and substance misuse.
Secondary research objectives
• To explore whether effects of interventions differ within and between populations, and whether an equity gradient influences theseeffects, by extrapolating from all findings relevance for low- and middle-income countries (LMICs) (Peters 2004).
• To describe other health, educational, psychosocial and behavioural effects, when appropriate outcomes are reported.
• To explore the influence of context in design, delivery and outcomes of interventions.
Interventions for promoting reintegration and reducing harmful behaviour and lifestyles in street-connected children and young people 1
Copyright © 2016 The Cochrane Collaboration. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
To explore the relationship between numbers of components and duration and effects of interventions.
• To highlight implications of these findings for further research and research methods to improve evidence in relation to the primary
• To consider adverse or unintended outcomes.
We searched the following bibliographic databases, searched for the original review, from inception to 2012, and various relevant non-governmental and organisational websites: Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials (CENTRAL); MEDLINE and PreMEDLINE;EMBASE and EMBASE Classic; Cumulative Index to Nursing and Allied Health Literature (CINAHL); PsycINFO; Education Resource Information Center (ERIC); Sociological Abstracts; Social Services Abstracts; Social Work Abstracts; Healthstar; Latin American Caribbean Health Sciences Literature (LILACS); System for Grey literature in Europe (OpenGrey); ProQuest Dissertations and Theses; EconLit; IDEAS Economics and Finance Research; JOLIS Library Catalog of the holdings of the World Bank Group and International Monetary Fund (IMF) Libraries; British Library for Development Studies (BLDS); Google and Google Scholar. We
updated the search in April 2015 for the review update, using the same methods.
This review includes data from harm reduction or reintegration intervention studies that used a comparison group study design; all were randomised or quasi-randomised studies. Studies were included if they evaluated interventions provided for street-connected children and young people, from birth to 24 years, in all contexts.
Data collection and analysis
Two review authors independently extracted data and assessed risk of bias and other factors presented in the Discussion and Summary quality assessment (Grades of Recommendation, Assessment, Development and Evaluation (GRADE)). We extracted data on intervention delivery, context, process factors, equity and outcomes, and grouped outcomes into psychosocial outcomes, risky sexual behaviours or substance use. We conducted meta-analyses for outcomes where the outcome measures were sufficiently similar. We evaluated other outcomes narratively.
We included 13 studies evaluating 19 interventions from high-income countries (HICs). We found no sufficiently robust evaluations conducted in low- and middle-income countries (LMICs). Study quality overall was low and measurements used by studies variable. Participants were classified as drop-in and shelter-based. No studies measured the primary outcome of reintegration and none reported on adverse effects.We found no consistent results on a range of relevant outcomes within domains of psychosocial health, substance misuse and sexually risky behaviours . Interventions evaluated consisted of time-limited therapeutically based programmes that proved no more effective than standard shelter or drop-in services and other control interventions used for most outcomes in most studies.
Favourable changes from baseline were reported for outcomes for most participants following therapy interventions and standard services. We noted considerable heterogeneity between studies and inconsistent reporting of equity data. No studies measured the primary outcome of reintegration or reported on adverse effects.
Analysis revealed no consistently significant benefit for focused therapeutic interventions compared with standard services such as dropin centres, case management and other comparable interventions for street-connected children and young people. Commonly available services, however, were not rigorously evaluated. Robust evaluation of interventions, including comparison with no intervention, would establish a more reliable evidence base to inform service implementation. More robust research is needed in LMICs to examine interventions for street-connected children and young people with different backgrounds and service needs. | <urn:uuid:77995a6f-8993-4a7d-983d-1af8c5a3e88f> | CC-MAIN-2022-21 | https://repository.canterbury.ac.uk/item/87qww/interventions-for-promoting-reintegration-and-reducing-harmful-behaviour-and-lifestyles-in-street-connected-children-and-young-people-review | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-21/segments/1652662520817.27/warc/CC-MAIN-20220517194243-20220517224243-00098.warc.gz | en | 0.906854 | 993 | 2.78125 | 3 |
What is meant by adrenocortical hormones?
(uh-DREE-noh-KOR-tih-koh-TROH-pik HOR-mone) A hormone made in the pituitary gland. Adrenocorticotropic hormone acts on the outer part of the adrenal gland to control its release of corticosteroid hormones. More adrenocorticotropic hormone is made during times of stress.
What are adrenocortical agents used for?
Adrenocortical agents are drugs used as short-term treatment to suppress immune system in patients with inflammatory disorders. They are also used for replacement therapy to maintain hormone levels when adrenal glands are not functioning adequately.
How do you improve adrenal function?
The suggested treatments for healthy adrenal function are a diet low in sugar, caffeine, and junk food, and “targeted nutritional supplementation” that includes vitamins and minerals: Vitamins B5, B6, and B12. Vitamin C. Magnesium.
What are the 3 stress hormones?
Stress hormones include, but are not limited to: Cortisol, the main human stress hormone. Catecholamines such as adrenaline and norepinephrine. Vasopressin.
Are Adrenocorticoids steroids?
INTRODUCTION. The adrenal cortex produces two primary types of adrenal steroids: the glucocorticoids and mineralocorticoids. Small amounts of other steroids, such as the sex hormones (androgens, estrogens, and progestins), are also produced by the adrenal cortex (see Chapter 30).
How does adrenal insufficiency affect the body?
With adrenal insufficiency, the inability to increase cortisol production with stress can lead to an addisonian crisis. An addisonian crisis is a life-threatening situation that results in low blood pressure, low blood levels of sugar and high blood levels of potassium.
What are signs of adrenal gland problems?
- Extreme fatigue.
- Weight loss and decreased appetite.
- Darkening of your skin (hyperpigmentation)
- Low blood pressure, even fainting.
- Salt craving.
- Low blood sugar (hypoglycemia)
- Nausea, diarrhea or vomiting (gastrointestinal symptoms)
- Abdominal pain.
What are 3 diseases that affect the adrenal glands?
Some of the most common include:
- Addison’s disease, also called adrenal insufficiency. In this disorder, you don’t produce enough cortisol and/or aldosterone.
- Cushing’s syndrome.
- Congenital adrenal hyperplasia.
- Adrenal gland suppression.
What hormone is related to anxiety?
One of the hormones that can lead to anxiety and worry is your cortisol. Cortisol is your stress hormone and it serves an important job in your body. It’s responsible for keeping your senses and reflexes, especially during fight or flight situations, at peak level.
What hormone is responsible for fear?
The amygdala responds like an alarm bell to the body. It alerts the hypothalamus, which sends a message to the adrenal glands to give you an instant burst of adrenaline, the “action” hormone. Adrenaline causes your heart to race and pump more blood to your muscles.
What are the 3 types of steroids?
Types of steroids
inhalers – such as beclometasone and fluticasone. nasal sprays – such as beclometasone and fluticasone. injections (given into joints, muscles or blood vessels) – such as methylprednisolone. creams, lotions and gels – such as hydrocortisone skin cream.
What are the 3 types of steroids produced by the adrenal gland?
Adrenal cortex hormones
The most important are aldosterone (a mineralocorticoid), cortisol (a glucocorticoid), and androgens and estrogen (sex hormones).
What tests are done to check adrenal function?
Blood and urine tests help measure the amount of adrenal hormones, which can detect a functional tumor. A computed tomography (CT or CAT) scan or a magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) scan may be useful in diagnosing an adrenal gland tumor and determining whether it is cancerous.
What vitamins help with anxiety?
B-complex, vitamin E, vitamin C, GABA, and 5-HTP are 5 vitamins commonly used to help with anxiety and stress.
What chemical in the brain causes anxiety?
Epinephrine/Norepinephrine Norepinephrine is responsible for many of the symptoms of anxiety. These hormones and neurotransmitters are responsible for the adrenaline and energy that is pumped through your body when you’re stressed or anxious, and cause changes like rapid heartbeat, sweating, etc.
Which hormone is responsible for anger?
Physical effects of anger
The adrenal glands flood the body with stress hormones, such as adrenaline and cortisol.
What is the name of love hormone?
They found that the oxytocin: the hormone of labor is also the hormone of love.
What are 5 common side effects of steroids?
Common side effects of systemic steroids include:
- Increased appetite.
- Weight gain.
- Changes in mood.
- Muscle weakness.
- Blurred vision.
- Increased growth of body hair.
- Easy bruising.
- Lower resistance to infection.
What drugs should not be taken with steroids?
You should tell any doctor or dentist treating you that you are taking steroids. Some key drugs that interact with steroids include anticoagulants (such as warfarin), drugs for blood pressure, antiepileptics, antidiabetic drugs, antifungal drugs, bronchodilators (such as salbutamol) and diuretics.
What deficiency causes anxiety?
Vitamin B1(thiamin) and mental health. Mental health problems such as memory loss, anxiety, depression, irritability, and insomnia are also associated with deficiencies in vitamin B1. The brain uses this vitamin to help convert glucose or blood sugar into energy.
What vitamin is a natural antidepressant?
Vitamin B6 has also been found to improve depressive symptoms when used in combination with other nutrients, including tryptophan and a form of vitamin B3 called nicotinamide ( 29 ).
What hormone causes panic attacks?
A new study has linked panic disorder to a wayward hormone in a brain circuit that regulates vigilance. While too little of the hormone, called orexin, is known to underlie narcolepsy, the new finding suggests that too much of it may lead to panic attacks.
What are the signs of a chemical imbalance in the brain?
Symptoms of Chemical Imbalances
- Loss of appetite or overeating.
- Sleeping too much or insomnia.
- Extreme mood swings.
- Lack of energy.
- Lack of empathy or feeling numbness.
What hormone causes anxiety?
Stress Hormone (Cortisol) – mental and physical stress releases cortisol. Cortisol is released in response to fear or stress by the adrenal glands as part of the fight or flight mechanism.
Where do you feel sadness in your body?
Along with the emotional baggage it carries, extreme sadness can cause distinctive physical sensations in the chest: tight muscles, a pounding heart, rapid breathing, and even a churning stomach. As you can see on the body map, survey respondents pinpointed the chest as a major spot for the manifestation of sadness.
What are the 4 adrenal hormones?
The most important are aldosterone (a mineralocorticoid), cortisol (a glucocorticoid), and androgens and estrogen (sex hormones). Aldosterone helps the kidneys control the amount of salt in the blood and tissues of the body.
What are the 3 adrenal gland hormones?
Addison’s disease or primary adrenal insufficiency, is due to underactive adrenal glands associated with lack of hormones usually produced by the adrenal cortex ie cortisol, aldosterone, and androgens.
What is the function of adrenocorticotropic hormone quizlet?
Adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) is a hormone produced in the anterior, or front, pituitary gland in the brain. The function of ACTH is to regulate levels of the steroid hormone cortisol, which released from the adrenal gland.
Is Adrenocorticoids a steroid hormone?
The adrenal cortex produces two primary types of adrenal steroids: the glucocorticoids and mineralocorticoids. Small amounts of other steroids, such as the sex hormones (androgens, estrogens, and progestins), are also produced by the adrenal cortex (see Chapter 30).
Where is adrenal?
There are two adrenal glands, one on top of each kidney. The outer part of each gland is the adrenal cortex and the inner part is the adrenal medulla.
What is the difference between adrenaline and cortisol?
Adrenaline increases your heart rate, elevates your blood pressure and boosts energy supplies. Cortisol, the primary stress hormone, increases sugars (glucose) in the bloodstream, enhances your brain’s use of glucose and increases the availability of substances that repair tissues.
How many adrenal glands are there?
The body has two adrenal glands, one near the top of each kidney. They are endocrine glands.
What is ACTH hormone quizlet?
Adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) is a hormone produced in the anterior, or front, pituitary gland in the brain. The function of ACTH is to regulate levels of the steroid hormone cortisol, which released from the adrenal gland. ACTH is also known as: adrenocorticotropic hormone.
What causes the release of adrenocorticotropic hormone?
ACTH is secreted from the anterior pituitary in response to corticotropin-releasing hormone from the hypothalamus. corticotropin-releasing hormone is secreted in response to many types of stress, which makes sense in view of the “stress management” functions of glucocorticoids.
The main types of steroids are:
- Oral steroids. Oral steroids reduce inflammation and are used for treating many different conditions, including:
- Topical steroids. Topical steroids include those used for the skin, nasal sprays and inhalers.
- Steroid nasal sprays.
What is the function of steroid hormones?
Steroid hormones help control metabolism, inflammation, immune functions, salt and water balance, development of sexual characteristics, and the ability to withstand injury and illness.
What’s an adrenal gland?
A small gland that makes steroid hormones, adrenaline, and noradrenaline. These hormones help control heart rate, blood pressure, and other important body functions. There are two adrenal glands, one on top of each kidney.
What are 5 stress hormones?
Here’s a look into what those other stress hormones are and what they do for us:
- Your period is irregular.
- You feel tired and wired at the same time.
What hormones are released during stress?
When the body is stressed, the SNS contributes to what is known as the “fight or flight” response. The body shifts its energy resources toward fighting off a life threat, or fleeing from an enemy. The SNS signals the adrenal glands to release hormones called adrenalin (epinephrine) and cortisol.
What is the structure of adrenal gland?
The adrenal gland is composed of two distinct tissues: the outer cortex and the inner medulla. The adrenal cortex tends to be fattier and thus has a more yellow hue. The adrenal medulla is more of a reddish-brown color. A thick capsule consisting of connective tissue surrounds the entire adrenal gland.
What gland produces TSH?
the anterior pituitary
TSH is a peptide hormone produced by the anterior pituitary. It consists of two chains: an alpha chain and a beta chain. It has a molecular mass of approximately 28,000 Da. The composition is very similar to other glycoprotein hormones made by the anterior pituitary.
Is aldosterone a hormone?
A steroid hormone made by the adrenal cortex (the outer layer of the adrenal gland). It helps control the balance of water and salts in the kidney by keeping sodium in and releasing potassium from the body. Too much aldosterone can cause high blood pressure and a build-up of fluid in body tissues.
What are the main effects of adrenocorticotropic hormone?
Its principal effects are increased production and release of cortisol by the cortex of the adrenal gland. ACTH is also related to the circadian rhythm in many organisms.
What happens when ACTH is low?
A decline in the concentration of ACTH in the blood leads to a reduction in the secretion of adrenal hormones, resulting in adrenal insufficiency (hypoadrenalism). Adrenal insufficiency leads to weight loss, lack of appetite (anorexia), weakness, nausea, vomiting, and low blood pressure (hypotension).
What are the 2 main types of steroids?
The type of steroids used to treat disease are called corticosteroids. They are different to the anabolic steroids which some athletes and bodybuilders use. Anabolic steroids have very different effects.
What are names of steroids?
Types of oral steroids
What are the three main functions of steroids?
Steroids have an important role in growth, development, sexual differentiation and reproduction.
What are the 3 types of steroid hormones?
More than 30 steroids are produced in the adrenal cortex; they can be divided into three functional categories: mineralocorticoids, glucocorticoids, and androgens.
Where is adrenal gland located?
Anatomy of the adrenal gland. There are two adrenal glands, one on top of each kidney. The outer part of each gland is the adrenal cortex and the inner part is the adrenal medulla. | <urn:uuid:6b8dba84-e79a-4c3b-8d2b-1cabfdf1989d> | CC-MAIN-2023-50 | https://www.trentonsocial.com/what-is-meant-by-adrenocortical-hormones/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-50/segments/1700679100972.58/warc/CC-MAIN-20231209202131-20231209232131-00825.warc.gz | en | 0.876924 | 2,974 | 3.234375 | 3 |
The philosophy of social science is one of the smaller sub-disciplines of philosophy, and many universities have only a single course in the subject. In contrast to larger fields such as ethics or epistemology, the philosophy of social science involves a much smaller part of the intellectual spectrum and audience within the field of philosophy. So how is this discipline defined by scholars who help to constitute it today? What are some of the intellectual challenges that drive the field forward?
One way to proceed in trying to answer these questions is to take a quick look at the descriptions of the field offered by other philosophers in recent books and collections. There has been a lot of activity in the field in the past decade, so we have a lot to work with.
Here is how Daniel Steel and Francesco Guala motivate the subject in their 2011 collection, The Philosophy of Social Science Reader:
Social science studies topics -- such as economic growth, employment, crime, social inequality, cultural conflicts, and so on -- matter to almost everyone, and philosophy is important to social science. For example, there is little consensus across the social sciences as to basic methods, aims, and fundamental assumptions about human beings, and disputes on such topics are inevitably linked to long-standing discussions in philosophy. The answer to the second question [why to publish a new anthology] is that the philosophy of social science has changed quite dramatically over the last two decades. So a new anthology is required to keep track of the best research, and to map the moving boundaries of this important subfield of philosophy. (1)They single out four major themes to characterize how the field has moved in the past two decades -- disunity, interdisciplinary, naturalism, and values. And their volume is organized around seven parts: "Values and social science," "Causal inference and explanation," "Interpretation," "Rationality and choice," "Methodological individualism," "Norms, conventions, and institutions," and "Cultural evolution."
In his more specialized collection in 2009, Philosophy of the Social Sciences: Philosophical Theory and Scientific Practice, Chris Mantzavinos offers this description of the field:
Philosophy of science examines "scientific knowledge." It tries to illuminate the specific characteristics of science, the way it is produced, the historical dimensions of science, and the normative criteria at play in appraising science…. The philosophy of the social sciences, on the other hand, traditional deals with such problems as the role of understanding (Verstehen) in apprehending social phenomena, the status of rational choice theory, the role of experiments in the social sciences, the logical status of game theory, as well as whether there are genuine laws of social phenomena or rather social mechanisms to be discovered, the historicity of the social processes, etc. (1)Mantzavinos's organizing topics include: "Basic problems of sociality," "Laws and explanation in the social sciences," and "How philosophy and the social sciences can enrich each other." The first has to do with social ontology; the second has to do with explanation; and the third has to do with cross-over problems that affect both social science and philosophy (cooperation; virtuous behavior; and the hermeneutic circle).
Mantzavinos correctly emphasizes the importance of linking the work of philosophers on these topics to the practices of working social scientists:
The enterprise is motivated by the view that the philosophy of the social sciences cannot ignore the specific scientific practices according to which scientific work is being conducted in the social sciences and will only be valuable if it evolves in constant interaction with the theoretical developments in the social sciences. (1)Ian Jarvie and Jesus Zamora-Bonilla's very interesting 2011 collection, The SAGE Handbook of the Philosophy of Social Sciences, is another important recent compendium in the philosophy of social science. Jarvie describes the discipline in more encompassing terms in his introduction to the volume:
As a set of problems, the philosophy of the social sciences is wide-ranging, untidy, inter-disciplinary and constantly being reconfigured in response to new problems thrown up by developments in the social sciences; in short, disorderly. As an institutionalised discipline, by contrast, philosophy of the social sciences emerged from the academic division of labour that fosters specialization and professionalization, that is, order and discipline. There is always a tension between the unruliness of intellectual inquiry and the urge towards order and discipline. (1)Jarvie offers some interesting observations of the historical path that the discipline of the philosophy of social science has taken. He provides a perspective that is intermediate between philosophy and sociology of science; he is interested in characterizing both the intellectual influences that pushed the field and some of the institutions within which the field developed.
The field is already big enough to be fragmented. Three rough divisions would be: literatures deriving from economics and politics; from psychology and from sociology, anthropology and history. Those interested in economics lay much stress on testability, methodological individualism and rational choice. By contrast the latter group is much given to discussing causation in history and society, the nature of social wholes, problems of meaning and the social construction of reality. Psychology is an area where much of the discussion we might think of as philosophy of the social sciences is carried out in the pages of its own journals. (5)Jarvie also provides a very interesting table of topics are they are represented in anthologies in the philosophy of social science from 1953 to 2007 (Table 1.2).
It is interesting to observe that scholars in other fields have tried to understand the history of the logic of the social sciences in quite different terms than those adopted by philosophers. George Steinmetz is a good example. He is a highly talented and innovative historical sociologist who has made very important contributions to issues about methodology and theory within sociology. (A particularly interesting journal article is "Odious Comparisons: Incommensurability, the Case Study, and 'Small N's' in Sociology"; link.) Steinmetz's 2005 collection on the influence of positivism in the social sciences, The Politics of Method in the Human Sciences: Positivism and Its Epistemological Others, is well worth considering as a sociologist's version of the philosophy of social science anthologies considered above. And the gist of the volume and the methodologies pursued are quite different. Here is Steinmetz's description of the purpose of the volume:
This collection explores the vicissitudes of positivism and its epistemological others in the contemporary human sciences. The volume's overarching goal is to provide a mapping of the contemporary human sciences from the standpoint of their explicit and especially their implicit epistemologies, asking about the differences and similarities among and within these disciplines' epistemological cultures. Taken together, the essays provide a portrait of epistemology and methodology (writ large) in the contemporary social sciences. (1)So the volume is about the logic and epistemology of the social sciences. But it is also about the concrete sociological history of the development of the social science disciplines:
This book also offers the rudiments of a comparative historical narrative of these disciplinary developments since the beginning of the twentieth century, with an emphasis on the period beginning with World War II. Recent writing has pointed not just to the present-day conjuncture of epistemological uncertainty but also to the middle decades of the twentieth century as critical moments in the transformation of the social sciences' deep culture. (1)There is also a substantive final goal for the volume: to lay the conceptual space necessary to conceive of alternatives to the positivist framework for social science theorizing.
The other overarching aim of this book is to survey the landscape of alternatives to positivism in the human sciences. (2)The volume provides a number of interesting perspectives by very talented sociologists on these topics, including especially contributions by Margaret Somers, William Sewell, Andrew Collier, Michael Burawoy, Sandra Harding, and Andrew Abbott. Each of them turns our attention a quarter-turn away from highly abstract conceptual research, to a nuanced effort to understand how ideas, institutions, and frameworks have played out in the social sciences in the past fifty years.
Here is my own statement of why the philosophy of social science is important, included in my contribution "Philosophy of Sociology" in Fritz Allhoff's 2010 collection, Philosophies of the Sciences: A Guide:
The importance of the philosophy of social science derives from two things: first, the urgency and complexity of the challenges posed by the poorly understood social processes that surround us in twenty-first century society, and second, the unsettled status of our current understanding of the logic of social science knowledge and explanation. We need the best possible research and explanation to be conducted in the social sciences, and current social science inquiry falls short. We need a better-grounded understanding of the social, political, and behavioral phenomena that make up the modern social world. Moreover, the goals and primary characteristics of a successful social science are still only partially understood. What do we want from the social sciences? And how can we best achieve these cognitive and practical goals? There are large and unresolved philosophical questions about the logic of social science knowledge and theory on the basis of which to arrive at that understanding. And philosophy can help articulate better answers to these questions. So philosophy can play an important role in the development of the next generation of social science disciplines. (295)It appears that there are important differences in the approaches to understanding the role of the philosophy of social science contained in these various passages. There is a fairly traditional "history of thought" approach, that attempts to document the way in which this sub-discipline took shape within the larger discipline of philosophy. There is a "sociology of ideas" approach that tries to link certain research traditions to a given set of research institutions and larger social priorities. And there is a philosophical approach that tries to work out what questions really are most pressing when we consider the challenges of the social sciences.
(The graphics at the top illustrate several very different ways of trying to make sense of a disparate set of related academic disciplines.) | <urn:uuid:288ee6ec-71fa-4c77-9b3a-2b0276c6cf81> | CC-MAIN-2015-06 | http://understandingsociety.blogspot.com/2013/02/rationale-for-philosophy-of-social.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2015-06/segments/1422115862432.8/warc/CC-MAIN-20150124161102-00244-ip-10-180-212-252.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.935833 | 2,072 | 2.65625 | 3 |
The term shingles broadly refers to roof coverings made of various materials. The most common materials are asphalt, wood, tile and concrete. In addition to materials composition, types of roof shingles vary according to design and application. The easiest way to identify the type of shingle you have, is to closely inspect the roof's covering for characteristics unique to a specific type of shingle.
- Skill level:
Things you need
- Extension ladder
Extend an extension ladder and set the ladder against the roof's eave. Climb the ladder to gain a closer look at the shingles.
Look at the size and shape of the shingles. Look for curved, half-circle shingles interlocked in a scalloped pattern; this design indicates tile roof shingles. Concrete shingles have a low, wavy profile and edges that snap together, like laminate flooring. If the shingles are thin, flat, about 3-feet wide and have a grainy surface, you are looking at asphalt shingles. Wood shingles are flat, slightly thicker than asphalt shingles and approximately 12 inches to 18 inches wide.
Touch the surface of a shingle to determine the material's texture. Tile shingles have a hard, relatively smooth surface and the tile's glaze feels slightly slick. Concrete shingles feel slightly grainy, like an exterior concrete slab. Asphalt shingles feel like they're covered with coarse sandpaper. Natural wood grains run straight up and down the surface of wood shingles, the grains feel like thin ridges.
Tips and warnings
- Historical homes might have slate roof shingles. Slate shingles are similar in size to wood shingles, but hard, like tile shingles. Slate is a deep, natural grey, sometimes veined with white and orange.
- 20 of the funniest online reviews ever
- 14 Biggest lies people tell in online dating sites
- Hilarious things Google thinks you're trying to search for | <urn:uuid:c1926802-dc81-4cb5-84e8-95851057d1e5> | CC-MAIN-2017-13 | http://www.ehow.co.uk/how_7744266_identify-types-roof-shingles.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-13/segments/1490218188623.98/warc/CC-MAIN-20170322212948-00044-ip-10-233-31-227.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.903223 | 426 | 3.28125 | 3 |
Frequently Asked QuestionsFAQs | About Color Temperature | About Beam Angles | About IP Ratings | About Dimmable LED Lights | About L70 Lifetime Hours
Q: What is LED Lighting?LED stands for Light Emitting Diode. The diode comes in the form of a computer chip on a circuit board. The properties of the diode cause it to generate light when an electric current passes through it. Depending on the chip and materials used, different colors in the color spectrum can be created. Prior to the technological revolution of the 90s and the rapid advancement of the microchip, the LED was used only in small-scale applications such as indicator lights.
The same advancements that spurred the computer to reach dizzying levels of efficiency have also done the same for the LED. Just as computers have become faster and cheaper, LED lights have become brighter, smaller, less expensive, and more sophisticated.
LEDs are solid state technology. That means there is no glass bulb, no pressurized gases, no mercury and no burning filament. With the traditional bulb, 90% of its energy is transmitted as heat while light is a mere by-product of electrifying the metal coil inside the bulb.
From the indicator light on your VCR to the light fixture above your head, LEDs have come a long way in becoming the go-to solution for building and home illumination.
Q: What’s the difference between UL listing and ETL listing?
UL and ETL are both what is called Nationally Recognized Testing Laboratories (NRTL). NRTLs are in place to provide independent safety and quality certifications on products. Electrical appliances typically require their certification (especially 240V appliances). UL develops the testing standards and tests to them. ETL tests to UL standards. In order for an inspector to sign off on permitted installation for an EVSE, the National Electric Code requires the EVSE be NRTL listed (in the US that is ETL or UL).
LED Waves, Inc. does use both laboratories; the selection of which laboratory depends on which company provides the best value for their service that we can then in turn pass on to our customers.
Q: Are E26 and E27 light bulb bases interchangeable?Yes. The E26 is the standard 120 Volt American base. The E27 is the European variant and is rated at 220 Volts. E26 is 26 mm and the E27 is 27 mm diameter. However, an E26 bulb can fit in E27 base and an E27 bulb can fit in E26 base without problem. The sockets / bulbs are interchangeable except for the voltage rating. Therefore, LED E26 bulbs that are universal line-voltage can be used in both E26 and E27 sockets.
Q: Why are LED lights so expensive?
Even considering the energy savings and replacement costs, LED lights come with a fair amount of sticker shock. Part of this is because they're so new; more research and development is being poured into this field than any other lighting technology. As our understanding of this technology increases prices will continue to fall. For example, early LEDs were mounted on a sapphire substrate. Today's LED chip designers are experimenting with various silicon substances to replace expensive sapphire while not compromising performance.
Still, it is unlikely that LED lights will ever break the price point of standard incandescent lights since more work goes into the components. Light-emitting diodes are not based simply on fire or a heated filament in a glass like older technology; each lamp is the product of soldering together a number of parts - a heat sink, driver, circuit board and LED chips engineered for specific lighting applications. Think of an LED light fixture as an appliance rather than a disposable object.
LED Waves happens to build products exclusively with high-quality, name brand LEDs. These chips reflect more years of research in the field, and the fact that companies like Cree and Nichia have lasted so long amid other fly-by-night LED operations speaks to the dependability of these finished products. If an LED bulb promises 5 years of useful life, shouldn't its chip manufacturer have been in business at least that long?
Q: What are IP ratings (i.e IP65, IP67, etc.?)A two-digit number established by the International Electro Technical Commission, is used to provide an Ingress Protection rating to a piece of electronic equipment or to an enclosure for electronic equipment. The first digit indicates protection against ingress of solid objects. The second digit indicates protection against ingress of liquids. For more details on the protection level of each digit, please refer to this page.
Q: What are the advantages of using LEDs over traditional lighting?
The LED lights of today match or surpass the performance of all incumbent lighting technologies. LEDs operate on significantly less energy than incandescent lights, which are wildly inefficient. They also last longer (average 10 years of normal use) and are more durable because they are solid state, shock-proof, and can be housed safely in plastic instead of glass. LED wall washers and spotlights are DMX controllable to create color and light intensity effects which cannot be achieved with other technologies.
At roughly half the efficiency, a CFL almost stacks up against an LED bulb yet still comes up short in terms of reliability. Fluorescent lights rely on chemical reactions with gases (including the neurotoxin mercury) contained within a fragile bulb. These reactions are adversely affected by upside-down installations. Furthermore, the ballast of a CFL is not designed to handle rapid on-off cycles - all of which explain why so many people are disappointed by these bulbs.
The bottom line is that LEDs are easier and safer to use than all previous lighting technologies. And LEDs will save you money by consuming less power, requiring fewer replacements, and generating much less heat, which in turn combine to result in lower cooling costs.
Q: How do I compare my current lighting with LED lighting so I can make intelligent decisions?
In the past, we have generally referred to the brightness of a bulb in terms of its wattage, or the amount of power that the bulb uses (or energy it consumes). Because of the disparity between incandescent and LED technologies, we have to change our language a bit in order to account for progress. When referring to brightness, we now find ourselves comparing lumens (see Q: What is a lumen?).
However, when comparing LEDs with incandescents, it gets a little trickier because the typical incandescent projects light in 360 degrees – at the ceiling, within the fixture, everywhere - not just where you need it. Because LED lights are directional, they focus all the light they generate exactly where you want it, and nowhere that you don't.
Another consideration is color temperature. In the past, this has been very difficult to control because you basically got whatever color your particular bulb produced. Typically this was a Warm White (about 3000K) if you had an incandescent bulb, and a Cool White (around 5000K) if you had a fluorescent bulb. Because the LED is an intelligent, solid-state technology, we are able to produce LEDs that not only produce Warm White and Cool White, but are able to produce up to 16 million different colors, each a different temperature. | <urn:uuid:a457d4af-5494-4171-b610-bf7bdae23545> | CC-MAIN-2016-30 | https://www.ledwaves.com/pages/frequently-asked-questions | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-30/segments/1469257824133.26/warc/CC-MAIN-20160723071024-00113-ip-10-185-27-174.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.938315 | 1,494 | 2.84375 | 3 |
Note: at that time, an Infanry Division roughly counted 18.000 men – assuming that not all Divisions were at their maximum strength, about 100.000 – 120.000 men pushed the Allied forces back on a front line of about 40 kilometers.
“Between Ghent and Courtrai, our troops have crossed the Lys river, we are pushing westward. At the river, the Belgian troops are maintaining their positions in some places, others have withdrawn, despite their orders to defend. The units are more and more mixing up, their fighting power has been further reduced.
On both sides of Coutrai, and in their positions at Tourcoing and St. Amand, the British and French are holding on, defending persistently.” | <urn:uuid:8eedb195-dafb-4dd6-9688-4ceacb4034d4> | CC-MAIN-2019-47 | http://www.the-war-diary.com/?p=642 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-47/segments/1573496669431.13/warc/CC-MAIN-20191118030116-20191118054116-00394.warc.gz | en | 0.976867 | 157 | 2.734375 | 3 |
Meningitis B vaccine close to EU licence14th June 2011
The Swiss pharmaceutical company Novartis hopes to bring to market in Europe a new vaccine for meningitis B, which causes meningococcal disease, by the end of this year.
The vaccine is said to offer 80% protection against the bacterial infection, which causes around 1,600 cases of meningococcal disease and 120 deaths annually in the UK alone.
The breakthrough vaccine now means that meningitis could be virtually eliminated.
Bacterial meningitis can strike in minutes and kill in just hours, and experts have hailed the results of recent trials of the vaccine as very encouraging.
The disease is extremely frightening to parents because it has a 10% mortality rate and can result in permanent disabilities for survivors that include neurological problems, deafness and the loss of limbs and fingers.
A vaccination against meningitis C, which was introduced into the UK in November 1999, is estimated to have prevented 1,000 deaths. Health officials now say the disease has been virtually eliminated.
Meningitis B is the more common strain of the disease, accounting for around 90% of remaining cases.
The new vaccine, known as 4CMenB, performed well in three trials on more than 3,000 infants, toddlers and adolescents.
The results were presented to experts at the European Society for Paediatric Infectious Diseases in The Hange, and show that the vaccine produces a robust immune response with few side-effects.
It was found to give protection against 80% of the 1,000 strains of the disease that are currently circulating in Europe.
Manufacturer Novartis expects to be given a licence by the European Medicines Agency at the end of 2011.
The current meningitis C vaccine costs around £23 (US$37) to confer full immunity, and the meningitis B vaccine took much longer and required more resources to develop.
But UK officials say the vaccine was no more costly than other vaccines to develop.
One in 10 people carry the meningitis bacterium in their noses and throats without coming to any harm, but can occasionally erupt into an inflammation of the membrane surrounding the brain, causing life-threatening illness.
The factors that trigger the disease are not fully understood.
If the bacterium gets into the bloodstream it can cause meningococcal septicaemia, which can lead to organ failure and death.
Researchers used a technique known as "reverse vaccinology" to develop the 4CMenB vaccine, which uses the decoded genome of a single strain of the bacterium to yield proteins from which the vaccine was constructed.
Then, they used genetic engineering to pick out the proteins that did the best job of stimulating the immune system.
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Title: Meningitis B vaccine close to EU licence
Author: Luisetta Mudie
Article Id: 18755
Date Added: 14th Jun 2011 | <urn:uuid:22dc9054-60dd-4b0a-a5d9-deecd5955393> | CC-MAIN-2017-09 | http://www.healthcare-today.co.uk/news/meningitis-b-vaccine-close-to-eu-licence/18755/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-09/segments/1487501170614.88/warc/CC-MAIN-20170219104610-00488-ip-10-171-10-108.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.954592 | 640 | 3.171875 | 3 |
Talk about spooky: There's a statuette in a Manchester Museum display case that's slowly rotating — completely on its own — over the course of the day until it's facing the opposite direction. It might be the curse of Neb-Sanu — or perhaps something much simpler.
The 10-inch tall statuette of Neb-Sanu, which has been in the museum for the past 80 years, only spins during the day. The 3,800 year-old artifact doesn't appear to move at night.
The Independent reports:
Campbell Price, an Egyptologist at the museum, suggests the museum may have been struck by ancient curse.
He told the Manchester Evening News: "I noticed one day that it had turned around. I thought it was strange because it is in a case and I am the only one who has a key.
“I put it back but then the next day it had moved again. We set up a time-lapse video and, although the naked eye can’t see it, you can clearly see it rotate on the film. The statuette is something that used to go in the tomb along with the mummy.
“Mourners would lay offerings at its feet.
“In Ancient Egypt they believed that if the mummy is destroyed then the statuette can act as an alternative vessel for the spirit. Maybe that is what is causing the movement.”.
The likely explanation? Differential friction. The two different surfaces — the bottom of the stone statuette and the glass shelf — are rubbing against each other as museum-goers create step vibrations. And it's these vibrations that are making the statuette slowly spin.
But the museum curators aren't buying it, saying “But it has been on those surfaces since we have had it and it has never moved before. And why would it go around in a perfect circle?” | <urn:uuid:b0d662f2-e20e-483f-8fb6-798759ab5cf6> | CC-MAIN-2014-10 | http://io9.com/why-is-this-ancient-egyptian-statue-slowly-turning-by-i-555160231?autoplay=1 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2014-10/segments/1393999674642/warc/CC-MAIN-20140305060754-00026-ip-10-183-142-35.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.976442 | 398 | 2.734375 | 3 |
Tsunami Didn't Redraw Asian Coastlines
JAKARTA, Indonesia Aerial images of tsunami-battered coastlines suggest the world map may be changed forever, with chunks of land sinking into the sea. But did the quake and the killer wave it spawned really significantly reshape the Indian Ocean's outline? Scientists say probably not.
Almost all the apparent land fragmentation is likely due to temporary flooding, experts say. However, there are signs -- still too early to verify -- that a handful of isolated Indian islands near the center of the quake or its aftershocks may indeed have changed.
Cecep Subarya, of Indonesia's National Coordination Agency for Surveys and Mapping, says no new islands have been spotted, and no existing islands have been seen to vanish or split up off the northwest coast of Indonesia's Sumatra island, the earthquake's epicenter.
Nor has Sumatra's coast been reshaped, he said.
Experts say nearly all the rest of the region is too far from the epicenter for the physical geography to have been affected. Those areas look different now because of flooding from the tsunami, but the water will recede.
One exception may be the Andaman and Nicobar islands. Experts say it's possible that the Indian archipelago, some of it about 150 kilometers (90 miles) off northwestern Sumatra and in the general location of strong aftershocks, may have been changed for good.
Local Coast Guard Commander Anil Pokhariyal said his aerial survey of the islands indicated that one may have been cut in two and another divided into three since the disaster. A third island, Sentinelese, appears to be reshaped, he said.
"A long stretch of coral reef, which used to be under the sea, has now emerged overland," he said. "The island appears to have tilted -- one side submerged and the other emerging above water."
However, it is not yet clear whether such reported changes are due to the tsunami, which creates only temporary changes, or to the quake, which can make permanent ones, said Christophe Vigny, a geophysicist at France's National Center for Scientific Research in Paris.
In Sumatra, study results due within the next three weeks will verify whether any apparent changes are the result of temporary floodwater cover or real remolding, Subarya said. If the landscape has been reformed, he said, it is likely to have been only by centimeters (fractions of inches) -- an invisible difference.
He said the entire island had apparently moved a few centimeters closer to India immediately after the quake, but measurements taken Tuesday showed it has mostly moved back in the week since the disaster.
Major immediate landscape changes are more likely to be caused by volcanoes than earthquakes, scientists say. For instance, the 1883 explosive eruption of Indonesia's volcanic Krakatoa island left only one-third of the island above sea level and formed nearby new islands of pumice and ash.
The Dec. 26 tsunami hammered some Indian Ocean coastlines harder than others, and scientists say several factors explain why.
Part of the reason was the wave's shape, Vigny said.
It formed in a north-south line along the quake's fault line, sending the water's full force east toward Thailand and West toward Sri Lanka and India. Bangladesh escaped unscathed because its coast is relatively far north of the epicenter and faces south.
Myanmar has reportedly suffered less than some neighboring countries. However, scientists believe its proximity to Sumatra means it likely took a hard hit, and are skeptical of the ruling military junta's claims of light damage.
"Many scientists think the wave should have hit the southern coast of Myanmar. There is no reason why the wave should not get there," Vigny said.
Another reason the tsunami's impact varied in neighboring locations is that, while the wave's height is almost uniform in deep water, its force and behavior are influenced by the shape of the ocean floor when it approaches land. The sea floor shape can either focus or hamper the wave, and since every basin is slightly different, so is every wave.
For example, a steep drop-off from the coastline to the open sea -- rather than a shallow slope -- can form a natural barrier that tames a wave's ferocity.
"Every wave has its own interaction with the coastline," Vigny said.
Concerning demographics, experts say they do not expect the heavy death toll, which includes a lot of children, to have any impact on the makeup of populations because younger people are already heavily represented in many affected areas. Also, the total death toll in each country, especially Indonesia, is still a fraction of the population and not enough to make a demographic dent.
Source: Associated Press | <urn:uuid:2766da6a-17e9-4cf9-9a17-1d799c1a0da0> | CC-MAIN-2016-30 | http://www.enn.com/top_stories/article/717 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-30/segments/1469257832399.72/warc/CC-MAIN-20160723071032-00081-ip-10-185-27-174.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.959219 | 983 | 3.078125 | 3 |
Museum - Madhya Pradesh
Museums In Madhya Pradesh - Displaying The Past
Madhya Pradesh is a state that is extravagantly rich in history and archaeological heritage. And museums turn out to be the best medium of showcasing this valuable gift to the common man, all together. These museums have received country wide acclaim for exceptionally preserving the artifacts that date back to 1st century as well. Madhya Pradesh has come under the rule of many dynasties and they all have left a piece of their royalty and culture burrowed in the soil. And now, they have proven invaluable for us, to know our past and understand our ancestors. Many of these museums have been built on the excavation site itself.
Archaeological Museum, Gwalior
The museum is located right in front of Hathi Pole gate of Gwalior Fort. Started in the year 1984, the museum consists of a huge hall where all the displays are kept. There are two adjoining verandahs as well. The museum is famous for the sculptures collected from Gwalior that date from 1st century to 18th century. There are life-size figures that are covered with heavy garments and jewelery. Best of them are images of Balarama, Kartikeya and Lakulisa. One can visit this museum on all days except Fridays. The timing is from 10 AM to 5 PM.
Archaeological Museum, Sanchi
The museum was originally established in the year 1919 by Sir John Marshall. But the museum changed location and was shifted to the base of Sanchi Stupa in the year 1966. There are four main galleries in the museum that showcase items belonging to six cultural periods, Kushana, Satvahana, Maurya, Sunga, Gupta and post Gupta period. Most of the objects displayed are from Sanchi itself. The gigantic image of Nagarjuna, Yakshi, Dhyani Buddha in red sandstone will catch your attention. But the best of them all is Ashokan Lion Capital, which is kept in the main hall. The image shows four sitting lions with their back towards one another and facing different directions. The museum is open for tourists from 10 AM to 5PM and is closed on Fridays.
This museum gives to us the entire history of Madhya Pradesh under one roof. The collection in the museum ranges from prehistoric age to the present. You will find tools and instruments of Paleolithic and Neolithic age. The best attraction of the museum is the scale model of Bhimbetka caves with the prehistoric paintings on the walls. Other items on display are the terracotta items of 6th and 13th century, rare manuscripts, and coins. The museum is closed on Mondays and on all government holidays. You can visit the museum between 9 AM and 5 PM.
Maharaja Jiwaji Rao Scindia Museum
Established in the year 1964, the museum is situated in the famous Jai Vilas Palace in Gwalior. The museum has put on display various objects like sculptures, bronze statues, miniature paintings, and coins. The weapons that were once used by the royal family are also on display. Visit the section that has the collection of rare manuscripts and art works of Chinese, and Japanese origin. However the best item in the museum is the silver train that was once used to serve dishes to the royal guest on the dining table.
Visiting the museums of Madhya Pradesh is your chance of living the past and experiencing the history. Even the most unknown and low lying villages are a treasure that contain artifacts from the earliest centuries. Come to the museums of Madhya Pradesh that are mirrors reflecting our days of yore. | <urn:uuid:7cc6dd19-0641-470e-a813-fa855d54cfc5> | CC-MAIN-2015-27 | http://www.indialine.com/travel/madhyapradesh/museums.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2015-27/segments/1435375097038.44/warc/CC-MAIN-20150627031817-00060-ip-10-179-60-89.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.958054 | 749 | 2.78125 | 3 |
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