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Bagh print is one of the famous hand blocks printing craft of India, practiced in tribal village “Bagh” situated at the banks of Baghini River. Minerals found in the Baghini river water gave natural color more vibrancy and increase its fastness. Due to its local specialty it got geographical indicated brand status in the year 2009. Some 400 years ago few families migrated from Sindh province in today’s Pakistan to Manavar and then Bagh. National awardee late Ismail Sulemanji Khatri made this art of hand blocks printing famous by experimenting with urban outfits and variety of designs. Before 1960 hand block printers from Bagh were known as alizarin printers because of use of alizarin in the printing and dying process but today they are famous as Bagh printers due to geographical uniqueness associated with the craft. In 2009 it got geographical indication from the government of India.
Traditionally a combination of buta (flower) and buti (small flower) pattern is used in Bagh prints but today EcoFab introduced other design patterns in this craft. Bagh print is basically a kind of alizarin & direct hand block printing practiced in various parts of India including Rajasthan and Gujarat. In this craft of hand block printing alizarin (Natural chemical extracted from (Morinda citrifolia) also a rich source of red dye was used to fix red and black color printed on cotton or silk using wooden blocks. Today natural alizarin is replaced by synthetic alizarin.
Basically two vegetable colours used in printing are red and black. To print red colour alum is used to prepare a liquid by boiling it in water. Black colour is prepared by keeping corrosion of iron with jaggery solution in a pot for 10-15 days. Now a day readily available “Kashish” made from iron rust is also used to increase the fastness of black color.
Sometimes khakhi color evolved in printing by processing black color with harada powder (Myrobalan) and golden yellow by processing with caustic soda but these two colors can’t be dyed. Bagh printing requires 12-15 days to produce a lot of 800 meters fabric. | <urn:uuid:2c634817-5695-48b8-9230-cd5163df725e> | CC-MAIN-2019-18 | http://ecofab.in/product/bagh-print-handloom-khadi-cotton-dupatta-002/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-18/segments/1555578527135.18/warc/CC-MAIN-20190419041415-20190419063415-00198.warc.gz | en | 0.942793 | 458 | 2.5625 | 3 |
Just picture it: armed paratroopers storming a beach, armed to the teeth and ready to kill . . . a bunch of unarmed, helpless birds. That’s a bit over the top, but it’s not far from the truth and the lives of birds are actually at stake. The American Bird Conservancy (ABC) is sounding the alarm over plans by U.S. Army Corps of Engineers that would see 16,000 cormorant birds in the Columbia River Estuary near Portland, OR killed using silenced rifles and night vision scopes in an effort to reduce the number of baby fish eaten by the birds. If the Army Corps plans go ahead, the 16,000 Double Crested Cormorants would be killed over a period of four years, but the ABC says their plans are flawed.
About 15,000 pairs of the birds live on East Sand Island (ESI) in the Columbia River, which provides an excellent breeding habitat for them and a great place from which to fish – as they dive into the water and catch small fish with their hooked beach. According to the Oregonian, the $1.5 million per year program run over four years would equip federal trappers with silenced rifles and night vision scopes to shoot the birds during their nesting season. The trappers would also cover the birds’ eggs in oil to keep them from hatching, while also flooding part of the island once the cormorant population reaches a target to limit nesting.
The ABC says the cull by the Army Corps would cut the number of cormorants on the island to less than half, a number that doesn’t sit well. “We have some deep concerns . . . The determination that the breeding population on ESI must be reduced to approximately 5,600 breeding pairs is not based on any rigorous or peer-reviewed analysis,” said Dr. George Wallace of the ABC in a press release. “Salmon smolt consumption by cormorants has varied from levels that are considered acceptable by NOAA Fisheries (2 million smolts in 2005) to those considered highly unacceptable (20 million smolts in 2011) despite little change in the size of the ESI (double crested cormorant) colony. The lack of direct correlation between smolt consumption and colony size means that the number of smolts saved from management to reduce colony size is difficult to predict based on colony size alone.”
Project manager for the Army Corps, Sondra Ruckwardt, says the cormorants have the biggest impact on juvenile steelhead trout, eating about 3.6 percent of the migrating population each year. According to the Oregonian, the Army Corps passed over a non-lethal alternative to the bird cull because it said it would just put the birds to another part of the estuary or other coastal area with endangered fish. | <urn:uuid:e0e80fa2-bdec-44fe-b911-a436a1af174f> | CC-MAIN-2016-36 | http://inhabitat.com/army-corps-plans-to-kill-16000-birds-with-silenced-rifles-and-night-vision-scopes/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-36/segments/1471982292151.8/warc/CC-MAIN-20160823195812-00185-ip-10-153-172-175.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.956489 | 592 | 2.515625 | 3 |
A Story of Innovation, Failure and Hope
On March 15, 2018, at 1:45 PM, a pedestrian bridge under construction at Florida International University (FIU) in Miami collapsed onto the cars below it at a traffic light. Six people were killed, and one person was permanently disabled.
The bridge—a single concrete span that weighed 930 tons—had been placed over the roadway less than a week before. In the days leading up to the collapse, large cracks had developed in the bridge’s concrete. The key project participants were aware of the cracks and were communicating frequently about whether they posed a danger to public safety. Despite the misgivings of many, it was determined that the cracks were not dangerous, a disastrous conclusion given the final outcome.
With any construction problem that results in injuries or deaths, it is important to review what could have been done differently to prevent it. This blog post presents the first of a three-part series that will look at the FIU bridge collapse from various perspectives.
- In Part 1–The Events, we describe the months, weeks and days leading up to the disaster.
- In the next post, Part 2–The Participants, we will review the details of the firms and circumstances—communications, pressures and decisions prior to the event.
- And finally, in Part 3, we will examine The Lessons that we all must consider when managing a complex construction project.
Part 1: The Events
In 2013, Florida International University received $19M in funds to build a pedestrian bridge over SW 8th Street. The bridge would allow students to walk over a canal and eight lanes of traffic from the City of Sweetwater to the school campus.
FIU chose Munilla Construction Management, Inc. (MCM) to build the bridge and Bolton Perez and Associates, Inc. (BPA) of Miami to do the Construction Engineering and Inspection work.
MCM hired FIGG Bridge Engineers (FIGG) of Tallahassee as a sub-contractor and Engineer of Record (EOR) and Structural Technologies (VSL) to perform post-tensioning on the project.
Design and Construction of the Bridge
FIGG designed the bridge to look like a cable-stayed bridge, although structurally it was not. It had two spans that would eventually be connected, one over the roadway, and one over the canal next to it. The illustration below shows the bridge in its current state at the time of the collapse.
FIGG and MCM began work in 2017. The companies used an Accelerated Bridge Construction (ABC) technique to limit road closures, and the casting of the main bridge was done in a yard next to SW 8th Street. Formwork was put up to support the bridge, and from October-December 2017, the concrete was poured at various intervals.
In early 2018, the bridge was post-tensioned by VSL. (Post-tensioning means that the reinforced concrete is strengthened by applying tension/stress to the steel rods inside. These rods may be repeatedly stressed and de-stressed during construction to test the strength of the structure.)
On the day the formwork was removed and the bridge was self-standing for the first time, employees from MCM and other firms heard a loud popping noise. They walked over the bridge and took photos of cracks that had developed, especially at the base of diagonal 11. FIGG responded to the photos with comments like “no structural concern” and “cracks expected.”
A few days later, the bridge was moved over the street, and a fateful set of events was set into motion.
Day 1: Saturday, March 10th—The Bridge is Moved
On the morning of Saturday, March 10, SW 8th Street was closed, and the bridge was relocated to its permanent location over the road. Employees from the different companies were there, including six FIGG engineers from Tallahassee. At that time, the north end of the bridge was generally without cracks except for the ones mentioned above.
Soon after the bridge was placed over the road, MCM, BPA and FIGG employees walked over it to look for anything unusual. FIGG reported no significant issues, though a March 12 email from MCM contradicted this, saying that MCM and BPA had noticed cracks.
After the move, VSL de-stressed the steel in several diagonals, a normal part of the construction process at this point. As they worked on diagonal 11, more cracks began to appear, especially in the lower and upper parts. Three VSL employees observed the cracks and sent pictures, saying that “it cracked like hell.”
Day 3: Monday, March 12—Bigger Cracks
On March 12, MCM employees took more pictures of the cracks which appeared to have grown in size. They sent these pictures to FIGG in an email stating, “Your immediate attention and response is required.”
Day 4: Tuesday, March 13—More Cracking, Emails and Shims
FIGG opened the email from MCM on Tuesday morning. After reviewing the photos, FIGG asked MCM to place an additional plastic shim directly under the span.
FIGG replied that “We have evaluated this further and confirmed that this is not a safety issue.” FIGG also told MCM to re-tension the two steel bars inside diagonal 11 as soon as possible, but to keep a close eye in case the crack size increased.
This re-tensioning was not part of the original plan. FIGG hoped that doing so would either stop further growth of the cracks or shrink the crack sizes. Since the VSL team had moved out of town, the re-tensioning was scheduled for Thursday, March 15.
Day 5: Wednesday, March 14—Bigger Cracks and a Plan
MCM sent additional pictures of the expanding cracks to FIGG and confirmed an early meeting for March 15.
FIGG spent the 14th at its office analyzing the pictures and prepping for the presentation the following day.
MCM placed the recommended shim under the span. They also told VSL to prepare to re-tension the steel bars in diagonal 11 and arranged a crane to be there to help.
VSL asked MCM if the cracks would be fixed before they performed the job. MCM said no—FIGG had assured them that the cracks did not present any safety issues.
Day 6: Thursday, March 15—Team Meeting, Re-Tensioning and Collapse
Early in the morning on March 15, two FIGG structural engineers arrived from Tallahassee and examined the cracks, first walking over the deck and then using a man-lift. Also present were employees of MCM and BPA who later reported that the cracks looked worse than in the pictures.
After, employees of all the companies met in MCM’s trailer. FIGG again stated that the cracks did not present any safety concerns. They thought that the cracks were caused by a temporary condition and that after the other span was constructed, the pressure on the main span would be reduced.
FIGG suggested some remedial measures. However they did not recommend bracing the bridge, nor did they suggest closing SW 8th Street in the meantime. FIGG’s findings were not peer-reviewed and neither was their recommendation to re-tension the steel bars.
At noon, VSL gathered its crew on the bridge to begin re-tensioning the steel bars in diagonal 11. As instructed, they alternated between the upper and lower bars, adding a little bit of pressure each time until the correct tension was reached. They had just finished re-tensioning the upper bar and were at the lower bar when the bridge collapse occurred.
The concrete at the junction of diagonal 11 and column 12 collapsed, creating a hole. Column 12 then lost support and failed. The top tilted 80 degrees south and the base of column 12 shifted a few feet north but remained on the top of the pylon. The collapse of the canopy, diagonal 11 and the deck followed.
The falling bridge crushed five motorists in the cars that were stopped at the traffic light. One VSL employee also died, and another was critically injured.
The collapse received a great deal of national media attention in the subsequent days and months. In addition, OSHA investigated and produced a comprehensive report.
In the next post, Part 2—The Participants, we will examine some of the circumstances and decisions surrounding this disaster, particularly the decision-making about whether the bridge was safe after the cracks appeared.
The details of the bridge c | <urn:uuid:6e9c4cbf-8538-4651-b428-2adff9ffcb47> | CC-MAIN-2020-40 | https://www.joagroup.com/six-days-to-disaster-the-bridge-collapse-at-florida-international-university-part-1/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-40/segments/1600400192887.19/warc/CC-MAIN-20200919204805-20200919234805-00759.warc.gz | en | 0.975127 | 1,788 | 2.78125 | 3 |
Rare earths constitute the 15 lanthanide elements in the periodic table plus yttrium, a naturally associated mineral.
Rare earths are relatively abundant in the Earths crust, but do not often occur in minable concentrations.
World resources are contained primarily in bastnäsite and monazite. Bastnäsite deposits in China and the US constitute the largest percentage of the worlds rare earth economic resources, while monazite deposits constitute the second largest segment.
Apatite, cheralite, eudialyte, loparite, phosphorites, rare-earth-bearing (ion adsorption) clays, secondary monazite, spent uranium solutions and xenotime make up most of the remaining resources.
Rare earths have a wide range of applications from polishing powders to high-strength magnets, and are critical to environmental technologies such as electric vehicle motors and wind turbines, defence applications, and high-tech products such as smart phones.
The elements can be split into two groups: light rare earths and heavy rare earths, with the former generally occurring in much higher concentrations in the world
The main traded light rare earths elements are: lanthanum, cerium, praseodymium, neodymium and samarium.
The main traded heavy rare earth elements are: europium, gadolinium, terbium, dysprosium and erbium. Yttrium is usually grouped with the heavy elements.Supply
Throughout the 1990s and 2000s, rare earths production has been increasingly dominated by China, which now accounts for over 95% of global output.
Based in Inner Mongolia, Baotou Steel Rare Earth High-Tech Co. is Chinas largest player, producing around 55,000 tpa of light rare earths from its Bayan Obo mine.
Heavy rare earths and yttrium are largely extracted from ionic adsorption clays in Jiangxi and surrounding southern provinces, producing about 36,000 tpa.
However Chinas decision to begin limiting exports in the minerals in 2005 has led to a gradual reduction in commercially available rare earth products, and has spurred a frenzy of exploration activity in other parts of the world.
Among those attempting to fill the supply gap left by China, two of the most advanced developers are the US company Molycorp Inc., which is developing the Mountain Pass mine in California, US, and the Australian firm Lynas Corp. which owns the Mount Weld mine in Western Australia.
Other projects of note that are still at an early stage of development include the Dubbo Zirconia (and rare earths) project in Australia, owned by Alkane Resources Ltd; the Browns Range heavy rare earths project, also in Australia, owned by Northern Minerals Ltd; the Bokan Mountain project in Alaska owned by Ucore Rare Metals Inc.; the Kipawa heavy rare earth project in Canada owned by Matamec Explorations Inc.; and the Norra Karr heavy rare earths project in Sweden, owned by Tasman Metals Ltd.
Global rare earth oxide (REO) production in 2012 was estimated to be about 110,000 tonnes, according to the US Geological Survey (USGS).
Rare earths provide essential properties for a large number of hi-tech industries and are increasingly important in green energy technologies and consumer electronics.
The largest growth sector is expected to be for high-strength permanent magnets, including neodymium-iron-boron (Nd-Fe-B) and samarium cobalt (Sm-Co) magnets.
Nd-Fe-B magnets not only use neodymium but also the heavy rare earth element, dysprosium, and no substitute has been found for either raw material.
High-strength magnets are used in critical environmental and defence technologies including wind turbine motors, missiles, guidance systems as well as disk drives for computers and portable electronics.
The most common and lowest value rare earth element, cerium, is commonly used in polishing powders for high-value glass such as that used in televisions and computer screens.
The phosphorescent properties of rare earths including yttrium, europium and lanthanum are also central to plasma television and computer technology. They are also used in energy-saving light bulbs and x-rays.
Other applications are in metal alloys, ceramics, glass, lasers and fibre optics.
A price spike in 2011 caused by panic-buying in response to concerns over supply security of the minerals has led to many rare earth consumers using substitute raw materials, which has dented the rare earths market.
Prices fell more than 50% in 2012, and lacklustre demand caused major producers like Baotou Steel Rare Earth Hi-Tech to register huge falls in profits compared with 2011.
Due to the volumes used in hi-tech industries, Japan is the worlds largest importer of the materials, followed by the EU and the US. | <urn:uuid:edf2b1c1-5416-4a79-8a65-a5be82a34f31> | CC-MAIN-2020-45 | https://www.indmin.com/RareEarths.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-45/segments/1603107900200.97/warc/CC-MAIN-20201028162226-20201028192226-00060.warc.gz | en | 0.925487 | 1,035 | 2.953125 | 3 |
As school district’s make their way through the maze that is the Act 1 timeline, the next requirement is the adoption of a ballot question for the upcoming primary election. The ballot question must propose an increase in either the earned income or personal income tax and must explain that the increase will be used to offset the homestead exclusions.
Act 1 requires Districts to hold a public hearing on this question and then to adopt a formal resolution to propose this ballot question. But how exactly is that accomplished?
The Act requires that the advertisement be advertised in the manner required by the Local Tax Enabling Act. That law then requires that the advertisement of any proposed tax be published one per week for three consecutive weeks prior to adoption of the Resolution imposing the tax. The advertisement must state the rate of the proposed tax, the amount of revenue expected to be raised, and the purpose of the tax.
A school district also may include notice of the public hearing in the same advertisement as the resolution itself, although there is no requirement that the ads be combined (the notice of the hearing need only run once).
Once everything has been advertised properly, and once the public hearing has been held, the District may adopt the resolution. | <urn:uuid:a57a8e4e-3529-4fcc-a5be-da6449726e27> | CC-MAIN-2017-30 | https://publicsectorlaw.wordpress.com/2007/02/01/act-1-what-is-next/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-30/segments/1500549424889.43/warc/CC-MAIN-20170724162257-20170724182257-00366.warc.gz | en | 0.95695 | 246 | 2.609375 | 3 |
El Nino May Return as Models Signal Warming of Pacific Ocean
An El Nino weather pattern, which can parch Australia and parts of Asia while bringing rains to South America, may occur in the coming months as the Pacific Ocean warms, according to Australia’s Bureau of Meteorology.
Most climate models suggest the tropical Pacific will warm through the southern autumn and winter, the bureau said in a statement today. Some models predict this warming may approach El Nino thresholds by early winter, it said. Australia’s autumn runs from March to May and winter is from June to August.
El Ninos, which are caused by the warming of the Pacific, affect weather worldwide and can roil agricultural markets as farmers contend with drought or too much rain. An El Nino trend is likely to develop this year, Gavin Schmidt, deputy director of NASA’s Goddard Institute for Space Studies in New York, said this month. It’s been almost five years since the last event, which typically occurs every two to seven years, according to Indonesia’s Meteorological, Climatology and Geophysics Agency.
“Less spring rainfall for the east coast would be the major concern” for Australia, said Paul Deane, an analyst at Australia & New Zealand Banking Group Ltd. in Melbourne. “It increases the chance that we’re not going to get trend wheat yields, that would be one of the risks. The other one would be on livestock, where you’d have lower pasture growth.”
Global food costs tracked by the United Nations dropped 3.4 percent last year amid record wheat and corn harvests. The price of Thai 5 percent broken white rice, an Asian benchmark, lost 23 percent to $450 a ton in 2013. Thailand, Vietnam and India are the world’s biggest rice exporters.
In the U.S., milk futures climbed to a record this month amid drought in California, the biggest producer, while cattle also rallied to an all-time high on lower domestic beef output. In Australia, abattoirs will increase slaughter by 5.6 percent to 8.9 million head in the year ending June 30, boosting beef exports to a record, the government estimates.
“Most climate models surveyed by the bureau suggest the tropical Pacific Ocean will warm through the southern autumn and winter,” the Melbourne-based office said. “Some, but not all, models predict this warming may approach El Nino thresholds by early winter.” The next update is expected on Feb. 11.
Depending on the size of the El Nino, it may push 2014 and, more likely, 2015 up the rankings of warmest years on record, the Goddard Institute’s Schmidt said on a conference call. The Earth’s warmest years, 2010 and 2005, were associated with the weather pattern.
El Ninos are associated with drier conditions in Australia, particularly in the country’s east, according to the weather bureau. The pattern occurred in 2009-2010, 2006-2007 and 2002-2003, according to the bureau.
“The last El Nino happened in 2009,” said Erwin Eka Syahputra, head of the Climate Early Warning Unit at Indonesia’s meteorology agency in Jakarta. “The El Nino has a cycle period of as fast as two years or the longest is seven years. So, if we look at that criteria, there is a possibility.”
To contact the editor responsible for this story: James Poole at [email protected] | <urn:uuid:7e7b9138-308d-4636-accd-c54cce426ad0> | CC-MAIN-2014-35 | http://mobile.bloomberg.com/news/2014-01-28/el-nino-may-develop-as-most-models-predict-pacific-ocean-warming.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2014-35/segments/1409535922763.3/warc/CC-MAIN-20140909052732-00335-ip-10-180-136-8.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.928189 | 748 | 3.34375 | 3 |
Volga region, a major wheat-growing area in Russia, plagued by persistent drought
Severe drought persisted in southern Russia in June and July 2010. “Low rainfall and hot temperatures damaged 32 percent of the country’s grain crops, said Russian Agriculture Minister, Yelena Skrynnik on July 23.” The above satellite vegetation index image, generated from data collected by MODIS on NASA’s Terra satellite, shows the extent of crop damage in southern Russia (world’s 4th largest wheat exporter). “The vegetation index is a reflection of photosynthesis. The index is high in areas where plants are dense, with plenty of photosynthesizing leaves. The index is low when plants are thin or not present. This image is a vegetation index anomaly image that compares photosynthesis between June 26 and July 11, 2010, to average conditions observed in late June and early July between 2000 and 2009. Below-average plant growth is shown in brown, while average growth is cream-colored. If there had been above-average growth in the region, it would have been represented in green.” Image and quotes from NASA E/O. Acquired June 26, 2010 – July 11, 2010. Click image to enlarge. Download large image (6 MB, JPEG).
See Also: World Sizzling in Hottest Year to Date
- Soaring temperatures across Russia destroy 10 million hectares of crops and prompt a state of emergency to be declared in 17 regions.
- U.S. Had 8th Warmest June, Wetter
- Drought and Deluge
- Earth: Wounded and Feverish | <urn:uuid:fcbf6f1d-e4a4-4502-83f8-240c5d59f863> | CC-MAIN-2014-49 | http://feww.wordpress.com/2010/07/26/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2014-49/segments/1416400373050.63/warc/CC-MAIN-20141119123253-00092-ip-10-235-23-156.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.94761 | 335 | 3.375 | 3 |
We built a seed-starting chamber with help from your very fine suggestions. Everything sprouted and has grown well except larkspur, which I especially wanted. The seed was new this year. Can you tell me why it didn't sprout and if there is still time to start it from seed this year?
Larkspur is one of the few annuals that need a cool temperature to germinate (between 55 and 60 degrees F.; 12 to 15 degrees celsius).
Seeds usually take between 15 and 20 days to germinate, and young plants like to remain cool for about two weeks to establish good roots. Always cover lightly with soil, as they need darkness to germinate well.
You can start them indoors or in your area (northern Illinois) you should be able to plant them directly outdoors, as we do, the last week in May, and get blooms by mid- to late August.
I started some polka dot plants from seeds with the idea of giving some to friends as potted houseplants. I have so many of them that I wonder if they would do all right planted outdoors in my flower bed. The pink dots on dark green leaves would fit in very nicely. Could they be taken up in fall and brought in as houseplants?
Polka dot plants make a delightful addition to flower gardens. Both Hypoestes sanguinolenta (pink dots) and Hypoestes white polka (white dots) grow well outdoors where temperatures remain 50 degrees F. or above.
It would be better to take cuttings in fall and root in water than to try to lift the mature plant, although it can be dug and divided with care.
Why did my pole beans have small, slightly curled pods last year? We want to avoid the problem this year.
The major cause of small pods on beans is a lack of moisture. Soil should never be allowed to become bone dry, especially when pods are forming.
Getting more organic matter into your soil and using a mulch will help conserve moisture during dry spells.
Would you make some comments about staking up tomato plants vs. letting them sprawl on the ground?
First we'll list the advantages of stalking:
1. Earlier fruiting and ripening.
2. Cleaner fruit, free from ground spots.
3. Fruits are larger, on the average.
4. Easier picking.
5. Higher production per square foot (but it takes more plants to accomplish it).
6. Avoidance of snail and slug injury.
The disadvantages are:
1. More work in supporting and tying plants.
2. Less fruit per plant.
3. More likelihood of getting sun-scalded .
4. More likelihood of blossom-end rot, since plants are subject to drying winds and more intense sunlight. Unstaked plants sprawl over and shade roots.
5. More staked plants required to produce the same amount of tomatoes that would be produced by unstaked ones.
Whichever method you use, be sure to use a mulch material around your plants to conserve moisture and keep roots cool.
If you have a question about your garden, inside or out, send it to the gardening page, The Christian Science Monitor, One Norway Street, Boston, Mass. 02115. Doc and Katy Abraham are nationally known horticulturists, authors of several books on gardening, and greenhouse operators for 25 years. | <urn:uuid:0ee1d596-d8ce-4c76-b4c2-b99f21ed0fd9> | CC-MAIN-2020-29 | https://www.csmonitor.com/1983/0520/052032.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-29/segments/1593655892516.24/warc/CC-MAIN-20200707111607-20200707141607-00190.warc.gz | en | 0.950517 | 719 | 2.625 | 3 |
First lets start on what is OWASP, The Open Web Application Security Project aka OWASP is a non-profit organization dedicated to providing unbiased, practical info about application security.
The OWASP Top 10 Web Application Security Risks was updated in 2017 to provide guidance to developers, security professionals and general public on the most critical vulnerabilities that are commonly found in web applications today, which can easily be exploit. These 10 application risks are dangerous because they may allow attackers to plant malware, steal data, or completely take over your computers, web servers or mobile devices.
Most security professional in the industry will adherence to OWASP standards, meeting these Compliance Standards is the First Step Toward a more Secure environment.
Web application cyber attacks are now the most frequent pattern in confirmed breaches based on 2018 Verizon Data Breach Investigations Report. Many organizations struggle to implement an application security model because they simply don’t know or don’t understand where to start. A great way to start is by setting security policies based on discovering, reporting and remediating OWASP Top 10 vulnerabilities, these policies will decrease your risk of breach.
Attackers inject malicious code into your system.
- Broken Authentication:
poorly configured sessions & cookies that can be stolen.
- Sensitive Data Exposure:
Poorly protect sensitive data in Applications and APIs such as Patients Info.
- XML External Entity:
Poorly configured XML that can be use to disclose internal files
- Broken Access Control:
Improperly configured or missing restrictions that can allow unauthorized access
- Security Misconfiguration:
poor Security configuration such as passwords policies, patching or upgrading systems.
- Cross-Site Scripting:
inserting malicious scripts into your apps such as redirect users to malicious websites.
- Insecure deserialization:
Serialization is a process of converting an object into raw data (bytes) to abuse the logic on application. The reverse process is called deserialization.
- Using Components with Known Vulnerabilities:
Using open source, third-party components or outdated systems.
- Insufficient Logging & Monitoring:
Poorly Managed logs and ineffective integration of security incident. | <urn:uuid:8552f21e-1b9c-4fd7-83a4-9ea8a4fa3be3> | CC-MAIN-2021-31 | https://coellogroup.com/owasp-top-10-vulnerabilities-made-simple/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-31/segments/1627046153803.69/warc/CC-MAIN-20210728220634-20210729010634-00340.warc.gz | en | 0.864379 | 448 | 2.625 | 3 |
I worked for four weeks at the University of Antananarivo (Ankatso), spending two weeks each in the chemistry and pharmacology laboratories. There I ran a total of eight experiments or “screens” with an alcoholic extract of the medicinal plant Mandravasarotra. This plant is found mainly in northwestern Madagascar, and is often used to stimulate contractions for women having difficulty giving birth. The plant tested positive for three secondary metabolites: tannins, steroids and flavanoids. In the pharmacological tests, the plant exhibited anti-inflammatory properties, and high toxicity in doses exceeding 10ml/kg. Together, conjectures may be made between what is known of the present secondary metabolites, and the physiological effects manifested. More work is necessary to know the exact nature of the classes of chemical compounds found, and their relation to the exhibited physiological manifestations.
Pharmacology, Toxicology and Environmental Health | Plant Sciences
Bowden Jr., Henry J., "Evaluating the Medicinal Properties of Mandravasarotra (Cinnamosa sida) Through Chemical and Pharmacological Screening" (2007). Independent Study Project (ISP) Collection. 123. | <urn:uuid:733f06a4-d42e-474f-9386-b525a0abb34d> | CC-MAIN-2017-47 | http://digitalcollections.sit.edu/isp_collection/123/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-47/segments/1510934806338.36/warc/CC-MAIN-20171121094039-20171121114039-00140.warc.gz | en | 0.892699 | 241 | 2.703125 | 3 |
Achieve your goals
Design a plan that saves and helps your money grow, so you can reach your goals.
Financial planning isn't just about making money — it's about creating new opportunities to reach your goals.
The aim of financial planning is more than just managing your savings and investments. It's about helping you plan for a future lifestyle that is as good as it can possibly be. You work hard so why not make sure your money is working as hard as you are.
Whether you are in your carefree 20s, consolidating 30s, comfortable 40s or cruising 50s, the advice of a professional financial planner can be critical in helping you achieve your financial goals by developing a strategy that will work for you.
A financial planner is your financial coach who will assist you in deciding what you want to achieve and set strategies to help you reach your goals.
No matter what stage in life you are at it is never too early or too late to start planning for your goals and objectives and protecting what you have or what you may have in the future.
SA Financial Planners support clients through their changing life stages.
Entering the work force is usually the first step toward financial independence. It is also the best time to develop sound financial habits by preparing a budget, establishing a saving pattern, setting financial goals, and following a wise borrowing strategy.
Young adults face the task of learning how to manage spending and saving within the constraints of their income levels. Here are some approaches to consider:
The ages of 25 to 35 are considered to be the typical asset building phase, characterised by:
As most people spend the majority of this time working, now is the time to realise your lifestyle goals (such as buying your first home, saving for your children's education, and saving for retirement). Meeting these goals will involve balancing between living for today and meeting tomorrow's needs. Although this is one of the greatest challenges of the asset building phase, we need to remind ourselves that income for our retirement and later life funding comes from early investing activities or cash savings.
Risk protection at this stage is also vital. This can be achieved by purchasing an adequate mix of personal insurance that will cover Life, Total Disablement, Trauma & Income Protection insurance.
Financial planning, wealth protection, savings, investing, asset allocation and diversification strategies should be developed early — with the help of a professional — to make sure you are on target to meet your future goals as you move towards your next major phase of life.
The Wealth Generation stage generally occurs when your income is rising. However, nicer homes, nicer cars and children can easily consume your increasing income.
This is the time when the financial decisions you make will have the greatest impact on the financial lifestyle you will enjoy during retirement. By now, you should have accrued savings, as well as the expertise to make sound choices such as:
The opportunities to help increase your nest egg, come with a host of complexities. This makes good financial planning essential.
Retirement planning is an incredibly important step in everyone's life, regardless of age or profession. After all, everyone wants to live comfortably and enjoy themselves in retirement. So, it is essential to begin preparing and planning for retirement as early on as possible.
Statistics show you will probably spend at least 20 years in retirement — hopefully many more. So it's important to develop an appropriate plan to ensure that the dividends of your hard work last throughout your retirement years.
With most of your income earning years behind you, it is critical that you protect and preserve everything that you invested your entire life to earn and accumulate. You need to protect what you can't afford to lose and develop predictable and tax efficient income strategies that will continue on long after you are no longer able to work.
The amount of money that is required for your retirement is highly personal and will depend on factors such as individual current lifestyles, general state of health, retirement assets, risk profile and the tax efficiency of investments.
Estate planning, although important at all stages of life, is especially vital during the transition to retirement phase and actual retirement phase. In simple terms, estate planning means having your affairs in order, enabling your family and loved ones to make decisions on your behalf upon your death or in the event of mental incapacity.
Retirement is something you should be looking forward to — not worrying about!
These years can and should be some of the most enjoyable and fulfilling times of your life. The freedom to live the retirement lifestyle of choice, and a sense of satisfaction with what you have accomplished, can make your golden years truly enjoyable. However, there are still financial issues that should be considered such as:
Thorough retirement planning, and successful execution of that planning, helps facilitate an enjoyable retirement. | <urn:uuid:0c16b7fc-b15f-4c5c-9346-ae6ad39d7de1> | CC-MAIN-2020-50 | https://www.safinancialplanners.co.za/what-we-do/how-we-can-help/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-50/segments/1606141733122.72/warc/CC-MAIN-20201204040803-20201204070803-00494.warc.gz | en | 0.963826 | 974 | 2.546875 | 3 |
Maximum Freedom, Minimum Government
Libertarians seek the maximum protection for the rights of all people against any violation, be it by other people, other nations, or our own government. We hold that Libertarians, by definition, oppose the initiation of coercion (force, threat of force, or fraud) as a means of achieving personal, political, or social goals.
Every human being is born sole owner of his or her body and mind, free to live and act as he or she sees fit. It is our principle that, so long as a person does not violate the rights of others, he or she should be left free and unrestrained.
Libertarians oppose coercion of peaceful individuals. Governments may only exist for the sole purpose of defending the freedoms of people. These freedoms include the right to life; the right to liberty of thought, speech and action; and the right to property.
Government is, essentially, raw concentrated force, and thus, prone to abuse. It is established and tolerated only as the agent and servant of the people–not their master. The force of government must be used only in response to an attack, fraud, or other initiation of force against an individual, group or government by another individual, group or government.
Governments have no business interfering in voluntary and contractual relations amongst individuals. All people should be equal before the law, free to deal with one another in a free market, the only system compatible with the principle of individual rights.
Government should reflect the consent of the governed and not subject individuals to tyranny of the majority. Where it exists, government must be kept to the minimum necessary to protect the rights of individuals. Libertarians hold that all human interaction should be voluntary and consensual, in accordance with the Non-Aggression Principle. | <urn:uuid:ad00644c-4c44-4b34-8163-394592a22ead> | CC-MAIN-2017-39 | http://www.tarrantlp.org/index.php/party-platform/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-39/segments/1505818687281.63/warc/CC-MAIN-20170920123428-20170920143428-00287.warc.gz | en | 0.944997 | 359 | 2.671875 | 3 |
The welfare of deer is a top priority of the NZ deer industry. It is a key element in the pasture to plate concept. Specific focus is placed on ensuring best practice guidelines are followed with transportation, abiding by the five freedoms and when stock are being handled.
To view the Code of Welface and Body condition score charts, see links below in 'more resources'
The Five Freedoms represent ideal states rather than standards for acceptable welfare. However, they are the cornerstones for the analysis and assessment of farm animal welfare although consideration of the whole farm system is taken into account, to maintain an effective livestock industry.
Most people would probably say that all Five Freedoms are fairly logical and the first freedom is perhaps the most obvious of them all. Fulfilling nutritional needs of animals is the most fundamental component of animal welfare and no producer needs to be told that animals should have access to clean water and an appropriate diet at all times to maintain full health, vigour and reach their production potential. Hinds and stags both have seasonal patterns of growth and feed intake. If deer are underfed or do not have access to water, they will show signs of distress, such as fence pacing and general restlessness and perhaps aggressions between herdmates. Unless an appropriate diet and fresh water is available, growth rates will be suppressed and the general well-being of the animals will be reduced.
The second freedom refers to the provision of an appropriate environment including shelter and a comfortable resting area. The natural environment of the Red deer is woodland-edge habitats, so one would expect that access to shelters would be an important aspect of the normal life of a red deer. Deer will readily use shelter in bad weather. We do not know much about the effects of warm and cold weather on the production and welfare of deer, but as a general rule, most animals cope better with cold weather than warm weather, just as long as they are fed properly. If animals are outside their thermoneutral zone, they will use energy to warm up or cool down, energy that can otherwise be invested into production.
As with most mammals, deer respond to warm weather with an increase in respiration rate (fast breathing, open mouth panting), body temperature and skin temperature. Animals will change their behaviour to seek for shade or shelter in unfavourable weather conditions and if they are provided with these resources, most of the time adult animals will cope just fine in most weather conditions. It is well-known that deer wallow in warm weather but it is unclear if wallowing has any potential benefits in terms of cooling or production. In warm weather deer will also chose bedsites that are cooler than the surrounding environments.
The third freedom refers to freedom from pain, injury or disease by the prevention or rapid diagnosis and treatment. Obviously, if any sick or injured animals are detected they should be treated or, if necessary, culled as soon as possible to avoid unnecessary suffering. Routine management practices that require the animals to be yarded may potentially cause injury to deer. Deer are still a relatively flighty species that see humans as potential predators and they find it stressful to be yarded, restrained and handled. A stressed animal is more likely to panic and cause injury to themselves, other deer and humans. Stress in relation to yarding can be reduced by designing “deer-friendly” yards that enable a good animal flow through the system. Good animal handling skills will also reduce the stress in relation to yarding, where the handler “knows” the deer and understand their behaviour. People who are good stockpersons understand the normal behaviour of deer and why they react the way they do in different situations, and know how to behave in order to minimise stress. If handled in a good way, deer will more quickly get used to being handled.
Deer are susceptible to certain diseases (eg tuberculosis, yersiniosis and malignant catarrhal fever) and parasites (eg lungworm, nematodes, and tissue worm). Wapiti deer are, for example, more susceptible to parasitism than red deer. Animals that are sick or have high parasites burdens will not eat or grow well, and will have impaired welfare. It is important to have an appropriate disease prevention program in place.
The fourth freedom refers to the right all animals should have to perform normal or natural behaviours. However there will be compromises between an animal's behaviour to express its natural behaviour and the limitations of the farm environment, such as the extent of wallowing permissible. Freedom to express behaviours should be possible by providing sufficient space, proper facilities and company of the animal's own kind. Farmed deer are most commonly kept on pasture, and pasture based systems have many benefits both from a consumer and welfare perspective. People like to see grazing animals (on a sunny day!).
Deer on pasture have the ability to express most natural behaviours, such as grazing and although groups are larger than they would be in nature, no sane person would ever keep deer without any herd-mates (isolation is a major “stressor” for a deer). When the time has come for hinds to give birth, in nature, they leave the herd and seek out a safe place to give birth and bond with the young. If a hind is kept in an enclosure that does not provide appropriate space and shelter, she can often be seen fence pacing, which can disturb other animals, and disrupt the birthing process. Any disruption from normal behaviour may be an indicator that something is wrong in the environment, and it is important that farmers understand the natural behaviour of deer.
The fifth freedom states that animals should be free from fear and distress by ensuring conditions and treatment which avoid mental suffering. The NZ deer farming industry was originally based on wild caught animals, however the industry is now self-sustaining following the development of suitable management techniques. Although deer has been farmed since the 1970s and selective breeding for temperament that are better suited to the farm environment has occurred, farmed deer still have a flighty nature, shaped by many years of evolution to escape predators. Flight reactions are still common, and humans or the farm dog can elicit a fear response. If the response is short-lived and the animal can escape the situation, no harm is done, but if the stressor is on-going, the animal will be chronically stressed and production and welfare will be reduced.
Other stressful situations in a deer’s life include situations such as yarding, regrouping, mating, transport and weaning. The stress in many situations can be minimised by having trained people handling the deer and yards that are designed to have a good “animal flow” through them. People who understand deer behaviour and how they react in certain situations, knows how to handle them safely and efficiently to avoid unnecessary stress in both deer and humans. | <urn:uuid:4bfb7b3c-45c8-4ea6-8342-5757dc88c38a> | CC-MAIN-2021-31 | https://deernz.org/deer-hub/handling-and-welfare/welfare | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-31/segments/1627046153803.69/warc/CC-MAIN-20210728220634-20210729010634-00229.warc.gz | en | 0.959566 | 1,394 | 3.53125 | 4 |
Printmaking is a unique medium classified by the transferal of ink from one surface to another. The creation of a print begins with a matrix with which the image is made on. Ink is then applied to the matrix and transferred to the final surface - usually paper - by applying pressure. Printmaking's most unique feature is its ability to produce multiples. Unlike digital or reproductive printing, there is no distinction between 'copies' or 'originals' - each impression is one and the same, as every single print within the edition is made by hand and approved by the artist. Grey Hand Press specialises in lithography, book arts and intaglio printmaking.
The term lithography is derived from the Greek origins litho - meaning stone, and graphos - to write. Lithography is a planographic process, meaning that the image is created from the flat surface of a limestone or aluminium matrix. Unlike intaglio or relief, there is no need for incision or direct physical alteration of the surface in order to create the image, as the technique is reliant on the principle that oil and water do not mix.
A matrix that is receptive to both water and grease is drawn on directly using greasy drawing materials. The drawing is then processed using an acidified gum arabic which chemically defines the image and non-image area. By dampening the matrix with water to protect the non-image area, a greasy ink is able to be applied to the drawing before being run through a press and transferred onto paper.
The direct drawing process allows for a huge range of imagery, from bold flats of colour, to fine, detailed drawn lines or brushstrokes.
Intaglio is a printmaking method whereby the image is formed by making direct incisions into a matrix - usually copper, zinc, aluminium or steel - using sharp tools or by immersing it an acid bath. Ink is pushed into the recessions and the surface is wiped clean. Dampened paper is laid over the matrix, and run through an etching press to transfer ink to paper.
Intaglio is one of the largest printmaking groups and includes etching, drypoint, engraving, aquatint, mezzotint, sugarlift and spit bite, to name a few. Intaglio printmaking allows for a range of line-work and tonal values, and many intaglio matrices can also be rolled up in relief to produce a negative image.
Artist books are artworks created in book format. Books can be editioned or unique (one of a kind) and can encompass a range of forms including concertina, pamphlet, coptic bound or sculptural. | <urn:uuid:dc735991-7633-4ca9-826d-1ee9c68aa0d8> | CC-MAIN-2018-26 | http://www.greyhandpress.com/printmaking | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-26/segments/1529267864354.27/warc/CC-MAIN-20180622045658-20180622065658-00361.warc.gz | en | 0.946454 | 549 | 3.390625 | 3 |
Mapping Your Garden Plot
Adapted from Michael Buchenau, Executive Director of Denver Urban Gardens April
Plant radish, green onions, peas, spinach, lettuce, carrots, beets, chard, onions, parsley, cilantro, and/or garlic. You could start other plants indoors such as tomatoes or peppers or purchase transplants later in the season.
Add tomatoes, basil (plant near the tomatoes), broccoli, cabbage, summer squash, beans, oregano, cucumbers, peppers, and eggplants.
Continue these plants and once the tomatoes grow big enough, you could begin to plant leaf lettuce around it as well as some marigolds. The goal is to mix different types of vegetables with flowers and herbs. A variety will help your garden grow most effectively.
You can start to add new plants such as brussel sprouts, kale, or cauliflower. Begin to think about shading what needs to be shaded and allowing sun to those plants that need extra sunlight.
Begin to plant some cover crops such as buckwheat to parts of your garden that needs more soil nourishment.
Begin to plant more cover crops such as hairy vetch and rye. Begin to think about putting your garden to bed.
Entire garden should contain a cover crop such as hairy vetch, rye, or buckwheat. You
can keep garlic in the soil over winter. Make sure to get everything else out of the garden. Adding nitrogen to the soil can be done by planting beans and adding compost. Nitrogen is needed to build strong stems and healthy green leaves. Certain plants take a lot of nutrients out of the soil, so you need to plant other crops that will add to the soil like beans or clover. Also, make sure to rotate where the plants were planted for next year. | <urn:uuid:67e89fcf-28a6-46f5-b9a0-b7745d2d928a> | CC-MAIN-2018-22 | http://www.goldencommunitygarden.org/garden-blog/mapping-your-garden-plot | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-22/segments/1526794865450.42/warc/CC-MAIN-20180523043959-20180523063959-00511.warc.gz | en | 0.953945 | 375 | 3.59375 | 4 |
Sept 17 - Justification by Faith - Romans 3:9-31
On October 31, 1517, Martin Luther nailed his 95 Theses, a list of issues with the Catholic Church, to the church door in Wittenberg, Germany sparking the Protestant Reformation. From Romans 3, we will study what may be the most important development of the Reformation, Justification by Faith
The Christian Family Tree Sermon series is a study of the Unity and the Diversity of the Christian Denominations
Oct 22 – Predestination or Free Will? - Ephesians 1:3-14
Has God already decided who is going to heaven or do people freely choose to follow Him? In 1618, at the Synod of Dort, the Reformed theologians came down squarely on the side of predestination and condemning those who believed in free will. What can we learn about this controversy from Ephesians 1?
September 10 - Pope, Presbytery or People? - Matthew 16:13-20
The Great Schism of 1054 was the first major split in the Christian Church. One of the issues that brought about this division was the question of Papal Authority as argued from Matthew 16. Since then, three forms of church government have emerged - Anglican, Presbyterian and Congregational. Who should rule the church – Pope, Presbytery or People?
Oct 1 - Views of the Lord’s Supper - 1 Corinthians 11:17-26
In 1529, Ulrich Zwingli and Martin Luther met at Marburg to discuss joining forces in the Reformation. They agreed on everything except for one thing, their view of the Lord’s Supper, and with that the Marburg Colloquy came to an end. From 1 Corinthians 11, can we determine the correct view of the Lord’s Supper - Transubstantiation, Sacramental Union, Spiritual Presence or Memorial?
Sept 24 - Views of Baptism - Acts 8:26-40
Martin Luther wasn’t the only reformer of his time. Shortly after his stand against the Roman Catholic Church, a new group emerged, the Anabaptists. These people believed that baptism should be by immersion and only for those who profess faith in Christ. In 1527, in cruel retaliation, Felix Manz was executed by drowning for this belief. Can we derive from Acts 8 the proper time and mode of baptism?
Oct 8 - Church and State - Romans 13:1-7
In what was known as the Act of Supremacy of 1534, King Henry VIII proclaimed himself the Supreme Head of the Church of England breaking with the Pope in Rome. With this decree, he became leader of both the country and the church. How are we to understand the church’s relationship to the government based on Romans 13?
Oct 15 - Dying for the Bible - 2 Timothy 3:14-17
The Bible you hold came at the price of many lives. In October of 1536, William Tyndale was burned at the stake for heresy. One of his alleged crimes was translating the Bible into English so that any Englishman could read it taking control of the Scriptures away from the church and putting it into the hands of the people. 2 Timothy 3 tells us of the many uses of Scripture and its true origin.
Oct 29 – One, Holy Catholic and Apostolic Church? - John 17:20-23
The Thirty-Year War (1618-1648) may have been the bloodiest conflict between Protestants and Roman Catholics. This flies in the face of Jesus’ prayer “that all of them may be one” in John 17:21. The Nicene Creed calls for “One, Holy Catholic and Apostolic Church.” Can we achieve this vision of Christ and the early Church Fathers?
Please join us Sunday mornings at 11:00 am for this educational and edifying series or listen to the weekly sermons using the links below.
All recorded sermons in this series from the previous weeks are available below for your enrichment and edification: | <urn:uuid:e5d5bf5c-560d-4047-913f-fef2c58e0f6c> | CC-MAIN-2018-47 | http://www.firstbaptistchurchofcornelius.org/the-christian-family-tree.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-47/segments/1542039743216.58/warc/CC-MAIN-20181116214920-20181117000920-00224.warc.gz | en | 0.950762 | 842 | 2.53125 | 3 |
- The stigma around marijuana use seems to be lessening
- Studies show that adolescent use of marijuana can affect brain development
- The drug may affect teens' memories and ability to problem-solve
With each passing day, it seems, smoking pot becomes less and less stigmatized in our society.
In a much-buzzed-about piece in The New Yorker, President Obama suggested making pot legal in large part to correct the vast inequities that minorities face in terms of cannabis-related arrests and imprisonment.
Besides, said the president, who was known to smoke his fair share of weed back in the day, "I don't think it is more dangerous than alcohol" for the individual user.
Even the straight-laced Bill Gates recently announced his support of legalization. And this year's Super Bowl has been dubbed the "Super Doobie Bowl," a reference to the fact that the teams vying for the NFL championship, the Denver Broncos and Seattle Seahawks, hail from the two states that have legalized marijuana for recreational use.
Mainstream websites are circulating marijuana-laced game-day snack recipes. It won't be long before Martha Stewart comes up with her own pot-brownie concoction.
With all of this hanging in the air, it's obvious we parents should be talking to our kids about smoking dope. But what are we supposed to tell them when it's clear that "just say no," isn't going to cut it?
After consulting with two researchers from Northwestern University's Feinberg School of Medicine, I now know what I'm going to tell my own 16-year-old: Not so fast, buddy. Your brain simply isn't ready for you to start using pot.
"Adolescence is a sensitive time for brain development," says Matthew J. Smith, a research assistant professor of psychiatry and behavioral sciences. "If a teen introduces the abuse of marijuana at that point in their life, it could have consequences for their ability to problem solve, for their memory and for critical thinking in general."
Unfortunately, this crucial message is getting lost in the pro-legalization fervor. Use of pot among adolescents, which had declined from the late 1990s through the mid-to-late 2000s, is again on the rise, according to the National Institute on Drug Abuse.
One likely reason: "The percentage of high-schoolers who see great risk from being regular marijuana users has dropped," over time, the agency points out.
That perception, however, is all wrong. In a study published last month, Smith and his colleagues found that teens who smoked a lot of pot had abnormal changes in their brain structures related to working memory -- a predictor of weak academic performance and impaired everyday functioning -- and that they did poorly on memory-related tasks.
While the study focused on heavy marijuana users -- specifically, those who indulged daily for about three years -- one of its most crucial findings related not to the amount of pot an adolescent smoked, but when he or she started: The earlier the drug was taken up, the worse the effects on the brain.
"Marijuana is the ideal compound to screw up everything for a kid," says Hans Breiter, a professor of psychiatry and behavioral sciences at Northwestern University's Feinberg School of Medicine and a senior author of the study. "If you're an athlete, a chess player, a debater or an artist, you need working memory, and marijuana hurts the brain circuitry."
Breiter, who himself has four children 11 to 21, adds: "The more I study marijuana, the more I wonder if we should have legislation banning the use of it for everyone under 30."
The study, which appeared in the journal Schizophrenia Bulletin, sought to distinguish the effects of daily marijuana use on the adolescent brain from the effects of schizophrenia on the deep regions of the brain that are necessary for working memory.
Although the researchers were not equating pot smokers with those suffering from schizophrenia -- a chronic, disabling brain disorder -- they did find parallels in one respect. "Schizophrenia is a very disruptive illness on working memory, and using marijuana produced many similar effects to schizophrenia," Breiter says.
The scientists noted that these effects were still apparent two years after their subjects had stopped using marijuana, but more research will be needed to determine whether the neurological abnormalities in heavy teen pot smokers are permanent.
In the end, you can't blame kids if they've come to believe that smoking pot is not that big a deal. The cultural cues are very strong. President Obama said he tries to fight against this by telling his own two teenage daughters: "It's a bad idea, a waste of time, not very healthy."
But I think that parents have an opportunity -- and an obligation -- to be even more pointed with our children by saying to them: "If you're tempted to smoke pot, please hold off as long as you possibly can. Your beautiful brain is still developing."
This story was initially published on TIME.com. | <urn:uuid:2072f02b-fff3-492b-8cfd-c5bf9ebb5a39> | CC-MAIN-2016-07 | http://www.cnn.com/2014/01/28/health/time-teens-pot/index.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-07/segments/1454701157443.43/warc/CC-MAIN-20160205193917-00085-ip-10-236-182-209.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.969615 | 1,021 | 2.578125 | 3 |
Preschoolers learn by imitating others. So is it any wonder that if the average preschooler spends 4.5 hours a day (way to much!) in front of a TV, that the content would teach him or her a thing or two?
A study reported in Pediatrics, looked at 617 families in terms of the impact of TV viewing on preschoolers. Apparently, shows like Veggie Tales may not only breed a love for vegetables, but other people as well. Here is what they found.
When parents changed the content of what preschoolers were watching away from violence and aggression, the preschoolers’ behavior improved. Not only did they see a decline in aggression and being difficult, but they also saw an improvement in social behavior towards others (empathy, helpfulness, respectful, sharing and concern for others). And the impact of that change remained 6 and 12 months after the changes were made.
Important to note was that parents did not change the amount of TV viewing, only the content.
Remember, the recommendation for hours of TV viewing for preschoolers is less than 2 hours every day. So even though the number of hours watched was too high (a contributor to childhood obesity), changing the content made a difference in behavior.
And low income boys in the study who watched television the most, benefitted the most.
The take aways for parents:
1) Provide children with kind, compassionate role models on TV–do away with aggression and violence and you will see an improvement in behavior.
2) Monitor the hours of TV watched. Even though the study did not decrease the amount of TV, the conclusion is clear–what kids watch influences their behavior and too much screen viewing is linked to childhood obesity.
Parents, this is simple change with huge benefits. Monitor what your children are watching! | <urn:uuid:cf7fc4ef-7f86-4eb3-a276-5097c1bf0b16> | CC-MAIN-2016-44 | http://www.beliefnet.com/columnists/doinglifetogether/2013/02/parenting-preschools-one-change-makes-a-huge-difference.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-44/segments/1476988719754.86/warc/CC-MAIN-20161020183839-00077-ip-10-171-6-4.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.9713 | 371 | 3.28125 | 3 |
Julius Shulman is one of the world's leading architectural photographers, and today at 97, he is still taking pictures of his long-time home, Los Angeles. Mike O'Sullivan reports, Shulman's famous images of homes and other buildings show the city's transformation over seven decades.
As he looks through a display of his photographs at the Los Angeles central library, Julius Shulman pauses at one of the most famous pictures ever taken in the city. It shows an ultra-modern house atop the hills. Designed by architect Pierre Koenig, it is made of steel and glass and seems transparent. Two women inside are engaged in conversation against the backdrop of Los Angeles at night.
The picture was part of a series known as the Case Study House Program that illustrated modern home design. Shulman took the photograph in 1960, and he marvels at how many people have seen it since then.
"That picture has been published more than any known photograph ever in the history of architectural photography," said Julius Shulman. "All over the world, it continues to be published in magazines and books and calendars and everything. So the point is, it shows Los Angeles."
One hundred fifty of Shulman's photographs from the collection of the Getty Research Institute are display at the Los Angeles main library. They also show the city's distinctive and sometimes whimsical architecture - the recreated Roman Villa built by oilman J. Paul Getty, which is part of the Getty Museum, and the Hollywood Bowl, the famous Los Angeles amphitheater.
Shulman's photographs also celebrate the work of some of the city's noted architects, from Pierre Koenig to Frank Gehry.
Shulman lifts his cane to point out the landmarks in one of his pictures.
"The city hall on the right, the San Gabriel Mountains, the snow on the mountains," he said.
The seaport, the airport, and the tourist sites of Hollywood Boulevard - Shulman has photographed them all many times.
Getty associate curator Christopher Alexander says Shulman made his name here, as he introduced the architecture of Los Angeles to a worldwide audience. The curator says the exhibit shows the photographer's many sides.
"Shulman the businessman and the promoter and marketer, was marketing his hometown to the rest of the world, not only through the case study residential architecture but through the civic, commercial, and cultural architecture of this city," said Christopher Alexander. "And so that is what this exhibition really reveals."
Getty curator Wim De Wit says Shulman is still documenting the city he loves. The photographer plans to take a group of photography students on a bus tour. They will first stop at the central library to see images of Los Angeles in days past.
"We are going to take these students to the exhibition, and then drive around with them," said Wim De Wit. "And Julius will then work with them on taking photos of what the downtown looks like right now. So above anything else, Julius is an educator."
Shulman looks forward to the tour, which he says will reveal the city's impressive modern skyline.
"We are going to come back with a set of photographs which is going to be another eye opener," said Shulman. "Hey, wow. A 73-story building. It challenges New York, challenges Chicago. And it challenges China."
Some residents lament the changes in Los Angeles, which gets more people, cars and buildings every year. Julius Shulman says the city is just evolving, and he plans to keep photographing the process. | <urn:uuid:9e15bf85-f542-48ae-b41f-3747e904e205> | CC-MAIN-2017-04 | http://www.voanews.com/a/a-13-2007-10-31-voa74/341458.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-04/segments/1484560280133.2/warc/CC-MAIN-20170116095120-00387-ip-10-171-10-70.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.972186 | 735 | 2.75 | 3 |
"I eat red meat every day and I'm still iron deficient!"
They're words I commonly hear in clinic.
How can it be the case that you're eating well over the recommended daily intake for iron but your levels still aren't improving -- and in some cases may actually be dropping?
The answer, like most things health related, lies in the digestive tract.
Your body has a pretty hard job on its hand to regulate your iron levels. That's because, unlike other minerals, the body has no controlled and regulated excretion pathway for iron. Of course, if you menstruate you lose some iron there in an uncontrolled manner, and we lose some through other methods such as perspiration. But for the most part, once iron is in your system, it is simply recycled and redistributed according to your body's needs.
To complicate matters further, iron is a friend but also a foe. We need iron but too much of it can reek havoc so your body tightly controls how much it lets in.
This is where your gut comes in.
Any iron you consume orally (whether that be from food or supplements) gets absorbed through the small intestine.
Before it can be absorbed though, it has to first be cleaved apart from the food proteins it was attached to. This predominantly happens in the stomach and this process is reliant on you having adequate stomach acid, which many of us don't.
If you have consumed plant based (non-heme) iron, another step has to occur to change the form of the iron to the form that your small intestine can absorb.
Once the iron enters your small intestine, it needs to cross through the lining of the intestine to get into your bloodstream. For this process to happen effectively, you need to have a healthy intestinal environment. If the lining of your small intestine has been damaged through something like coeliac disease, excess alcohol, certain medications or small intestinal bacterial overgrowth, your ability to absorb iron is greatly reduced.
The final step to getting your iron out of your small intestine and into your blood stream is controlled by something called hepcidin. Hepcidin's job is to make sure too much iron doesn't get in, so it blocks absorption from your digestive tract. Your liver sends out hepcidin when it detects too much iron is present (e.g. you have just taken a couple of iron supplements or had an infusion), and it also sends it out if you are inflamed.
We often think of inflammation with regards to infected wounds but a much more common form is chronic low grade inflammation, which can be caused by a number of factors. Whenever there is inflammation present, which can be in your digestive tract, your body will reduce the amount of iron it lets in, via producing more hepcidin. In simple terms, this is because your body thinks the inflammation must be from a parasite or pathogenic bacteria. These pathogens feed on iron and use it to replicate, so in order to protect you from this, your body blocks iron from being absorbed. It also does other cool things like hide away iron that's already in your body, but that's a story for another day.
So now we have three possible scenarios that will reduce the amount of iron you absorb, regardless of how much you eat: 1) low stomach acid; 2) a suboptimal small intestinal environment; and 3) inflammation.
Every week I see people in my clinic with one or more of these factors (and there are other factors too!) that are impacting their ability to absorb iron.
The good news is that once we know what is causing your iron absorption to be blocked, we can get to work fixing it.
Book a consult today and let's get your iron deficiency sorted. | <urn:uuid:eb9c95ba-973c-4b6d-b17d-24c2860f7b63> | CC-MAIN-2024-10 | https://www.laurataylorhealth.com.au/post/eat-enough-iron-but-still-deficient | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2024-10/segments/1707947474533.12/warc/CC-MAIN-20240224112548-20240224142548-00667.warc.gz | en | 0.963329 | 770 | 2.609375 | 3 |
What Are Mortgage Interest Rates?
An interest rate is the price of money, and a mortgage interest rate is the price of money loaned against the security of a specific property. The interest rate is used to calculate the interest payment the borrower owes the lender.
Take a 6% rate, for example, and assume a $100,000 loan. In decimals, 6% is .06, and when divided by 12 it is .005. Multiply .005 times $100,000 and you get $500 as the monthly interest payment.
Suppose the borrower pays $600 this month. Then $500 of it covers the interest and $100 is used to reduce the balance. One month later, when another payment is due, the balance is $99,900, and the interest is $499.50. The interest rate stays the same, but the interest payment is lower because the balance is lower.
Is the Total Amount of Interest I Pay More Important Than the Interest Rate?
No, the interest rate is more important in the sense that the lower the interest rate, the better off the borrower is. You can’t say that about interest payments, which depend not only on the rate but also on the loan amount and the term. Reduce the loan amount and/or shorten the term and interest payments will fall. Whether either is in your interest depends on the circumstances. Reduce the loan amount and you need to come up with more cash for the down payment. Shorten the term and you have to make a larger monthly payment.
Some borrowers are bamboozled by this argument and pay a higher interest rate or fees for a biweekly mortgage that cuts their interest payments. But the lower interest payments on a biweekly are due to a shortening of the term, which results from making an extra monthly payment every year.
Borrowers can reduce the term on their own at no cost, either by taking a shorter term at the beginning, or by systematically making extra principal payments. (4 October 2001, Revised November 11, 2004, November 24, 2006, August 27, 2011 The Mortgage Professor)
If you need to get started in your home loan process, feel free to contact me [email protected] or 239-246-6000.
Posted on December 3, 2012, in Finance and tagged Borrower, Buy a Home, Buyer, Down Payment, Finance Me, Fort Myers, Genesis Lending Group, Interest Rate, Kara Holleran, Lender, Loan, Mortgage, Property Guiding, Real Estate Financing, SWFL Real Estate. Bookmark the permalink. Leave a comment. | <urn:uuid:506a27d0-cdab-480a-bf74-0c5d52b2fe54> | CC-MAIN-2021-31 | https://propertyguiding.com/2012/12/03/what-are-mortgage-interest-rates/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-31/segments/1627046152168.38/warc/CC-MAIN-20210727010203-20210727040203-00458.warc.gz | en | 0.949363 | 544 | 2.59375 | 3 |
2/15/2008 By: Sheryl Nussbaum-Beach
from Technology & Learning
Digital technologies have opened up unimagined environments for teachers and students. We take a look at best practices representing systemic change.
Studies show that students using new media are more engaged in the classroom.
The speedy evolution of technology over the past 30 years has often outpaced our ability to use it to transform teaching and learning in real and meaningful ways. Much of that time we just tried to keep up, with new technologies often simply bolted onto traditional curriculum practices. However, today, with three decades of digital experience under our belt, the time is ripe to begin instituting true change.
George Hall Elementary
Inner-city George Hall Elementary, in Mobile, Alabama, is one of the state's 40 schools participating in the Alabama Best Practices Center's 21st Century Learning Project. The project helps teachers gain the skills needed to prepare students for a world dominated by digital technologies.
At George Hall, where almost 100 percent of students qualify for free lunch, Principal Terri Tomlinson estimates that less than 15 percent have high-speed Internet access at home. "If our kids are going to learn these 21st-century skills, they are going to need to get it here in our building," says Tomlinson.
While many educators still see technology and the Internet as just ways to obtain or manage information, Tomlinson sees it as a lot more. "It's about whole new ways to work and think and learn, to conduct your business and your life," says Tomlinson. She knows that the first responsibility of teachers at George Hall is to ensure children have the basic math and literacy skills they need to become self-learners. But like many educators involved in remaking struggling high-needs schools into high-performing learning communities, she and her faculty also want their kids to have the same chance to compete in an innovation-based economy as children from the most privileged public schools in Alabama have.
With the right support and leadership, Tomlinson says, teachers can have the best of both worlds: they can build strong literacy skills while using technology to push students into higher levels of learning. For example, George Hall's many field trips not only expose children (many of whom have never ventured beyond their neighborhood) to the larger world, but also are carefully integrated into the reading and writing curriculum. After each field trip, students create Webcasts documenting what they have seen and learned during their travels. "That's where these 21st-century tools can help us with our basic teaching and learning mission here at George Hall," Tomlinson says. "The children are actually talking about where they've been and what they've learned, using new vocabulary in authentic contexts." She continues, "Our kids are doing podcasting, blogging, reporting, and narrating. I think what we're finding out is that if you expose them to it, they are much more ready to do these things than we think."
The New Digital Divide
While traditional access and availability issues remain at the heart of creating equity, some experts say an emergent type of social divide is surfacing. Howard Rheingold, in his recent book Smart Mobs, asserts that "a new kind of digital divide exists, one that 10 years from now will separate those who know how to use new media to band together online from those who don't."
Creating ongoing Internet collaboration projects between classrooms is one way to address this new equity issue. Clarence Fisher, a middle school teacher at Joseph H. Kerr School in rural Snow Lake, Manitoba, Canada, has teamed with Barbara Barreda, an administrator at the independent St. Elisabeth School, in the suburbs of Los Angeles, to create the ThinWalls Classroom project, which is based on connectedness, networking, and learning beyond the classroom walls.
Through his blog "Remote Access," Fisher launched the call for "a classroom interested in beginning a year-long collaboration toward becoming truly globalized." His criteria for partnership included access at school to wikis, blogs, ThinkFree, YackPack, and Moodle, as well as to VOIP tools such as Skype to exchange videos, photos, and more.
The next steps for the ThinWalls Classroom project will include validating the communication channels for safety and privacy, but Fisher and Barreda are predicting an explosion of communication between the two classes. According to Fisher, "It will not be on 'official' channels and much of it will be 'under our radar' and on their own time. But this will change the relationships and deepen them between our classes. And more important, it changes our role as teachers and leaders of student learning."
Fisher and Barreda are being open-minded in terms of the expected outcomes from this project, "Most of the goals of the ThinWalls Classroom do not revolve around learning specific content. Instead, they circle around ideas of international collaboration and communication. While this collaboration is certainly grounded in the content we are required by our jurisdictions to work with, we are using these ideas as basics only, wanting to move far beyond them. We want our students to learn to manage their own networks, and begin to understand the power of connectivity."
A New Kind of Student
Studies show that by their senior year, barely one-fourth of today's students agree that school is meaningful or their courses are interesting—and less than half believe what they learn in school will have any bearing on their success in life. However, evidence also shows that by engaging students through participatory media, we can turn these statistics around.
Inspired by the recent K12Online Conference, Marsha Ratzel, a 6th-grade math and science teacher at suburban Leawood Middle School in Kansas's Blue Valley School District, began to consider how she might give the new student-centered strategies a try. In one project, she helped her students brainstorm all sorts of questions around weathering and erosion, and then allowed them to research the answers independently, using new tools. Ratzel recalls, "We used Flickr to find evidence of erosion, Google Maps to plot out tours of places you'd find mass movement, erosion, glacial action, or water erosion, and Photo Story to publish an online magazine about their questions and findings." After days of discussion, sharing, and peer feedback, Ratzel began to notice a new voice emerging from her students: instead of just being on task, they were enthralled.
Ratzel describes it in this way:
"They didn't just read about alluvial fans, they actually 'visited' them using Google Maps. They knew what plucking looked like because of some unbelievable licensed pictures from Flickr. One student in particular created time-intensive animations to demonstrate his personal learning process.
"Days later, when we started our Comparing Soils labs, students demanded that I give them back the digital cameras. They wanted to do Photo Story lab reports instead of what they described as 'your boring ones.' They wanted their audience to see all the amazing differences and similarities between our soil samples garnered from the network connections students had across the country."
A New Kind of Teacher
What then is the teacher's role in a world where students have instant access to information and no longer have to rely solely upon a teacher to read and judge their scholarship, ideas, or opinions?
Darren Kuropatwa, a high school mathematics teacher who blogs at "A Difference," argues that while 21st-century teachers may no longer serve as dispensers of information and ideas, they will continue to provide the most essential service of professional educators: creating learning opportunities that help students develop the skills and motivation that result in success throughout life.
Kuropatwa's AP Math classes are taught in a hybrid format, with both face-to-face and online components. A class blog supports learning by giving students a voice and an audience, and compiled posts become a student-authored textbook for the course. Additional motivation comes from the opportunity for outstanding posters to be inducted into The Scribe Post Hall of Fame wiki.
Connecting Learning to Social Change
Another important shift in teaching and learning in the 21st century is finding ways of using the new participatory media to teach students about citizenship. Brian Crosby, a blogger at "Learning is Messy," and elementary teacher at Agnes Risley Elementary School in Sparks, Nevada, is using many Web 2.0 tools such as Skype, Flickr, blogs, and wikis to infuse character education into his classroom. "Many of my students do not have consistent access to 20th-century tools much less 21st-century tools," he says.
In a recent presentation, Crosby tells of how the new communication tools have enabled his elementary students to use their creativity and voice to send a message of hope to the rest of the world. "Digital video is a powerful, transformational tool. When students participate in video projects, they practice all their academic skills in a productive, real-world context." Recently, after viewing a student-created clip on bullying and conflict resolution, the local PBS station contacted Crosby to commission his students to do another piece on race and diversity issues. In addition to being featured on the Apple Web site, his students' digital media creations have won many awards.
The Digital Classroom
If we want to remain relevant in the lives of students, then we must use strategies and materials—such as global networking—that fit the learning styles of the digital native. Classrooms
in the 21st century need to be collaborative spaces where student-centered knowledge development and risk taking are accepted as the norm and where an ecology of learning develops and thrives.
Sheryl Nussbaum-Beach speaks on leadership and virtual community building.
George Hall Elementary
Alabama Best Practices Center
21st Century Learning project
Joseph H. Kerr School
Clarence Fisher's blog
ThinWalls Classroom Project
Darren Kuropatwa's blog
Agnes Risley Elementary School Class blog
Class videos link
Brian Crosby's blog
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In the news this week was an article around the inherent flaws in engaging young people in the UK education system, focusing on the failures to children are not destined for academic life. It got me thinking about the examination system, how we judge people and what my own opinions are. Obviously I think that the education system is incredibly important, it is what gives us our next generation of scientists and mathematicians – but does this view of education make me the very thing the article was complaining of? Should I be viewing education as a more rounded way of making the next generation of humans? Probably.
The first suggestion that really jumped out at me was that the national curriculum should be finished at 14. This is totally wrong. I think the heart of what people are saying is that students shouldn’t be forced to follow a set path until they are 16, however the issue must be the content of the curriculum rather than the existence. The age in which we educate to on a compulsory basis has been under debate for a long time [I would be interested to know what the age is in my non-UK counties of compulsory education?], but no part of me feels that in the modern world anyone should leave school before 18. I think in terms of general maturity to say someone is an adult at 18 is generous and before adulthood you should be allowed to stop learning.
Use me as an example. I made, what would generally be considered to be good decisions – I have a reasonable crop of A-levels and went on to get a first class degree in Mathematics and Economics from a Russell Group university. So I don’t even fall into the category of someone who has been potentially disenfranchised by the education system – but as you may well know I wasn’t well equip to make the right choices at 18. Granted I have the chance to turn it around and do a second degree because my choices were wrong but not bad – however the point remains that the average person is unable to properly make up their mind.
The key line focuses on the constant assessment and academic focus – is this the correct thing to do? Well my mind is really split here. Let me tell you why..
- Assessment is the way we sort people, it happens in many aspects of life and it is the most efficient way of ensuring people are targeted in the right way;
- School by its very nature is predominantly an academic institution, there is plenty of time for non-academic pursuit so why water down this important start in life; and
- In ensuring that we cater for everyone, we must not be afraid to protect the top of the class; whilst it isn’t always a popular view, having a strong academic top benefits everyone. In focusing on more choice and alternatives to academic rigour, we must not ignore the very foundation of the accomplishments we have made in science and mathematics – which is academia.
- Having people being forced to take subjects they are truly disinterested in only causes disruption and is bad for everyone involved;
- I do want people to look back on school with positivity and feel that it was an enriching experience – this won’t happen if there is bitterness; and
- Most people will go on to do non-academic careers, so providing the basics are grasped it seems sensible that they should be allowed some exposure to things that may be of use to them in a work environment.
What do I actually think on all this? My answer is quite boring and that sitting firmly in that safe middle ground. We cannot have all of the changes that the article I linked to suggests, it would be madness. But we also cannot keep going the way we are and expect everyone to think the schooling system is great. My solution is to give people more choice, within a very strict boundary.
Up to 14: This should be the common core. In this period you should be taught everything you need to know about all of the important sciences, english, mathematics and humanities. There can be no escape from this, it may not be pleasant but it is essential. It should be made as interesting as possible of course, but we all need to do things we don’t want to in life for our own good.
14-16: This should be where the options start to blend in. In this region I think you should have two options – one to continue with more advanced studies of the common core, or one option to spend around a third of the time doing something more vocational or business related, but no more than this. The remaining two thirds you continue to learn.
16-18: At this point the academic student knows if it is catered to them, but those who have taken the other path have not so much sacrificed their academia that they could not continue. At this point you can choose to specialise academically, or at this point it would be healthy to focus on a vocation or business but the important point is that it is all taught in a school environment – I believe this is better.
This is hardly ground breaking, however I think this approach is the right way to dampen some of the concerns that students have whilst not sacrificing the top. I think the education system is all too easy to criticise, but unless you have a better answer to educating thousands of children from different backgrounds with different abilities then the critic has little traction. What are your thoughts? Do we have the best education system we could, does it need a little overhaul or a major revamp?
To this point I have totally ignored anything to do with university – this is a different story! | <urn:uuid:70596aa7-d772-444f-91cd-cd2452118d0e> | CC-MAIN-2021-17 | https://rationalisingtheuniverse.org/2016/04/09/its-all-in-the-education/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-17/segments/1618038917413.71/warc/CC-MAIN-20210419204416-20210419234416-00432.warc.gz | en | 0.976651 | 1,140 | 2.53125 | 3 |
1. Is India’s federal polity coping well with the threats of COVID-19? Critically comment.
क्या COVID-19 के खतरों से भारत की संघीय राजनीति अच्छी तरह से जूझ रही है? समालोचनात्मक टिप्पणी करें।
Demand of the question:
It expects students to write about the response of states and centre to the threats of COVID-19 and critical analysis of the challenges posed by India’s federal polity in a response to the threats of COVID-19.
Responsiveness of government becomes evident in the manner in which it addresses the crucial task of ameliorating suffering and reducing losses. India’s handling of the present COVID-19 pandemic has highlighted significant challenges due to federal polity of India.
Indian response to pandemic of COVID-19 exemplified flexible nature of Indian federalism coming handy in a crisis.
- In a first, several Indian states announced lockdown and sealed their borders announced even before the Central government took any decision on lockdown.
- States have shown effective response in on ground management of administrative machinery and fiscal preparedness despite of significant loss of revenue.
- Both laws of Epidemic Disease act 1897 and National Disaster Management act of 2005 provides broad legal architecture to take a variety of emergency measures to contain the pandemic. It allows both the central and state governments to regulate the spread of epidemic diseases. While the Centre can take preventive emergency measures to control epidemic diseases at ports of entry and exit, states are constitutionally empowered to adopt preventive administrative and regulatory measures to check the epidemic.
- Inter-state cooperation and coordination played important role in managing crisis of migrant exodus. Cooperation through health expertise witnessed in Kerala’s gesture to send 50 specialist doctors and 100 nurses to Maharashtra which has been worst hit by pandemic.
- Central government is getting actively involved in containment measures of national capital and recent cooperation between Delhi government and central government goes beyond petty politics.
However, autonomy of states and the imperative of federal division of powers under constitutional obligations did not empower the center with authority or leverage to enforce compliance in emergency situations like pandemic.
Challenges posed by federal polity to containment of COVID-19:
- Political bickering: Many states expressed dissatisfaction over extension of nationwide lockdown without consulting states in response to threat posed by COVID-19. However formulation of nationwide policy to deal with disaster remains domain of central government.
- Lack of preparation by many states: In the response stage, it consisted of emergency plans which included emergency support functions of procurement, hospital infrastructure, search and rescue teams, and communication networks. E.g. many states lie below the national level figure of 0.55 beds per 1000 population; these include Bihar, Jharkhand, Gujarat, Uttar Pradesh, Andhra Pradesh, Chhattisgarh, Madhya Pradesh, Haryana, Maharashtra, Odisha, Assam and Manipur.
- Overlapping Authority: Health is state subject, however, prevention of the extension from one State to another of infectious or contagious diseases or pests affecting men, animals or plants come under concurrent list.
- Siloed Approach: Country’s existing healthcare apparatus is highly regimented, with separate institutions in-charge of primary, secondary, and tertiary health care. Such a siloed approach is a serious impediment to the country’s efforts at tackling any epidemic such as the current COVID-19. The imperative is for the formulation of a seamless approach.
- Information asymmetry: Despite the governmental assurances and policy declarations, the vulnerability of migrant workers is unlikely to be taken care of due to the ensuing lack of communication and absence of information sharing between the Centre and the migrants sending and receiving States. Such lack of coordination is posing health as well as socio-economic insecurity for these millions of returnee migrants in their native States.
- Sub-national response: As the lockdown demanded the closing of the inter-State borders, the crisis has witnessed the rise of the salience of sub-national identities in many states. Such rise of the regional identities might spell an imminent crisis in the inter-State relations in the near future. Such a tussle can disrupt the response to threats of COVID-19.
However, for a large federal country of a mind-boggling diversity, India’s ability to fight Covid-19 pandemic largely rests on how well it manages its Centre-state relation. When compared with other large federal countries such as the US, the country has done very well to minimize the frictions and provide a sense of direction to the states.
The pandemic and the prolonged lockdown have given rise to unprecedented policy challenges that warrants systematic and sincere cooperation and coordination both between Centre and the States as well as amongst the States. In this regard, the existing institutional mechanisms like Inter-State Council which has remained largely moribund can be rejuvenated during this crisis.
Along with the state specific responses to the pandemic of COVID-19, there is need of national plan with coordinated efforts. Uniformity in decision making and measures to be adopted is critical in opening economy. | <urn:uuid:08fb9df0-1c2d-401d-ba2c-07d725f3266b> | CC-MAIN-2023-06 | https://iasbaba.com/2020/06/day-6-q-1-is-indias-federal-polity-coping-well-with-the-threats-of-covid-19-critically-comment/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-06/segments/1674764500294.64/warc/CC-MAIN-20230205224620-20230206014620-00632.warc.gz | en | 0.924805 | 1,183 | 3.03125 | 3 |
Exactly how much does something need to change for a difference to be perceived?
Think of, for instance, young children who grow rapidly—getting taller on a daily basis. However, it’s often difficult to notice subtle changes, especially if they still struggle to reach a basketball.
Over a much longer span, their growth spurt becomes more than perceptible; in fact, the amount can seem enormous! These changes in height are only noticed after a lapse because the small day-to-day differences are too small to be perceivable.
The minimal yet perceived amount is the just-noticeable-difference, which, for this example, is the smallest amount of growth noticed.
This video demonstrates a standard approach for measuring a just-noticeable-difference in shape size. Not only do we discuss the steps required to design and execute an experiment, but we also explain how to analyze the data and interpret the results describing just how small of a change in area is necessary to be perceived.
In this experiment, participants are briefly shown two different circles that vary in size and are forced to choose which one is larger.
During each trial, one is always presented with the same circumference, whereas the other is varied. This approach is referred to as the method of constant stimulus.
In this case, the constant stimulus is designed to have a radius of 10 px and located randomly on either the left or right side of the screen. In contrast, the other circle, called the comparison stimulus, will have a radius that varies between 5 and 9 and between 11 and 15 px.
Given these 10 possibilities, the comparison stimulus is shown 10 times on each side, for a total of 200 trials. The dependent variable is recorded as which stimulus was chosen to be the larger one.
Participants are expected to choose correctly if they perceived a difference in size between the two stimuli. However, when the shapes are closer in circumference and below the just-noticeable difference, performance is predicted to decline.
To begin the experiment, greet the participant in the lab. With them sitting comfortably in front of the computer, explain the task instructions: The screen will have the word "Ready?" on it until they press the space bar.
Watch as two blue stimuli appear and instruct the participant to indicate which stimulus they thought was larger by pressing the 'L' key for left- and 'R' for right-side responses. Remind them that they should guess if they are not sure which one is larger.
After answering any questions the participant might have, leave the room. Allow them to complete all of the 200 trials over a 5-min period. When they finish, return to the room and thank them for taking part in the experiment.
To analyze the data, first retrieve the programmed output file that captured each participant’s responses. Quickly glance at the data to make sure that performances were sensible—namely, that when the sizes of the comparison stimuli were 5 and 15 px, accuracy was near perfect.
Next, add a column to the output table called 'Accuracy' to determine whether the recorded answers are correct or not. Compare those given to the correct responses for all trials. Use the following IF statement to register a 1 when the response given was correct and 0 when it was incorrect.
Now, add another column to the table, labeled 'Proportion of Comparison Responses'. Compare the column 'Comparison Position' with 'Response' and use a new IF statement to mark a '1' when the comparison stimulus was chosen or a '0' if the constant circle was chosen.
To visualize the results, make a scatter plot with the size of the comparison on the x-axis and the proportion of times it was chosen as being larger on the y-axis. Recall that the constant stimulus always had a 10-px radius, which is why stimuli with 5 or 6 px radii were almost never chosen and those with 14 or 15 were always chosen.
With a radius of 9 or 11 px, the comparison was more difficult and participants often made mistakes. In fact, performance was at chance level, suggesting that differences were not being perceived.
To calculate the just-noticeable-difference, take the comparison size that was chosen 75% of the time, in this case a radius of 12, minus the comparison size that was chosen 25% of the time—radius of 8—and divide the result by 2 for an answer of 2 px.
In other words, the radii of the circles need to differ by at least 2 px for their sizes to be accurately perceived.
Now that you are familiar with just-noticeable differences in the perception of visual objects’ sizes, let’s look at how this paradigm is used in neurophysiological studies to explore how the brain responds and in other behavioral situations, such as distinguishing between fat levels in food.
Researchers have investigated how individual neurons in the visual cortex encode the physical properties of the world, like objects’ sizes.
Using electrophysiological recording techniques that measure firing patterns in conjunction with stimuli presentation, researchers found that neurons that are sensitive to size will sometimes respond in the same way to objects that are actually different sizes.
This is why JND are just-barely-noticeable: sometimes, in the brain, the relevant stimuli really do produce indistinguishable effects.
In addition, researchers have used a just-noticeable-differences task to characterize individual thresholds for detecting fat concentrations in food.
They found that individuals with a higher body mass index required a higher just-noticeable difference, or higher threshold, before tasting fatty acids in the samples. These results could lead to new approaches to limit excess fat consumption.
You’ve just watched JoVE’s introduction to just-noticeable differences. Now you should have a good understanding of how to design and run the experiment, as well as how to analyze and assess the results.
Thanks for watching! | <urn:uuid:6b447b95-3037-4a35-a92c-e9a5d5d66000> | CC-MAIN-2021-04 | https://www.jove.com/v/10229/just-noticeable-differences | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-04/segments/1610703507045.10/warc/CC-MAIN-20210116195918-20210116225918-00365.warc.gz | en | 0.951776 | 1,225 | 4.375 | 4 |
A shepherd is someone who tends or looks after sheep. The term shepherd is often used to describe someone providing guidance as well as, someone who care for and leads a group of people, such as a minister.
When we think of a Bible verse using the term shepherd, we immediately think of the 23rd Psalm.
The Lord is my shepherd, I lack nothing.
2 He makes me lie down in green pastures,
he leads me beside quiet waters,
3 he refreshes my soul.
He guides me along the right paths
for his name’s sake.
4 Even though I walk
through the darkest valley,
I will fear no evil,
for you are with me;
your rod and your staff,
they comfort me.
5 You prepare a table before me
in the presence of my enemies.
You anoint my head with oil;
my cup overflows.
6 Surely your goodness and love will follow me
all the days of my life,
and I will dwell in the house of the Lord
forever. Psalm 23
In the Message Bible the 1st verse of Psalm 23 says:
God, my shepherd! I don’t need a thing.
Can you picture rolling hills with sheep grazing and the lone shepherd watching over them? The sheep need not worry about anything because their shepherd watches over them, guides them away from all hazards and makes sure that they’re safe and secure.
11 “‘For this is what the Sovereign Lord says: I myself will search for my sheep and look after them. 12 As a shepherd looks after his scattered flock when he is with them, so will I look after my sheep. I will rescue them from all the places where they were scattered on a day of clouds and darkness. 13 I will bring them out from the nations and gather them from the countries, and I will bring them into their own land. I will pasture them on the mountains of Israel, in the ravines and in all the settlements in the land. 14 I will tend them in a good pasture, and the mountain heights of Israel will be their grazing land. There they will lie down in good grazing land, and there they will feed in a rich pasture on the mountains of Israel. 15 I myself will tend my sheep and have them lie down, declares the Sovereign Lord. 16 I will search for the lost and bring back the strays. I will bind up the injured and strengthen the weak, but the sleek and the strong I will destroy. I will shepherd the flock with justice. Ezekiel 34:11-16
My sheep listen to my voice; I know them, and they follow me. 28 I give them eternal life, and they shall never perish; no one will snatch them out of my hand. John 27-28
I am the good shepherd; I know my sheep and my sheep know me. John 10:14
Come, let us bow down in worship,
let us kneel before the Lord our Maker;
for he is our God
and we are the people of his pasture,
the flock under his care. Psalm 95:6-7
For the Lamb at the center of the throne
will be their shepherd;
‘he will lead them to springs of living water.’
‘And God will wipe away every tear from their eyes.’ Rev 7:17
Have you accepted the Lord as your Savior?
Do you believe that He is your Shepherd? | <urn:uuid:c45f1ad9-2beb-4c52-b84e-ab0e6301bbb3> | CC-MAIN-2017-51 | http://doyoureallybelieve.com/2013/02/04/what-is-a-shepherd/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-51/segments/1512948513512.31/warc/CC-MAIN-20171211125234-20171211145234-00131.warc.gz | en | 0.959452 | 725 | 2.71875 | 3 |
About This Chapter
SBA ELA - Grades 6-8: Verbs & Adverbs - Chapter Summary
Verbs are the keystone to English clause composition: without them there is no action, all the nouns just fall flat. Help your school see your student in action as they demonstrate a high level of competence in working with verbs after watching these videos. Preparing for the Smarter Balanced Assessments (SBA) for 6th - 8th grade English Language Arts (ELA) assessments is made simple in this chapter covering:
- Verb forms
- Verb-tense and subject-verb agreement
- Active and passive voice
- A comparison of adjectives and adverbs
- Predicates and gerunds
The videos in these lessons focus in on a single aspect of verbs and adverbs at a time, helping to keep the videos short and not create information overload. They are designed to act principally as a reinforcing tool for instruction provided during in-class instruction, but they can also be handy for homeschooling or helping students get caught up after an extended absence. Have your student take the assessments to gauge understanding and get practice taking English-related tests.
1. Action, Linking and Auxiliary Verbs: Definitions, Functions & Examples
Do you think that a verb is just a verb? Check out this lesson to learn about the differences among action verbs, linking verbs, and auxiliary/helping verbs.
2. Verb Forms: Participles & Infinitives
Using verbs correctly involves knowing more than just how to express action in a sentence. This lesson will show you a few special types of verb forms - infinitives, present participles, and past participles - as well as how to use them.
3. Verb Tense & Subject-Verb Agreement
Learn all about verb tense and subject-verb agreement in our first lesson on this tricky topic. We'll look at examples to help you understand this concept.
4. Subject-Verb Agreement: Using Uncommon Singular and Plural Nouns and Pronouns
Subject-verb agreement is a tricky beast. Learn which uncommon singular and plural nouns and pronouns are most likely to trip you up when trying to craft essays with good grammar.
5. Active and Passive Voice
No one likes a passive person, so why should you write in the passive voice? You may have heard your teachers toss around the terms 'passive voice' and 'active voice' You may have even been told not write in the former. But if you've never really understood what it means to write actively or passively, stick with us -- and learn how to turn to cludgy passive sentences into bright, active ones.
6. Comparison of Adjectives & Adverbs: Examples, Sentences & Exercises
Adjectives and adverbs are descriptive words that allow our sentences to be much more specific and interesting than they would be without them. This lesson covers the rules for using adjectives and adverbs correctly, including those used in comparisons.
7. Gerunds: Are They Verbs? Are They Nouns?
Take a closer look at the verbs and nouns we use in everyday language to help you understand gerunds. Watch this video lesson to learn the exact nature of gerunds and their purpose in writing.
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Other chapters within the Smarter Balanced Assessments - ELA Grades 6-8: Test Prep & Practice course
- SBA ELA - Grades 6-8: Parts of Speech
- SBA ELA - Grades 6-8: Comma Rules
- SBA ELA - Grades 6-8: Modifiers
- SBA ELA - Grades 6-8: Phrases & Clauses
- SBA ELA - Grades 6-8: Types of Sentences
- SBA ELA - Grades 6-8: Grammar Conventions
- SBA ELA - Grades 6-8: Spelling Rules
- SBA ELA - Grades 6-8: Inference & Context in Comprehension
- SBA ELA - Grades 6-8: Identifying the Meaning of Words
- SBA ELA - Grades 6-8: Figures of Speech
- SBA ELA - Grades 6-8: Recognizing Literary Elements
- SBA ELA - Grades 6-8: Organization of Written Works
- SBA ELA - Grades 6-8: Identifying Climax & Plot
- SBA ELA - Grades 6-8: Identifying Themes in Written Works
- SBA ELA - Grades 6-8: Literary Genres & Other Types of Text
- SBA ELA - Grades 6-8: Analyzing Literary Nonfiction
- SBA ELA - Grades 6-8: Analyzing Literary Fiction
- SBA ELA - Grades 6-8: Types of Literary Fiction
- SBA ELA - Grades 6-8: Analyzing Literary Drama
- SBA ELA - Grades 6-8: Types of Poetry
- SBA ELA - Grades 6-8: Interpreting Prose
- SBA ELA - Grades 6-8: Point of View in Literature
- SBA ELA - Grades 6-8: Persuasive Texts
- SBA ELA - Grades 6-8: Reading Informational Texts
- SBA ELA - Grades 6-8: The Writing Process
- SBA ELA - Grades 6-8: Writing Effective Compositions
- SBA ELA - Grades 6-8: Clear & Precise Writing
- SBA ELA - Grades 6-8: Narrative Writing Strategies
- SBA ELA - Grades 6-8: Descriptive Writing Strategies
- SBA ELA - Grades 6-8: Expository Writing Strategies
- SBA ELA - Grades 6-8: Persuasive Writing Strategies
- SBA ELA - Grades 6-8: Research Strategies
- SBA ELA - Grades 6-8: Using Supporting Evidence
- SBA ELA - Grades 6-8: Citing Sources
- SBA ELA - Grades 6-8: Strategies for Effective Speaking
- SBA ELA - Grades 6-8: Being an Effective Listener | <urn:uuid:4a00b504-5e79-4169-96b2-876caf3456af> | CC-MAIN-2017-47 | http://study.com/academy/topic/sba-ela-grades-6-8-verbs-adverbs.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-47/segments/1510934806543.24/warc/CC-MAIN-20171122084446-20171122104446-00201.warc.gz | en | 0.906806 | 1,474 | 4.4375 | 4 |
Calcium carbonate concretions in a soil horizon
by Antonio Jordán, University of Seville, Sevilla, Spain
The presence of carbonate nodules in the lower horizons of the soil profile indicates a wash (decarbonation) in the upper part and the subsequent accumulation of carbonates in the lower horizons (calcic horizons).
The picture shows a calcic horizon immediately below an argic horizon. In this cae, decarbonation occured prior to clay washing, since clay flocculates in the presence of calcium and can not be dispersed. On the other hand, the appearance of nodules in a clayeous horizon indicates an aridification after the accumulation of clay.
The relatively large size (> 1 cm) of the carbonate nodules gives an idea of their age. The growth of the nodules from small previous crystals occurs thanks to a continuous supply of material during a long time.
The shape of the nodules also provides information about their age. In general, young nodules are irregularly shaped (formed from small crystals), while older nodules are spherical or polyhedral (grown by recrystallization). Nodules grow occupying pores and galleries (such as those excavated by the soil fauna or the roots of the plants), as shown in the image.
Taken on 24
Submitted on 25 May 2019
Credit: Antonio Jordán (distributed via imaggeo.egu.eu)
Click to appreciate | <urn:uuid:35de8294-e8c0-4703-b915-19865fdea613> | CC-MAIN-2021-17 | https://cdn.imaggeo.egu.eu/view/14747/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-17/segments/1618038088731.42/warc/CC-MAIN-20210416065116-20210416095116-00470.warc.gz | en | 0.886391 | 305 | 3.078125 | 3 |
- Apply concepts of productive efficiency and allocative efficiency to perfectly competitive markets
- Compare the model of perfect competition to real-world markets
When profit-maximizing firms in perfectly competitive markets combine with utility-maximizing consumers, something remarkable happens: the resulting quantities of outputs of goods and services demonstrate both productive and allocative efficiency (terms that we first introduced in (Choice in a World of Scarcity) .
Productive efficiency means producing without waste, so that the choice is on the production possibility frontier. In the long run in a perfectly competitive market, because of the process of entry and exit, the price in the market is equal to the minimum of the long-run average cost curve. In other words, firms produce and sell goods at the lowest possible average cost.
Allocative efficiency means that among the points on the production possibility frontier, the chosen point is socially preferred—at least in a particular and specific sense. In a perfectly competitive market, price will be equal to the marginal cost of production. Think about the price that one pays for a good as a measure of the social benefit one receives for that good; after all, willingness to pay conveys what the good is worth to a buyer. Then think about the marginal cost of producing the good as representing not just the cost for the firm, but more broadly as the social cost of producing that good. When perfectly competitive firms follow the rule that profits are maximized by producing at the quantity where price is equal to marginal cost, they are thus ensuring that the social benefits they receive from producing a good are in line with the social costs of production.
To explore what economists mean by allocative efficiency, it is useful to walk through an example. Begin by assuming that the market for wholesale flowers is perfectly competitive, and so P = MC. Now, consider what it would mean if firms in that market produced a lesser quantity of flowers. At a lesser quantity, marginal costs will not yet have increased as much, so that price will exceed marginal cost; that is, P > MC. In that situation, the benefit to society as a whole of producing additional goods, as measured by the willingness of consumers to pay for marginal units of a good, would be higher than the cost of the inputs of labor and physical capital needed to produce the marginal good. In other words, the gains to society as a whole from producing additional marginal units will be greater than the costs.
Conversely, consider what it would mean if, compared to the level of output at the allocatively efficient choice when P = MC, firms produced a greater quantity of flowers. At a greater quantity, marginal costs of production will have increased so that P < MC. In that case, the marginal costs of producing additional flowers is greater than the benefit to society as measured by what people are willing to pay. For society as a whole, since the costs are outstripping the benefits, it will make sense to produce a lower quantity of such goods.
When perfectly competitive firms maximize their profits by producing the quantity where P = MC, they also assure that the benefits to consumers of what they are buying, as measured by the price they are willing to pay, is equal to the costs to society of producing the marginal units, as measured by the marginal costs the firm must pay—and thus that allocative efficiency holds.
We should view the statements that a perfectly competitive market in the long run will feature both productive and allocative efficiency with a degree of skepticism about its truth. Remember, economists are using the concept of “efficiency” in a particular and specific sense, not as a synonym for “desirable in every way.” For one thing, consumers’ ability to pay reflects the income distribution in a particular society. Thus, a homeless person may have no ability to pay for housing because he or she has insufficient income.
Perfect competition, in the long run, is a hypothetical benchmark. For market structures such as monopoly, monopolistic competition, and oligopoly, which are more frequently observed in the real world than perfect competition, firms will not always produce at the minimum of average cost, nor will they always set price equal to marginal cost. Thus, these other competitive situations will not produce productive and allocative efficiency.
Moreover, real-world markets include many issues that are assumed away in the model of perfect competition, including pollution, inventions of new technology, poverty which may make some people unable to pay for basic necessities of life, government programs like national defense or education, discrimination in labor markets, and buyers and sellers who must deal with imperfect and unclear information. We explore these issues in other chapters. However, the theoretical efficiency of perfect competition does provide a useful benchmark for comparing the issues that arise from these real-world problems.
A Dime a Dozen
A quick glance at Table 8.12 reveals the dramatic increase in North Dakota corn production—almost a tenfold increase since 1972. Taking into consideration that corn typically yields two to three times as many bushels per acre as wheat, it is obvious there has been a significant increase in bushels of corn. Why the increase in corn acreage? Converging prices.
|Year||Corn (millions of acres)|
Historically, wheat prices have been higher than corn prices, offsetting wheat’s lower yield per acre. However, in recent years wheat and corn prices have been converging. In April 2013, Agweek reported the gap was just 71 cents per bushel. As the difference in price narrowed, switching to the production of higher yield per acre of corn simply made good business sense. Erik Younggren, president of the National Association of Wheat Growers said in the Agweek article, “I don't think we're going to see mile after mile of waving amber fields [of wheat] anymore." (Until wheat prices rise, we will probably be seeing field after field of tasseled corn.) | <urn:uuid:980cc409-1690-42ae-b4d8-421977c950aa> | CC-MAIN-2021-04 | https://openstax.org/books/principles-microeconomics-2e/pages/8-4-efficiency-in-perfectly-competitive-markets | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-04/segments/1610704843561.95/warc/CC-MAIN-20210128102756-20210128132756-00790.warc.gz | en | 0.960633 | 1,207 | 3.546875 | 4 |
The main goal of this project is develop a novel solution towards patient monitoring system considering the aspects of technology of today and with an eye to the future in medical industry. This project will provide the user a 24X7 intelligent monitoring system.
A patient is any person who receives medical attention, care, or treatment . The person is most often ill or injured and in need of treatment by a physician or other medical professional , although one who is visiting a physician for a routine check-up may also be viewed as a patient.
Patient Monitor or "Multi-parameter monitor" or also referred to as " Physiological Monitor" is a clinical use electronic machine designed to display and minimally interpret, a person's vital signs . Some monitors can warn of pending fatal cardiac conditions before visible signs are noticeable to clinical staff.
Parameters (or measurements) usually consist of accelerometer, ECG , blood pressure (either invasively through an inserted blood pressure-to-transducer assembly or non-invasively with an inflatable blood pressure cuff), and temperature.
In GPRS and GPS Based Intelligent Patient Monitoring project we use the following blocks – 32 bit ARM core, GPS and GPRS modem, sensors, amplifier, ADC (Analog to Digital Converter), accelerometer, IR transmitter, IR receiver.
Here the 32 bit ARM core is master control of the entire process. This system is used to monitor the parameters of the patient from a remote location. We also plot the parameters of the patient on the graph using MATLAB software. We monitor the parameters like temperature, blood pressure, heart beat rate and also the ECG (Electrocardiogram). We use several sensors like temperature, pressure, ECG etc.
The output of the sensors area amplified and fed to the ARM core. The ECG is amplified and then passed over the ADC to give digital output. This is then fed to the ARM core. The keypad and LCD is also interfaced to the ARM cortex. An accelerometer is used to measure the depth of CPR chest compressions is also interfaced to the ARM cortex.
This information from the ARM cortex is transmitted on a wireless scheme. There exists a server in the hospitals. These servers aid in tracking the patient having the monitoring system. The server is built by using the java based jsp platform and the results from the server are plotted using the MATLAB software. Hence using this system one can effectively track a patient's complete health information monitoring from a remote location.
This system is future can be built as a SOC (System on Chip) that can be embedded inside the human body for monitoring | <urn:uuid:5d8a7b83-0454-4cbb-8d7a-5fe766090a78> | CC-MAIN-2019-13 | https://www.projecttopics.info/Embedded/GPRS-and-GPS-Based-Intelligent-Patient-Monitoring.php | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-13/segments/1552912202523.0/warc/CC-MAIN-20190321112407-20190321134407-00490.warc.gz | en | 0.896875 | 536 | 2.53125 | 3 |
FEDC has developed an Economic Model of the Fairbanks economy. This comprehensive model provides our community a decision making tool that supplies statistical information about economic drivers of the FNSB economy. This model helps provide an understanding of the basic economic activity that are responsible for new money coming into our economy, leading to our region’s outflows of money from the purchase of imports, creating labor income and other positive economic activity. We encourage you to use this model; work with it, play with it, ask questions about it. Understanding your economy is the first step in becoming part of an effort to improve your economy.
Click here to see the Economic Model
As described above the Basic activities fuel an economy with new dollar income, and by spending, distribute it among the supporting industries that provide goods and services to the exporting (basic) sector industries; fostering endogenous economic activity. The process of spending and re-spending of injected (exogenous) money within an economy is called the multiplier effect. The relationship of basic and non-basic economy is important to maintain a healthy economy. It can affect a regions social and demographic structure negatively when imbalanced. | <urn:uuid:c22a764f-f4d8-4c8c-8984-497b468b33a9> | CC-MAIN-2016-18 | http://www.investfairbanks.com/projects/community-economic-modeling | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-18/segments/1461860113541.87/warc/CC-MAIN-20160428161513-00072-ip-10-239-7-51.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.942292 | 233 | 2.78125 | 3 |
|Birthplace:||Albemarle County, Virginia, USA|
|Death:||Died in Orange County, Virginia, USA|
Son of Dr. Thomas Walker and Mildred Walker
|Managed by:||Sarah Hornsby|
Historical records matching John Walker, U.S. Senator
About John Walker, U.S. Senator
John Walker (February 13, 1744 – December 2, 1809) was a public official from Virginia.
Walker was born in Virginia, the son of Dr. Thomas Walker. He received private education before attending the College of William and Mary, which he graduated from in 1764. He was a neighbor and classmate at William and Mary of Thomas Jefferson and they remained close friends until the elections of 1804-1805. In 1774 he replaced his father as a representative of the House of Burgesses. He was in the Continental Army, serving in 1777 as an aide-de-camp to General George Washington, holding the rank of colonel. In 1780, he was elected as a delegate to the Continental Congress. He then studied law. When William Grayson died in 1790, Walker was appointed to the United States Senate to serve from March 31 to November 9 of that year, when a successor was elected by the Virginia General Assembly.
In 1804 he wrote a statement to his friend and Thomas Jefferson opponent, General Henry "Lighthorse" Lee, stating that in 1768, when he had to travel to Fort Stanwix, he had asked Jefferson his neighbor to look after his family. He claimed beginning then and until 1779 Thomas Jefferson made unwanted advances to his wife Betsy.
Walker died in 1809. | <urn:uuid:7fdecd03-4251-4741-81f8-480ea9d66c51> | CC-MAIN-2016-07 | http://www.geni.com/people/John-Walker-U-S-Senator/6000000007169570281 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-07/segments/1454701146600.56/warc/CC-MAIN-20160205193906-00235-ip-10-236-182-209.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.982724 | 348 | 2.609375 | 3 |
- What is a perfume?
- How are perfumes made?
- What is organic chemistry and how does it differ from inorganic chemistry?
- What is an ester? What is an aldehyde/
- What is acetone?
- What is ethanol?
- How do they make perfume from coal?
This is a brief introduction into the world of organic chemistry. The student discovers via experimentation that making a perfume involves a three step process such as step one, having a source of the scent. The sources are esters, aldehydes or aromatic compounds that occur naturally in fruits, in flowers, in herbs in spices. Step 2 having a solvent which is used to dissolve all of the fragrance but one that evaporates slowly so that the scent lasts and is given off over a period of time and last, in industry, they add a filler or what they call a stabilizer so that the perfume lasts . Sometimes the solvent also serves as the stabilizer. There are many other solvents that are used such as ethanol. Ethanol works well but it is a poison! Do not drink it!
This science fair experiment also serves to acquaint students with the essential processes of sciencing such as the importance of the use of a control, of identifying dependent and independent variables, of data collection, of pictorial and or graphic presentation of data and of being able to make better judgments as to the validity and reliability of their findings.They take on the role of scientists and in the process they learn to act as one.
- 4 small jars with lids
- Whole cloves petals from flowers which have a distinct scent
- Rubbing alcohol
- Cameras (if you wish to take pictures of the process)
- Gather all of the materials you will require for this project which include labels, pen, 4 small jars with lids, 10 whole cloves, and petals from a flower that has a distinct odor, water and rubbing alcohol.
- Caution: Rubbing alcohol is a poison. Keep it away from your mouth.
- Copy the Data Chart so that you can readily record your observations.
- On two labels, write water and on the other two labels, write, rubbing alcohol. Attach the labels to each of the 4 jars.
- Reproduce the data chart provided above so that you may readily record your observations.
- Place 5 whole cloves in each of two jars.
- Fill one jar half full of water
- Fill the other jar half full with rubbing alcohol.
- Close the jars and screw on the lids tightly.
- Take the flower petals; divide them equally into two jars. Fill one half full with water and the other half full with rubbing alcohol. Again, close jars and screw lids on tightly.
- Store all the jars at room temperature.
- At the end of this first week, put a few drops of the liquid from each of the water jars on your left wrist and the same number of drops of the liquid from the alcohol solutions on your right wrists. Allow the liquids to evaporate and then smell each wrist.
- Record your observations.
- Replace the lids on both jars and return for storage for a second week.
- At the close of the second week, repeat step 11.
- Record your observations. Was the scent from each of the jars still as strong? Any differences? How do you account for your results?
- Analyze your data. What are your conclusions? Was water equally effective as a solvent as rubbing alcohol? How effective were these solvents with the flower petals?
- Write up your research. Make certain to include your bibliography, namely the sources you used to answer the research questions. You may wish to include comments on your reactions to this project as well as what you would do differently if you were to repeat this experiment.
Terms/Concepts: Perfume; Scent; Organic; Chemistry; Ester; Aldehydes; Acetone; Ethanol
- Bronowski, J. Barry, G., Fisher., Huxley, J. Doubleday Pictorial Library of Science , Doubleday & Company, Garden City, New York, 1980 | <urn:uuid:6a7d38f0-7815-4a5f-8e35-ea9f9c63882e> | CC-MAIN-2018-09 | https://www.education.com/science-fair/article/capturing-a-scent/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-09/segments/1518891815318.53/warc/CC-MAIN-20180224033332-20180224053332-00682.warc.gz | en | 0.940184 | 872 | 4 | 4 |
Introducing a new approach that combines evolutionary and engineering analyses to identify the targets of natural selection, researchers report in the current issue of Evolution that the new tool opens a way of discovering evidence for selection for biomechanical function in very diverse organisms and of reconstructing skull shapes in long-extinct ancestral species.
Evolutionary biologist Elizabeth Dumont and mechanical engineer Ian Grosse at the University of Massachusetts Amherst, with evolutionary biologist Liliana Dávalos of Stony Brook University and support from the National Science Foundation, studied the evolutionary histories of the adaptive radiation of New World leaf-nosed bats based on their dietary niches.
As the authors point out, adaptive radiations, that is, the explosive evolution of species into new ecological niches, have generated much of the biological diversity seen in the world today. "Natural selection is the driving force behind adaptation to new niches, but it can be difficult to identify which features are the targets of selection. This is especially the case when selection was important in the distant past of a group whose living members now occupy very different niches," they note.
They set out to tackle this by examining almost 200 species of New World leaf-nosed bats that exploit many different food niches: Insects, frogs, lizards, fruit, nectar and even blood. The bats' skulls of today reflect this dietary diversity. Species with long, narrow snouts eat nectar, while short-faced bats have exceptionally short, wide palates for eating hard fruits. Species that eat other foods have snouts shaped somewhere in between.
Dumont explains further, "We knew diet was associated with those things, but there was no evidence that natural selection acted to make those changes in the skull. The engineering model allowed us to identify the biomechanical functions that natural selection worked on. Some form or function helps an animal to perform better in its environment, but it can be hard to demonstrate exactly what that form or function is. We studied the engineering results using the evolutionary tree, which is a very cool new thing about this work."
She and colleagues built an engineering model of a bat skull that can morph into the shape of any species, and used it to create skulls with all possible combinations of snout length and width. Then they ran engineering analyses on all the models to assess their structural strength and mechanical advantage, a measure of how efficiently and how hard bats can bite.
Analyzing the engineering results over hundreds of evolutionary trees of New World leaf-nosed bats revealed three optimal snout shapes favored by natural selection, they report. One was the long, narrow snout of nectar feeders, the second was the extremely short and wide snout of short-faced bats, and the third optimum included all other species. Overall, selection for mechanical advantage was more important in determining the optima than was selection for structural strength, they add.
"Thanks to this new approach," Dumont says, "we were able to answer our original question about natural selection in the evolution of these bats. It favored the highest mechanical advantage in short-faced bats, which gives them the high bite forces needed to pierce through the hardest figs. Nectar feeders have very low mechanical advantage, which is a trade-off for having long, narrow snouts that fit into the flowers in which they find nectar."
Cite This Page: | <urn:uuid:7c94edfb-db4b-4bde-b810-71a4044c42af> | CC-MAIN-2016-44 | https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2014/01/140123133219.htm?utm_source=feedburner&utm_medium=feed&utm_campaign=Feed%3A+sciencedaily%2Ffossils_ruins%2Fevolution+%28Evolution+News+--+ScienceDaily%29 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-44/segments/1476988720468.71/warc/CC-MAIN-20161020183840-00452-ip-10-171-6-4.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.960292 | 690 | 4.0625 | 4 |
Okay so here we have another post. This post is about the return keyword. you might have encountered some functions written in python which have a return keyword in the end of the function. Do you know what it does ? Continue reading The use of return and global keywords.
Okay, so, most of us do not know how to generate random strings which include letters and digits. This can be really useful for generating a password (or, you know, stuff to aid you in your plan for world domination). So how do we Continue reading Generating a random string.
Okay yet another useful post. This post is really important and useful for anyone just starting out with python. So what is the
__init__.py file ? Continue reading What is __init__.py ?
So the chances are that you already know about the with statement but some of us do not know about it. Lets face the reality the with statement saves us a lot of time and reduces our code base. Just imagine Continue reading The with statement
I guess it’s not a simple python server. It is really simple and easy to deploy python server. Just imagine you want to share a folder on your pc with someone on your network. What you will do ? Continue reading A simple python server
Okay so this is kinda new for some of us. If you are a seasoned programmer then this might not be surprising for you but if you are a new programmer then this is something you really need to know. Okay so here we go. Continue reading In-place value swapping | <urn:uuid:ed7cae17-e569-41df-92ac-da4584c86abc> | CC-MAIN-2018-51 | https://pythontips.com/category/python/page/15/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-51/segments/1544376823183.3/warc/CC-MAIN-20181209210843-20181209232843-00149.warc.gz | en | 0.920194 | 315 | 2.71875 | 3 |
South American, Moche
Peru (North Coast)
Portrait Vessel, A.D. 100-500
Pottery painted red, buff, and black
The Moche civilization developed along the arid coastal plain of northern Peru. Through a vast network of irrigation channels, this people maintained control of fresh water, a rare commodity. In the eighth century, a series of natural catastrophes led to the downfall of the Moche. A vivid record remains of their achievement, however, in their ceramic vessels, a preferred form being the stirrup-spout bottle shown here. The bases of these bottles were fashioned into portraits of nobles, commoners, warriors, gods, animals, and plants. This portrait vessel is painted with typical red, buff, and black colors. A simple headband, tied under the young man's chin, is decorated with the full body of a jaguar or puma. | <urn:uuid:adf03c62-4c6b-490d-82b4-4197ddba072f> | CC-MAIN-2015-40 | http://www.worcesterart.org/collection/Precolumbian/1968.55.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2015-40/segments/1443736679756.40/warc/CC-MAIN-20151001215759-00026-ip-10-137-6-227.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.924306 | 187 | 3.328125 | 3 |
Sunday, April 5, 2020
Palm Sunday - Jesus Entering Jerusalem
The entry of Jesus & His disciples into Jerusalem on Palm Sunday marks the beginning of Holy Week, which in Christianity is the week just before Easter. In the West, it is also the last week of Lent, & includes Palm Sunday, Holy Wednesday, Maundy Thursday (Holy Thursday), Good Friday (Holy Friday), & Holy Saturday. It does not include Easter Sunday, which begins the season of Easter, although traditions observing the Easter may vary in different liturgical customs.
John The Baptist saw Jesus coming toward him and said, “Look, the Lamb of God who takes away the sin of the world. I have seen and I testify that this is the Son of God.” (John 1:29,34). John the Baptist had been preaching about the coming Messiah, identifying himself as the forerunner Isaiah had promised over 700 years earlier. In Isaiah 40:3, John said, “I am the voice of one calling in the desert,‘Make straight the way for the Lord ‘ “ (John 1:23). Introducing Jesus to Israel as the Lamb of God would prompt a comparison between Jesus and the Passover lamb in their minds. | <urn:uuid:94b60076-1df3-43d1-b4b0-2ed2db253857> | CC-MAIN-2020-34 | https://bjws.blogspot.com/2019/04/palm-sunday-jesus-entering-jerusalem.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-34/segments/1596439738888.13/warc/CC-MAIN-20200812083025-20200812113025-00579.warc.gz | en | 0.961933 | 255 | 2.8125 | 3 |
Just how common are irregular heartbeats in men? Contrary to popular belief, older men aren't the only one's at risk for heart abnormalities, including an irregular heartbeat. Although almost everyone will experience an irregular heartbeat at one point or another, chronic irregular heartbeat can be dangerous and may lead to further health problems later in life. Statistics indicate that an irregular heartbeat in men of different ages may be more common than in women for a variety of reasons.
Lifestyle can play a significant role in why some types of irregular heart beat is more prevalent among men than women. Studies suggest that behaviors such as drug use and alcohol may be responsible for the increase of younger men suffering from irregular heartbeat. It is believed that men, especially younger men, may partake in these activities more frequently than women. However, this is not to say that irregular heartbeat in men is common due to this phenomenon alone. Heredity, certain medications, medical conditions, and other risk factors can also contribute.
Atrial fibrillation and sudden cardiac death, (SDC), are the most common conditions caused by irregular heartbeats in men. Atrial fibrillation is caused by an abnormally rapid beats caused by the atria. However, it is important to note that this irregular heart rhythm is typically caused by risk factors such as coronary artery disease, hypertension, and diabetes. SDC is also closely related to men with certain risk factors, especially those related to lifestyle and other disease or disorder.
Statistics on the actual incidence of irregular heartbeat in men is somewhat skewed. This is because that the condition in general may be common but only certain types of irregular heartbeat tend to affect men on a more frequent basis. More men are believed to suffer from an irregular heartbeat than previously thought because some will exhibit no signs or symptoms until later in life, and thus are not diagnosed.
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They get older, their monikers stay the same age. | <urn:uuid:643e609c-7b9a-4694-9060-64e9dea55c8e> | CC-MAIN-2017-26 | http://www.mademan.com/mm/how-common-are-irregular-heart-beats-men.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-26/segments/1498128320915.38/warc/CC-MAIN-20170627032130-20170627052130-00258.warc.gz | en | 0.948139 | 464 | 2.53125 | 3 |
The History of Valentine's Day
Love Through the Ages
The Story Behind St. Valentine
In the movie “Don Juan DeMarco,” Johnny Depp says, “There are four questions of value in life... What is sacred? Of what is the spirit made? What is worth living for, and what is worth dying for? The answer to each is the same. Only love.” That impossible-to-define and sometimes seemingly impossible-to-reach force, which has driven most literature and art from time immemorial, is celebrated in many countries around the world on February 14, a day designated as St. Valentine's Day.
Woe is he who neglects to present his lady with at least a symbolic love-token on this day. However, while flowers, chocolates and even jewelry have become almost expected and not just appreciated as thoughtful gifts, it is important to remember
that Valentine's Day is not just an excuse for giving and receiving presents as proof of affection. The holiday has a long and romantic past, and is meant to remind us that love has no price tag, but should be shown and appreciated every day of the year.
As with most traditions, Valentine's Day has evolved over many centuries. Pre-Christian
ancient Rome celebrated the beginning of spring as well as Lupercalia, a fertility festival, in mid-February. Cleansing and purification
rituals were performed to honor Faunus, the god of agriculture, as well as the twins Romulus and Remus, founders of Rome. Part of the festivities included a sort of “love lottery,”
in which young women placed their names in a giant urn; young men would pick at random a name, and whoever they chose would be their companion for a year, often resulting in marriage.
Christian elements would later join this “pagan” holiday.
It is widely believed that in the third century, a priest named Valentine went against Emperor Cladius II's orders and performed marriage ceremonies for young men in the military. His disobedience led to his imprisonment and death, but not before he too fell in love and left the first Valentine to his beloved: legend has it that before he was killed, he left a love letter to the jailer's daughter, signed “Your Valentine.” Almost two centuries later, Pope Gelasius declared February 14 to be St. Valentine's Day. During the Middle Ages, the French and English believed that February 14 was the beginning of birds' mating season, adding a “coupling” element to the day that has lasted ever since.
Most of us fall into one of two Valentine's Day camps. Some see it as a sweet, romantic holiday where expressions of love are encouraged, while others regard it as a commercially driven excuse to spend lots of money on something you should be doing anyway, telling your loved one you care. Whatever your views are, chances are if you are part of a couple, you will end up doing something special for your significant other on February 14. Otherwise, be careful about showing your face the next day!
While hopeless romantics might not need any advice when it comes to planning the perfect rendezvous, we're more than happy to aid the helpless romantics arrange a romance-filled Valentine's Day to tell their sweetheart just how much they care. From intimate dinners to very intimate presents, we'll help make this Valentine's Day the sweetest (and steamiest) one yet!
Best Valentine's Day Restaurants
Top 10 Romantic Gifts
Guide to Valentine's Day | <urn:uuid:77ec7bee-61fc-4a4e-8989-be756094d39c> | CC-MAIN-2016-30 | http://www.gayot.com/holiday/history-valentinesday.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-30/segments/1469258950570.93/warc/CC-MAIN-20160723072910-00169-ip-10-185-27-174.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.9698 | 741 | 3.859375 | 4 |
- Unlike today’s museum catalogues, filled with essays and supplementary content about the objects, most exhibition catalogues in the early 1800s were simple, descriptive exhibit and object lists. Madame Tussauds’ catalogues on the other hand contained a wealth of information about each of her figures and tableau, from biographies of sitters to lengthy accounts of historical events.
- It was Marie’s aim that the attraction be as educational as it was entertaining, and that each person learnt something new with their visit.
- The archive contains copies of Madame Tussaud’s exhibition catalogues dating from 1803, when Marie first came to England, to the present day. The catalogues shown here date from 1892, 1897 and 1903, and were written by well-known author of the time George Augustus Sala. They reflect a period where the catalogue cover illustrations became highly decorative and colourful. | <urn:uuid:0d0cf17d-5263-443a-9706-f0fcd311ff01> | CC-MAIN-2020-45 | https://www.madametussauds.com/london/information/the-madame-tussauds-archive/historic-exhibition-catalogues/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-45/segments/1603107865665.7/warc/CC-MAIN-20201023204939-20201023234939-00197.warc.gz | en | 0.963116 | 188 | 2.84375 | 3 |
Resonant Standing Waves in the Martian Atmosphere
by Alex Putney for Human-Resonance.org
November 10, 2012
Spectacular tornadoes have been photographed tearing across the barren red Martian landscape. Tornadoes and dust devils that strip red dust from the rocky plains leave only vague traces during the summer on Mars, while more unusual and distinct patterns are formed on the surface of Mars during the wintertime.
As atmospheric temperatures dip below the freezing point of carbon dioxide (at about -125°C), atmospheric CO2 solidifies and precipitates to the surface as 'dry ice' snowfall. The white blankets of dry ice cover significant portions of the red planet, establishing special conditions that reveal the dramatic influence of invisible forces at work.
Color photographs obtained by NASA's Mars Orbiter have captured many striking examples of a curious phenomena which blackens the white ice surfaces in 'spiderweb-like' patterns. One of the most remarkable images captured by the Orbiter witnesses a roughly octagonal-shaped mandala formation with many blackened swaths of ice surrounding a large central area also left covered in a roughly circular black residue:
This image also provides direct evidence of increased sublimation of the dry ice patches that become covered with the black substance, caused by increased absorption of solar heat by the blackened surfaces. So, what exactly is this black residue? Furthermore, what causes it to form in these unusual circular patterns that roughly resemble the crop circle formations appearing seasonally on Earth?
Various scientists from NASA, the USGS and the European Space Agency (ESA) have offered theories, many of which suggest that these blackened areas are the result of hidden geysers below the icey surface, as previously suggested of similar formations on Saturn's ice moon, Enceladus. However, the clear absence of localized volcanic activity or any other known process that would cause these 'geysers' in each case denies such speculative hypotheses.
An interesting aspect of this phenomena is exemplified in another magnificent Orbiter photograph where the spacing of the black patches shows a surprising regularity, possibly providing an important clue to their mysterious origin (above). This image shows the black residue mixing with the sands of steep dunes as it slides down their faces, presumably having been formed during the preceding period of coverage by dry ice snow. The dry ice evaporated, leaving black residues on the dunes.
The spacing between the black surface deposition is an unmistakable effect of infrasound standing waves resonating within the thin Martian atmosphere --a quantifiable force that also explains the unusual parallel lines of ice plumes extending high above Enceladus' south polar region.
The study of tornadoes on Earth offers clues to further understand the nature of this phenomenon as it occurs on Martian dry ice. Nikola Tesla first discovered, in 1899, that the planetary atmosphere could be stimulated by resonant infrasound standing waves to enhance ionization rates and thereby induce dense mists, storm cloud formation and rainfall. We now also know that this occurs naturally during atmospheric ionization by heightened solar activity, inducing measurable longterm influences in global precipitation rates.
In January of 1943, the US government's Nazi-founded OSS assassinated Tesla upon Hitler's orders, and stole his resonant ultra-low frequency tower technology for subsequent weaponization as the Nexrad tower network, which artificially induces lines of tornadoes along the lines of infrasound waveguide towers. The entire array of Nexrad towers is carefully geopositioned in alignment with the Great Pyramid of Giza, Egypt.
NASA is a central part of the carefully orchestrated coverup of the weaponization of Tesla's atmospheric infrasound technologies, designed to hide Tesla's discovery of standing waves and their application to acoustic levitation and gravity control, as well as artificial earthquake induction for secret, geopolitically-motivated attacks.
Continuing their nefarious history of denial and distraction that is typical of Nazi science programs (as setup in Operation Paperclip), NASA promotes the flimsy geyser theories to hide the true nature of the forces at work on the Martian dry ice. Entirely ignored by NASA and ESA scientists, many high-resolution photographs of the Mars Orbiter capture dozens of apparently stationary tornadoes in the act of generating the black plumes of material that baffle the space agencies:
Unlike the great majority of tornadoes on Earth, these black Martian tornadoes remain completely stationary, with each spout leaving a distinct black swatch of ice extending downwind. The stationary nature of this multiple tornado phenomenon reveals its invisible source: resonant standing waves in the Martian atmosphere.
Each tornado is induced at focal points of the nonlinear stationary waves, which are comprised of over 30 resonant frequencies (as on Earth, described as the Schumann Resonance). The intense vibratory energy of the focused infrasound is converted into an electrical charge by the piezoelectric sand and bedrock of the Martian surface, generating a continual plasma discharge that rises upward into the tornado formations.
The plasma discharges rapidly sublimate the dry ice, stripping CO2 molecules by dissociation into individual carbon and oxygen atoms. This accounts for the origin of black carbon observed in the tornadoes and their windswept residue. Distribution of the array of tornadoes exactly corresponds to the focal points of standing waves, mathematically described by Tesla for the first time in 1913:
Imagine that a transmitter capable of exciting the earth were placed at one of the Poles. Then the crests and hollows of the stationary waves would be in parallel circles with their planes at right angles to the axis of the earth... The best plan would be to place three transmitters at properly chosen points on the globe so as to establish three non-interferable systems of stationary waves at right angles to one another. [--New York Press]
Using the specific geometry of right angle relationships identified by Tesla, the following octagonally symmetrical tiling can be applied in the mapping of standing waves to terrestrial surface features:
Overlaying this octagonal tiling onto the Martian landscape in proper alignment reveals the invisible network of infrasound standing waves that induce such astounding arrays of carbon tornadoes on Martian dry ice. Each vertical cone of black carbon soot extends high above a well-defined focal point of ultra-low frequency acoustic energy:
Such a perfect correlation between the mathematically calculated wave convergence points with the data obtained in these Mars Orbiter photographs confirms the profound significance of Nikola Tesla's discovery over a century ago, and the crucial importance of applying his findings to the modern scientific fields of solar and planetary physics.
The ongoing global mass media coverup and secret government weaponization of Tesla's various infrasound technologies must be exposed, and the criminal assassins and thieves brought to justice. While this task is clearly beyond the ability of humanity at this time, the culmination of cosmic changes now unfolding promises exactly that.
All electronics and modern machinery on Earth, as well as the satellites and the International Space Station in orbit, will inevitably be destroyed during the events of December 22, 2012, while the ancient psychoacoustic technologies of the world's pyramids reignite in the deep heartbeat resonance of the Fifth World. | <urn:uuid:2542ebdd-f239-4495-a83b-965359d125e0> | CC-MAIN-2023-40 | http://www.human-resonance.org/mars.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-40/segments/1695233506339.10/warc/CC-MAIN-20230922070214-20230922100214-00313.warc.gz | en | 0.9217 | 1,462 | 3.625 | 4 |
National Inventory of Deep Coral Distribution and Development of a Geographic Information System
Project Status: This project began in January, 2009 and is Ongoing
In support of NOAA’s Deep Sea Coral Research and Technology Program (DSCRTP), we are locating, mapping, and characterizing deep-sea corals and sponge ecosystems (DSCE); providing spatial analyses; and reporting the information to scientists and managers to help them implement appropriate measures for protecting deep-sea coral habitats.
Why We Care
Deep-sea corals, also known as cold-water corals, are a fragile, diverse collection of organisms inhabiting waters from 50 to 2,000 meters deep on continental shelves, slopes, canyons, and seamounts. Unlike the well-studied, reef-building, shallow tropical corals, deep-sea corals lack symbiotic algae (zooxanthellae) and must take in plankton and organic matter for much of their energy needs instead of relying on photosynthesis to produce food.
Deep-sea corals are also rich in biodiversity. They provide important habitats for a variety of fish and important commercial seafood species, including shrimp and crabs, and some are also being evaluated for their medicinal-compound potential. Because deep-sea corals are long-lived and slow-growing, they are particularly vulnerable to physical disturbance and human activities. Fishing equipment, especially deep-sea trawling gear, can destroy these ecosystems.
What We Are Doing
NOAA’s Deep Sea Coral Research and Technology Program (DSCRTP) conducts three-year intensive regional initiatives to advance the understanding, conservation, and management of deep sea coral ecosystems. These initiatives, which include research cruises aboard scientific research vessels, generate large volumes of information that must be analyzed and developed into products that coastal managers can use. We are providing data management and GIS services, including gathering information about the distribution of deep-sea corals, their biology, and their role in the ecosystem. We are developing a national database of known locations of deep sea corals, as well as a data management plan to outline policies and procedures for the DSCRTP. This plan will ensure that information generated by the program will be captured, retained, and made available to researchers and the public.
We will continue to support the DSCRTP by providing information and analytical support. We will also continue to gather and research previously documented deep-sea corals information from museums, scientific research institute libraries, and individual research laboratories.
Related Regions of Study: Atlantic Ocean, Gulf of Mexico, Pacific Ocean - Eastern, Pacific Ocean - Western
Primary Contacts: Tim Battista, Dan Dorfman
Science for Coastal Ecosystem Management (Marine Spatial Planning, Coral)
Related NCCOS Center: CCMA | <urn:uuid:b72ae27d-23a2-4f3b-9eda-2cd80a18e92e> | CC-MAIN-2013-20 | http://www.coastalscience.noaa.gov/projects/detail?key=89 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2013-20/segments/1368701943764/warc/CC-MAIN-20130516105903-00079-ip-10-60-113-184.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.920983 | 570 | 3.796875 | 4 |
“My Blood Test Says My Thyroid is Normal. I Don’t FEEL NORMAL!”
Most people either have a Thyroid issue, have been diagnosed with a “disease” that affects their Thyroid, or at least feel like they do because they experience the symptoms related to Abnormal Thyroid function. Your Thyroid numbers could be “within range” and you could still have an inefficient Thyroid.
Where Can It Go Wrong?
First, let’s look at how it works. Your Thyroid is responsible for producing hormones that affect Every Function in the Body. It produces Three Types of Hormones: T3, T4, and T2. The number represents the number of molecules of Iodine.
Thyroid hormones regulate Metabolism and Body Weight by controlling the burning of the Fat for Energy and heat. Also, they are required for growth and development in children. They signal the production of virtually ALL Growth Factors in the body including Skeletal Tissue Growth, the development of Red Blood cells, Nerve Growth factor and Epidermal growth factor.
Almost 90 percent of the hormone produced by your thyroid is in the form of T4, the INACTIVE form. Your liver then converts the T4 into T3, the ACTIVE form, which then effects the Metabolism. So in other words, by taking a T4 Thyroid Medication, you are not necessarily helping the ACTIVE thyroid hormone and improving Metabolism. Furthermore, if your Liver is suffering or clogged, it is reasonable to believe that it can’t do its job converting T4 into usable T3 and improving the Metabolism.
But, My Blood Test Says I Am Normal?
On the blood test, your doctor tests your TSH: Thyroid Stimulating Hormone. This is produced by the Pituitary Gland to tell your Thyroid to release T4. If you have a high TSH, it is assumed that your Pituitary is “screaming” at your Thyroid to release more T4 (Hypothyroid). If it is low, it is assuming that your thyroid is producing too much T4 (Hyperthyroid). However, this doesn’t address how much T4 is actually being converted into USABLE T3, the Active Thyroid hormone.
By the way, is any doctor testing your Iodine levels (Remember, Iodine is the number represented in T4 and T3)? Hmmm…..
According to Dr. Kenneth Blanchard, “The key thing is… doctors are always told that TSH is the test that gives us a yes or no answer. And, in fact, I think that’s fundamentally wrong. The pituitary TSH is controlled not just by how much T4 and T3 is in circulation, but T4 is getting converted to T3 at the pituitary level. Excess T3 generated at the pituitary level can falsely suppress TSH”.
In other words, metabolism isn’t a simple equation of the TSH and T4. Many people whose test results are dismissed as normal could be suffering from symptoms of an under active thyroid.
What Causes the Thyroid Hormones to Not Work Correctly?
- Exposure to Heavy Metals, including Aluminum, BPA, and Mercury. Reverse T3 is stimulated by toxic metals, and they can outnumber the regular T3. So you are functionally hypothyroid even if your TSHs and free T3s happen to be normal.
- Deficiency of Nutrients
- Estrogen — High levels of Estrogen from Birth control or Estrogenic foods like Soy
- Bromine (Pesticides), Chlorine, and Fluoride (disrupts conversion of T4 to T3 and mimics TSH). They compete with Iodine and cause Iodine deficiency.
- Poor Diet — High in Unhealthy fats (canola oil, fried foods), refined sugars, and refined grains
- Compromised GUT Flora or Bacteria, Leaky Gut. Leaky Gut has been connected to most Auto-Immune Diseases, including Hashimoto’s and Grave’s Disease.
- Medications like steroids, barbiturates, cholesterol lowering drugs, and beta blockers.
- Chronic Stress — Cortisol, the stress hormone depresses Thyroid hormone. This is great if you are experiencing short term stress and acute high levels of Cortisol, but chronic stress and long term high levels of Cortisol will suppress thyroid function. Under chronic stress, the Digestive system, Reproductive system, and Endocrine system organs begin to break down from lack of nutrients and blood flow. Adrenals become exhausted, followed by the pancreas, Thyroid, ovaries, parathyroid, pineal, pituitary and finally the Hypothalamus. In other words, the whole system starts to shut down. The thyroid is at the mercy of cortisol.
TOXICITY + DEFICIENCY= DIS-EASE
(Hypothyroidism, Hyperthyroidism, Graves’ Disease, Hashimotos, Autoimmune Disorder, Cancer)
Two Auto-Immune Diseases that effect the thyroid are Grave’s Disease and Hashimotos. Grave’s Disease is characterized by Hyperthyroidism. Hashimotos is where your immune system attacks your thyroid, and the related Inflammation often leads to an under-active thyroid gland, known as Hypothyroidism. Hashimoto’s disease is the most common cause of hypothyroidism in the United States.
Symptoms of Grave’s Disease are:
- Anxiety and Irritability
- Fine tremor of your hands or fingers
- Heat sensitivity and an increase in perspiration or warm, moist skin
- Weight loss, despite normal eating habits
- Enlargement of your thyroid gland (goiter)
- Change in Menstrual Cycles
- Erectile Dysfunction or reduced Libido
- Bulging eyes
- Thick, red skin usually on the shins or tops of the feet
- Rapid or irregular heartbeat (palpitations)
Symptoms of Hashimoto’s Disease are:
- Fatigue and sluggishness
- Increased sensitivity to cold
- Pale, dry skin
- Puffy face, Brittle Nails and Hair Loss
- Unexplained weight gain
- Muscle aches and weakness
- Joint pain, tenderness and stiffness
- Memory Lapses
How do you get your Thyroid back in Balance Naturally?
Feel free to email me your questions: [email protected]
Yours in Health,
Owner/Founder of Accelerated Health Products | <urn:uuid:a731f17f-9e91-4b33-81c6-7e80bce706d8> | CC-MAIN-2017-34 | https://acceleratedhealthproducts.com/do-your-thyroid-numbers-lie/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-34/segments/1502886103579.21/warc/CC-MAIN-20170817151157-20170817171157-00695.warc.gz | en | 0.90639 | 1,416 | 2.53125 | 3 |
For when you want to deliver simple information quickly to users in response to their needs, without being present.
What they do
Chatbots automate interactions with your users on your website and messenger services. When a user needs simple information or to carry out a simple task a chatbot helps them do it by replying to their questions.
You design and build your chatbot with a developer. You design ‘conversation flows’ based on common questions from your users.
When a user encounters your chatbot it introduces itself. Then it asks how it can help. The user tells them what they need in a text box or by speaking. The bot answers immediately using information you’ve told it to give in response to that type of need or question. The conversation continues until the user leaves. The user can return and use the chatbot anytime.
Chatbots can run on messenger service platforms like WhatsApp and Facebook Messenger. They can also be built into websites and other digital places. You usually need a web developer to build a chatbot. They might use Microsoft’s Bot Service, BotPress or one of many others. Open source chatbot platforms are free to use. Your developer will need to choose one.
Things to consider
Is there a need?
Chatbots are popular but you should think about if you really need one. They are good for simple tasks that users might be performing for the first or only time. They aren’t good for complex or repetitive tasks. Complex tasks need more sophisticated support from a human. Repetitive tasks are easier for users when they don’t have to ask the chatbot each time.
Sometimes it might be worth trying out a supportive and information rich autoresponse on your messaging service before you decide to try a chatbot.
It’s important to think about the conversation flows your chatbot will be based on. Really you are designing a conversation. Good conversations should have personality, use natural language and show they understand people’s needs. Those needs should be based on evidence of what your users already ask and the tasks they are trying to achieve. They should not be based only on what you think they need.
Where are the real people?
Think about how you will help users with more complex questions and those your chatbot can’t answer. Give them access to real people. Your staff may be available to step into the conversation or perhaps the user will need to wait until they are available. Think about how this handover from chatbot to human will happen.
While chatbot platforms can be free, you’ll still need to pay a developer to code and implement it.
It is possible to build your own chatbot without knowing how to code. But we’d recommend getting help from a developer first.
Think about which channel to deploy your chatbot to. Social media channels might suit your users best. Or perhaps it will be more appropriate to provide access via your website. It depends on what your users need and when.
Charities using this tool
Chayn built Little Window – a chatbot to help survivors get help on asylum, divorce and domestic abuse issues.
Citizens Advice built a chatbot to get feedback from staff and help them find information more quickly.
Many digital services will require a combination of more than one tool. As part of the Catalyst initiative service recipes are being developed– these practical guides describe how charities have used tools in combination to deliver digital services.
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APR tackles shrink labels
By Editorial Staff, Resource Recycling
Shrink labels were a hot topic at the recently-concluded membership meeting of the Association of Postconsumer Plastic Recyclers. Many different label technologies are currently being employed and more and more shrink-labeled bottles are being used, with as much as 5 percent of bottles containing labels.
But this increased use has consequences for recycling. Some of the new labels have a specific gravity greater than one, meaning sink-float separation isn't effective. Also, the thickness of some labels increases in hot washing, which can make the material as thick as lightweighted water bottle scrap.
To address these and other issues, PepsiCo. recently undertook a recyclability study which compared the recycling of non-labeled bottles and a group of bottles in which half were labeled. Eleven different label compositions were analyzed.
"The good news is we have identified several recycling-friendly label materials," said Weilong Chiang of PepsiCo. These highly rated labels generally are polyolefin based, rather than being made from cavitated PETG and other polymers. In addition, the research found that
post-grind elutriation helps with shrink label removal.
The study also asked if perforated labels help or hurt bottle recycling. To address this issue, perforated labels were processed by Pure Tech and Evergreen Recycling. The researchers suggest that while perforation shows promise in terms of recyclability, this area needs further study.
Pascal Chapon contended that Sleever International's LDPET shrink labels should be considered by bottle makers because of its recyclability benefits. Sleever tested the impact of LDPET labels at 15 reclamation plants in Australia and Europe. Chapon says the research shows that 99 percent of the LDPET is removed in the sink-float and elutriation steps at PET reclamation plants. Sleever's LDPET labels are not used yet in North America. | <urn:uuid:c2e7534d-0093-4056-8d8e-040d03ffcd66> | CC-MAIN-2014-41 | http://resource-recycling.com/node/3189 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2014-41/segments/1410657128337.85/warc/CC-MAIN-20140914011208-00000-ip-10-196-40-205.us-west-1.compute.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.964858 | 410 | 2.609375 | 3 |
Over millions of years of development, mankind has developed a lot over such a period of time and while we once lived in caves, we pride ourselves nowadays with the amazing breakthroughs in every aspect of life. Reaching such a high point is certainly a huge achievement and in order to make sure that the steps to our future are kept firm and stable, it is extremely important that we don’t forget what our past is and what we can learn from the people who were here before us. To do that, we have to look into the civilizations that once inhabited the earth and left signs of great achievements during their time. However, since most of these civilizations lived thousands of years ago, all of the signs of their life have been buried underneath the earth. To uncover their secrets, the field of archaeology has done a lot of work to bring out some really amazing places and there are quite a few among them that have provided evidence of real greatness that the people from the old times had achieved while they lived on the earth. Some of the most amazing archaeology sites have been discussed here for your information.
When it comes to ancient sites, this one is perhaps the most beautiful of all. Located right on top of the Andean mountains at a height of more than 9000 feet, it has a very large collection of amazing and massive stone structures. Considered to be a sacred place for the Inca civilization, this was a completely self sufficient place that had an amazing design and structure. A lot of interesting and ingenious artefacts were discovered here, many of them showing the keen interest of the Incan people in astronomy. While the Inca civilization itself was destroyed when the Spanish colonists came here, they couldn’t find this particular spot and therefore, the whole place is still intact with its structure still the way it was hundreds of years ago. Today, people visit this spot daily in huge numbers and there is a plethora of knowledge that one can gain from this place.
When it comes to archaeological discoveries, there are very few places that can be as baffling and amazing as those of the ancient city of Petra in Jordan. With huge structures that are carved right into the mountains, these gigantic structures represent a very special and phenomenal era of the human presence on the earth. You can see the ornate and gigantic doors that open into equally large rooms and it really gives the whole place a very unique feel about it. Visiting this amazing place is certainly a worthwhile trip and if you go there, don’t leave without visiting the High Place of Sacrifice. It will require some effort to climb but the spectacular views you can see of the valley from there are certainly worth the climb.
The Terracotta Army
This is considered to be one of the most spectacular archaeological finds in history and given the magnitude of the project that this place is, it is also among the biggest. With an army of 8000 clay soldiers buried underground without a trace by Emperor Qin in the Xi’an region of China, it is also one of the most curious places to have ever been found. A lot of really interesting things have been discovered about this place, particularly the fact that the emperor had each and every person who knew about this place killed. Also, it is believed that the emperor was buried in mercury, making his tomb highly toxic and therefore, it is impossible to open it. The preservation of the place after its discovery also came to a halt when the paint wasn’t able to stick to the unearthed warriors. However, it is believed now that the authorities have discovered a way to preserve these structures and if you were to visit now, you will definitely find a lot bigger collection in that area.
These are only a few among the large collection of amazing archaeological sites that have been discovered around the world over the years. The ones that should definitely be visited at least once apart from these include the ancient ruins of Pompeii in Italy, the Delphi ruins in Greece, the Great Pyramids in Egypt and Baalbek archaeological sites in Lebanon.
All these places are testimony to the greatness that the humans are capable of achieving and at the same time, serve as a grave reminder that there is an end to everything. | <urn:uuid:c017c76f-23f2-46bf-b357-20371c71c65e> | CC-MAIN-2017-13 | http://www.kidsdigreed.com/most-famous-archaeology-sites-around-the-world | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-13/segments/1490218188623.98/warc/CC-MAIN-20170322212948-00470-ip-10-233-31-227.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.978559 | 849 | 2.609375 | 3 |
Dose-Dependent Effect of 'Internet Addiction' and Sleep Problems
More evidence suggests the severity of internet addiction (IA) is directly related to the severity of sleep problems in youth. Results from a study of more than 4000 adolescent students show IA severity was linked to less sleep and to daytime sleepiness. In addition, boys aged 12-14 years who were addicted to computer games vs social media networking were the most affected.
@hardik The investigators previously assed general prevalence of IA in adolescents in Siberia and found about 6.8% of participants displayed pathological IA behavior — and that gaming addiction is more common in boys whereas addiction to social networking is more common in girls. | <urn:uuid:a14936ce-59eb-496e-8c31-a02831d382a4> | CC-MAIN-2023-14 | https://forum.reanfoundation.org:443/topic/5194/dose-dependent-effect-of-internet-addiction-and-sleep-problems | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-14/segments/1679296945248.28/warc/CC-MAIN-20230324051147-20230324081147-00730.warc.gz | en | 0.946409 | 141 | 2.703125 | 3 |
Africa is made up of over fifty sovereign nations, and several more territories and dependencies. Of the countries in Africa, Algeria is the largest country by area, with an area of 2,381,740 square kilometers.
The Democratic Republic of the Congo is the second largest country in Africa, falling just behind Algeria, with an area of 2,344,858 square miles. The DRC is located in Central Africa, and its capital is in Kinshasa. The Democratic Republic of the Congo has a population of almost 72 million.
The Republic of the Sudan is the third largest nation, with 1,861,484 square kilometers in area. Sudan is located in northeastern Africa, and its capital is located in Khartoum. The population of Sudan is about 67 million.
The fourth largest country in Africa is Libya, with an area of 1,759,540. Libya is situated in the far north of Africa along the Mediterranean Sea, and its capital is Tripoli. The population of Libya is just over 6 million people.
Chad is in fifth place for largest African countries by area, with a total area of about 1,284,000 square kilometers. Chad is centrally located in Africa, and its capital is N'Djamena. The population of Chad is about 10.1 million.
Niger has the sixth largest area in Africa, with its area measuring about 1,267,000 square kilometers. Niger is a central African country, with its capital in Niamey. The population of Niger is almost 14 millions.
Angola has an area of 1,246,700 square kilometers, making it seventh largest in the African continent. Angola is a southwestern nation, with its capital in Lunda, and its population numbers under 16 million.
Mali takes eighth place in terms of largest countries in Africa, with an area of 1,240,192 square kilometers. Mali is located in West Africa, and its capital is in Bamako. The population of Mali is about 13.5 million.
South Africa is the ninth largest country in Africa. Located in the far south of the African continent, South Africa has an area of 1,221,037 square kilometers. The capital of South Africa is in three cities: Bloemfontein, Cape Town, and Pretoria, and the population of the country is about 47.5 million.
The tenth largest country in Africa by area is Ethiopia, which is located in eastern Africa. The area of Ethiopia is 1,104,300 square kilometers, and its population is about 85.2 million. The capital of Ethiopia is Addis Adaba.
Top Ten Largest African Countries by Area
* Source: CIA The World Factbook
|List of Thematic Maps|
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Old boundary walls before the cemetery was enlarged, looking towards the gatehouse
The gatehouse of a monastic precinct was not normally a defensive structure - the walls around the enclosure could easily be scaled. It was however still important as it was the only means of access to the monastery and its other buildings: it emphasized the passage from the secular world to the regulated monastic world -the little heaven on earth.
The Binham gatehouse had a double arch on the front - one large enough for carts and horses to pass through, and a small one for pedestrians only - but a single one leading to the priory court. Inside, was a small room for the porter, and everyone entering would have to seek his permission before going further. A window has also been found while the gatehouse was being restored, showing that the porter also had to keep his eye on what was going on in the priory court (the section between the priory itself and the gatehouse), where carts would be unloaded, and rents in kind collected. No one was allowed inside the priory precincts, and any negotiations would have been done by the cellarer in the Outer Parlour just off the courtyard.
It is evident that above the porter's lodge, there was another room, which was very probably where he lived. The gatehouse has long since been called the 'gaol', and it may well be that part of the gatehouse was used for that function. The Priory owned the manor of Binham, and so as lord of the manor, the prior would hold courts and be responsible for law and order; something that might well necessitate people being held in custody for a time, and they could not be held in the actual priory precincts. Equally, the name 'gaol' may have come from a much later time after the dissolution of the priory, when the 'old gatehouse' began to be used for that purpose by the parish authorities.
The front of the gatehouse would have been decorated with statues and possibly the coats of arms of the priory's benefactors. These would have been painted in bright reds, blues and other colours, which would have stood out against the white dressed stone of the facade.
Matthew Paris tells us that when Prior de Parco built the west front of the church, he also built a wall from the gatehouse to the Chapel of St Thomas. The Chapel of St Thomas a Becket no longer stands, but by tracing the length of the only wall that runs from the gatehouse, it seems probable that it stood just outside the gate to the parish church. There are earthworks in this position of the size we could expect from a free-standing chapel, which have not yet been excavated. There was a guild of St Thomas at Binham, and presumably they helped to maintain the chapel and met there. | <urn:uuid:af0bfa23-e281-41cf-bed5-bd5acf3ae1d0> | CC-MAIN-2020-24 | http://new.binham.binhampriory.org/buildings/a-tour-of-the-ruins/binham-priory-gatehouse/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-24/segments/1590347426801.75/warc/CC-MAIN-20200602193431-20200602223431-00480.warc.gz | en | 0.987208 | 588 | 3.28125 | 3 |
Mindfulness techniques and strategies are fun and easy to teach to children. They are often simple to do (some requiring only one or two steps). Children immediately experience the physical and emotional changes that take place in the brain and the body, which is positively reinforcing and motivating for children to want to continue to use them. Mindfulness techniques that incorporate movement of the body are especially exciting for children, and they strengthen the brain-body connection. In Part 1 of our Mindfullness series, highlights how mindfulness improves executive functioning in children. This blog will give you specific mindfulness strategies for your child, along with some explanation as to what each technique is all about.
Mindful breathing is one of the easiest things to teach children. Since it focuses on paying attention to your body, it can be done anywhere. To practice mindful breathing, focus on the inhale and exhale of breath. Tell children to think about the big breaths they take a the doctor’s office. It’s the same thing but slower.
Mindful breathing is about noticing how you are breathing, which is different than controlling or changing how you are actually doing it. When you begin to pay attention to your breath, the body has the capacity to automatically settle into a more gentle and slower pace of breathing.
For children of all ages, one way to teach mindful breathing is to have them bring awareness to a part of the body that is actively involved in breathing normally, such as their nostrils, or their abdomen. This is called finding an “anchor” for breathing. The Mindful Schools curriculum explains that “breath is an anchor for the mind”. Focusing in on a specific body part during breathing increases children’s ability to stay with the strategy. If their mind wanders or drifts, they can learn to bring attention back to their “anchor”.
Some simple techniques for younger children might be to say, “breathe in the flowers, blow out the candles.” Another good practice is to take exaggerated breaths. Tell children to breathe in for a count of 3, hold their breath for a count of 2, and exhale for a count of 4. The counting gives the children something specific to focus on. To add a visual, place a stuffed animal on the child’s belly while he or she is lying down, and ask the child to take a deep breath and make the stuffed animal go as high as it can, then as low as it can when breathing out.
Focusing on breath forces the mind to be in the moment. Results are felt immediately due to the physiological changes that happen in the body as you breathe mindfully. Heart rate and breath rate stabilize, and the nervous system is reset. As a result of the immediate effect of calm and relaxation, children realize that they actually have control over how intensely they experience their emotions.
Having children focus on their breathing can help them bring their attention to their bodies while grounding themselves.
Mindful listening is the act of focusing on everything happening around your body. Mindful listening can be done in a variety of ways. The strategy used is often based on the individual child.
Sometimes, it’s best to have a child focus on a specific sound, such as a singing bowl or bell chime app. However, in public this isn’t always an option. Sometimes, you can ask a child to focus on the sounds around them and give you five specific noises they hear. You can also ask children to focus on the sounds that exist in what appears to be a silent room or offer them specific sounds and ask them to identify the sounds.
As with mindful breathing, mindful listening requires the child to focus on the moment. Being present means being aware of their surroundings. When children with executive functioning problems get overwhelmed by their environment, having them focus on a specific aspect of their surroundings helps their central nervous system calm down.
For children of all ages (even adults!) who are beginning to practice mindful listening, something like a singing (or Tibetian) bowl can be used as follows: hit the rim of the bowl to produce its tone, then ask for your child to listen with a quiet and still body. Then, ask them to raise a hand to indicate when they can no longer hear the sound.
A mindful body scan is the process of focusing on each part of the body by moving from smallest to largest. The process can be as short as three minutes or as long as thirty minutes. For children who have a lot of kinetic energy and feel they can’t control their bodies, mindful body scan practice offers them a way to get in touch with their physicality.
Teaching this to children involves having them be still. Although some meditations suggest lying down, it’s also possible to do it while sitting or standing. You want to ask the child to practice focusing on different body parts in a sequence. Ask the child to focus on what their pinky toe feels like. Is it warm? Cold? Is it touching a sock? What about the rest of the foot? Next move on to the other foot. From here, you move up the leg, torso, arms, fingers, neck, eyes, face, and head. Then you can ask the child to focus on the whole body. You can do this from the head down or toes up.
Many children with executive functioning issues find that when they get physically wound up or have sensory issues so they cannot self regulate their bodies well. Practicing mindful body scans can help these children learn how to slow down and pay attention to the different areas over which they want to exert more control.
For example, if a child gets overstimulated playing tag, it can lead to them becoming too physical. If the child is used to practicing mindful body scans, they can be guided away from the situation to work through their body scan. This can help the child recognize how their hands, feet, arms, and legs feel when they are overstimulated. As they get older, they will be able to recognize the situations themselves and practice this on their own.
By teaching the child to ground their body, you are having them focus on the sensory stimulation as well as their ability to control these individual parts.
Mindful movement, quite simply, refers to any type of movement or exercise that is done with awareness. You probably remember back to your childhood when you were curious about your environment. Perhaps you recall hiking down a favorite walking path, climbing a tree, or balancing on slippery rocks next to a stream. As children, people naturally engage in mindful movement by participating in these types of activities.
When stress levels go up, and worrisome or anxious thoughts and feelings increase, people use a lot of cognitive energy and forget to connect with their bodies. When people disconnect from their bodies, they may miss important signals that they are on overload. Practicing mindful movement decreases the intensity of anxiety and other negative feelings because it engages different areas of the brain. This, in turn, calms down the limbic system in the brain, where the amygdala, or “fire alarm” is housed.
Mindful walking is a type of body scan. This strategy involves having a child focus on his or her feet. Simply ask the child to pick up one foot, move it forward slowly, and then invite the child to feel his or her heel hitting the floor or ground, then the toes. The child repeats this with the other foot.
As the child is taking steps, encourage them to continue to focus on the feet and legs. You also want to invite curiosity from the child as to what he or she may be noticing in other parts of the body as they mindfully walk. There is no “right” or expected response; all responses are valid.
Mindful walking can be done anywhere – at home, outside, even at school if a child can take a movement break to the water fountain. The hyperactive child needs to specifically focus on slowing the movements down as much as possible. Depending on the child, this may need to be done incrementally so that they are comfortable with moving at a slower pace. A child may begin to think of other things during mindful walking. This is normal. Encourage the child to notice that he or she is having a thought and gently prompt the child to focus back to the feet.
Mindfulness techniques and strategies are wonderful to do together as a family, especially when you are starting out. Practicing these strategies with your child also affords you benefits of being mindful, such as a calm, relaxed feeling, and a more present state of mind and body.
Remember that there is no perfect, or textbook, way to practice the skills; children are often able to modify some of the strategies in a way that feels more effective for them. Go with the flow, and encourage their creativity and sense of intuition. No matter what mindfulness technique you try out with your child, you will be certain that they will enjoy it!
To make an appointment for a consultation with Kate Coffey or Dr. Roseann if you or someone you love needs executive functioning support, call 203.438.4848 or email [email protected].
Kate Coffey, LCSW is a therapist and speaker with Dr. Roseann and Associates. She is a trauma informed therapist who uses hypnosis, somatic therapy, and EFT/Tapping. Kate specializes in mindfulness meditation and executive functioning training. She supports parents, students, and schools with mindfulness meditation trainings.
Dr. Roseann is a Psychologist who works with children, adults, and families from all over the US, supporting them with research-based and holistic therapies that are bridged with neuroscience. Dr. Roseann is a Board Certified Neurofeedback (BCN) Practitioner, Certified Integrative Medicine Mental Health Provider (CMHIMP) and is a Board Member of the Northeast Region Biofeedback Society (NRBS) and Epidemic Answers. She is also a member of the American Psychological Association (APA), National Association of School Psychologists (NASP), Connecticut Counseling Association (CCA), International OCD Foundation (IOCDF) International Society for Neurofeedback and Research (ISNR) and The Association of Applied Psychophysiology and Biofeedback (AAPB).
*The effectiveness of diagnosis and treatment vary by patient and condition. Dr. Roseann Capanna-Hodge & Associates does not guarantee certain results.
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Why is it so safe to fly?
We know well the curve that shows how aviation has become as safe as it is. And we also know the biggest reason to this success story. Simulators, better planes and standard operating procedures have had a big role in aviation but the biggest thing is FDM, Flight Data Monitoring. So we are talking about the famous black boxes but not in the sense that they are investigated once they are found from the bottom of an Ocean. More importantly their data is analyzed after, or actually during every flight. So the system analyzes huge amount of parameters every second and the success story becomes from that data. That is the data that forms the evolution of the planes, training and operating procedures.
According an urban legend a director of flight operations in a flag carrier airline fell of from his chair when he was shown first time what the pilots were doing with the planes. ”Is this true? Is this how we fly the planes!?” His eyes were opened. And this is the tipping point after which the managing of the whole process of flying really became possible. And this is the agenda we wanted to bring to healthcare: to gather and analyze process data during the care. We had noticed that in healthcare instead of black boxes one could find plenty of serious black holes of information.
As healthcare still is more or less people orientated industry, there is no chance to apply same kind of automated methods that are used in airplanes. So we started increasing the process data flow using the most simple and effective tools used by pilots: checklists and occurrence reporting. The combination is called Megical Zero. Checklists are customized for every customer, operation type or even for a specific surgeon. The Megical checklists are running in a mobile device and collecting data all the time they are being used. Instead of just running through the list, the operating personnel creates a huge amount of automated and useful information at the same time.
So we had a fantastic checklist application. What we combined with that was the pioneering and HIMMS-Elsevier awarded occurrence reporting tool. We used search-engine-kind-of concept which allows the personnel to report an occurrence in less than ten seconds instead of the traditional and time-consuming ”find-a-computer-log-in-and-type-once-again-the-same-occurrence-that-happens-every-week” -concept. This product of Megical led to more than ten times more reports than before. And which was even more useful was that the time used for analyzing the data was reduced because of our automated analyzes tool.
So now our customers could make sure the care protocols are executed as planned in every section of the care path. And if there happened to be some kind of occurrences or quality-hazards, personnel could report with an exceptionally low threshold. And which was even better was the fact that as they executed the care protocols according to the checklists, they gathered huge amount of information that could help the leaders develop their processes. And soon our happy customers started asking us for more software that they would love to use. So in the next story I will show you how the experienced challenges made us develop a new pioneering product to the core of healthcare. | <urn:uuid:8c076952-4146-4e4a-804f-6347c663448a> | CC-MAIN-2021-25 | https://megical.fi/en/bringing-black-box-to-healthcare/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-25/segments/1623487630175.17/warc/CC-MAIN-20210625115905-20210625145905-00441.warc.gz | en | 0.973364 | 662 | 2.625 | 3 |
Contrary to popular belief, humans may have begun evolving the ability to consume alcohol millions rather than thousands of years ago. In fact, research is finding that our ancient ancestors may have played a big role in allowing our bodies to take in and process alcohol. This ability allowed ancient humans to break down the alcohol that was present in rotting, fermented fruit on the forest floor, information which allows scientists to gauge when they began moving to life on the ground.
A study on the origins of human alcohol consumption
Matthew Carrigan and his colleagues conducted a study that focused on the genes that comprise a group of digestive enzymes called the ADH4 family to investigate how these genes evolved over time and allowed humans to metabolize ethanol after it is imbibed. These scientists looked at the ADH4 genes of 28 different mammals including 17 primates and collected the sequences of the ADH4 genes from genetic databanks or well-preserved tissue samples. They observed the ancestry of 28 species to see how closely related they were and calculated when their ancestors diverged, which resulted in the observation of over 70 million years of primate evolution. From there, researchers looked at how the ADH4 genes evolved over time.
To do this, Carrigan and his colleagues took the ADH4 genes from the 28 species along with the ancestral genes they had modeled and applied them into bacteria, which read the genes and manufactured the ADH4 enzymes. From there, they tested how well said enzymes broke down ethanol and other alcohols. Results showed that there was a single genetic mutation that coincided with a shift among human ancestors to a terrestrial life. This mutation allowed ancient humans to eat rotting, fermented fruit on the forest floor when other food was scarce. This did not mean that it was their first choice in food source, but rather that they had the ability to process the ethanol when fermenting fruit was all they had to consume.
Alcohol consumption in moderation
Carrigan and his colleagues were able to observe a time millions of years ago when humans were able to process and metabolize alcohol. However, even with this information, there is a warning. There were small benefits in small quantities, but not in excessive consumption. This is as true today as it was then. Today, moderate drinking can exhibit some benefits, but excessive alcohol intake can cause serious health problems including heart and liver disease or mental health problems. Moreover, these results support the idea that the attraction to alcohol became a problem when modern humans began intentionally fermenting food in order to generate more ethanol than would normally be found in nature, which is a possible precursor to what we know today as alcoholism or alcohol addiction.
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Origen’s spiritual level of meaning refers to truths found in scripture that were only discernible after the coming of Christ. Quite frequently they deal with the transition from the Old Covenant to the New Covenant and why Jews failed to recognize the significance of Christ’s coming. Origen’s spiritual level of interpretation often comes in the story-as-symbol form that we see in his moral level of interpretation.
Origen begins his discussion of the spiritual meaning of the story of Lot and his daughters by dismissing a spiritual interpretation which said that Lot represented Jesus and that the two daughters represented the two Testaments. Origen rejects this because of its lack of coherence. If Lot represents Christ then one would have to say that Christ’s descendants, like the Ammonites and the Moabites, would not be able to enter the church of the Lord until the third or fourth generation (cf. Deut. 23:3). Such a conclusion would be absurd. So Origen suggests that Lot represents the Law. Lot’s wife represents the Jews who escaped from Egypt during the Exodus but looked back at the simple things they enjoyed in Egypt and wanted to go back. Since the people looked back, the Law left them behind.
Next, Origen explains the spiritual significance of Zoar, a city which was small and yet not small. Here Zoar also represents the Law. It is small when the Jews interpret it on a purely literal level and observe the Sabbaths, the new moons, circumcision, and the food laws. It is not small when it is understood on a spiritual level.
Origen next moves to Lot’s ascension of the mountain. Just as Lot ascended the mountain, so the Law was embellished by the building of the temple. But the temple became a den of thieves and this is why Lot and his daughters dwelled in a cave.
Origen then goes on to identify Lot’s daughters with the two sisters mentioned in Ezekiel 23:4, which represent Judah and Samaria, making Judah and Samaria the daughters of the Law. The efforts of the two daughters to get their father drunk is compared to the Jews covering up the spiritual knowledge of the Old Testament. The Law never intended to beget children who only understood the Law literally. These children, like the Ammonites and the Moabites, will never enter the church of the Lord unto the third or fourth generation or forever (cf. Deut. 23:3). The number three (i.e. third generation) was given because of the Trinity, the number four (i.e. the fourth generation) was given because of the gospels, and forever was added to indicate the time up to when the fullness of the Gentiles would believe.
What can we say about Origen’s spiritual interpretation of this text? First, Origen is right to note a parallel between Lot’s wife looking back at Sodom and the Israelite’s looking back with longing on their life in Egypt. One could even argue that this allusion was actually intended by the author of this text, given the fact that Genesis was written to function as scripture for later Israelites. However, it is unnecessary to say that Lot represents the Law in this case, though such an attribution makes sense given the salvation-historical character of Origen’s spiritual level of interpretation. Perhaps this insight is better understood to belong to the moral meaning of this text.
Second, although Origen’s interpretation of Zoar is creative, spiritually insightful, and even poetic, it is based on a misunderstanding of the text: “it is not small” is a question in Hebrew – it should be translated “is it not small?” – rather than a statement.
Third, Origen was right to reject the identification of Lot with Jesus and his two daughters with the two testaments. However, his identification of Lot with the law, the daughters with Israel and Judah, and the mountains with the temple is also problematic. There is no reason to connect Lot with the law or the mountains with the temple.
In terms of moral application, it is more likely Lot is used as an example of what happens when the Israelites interact too closely with the inhabitants of the land: they will have more of and impact on you than you will have on them. The behavior of Lot’s daughters testify to that fact. Lot and his daughters probably flee to the cave to protect themselves from the destruction that was taking place behind them or simply for shelter. There is a verbal connection between this cave and the den of thieves of Jeremiah 7 and the gospels but there is no reason to make this connection here. The identification of the daughters with those who only interpret the Law literally is somewhat arbitrary. The lesson that is to be learned from the daughters is a moral lesson rather than a spiritual one.
Origen’s interpretation of the numbers three and four is likewise arbitrary. Origen justifies this type of interpretation by pointing to Galatians 4:24-31, where the Apostle Paul uses the story of Sarah and Hagar to illustrate the difference between those who try to remain with the Old Covenant after Christ has come and those who have embraced the New. The difference between what Paul is doing and what Origen is doing is that Paul’s comments were not made in the course of preaching on the book of Genesis. Paul was simply using the language of Genesis to illustrate a point he was presently trying to make. Paul also avoids trying to make every detail of the book of Genesis fit into the new narrative that he had created. Although it is important to look for the spiritual level of interpretation, not every text was meant to speak about the things Origen would like them to speak about.
Origen’s methods for interpreting and appropriating the text of the Old Testament as Christian Scripture are much like the character of Lot in the story of Lot and his daughters: it is somewhere between the perfect and the doomed. Origen rightly emphasizes the importance of the literal meaning of the text but his own interpretation of the literal meaning is often distorted by his training in Greek philosophy, by mistakes that were made in the Septuagint’s rendering of the Hebrew text, and by simple exegetical mistakes. Origen rightly emphasizes that the Old Testament should be used to give moral guidance for Christians today but his commitment to this truth often led him to find lessons that are too far removed from the plain-sense meaning of the text. In the same way, Origen rightly points out that the Old Testament contains truths that have only now become apparent through the coming of Christ. but this belief caused him to find teachings that may be true in themselves but are difficult to justify. Like Lot’s wife, if our hearts become too attached to Origen’s exegesis we ourselves may end up sharing her fate and never move on to the mountains of insight actually intended by the Spirit. But if we reject the spirit of Origen’s interpretation, we may end up like Lot’s daughters.
Nevertheless, Origen gives us great insight into how the text of the Old Testament speaks to the church today. Moreover, he is an example for the church today because he never ceased to struggle to find meaning in the Old Testament for Christians. Origen struggled with the text and would not let it go until he received a blessing; he kept on struggling until, through the text, he met face to face with God. Origen is both a positive and negative example of what it means to appropriate the Old Testament as Christian Scripture. So, when learning at his feet, the church should test everything, hold on to the good and avoid every kind of evil, and leave behind what is doomed and, in hope, move on toward what is perfect. | <urn:uuid:d7bd1ee1-0c4c-45cd-9c5a-e1270c06e3c1> | CC-MAIN-2018-05 | https://markfrancois.wordpress.com/2013/12/03/origens-spiritual-interpretation-of-the-story-of-lot-and-his-daughters/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-05/segments/1516084891105.83/warc/CC-MAIN-20180122054202-20180122074202-00312.warc.gz | en | 0.969475 | 1,608 | 3.375 | 3 |
Leadership of indira gandi
It was in 1971, that india fought a war with pakistan under the leadership of prime minister indira gandhi last speech of indira gandhi at bhubaneswar quote. By sandy clarke [email protected] this article is written as a tribute to the late indira gandhi on the 32nd anniversary of her death by assassination. Indira gandhi was born as indira nehru in a kashmiri pandit family on 19 november 1917 in gandhi thus put herself forward as a leader with a pan-indian. Political psychology, vol 26, no 5, 2005 indira gandhi: the relationship between personality profile and leadership style blema s steinberg this article explores. Indira gandhi became the international leader her decisions and timings were applauded and hailed as perfect as henry kissinger admits in his memoirs. Essay on the biography of indira gandhi – a powerful leader indira gandhi was the first woman prime minister of india she was a dynamic leader she was a world.
Bio, leadership lessons and quotes from mahatma gandhi, a political and spiritual leader of india gandhi helped india gained its independence from the british. The leadership style of indira gandhi and her journey as a prime minister. Indira gandhi is the woman of action what were the qualities of indira gandhi update cancel what were the leadership qualities of indira gandhi. Indira gandhi: autocratic leadership following the 1972 national elections, gandhi was accused of misconduct by her political opponent and, in 1975. Define gandhi gandhi synonyms, gandhi pronunciation, gandhi translation, english dictionary definition of gandhi indira priyadarshini 1917-1984 indian political. Discover indira gandhi quotes about leadership share with friends create amazing picture quotes from indira gandhi quotations.
Indira gandhi was an indian politician and the only female prime minister of india this biography profiles her childhood, life history, cause of her death and other. They believe that she might imitate like indira gandhi which was consider as an authoritarian style the is so many instance of sonia gandhi leadership. Discover indira gandhi famous and rare quotes share indira gandhi quotations about fathers, children and country my grandfather once told me that there were. Social enterprise company to transform the nation through leadership development contents and programs.
Indira gandhi on performing duties , leadership and inspirational quotes by indira gandhi - as a leader, she was immeasurably strong-willed, and used questionable. After shastri's death, congress elected indira gandhi as leader over morarji desai since indira gandhi formed congress (i) in 1978. Indira nehru gandhi was born on indira became the leader of this children's group whose purpose was to help end british indira gandhi: her road to.
Discover and share indira gandhi quotes on leadership explore our collection of motivational and famous quotes by authors you know and love. Indira gandhi is one of the important woman leaders of the world she had the courage to protest against all the illegal voices of the society.
Leadership of indira gandi
Indira gandhi keywords: indira gandhi, women in history and politics, gender roles, leadership, autocratic, dynasty, caste, nonalignment,communalism, parliament. Indira gandhi's biggest worry after the surrender of pakistan in 1971 was the safety of mujibur rahman the release of pakistani pows was the price zulfiqar ali. Abstract this article explores the relationship between indira gandhi's personality profile in the period before she became prime minister and her leadership style.
Anyone’s list of inspiring leaders in the 20th century will have the name of gandhi this week pradeep chakravarthy, of the infosys leadership institute. Indira nehru gandhi was a complex woman whose leadership in india continues to have repercussions to this day it was on january 24, 1966, that she was sworn in as. In the history of indian democracy indira gandhi was known as the most powerful prime minister of indira priyadarshini gandhi – a leader or a tyrant july 8. Indira gandhi (1917-1984) was the only child of kamla and jawaharlal nehru she spent part of her childhood in allahabad, where the nehrus had. Popularly known as the iron lady of india, indira gandhi earned a formidable reputation across the globe as a ‘statesman’ her sheer sense of politics and.
One of the strongest political leaders of independent india, indira gandhi was the first woman to hold the office of the prime minister check out this biography to. Indira gandhi: indira gandhi, politician who served as prime minister of india from 1966 until 1977 and from 1980 until 1984, when she was assassinated. | <urn:uuid:a1f6c4cc-a34e-472c-8f32-031b544d9756> | CC-MAIN-2018-43 | http://sccourseworksmcp.shvkxir.us/leadership-of-indira-gandi.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-43/segments/1539583509996.54/warc/CC-MAIN-20181016030831-20181016052331-00182.warc.gz | en | 0.96397 | 1,108 | 2.609375 | 3 |
Presidential Initiative on Social Justice
This 2019-20 presidential initiative is a collaborative effort that draws attention to critical social issues and their impact on the well-being of couples and families.
This initiative brings together student affiliates and members of Div. 43 and specifically is focused on three salient social themes: immigration laws and family disruption, families in the criminal justice system and male gender role socialization and interpersonal violence.
Immigration Laws and Family Disruption
Immigrants face stressful challenges post migration. These include environmental risk factors, such as the current anti-immigrant policies that have an adverse impact on mental and relational health. Family separation is one of the greatest challenges and fears immigrants experience (Wessler, 2012). Roughly 4.5 million U.S. citizen children have at least one undocumented parent, while records indicate that over 1.5 million individuals were deported between the years of 2009-2013 (Passel & Cohn, 2011; Henderson & Baily, 2013). These realities increase distress and fear of family separation which places couples and families at high risk for developing mental health disorders and leaves children at risk for foster care or detention center placement (Henderson & Baily, 2013). It is imperative for mental health providers to be informed on the unique needs of immigrant couples and families in order to engage this population and provide the services they need (Sidhu, 2017).
Families in the Criminal Justice System
Since 1991, there has been an 80 percent increase in the number of children who have had a parent incarcerated at some point in their life, and a 2007 analysis indicated that 1.7 million children experienced a parent's incarceration (Glaze & Maruschak, 2008). Parental incarceration is a developmentally disruptive event, as those who are incarcerated struggle to maintain a connection with their children and families. Furthermore, there are clear racial disparities in which families are most affected, with 11.4 percent of African-American families with a parent who is incarcerated, followed by 3.5 percent of Hispanic families and white families (1.8%) (The Pew Charitable Trusts, 2011). Public policy changes regarding drug laws and mandatory minimum sentencing requirements for non-violent drug possession offenses continues to affect primarily poor communities and communities of color. Using a dynamic network system framework targeting key stakeholders from a family network approach (Speck & Attneave, 1973; Westaby, 2012), psychologists could assist in enhancing our understanding, address adverse impacts and address policy that influences the effect of incarceration on the family system.
Male Gender Role Socialization and Interpersonal Violence
Sexual harassment and intimate partner violence are social problems that have recently called the attention of the media and the general public in the U.S. and abroad. National surveys indicate that one in six women (1 in 33 men) in the U.S. have been the victim of an attempted or completed rape in their lifetime (Truman & Langton, 2015); and one in three women (1 in 4 men) in the United States have experienced sexual, physical and/or psychological violence by an intimate partner (Black et al., 2011). Research has shown that gender role socialization and the enactment of hegemonic masculinity in particular are factors that contribute to interpersonal violence in couple relationships. In LGBTQ intimate relationships, the effects of gender violence are exacerbated by heterosexism (Brown, 2008). Feminist theories provide a lens for understanding gender dynamics and the intersection of gender with other social structures; they can also be used to address the effects of gender socialization in couple relationships at the level of the relational and the social.
The goals of this initiative on social justice are to formulate recommendations for: (1) educating the public, (2) training mental health professionals and (3) policy changes. The initiative involves activities designed to facilitate conversations about broader societal issues that impact the wellbeing of couples and families using a systemic perspective that integrate multicultural and feminist theories, such as critical race theory and intersectionality.
American Psychological Association, Presidential Task Force on Immigration. (2012). Crossroads: The psychology of immigration in the new century . Retrieved from http://www.apa.org/topics/immigration/report.aspx Accessed December 28, 2017
Black, M.C., Basile, K.C., Breiding, M.J., Smith, S.G., Walters, M.L., Merrick, M.T., Chen, J., & Stevens, M.R. (2011). The National Intimate Partner and Sexual Violence Survey (NISVS): 2010 Summary Report. Atlanta, GA: Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, National Center for Injury Prevention and Control.
Brown, C. (2008). Gender-role implications on same-sex intimate partner abuse. Journal of Family Violence, 23(6), 457-462. doi:10.1007/s10896-008-9172-9
Glaze, L., & Maruschak, L. (2008). Parents in prison and their minor children. Bureau of Justice Statistics Special Report (NCJ 22984), 1–25. Retrieved from http://bjs.ojp.usdoj.gov/content/pub/pdf/pptmc.pdf
Henderson, S. W., & Baily, C. R. (2013). Parental deportation, families, and mental health. Journal Of The American Academy Of Child And Adolescent Psychiatry, 52(5), 451-453. doi:10.1016/j.jaac.2013.01.007
Langhinrichsen-Rohling, J. (2010). Controversies involving gender and intimate partner violence in the united states. Sex Roles, 62(3-4), 179-193. doi:10.1007/s11199-009-9628-2
Speck, R. V., & Attneave, C. L. (1973). Family networks. Pantheon.
Sidhu, S. S. (2017). Impact of recent executive actions on minority youth and families. Journal Of The American Academy Of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry, 56(10), 805-807. doi:10.1016/j.jaac.2017.07.779
The Pew Charitable Trusts. (2010).“Collateral Costs: Incarceration’s Effect on Economic Mobility.” Washington, DC: Pew Charitable Trusts.
Truman, J., Langton L., (2015). National Crime Victimization Survey, 2010-2014. Washington, D.C.: U.S. Department of Justice, Office of Justice Programs, Bureau of Justice Statistics.
Westaby, J. D. (2012). Dynamic network theory: How social networks influence goal pursuit. American Psychological Association. | <urn:uuid:eee0829a-2743-45c7-bfd1-0bfcaaf0e212> | CC-MAIN-2020-24 | https://www.apadivisions.org/division-43/about/public-interest/social-justice/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-24/segments/1590347396300.22/warc/CC-MAIN-20200527235451-20200528025451-00279.warc.gz | en | 0.870644 | 1,385 | 2.828125 | 3 |
The world needs to double the supply of electricity from renewables by 2030 to avoid climate change undermining global energy security, the United Nations said on Tuesday.
Not only is the energy sector a major source of the carbon emissions that drive climate change, it is also increasingly vulnerable to the shifts that come with a heating planet, the UN's World Meteorological Organization stressed.
In its State of Climate Services annual report, the WMO warned that increasingly intense extreme weather events, droughts, floods and sea-level rise -- all linked to climate change -- were already making energy supply less reliable.
It pointed, for instance, to a historic heatwave that caused the massive power outages in Buenos Aires in January.
In 2020, a massive 87 per cent of global electricity generated by thermal, nuclear and hydroelectric power plants directly depended on having freshwater for cooling, the WMO said.
But a third of power plants running on fossil fuels are in areas of high water stress, as are 15 percent of existing nuclear power plants -- a share expected to swell to 25 percent in the next 20 years.
Eleven per cent of hydroelectric dams are also located in highly water-stressed areas, while more than a quarter of existing hydropower schemes and nearly as many planned ones are in river basins that currently struggle with medium to high water scarcity, the WMO said.
Nuclear power plants, it added, are also often located in low-lying coastal areas, leaving them potentially vulnerable to sea-level rise and flooding.
"Time is not on our side and our climate is changing before our eyes," WMO Secretary-General Petteri Taalas stressed.
"We need a complete transformation of the global energy system."
Part of the problem
Taalas pointed out that the energy sector ias itself a part of the problem since is the source of around three quarters of global greenhouse gas emissions that are changing the climate.
"Switching to clean forms of energy generation... and improving energy efficiency is vital," he said.
But he cautioned that reaching net-zero emissions by 2050 would only be possible "if we double the supply of low-emissions electricity within the next eight years".
Net-zero, or carbon neutrality, means carbon dioxide emitted by human activities are balanced globally by CO2 removed from the atmosphere over a specified period.
The WMO report stressed the growing importance of access to reliable weather, water and climate services to ensure power infrastructure was resilient and to meet rising energy demand.
The report, which WMO drafts with input from more than two dozen organisations, said shifting to renewable energy would help alleviate growing global water stress, pointing out that the amount of water used by solar and wind is much lower than for traditional power plants.
Invest in Africa
But it warned that the current pledges by countries to cut carbon emissions "fall well short" of what is needed to meet the objectives set by the 2015 Paris Agreement on climate change.
The report said global investments in renewable energy "need to triple by 2050 to put the world on a net-zero trajectory".
It called in particular for more clean energy investments in Africa.
The continent, which is already facing massive droughts and other severe effects from climate change, has seen only two per cent of clean energy investment in the past two decades.
And yet with 60 per cent of the best solar resources on the planet, it has the potential to become a major player in solar energy production, the report said.
However, significant investments are required.
"Bringing access to modern energy for all Africans calls for an investment of $25 billion annually," the report said.
That is the equivalent of around one per cent of global energy investment today. | <urn:uuid:7e494903-10b7-4c8e-933c-616b393b76a9> | CC-MAIN-2023-40 | https://en.prothomalo.com/environment/pollution/4yxq1fva8i | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-40/segments/1695233510516.56/warc/CC-MAIN-20230929122500-20230929152500-00070.warc.gz | en | 0.955541 | 763 | 3.40625 | 3 |
Replay in English with French or English subtitles.
Women of reproductive age represent a sub-population with one of the highest increases in obesity rates in recent years. This means that many women enter pregnancy already overweight or obese. Moreover, many women gain too much weight during pregnancy, which is called excessive gestational weight gain. This means that some women have a substantial amount of weight to lose in the postpartum period, which many do not achieve. This persistent weight gain can worsen with subsequent pregnancies. Excessive GWG and prolonged postpartum weight retention have been shown to result in an elevated body mass index up to 15 years following childbirth, which is associated with adverse long-term health issues for both mother and child. It is therefore evident that there is an urgent need to investigate antenatal and postnatal weight management strategies and to provide evidence-based advice for exercise and/or nutrition-based interventions.
- Brief description of the causes and consequences of maternal obesity
- Overview of when it is best to intervene; pre-pregnancy, during pregnancy, following childbirth
- Overview of how it is best to intervene; exercise, nutrition, or lifestyle (combined) interventions
- Explain the causes and consequences of maternal obesity for both the mother and infant
- Understand how to approach lifestyle interventions in this population
- Understand how to use the current findings in practice | <urn:uuid:59778b5a-f5bf-4593-b8c4-f1c9819152ee> | CC-MAIN-2023-23 | https://biaformations.com/en/formation/maternal-obesity/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-23/segments/1685224647459.8/warc/CC-MAIN-20230531214247-20230601004247-00783.warc.gz | en | 0.941772 | 284 | 3.453125 | 3 |
Digital photography will be theself-discipline and interest, and fine art of developing pics by using light-weight, either through an to prevent contact, immediately by using an digicam indicator, or biochemically using a neon light-weight-very sensitive chemical like picture taking motion picture. Light that’s utilized right dslr camera for images is come across the video, with a very fine structure of deposits or the fishing rod in a skinny layer. These tiers are not only thin, but even see-through. There is a very high-quality passing associated with from the picture.
In pictures there’s also what is known as clouds. It’s a phenomenon that occurs when the object that’s currently being captured pics of is just too big pass out to wear contrary to the confused history with the movie. Itrrrs this that photographers simply call a “bokeh” result. It is far from possible to handle the clouds, which is the reason some images and film photography do not work perfectly alongside one another. Listed below are some strategies that can be used to cut back the bokeh result.
Digital photography is some sort of digital photography that work with a laptop or computer, as an alternative to flick, which allow a substantially more substantial extent of photography choices. As a result of restrictions of photography, some photography lovers turn to substantial-speed taking pictures in order to seize motion views, fireworks, or breathtaking sporting events instances that can not be caught with a digital camera. There are 2 simple forms of higher-velocity taking pictures: ongoing-photo higher-quickness photo and images stabilizing substantial-speed taking pictures. You will find disparities among the two of these.
The most effective light photography guidelines that is executed by photography is to maintain viewfinder shut dedicated to the photo. Furthermore this do away with a lot of the light from dealing with the image, you’ll find it minimizes the majority of the blurring that can take place in other sorts of white-colored pictures recommendations. Right after the shutter switch have been pressed as well as image is grabbed, you will have minor mobility within the sensing unit. This may cause for one of the most clean, clear photographs doable.
Other photography enthusiasts have diverse procedures for consuming pictures of day scenes. To get purses shade saturation with the picture, while other people will desire faster risks in an effort to decrease the number of seen lumination polluting of the environment that is caused by normal lamps beautiful from the lens, some photography addicts will want to use lengthier visibility situations. Regarding digital photography of the type, there is no correct or incorrect procedure. It is definitely a point of liking and elegance.
If you’re a scholar of pictures, it will behoove one to read through some motivating articles about digital photography. There are lots of motivational threads on the web about recent matters, for example existing movements in digital cameras. Examining these types of inspiring threads is a powerful way to continue to be existing on the goings on of this marketplace. These motivational posts may serve as equally an over-all intent for people to check out, plus they can serve as good examples for professional photographers to follow. The good examples provided could be from the location and without notice in the past.
What’s about someone utilizing fresh control? Raw digesting happens when a digital photographer offers additional features like enhancements, returning-lighting effects, and various processing for them to go on a photograph and produce it appear like it was taken on movie. Essentially the most preferred locations where photography enthusiasts normally use raw control is usually to acquire wide ranging photos. You can check with why would a wedding photographer need to catch one of the more stunning moments that might really exist, and then shed it due to inadequate editing and enhancing? Effectively, applying uncooked producing permits the wedding photographer to capture one of the more wonderful displays, however without sacrificing any one of its good quality on account of bad touch-ups.
Services or products other element of taking pictures, coaching is a big aid. In case you have certainly not figured out how you can handle and achieve great-swiftness pictures, it may be ideal to teach all by yourself initial to help you learn to dictate your video camera and acquire the condition of high quality that you will be capturing for. After you possibly can do this, you will recognize that you could make all of the variants your photography by increasing your expertise by exercise. If they do not know how to do it correctly.
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ADHD Treatment Associated with Lower Smoking Rates
Treating attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) with stimulant medication may reduce smoking risk, especially when medication is taken consistently, according to an analysis. ADHD is a common childhood disorder that can continue through adolescence and adulthood, and is characterized by hyperactivity, difficulty paying attention and impulsivity. It is most commonly treated with stimulant medication (such as Vyvanse or Concerta), as well as with behavior therapy or a combination of the two.
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In the United States, both diabetic neuropathy and sciatic nerve pain are on the rise. Those suffering from chronic pain may find relief by consuming foods that have been scientifically developed to alleviate nerve discomfort. Investigate what foods have helped others deal with discomfort of a similar sort to find relief from nerve pain.
Nutrition’s Role in Nerve and Other Pain Disorders
Table of Contents
It has been discovered that certain foods might aggravate nerve pain while others can assist reduce it. You won’t eat anything that has been related to an increase in nerve discomfort on this diet. This category includes foods like red meat, chicken, artificial sweeteners, and preservatives.
Certain studies have linked preservatives and artificial sweeteners to epileptic seizures and fibromyalgia. Pregabalin is most commonly recommended to people with fibromyalgia or epilepsy. Pregalin 50 mg used twice a day may help relieve nerve pain.
If we want to regain our health, we must eliminate artificial sweeteners and other chemical additives. All synthetic compounds are included, including those used for preservation and colouring. Try to recreate the atmosphere like our forefathers did by transporting yourself back a century.
When food is cooked, certain vitamins and proteins are lost, maybe up to 12%. According to a meta-analysis of prospective research, disease and cancer rates were substantially lower in countries where the average daily intake of animal protein was less than 5%. This includes the United States.
Vitamin C has been demonstrated to boost health in a variety of ways, including lowering the chance of developing autoimmune disorders, increasing metabolism, delaying the ageing process, and alleviating nerve pain and damage.
Modifying one’s diet and pain management strategy can have a major influence.
control of blood sugar levels
If you want to avoid or reduce the symptoms of neuropathy, proper nutrition is essential.
Neuropathy is one of the health issues linked to vitamin B12 deficiency, which is more common in persons over the age of 60. Deficiencies can cause damage to the myelin sheaths that protect the nerves. Your nerves will not function properly if you do not use this protection. Pregabalin 300 mg is prescribed to treat nerve discomfort.
Your doctor or nutritionist may recommend vitamin B12 supplements, either orally or intravenously.
Vitamin B6 intake must be carefully monitored.
Overconsumption of vitamins is another possible cause of neuropathy. Vitamin B6 is required for regular brain function, however in excess it is neurotoxic and should be avoided.
At doses greater than 200 milligrammes, symptoms such as neuropathy, tiredness, difficulty breathing and moving, and vomiting have been recorded. Stopping use may have the opposite effect that was predicted.
Vitamin B6 is routinely added to processed foods. Those who are sensitive to B6 may be adversely affected by even slightly elevated blood levels of the vitamin.
Mercury and other hazards must be avoided at all costs.
Your kitchen self-control will benefit your loved ones, and avoiding toxins will benefit your mental health.
Toxins in seemingly healthful meals can lead to the development of neuropathy. Mercury levels in fish can be extremely high, although levels in other seafood are frequently quite low. Methylmercury, the organic form of mercury he alludes to, is widely consumed and so present in most people’s bodies at extremely low concentrations.
Most persons have blood mercury levels that are well below the level that has been proved to harm nervous system function.
Consuming a lot of seafood may increase your mercury intake to surpass healthy limits. When mercury levels in the body reach a certain level, paresthesia and other central nervous system illnesses might emerge. Mercury exposure poses the greatest risk to growing babies and pregnant women.
Pregnant and nursing women should avoid bigeye tuna, marlin, king mackerel, shark, orange roughy, and roughy. Because of their larger size and longer longevity, fish further up the food chain are more likely to have higher mercury levels. Catfish, whiting, tilapia, and clams are among the canned seafood possibilities.
You should reduce or eliminate your alcohol consumption.
Excessive alcohol consumption has been linked to nerve damage and vitamin B12 deficiency. For nerve discomfort, try pregabalin 150 mg, but never combine medicines.
Alcohol-related neuropathy symptoms include pain, numbness, tingling, and burning. Sexual dysfunction, muscle weakness, and cramping are some of the other symptoms. If your doctor has determined that your drinking is causing your symptoms, lowering or ceasing your consumption will be the most beneficial.
Hi, I’m hoping you’re familiar with celiac illness or gluten intolerance.
If celiac disease is established as the underlying cause, the number of probable causes of neuropathy can be limited down. You are correct that a nutritious diet is vital for the management and treatment of celiac disease. Celiac disease patients must avoid meals and other things that contain the protein gluten.
Celiac disease, which is characterised by a strong intolerance to gluten, causes damage to the small intestine, malnutrition, and alterations in nerve function. Although there may be a link between neuropathy and gluten sensitivity, the two illnesses are not the same.
To sum up
It is critical to try out several therapies until you find the one that works best for you. It is now easier than ever to improve your health by making a few lifestyle modifications and taking a few medicines. | <urn:uuid:ee054e2a-bc32-4a3b-b820-4a0d598f07f8> | CC-MAIN-2023-40 | https://freshersnews.co.in/few-habits-can-help-you-manage-nerve-pain/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-40/segments/1695233510707.90/warc/CC-MAIN-20230930181852-20230930211852-00805.warc.gz | en | 0.943669 | 1,141 | 3.03125 | 3 |
Critics rightly point to large gaps between Olympic ideals and Olympic realities. A global enterprise at the intersection of sports, business, and world politics, the Olympic movement succeeds spectacularly in pulling off the Games every two years. Along the way, the International Olympic Committee, its national offshoots, and diverse sporting federations profess that the underlying purpose is to advance the core Olympic values of excellence, friendship, and respect.
But in London, as in previous years, national rivalries, commercial entanglements, and bureaucratic interests have impeded efforts to live up to those values in practice. Examples include thrown badminton matches, doping allegations, and sponsor-enforced restrictions on athletes' use of social media.
This gap between rhetoric and reality is not a cause for resignation. It is a call to action.
Each Olympic Games--especially this summer in London--is a challenge to revive the Olympic Charter's commitment to place "sport at the service of the harmonious development of humankind." It is a call to reflect on how the Games--and sport more generally--can live up to core Olympic values, and how those values can advance the cause of peace and human development, within and among nations.
International celebration is the critical starting point. In London, some 12,000 athletes from more than 200 countries are competing in 50 events and living together in the Olympic Village. World leaders are in attendance. More than four billion people are following the Games on television or online. The opening and closing ceremonies are celebrations of values that unite humanity in an era of increasing globalization.
The challenge is to sustain and nurture Olympic values in other contexts after the athletes leave London. The focus should be on three critical areas, inside and outside the world of sport.
Greater social inclusion is critical. Many Olympic sports -- equestrian competitions for example--are indelibly associated with wealth. Excellence in sports is increasingly associated with money. Talented and motivated young people in much of the world do not have the opportunity even to test how far they can go. The Paralympics offer paths toward including far more people but do not address the ongoing problems of unequal access and opportunity. Outside the Games, sports and development programs advance the cause of greater inclusion, but do not address the problems of social inequality head on.
Curbing commercialism is the second challenge. The success of the modern Olympic Movement has attracted tremendous public interest and corporate investment. The Olympics have become such a big business that even the name Olympics is bought and sold--more than 40 percent of revenue generated comes from commercial partnerships. Of course the costly Games must be paid for and corporate support helps makes worldwide coverage possible. But commercialism can go too far, as in the case of allowing McDonalds, the official restaurant of the Olympic Games with a location inside the Olympic Village, to sponsor of a competition that encourages a healthy lifestyle. Careful vetting of sponsors and their business practices, including fair labor standards around the world, is necessary to counteract cynicism about Olympic values.
Finally, world leaders should take up the long-neglected ideal of the Olympic Truce - a commitment to suspend violent conflict around the Games that has its roots in Ancient Greece. Although 193 countries endorsed the Olympic Truce in a United Nations General Assembly vote in October 2011, no real efforts have been made to halt the conflicts in the Democratic Republic of the Congo, Syria, Afghanistan, and other parts of the world with the spotlight of the Olympics as a nudge and genuine inspiration. The Truce is an opportunity to advance the cause of peace, a necessary precondition for the flourishing of excellence, respect, and friendship on a global scale. Countries bidding for the Olympics in the future should pledge to further the ideal of the Truce in their national diplomacy and in international organizations.
In a narrow sense, the Olympic Games are about sports and entertainment. But in an era of globalization they have much greater significance. The Olympic movement is the most visible platform for the celebration of shared human values in the 21st century. As our world becomes more integrated and democracy and human rights advance, however haltingly, the IOC and the Olympic Movement should increase their internal transparency and accountability and work with governments and civil society to advance Olympic values not just in sport, but culture, society, and politics.
We should continue to criticize the Olympic movement for not living up to its values. But we should also explore new ways to celebrate and realize those values in the 21st century.
For more, visit this page.
Follow Katherine Marshall on Twitter: www.twitter.com/patlakath | <urn:uuid:581b3c83-b510-4278-a310-7855bba53428> | CC-MAIN-2014-15 | http://www.huffingtonpost.com/katherine-marshall/olympic-values-for-the-21_b_1772761.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2014-15/segments/1397609524644.38/warc/CC-MAIN-20140416005204-00293-ip-10-147-4-33.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.930374 | 931 | 2.6875 | 3 |
File::Sync - Perl access to fsync() and sync() function calls
use File::Sync qw(fsync sync); sync(); fsync(\*FILEHANDLE) or die "fsync: $!"; # and if fdatasync() is available on your system: fdatasync($fh) or die "fdatasync: $!"; use File::Sync qw(fsync); use FileHandle; $fh = new FileHandle("> /tmp/foo") or die "new FileHandle: $!"; ... $fh->fsync() or die "fsync: $!";
The fsync() function takes a Perl file handle as its only argument, and passes its fileno() to the C function fsync(). It returns undef on failure, or true on success. fdatasync() is identical in return value, but it calls C fdatasync() instead of fsync(), synchronizing only the data in the file, not the metadata.
The fsync_fd() function is used internally by fsync(); it takes a file descriptor as its only argument.
The sync() function is identical to the C function sync().
This module does not export any methods by default, but fsync() is made available as a method of the FileHandle class. Note carefully that as of 0.11, we no longer clobber anything in IO::Handle. You can replace any calls to IO::Handle::fsync() with IO::Handle::sync(): https://rt.cpan.org/Public/Bug/Display.html?id=50418
Doing fsync() if the stdio buffers aren't flushed (with
$| or the autoflush method) is probably pointless.
Calling sync() too often on a multi-user system is slightly antisocial.
Carey Evans <[email protected]>
perl(1), fsync(2), sync(2), perlvar(1) | <urn:uuid:ce9a8e4a-ac9b-4fbe-ac3b-a0880d2d1027> | CC-MAIN-2016-26 | http://search.cpan.org/dist/File-Sync/Sync.pm | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783395992.75/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624154955-00184-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.746331 | 426 | 2.6875 | 3 |
TUESDAY, April, 10, 2018The youngest victims of America’s addiction crisis are not the teenagers tempted by tobacco, pot and pills.
Rather, they are tens of thousands of toddlers and preschoolers who are accidentally poisoned when they get into the drug stash of a parent or older sibling, claims a new report from the National Center on Addiction and Substance Abuse.
In 2016, U.S. poison control centers received an estimated 30,250 reports of children aged 5 and younger sickened by a wide array of addictive substances — everything from tobacco and e-cigarettes to marijuana and prescription opioid drugs, the report found.
“We think this is a largely overlooked problem as people think about and talk about the problem of substance abuse and addiction in our nation,” said lead researcher Linda Richter, director of policy research and analysis at the National Center on Addiction and Substance Abuse.
All signs indicate that an increasing number of young children are being accidentally poisoned by their parents’ pleasure products:
- Calls to poison control centers about e-cigarettes increased more than 1,400 percent over just three years. Half of all calls related to e-cigarettes and 95 percent related to tobacco cigarettes involved children under the age of 5.
- The number of young children exposed to alcohol has increased every year since 2012. Those aged 5 and younger account for about one of every four alcohol-related calls to a poison center.
- The rate of marijuana exposure among young children increased by 148 percent over an eight-year period. Children younger than 3 accounted for 78 percent of these calls to a poison center, most often from ingesting a marijuana edible.
- Exposures to prescription opioids increased 93 percent each year over a nine-year period, a rate that corresponds with the progression of America’s opioid epidemic. About half of ER visits among kids aged 5 and younger are linked with prescription drug exposure, with opioids like Oxycontin and Vicodin and benzodiazepines like Xanax the most common.
“Generally speaking, the rates are going up,” Richter said. “What’s concerning is the severity of the consequences seem to be increasing as well.”
Seizures, coma and even death can occur to children poisoned by addictive substances, particularly those exposed to opioids. Even something like e-cigarettes can be deadly: In December 2014, a toddler in upstate New York died after swallowing liquid nicotine from an e-cigarette, the report said.
And those serious effects — along with less dire consequences such as nausea, vomiting and disorientation — are only the immediate effects, experts add.
No one knows how the growing brain of a young child might be affected, said Dr. Harshal Kirane, director of addiction services at Staten Island University Hospital in New York City.
“Children are especially vulnerable in that their brains are still very much going through key developmental stages. Their personality and psyche is integrating and evolving,” Kirane said. “Exposure to these kind of substances could have really unexpected effects that we are really just beginning to understand.”
Part of the problem is that parents aren’t taking proper steps to keep all addictive substances out of kids’ hands, said Dr. Scott Krakower, assistant unit chief of psychiatry at Zucker Hillside Hospital in Glen Oaks, N.Y.
Besides prescription or illicit drugs, that includes tobacco, e-cigarettes and alcohol, Krakower said.
“We wouldn’t want to leave pills out for a kid. For the same reason, we wouldn’t want to leave our e-cigarette pen out for a kid,” he said.
Parents also have to stay flexible in hiding their addictive products, Richter added.
“What might seem out of reach and out of sight one day, all of a sudden they’re climbing and it’s accessible the next day,” she explained.
Part of the problem is that manufacturers make the products appealing to small children, Richter said.
E-cigarettes are packaged with colorful designs and fun flavors, she said. Alcoholic beverages are mixed with fruit flavors and sold in cans resembling soda and juice.
The most disturbing trend involves marijuana products in states that have legalized recreational or medicinal use, Richter said. Dispensaries sell marijuana edibles in forms that would appeal greatly to young children — cookies, brownies and candies such as gummy worms.
“They’re made to look like other kinds of candy that kids like,” Richter said.
Elected officials and policy makers should consider steps to rein in these products and make them less intriguing to young children, Richter said.
“There hasn’t been enough will to put those requirements into place,” she said.
In the meantime, parents can protect their kids by:
- Storing addictive substances out of sight and reach, and keeping medicine in its child-resistant packaging.
- Limiting addictive products in your home, by getting rid of those you don’t need.
- Returning unused prescription medications to a pharmacy or hospital.
- Setting a good example. For example, refrain from using tobacco, e-cigarettes or marijuana, since secondhand exposure can also affect kids.
“Families aren’t always aware that even secondhand exposure to these substances can have a detrimental effect to kids growing up, much less an accidental ingestion,” Krakower said.
Visit the U.S. National Institute on Drug Abuse for more on opioids and benzodiazepines.
Copyright © 2022 HealthDay. All rights reserved. | <urn:uuid:0151ff54-847e-425a-bb2c-2965b692652d> | CC-MAIN-2022-49 | https://weeklysauce.com/even-toddlers-endangered-by-opioids-other-addictive-drugs/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-49/segments/1669446710980.82/warc/CC-MAIN-20221204204504-20221204234504-00720.warc.gz | en | 0.94147 | 1,180 | 2.625 | 3 |
The Story of “Sentō”: A History of Public Bathhouses in Japan
Guideto JapanCulture Lifestyle
Sentō are public bathhouses that customers pay to use. But when did they first emerge in Japan? The earliest records date back hundreds of years.
A reference in Japan’s oldest collection of stories Konjaku monogatari (trans. Tales of Times Now Past) written from the end of the eleventh to the twelfth centuries indicates that there were sentō in Kyoto during the Heian period (794–1185). The appearance of the word yusen, meaning the fee paid to use a bath, in documents from the Kamakura period (1185–1333) suggests that public baths had been established by this time.
From early times large Buddhist temples would build structures within their precincts where local people could take steam baths for free. The goal of these bathhouses was as much about cleanliness as spreading Buddhism.
Threats to Public Morality
Sentō experienced a growth boom in the Edo period (1603–1868) as facilities used on a daily basis by common people.
According to a document of the time, the first public bathhouse in Edo (the former name for Tokyo) was built in 1591 by a man named Ise Yoichi. It was located by a bridge near what is now the Bank of Japan headquarters in central Tokyo. The sentō’s success led to the establishment of similar facilities. A decade later, there were bathhouses in every part of the city.
Records show that by 1810 there were 523 sentō in the city, demonstrating just how much Edoites loved a good soak.
Edo-period bathhouses can be divided roughly along the lines of whether they allowed mixed bathing or had separate areas for men and women. The Kansai region in western Japan boasted a lot of mixed baths. Edo had fewer, but the mixed sentō it did have were popular. For proprietors, having men and women together saved on costs as only one shared facility was required. One innovation was the introduction of yuna bathhouse girls to scrub male customers clean. The shogunate disapproved of the threats to public morality bathhouses posed, issuing a ban on mixed bathing and a limit on the number of yuna. However, its rulings were largely ignored in Edo.
At first, there were two main kinds of sentō. The furoya was based around steam baths, while the yuya centered on a large communal bathtub. Over time, the communal tub became standard, although confusingly it is now generally known as a furoya.
During the Edo period communal tubs were generally housed in dark, almost windowless rooms with low entranceways to prevent steam from escaping.
The start of the Meiji era (1868–1912) changed all this. Western criticisms led the Meiji government to ban mixed bathing (more successfully than the Edo shogunate) and to order that sentō should have a more open structure. In 1877, a new-style bathhouse, or kairyō-buro, opened in Kanda, Tokyo, with a steam vent in the high ceiling and a combined bathroom and changing area, so bathers no longer had to duck through the entrance after getting undressed.
This basic structure remains today, although features such as tiles and taps have been added through the years. In 1908 there were 1,217 sentō in Tokyo. According to materials produced by a bathhouse association, sentō reached their height of their popularity in 1968, when there were 18,325 located across the country.
Many Japanese people imagine sentō as looking like shrines or temples, built in what is known as the miyazukuri style. But this type of construction is basically limited to the Tokyo area. As the capital recovered and rebuilt after the Great Kantō Earthquake of 1923, carpenters with experience in constructing religious buildings applied their talents to making plain, traditional bathhouses more appealing to lift the spirits of residents. The distinctive curved karahafu gables of these striking new sentō were much admired and many later Tokyo bathhouses adopted the style, which is how it became associated with the capital. There is no standard architectural trend for sentō in the rest of Japan, however.
Apart from their external appearance, Tokyo bathhouses have a number of other features in common. They have changing rooms with high latticed ceilings, small courtyard gardens, and large murals painted above the baths.
The murals often depict Mount Fuji. In 1912, the owner of Kikaiyu in Kanda asked the Western-style painter Kawagoe Kōshirō to produce a mural to please the children of his customers. Kawagoe was from near Mount Fuji in Shizuoka Prefecture, so he painted the famous peak. Fuji murals caught on quickly in Tokyo as bathers soaking under the paintings are made to feel like they are in the waters around the mountain, purifying their bodies as in some ancient ritual. This illusion is heightened by the placement of Tokyo bathtubs right against the wall. In other areas, many sentō do not have paintings, and tubs tend to be in the center of the room.
The courtyard gardens often have ponds with koi carp, in part because these are considered auspicious. The fish may also appear on tiles, which are almost always Kutani porcelain.
None of these various shared features are essential to the bathing experience. So why do proprietors bother to spend money on them? It may be connected to the traditional love of ostentatious display in old Edo. By creating a visually playful space away from the humdrum world, they also help their customers to forget their everyday cares.
The karahafu gables contribute to this atmosphere. They were once considered to lead the way to paradise, which is why they have been used variously to adorn religious buildings, hearses, and pleasure quarters.
Blending Tradition and Innovation
The number of sentō in Japan has dwindled to 4,000, or less than a quarter of the total in their 1960s heyday. One big factor is the steady spread of Japanese homes equipped with baths.
However, enhanced versions of bathhouses, known as “super sentō,” have been growing in popularity. One key difference between ordinary sentō and their super competitors is that the former have a maximum charge for use, established in local ordinances. Super sentō are free to set their own fees and accordingly offer more to customers, including such features as spaces to eat and parking areas. Families can comfortably spend several hours in these facilities.
Not to be outdone, bathhouse proprietors are sprucing up their standard sentō to take on the competition. These restored bathhouses are often referred to as “designer sentō.” To appeal to young people owners have often chosen to swap the traditional miyazukuri style for modern exteriors and install front lobbies instead of the old-fashioned bandai platforms used to observe both the male and female bathing areas. This latter switch from platforms to reception desks is helping to attract more female customers. As they add fresh touches to existing locations, designer sentō have come to be characterized by their blend of tradition and innovation.
Many of these have also added outdoor baths (rotenburo) and saunas. In some, it is possible to enjoy the pleasure of a cold soft drink or beer after taking a relaxing soak.
I should also note that while super sentō tend to shut down quickly if they are not lucrative, ordinary sentō are considered public facilities and so can benefit from local government subsidies.
Many Japanese people pride themselves on their love of baths. The country is blessed with many hot springs, but this is not the only reason for the popularity of bathhouses. For those who visit sentō, it is an opportunity to cleanse both the body and soul.(Originally published in Japanese on April 25, 2017. Photos by Machida Shinobu unless otherwise stated. Banner photo: An ukiyo-e tile painting at the male bath in Suehiroyu, Katsushika, Tokyo.) | <urn:uuid:84dc7f79-9d52-4de0-a516-20c53f518af6> | CC-MAIN-2019-26 | https://www.nippon.com/en/views/b07302/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-26/segments/1560627999291.1/warc/CC-MAIN-20190620230326-20190621012326-00263.warc.gz | en | 0.977104 | 1,705 | 3.203125 | 3 |
Flax, or Limim, L. an indigenous plant, consisting of four species, of which the following are the principal:
1. The Usitatissimum, or Common Flax, which grows in corn-fields, and sandy pastures, and flowers in the month of July. - . This valuable plant thrives most luxuriantly on ground newly broken up; which it ameliorates, if it be sown only every sixth year. The best preparatory crops for flax are those of hemp and potatoes. In the fens of Lincolnshire, hemp is sown the first year, on a good free open loam, that has been well tilled, the soil being properly manured with pigeon's dung; the second year again hemp is cultivated without any manure ; and, in the succeeding year followed by flax.
With respect to the quality of linseed, from which flax is propagated, that imported from Riga is generally supposed to be the best, and is sown broad-cast with clover, in the proportion of 2, or 21/2 bushels per acre. Experience, however, has evinced, that any other seed would be equally successful, if it were properly kept for six or seven years, before it is sown ; for the merchants of Riga frequently import linseed from Germany and other Countries, which, after seve-ral years, they again furnish with the same seed, but at an advanced price. It would farther be an useful practice, to exchange linseed among farmers living at some distance ; as it has been observed that it improves, when cultivated in a different soil and climate. - See also Linseed.
In order to prevent the depredations of birds on this valuable seed, circumspect farmers sow it after sun-set on land well pulverized, and harrow it in early the next morning, before the sun rises.— Thus the seed, being moistened by the night's dew, is easily enveloped with earth, and rendered invisible to birds. - Another great enemy to the prosperity of the flax-plant, is the parasitical weed called the Greater Dodder (which see), or Cuscu-ta Europcea, L. - Bechstein communicates the following remedy, by which it may be easily and completely extirpated : - To every bushel of linseed, take two drams of camphor reduced to powder, by adding fifteen drops of spirit of wine ; and mix it well with the seed on the evening when it is to be sown.
As soon as the crop attains the height of four inches, it will be requisite to weed it; an operation which ought to be performed with the greatest care, that the flax may not be trodden down. If it be allowed to grow longer, the stalks will be so much bent and broken, that they never regain their former straightness. When the weeds are carefully eradicated, they should be carried off the field, and on no account be suffered to lie in the furrows, because they often strike root again, and thus injure the growth of the flax.
This plant becomes ripe when it is in full blossom ; but, if it be intended to stand for seed, it will not attain to maturity till the milky juice which it affords is dried up ; at which time it is to be pulled, in order to be prepared for the manufacturer.
The first process which flax undergoes, is that of rating, or steeping it in water, to loosen and separate the rind from the stalk. The early flax is generally watered by laying it in bundles, in a pond or reservoir of soft water, where it is pressed down by stones, or other heavy bodies. In the course of a week, the rind will be sufficiently loosened, when the flax ought to be removed from the water, spread out in the air, and dried. Great skill and precaution are necessary in this part of the operation; for should the flax be left too long in the water, the filaments or threads will become rotten and useless : it will therefore be preferable to take it out rather at an earlier period., than to leave it too long in the pits.
Another process is that of dew-ripening ; which is performed by spreading the flax on the grass, so that the joint action of the rain and dew produces an effect similar to that of rating, in some parts of Germany, it is never steeped in water, but only exposed for several weeks to the air, rain, and sun ; by which it is said to become finer and softer than by any other method.
To these operations may be added that of rippling, namely, the' separating of the seed from the stalk, by passing the flax -through a kind of comb before it is rated or watered. These combs are made of iron, the teeth of which are so closely set together, that the heads cannot pass through, and consequently are pulled off.
Some cultivators, however, beat the seed out in the field where it grew, instead of rippling, by means of a heavy piece of wood fastened to a bundle; after which it is sifted clean, into a large sheet.
In this state the flax is ready to be manufactured into Linen; for a short account of which process, we refer the reader to that article.
Many attempts have been made by ingenious persons, to improve flax, or to render it finer, softer, and equal to silk in spinning. In Ireland, this obje6t has, in a great measure, been attained by boiling it for several hours in sea-water, with the addition of a lye made of unslacked lime, and two or three parts of pot-ashes: thus we have seen the coarsest part of flax, or tow, considerably changed in its texture, so as to resemble the finest lint. - In the 69th Report of the Economical Society of Leipzig, printed in 1797 (in German), we meet with the following process of converting flax into a silky sub-stance, communicated by Count Harrsch, director of the mines in Russia: Take pure combed flax, tie it up into rollers covered with white buckram, fasten them with packthread, and deposit them for a fortnight in a damp cellar. Then open the flax, and place it under the cylinders of a common mangle, where it should be rolled over five or six times, in a manner similar to that pursued with linen. Next, the flax should be passed through a fine brass comb. This process of mangling and combing must be repeated a second and third time, but the combs ought to be progressively finer. By such treatment (the Count informs the Society) a very fine, tender, and glossy flax, may be obtained, scarcely inferior to China silk ; and, though it loses more than one-third of its substance, yet the refuse, or tow, is uncommonly fine, and still useful for the manufacture of ordinary linen.
He farther observes, that, after each combing, particularly the first, the filaments appear flat and com-pressed, but that they recover their roundness by the subsequent operation. Flax thus prepared cannot, by mere contact, or the sense of feeling, be distinguished from silk, and is fit to be manufactured into the finest cambric, and Brabant lace.
Of the utility of flax or linseed, in fattening cattle, we have already treated in vol. i. p. 453.
Beside these various purposes, flax may also be considered as a manure: for the land on which it is spread, in order to prepare it for housing, is thus in a considerable degree ameliorated ; and, if rated flax be laid on a coarse, sour pasture, the nature of the herbage will be totally changed ; and the sweet-est grasses will in future grow on. such indifferent soil. - The water, too, in which the flax is immersed, if properly sprinkled on land, by means of watering carts, will produce a very fertilizing effect, and increase its value ten or fifteen shillings per acre. But this water is of so poisonous a nature to cattle, that the pra6tice of macerating or steeping flax, in any pond or running stream, is, by the 33d Henry VIII. c. 1/. prohibited under very severe penalties.
2. The catharticum, or Purging Flax, or Mill-mountain, is an annual plant, growing in dry meadows and pastures, and flowering from June to August. It is eaten by horses, sheep, and goats. - An infusion of two drams of the dried plant is an excellent laxative, and has been given with advantage in obstinate rheumatisms. | <urn:uuid:04db2faa-5958-47b6-b193-b15834c1e8f9> | CC-MAIN-2019-35 | https://chestofbooks.com/reference/The-Domestic-Encyclopaedia-Vol2/Flax.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-35/segments/1566027314130.7/warc/CC-MAIN-20190818205919-20190818231919-00367.warc.gz | en | 0.960216 | 1,865 | 3.171875 | 3 |
It would seem that the spring in the Netherlands is lined mainly with garden flowers in Keukenhoff. Nothing could be further from the truth! True spring should be sought where everything comes to life without any human intervention. Even on the river Meuse. It flows through France, Belgium and the Netherlands, and in the Netherlands it becomes a very important water transport route connecting ports of Rotterdam, Amsterdam and Antwerp. This beautiful river has been pictured at the dawn, around ‘t Wilde (North Brabant), by Dorota Mazur.
This region, along with the Betuwe and the Maaskant, was once part of the heartland of the Batavians. The original vegetation (open forest) called Holtland (compare German: Holtz Land). The Batavians name them when they formed a new nation in the western area, with the Kanninefates and a part of the Frisians. So Hol(t)land became Holland. De name Maas (for a rivier) also moved with the Batavian to other areas. Orginally the word Maas ment something like “space in between”. (So not the river but the lands between the arms of the river). | <urn:uuid:1a02ab03-7ff8-4ae1-88e4-54a380e90d1e> | CC-MAIN-2023-06 | https://www.holandiabeztajemnic.pl/?page_id=7619&lang=en | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-06/segments/1674764494852.95/warc/CC-MAIN-20230127001911-20230127031911-00284.warc.gz | en | 0.95596 | 258 | 2.84375 | 3 |
What’s The Largest Planet In The Universe?
- The exoplanet Kepler-39b is one of the most massive ones known, at 18 times the mass of Jupiter, placing it right on the border between planet and brown dwarf.
- A cutaway of Jupiter’s interior.
- WASP-17b is one of the largest planets confirmed not to be a brown dwarf.
Which is largest planet?
What is the largest exoplanet ever detected?
Largest Known Exoplanet Discovered. The largest exoplanet ever discovered is also one of the strangest and theoretically should not even exist, scientists say. Dubbed TrES-4, the planet is about 1.7 times the size of Jupiter and belongs to a small subclass of so-called puffy planets that have extremely low densities.
Is there any planet bigger than Jupiter?
All planets listed are larger than two times the size of the largest planet in the Solar System, Jupiter. Some planets that are smaller than 1.7 R J have been included for comparison.
What is the scariest planet?
These are the spookiest, scariest storms on any known planet
- The Glass Storm of HD 189733b.
- The Steaming Acid Rain of Venus.
- The Mysterious Strobe Lightning of HAT-P-11b.
- The Apocalyptic Dust Storms of Mars.
- The Shrieking Winds of HD 80606b.
- The Red-Eyed Monsters of Jupiter.
Are there 12 planets?
The eight planets are: Mercury, Venus, Earth, Mars, Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus, and Neptune.
What is the farthest planet we have discovered?
In late January 2018, a team of scientists led by Xinyu Dai claimed to have discovered a collection of about 2,000 rogue planets in the quasar microlens RX J1131-1231, which is 3.8 billion light-years distant. The bodies range in mass from that of the Moon to several Jupiter masses.
Is Jupiter bigger than Sun?
Jupiter is much larger than Earth and considerably less dense: its volume is that of about 1,321 Earths, but it is only 318 times as massive. Jupiter’s radius is about 1/10 the radius of the Sun, and its mass is 0.001 times the mass of the Sun, so the densities of the two bodies are similar.
What planet is closest to its star?
Among the known stars, Proxima Centauri has been the closest star to the Sun for about 32,000 years and will be so for about another 25,000 years, after which Alpha Centauri A and Alpha Centauri B will alternate approximately every 79.91 years as the closest star to the Sun.
What is the largest rocky planet?
2014. In May 2014, previously discovered Kepler-10c was determined to have the mass comparable to Neptune (17 Earth masses). With the radius of 2.35, it is currently the largest known planet likely to have a predominantly rocky composition.
Is Saturn bigger than the sun?
Saturn is the sixth planet from the Sun and the second-largest in the Solar System, after Jupiter. It is a gas giant with an average radius about nine times that of Earth. It has only one-eighth the average density of Earth, but with its larger volume Saturn is over 95 times more massive.
What planet has the worst storms?
The Great Red Spot is a persistent high-pressure region in the atmosphere of Jupiter, producing an anticyclonic storm, the largest in the Solar System, 22 degrees south of the planet’s equator.
Do any planets rain diamonds?
High pressure experiments suggest large amounts of diamonds are formed from methane on the ice giant planets Uranus and Neptune, while some planets in other solar systems may be almost pure diamond. Diamonds are also found in stars and may have been the first mineral ever to have formed.
Will Mars have rings?
It is also predicted that Phobos, a moon of Mars, will break up and form into a planetary ring in about 50 million years, because its low orbit with an orbital period that is shorter than a Martian day is decaying due to tidal deceleration.
Why isn’t Pluto considered a planet?
In 2005, Eris, a dwarf planet in the scattered disc which is 27% more massive than Pluto, was discovered. This led the International Astronomical Union (IAU) to define the term “planet” formally in 2006, during their 26th General Assembly. That definition excluded Pluto and reclassified it as a dwarf planet.
Is there a 10th planet?
With the exception of some long-period comets, until 2018 VG18 was discovered on December 17, 2018, Eris and Dysnomia were the most distant known natural objects in the Solar System. Because Eris appeared to be larger than Pluto, NASA initially described it as the Solar System’s tenth planet.
Is the sun a planet?
The Sun is the Solar System’s star and by far its most massive component. Its large mass (332,900 Earth masses), which comprises 99.86% of all the mass in the Solar System, produces temperatures and densities in its core high enough to sustain nuclear fusion of hydrogen into helium, making it a main-sequence star.
Why does Mercury have the shortest year?
Mercury is the smallest and innermost planet in the Solar System. Its orbital period around the Sun of 87.97 days is the shortest of all the planets in the Solar System. It is named after the Roman deity Mercury, the messenger of the gods.
What is the newest exoplanet discovered?
On August 24, 2016, the Pale Red Dot campaign announced the discovery of Proxima b. Orbiting the closest star to the solar system, Proxima Centauri, the 1.3 Earth-mass exoplanet orbits within the star’s habitable zone.
Is Neptune the farthest planet from Earth?
Neptune is the eighth and farthest known planet from the Sun in the Solar System. In the Solar System, it is the fourth-largest planet by diameter, the third-most-massive planet, and the densest giant planet. Neptune is 17 times the mass of Earth, slightly more massive than its near-twin Uranus.
How many planets Has NASA discovered?
It is estimated that 11 billion of these planets may be orbiting Sun-like stars. The nearest such planet may be 3.7 parsecs (12 ly) away, according to the scientists. On January 6, 2015, NASA announced the 1,000th confirmed exoplanet discovered by the Kepler space telescope.
What is the only known moon of Pluto?
How many planets have been discovered so far?
Kepler-16 contains the first discovered planet that orbits around a binary main-sequence star system. On 26 February 2014, NASA announced the discovery of 715 newly verified exoplanets around 305 stars by the Kepler Space Telescope. | <urn:uuid:103c26ce-c0f4-4e37-8192-15842efc2346> | CC-MAIN-2022-40 | https://bigbangpokemon.com/science/what-is-the-biggest-planet-known-to-man.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-40/segments/1664030334644.42/warc/CC-MAIN-20220926020051-20220926050051-00082.warc.gz | en | 0.927491 | 1,497 | 3.125 | 3 |
Chetan Bhatt, a professor of sociology, begins his talk on identity by telling his audience about he's often met with questions about where he's from when he gives him name, due to the preconceived notions that people have about who he is.
With this, Bhatt shows that most people have ideas about identity that are often based on old stories of cultures, which he says are often based on myths. These stories have created a kind of hierarchy in society, which leads those who are positioned in a secondary way to be restricted. Although Bhatt acknowledges the argument that some of these origin myths make people feel safer, he states that the widespread oppression that can result from them tends to outweigh this.
Throughout his talk on identity, Bhatt shows that it's important to challenge the origin myths that are continuously perpetuated, and to look at those around one through a more human and creative lens.
Disputing Origin Myths
More Stats +/-
Confronting Racism Head-On
Making Statements Through Satire
Paving the Way Forward
Identifying as a Leader
Inclusive Female Leadership | <urn:uuid:1738ae04-24a1-4b7b-9220-979cd1c05818> | CC-MAIN-2018-05 | https://www.trendhunter.com/keynote/talk-on-identity | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-05/segments/1516084892892.86/warc/CC-MAIN-20180124010853-20180124030853-00367.warc.gz | en | 0.986131 | 225 | 2.890625 | 3 |
The National Science Foundation (NSF) is the place where science, technology, engineering, and mathematics (STEM) discoveries and discoverers begin. Nationally and internationally, cities and communities face deeply interlocking physical, social, behavioral, economic, and infrastructural challenges. For example, we face complex challenges in providing sufficient food, clean water, and energy for all, while sustaining a healthy environment. Solutions will require ingenuity and expertise from across all domains, including the sciences. Learners can be Change Makers, identifying and working to solve problems that matter deeply to them, while simultaneously advancing their own understanding and expertise. Research shows that engaging in real world problem solving enhances learning, understanding, and persistence in STEM.
The Directorate for Education and Human Resources (EHR) at NSF invites innovative research and development proposals to advance STEM learning, while exploring solutions to multidisciplinary or transdisciplinary global challenges in either formal or informal settings for learners of all ages and prior educational experience, including learners traditionally under-represented in STEM. Research and development efforts should contribute to both the STEM and STEM education knowledge bases. Example topics include:
- academic civic engagement or research opportunities for low-income students to work on increasing the availability of fresh vegetables or potable water locally or internationally;
- creation of a network of course-based research experiences to inform STEM policy work;
- novel use of social media and flash mob strategies to initiate community Change Maker teams;
- crowd-sourced solutions to clean energy challenge through global, public participation in science.
Research and development projects creating toolkits, micro-credential systems, or other resources that will enable learners to identify and collaboratively work on problems of personal interest are welcome. Investigators are encouraged to share learning environments that result from this work as digital, open education resources for the community.
Mechanisms of Support: Proposers are invited to submit their proposals to one of the following programs, in accordance with program solicitation requirements. Regardless of program, the title of each proposal should begin with “Change Makers”:
- For informal learning environments, submit to the Advancing Informal STEM Learning program (AISL, NSF 15-593), due November 8, 2016.
- For PreK-12 learning environments, submit to the Discovery Research PreK-12 program (DRK-12, NSF 15-592), due December 5, 2016
- For undergraduate learning environments, submit to the Improving Undergraduate STEM Education: Education and Human Resources program (IUSE: EHR, NSF 15-585), due November 2, 2016 for Exploration and Design Tier for Engaged Student Learning & Institution and Community Transformation proposals and January 11, 2017 for Development and Implementation Tiers for Engaged Student Learning & Institution and Community Transformation proposals.
- For further guidance on identifying an appropriate program for Change Maker proposals, contact [email protected].
Questions should be addressed to: [email protected]. This DCL is expected to be in effect from June 15, 2016 through March 1, 2017. All proposals should be submitted by in accordance with individual program deadlines.
Directorate for Education and Human Resources
Earlier this year the Computing Community Consortium (CCC) Education Task Force released a whitepaper on The Importance of Computing Education Research, which recognizes the importance of creating a research ecosystem around computer science education to ensure that the demand for high quality computing education can be met and that the diversity of students generating that demand are well served. | <urn:uuid:1504b458-b3be-418f-817f-aa23ec3ab342> | CC-MAIN-2016-40 | http://www.cccblog.org/2016/07/14/nsf-dear-colleague-letter-change-makers/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-40/segments/1474738662698.85/warc/CC-MAIN-20160924173742-00025-ip-10-143-35-109.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.898359 | 723 | 3.03125 | 3 |
NASA & ESA / Acknowledgement: A. Riess (STScI)
I’m reading a book by Hugh Ross called, “Why the Universe Is the Way it Is.” It is a fascinating book; I’m learning so much. The most fantastic thing I’ve learned so far is that we are in one of the few areas of space where we can look up and see the stars. Isn’t that strange and amazing?
Mr. Ross writes, “Researchers, who believe in a personal Creator (and many do), thank their maker for Earth’s placement in one of the darkest regions of the universe.”
Not just this galaxy, but the universe!
He goes on to say, “Not only are the quantities and locations of the various kinds of dark stuff exactly what advanced life needs, but because of Earth’s dark cosmic location, the lights of the universe don’t blind us or limit our view. Astronomers can see virtually all of the heavens’ wonders, including the entirety of cosmic history.”
“This visibility is possible because Earth resides in a very dark place. In fact, Earth’s solar system resides in the darkest part of the Milky Way Galaxy’s life-habitable zone. And the Milky Way resides in the darkest life-habitable region of its galaxy cluster, which occupies the darkest lifel-habitable region of its supercluster of galaxies.”
The point of this is that almost anywhere else in the universe you could not study the heavens as we do. The galaxies, nebulae, star clusters etc. would be so bright we couldn’t see past them. Even the other planets in our solar system are not too bright to block our view. We are in the most perfect place for God to show us his creation. I find this amazing and wonderful.
Thank you God, for putting us in the perfect place to see your handiwork in the heavens.
“The heavens declare the glory of God;
the skies proclaim the work of his hands.
Day after day they pour forth speech;
night after night they reveal knowledge.
They have no speech, they use no words;
no sound is heard from them.
Yet their voice goes out into all the earth,
their words to the ends of the world.” | <urn:uuid:375f8e3b-8d11-478a-b9e5-95da2b33b307> | CC-MAIN-2017-13 | https://whoisgodsite.wordpress.com/2016/06/08/the-darkest-place-in-the-universe/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-13/segments/1490218190134.67/warc/CC-MAIN-20170322212950-00252-ip-10-233-31-227.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.922029 | 499 | 2.859375 | 3 |
By Rebecca B. Evers, Ed.D.
This is not your parents' vocational education. Girls are not limited to making aprons in sewing classes, and boys are not making pig-shaped cutting boards in woodworking shop. The major difference in today's school-to-career classes is that students are taught core academic skills, such as math, science, and English, at the same time they're learning the specific skills needed in their chosen career area.
In the past, vocational education was frequently seen as a placement for the students who could not make the grade in academic courses. However, the laws that created current programs require career and technical programs to produce students who can compete in higher education settings, and who will be ready to meet challenges as competent adults in any occupation they choose, in a workforce that participates in a global economy. This article is the first in a two-part series addressing the current state of career and technical education.
Today's career education students are more likely to be in a class that is a student-run business; not just auto shop, but an automotive repair business where they learn very technical computer skills, how to problem solve, how to estimate time and costs for repairs, and finally how to repair the problem. In some areas of the country, career and technical education programs, at both the secondary and community college levels, are being developed to fill the needs of local industries and businesses. For example in the northwest where aeronautics is a major industry one community opened an Aviation High School.1
School-to-career courses at the high school level have additional benefits that promote positive outcomes for students who enroll - namely higher attendance rates and achievement. For example, the attendance rate for school-to-career students in one Philadelphia school district was 87.5% (10% higher that other students) indicating that students are interested in or value these classes enough to be there. Another sign of student interest and engagement is that 30% of the Philadelphia career education students earned a 3.0 or higher grade-point average (GPA), while only 19.8% of non-career education students earn a B-average or better GPA. But perhaps the most convincing evidence of student interest, relevance, and staying power of the school-to-career programs is the dropout rate of 3.4%; less than one-third the rate for non-vocational students in the district.2
Career, technical, and occupational skills programs have used a variety of names during the last two decades, such as "vocational education," "vocational-technical education," "practical arts," and most recently, "career and technical education." Programs are offered across a variety of educational levels and settings including:
Although there are many definitions of career and technical education,3,4,5 they all suggest that these types of programs should prepare students for a chosen career by teaching knowledge and skills in a relevant, sequential program that includes:
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Get timely updates for , including performance data and recently posted user reviews. | <urn:uuid:2de1495a-15ae-430f-a12b-a8df42fa02a2> | CC-MAIN-2015-14 | http://www.greatschools.org/special-education/LD-ADHD/1002-career-technical-education.gs | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2015-14/segments/1427131298755.8/warc/CC-MAIN-20150323172138-00170-ip-10-168-14-71.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.959792 | 1,192 | 3.34375 | 3 |
1. Firstly, a line drawing is created that has been drawn with complete accuracy, proportion and detail, of the deity or desired image.
2. Then portions of the drawing are transferred by tracing to the silks that will be used in the final piece. Definition of line details is created by rolling silk thread over cord and then by carefully hand-stitching this to the silk pieces.
3. The pieces are then cut out and edges turned under and ironed. Piece by piece the image is created with all its detail.
4. Features such as eyes, jewels and flowers are masterfully stitched using special embroidery techniques.
5. Next the individual pieces are joined together, first using a natural adhesive and then stitched along every edge so that the pieces form the completed image.
6. Lastly there are some finishing stitches and additions of gems such as Tibetan turquoise and coral are added.
The image is then framed in silk brocade.
7. The result of the artists skill, patience, concentration and dedication is an exquisite hand stitched work of sacred art. | <urn:uuid:074d50d3-8d76-4450-ae61-4ec65c19f844> | CC-MAIN-2018-05 | https://www.urgyensonam.com/how-silk-thangkas-are-created.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-05/segments/1516084887414.4/warc/CC-MAIN-20180118131245-20180118151245-00610.warc.gz | en | 0.961545 | 224 | 2.640625 | 3 |
The terrible results of social isolation were evident in a new study by the Justice Ministry of 52 of the most violent attacks in Japan between 2000 and 2009. By examining the indiscriminate attacks, the study found that 33 of 52 perpetrators of random attacks had poor or nonexistent social relationships and that more than 40 percent had attempted suicide before their attacks.
This study was the first to examine the living conditions of such perpetrators and the first to suggest realistic measures to help prevent random attacks. While the reasons behind the horrifying attacks that have occurred in Japan’s primary schools, train stations and public streets can perhaps never be fully known, the study did help fill in the picture concerning at-risk individuals that can lead to prevention in the future.
The percentage of perpetrators who attempted suicide before carrying out an attack was 44.2 percent. Other problematic pre-offense behaviors of those convicted included drug abuse, other violent acts, self-isolation and gambling. While those behaviors are difficult to eliminate, and do not in themselves always lead to serious crimes later, they are often the harbinger of crises for which individuals should seek help at hospitals or on hotlines.
As for motives, 42.3 percent of perpetrators who committed random attacks cited dissatisfaction over personal circumstances, with another 19.2 percent saying they re-targeted their anger at specific people or unrelated victims. The desire to be sent to prison and the desire to die were also cited by many perpetrators.
The circumstances of the attackers’ lives were also revealing. Eighty-one percent did not have a job at the time of their crime, and 60 percent had no income at all.
Stopping future attacks depends not so much on simply removing those conditions and motivations as on recognizing that such behavior often leads individuals to seek help at some point. A better system for suicide prevention is an important first step. Suicide hotlines and counseling centers are important front-line resources for identifying individuals who need help. Increased funding for such programs is urgently needed.
The study also proposed greater cooperation among agencies, consultation services, doctors and hospitals. One of the clear conclusions of the study was that these individuals perhaps could have received assistance before the attacks if they had been referred to appropriate doctors or treatment centers.
Greater cooperation among these diverse centers, services and facilities is essential if such individuals are going to be identified and given the help they need at an early stage.
Japan is often viewed as a cohesive society with strong social bonds. However, these social bonds often break down for certain individuals, leading to tragic consequences. Communities should take concrete steps to identify any residents who have become isolated and reach out to them in a timely manner. | <urn:uuid:00066f1e-379c-4af2-832a-fd313f287c84> | CC-MAIN-2017-26 | http://www.japantimes.co.jp/opinion/2013/10/05/editorials/the-danger-of-social-isolation/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-26/segments/1498128321497.77/warc/CC-MAIN-20170627170831-20170627190831-00453.warc.gz | en | 0.977578 | 539 | 2.609375 | 3 |
Donate to the National Public Housing Museum.
This is what public housing looks like. Its residents are resilient, creative, and courageous.
In 1961 Milton Reed moved into the Robert Taylor Homes, the twenty-eight public housing high-rise apartment buildings that stretched for miles along South State Street in Chicago. By the 1990s Reed was a household name in his community, known simply as “The Artist”. Over time he became known as an important image-maker and earned a modest living for his family by creating massive murals throughout the neighborhood. In his book Never A City So Real, Alex Kotlowitz gave Reed another moniker—“the Diego Rivera of the projects” after the great Mexican muralist. The photo above is of Reed with his painting of a black panther, one of his most enduring images and an iconic symbol of civil rights.
Once the towers came down from 1998 to 2007 and residents moved away, Reed was met with a wave of requests to paint murals in residents’ new homes that depicted the formidable skyline of the Robert Taylor. For the residents, these paintings were a way to honor the memory of their former community.
Reed, his patrons, and the National Public Housing Museum share a commitment to the power of the arts and culture to inspire individuals, sustain communities, and preserve the important history of public housing as path toward housing as a human right. Contribute to the National Public Housing Museum to help fulfill our mission to preserve, promote, and propel the right of all people to a place where they can live and prosper—a place to call home.
This year the Museum plans to expand our collection of public housing residents’ oral histories, organize small business owners and their communities for our Entrepreneurship Hub, present dynamic exhibitions, and host cultural and social justice events. The Museum is more than a powerful physical space: It is a wake-up call to build a more inclusive national conversation about what keeps us apart and the commonalities that bring us together.
We invite you to please support this essential work. If you have any questions or would prefer to donate over the phone, you can call us at 773.245.1621. Thank you for your generosity. | <urn:uuid:cee58ecb-4ba4-46d0-9137-81b162f714c3> | CC-MAIN-2018-47 | http://www.nphm.org/donate/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-47/segments/1542039741491.47/warc/CC-MAIN-20181113194622-20181113220622-00390.warc.gz | en | 0.970031 | 454 | 2.859375 | 3 |
Nanobodies developed to image COVID-19 Spike protein
Researchers in the UK have selected nanobodies that bind with high affinity to the Spike protein on the COVID-19 coronavirus, enabling stabilisation for imaging.
Researchers have isolated nanobodies which bind with high affinity to the Spike (S) protein of the SARS-CoV-2 virus, responsible for the COVID-19 pandemic. The scientists say their development could enable improved imaging of the coronavirus.
The team from Protein Production UK, a collaborative project led by The Rosalind Franklin Institute, UK, have already made these nanobodies accessible to researchers at the University of Oxford, UK. These will also soon be widely available to research groups across the world.
Nanobodies are antibodies found in camelids, which are much smaller than human antibodies. According to the researchers, their high stability, small structure and specificity makes them ideal for the purification and stabilisation of proteins and protein structures, prior to imaging.
The team at The Franklin are targeting their work at the S protein, which sits on the outside of the SARS-CoV-2 viral particle and which binds to human cells during an infection. This protein has a specific area – the receptor binding domain (RBD) – that is responsible for this binding action. This makes it an attractive target for future vaccines and therapies.
Nanobodies can stabilise the ‘spike’ to enable better imaging at the atomic scale, using advanced imaging techniques including cryo-electron microscopy (cryo-EM). The nanobodies also allow the RBD to be stabilised when bound to its target, helping researchers better understand how it behaves in the body and how it might interact with new drugs.
The team are also investigating whether the nanobodies they identify, or therapies derived from them, could be used to create highly specific inhibitors, which could contribute to treatments for COVID-19 by preventing the SARS-CoV-2 virus from binding to human cells and causing infection.
Professor James Naismith, Director of the Rosalind Franklin Institute explained: “One single protein often has multiple target sites (epitopes) for the human immune system to produce antibodies to bind to. When antibodies bind to certain epitopes they ‘neutralise’ the virus. This prevents further infection, stopping the virus in its tracks.”
Identifying which nanobodies have ‘binding’ and which have ‘binding and neutralising’ actions is a key next step for the group and one which will see them search for a wider range of nanobodies. The researchers also plan to compare the actions of the new nanobodies to human antibodies derived from patient samples.
Professor Ray Owens, who leads Protein Production UK for The Franklin, said: “There is an unprecedented level of team-work and collaboration globally to image, understand and treat COVID-19. We are working with colleagues at the University of Oxford to use the nanobodies developed here at The Franklin, to gain insights into the structure of the virus that causes COVID -19.” | <urn:uuid:7fe3685d-243e-4f45-b01f-08c4866b1dad> | CC-MAIN-2021-25 | https://www.drugtargetreview.com/news/60378/nanobodies-developed-to-image-covid-19-spike-protein/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-25/segments/1623488552937.93/warc/CC-MAIN-20210624075940-20210624105940-00113.warc.gz | en | 0.941499 | 653 | 2.953125 | 3 |
Dewey Clayton Professor of Political Science, University of Louisville :
I feel that the State of the Union address is still very useful. The Constitution requires the president "from time to time to give to the Congress Information of the State of the Union."
Moreover, I disagree with your assumption that the president gives Congress a laundry list of legislative proposals, most of which don¹t get enacted. Presidential power is dependent on several things. One of these is whether his or her party has a majority in one or both houses of Congress. Another factor to consider is whether the country faces a severe crisis, be it economic, military, terrorist or some form of human or natural disaster. Congress tends to acquiesce to the president in times of national crisis.
Presidential power is also predicated on an individual president¹s ability to persuade either members of Congress (numerous presidents have been very adept at this) or the American people (other presidents have had the ability to bypass Congress and get the support of the American people behind them to prod Congress to pass certain legislation). Additionally, the State of the Union allows the president to instill confidence in the direction of the country. Americans like to know that the State of the Union is strong. Even if the economy may be weak, it allows a president to make the case that the country is headed in the right direction and getting stronger every day. Perception means everything. When presidents exercise strong leadership skills, Americans appreciate this and want to see the leader of the most powerful nation in the world acting strongly and with confidence.
Last, Congress and the American public have the right to know what direction the president is planning to take the country, be it domestic policy or foreign policy. The State of the Union address allows the president to announce a dramatic shift in foreign policy or a new direction in dealing with terrorists at home and abroad. Moreover, our allies and our adversarie from around the globe will be listening, to glean what the president¹s priorities will be for the coming year. So, in my opinion, the State of the Union is still extremely important. | <urn:uuid:dfbe59ce-76d4-4926-b58d-5c36641e02de> | CC-MAIN-2015-18 | http://www.politico.com/arena/perm/Dewey_Clayton_B915A279-5EF0-47B9-B6E4-180674421F8E.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2015-18/segments/1430454184186.9/warc/CC-MAIN-20150501042304-00046-ip-10-235-10-82.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.950847 | 426 | 2.671875 | 3 |
The UK's efforts to gauge whether aviation meets the true cost of its effect on global warming could lead not only to a political move to keep the controversial air passenger duty, but could also lead to further charges and taxes - on top of emissions trading costs.
The UK Department for Transport plans to sound out industry on developing a three-yearly emissions cost assessment to be used to shape future policy, feeding specifically into regular governmental reviews of the nation's air transport policy.
It aims to produce a retrospective snapshot using 2005 as a baseline year that will, going forward, show if the costs of civil aviation's climate change impacts within and from the UK are being met.
It proposes to calculate carbon dioxide emissions for all flights leaving UK airports - domestic and international flights - using data currently collected for the UK Greenhouse Gas Inventory, which records the annual UK uplift of both UK and foreign aircraft.
The DfT notes that while the financial implications of the European Commission's emissions trading regime remain unknown for airlines, aviation needs to face the full consequences of its global warming effect.
"In the case of aviation, this means reflecting climate change costs in the price of air travel. If this is not done, prices will be too low and hence demandtoo high to achieve a long-term sustainable outcome," says the DfT.
Plans will take into consideration airlines' emissions trading costs as well as air passenger duty now levied on a passenger per UK flight basis and revenues from aviation gasoline used by smaller aircraft.
Even so, the DfT adds, "this may need to take account of the difference between the market price of carbon in an emissions trading scheme and its estimated social cost".
The proposed methodology will critically feature a range of scenarios using a variety of radiative forcing (RF) metrics and carbon costs anchored by a central case of a 1.9 RF and £84/tonne ($170/tonne) of carbon dioxide.
Tim Johnson of environment group Aviation Environment Federation says the proposed methodology provides recognition of the high "damage" cost of carbon and the radiative forcing effect of aviation emissions.
"Using 2005 data, our worry would be that applying a scenario of a 1.9 RF effect and carbon costs of £84/t, there is a very close link between the established cost and what current levels of duty would have raised, ultimately reducing the pressure for regulation.
Other scenarios showing a shortfall would increase the pressure for regulation. Both sides of the aviation environment debate have reason to worry depending on what metrics are adopted within the methodology is accepted as it could create the justification for a political decision." | <urn:uuid:c41359e2-4308-4a2e-bcb8-1b3a08d8cb6d> | CC-MAIN-2014-23 | http://www.flightglobal.com/news/articles/uk-set-to-hit-aviation-with-more-taxes-in-global-warming-216014/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2014-23/segments/1406510273663.2/warc/CC-MAIN-20140728011753-00275-ip-10-146-231-18.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.939211 | 532 | 2.921875 | 3 |
Calendar Notebook for Kindergarten and First Grade
This daily calendar notebook for Kindergartners-First Graders is a FUN way to practice days of the week, months of the year, and more!
Note that several pages are to be placed in page protectors and completed with dry erase markers each day. You can store each student’s calendar in a simple 3-hole punch file folder or in a 1/2″ 3-ring binder.
Included in this 48-page printable set:
→ Monthly calendars for July-June: Students practice writing the dates
→ ‘What is Today?’ Page: Determine the current day of the week and tomorrow, practice writing the date in number form, determine the season, and write how many school days using place value notation
→ ‘What time is it?’ Page: Determine the correct time and write in analog and digital
→ ‘What time? Page: Practice writing in the correct time of day for snack, reading, etc.
→ ‘This is how I write my name…’ Page: Students keep a record of how they write their name each month
→ ‘How Many Days Have We Been in School?’ Page: Keep track of days in school with tally marks
→ ‘I Can Count Coins!’ Page: Write in the correct value of each coin
→ Days of the Week: Practice writing the days of the week and their abbreviations
→ Months of the Year: Practice writing the months of the year and their abbreviations
→ ‘My Weather Chart for…’ Page: Record the weather each day; includes charts for July-June
→ Daily Weather Bar Graph: Plot the daily weather at the end of each month and analyze the data
→ ‘How Many Sunny Days?’ Page: Use the daily weather chart to track sunny days; compare and contrast each month’s data
Complete instructions for notebook set-up and daily use are included with this packet.
– This is for 1 teacher in one classroom only.
– This is for personal use for 1 family only. | <urn:uuid:fd2b2e15-2ae0-429a-89e1-e39aff6bcb29> | CC-MAIN-2021-43 | https://www.mamaslearningcorner.com/shop/kindergarten-first-grade-calendar-notebook/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-43/segments/1634323587655.10/warc/CC-MAIN-20211025061300-20211025091300-00683.warc.gz | en | 0.900748 | 445 | 3.359375 | 3 |
by Jay Austin, Horticulturist, Lewis Ginter Botanical Garden
Have you ever wondered where all these new Echinacea culitivars came from? With all the new red, orange, and yellow varieties out there now you may find yourself wondering, “Where do all these colors come from? I thought all Echinacea was purple!”
Well, you would be 88.9 percent correct. Out of nine members of genus Echinacea, eight are purple. One member, Echinacea paradoxa, is actually yellow.
Chances are that if the cultvar is any shade of red, yellow, orange, mango, or anything other than purple or white, E. paradoxa may be found in its lineage somewhere.
E. paradoxa, native to the Ozark region of the South, is easily grown in this area in dry to average soil. Easy to grow from seed, commercially available, this underutilized species makes a worthwhile addition to any garden space.
Here at the Garden, you can find many different cultivar and species of Echinacea all over Lewis Ginter Botanical Garden. This yellow one is bordering Lake Sydnor, just below the Rose Garden. In addition to being beautiful, Echinacea make excellent pollinator plants, providing a great nectar source to butterflies, bumblebees, honeybees, and other pollinators.
Want to learn more about Echinacea? Check out Mt. Cuba Center’s Research Report Coneflowers for the Mid-Atlantic Region. | <urn:uuid:d37f85aa-52cc-48b3-a241-23655a201292> | CC-MAIN-2014-23 | http://www.lewisginter.org/blog/2013/05/22/i-thought-all-echinacea-was-purple/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2014-23/segments/1406510266597.23/warc/CC-MAIN-20140728011746-00140-ip-10-146-231-18.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.877024 | 317 | 3.296875 | 3 |
Next-gen cyborgs will have human blood flowing through artificial veins (pictured), and their organs will be grown in a lab to act just like real organs, only better, stronger, faster. We have the technology. The next time someone you know gets a coronary bypass, they might come out of the operation as a cyborg. In fact, there is a new field of biotech whose practitioners are calling themselves cyborg engineers.
Sometimes here at io9, we have to stretch a little to fit cool sci-fi buzzwords like "cyborg" or "post-apocalypse" into our science headlines. But sometimes the scientists do it for us. A team of scientists recently grafted vascular smooth muscle cells and epithelial umbilical cells onto a scaffold of poly-urethane, forming flexible artificial veins and arteries. They referred to this as "cyborg engineering." Once they started pumping blood through them, they found the cyborg veins worked better under vascular pressure. They hope to use them in coronary bypass surgeries, in which a vein from another part of the body is used to shunt a vein around a blockage.
Artificial veins are just a first step toward engineering artifical organs. Not only would this give us a near limitless supply of replacement organs (no more dramatic "tricking hospital administrators into allowing a patient onto the donor waiting list" scenes on House), but we could design the organs to be more healthy and perfect than real ones. You could celebrate your 50th birthday with a batch of fresh, young organs. Your cyborg grandpa might live to be 200. Image by: Science Daily. | <urn:uuid:b54e941d-2b81-4b59-b7f8-03c513480053> | CC-MAIN-2015-48 | http://io9.com/5013274/synthetic-replacement-veins-will-make-you-a-cardiovascular-cyborg?tag=cyborgs | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2015-48/segments/1448398461132.22/warc/CC-MAIN-20151124205421-00005-ip-10-71-132-137.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.947978 | 332 | 3.21875 | 3 |
Researchers at the Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, who have been researching AIDS for almost a decade, have come up with a novel new way to fight the immunovirus. Traditional vaccines didn’t seem to be working, so Dr. Philip Johnson, chief scientific officer at Children’s Hospital, shifted gears, and used muscles to deliver a gene in order to create a protein that interferes with the virus. Yay science!
Says Dr. Johnson:
Your muscle cells, we deposit the vaccine, it’s actually a gene, and it makes a protein, and in this case, interferes with a virus and your muscles make the protein. It actually gets into the circulation, and there it does it’s [sic] thing, it blocks the virus from infecting.
You can read the research paper entitled Vector-mediated gene transfer engenders long-lived neutralizing activity and protection against SIV infection in monkeys at Nature.com. The work to date has proven effective in mice, and then in monkeys. Human trials are next, to see if the Human Immunodeficiency Virus is different from the Simian Immunodeficiency virus. | <urn:uuid:d4474da4-cdd8-4d47-ba5a-2d452bbc3105> | CC-MAIN-2014-23 | http://techcrunch.com/2009/05/18/science-chop-research-muscles-out-aids/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2014-23/segments/1405997889314.41/warc/CC-MAIN-20140722025809-00064-ip-10-33-131-23.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.929244 | 244 | 3.234375 | 3 |
McConchie Ridge (The name as it would appear in a gazetteer)
McConchie Ridge (The name as it would appear on a map)
If this information is incorrect, please e-mail [email protected]
Feature type: Ridge (2d)
This name originates from United States of America. It is part of the United States Gazetteer and the SCAR Composite Gazetteer of Antarctica.
Names that other countries have for this feature:
A rock spur trending SE from Salient Peak in the Royal Society Range, Victoria Land. Named in 1985 by the NZ-APC after John A. McConchie, field assistant with the NZARP geological party to this area, 1979-80, led by R.H. Findlay. McConchie joined the party as a replacement for Adrian Daly who suffered from frostbite.
No images of this place could be found. | <urn:uuid:3c0dfa9b-5ad0-4792-a486-be7f9a6d7042> | CC-MAIN-2021-17 | https://data.aad.gov.au/aadc/gaz/display_name.cfm?gaz_id=128633 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-17/segments/1618038917413.71/warc/CC-MAIN-20210419204416-20210419234416-00329.warc.gz | en | 0.735054 | 191 | 2.734375 | 3 |
12, Jan 2018 | Sushmita
“To find a lasting social peace you have to acknowledge that something wrong happened, and society has to offer some reparation for it.” Teesta Setalvad said about the Bombay riots of December 1992-January 1993 and Gujarat riots of 2002 in an interview last year. While the state reacted promptly in convicting Muslims in case of Bombay serial blasts which shortly followed the riots, the victims of Bombay riots are still looking for closure. In the previous article we journeyed through days and nights of riots that changed the demography of Bombay, in this article we look at the responses of the Maharashtra government, combined with the viciousness of Shiv-Sena and BJP. We also look at various citizens’ initiatives that remain relevant even today, like the Mohalla Committees.
It is no secret that Bombay riots exposed the communal agenda of the Indian state, and most starkly the police which left no stone unturned to ensure that a community was pushed to ghettos. The then Chief Minister Sudhakar Rao Naik was compared to Nero, who played the lyre as Bombay burnt like Rome. The Bombay riots of January 1993 saw a complete communalization of the police. There was overwhelming evidence that the police was siding with the Shiv Sena. While on the one side, policemen abused their Muslim counterparts, on the other they gave orders to shoot Muslims who had managed to flee their burning houses. The police gave orders to let the houses of Muslims burn. All these messages were taped and some democratic rights organisations such as Committee for Protection of Democratic Rights (CPDR) even filed a suit requesting the court to take possession of the cassettes in which these conversations had been recorded. [i] People from Behrampada also reported during the time that the police asked to fire on even those who had come to douse fire in their houses. However the Police Commissioner Bapat did not admit the failures on the part of his men. Uncannily, more people were killed by police firing than in the riots itself. The Army that was called to ‘control’ the situation was reduced to flag marches.
Despite this, no police officers were prosecuted. Thakeray, who wrote the Samna editorial in January 1993 titled, “Hindunni Akramak Vhayala Have” meaning Hindus must become aggressors, was given a state funeral when he died in 2012. Suddhakarrao Naik did not have to pay for his callousness and wrongs.
When democratic rights of the citizens were completely suspended, the people decided to take charge of the situation. The Indian People’s Human Rights Commission organised a People’s Tribunal in which more than 93% people who came to testify were Muslims. Justices SM Daud and Hosbet Suresh conducted the inquiry and faced the wrath of a hostile state on several occasions. Between February and June 1993, the tribunal visited affected areas and recorded evidence, ably assisted by activists and organisations across Bombay. The tribunal collected 2046 statements in all, apart from collecting reports from journalists, activists and organisations. The report, People’s Verdict released in July 1993 apart from making valuable recommendations, identified accused rioters and 75 policemen guilty of criminal negligence, named by witnesses.
Constitution of Srikrishna committee
The state government announced the constitution of a judicial commission of inquiry through a sitting judge of the Bombay High Court, Justice BN Srikrishna to investigate the violence on January 17. However, the Commission was formally established only on January 25, 1993.
On January 23, 1996 soon after riding to power in the state, the Shiv Sena-BJP combine had scrapped the Justice BN Srikrishna Commission. Outraged protests by citizens beginning with a dharna by several organisations at Hutatma Chowk on January 30, 1996 and a petition filed by the People’s Union for Civil Liberties led the Central government under Prime Minister Vajpayee to re-instate it on May 28, 1996.
On February 16, 1998 the Judge submitted his report that identified the Shiv Sena, its chief Bal Thackeray and their political allies, the Bharatiya Janata Party (BJP) as those responsible for the conspiracy to commit violence, specifically naming 31 policemen guilty of criminal negligence who deserved to be prosecuted. Though the SS-BJP government was voted out of power in 1999 in Maharashtra, the recommendations of the Commission remained largely ignored.
Sabrang publishes Srikrishna report
The report of the Commission remains a sorry testimony to the violence that engulfed Bombay. Sabrang Communication, sister concern of the Citizens for Justice and Peace (CJP) had published the report in two editions within weeks of the report being submitted to the state government in 1998 and making it available at affordable prices. The perpetrators of violence of mammoth scales were allowed to reign and this contributed to the stranglehold of the Shiv Sena’s –and sister organisations — brand of violence and intimidation over Mumbai.
Citizens of Bombay and outside responded in a multitude of ways following the violence of 1992-1993. The formation of the Mohalla Committee trust with its unique effort at community building through a citizens-policemen relationship was modelled on the Bhiwandi experiment though modified for Bombay’s needs. The state executive, especially the police tried on several occasions to dilute the impact of the Mohalla Committees and hence this efforts floundered. Though Mohalla committees continue to exist in many places, this initiative needs to be strengthened in today’s times when spewing hatred has just become a matter of sending one venomous whatsapp message.
KHOJ education for a plural India programme was a direct intervention started by Sabrang in 1994 that works with dozens of schools all over Maharashtra with a multi-dimensional approach to social studies and history teaching. Recognising that moulding the young minds through manipulated histories has been at the heart of strategies of supremacist forces, KHOJ brings in attractive supplementary materials for students of middle school as also works with the teacher community through regular training workshops. Young minds must learnt how to think, how to raise questions not what to think, is the KHOJ motto.
Breaking the Silence
When the state disbanded the Justice BN Srikrishna Commission in January 1996, it was a brazen effort at suppressing the evidence that had come before it. Between February and April 1996 editors of Communalism Combat, Teesta Setalvad and Javed Anand wrote a series of articles published in newspapers in English, Hindi, Marathi and Urdu that outlined the incriminating evidence collected until then by the Commission.
It was no wonder that the Shiv Sena-BJP government wanted none of it. Evidence related to serious indictment of both the Shiv Sena and sections of the Bombay police through statements and documentary evidence before the inquiry; how acts of violence were committed within 50 feet of substantial police presence at Antop Hill, Nirmal Nagar and other areas; how the Mahaartis proudly announced by both the BJP and SS, were efforts and brazen instigation that resulted in attacks on Muslim residences and business establishments.
Though the state was compelled to re-instate the Commission but it resisted all attempts to prosecute those found guilty.
Betrayal by the State
Twenty five years later, despite a fairly vigilant and tenacious campaign by survivors and citizens, for implementation of the Justice BN Srikrishna Commission report which in effect means punishment of the guilty, the state, the Maharashtra government has been stark in its betrayal.
Be it in the official affidavits and rejoinders filed in the Supreme Court, or the assurances given at various points of the campaign, the Congress-NCP government that made a specific promise to ensure justice for 1992-1993 when it campaigned (and won) for the state elections in 1999, the government betrayed its promise.
Public hearing of survivors and Justice for All
In year 2000 when survivors and citizens called the state’s bluff through an emotive Public Hearing of survivors at the KC College, Mumbai the government – again – tried to obfuscate the issue with then chief minister Deshmukh and deputy chief minister Bhujbal talking exclusively to the Urdu (read Muslim) press. We responded with an open memorandum that called the state’s bluff, and this memorandum was given prominent space in the Urdu media. Again in 2007, when a vigorous campaign Justice for All was launched – this after the 1993 blasts saw convictions but those marauders responsible for 1992-1993 went unpunished – and newspapers played the lead, the specific charge of discriminatory justice was made.
Justice Pays the Price
The rule of law in Maharashtra has always been held ransom to the threats and intimidation by perpetrators of violence. The Shiv Sena and its off shoots have enjoyed soft treatment by a state, since its formation in the 1960s. This protective impunity reached an all-time high after 1992-1993.
Even on the issue of prosecution of all those guilty identified by the Justice BN Srikrishna Commission report, the state government and even the judiciary allied in perpetrating a culture of impunity. In 2001, and again in 2007 when survivors and citizens campaigns built up to demand punishment of all those guilty, the Shiv Sena flexed its muscles through violent verbiage.
Punish the Guilty (Hari Masjid)
On January 10, 1993 policemen led by then sub-inspector Kapse fired several rounds against innocent Muslims praying inside the Hari Masjid within the Rafi Ahmed Kidwai Marg Sewri jurisdiction. Six persons were killed and while there were several witnesses to the incident, Farooq Mapkar is the only one who has stood firm. The incident reported by newspapers, was brought to public consciousness by the Srikishna Commisison report in 1998; and it remains an active case in court, due to the dogged persistence of the survivor, Farooq Mapkar.
The Hari Masjid case is a perfect illustration of the way the State protects delinquent policemen; In 2006-2007, RTI inquiries by activist Teesta Setalvad revealed that in CR No 17 of 1993,RAK Marg Police subinspector NK Kapse’s act of unprovoked firing at Hilal Masjid [Hari Masjid] that killed six Muslims, the state not only failed to act on the Justice BN Srikrishna Commission recommendations –Kapse was simply exonerated through a departmental inquiry on November 20, 2002. The RTI investigation further revealed that he has since been promoted. In an act of open defiance, PSI Kapse did not even appear before Justice Srikrishna.
To protect a police sub-inspector from prosecution, the Congress-NCP government even rushed to the Supreme Court to stay the CBI inquiry into the incident ordered by the Bombay High Court. The Supreme Court rejected the government’s petition and refused to grant a stay, saying that the Hari Masjid case was an “extraordinary case’’
The police failed, the CBI dithered; Kapse, the policemen guilty of criminal acts, hasn’t faced a day’s suspension. The entire might of the `secular’ State is behind him. Whom does Mapkar have on his side? A few lawyers, Hindu and Muslim, who have fought free of charge – led by senior counsel Vijay Radhan and Yusuf Muchhala; friends and fellow activists, had determined to see the struggle to its bitter end.
|Help CJP Act on the Ground: Citizens Tribunals, Public Hearings within Communities, Campaigns, Memoranda to Statutory Commissions, Petitions within the Courts. Help us to Act Now. Donate to CJP.|
[i] Bombay Riots: Second Phase, Ashgar Ali Engineer, Economic and Political Weekly, Vol. 28, No. 12/13 (Mar. 20-27, 1993), pp. 505-508 | <urn:uuid:7e318f97-f819-4718-b9b6-22a06795a601> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://cjp.org.in/has-bombay-healed/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882570871.10/warc/CC-MAIN-20220808183040-20220808213040-00083.warc.gz | en | 0.969534 | 2,502 | 2.65625 | 3 |
The news: On Tuesday, NASA announced that its one-ton Curiosity rover made a surprising discovery on Mars: "burps" of organic methane gas that very well may be evidence of living microbes beneath the planet's surface.
Measurements taken by the rover show that methane levels at its landing site at Gale Crater are fluctuating slowly. Over the course of four tests over two months, the craft detected a 10-fold rise in average methane levels that quickly faded — a rise from .7 parts per billion to between 7 and 9 parts per billion.
According to the BBC, it's minuscule in comparison to the Earth's concentration of methane (1,750 parts per billion) but still more than enough to relax scientists who worried about the rover's previous failure to detect Martian methane. The evidence suggests that the methane came from a large, localized source rather than from far away.
Since 95% of methane on our own planet is generated by life, the so-called "burps" might be evidence of living microbes beneath the surface. At the very least, NASA is calling it solid evidence of "active, ancient organic chemistry on Mars."
No silver bullet yet: This is very good news for people hoping we're not alone in the universe, since the discovery could also be further evidence of liquid water beneath the Martian surface.
But scientists believe a number of different causes could account for the methane fluctuations. Curiosity researcher Sushil Atreya told the BBC the methane could be leaking from clathrates, "molecular cages of water-ice" that trap other substances and occasionally release them when destabilized. The original methane may have been left by now-extinct life or generated by a process called serpentinization, a chemical interaction between water and rocks.
Open University space scientist Monica Grady noted the NASA report also included a theory involving "destruction by UV radiation of in-falling organic material from interplanetary dust and meteorites."
But there's still a lot of reason to be optimistic: The authors of the newest analysis seem to be confident that the measurements are more consistent with methanogenesis by microbial organisms, either today or in the planet's ancient past.
"Right now, it's too much of a single-point measurement for us really to jump to any conclusions," Paul Mahaffy of NASA's Goddard Space Flight Center told Space.com. "So all we can really do is lay out the possibilities. And we certainly should have an open mind. Maybe there are microbes on Mars cranking out methane, but we sure can't say that with any certainty. It's just speculation at this point."
Unfortunately, the current rover can't do much more to detect life than it's already been doing. In the meantime, we'll have to wait for a more precise spacecraft like the ESA's ExoMars mission in 2019 or an eventual manned mission to the red planet. The odds are still looking good that one of these expeditions could make one of the biggest discoveries in human history: We're not alone. | <urn:uuid:44694d6c-5858-42ef-9c23-f98d0f4a0f5f> | CC-MAIN-2017-26 | https://mic.com/articles/106618/nasa-just-found-very-strong-evidence-for-life-on-mars | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-26/segments/1498128320049.84/warc/CC-MAIN-20170623100455-20170623120455-00465.warc.gz | en | 0.954016 | 623 | 3.953125 | 4 |
Why the Ugly Rhetoric Against Gay Marriage Is Familiar to this Historian of MiscegenationNews at Home
We are in the midst of an attempt to ground a category of discrimination in the fundamental social bedrock of marriage law. I would argue that it is virtually impossible to understand the current debate over same-sex marriage without first understanding the history of American miscegenation laws and the long legal fight against them, if only because both supporters and opponents of same-sex marriage come to this debate, knowing or unknowingly, wielding rhetorical tools forged during the history of miscegenation law. The arguments white supremacists used to justify for miscegenation laws--that interracial marriages were contrary to God's will or somehow unnatural--are echoed today by the most conservative opponents of same-sex marriage. And supporters of same-sex marriage base their cases on the equal protection clause of the Fourteenth Amendment, echoing the position the U.S. Supreme Court took when it declared miscegenation laws unconstitutional in the case of Loving v. Virginia. Both sides confront the structures of marriage law exclusion that were also forged during the history of miscegenation, including, as I show below, the legal maneuvering over the seemingly minor bureaucratic practice of issuing marriage licenses.
A Brief History of Miscegenation Laws
Today, when one out of every fifteen American marriages is interracial, many people are surprised to learn that laws prohibiting interracial marriage (otherwise known as miscegenation laws) were so deeply embedded in U.S. history that they would have to be considered America's longest-lasting form of legal race discrimination--they lasted far longer than either slavery or school segregation. All told, miscegenation laws were in effect for nearly three centuries, from 1664 until 1967, when the U.S. Supreme Court finally declared them unconstitutional in the Loving decision.
The first law against interracial marriage was passed in the colony of Maryland in 1664. It set a precedent that spread to the North as well as the South: Massachusetts, for example, adopted a miscegenation law in 1705. After British colonies turned into American states, they continued, one by one, to pass miscegenation laws, until, by the time of the Civil War, they covered most of the south, much of the mid-West, and were beginning to appear in western states, too. Before the Civil War, there was only one significant challenge to this pattern of steady expansion. In Massachusetts, in the 1830s, a remarkable group of radical abolitionists went out on a limb to argue that the Massachusetts miscegenation law contradicted the fundamental American principle of civil equality. For more than a decade, abolitionists urged the Massachusetts state legislature to repeal the law; finally, in 1843, they succeeded.
Outside Massachusetts, however, laws against interracial marriage held firm right through the Civil War--and beyond. One of the first things defeated white Southerners did at the end of the Civil War was to pass new, and stronger, miscegenation laws as part of their infamous black codes. Determined to overcome Southern resistance, the federal government built its Reconstruction program around the promise of equality, then embedded this promise in the language of the Fourteenth Amendment to the U.S. Constitution, which guarantees all citizens "equal protection" of the law. During Reconstruction, the collision between the power of the federal government and the resistance of white Southerners was sharp enough to dislodge miscegenation laws in several Southern states. In fact, during Reconstruction eight of the eleven formerly Confederate states abandoned their laws against interracial marriage.
But it soon became apparent that Reconstruction would not survive long enough to become a turning point in the history of miscegenation law. As Reconstruction collapsed in the late 1870s, legislators, policymakers, and, above all, judges began to marshal the arguments they needed to justify the reinstatement--and subsequent expansion--of miscegenation law.
Here are four of the arguments they used:
1) First, judges claimed that marriage belonged under the control of the states rather than the federal government.
2) Second, they began to define and label all interracial relationships (even longstanding, deeply committed ones) as illicit sex rather than marriage.
3) Third, they insisted that interracial marriage was contrary to God's will, and
4) Fourth, they declared, over and over again, that interracial marriage was somehow "unnatural."
On this fourth point--the supposed "unnaturality" of interracial marriage--judges formed a virtual chorus. Here, for example, is the declaration that the Supreme Court of Virginia used to invalidate a marriage between a black man and a white woman in 1878:
The purity of public morals," the court declared, "the moral and physical development of both races .require that they should be kept distinct and separate that connections and alliances so unnatural that God and nature seem to forbid them, should be prohibited by positive law, and be subject to no evasion.
The fifth, and final, argument judges would use to justify miscegenation law
was undoubtedly the most important; it used these claims that interracial marriage
was unnatural and immoral to find a way around the Fourteenth Amendment's guarantee
of "equal protection under the laws." How did judges do this? They
insisted that because miscegenation laws punished both the black and white partners
to an interracial marriage, they affected blacks and whites "equally."
This argument, which is usually called the equal application claim, was hammered
out in state supreme courts in the late 1870s, endorsed by the United States
Supreme Court in 1882, and would be repeated by judges for the next 85 years.
During the late 19th century, this judicial consensus laid the basis for an ominous expansion in the number, range, and severity of miscegenation laws. In Southern states, lawmakers enacted new and tougher laws forbidding interracial marriages. Seven states put miscegenation provisions in their state constitutions as well as in their regular law codes, and most raised criminal penalties to felony level. In Florida, for example, the penalty for interracial marriage was a maximum of 10 years in prison; in Alabama, 2-7 years. Meanwhile, western states set off in a new direction by expanding the racial coverage of the laws. A dozen states passed laws prohibiting whites from marrying American Indians; a dozen more targeted Asian Americans; nine targeted Filipinos. Some states went even further. Arizona, for example, prohibited whites from marrying "Hindus" and my own state of Oregon prohibited whites from marrying Native Hawaiians, or Kanakas. Courts responded by expanding the racial coverage of the equal application claim, too. Thus the Oregon Supreme Court declared that Oregon's miscegenation law did not discriminate (in this case, against Indians) because, as the judge explained, it ""applied alike to all persons, either white, negroes, Chinese, Kanaka, or Indians."
Between 1880 and 1950, the regime of miscegenation law was at the height of its power. The laws were in effect in thirty states--every Southern state, the vast majority of western states, and several states on the border, like Indiana. Those states that didn't have miscegenation laws on their books, mostly in the Northeast, boasted that they didn't need to, because opposition to interracial marriage was by then so deeply rooted that new laws were simply unnecessary.
The power of these laws was reflected in the variety of ways that the laws were enforced, civil as well as criminal. Criminal prosecutions were by no means uncommon. To give only one example, as political scientist Julie Novkov has recently shown, the state of Alabama prosecuted 343 people for the so-called crime of "miscegenation" between 1883 and 1938. In other states, prosecutions for interracial marriage operated in tandem with arrests for illicit sex (that is, because interracial couples were forbidden to marry, they were subject to prosecution under fornication and adultery laws). Throughout the South, the legal practice of enforcing miscegenation laws was shadowed by the vicious, extra-legal, practice of lynching.
The Role of Marriage License Clerks
It's worth emphasizing that miscegenation laws were also enforced--probably even more effectively--through civil law. Many an interracial couple managed to avoid attracting the attention of local police only to find their marriages challenged in other court proceedings--in divorce and annulment cases, for example, in pension disputes, and especially, and repeatedly, in inheritance cases. And the civil provisions of miscegenation laws were significant in another respect, too. In the early twentieth century, when marriage licensing served as a kind of public health surveillance system, marriage license clerks were, in effect, assigned responsibility for serving as the gatekeepers of white supremacy, and they wielded this power with considerable effect. Long after most public officials had discarded the blatantly racist justifications originally used to enact miscegenation laws, county clerks continued to refuse marriage licenses to interracial couples, claiming that they were merely carrying out the requirements of laws they were obliged to obey whether they wanted to or not.
Putting an end to the regime of miscegenation law was a long and difficult process. Between 1913 and 1927, the NAACP took the first step by fighting off a rash of attempts to enact miscegenation laws in northeastern states. In the 1930s, a few especially bold couples took the next step by bringing marriage license officials to court in an attempt to challenge the racial classifications of miscegenation laws. These challenges failed, but the fact that the suits were brought at all showed the gradual erosion of the notion that interracial sex and marriage were "unnatural." During World War II, when the social dislocations common in wartime led to interracial marriages at home and abroad, the NAACP, sometimes with the help of the Red Cross, tried an indirect approach, helping individual couples evade the miscegenation laws of their home states by directing them to marriage license officials in Northern states.
The Beginning of the End
The first significant courtroom victories didn't appear, though, until civil rights groups began to support, strategize, and finance direct challenges to the constitutionality of miscegenation laws. The first group to do this was the Catholic Interracial Council of Los Angeles, a small but remarkably effective pressure group founded in 1946, which argued that miscegenation laws were a violation of the constitutional guarantee of religious freedom. In the 1950s, the ACLU began to bring test cases, and the Japanese American Citizens League argued for the repeal of miscegenation laws in several western states. Both groups marshaled all the arguments they could find. They insisted that scientists no longer believed that the differences between the races were either "natural" or significant. They maintained that interracial sex and marriage were perfectly natural, perhaps even especially tempting. They argued that the only thing miscegenation laws really accomplished was to label otherwise long-term, committed relationships as illicit sex rather than marriage. Finally, building on the arguments the NAACP's Legal Defense Fund was making in its famous campaign against school segregation, they argued that the equal application rationale defied common sense. Surely, they insisted, miscegenation laws were a blatant violation of the Fourteenth Amendment's guarantee of equal protection.
In 1948, the Supreme Court of California took a giant step toward ending the regime of miscegenation law when it broke an sixty-five year string of post-Reconstruction judicial precedents and declared California's miscegenation law unconstitutional. Speaking for a deeply divided court, Justice Roger Traynor flatly rejected the shopworn claim that miscegenation laws applied "equally" to all races. "A member of any of these races," Traynor explained, "may find himself barred by law from marrying the person of his choice and that person to him may be irreplaceable." "Human beings," he continued, "are bereft of worth and dignity by a doctrine that would make them as interchangeable as trains." "The right to marry," Traynor insisted, "is the right of individuals, not of racial groups." Nineteen years later, in 1967, in the case of Loving v. Virginia, the United States Supreme Court agreed, this time in a unanimous decision written by Chief Justice Earl Warren. "There can be no doubt," Warren wrote, "that restricting the freedom to marry solely because of racial classifications violates the central meaning of the Equal Protection Clause."
The Loving decision spelled the formal end of America's three-century-long history of miscegenation laws, though opponents of interracial marriage didn't give up overnight. Alabama, for example, waited until the year 2000 to remove the miscegenation provision from its state constitution. By and large, however, Americans adjusted remarkably quickly to the new judicial consensus that interracial marriage, like marriage itself, was, as Earl Warren had insisted in Loving, "a basic civil right." In the 1980s, when I first started studying the history of miscegenation law, it often seemed as if no one wanted to remember a part of American history that now appeared to be little more than an embarrassment.
Historians tend to be uncomfortable making direct comparisons between the present and the past, and I'm no exception to that rule. It is important to remember that there are real differences in the case of gay marriage and so- called mixed marriages. The situation of a lesbian or gay couple in 2004 is not the same as that of an interracial couple in the 1930s, when miscegenation laws carried criminal penalties, when whites were nearly unanimous in their condemnation of interracial marriage, and when the specter of lynching hovered over discussions of interracial sex. The federal government is a much bigger player in the fight over same-sex marriage than it ever was in the case of miscegenation law; in the case of interracial marriage, there was no federal equivalent to the Defense of Marriage Act.
Supporters of same-sex marriage face formidable obstacles, but in large part because of the successes of twentieth century opponents of miscegenation law, they have also found support that interracial couples in the 1930s would have envied--from legal experts on the constitution, from county clerks in Oregon who recently decided that rather than discriminate on the basis of sex, they would refuse to issue any marriage licenses at all (to opposite-sex or same-sex couples), and even from the justices of the Supreme Judicial Court of Massachusetts, who cited the Loving case repeatedly in their Goodridge decision. If the campaign for same-sex marriage succeeds (and I hope, very much, that it does), it will be not only because of the efforts of lesbian and gay activists but because of the civil rights advocates (black, white, Asian American and American Indian) who spent so much of the twentieth century working to put an end to American's three-century tradition of miscegenation laws.
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Jacquelyn Weinbrenner - 5/31/2010
Great article! I posted a link to it on my facebook Page; Inter-racial Couples for Same-Sex Marriage. I am a part of an inter-racial couples and I believe we need to declare bans on same-sex marriage unconstitutional as we did with Loving.Please visit and "like" my page if you agree to show support http://www.facebook.com/album.php?aid=6195&id=114099548632459&saved#!/pages/Inter-racial-Couples-for-Same-sex-Marriage/114099548632459
Jim Summers - 4/13/2009
I think this is a very interesting writeup. However, I would find it very useful to have more footnotes, especially to court decisions where these laws were upheld. It would be similarly useful to have references to religious and political leaders and their statements on interracial marriage so that the parallels to the gay marriage debate can be more easily drawn (and debated fairly).
Stating as fact that religious opposition to interracial marriage mirrors their opposition to gay marriage today is a very strong claim, I am not sure have made your case with the meager documentation you have provided. That is not to say that such documentation doesn't exist, simply that I don't see it here.
psycho tol - 8/5/2008
A ban on gay marriage looks a lot like one of those junk laws that don't make sense unless you're some fundamentalist screwball, a knight of the Ku Klux Klan, or just plain off your head on angel dust.
Yeah, probably a bit blunt, but really, bans on female actors, bans on witchcraft, bans on blasphemy, bans on interracial marriage, bans on un-american activities (?????????).
The main arguements for a ban on gay marriage I've seen are "Because God said so," (disputed and shouldn't the First Amendment thing about 'no law picking sides in the great question of what God said' make that one ineffective?), it'll be bad for any kids they adopt or have (what makes you so sure all married couples want kids? You want a ban on childless marriages too? Maybe something saying "have at least N children in C years or your marriage will be dissolved"? And kids are sawn off faeces by nature (something schools need to be better at dealing with anyway if you want a better society), you don't need to have gay parents to draw attention, so protection from ridicule don't work either,) or it'll make marriage somehow less special (What, like having the earth orbit the sun makes us earthlings less special? Also, brace yourself, but: We're not even at galactic centre, we're way out on this arm of stars off to the edge of the Milky Way,) or it'll aid tax cheats who want to file jointly (Bit of a stretch, you file jointly, and your personal possessions are legally co-owned by your partner, not to say people won't enter these things failing to consider that, but if that's going to remain a problem with straight marriage ... I don't know, how does banning gay marriage help exactly?)
Try and prove this ain't a junk law, because right now, that's all this ban looks like: Even more useless junk.
Richard Kramer - 5/28/2005
As a mathematician, and not a historian by any means, I can only give a lay person's view of this.
But aren't those opposed to same sex marriage depending on some of the very same laws passed to prevent interracial marriages?
I'm thinking here of that old 1913 law (unenforced for decades until reciently) in Massachusettes that is aparently preventing same sex marriages from becoming widespread nation wide, delaying widespread challenges to DOMA, by preventing out of state gay couples from marrying there.
Aparently, this law was one of several so-called "Jack Johnson Laws" passed in response to the 1912 arrest and 1913 conviction of former Heavyweight boxing champion Jack Johnson for violation of tha Mann Act, for crossing state lines with a white woman, who I believe he later married.
It seems that the opponents of same sex marriage are content to not only use the same rhetoric that is used by opponents of interracial marriage, but even the very same laws.
> Attorneys for plaintiffs in both suits said that
> the 1913 law was originally passed in large part
> to prevent out-of-state interracial couples from
> marrying in Massachusetts, making its renewed
> enforcement by Romney and Reilly particularly odious.
> Reilly has said publicly that there is no evidence
> that the drafters of the law had racist intentions.
> Harvard Law Professor Randall Kennedy, who wrote a
> book on laws around interracial marriage, refuted
> Reilly's argument at the June 17 press conference.
> "The evidence is pretty compelling that this law
> was part of a nation-wide revulsion against
> interracial intimacy and particularly marriage,"
> said Kennedy. He said the law was one of many
> passed in the wake of scandals surrounding
> Jack Johnson, the first African American boxing
> heavyweight champion of the world, who angered
> many white people by marrying white women.
> Kennedy said the 1913 law and similar laws
> passed in other states were nicknamed
> "Jack Johnson laws."
Steven Horwitz - 11/8/2004
One further thought here, re: the 14th Amendment. I think it was a mistake to use that line of legal reasoning to get to the decision in Loving (and Roe for that matter). Although the substance of the argument of the anti-miscegenation crowd was wrong, the logic of "equal protection" being satisfied wasn't totally warped. The problem with the language of "equal protection" is that it does open itself to that view, and the anti-gay marriage folks have used it again.
Why not get to the heart of the matter, which is this:
The right to marry," Traynor insisted, "is the right of individuals, not of racial groups."
An alternative strategy would be to look to the 9th Amendment's protection of "unenumerated rights", which is also the implicit logic underlying Lawrence , and then combine that with the equal protection clause? The right to marry is an individual right, even though it is not explicitly enumerated (the 9th) and the 14th prohibits states from excluding any group of people from that right. The first case to mention the "right to marry" ( Meyer v. Nebraska ) lists it along with a bunch of other rights not explicitly in the constitution. Backing this with the text of the 9th amendment could get advocates of legalized same-sex marriage where they want to go.
Frankly, if you're going to use the 14th amendment, it's the "privileges and immunities" clause that makes more sense because that phrase, as Randy Barnett argues in *Restoring the Lost Constitution* had the same meaning as the "unenumerated rights" of the 9th amendment.
All of this stretching and tugging for penumbras in these cases and Roe could be avoided by a much more straightforward recognition that the founders knew there were rights people had that were not listed in the Constitution, and that the "presumption of liberty" was such that the state had to meet a high burden of proof to show why such rights would be trumped.
Peter C Frank - 11/6/2004
"Section 1. All persons born or naturalized in the United States, and subject to the jurisdiction thereof, are citizens of the United States and of the state wherein they reside. No state shall make or enforce any law which shall abridge the privileges or immunities of citizens of the United States; nor shall any state deprive any person of life, liberty, or property, without due process of law; nor deny to any person within its jurisdiction the equal protection of the laws."
Please show me where, in the Fourteeenth Amendment to the United States Constitution, it states that the discussion regarding equal protection under the laws is limited to the right to vote. Cutting out the middle of the sentence, the Equal Protection clause of the Fourteenth Amendment is, essentially, "No state shall make or enforce any law which shall deny to any person within its jurisdiction the equal protection of the laws." Period.
Perhaps you are thinking of the Fifteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution, which covers the voting rights of individuals with respect to race/color?
While you are correct that Congress was granted the power to enforce the provisions of the Fourteenth Amendment (by appropriate legislation), that provision was included because, if you will refer back to United States Constitution, enforcement of the law is a power reserved to the executive branch of government (i.e., the President). The fact remains that the United States Supreme Court is well within its rights to interpret the provisions of the Fourteenth Amendment and was correct in its upholding as unconstitutional the anti-miscegenation laws in its Loving v. Virginia decision.
Two things I would correct with respect to Dr. Pascoe's work, which I commend as a succinct review of the anti-miscegenation laws that prevailed in our history: First, these laws are more correctly referred to as "anti-miscegenation" as they proscribed miscegenation. The definition of miscegenation is "Cohabitation, sexual relations, or marriage involving persons of different races." (The American Heritage® Dictionary of the English Language, Fourth Edition.)
Second, until last year's Supreme Court decision in Lawrence v. Texas (2003), there were, in fact, severe criminal penalties (up to 20 years) for engaging in sexual relations (one definition of miscegenation) among gay partners. The Supreme Court overturned Texas' anti-sodomy laws, proscribing consentual conduct with a punishment of a prison sentence of up to 20 years (for which the petitioners were convicted, for consentual conduct in the privacy of their bedroom). Many states had already decriminalized consentual sodomy by the time the Supreme Court reached its decision striking down as unconstitutional laws against consentual sodomy in 2003, just as many states had already decriminalized miscegenation by the time the Supreme Court reached its decision striking down as unconstitutional laws proscribing miscegenation in 1967.
There are, in fact, many, many more parallels that can be drawn between the anti-miscegenation laws and anti-same-sex marriage movement, which, perhaps, could be further explored in a more detailed paper examining the relationship therein.
Bruce Baker - 8/23/2004
I think it is the 15th that specifically mentions voting rights. The 14th say, "No state shall make or enforce any law which shall abridge the privileges or immunities of citizens of the United States; nor shall any state deprive any person of life, liberty, or property, without due process of law; nor deny to any person within its jurisdiction the equal protection of the laws." As well as a bunch of other stuff.
the supreme court will have to decide if sexual preference is a protected "class" under the equal protection clause
Jesse David Lamovsky - 4/25/2004
Don't know how interesting Hay himself was... but he did keep interesting company.
chris l pettit - 4/24/2004
I just was actually trying to be funny, but totally messed that up...I know Hay has nothing to do with the current discussion (or maybe he does in a strange way), but I always thought he was an interesting fellow.
chris l pettit - 4/24/2004
chris l pettit - 4/24/2004
This is an area of contention for many in constitutional debate today. In the area of human rights, economic, social and cultural rights have been universally recognized outside the US to be inalienable, and nations have the responsibility to protect them. THere are those in the US that may protest such things, but the fact is that there are no truly "negative" rights, as you have spoke of them. The right to vote? Well, the government is required to set up polling stations, educate the public on their voting rights, provide public financing for candidates, etc. Right to free speech, fair trial, privacy...all these rights have positive aspects. I would challenge anyone to name a right that does not involve the government taking some sort of substantial positive steps. The truth is that there is little or no separation between positive and negative rights, so i would submit that the argument is a non-sequiter.
Would Jefferson have favored a judiciary that was allowed to overturn state decisions? Well, to be honest, i don't know. There are indications that he would give the weight of the federalism argument to the Union, which would mean allowing the Court to overturn fallacious state statutes, such as the marriage statutes. Then there is his famous argument with Marshall over the issue of judicial review. While, at the time, he favored a strong executive (some would claim he liked the idea of a monarchy of sorts), his later letters to France indicate that his view on the issue had softened a bit and that, while not totally in favor of judicial review, had seen the positives that it could contribute to the national stage. One must remember that the dispute in Marbury v. Madison was a highly politicised one and the reasons why Jefferson and Marshall clashed were due to the fact that Marshall, while ruling for Jefferson in the case, handcuffed him from enforcing the ruling, essentially placating Adams. In my view, this is one of if not the most brilliant case in the history of the Supreme Court and sets the stage for exactly what we currently debate, the ability of the courts to interpret the Constitution and determine the validity of legislative acts.
I think history has shown strict constructionalism to be a father naive way of looking at the document. We could still be looking at slavery of sorts in Jim Crow laws and separate but equal statutes today, as well as many other sorts of discrimination and prejudice. The Constitution is written in a vague and broad manner as to encourage interpretation and flexibility. I don't understand how one can state that the document should be malleable, but not fluid and changing with the times...how is this possible? If it is malleable and able to be used for different purposes, it would therefore be able to be used to deal with the changing social advancements.
In reference to the other courts that you don't worry about Jesse, I would submit that you should. Can you think of much that takes place in the world that does not have some effect internationally? Indeed, the Commerce Clause of the Constitution recognizes and has been interpreted to demonstrate how, when it comes to economic transactions (of which marriage licenses are one) things that happen in certain states carry weight in other states and effect their commerce. The Constitution gives the federal government the ability to control this. Its relevance to the international courts? Just that we need to pay attention to other nations and their judiciaries because the US does not exist in a bubble. if you want to take an isolationist stance, that is acceptable, but very naive. The influence of world opinion and foreign judiciaries is not only limited to economic developments, but extends to all arenas of law. If one chooses to ignore international law and foreign judiciaries, one ceases to be able to make a case for US interventionism, the "war on terror" as anything but a law enforcement action to enforce US criminal statutes, etc. It is in these areas that taking an "I don't care and can choose to listen when I want to" approach becomes hypocritical, contradictory and therefore irreputable.
The Constitution was written to protect white male slaveowners that did not want to completely give up their power...and the Federalist papers come out and say it (give me a day or two to find the quote). In addition, the writings of Madison and Hamilton are those supporting the privileged elite while making sure the masses dont get too out of control. hence the reason why the whole debate took place as to whether the Constitution should be easily changed. Madison and Hamilton come out and claim that it should support the status quo and not allow society to change it easily. Thus, even though they might not have liked it, it had to be left to the judiciary to be able to interpret the Constitution in order to make sure it was current with the times. Ironically, if Jefferson had won the argument with his opinion that there should be a convention ever 30 odd years to examine the consitution and change what needed to be changed, the argument that the courts have not right to make such determinations on issues like gay marriage might have a bit more merit (something that really stirs up Federalists if you get to debate one in person). Can you find me someone in the Senate that does not belong to the top 10% of society? Name one...in the House? Name a federal judiciary member that is not? And you still want to claim that government is not serving the interests of the top 10% of society? I don't understand why it is so hard to realise that if the only people who can afford to run for office are those with a bunch of money (the top 10%) then we are guaranteed a choice between the top ten versus the top ten every election. So the interests of the top ten are those represented. it seems like simple logic to me.
The homosexual argument is also a red herring. I encourage you to read Matthew Ridley's text "nature via Nurture". you will find that the environment versus biology debate does not even matter. In addition, you would not call religion biological, yet religious persecution falls under the realm of civil rights. Again...the denial that homosexual rights do not qualify as civil rights is illusory thinking. it gets to the point of acceptence and equality, the essence of the 14th amendment. Do you want to "convert" all the gays? How silly of an idea is that? They are entitiled to the same equal rights as the rest of us under the Constitution. The Massachusetts Court in the Goodrich case determined that, and if the Supreme Court wasn't as partisan as it is, it would determine that. Oh...that was also my point about the European and South African courts...they are appointed in an objective manner...unlike our ouwn worthless judiciary (and I say this as a lawyer and law scholar).
One last thing...thanks for the polite response Jesse. i would encourage you to take a look at the South African Constitution and judiciary. They are much more progressive and objective than our own. many of the problems you describe are true in South Africa, however the nation is only ten years removed from one of the worst situations the world has seen and has much to rebuild and redistribute. i should note the "doctrine" of "free market" economics has not helped the situation, instead creating a black elite to join the white elite that got to keep all the money they made off apartheid, leaving the rest of the country in the same desperate situation. however, the South African judiciary has recognised the importance of ESC rights, something our own judiciary should do and work into our own constitutional framework. I can claim some degree on knowledge on the issue due to the fact I have lived studied and worked in SOuth Africa.
Jesse David Lamovsky - 4/23/2004
"Madison, Hamilton, Hay et al"...
My mistake. I meant, of course, John Jay. Perhaps I had John Hay, Lincoln's secretary, on the brain.
Jesse David Lamovsky - 4/23/2004
Certainly, the Founding Fathers believed in the Constitution as a malleable document- some of them, at least. In the case of Madison, Hamilton, Hay et al, this can’t be denied. But the opinions of the original Federalists on issues like tariffs, mercantilism, internal improvements, can’t be treated as legally binding. Only what is actually in the Constitution can be considered as such. In addition, the interests of the Federalists in centralizing power in the Federal government mainly centered on economic issues- not social or moral issues. Moreover, it isn’t as if Federalists were the only people who showed up in Philadelphia in the summer of 1787. Many of the states (and their representatives) were reluctant to sign onto the Constitution in the first place, believing it gave too much power to the Federal government. And as late as 1861 it was accepted as a given in many areas that the states had a perfect right to abrogate their ties with the federal government and secede from the Union! Would men like Jefferson and Mason have agreed to a “flexible” Constitution that allowed judges to overturn state laws willy-nilly, particularly in cases of personal relationships? That allowed the Federal government to reach into every area of social life? I doubt it very much. The Constitution was never meant to be a document that granted positive rights to individuals (the “right” to healthcare, the “right” to a living wage, the “right” to marry, etc.). It simply enumerates what the Federal government can, and more to the point, what it cannot do.
Frankly, I think this whole business about a “living Constitution” is, to a degree, a smokescreen, designed to shroud this document (which is, after all, written in plain English, and can be easily understood by any literate adult) in an ambiguity it doesn’t really possess. Either way, I can only read what is written in the document, and go on that. The 14th Amendment specifically mentions only voting rights- the rights of freedmen to participate in the republican process. It doesn’t mention social relationships, or even legal contracts. And no offense, Mr. Pettit, but I care not a whit for what the European Court or the South African Constitutional Court thinks of our judiciary. Certainly there is nothing in the Constitution that allows Supreme Court justices to use the decisions of foreign courts as precedents (despite what Ms. Ginsburg has said on this issue), and their opinions are irrelevant here. Besides, considering the state of South Africa these days, maybe they ought to concentrate on tidying their own house, and not worrying about whether or not we’re still in the “Stone Age” on issues of equal rights. And the Constitution, as written, protects the natural rights of ALL individuals, not just the “top 10% of society”. That sounds like the old “Constitution as a document designed to protect only rich white slaveowners” argument. That’s a dog that won’t hunt with me.
The civil rights argument, as applies to homosexuals, is a problematic one as well. The main difference between African-Americans and gays is biological- blacks cannot choose what they are, while in the case of homosexuality, this might be a biological condition, and it might not be- we just don’t know yet. I know one thing- no black man can call himself “white” until he’s 44, and at that point “come out”, and become “black”, (as was the case with Bishop Gene Robinson), and instantly become part of a favored minority group. Come with proof that homosexuality is biological and beyond the control of human beings, and we’ll talk about civil rights, Mr. Pettit. But we don’t know that yet. And I’m not in favor of overturning religious and cultural traditions that have served us very well in this country, traditions that I respect very much, based on what might simply be a lifestyle choice on the part of a tiny minority. In short, I’m skeptical about how well the civil rights argument applies here. There is way, way too much ambiguity in the case of gays to treat them as a separate minority group, in the same way blacks or Asians or Hispanics are minority groups. In addition, we can point to cases in American history where the basic rights of African-Americans were clearly abridged- were, in fact, enforced by law. There is no equivalent to the old black codes, or Jim Crow, in the case of homosexuals. Certainly gays have been shunned socially at times- I won’t argue with that- but there’s nothing illegal about this, or even inherently wrong. People have a right to their own mores and traditions, even if you find them retrograde and reactionary. I simply can’t support a government that forces people to subsidize lifestyles that counter their own religious beliefs and traditions. It’s bad enough that Christian citizens are forced to pony up for legalized abortions. Now gay marriage, too? You talk about minority rights. What about the rights of Christian Americans?
Certainly you have some good points, Mr. Pettit, and I’m gratified with the politeness and civility of your post. You have illuminated aspects of the Constitutional argument that I hadn’t thought of, and I thank you for that. But I don’t believe your arguments invalidate mine- mine being that the 14th Amendment, as written, says nothing about social relationships, and therefore, the Supreme Court has no right to interfere in state laws governing these relationships, particularly in the case of homosexuals, who may be a minority group deserving of civil rights- and who may not be. We’re just going to have to agree to disagree.
Paul Noonan - 4/23/2004
Actually, I was forgetting that Section 2 of the Fourteenth Amendment calls for the representation in Congress to be reduced for any state that restricted sufferage of adult males for any reason other than participation in rebellion or criminal convictions. This implicitly recognized the authority of the states to restrict suffrage based on race as long as they accepted the reduction of their Congressional delegations.
Of course, as you point out, the right of suffrage of blacks in the South was routinely denied for a century until the 1960s and the Congressional delegations of those states were never reduced, just as the Fifteenth Amendment remained unenforced.
Hans Vought - 4/23/2004
In the case of state constitutional amendments, it depends on how the legal issue is framed. If, as most Democrats seem to be arguing, marriage is a "state's rights" issue - that is, an issue left to state control under federalism - then the state constitution, not the federal constitution, controls. For example, in the 1991 Hawaii case Baehr v. Anderson, the state supreme court initially ruled in favor of the gay plaintiffs, but after the state amended its constitution, the state supreme court made a final ruling in Dec. 1999 that the new amendment made the plaintiff's complaint moot.
Ben H. Severance - 4/23/2004
In one sense, I see your point. Section 1 of the 14th defines citizenship as theoretically all inclusive. But citizenship in the 19th Century did not automatically make you eligible to vote. States determined voter qualifications, as Section 2 of the 14th makes clear (a section designed to encourage southern states to enfranchise blacks). In drafting the 14th, Congressional Republicans were thinking in terms of codifying civil rights, particularly those of the freedmen, not the political rights of suffrage and office holding. However, with the 15th, as you rigthly point out, black suffrage is "explicitly" guaranteed, though the world of Jim Crow rendered the amendment largely irrelevant.
chris l pettit - 4/22/2004
When I mention Amendments in my above post I meant state Amendments such as the one envisioned in Massachusetts violating the federal Constitution. I realise that I was not specific enough nor did I define what I was speaking of in a clear enough manner. Mr. Vought is quite right in his statement about federal amendments...another key aspect of the checks and balances system. If the federal Marriage Amendment were to be passed, it would be part of the federal constitution. Thanks Mr. Vought for clarifying that. i am in your detriment.
Paul Noonan - 4/22/2004
..not the Fourteenth that relates specifically to voting. Actually, the Fifteenth Amendment seems superfluous since the Fourteenth implicitly guarantees that voting rights are not to be abriged because of race, but the Fifteenth Amendment makes it explicit.
Hans Vought - 4/22/2004
Just to clarify, amendments become part of the Constitution. An amendment to the Constitution cannot be overturned by the Supreme Court, as Pettit states. On several occasions Congress and the States have amended the Constitution to "overturn" the decisions of the Supreme Court. The 14th Amendment itself is one example, as Section I overturned the 1857 Dred Scott decision. So if the proposed amendment reaffirming that marriage applies only to two people of opposit sex is passed by 2/3 of the House and Senate and ratified by 3/4 of the States, the only way to overturn it would be to pass another amendment repealing it (as the 21st repealed the 18th).
chris l pettit - 4/22/2004
The Fourteenth Amendment was originally articulated to deal with voting rights problems...Section one that contains the equal protection clause says nothing about voting rights whatsoever. if only voting rights were to be governed by the clause, that is what would have been articulated. While it is true that those bringing the 14th Amendment to the table were thinking mainly of voting rights, they framed the Amendment in such a sense that it could be utilised for other purposes. Flexibility of usage is a key aspect of many Constitutional provisions, for those articulating them realise the problems of getting stuck with too many static provisions.
chris l pettit - 4/22/2004
...and state their own political interpretations of the Fourteenth Amendment. Unfortunately, they are a bit off...and overly narrow strict constructionalism is also not the best pursuit either if you want to actually progress through history instead of being left behind. The Founding Fathers were quite clear in articulating that the Constitution was to be a fluid and ever changing document that was to be developed according to changes in society.
The Court in Loving was not the first to expand the application of the 14th Amendment beyond voting rights. The Fourteenth Amendment, while mentioning voting rights, was designed to apply the Bill of Rights to the all law, federal and state, whereas previously the Bill of Rights only applied to federal law. The Due Process clause of the 14th Amendment is identical to the clause in the 5th Amendment. There is also the important difference between the procedural and substantive aspects of the 14th Amendment. Federalists...who favor a weak judiciary in favor of a strong executive and legislature, have problems with the substantive aspect due to the fact that the courts can legalize crimes that should not have been criminalized in the first place...and actually allow the Constitution to be the fluid and changing document that it was designed to be. It is in this was that the judiciary plays its vital role in the checks and balances system, and protects those vital rights articulated in the Constitution and the Bill of Rights from being trampled by misguided legislative decisions made by certain states. The courst also give those individuals not in the top 10% of society that is actually represented within the legislatures a chance to have their voices heard and rights protected. Were the legislatures truly representative and everyone had a voice in said legislatures, Federalists would have an arguable point. But given the fact that most individuals do not have their interests represented in our duopoly, the judiciary is a necessary outlet to protect those rights. The right to idividual liberty becomes the key turning of when, rather than whether, due process should be applied. Since we are a common law country and rely on precedent, we rely on judges to interpret existing law and societal, historical, and cultural movements (where legal cases are truly decided) to determine how the law applies to certain cases. THose wanting less judicial interpretation and a weaker judiciary are welcome to consider civil law juridictions such as Germany.
This being stated, the courts have made flawed decisions at times (the Dred Scott decision, separate but equal, upholding sodomy laws, striking down gay marriage), but eventually have come around...historically much faster than legislatures. It was legislatures and executives that failed to integrate and recognise civil rights and fail(ed) to recognize gay rights. It is unfortunately the case in this nation that the only true progress made in the field of human rights or civil rights is motivated by social movements and established in law by the judiciary interpreting the rights articulated within the Constitution. If legislatures choose to amend the constitutions, state or otherwise, after these decisions, that is their prerogative, but the amendments are also held to the scrutiny of the existing COnstitution and are invalid if they contradict the existing Constitution (hence the reason why the marriage amendment would not be upheld even if it were passed). Unfortunately, our judiciary has become so politicised that different partisn views dictate the decisions of a majority of justices. This is very problematic, as we have seen during the current crisis regarding the extremists (Scalia, Rehnquist, Thomas) on the Supreme Court and the fact that Bush will be able to appoint more extremists in the same line if he is re-elected. THe process needs to be designed so that judges are not politically appointed, but are chosen by a panel of individuals chosen from all sectors of society. it would also help if judiciary positions were not limited to lawyers, but also legal historians and sociologists in order to get away from the strict positivist interpretation of law that is currently dominating US legal thought and leading us backwards instead of forwards.
The equal protection clause is very key as well since we are dealing with civil rights. All of the marriage laws are blatant violations of this clause by denying equal rights to homosexuals. As with slavery, the reasoning is about the unnaturalness and tradition...the usual crock of bs. The question with this clause becomes whether it can be satisfied by civil unions...something that precedent demostrates was not possible with "separate but equal" laws. Would the same stigma attach? I am not sure, but I suspect that it would. The court would have to engage in a balancing test to determine whether the protection of the rights of homosexuals and the risks that they would be discriminated against was greater or lesser than the "traditional" definition and stereotyping of marriage. With an objective and human rights based court, this issue would not be a problem...which is why the European Courts and South African Constitutional Court see this as a ridiculous case and cant believe that the US is still in the Stone Age on it. By the way...as an aside...the Chief Justice in the Goodridge case is a South African expatriate and brilliant woman. The equal protection clause makes no mention of race...reading "any person..."
By the way...the whole Congress issue? Section 5 states that COngress shall have the power to enforce this article. Huge difference between interpret and enforce. The judiciary interprets the article...and has throughout history. The Congress can decide not to enforce the judiciaries decisions...and there have been many instances, particularly during the civil rights movement, that judicial decisions were disobeyed...but eventually everyone complied...as always happens. history keeps going...either hop on or get run over.
One more thing I should mention in terms of civil unions and the 14th Amendment that is an open question that will have to be raised if civil unions go through: the Court has interpreted the 14th Amendment to enable the prohibition and abolition of practices that may not be unconstitutional in and of themselves, but lead to an unconstitutional purpose (see voting poll tests, etc). If civil unions lead to an unconstitutional discrimination against homosexuals, the Court may be asked to allow gay marriage because of it. I am not saying that this is the case, and arguments can be put forth on both sides since it has not been put into wide enough practice to determine. it may not even be determinable due to the fact that it might be a social stigma or attitude that is discriminatory...an even tougher thing to examine.
If one examines the history of the usage of the 14th Amendment and the clauses within it, one can see the problems with politicising the judiciary. The political makeup of the Supreme Court has led directly to how narrowly the Amendment has been interpreted, regardless of precedent. This leads to an even grayer line of determination and results in less certainty as to when the 14th Amendment is applicable. This current Court is one of the most regressive of our time. The politicisation of the judiciary should be addressed.
I hope i clarified some of the misstaken political points raised in the above post.
Jesse David Lamovsky - 4/21/2004
Problem is, we're not necessarily talking about the rhetorical strategy of the anti-gay marriage camp. What we're really talking about is Prof. Pascoe’s (progressive) definition of the rhetorical strategy of the anti-gay marriage camp. That's a different thing altogether, and it behooves the question: why bother? Why should anti-gay marriage advocates change their rhetoric at all? First of all, many of these folks are arguing from a religious standpoint, and I wouldn’t expect anyone coming from that perspective to water down their beliefs just to temporize the debate. Besides, progressives by and large much have their minds made up as to the “bigotry” and “homophobia” of their opponents, so why bother pandering? We see where it got George W. Bush: he’s been sucking up to the left since he took office, and he still gets slammed as a “racist”, a “homophobe”, and, most absurdly, a “far-right conservative”.
Also, the interpretation of the 14th Amendment that compelled the Supreme Court to overturn miscegenation laws in Loving v. Virginia is, in fact, an erroneous one. Aside from the fact that the “Equal Protection Clause” refers specifically to voting rights, and not the “right” for two men, or two women, to get hitched, it is up to Congress, and only Congress, to “enforce, by appropriate legislation, the provisions of this article”. Not the Supreme Court. I make this argument not as a supporter of a Defense of Marriage Amendment, nor as a fan of miscegenation laws (God forbid!). I simply believe that federalism is the best way to approach this issue. But I would bet my dog and lot that one of these days, not so far off in the future, the Supreme Court will unconstitutionally strike down DOMA acts in the states and nationalize federally protected homosexual marriage, employing this flawed view of the Equal Protection Clause. This is exactly what happened with Roe v. Wade. Which further begs the question: why bother? If we already have an idea that the Supreme Court is going to use an (intentionally) flawed interpretation of the Constitution to further the agenda of gay-marriage advocates, than again, what does the "rhetoric" of their opponents matter? After all, gay-marriage opponents are right on the Constitutional issues involved, and progressives are wrong, but that obviously doesn't make a difference.
David Lion Salmanson - 4/21/2004
I don't think Pascoe is attacking anti-gay marraige advocates. Rather, she is pointing out that their rhetorical strategy is likely to lose in courts now because that rhetoric has already lost in court before; the use of Loving as a precedent in the current cases holds the argument together. If I were anti-gay marraige, I would take away from this article the necessity of changing rhetorical strategies if I were seeking success. Wonder what Russell Arben Fox and the folks over at Times and Seasons make of this?
Hans Vought - 4/21/2004
Of course historians can draw conclusions and have opinions. Rhetorical analysis is fine, but she does not contextualize the use of rhetoric in the current debate. Her point is obviously to suggest that supporters of the traditional heterosexual definition of marriage are intolerant bigots. Attacking your opponents' character rather than answering their arguments is the definition of ad hominem.
Consider the case in reverse: a conservative might write an article showing that Marxists (or some other conservative bogeymen) supported racially mixed marriages, thus implying that supporters of homosexual marriage are all Marxists. Either way it's a logical fallacy.
Jonathan Dresner - 4/21/2004
Actually, that's not what she's discussing at all. What she's very clearly described is the parallel rhetoric used by anti-miscegenation and anti-gay marriage partisans, and suggesting that the logic that was flawed in the mid-20th century might still be flawed in the early 21st.
Lots of other historians have discussed the rise and fall of laws against male homosexual behavior.
Remind me again, why can't historians draw conclusions and have opinions? Informed, reasoned opinions? Why can everyone else use historical arguments ("2000 years of sanctified heterosexuality....") but historians can't?
Hans Vought - 4/21/2004
Dr. Pascoe's succinct history lesson on miscegenation laws was very good. However, she does not demonstrate any connection between miscegenation laws and laws banning homosexual unions. Instead, she implies that since opponents of interracial marriage were vile racists, opponents of homosexual unions must be vile homophobes - and most likely racists, too. This is a misuse of history to conduct what is, in essence, an ad hominem attack. Instead of countering the arguments of those who support the traditional definition of marriage, she calls them names, masking her logical fallacy by using a lengthy but largely irrelevant history lesson.
Whatever one's views on the controversy may be, surely it is not too much to expect that professional historians will not twist history to support their views. Why not discuss the relevant history - i.e., laws regarding homosexual practices?
David Lion Salmanson - 4/21/2004
Except the scarcity argument doesn't work in the American Southwest where the Navajo maintained - and continue to maintain - a matriarchal culture.
Jonathan Dresner - 4/21/2004
Indeed, the increase in single-parent households in urban/minority populations is at least as much caused by as a cause of the rising incarceration rate (note: not rising crime rate, because any crime whose definition has remained more or less constant and for which we have decent records is dropping, as they have for at least a century) which Mr. Tyrka cites as a symptom of non-marriage.
And I'm increasingly familiar with Pacific traditions, which, while different from Western and Asian ones, nonetheless preserve some very powerful patriarchal elements. The argument about scarcity and resources, though, is interesting, in that it suggests the possibility of radically divergent relationship patterns once scarcity has been ameliorated. And that's what we're seeing: patriarchy and mandatory, exclusive heterosexual marriage, having served their historical purpose, are now obsolete?
That's remarkably materialistic argumentation from a cultural traditionalist.
Name Removed at Poster's Request - 4/20/2004
"Yes, I could just as easily have said that, but I didn't because I recognize, as apparently you don't, that family structure was a mutually beneficial arrangement for both parents and children."
So I guess you have no problem with two married gay parents raising children? Your arguments all work against keeping otherwise committed longterm same sex couples with children from marrying.
"All you have to do is look at the burgeoning prison population of violent criminals to see the results of single parenthood combined with a milieu bereft of meaningful values."
You haven't proven cause and effect here. I think the burgeoning prison population is more due to the orgy of prison building since the late 1960s, the lengthening of sentences for existing crimes, the changing of previous misdemeanor into felonies, as well as the legislation of new crimes to convict people on, as well as our country's moralistic, puritanical, punitive drug war.
Robert Henry Tyrka Sr - 4/20/2004
That I "could just as easily have said Marriage historically has been used by societies as a way to maintain male control over women and children, who were considered assets to developed and denied rights of property and independence, which explains the prevalance of polygamy and the acceptance of divorce for infertility"
Yes, I could just as easily have said that, but I didn't because I recognize, as apparently you don't, that family structure was a mutually beneficial arrangement for both parents and children. The old shibboleth about maintaining male control with all of its attendant evils shows up predominately in societies where basic necessities were in short supply--as they continue to be in the great majority of patriarchal societies today. If you look at societies where this has not been the case--especially in the Western and South Pacific, you can often see very different patterns of male/female/child behavior. Much the same kind of behavior differentials can be seen in other mammals--a study of sea lions in California, as I recall, was particularly illustrative of the change in male behavior toward both his male peers and his harem when food was scarce contrasted with it when the food supply was more than sufficient.
I must say that all this half-baked, feminist-generated twaddle about the evils of male control in marriage gets to be rather tiresome after a few decades. I'm surprised you didn't tell us that a woman needs a man like a fish needs a bicycle.
"Until you study the long-term effects of single parenthood in an environment that is accepting rather than condemning (as the US is), you don't really know that it's a bad thing."
You obviously have little if any awareness or experience of black inner cities, or white rural poverty areas to make such a claim. We are growing ever larger populations of uneducated, and, horrible dictu, uneducable people who have been "raised" by a sometimes- there parent and an indulgent society in such a manner that many have become vicious sociopaths. All you have to do is look at the burgeoning prison population of violent criminals to see the results of single parenthood combined with a milieu bereft of meaningful values.
Jonathan Dresner - 4/20/2004
You assert that "Marriage historically has been used by societies as ways to confer priveleges on male and female bonding in order to reinforce the attempt to have a secure environment for offspring that have, for mammals, such a long maturation process."
You could just as easily have said "Marriage historically has been used by societies as a way to maintain male control over women and children, who were considered assets to developed and denied rights of property and independence, which explains the prevalance of polygamy and the acceptance of divorce for infertility."
Your Scandanavian study is only convincing if you already think that marriage is necessarily a good thing: until you study the long-term effects of single parenthood in an environment that is accepting rather than condemning (as the US is), you don't really know that it's a bad thing. And, being free individuals, whether or not it's a thing with bad results may not actually determine whether we should make it a matter of law.
Robert Henry Tyrka Sr - 4/20/2004
Well, I guess you know where I'm coming from! To call male homosexuals "gay" is like calling Typhoid Mary one who spreads joy. It is counter-descriptive and only serves the purposes of those who wish to propagandize.
Marriage historically has been used by societies as ways to confer priveleges on male and female bonding in order to reinforce the attempt to have a secure environment for offspring that have, for mammals, such a long maturation process.
We have seen, as a result of the weakening of the marriage bond, the horrendous effects on children, and these are accelerating as the weakening continues.
Studies in Scandanavia have shown that those communities that have accepted homosexual marriage have seen a sharp drop in heterosexual marriage as the idea of marriage being something special--having to do with raising children--has disappeared. In those communities where homosexual marriage has been accepted longest, overall marriage rates have declined to the point that more than 80% of children are born to and raised by parents or a parent who are unmarried.
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Public Events and Social Media campaign mark the first National Bison Day since bison were official adopted as National Mammal
U.S. Senate passed a bipartisan resolution to officially commemorate National Bison Day
Learn more at www.nationalmammal.org
SciAm Blog: The President Who Saved the American Bison
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WASHINGTON, D.C. (NOVEMBER 4, 2016) – The American Bison Coalition, on behalf of its steering members is joining scores of bison-friendly groups, organizations and businesses around the country this month to celebrate our country’s first National Bison Day since the North American bison was officially adopted as the U.S. National Mammal. Begun by the InterTribal Buffalo Council, National Bison Association and Wildlife Conservation Society, the American Bison Coalition is dedicated to valuing our National Mammal on the basis of three guiding principles: Unity, Resilience, and Healthy Landscapes and Communities.
This year’s National Bison Day celebration holds special significance, as Congress passed the National Bison Legacy Act in April with unanimous support to make the bison’s adoption as National Mammal official. President Obama signed the legislation on May 9, 2016.
American Bison Coalition members will host various events and spread the word on social media to celebrate National Bison Day to commemorate our new National Mammal, recognizing the historical, economic, ecological and cultural contributions of bison across the American landscape. This year’s events and recognition include:
· Wind Cave National Park (SD) on Nov. 1
· Bethany College (WV) on Nov. 1-5
· Bronx Zoo (NY) on Nov. 5
· Queens Zoo (NY) on Nov. 5
· Ted’s Montana Grill on Oct.25 – Nov. 5
· Brookfield Zoo (IL) – Nov. 5· Smithsonian's National Zoo (DC) on Nov. 5
· Midewin National Tallgrass Prairie (IL) on Nov. 5
· Lehigh Valley Zoo (PA) on Nov. 5
· Field Museum, Chicago (IL) on Nov. 5
· Bergen County Zoo (NJ) on Nov. 5· Flint Hills Discovery Center (KS) on Nov. 5
· Buffalo Wool Co. on Nov. 5
· Antelope State Park (UT) on Nov. 5
· Cosley Zoo (IL) on Nov. 5
· National Buffalo Museum (ND) on Nov. 5
· Elmwood Park Zoo (PA) on Nov. 6
· Denver Zoo/Anschutz Collection’s American Museum for Western Art (CO) on Nov. 9
· Capitol Hill/U.S. Senate (DC) on Nov. 16· Oakland Zoo (CA) on Nov. 17
· Smithsonian National Museum of the American Indian (NY) on Nov. 19
· National Park Trust
· Santa Ana Zoo @ Prentice Park (CA)
· Roger Williams Park Zoo (RI)
· Baton Rouge Zoo (LA)
· Bison Ridge Whiskey
· Albuquerque BioPark (NM)
· Bureau of Land Management-Utah
· Blank Park Zoo (IA)
· Columbus Zoo & Aquarium (OH)
· The Wilds (OH)
· Great Plains Zoo & Delbridge Museum of Natural History (SD)
A new bison seal is inscribed with the words Unity, Resilience and Health: unity, because bipartisan leadership ensured the Act’s passage and multiple sectors are unifying to recover and recognize the value of bison; resilience, because bison populations were driven almost to extinction but now number more than 300,000 in North America and also can endure changing weather and land conditions; and health, because bison play an ecological role in restoring grasslands and related wildlife habitat as well as contributing to economic and dietary health.
About the Bison, America’s National Mammal
The bison, North America’s largest land mammal, has an important role in America’s history, culture and economy. Before being nearly wiped from existence by westward expansion, bison numbering in the tens of millions roamed across most of North America. The species is acknowledged as the first American conservation success story, having been brought back from the brink of extinction by a concerted effort of ranchers, conservationists, American Indian Nations and politicians to save the species in the early 20th century.
In 1907, President Teddy Roosevelt and the American Bison Society began this effort by sending 15 animals by train from the Bronx Zoo to Oklahoma’s Wichita Mountains Wildlife Refuge. Many American Indian Nations revere the bison (or “buffalo”) for their historical, cultural, traditional and spiritual relationship with the species and are restoring bison herds on their Nations’ lands throughout the West. Bison now exist in all 50 states in public and private herds, providing recreation opportunities for wildlife viewers in parks, refuges, zoos, and grasslands while sustaining a multimillion dollar sector of American agriculture.
The American Bison Coalition currently consists of more than 85 diverse entities representing conservation groups, Native Americans, bison producers, educational institutions, sportsmen/recreationists, zoological institutions, health organizations and businesses. The Coalition asks the public to celebrate the many ways that bison have shaped America’s history, economy, culture, and landscapes – using the seal and promoting the three principles. The Coalition is led by a Steering Committee representing its conservation, tribal, and business communities: the Wildlife Conservation Society (an NGO based at the Bronx Zoo dedicated to global wildlife recovery), the InterTribal Buffalo Council (which has a membership of 63 tribes in 19 states), and the National Bison Association (which has more than 1,000 members across 49 states).
For the past five years, the American Bison Coalition has joined people across the country to celebrate National Bison Day on the first Saturday of November. Native American tribes, bison producers, conservationists, sportsmen and women, educators and other public and private partners commemorated the day by hosting events celebrating bison in their communities in dozens of states and participating on social media. The U.S. Senate has for the past four years recognized National Bison Day with an official resolution.
This year, the U.S. Senate passed a resolution on September 20th that officially recognizes National Bison Day. Senators of both parties came together to pass the National Bison Day Resolution by unanimous consent. Sens. Michael Enzi (R-WY) led a group of 13 co-sponsors, 6 Republicans and 7 Democrats, who helped push the resolution to final passage. The American Bison Coalition plans to continue pushing for a National Bison Day resolution each year as a way to celebrate bison on an annual basis.
Senator Enzi was joined as a co-sponsor of the National Bison Day resolution by Sen. Tammy Baldwin (D-WI), Sen. Michael Bennet (D-CO), Sen. Dianne Feinstein (D-CA), Sen. Kirsten Gillibrand (D-NY), Sen. Orrin Hatch (R-UT), Sen. Martin Heinrich (D-NM), Sen. John Hoeven (R-ND), Sen. James Inhofe (R-OK), Sen. Mike Lee (R-UT), Sen. Jerry Moran (R-KS), Sen. Rob Portman (R-OH), Sen. Charles Schumer (D-NY), and Sen. Sheldon Whitehouse (D-RI).
For more information, please contact Chip Weiskotten at 518-669-3936 or go to www.nationalmammal.org. | <urn:uuid:e107bbb2-94b2-415a-9ceb-19e9ac56a8b2> | CC-MAIN-2021-21 | https://programs.wcs.org/newsroom/News-Releases/articleType/ArticleView/articleId/9377/The-new-National-Mammal-gets-its-day-in-the-sun-National-Bison-Day-is-Sat-Nov-5th.aspx | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-21/segments/1620243991207.44/warc/CC-MAIN-20210514183414-20210514213414-00585.warc.gz | en | 0.885297 | 1,601 | 2.71875 | 3 |
The us government offers many incentives for organizations to turn green, including tax credits which can certainly help improve profits to receive these, companies must use business practices that are acknowledged as environmentally friendly (for example using renewable energy sources) and by converting fleet vehicles to hybrid or electric . Along with using recycled materials to achieve small business sustainability goals, a company that hopes to become more environmentally friendly should engage in recycling practices themselves as to reduce their waste and support the manufacturing of recycled products. Buying green: the government steps up environmentally friendly preferable purchasing find out more about this topic, read articles and blogs or research legal issues, cases, and codes on findlawcom.
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It was the Fourth of July, 1826, precisely 50 years after the United States of America had declared its independence. Two elderly men lay in two beds — one in Massachusetts, the other in Virginia — and the life in their bones began to wane. One breathed his last; the other asked about him, and then also died.
These men were John Adams and Thomas Jefferson.
They had both served as President and Vice President of the United States; Jefferson was the primary author of the Declaration of Independence. They were Founding Fathers who demanded freedom for the colonies under British rule and saw it through.
However, the two had a famously complicated relationship. The Democrat-Republican Jefferson was a proponent of the states retaining their power and rights, whereas Adams, a federalist, leaned heavily into a strong, centralized government. They were good friends at first — after all, they had gone through the American Revolution together.
This divide, which was apparent throughout their illustrious careers, brought them at odds with one another over and over again. In fact, when they ran against one another for the presidency, it became so heated that some called it the “Revolution of 1800.” The campaigns were rife with slander and smear tactics, similar to modern politics. Two friends became bitter opponents in a relentless race for office — some hot-button topics back then would have been the French Revolution and the Quasi-War (a two-year unofficial war at sea with France).
And yet, over a decade later, the two may have found peace. Another Founding Father, one of their long-standing mutual friends, Dr. Benjamin Rush, claimed he had a dream that the two of them would rediscover their long-lost friendship. He thought that they could write to one another, and upon hearing of his dream, the two did exactly that.
In their old age and wisdom, they wrote a good deal of letters. In a letter in July 1813, Adams wrote, “You and I, ought not to die, before We have explained ourselves to each other.” In that same letter there is a postscript from John Adams’ wife, Abigail: “I have been looking for some time for a space in my good Husbands Letters to add the regards, of an old Friend, which are Still cherished and perserved through all the changes and vissitudes which have taken place since we first became acquainted […] .” Abigail was regarded as John Adams’ most trusted adviser, and it appears that she knew the value of their rekindling friendship.
Jefferson would later write to Adams, nostalgically remembering their youth: “Crippled wrists and fingers make writing slow and laborious; but, while writing to you, I lose the sense of these things, in the recollection of ancient times, when youth and health made happiness out of every thing.” They were once young men who built a nation together, and those memories brought a youthfulness back into his mind. He ended that letter by saying, “I add sincere assurances of my unabated and constant attachment, friendship and respect.”
On the day that they died, some say Adams’ last words were, “Thomas Jefferson survives,” though he did not know that Jefferson had died only hours earlier.
This Fourth of July, we remember those who won the United States of America her independence — for without them, we would not have the freedoms we enjoy today. Two of those men died exactly 50 years later; though it is unlikely that they ever reconciled their very serious political differences, evidence appears to show that they once again became friends.
Luke Ryan is the author of two books of war poetry: The Gun and the Scythe and A Moment of Violence. Luke grew up overseas in Pakistan and Thailand, the son of aid workers. Later, he served as an Army Ranger and conducted four deployments to Afghanistan, leaving as a team leader. He has published over 600 written works on a variety of platforms, including the New York Times.
Lucas O'Hara of Grizzly Forge has teamed up with BRCC for a badass, exclusive Shirt Club T-shirt design featuring his most popular knife and tiomahawk.
Coffee or Die sits down with one of the graphic designers behind Black Rifle Coffee's signature look and vibe.
Biden will award the Medal of Honor to a Vietnam War Army helicopter pilot who risked his life to save a reconnaissance team from almost certain death.
Ever wonder how much Jack Mandaville would f*ck sh*t up if he went back in time? The American Revolution didn't even see him coming.
A nearly 200-year-old West Point time capsule that at first appeared to yield little more than dust contains hidden treasure, the US Military Academy said.
Since the 1920s, a low-tech tabletop replica of an aircraft carrier’s flight deck has been an essential tool in coordinating air operations.
For nearly as long as the Army-Navy football rivalry, the academies’ hoofed mascots have stared each other down from the sidelines. Here are their stories.
Zelenskyy said on his Telegram channel the weapon was produced by Ukraine’s Ministry of Strategic Industries but gave no other details. | <urn:uuid:8c193072-aca1-4c49-af5c-acab5d039d05> | CC-MAIN-2023-50 | https://coffeeordie.com/jefferson-adams-fourth-of-july | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-50/segments/1700679100327.70/warc/CC-MAIN-20231202042052-20231202072052-00862.warc.gz | en | 0.984613 | 1,086 | 3.25 | 3 |
Before the Romans built roads travel was at best slow. If the ground was dry and hard, walking and riding in a horse-drawn cart was faster and less messy. But if it had rained, or was raining, feet and wheels got bogged down in the mire of mud and water making travel time longer and the journey more miserable. Having no roads meant that the spread of Christianity took longer, too.
How marvelous were these roads, and what was the impact on the spread of Christianity once they were built? J. D. Spalding (2006) in his article entitled "Spreading the Word Starting in Rome." from Science and Spirit Journal says that "By the timed Paul stopped persecuting Jesus' followers and became their visionary leader, Rome had paved roughly 53,000 miles of superbly built, well-drained, well-protected roads." The well-protected roads were protected by the Roman army, which help to curb the incidents of robbery and even murder of those who only wanted to get to their next destination alive and unharmed. This made it possible for Paul to send all the mail he wanted to, in any area that these roads extended to. J. D. Spalding goes on to say, in the same article, that "The Roman roads may have been technology's greatest contribution to the spread of Christianity until 1455, when Johannes Gutenberg created the first Bible using movable type."
In an article entitled "How Christianity Spread in the Roman Empire", author Rohiranna Wilfelise says that "Roads led from Rome to every part of its dominion. Travel was made, if not easy, at least not impossible. This ease of communication made it possible for disciples to spread the Christian message all over the ancient world." Without the protection of the huge Roman army along these roads, getting to your destination was problematic at best. Robbers, thieves, and murderers seemed to find many places along the old routes to hide and ambush their prey. Travelers walked along in fear of their lives. But the Roman army put a stop to all of this crime. With confidence, travelers could now walk along knowing that Roman soldiers were not too far away to help when danger came along. Now that travel was faster, easier, and much safer, the spread of Christianity grew and grew. Paul's letters could reach more hands to be read by more eyes and ears thanks to the Roman Empire spending the money to build their road system.
Christian hospitality is unlike any other, for Christians have been known to entertain angels (Gen. 18:1-15/Heb. 13:2), and even the risen Jesus Christ (Lk. 24:28-35) made Himself known to two strangers on the road to Emmaus. Unfortunately, Christians and non-Christians have been known to unknowingly entertain evil spirits as well as Satan himself. Jesus put forth the rule of hospitality when He said "Love your neighbor as you love yourself" (Mk 12:31/GW). Jesus then emphasized this principle when asked who our neighbor was gave the parable of the Good Samaritan (Lk. 10:30-35). According to Jesus our neighbor is everyone and anyone we come in contact with in our daily lives.
What helped to spur on Christian hospitality in the early church was the establishment of home meetings. No longer did Christians have to hang around the Temple to sing and give praise to Jesus they could know do these things from the comfort of their own homes. This also gave believers the opportunity to discover what the needs of the church and the community were so that these needs could be fulfilled quickly. People in the early church sold land, possessions, houses and such to fund the money needed to meet these needs because they felt that Jesus had given them so much by dying for their sins that giving back this love had to be done. Andrew Arterbury (2007), in his article entitled "Entertaining Angels: Hospitality in Luke and Acts" states that "For most early Christians, an absence of hospitality would mean an absence of love for God and neighbor" (p. 22).
This hospitality also helped to change the way the Jewish converts looked at Gentiles. Arterbury again states that "the custom of hospitality functions as the prism through which Jewish Christians are able to see Gentile converts in a new wayno longer as "profane or unclean," but rather as covenant partners in the community of Christians" (p. 25). This meant that being hospitable to another person was doing more than just giving a hot meal or helping to pay their rent, it also meant that each Christian must see each other as a child of God; no other "labels" can we saddle another believer with other than brother or sister in Christ.
To be hospitable in the right way is to be like Jesus Christ. Martha's head was in the right place that day she prepared a meal for Jesus Jesus did need to eat -- but Mary's heart was right where it should have been in Jesus' hands to use as He wished. Being hospitable is to never forget that we must do for others as Jesus has done for us. We must sacrifice all we have if need be to see that someone in need is taken care of and loved. We must love our neighbors as we love ourselves, just as the early church did for theirs.
Arterbury, A. (2007). Entertaining angels: hospitality in luke and acts. Retrieved from:
Spalding, J. D. (2006). Spreading the word starting in rome. Science & Spirit, 17(2), 81.
Wilfelise R., (2007). How christianity spread in the roman empire. Retrieved from: http://
Bobby Bruno was saved 15 years ago in a way that left him no doubt that Jesus wanted him to reach others with His great and abounding love. He started writing at the age of 12 and hasn't stopped since. He achieved Associates Degree in Biblical Studies from Ohio Christian University in early 2014.
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Find a Christian Editor, Hire a Christian Editor, Christian Editor, Find a Christian Writer | <urn:uuid:d52d0225-863c-4ab1-b8f7-51aaaaa3ea5d> | CC-MAIN-2017-17 | http://articles.faithwriters.com/reprint-article-details.php?article=28758 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-17/segments/1492917125719.13/warc/CC-MAIN-20170423031205-00501-ip-10-145-167-34.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.968897 | 1,402 | 3.84375 | 4 |
•Craft a 5- to 7-page paper in which you do the following:
◦Compare and contrast the role of theory in the five main qualitative approaches (Narrative, Phenomenology, Grounded theory, Ethnographic and Case study research).
◦State what you believe, at this time, will be the role of theory in your qualitative research plan and explain any considerations that you must keep in mind regarding theory
In accordance with BrainMass standards this is not a hand in ready paper but only background help.
A theory is a supposition or a system of ideas intended to explain something. The theory is based on general principles independent of the thing to be explained. It is a set of principles on which the practice of an activity is based. The theory justifies a course of research. The theory is an explanatory framework. In qualitative research theory is used to support methodologies used in research and the epistemologies underlying them. In qualitative research theories direct the conduct of researchers. In qualitative research there is a link between the theory, the specific set of questions that drive research and the methodology used by the researcher.
In narrative research the role of theory is to guide the researcher in developing the research problem or question. In qualitative research only if detailed stories or life experiences of a single life or the lives of a small number of individual is appropriate for the research problem is the method selected. Theories guide the researcher through the selection process of individuals from whom information is gathered. The next role of theories is during the restorying process during which the stories are reorganized into a general type of framework. Theories help the researcher during the restorying phase to identify causal link among ideas. Most important during the qualitative data analysis of a narrative, theories help identify the themes that emerge from the narrative, and help deconstruct stories.
In phenomenology the lived experience of several individuals on a particular concept is studied. The basic assumptions and principles of phenomenology are from theory. This is observed in case of Husserf's phenomenology. In Transcendental phenomenology, theory is invisibly linked with methodology. In phenomenology theory is essential because of the methodology. The phenomenologists insist that there should not be any preconceived ...
This solution explains role of theory in five main qualitative approaches. The role of theory is compared and contrasted. The sources used are also included in the solution. | <urn:uuid:1bab24f2-ff0f-4fc8-8a4b-f157ea049b41> | CC-MAIN-2017-13 | https://brainmass.com/business/operations-research/role-theory-qualitative-research-602659 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-13/segments/1490218189090.69/warc/CC-MAIN-20170322212949-00292-ip-10-233-31-227.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.943257 | 486 | 3.578125 | 4 |
Facing ever-increasing costs, the us Department of Energy has given up a plan to build the
world's largest clean-coal power plant and carbon sequestration facility.
At the time of the announcement, the
estimated cost of the plant, called FutureGen, was us $1.8 billion. The department said that the
costs had doubled since it was originally conceived in 2003. Rather than pouring funds into a single FutureGen site in
Mattoon, Illinois, energy secretary Samuel Bodman said his department would explore ways of developing clean-coal and carbon
sequestration technologies in multiple sites around the country.
The project was a public-private partnership
between the us Department of Energy and the FutureGen Industrial Alliance, a consortium of 12
international and the us companies. The department's decision has irked the FutureGen Alliance,
which says the department's share has not doubled, but increased only from us $800 million in
2003 to us $1.1 billion, largely because of inflation.
We are a voice to you; you have been a support to us. Together we build journalism that is independent, credible and fearless. You can further help us by making a donation. This will mean a lot for our ability to bring you news, perspectives and analysis from the ground so that we can make change together. | <urn:uuid:3e19dddb-188e-4f9b-b9c0-5296ffe8f645> | CC-MAIN-2018-51 | https://www.downtoearth.org.in/news/energy/cleancoal-too-expensive-for-usa-4209 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-51/segments/1544376824059.7/warc/CC-MAIN-20181212155747-20181212181247-00256.warc.gz | en | 0.965672 | 275 | 2.5625 | 3 |
Zero Robotics High School Tournament 2017
ISS Preparation Tips
The following test is from a 2012 ISS test session where we demonstrated several elements of the game. We have selected the test below to show the diferences between simulation and ISS.
This test shows two satellties navigating. After moving to their initial positions SPH1 (Blue) moves towards a fixed target using setPositionTarget. SPH2 (RED) turns off all control and is gradually pulled into the cloud.
Items to note
- Overall, estimation noise is similar to the simulation.
- You may see the blue satellite jump forward then correct backwards slightly. In this case, the satellite's actual CO2 tank was starting to get low. At each time step the internal positioning algorithm expected the satellite to be slightly farther ahead, then measurements corrected the position.
- Timing of motion is not exactly the same. The crew on the ISS sets a pressure regulator on top of the satellite control the force produced by the thrusters. If there is some error in the setting due to the accuracy of the pressure guage or changes in the tank level, there can be some variation in the satellite thrust.
- To make sure your code can tolerate variations in thrust and estimation noise, make sure you do not have overly strict timing requirements to arrive at a particular location and make sure to incorporate measurements to correct for errors in the expected motion.
Now is the time to make your code as bulletproof as possible:
- If you have noticed any small inconsistencies from run to run, try to track them down. Any simulation crashes or "Invalid force or torque" warnings should be taken seriously. On the ISS, they may cause satellite resets, resulting in a match being decided by simulation results.
- Using "closed loop" controllers such as setPositionTarget() and setAttitudeTarget() will tend to be more reliable then "open loop" commands like setForces() and setTorques() that don't use measurements to make corrections.
- Use the forums to talk to your fellow competitors. There are several veteran teams out there that may be willing to share some advice about preparing for the ISS.
- You do not have to remove DEBUG() statements from your final code, but they will not be displayed by the satellites. | <urn:uuid:2e0cd557-aa16-45d1-a621-6b9c74c8be47> | CC-MAIN-2020-45 | http://zerorobotics.mit.edu/tournaments/28/info/166/0/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-45/segments/1603107879673.14/warc/CC-MAIN-20201022141106-20201022171106-00111.warc.gz | en | 0.916649 | 466 | 2.6875 | 3 |
Almost all hospitals are hotbeds of various viruses and bacteria, and infection is a very common complication after surgery and normal treatment. Both patients and staff working in the hospital are likely to get infected by various viruses and bacteria. The most important and easy way of transmitting infection is direct contact. Now, let us get to know some very important facts about this condition.
MRSA and Other Hospital Acquired Infections spread through direct contact transmission
It may include physical transfer of microorganism between an infected person and susceptible host for example when a person helps a patient like giving a bath, turning a patient from one side to another or any similar care activity that may require direct physical contact. At times direct physical contact can develop between two patients either of the two developing as the source of infection transmission.
MRSA and Other Hospital Acquired Infections spread through in-direct contact transmission
It may include direct contact of contaminated infection of object for example contaminated instrument, dressings, needles, used gloves, bed sheets etc. Many times knowingly people get infected by different objects. Take extra precautions while sneezing, coughing and touching things in hospitals.
Some tips for reducing the risk of contracting MRSA and Other Hospital Acquired Infections
• Before undergoing any surgery confirm if you will need antibiotics to reduce the risk of wound infection or not
• Before undergoing any surgery confirm how if needed, your hair will be removed from the surgical site
• Stay aware from sick family members
• Hospital-acquired infections can also be prevent from wash the hands properly of both nurses and doctors before starting the surgery and commonly practices every where
To prevent yourself from MRSA and Other Hospital Acquired Infections as your doctor
• What are the chances for getting an infection while you are hospitalized?
• How should you risk the chances of getting infected from Hospital Acquired infection
• What is the track record of the hospital you are treated in?
• What protocols do they have in place to control MRSA and Other Hospital Acquired Infections
• What is your chance of infection from Hospital Acquired Infections
Prevention against MRSA and Other Hospital Acquired Infections
• Make sure your hands are washed properly with antibiotic lotion as used by all medical personnel before each patient contact
• Wearing clean aprons, gloves or gowns whenever needed
• Environment should be thoroughly cleaned
• sterilized the medical instruments to be used properly
Take additional step at your end for example
• If your chil
• If visiting friends or relatives feel ill, ask them not to visit
• Ask the visitors to wash their hands before visiting a patient and even after leaving the hospital
• Wash your own hands in the same manner as hospital staff does
• Avoid setting food or utensils on furniture or bed sheets in hospitals | <urn:uuid:c7842bf5-f203-49ff-80af-4292da674b91> | CC-MAIN-2017-34 | http://www.staphinfectionatoz.com/what-are-the-facts-about-mrsa-and-other-hospital-acquired-infections/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-34/segments/1502886104612.83/warc/CC-MAIN-20170818063421-20170818083421-00575.warc.gz | en | 0.932371 | 571 | 3.453125 | 3 |
The basic method of cooling and its calculation method
There are three kinds of heat transfer: heat transfer, heat exchange and heat radiation.
For transmission or direct heat conduction by physical contact with the hair of heat transfer heat transfer. The machine is not the same temperature of body or the body temperature of each part, divided into sub mutual transfer. Heat conduction and electrical flow concept is very similar, the heat is always from the temperature of high temperature and low heat conduction process in the thermal resistance of the as current flow process in electrical resistance. The thermal flow in RT is the thermal resistance and tau temperature difference. And heat resistance and Delta for conductor thickness, lambda is the thermal conductivity, a conductor cross-sectional area. This kind of, in switching power supply design, to the heating source of dissipation power rate, temperature rise of tau = Phi RT. by in actual application, the heat flow from the heat source out to of the heat radiator to to the several different material of the heat conductor, the deposit in the same thermal resistance on, in the calculation, total heat resistance for a plurality of heat resistance and.
2) of converter heat quantity to and it close in a fluid layer through the heat conduction and the fluid by heat, volume expansion, density becomes smaller, on the flow to the, surrounding a high density of fluid over-current to fill, fill fluid filled to the ceiling thermal expansion to the on flow, such as the cycle, from heat element is a surface take away heat quantity, the process called on flow and heat transfer. 1 – product flow, and a 1 – flow on heat transfer calculation generally uses Newton proposed the formula: Phi alpha = a (theta theta 2) [w], [the fluid contact surface area [m2] alpha heat line number, theta 1 for wall temperature [k] and theta 2 fluid average temperature. The visible and thermal flow diameter and the flow heat transfer coefficient alpha, Section A and solid surface and flow of the temperature difference (theta theta 2) multiplication positive ratio. The flow heat exchanger is a kind of complex heat transfer process, it not only decided to heat process, and decided to gas dynamic process. Simply speaking, influence on the flow and heat transfer factors have two aspects: (1) the fluid physical properties, such as density, viscosity, expansion coefficient, thermal conductivity, specific heat; (2) the fluid flow condition, is natural the flow is forced to flow, flow is turbulent flow is also layer. Because the layer flow, heat transfer and to rely on each other to do the flow between the heat conducting layer; and the turbulent flow, the wall close to the bottom layer of the outer layer flow, fluid production vortex intensified heat transfer. In general, it is the same one in the circumstances, the turbulent flow heat transfer coefficient than the layer flow heat transfer coefficient is several times, even more.
3) radiation heat shot caused by difference in temperature of electric magnetic wave propagation for radiation heat radiation. Its process than the thermal conduction and the convection complex much. It is the body part of the heat energy is converted into electric magnetic wave energy, can transfer the electric magnetic wave medium such as air, really cool one’s heels, to pass broadcast to, when you encounter the object, a divided by again transformed into heat energy, the remaining is anti shot back. On the surface of the table, at B) (sigma, namely the object scattered hair to the red line is the thermal radiation of a kind. In the real space or air, radiation to the radiation ability of phi, decided to matter, surface condition (such as color, rough degree), surface area and surface temperature. Phi epsilon = BA T14- T24 and the sigma is wave Er hereby Mann constant, the value of 5.67 x 10 8, a radiation surface deposition [m2] t two body surface of absolute temperature [k] and E as a surface black degree. Body color is deep, the more rough, radiation force is strong.
Comments are closed. | <urn:uuid:3406061c-859b-4a2e-8009-f0d5071a00e6> | CC-MAIN-2018-09 | http://www.switchingpowersupplies.net/the-cooling-design-for-switching-power-supply.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-09/segments/1518891815951.96/warc/CC-MAIN-20180224211727-20180224231727-00532.warc.gz | en | 0.907263 | 840 | 3.4375 | 3 |
Hawaiian Blue Ginger Selection Information | Nutritional Information | Tips & Trivia
Scientific Binomial Name:
Good in sauces, condiments, chicken & fruit dishes. Used in cake, bread & ice cream. Young, fleshier roots are often cooked with sugar into a candy. Ground Ginger Root is also used to make Ginger Ale and Ginger Beer.
Good-quality ginger root should have smooth light brown skin with a light sheen and white flesh.
Pick the roots with the least number of knots and/or branching.
Avoid product that is small, wrinkled or soft or has spots of mold on the cut edges.
Store ginger root dry in your refrigerator. For longer storage, peel the ginger and cover with sherry wine before refrigerating.
You can freeze ginger root for up to three months.
In general, vegetables will not ripen further after harvest.
Brussels Sprouts Trivia
Brussels sprouts, a member of the mustard family, are native to Europe. Brussels sprouts were cultivated and developed primarily by the French and (...)
Tip/Trivia of the Day Archive
Locally Grown Is Complex
Friday, October 11, 2013 | <urn:uuid:514f9a01-5436-4497-91a6-e9439b3c2658> | CC-MAIN-2020-16 | http://www.produceoasis.com/ProductDetailPage/TabId/272/pid/255/Hawaiian%20Blue%20Ginger.aspx | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-16/segments/1585370500426.22/warc/CC-MAIN-20200331084941-20200331114941-00175.warc.gz | en | 0.920882 | 244 | 2.578125 | 3 |
Friedrich von Matthisson (1761-1831) was renowned during his lifetime; he was praised for the melancholic mood of his poetry. However, after his death he was soon forgotten. A passage from Diepenbrock’s oration “The Nature Impressions of the Ancients”, which he gave at the Amsterdam Student Debating Society UNICA on 26 April 1883, shows that he was familiar with Matthisson’s ideas. In this speech he commented that in Schiller and Matthisson one finds a lot of evidence for the
modern belief [...] that sees nature as a kind of artistic unity. (VG:380)
Matthisson wrote his poem Tibur on New Years Eve 1795. He situated it in the ancient Tibur (later renamed Tivoli), which lies picturesquely above the waterfalls of the River Anio (Aniene). In the poem he reflects on the years flying by. Let us, while we still can, wreath the drinking cups with myrtle. Of the three strophes, Diepenbrock only set the first and third to music in 1884. The sonorous setting is still entirely in the style of the Liedertafel. A quasi polyphonic opening introduces the overall homophonic piece. For the most part the dynamic range is restricted to p and pp. Only in the section “Die Jahr’ entstürmen” (The years fly), where the voices enter in succession with an ascending fourth, there is a crescendo via mf to f, soon followed by a diminuendo to pp on “Morgen Schatten und Asche”. (Tomorrow shadow and ashes). The call for wreathing the drinking cup is sung cheerfully (vivace and mf). Then the first strophe is repeated literally. | <urn:uuid:3016270a-37fa-4a32-b4df-21518e0a0fbd> | CC-MAIN-2022-21 | https://www.diepenbrock-catalogus.nl/work/99 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-21/segments/1652663019783.90/warc/CC-MAIN-20220528185151-20220528215151-00554.warc.gz | en | 0.949424 | 389 | 2.890625 | 3 |
A cure for deafness may be a step closer after British scientists restored hearing in gerbils using stem cells from human embryos.
They turned the cells, which can potentially become any kind of tissue in the body, into sensory ear cells and then transplanted them into the deaf animals.
About four weeks later, the gerbils’ hearing had improved by an average of 46 per cent, the researchers found.
As well as proving stem cells can be used to repair damaged hearing, it is hoped the breakthrough will lead to new treatments.
It could be a cure for the condition known as auditory neuropathy in which sound enters a person’s ear but the signals from the cochlea nerve to the brain are impaired.
The condition affects 15 per cent of people of all ages who suffer profound deafness.
Cases can be caused by a genetic defect but there is increasing evidence that jaundice at birth and noise exposure later in life play a role.
‘We believe this is an important step forward,’ said Dr Marcelo Rivolta of Sheffield University.
‘We have now a method to produce human cochlea sensory cells that we could use to develop new drugs and treatments, and to study the function of genes.
‘And more importantly, we have the proof-of-concept that human stem cells could be used to repair the ear.
Dr Ralph Holme, of Action on Hearing Loss which co-funded the study, said it is ‘tremendously encouraging.’
‘For the millions of people for whom hearing loss is eroding their quality of life, this can’t come soon enough,’ said the biomedical research expert.
More research is needed and the scientists want to understand the long term implications of this treatment and its safety.
The research is reported in Nature. | <urn:uuid:781023d6-8efe-425d-9166-2a5f09e6f715> | CC-MAIN-2016-44 | http://metro.co.uk/2012/09/12/cure-for-deafness-step-closer-after-successful-stem-cell-research-572965/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-44/segments/1476988718284.75/warc/CC-MAIN-20161020183838-00449-ip-10-171-6-4.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.957634 | 386 | 3.890625 | 4 |
Infiltration trenches are one of a number of different Low Impact Development (LID) techniques. The term Low Impact Development refers to systems and practices that use or mimic natural processes that result in the infiltration, evapotranspiration or use of stormwater in order to protect water quality and associated aquatic habitat and reduce the risk of flooding.
How Does an Infiltration Trench Work?
Infiltration trenches are rectangular trenches lined with geotextile fabric and filled with clean granular stone, creating temporary subsurface storage for stormwater runoff. Infiltration trenches can be designed to take stormwater directed from roof tops, driveways, parking lots, etc. This stormwater is stored in the voids between the stone temporarily. Over time, the stormwater will infiltrate into the natural soil around the infiltration trench.
Infiltration trenches can be used in residential, commercial, industrial, and high-density sites as stormwater reservoirs, reducing the risk of flooding.
Maintenance typically consists of cleaning out leaves, debris and accumulated sediment caught in pre-treatment devices, inlets and outlets, as needed. For the installation at the "Climate Resilient Home," inspection will be required to ensure that leaves do not block the downspout. This is required to minimize the risk of the infiltration trench clogging from debris.
For more information on Environmental Initiatives
- Phone: For general information, call 311. For detailed inquiries, call 519-253-7111 ext. 3226.
- E-mail: [email protected] | <urn:uuid:3a8a1fe8-1763-43b6-9787-83a1d8458259> | CC-MAIN-2021-25 | https://www.citywindsor.ca/residents/environment/climate-change-adaptation/climate-resilient-home/Pages/Infiltration-Trench.aspx | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-25/segments/1623488551052.94/warc/CC-MAIN-20210624045834-20210624075834-00447.warc.gz | en | 0.901825 | 319 | 3.484375 | 3 |
Meet the burrowers! There’s a whole world of wildlife living under your feet. Going underground is an essential part of survival for these mammals
Everything about moles is adapted to a life spent underground. Their powerful front legs and paws help them to dig tunnels efficiently, propelling them through the dirt in a swift swimming motion. To compensate for poor visibility, a mole’s snout is able to smell in stereo – each nostril works independently, detecting subterranean morsels like earthworms with impressive accuracy. Even the mole’s blood cells are designed with burrowing in mind – these contain special haemoglobin proteins, allowing the animal to reuse oxygen inhaled above ground. As they spend so much time underground, most people have never seen a mole in the wild. Yet almost everyone has seen a molehill. These mounds of dirt are comprised of the excess soil excavated by moles digging and repairing tunnels. Gardeners and farmers may find them a nuisance, but moles play an important role in aerating and tilling soil, making it more fertile. As such, dirt taken from molehills makes excellent potting soil.
A fox’s den
Even urban foxes need to find a place to burrow when mating season comes around. Their underground dens (known as earths) are a safe haven for newborn fox kits where they remain with their mother for two weeks while the father hunts and brings back food. As foxes have adapted to live in towns and cities, they are often restricted in terms of places to make their burrows. Many end up making their dens in people’s gardens; in flower beds, compost heaps and under garages and sheds. You may welcome the sight of cute fox kits in your garden, but avoid getting too close – foxes who lose their fear of humans often end up sneaking into homes, usually making a right old mess.
A badger’s sett
European badgers live in some of the most impressive burrows found in the animal kingdom. Their setts, which are passed on throughout generations of badger families, can be centuries old, and are sometimes large enough to accommodate multiple families. With such complex, long-lasting homes, it’s perhaps no surprise that badgers are known for their housekeeping talents. They are incredibly clean, regularly clearing out old bedding from their sleeping chambers and replacing it with fresh grass and straw. They also dig communal latrines outside, ensuring that no fellow badger stinks out the sett by defecating inside it. Burrowing prowess is also reflected in badger anatomy. Their short but strong legs are tipped with elongated claws, helping them to scoop away dirt with ease. With flexible and muscular snouts, their sensitive noses are also used for digging and probing. This can be particularly useful for sniffing out rabbits, which sometimes inhabit hard to reach chambers within the badgers’ extensive sett. Foxes are also known to take advantage of badgers’ vast underground homes. Despite being rival predators, the two species will generally tolerate one another thanks to a mutualistic relationship – badgers feed on food scraps left behind by foxes, while foxes benefit from the burrow maintenance skills of their hosts.
A water vole’s burrow
It’s not easy being a water vole. The already meagre five-month lifespan of these small, defenceless rodents is regularly cut short by a wide range of powerful predators, including cats, foxes, hawks, owls, weasels and mink. Living in such hazardous hunting grounds, water voles treasure their burrows as a safe place to hide. They excavate underground homes in the banks of rivers, ponds and streams, providing a useful escape route from predators. Being talented swimmers, water voles are also able to enter their burrows through underwater entrances. If they happen to be spotted by a predator while foraging for their favourite water-dwelling grasses and plants, water voles will make a beeline for their holes. These provide a snug haven from most predators. However, one animal, the American mink, is slender and agile enough to enter their burrows. A fast decline in water vole populations has largely been attributed to this invasive species. Farming and watercourse management have also been cited as reasons for water voles’ increasing rarity. They are currently the UK’s fastest declining mammal, although the recovery of European otters in British waters has helped somewhat. These carnivores are a useful ally against the encroaching American mink, attacking the smaller mustelids to defend their habitats.
A rabbit’s warren
Famed for their remarkable reproduction abilities, rabbits rely on their burrows as a protective environment for their blind, furless babies, known as kits. Networks of these burrows are called warrens, and each warren houses a lively and sociable colony of up to 20 rabbits. Warrens consist of multiple living chambers, connected by a maze-like network of tunnels. By burrowing in groups, rabbits are afforded a greater chance of survival. They benefit from the territorial tendencies of their neighbours: with lots of rabbits protecting their homes in the same space, nesting babies become less vulnerable to attacks from predators. And with more twitching ears and sniffling noses on the lookout for swooping owls and stealthy foxes, the chance of survival becomes significantly greater. Domestic rabbits retain their burrowing instincts, so it’s a good idea to provide pet bunnies with a special digging area: soil, sand and wood shavings can all help to satisfy this need.
World of Animals issue 41 is available from all good retailers, or you can order it online from the ImagineShop. If you have a tablet or smartphone, you can also download the digital version onto your iOS or Android device. To make sure you never miss an issue of World of Animals magazine, make sure you subscribe today! | <urn:uuid:213caa40-d564-4f64-abb4-dd056cb97373> | CC-MAIN-2017-13 | https://www.animalanswers.co.uk/classes/mammals/amazing-underground-animal-homes/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-13/segments/1490218193288.61/warc/CC-MAIN-20170322212953-00307-ip-10-233-31-227.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.953692 | 1,230 | 3.515625 | 4 |
G V Ramanjaneyulu1
Today, our farming and food is full of toxins and synthetic substances in the name of ‘modern agriculture’ and a thrust to increase yields at any cost. The cumulative and synergistic effects of all these products cannot even be estimated by the producers and users. Hundreds of pesticides have been registered in the country over the years even as the government takes years to ban or restrict a handful of chemicals every decade or so.
Some amounts of pesticides appear as Residues in the crop products that they are used on at the time of harvest and point of consumption. The amount of such residues varies across crops, for different pesticides and locations.
Perusal of the residue data on pesticides in samples of fruits, vegetables, cereals, pulses, grains, wheat flour, oils, eggs, meat, fish, poultry, bovine milk, butter and cheese in India indicates their presence in sizable amounts.
In India, the production and use of pesticides are regulated by a few laws which mainly lay down the institutional mechanisms by which such regulation would take place – in addition to procedures for registration, licensing, quality regulation etc., these laws also try to lay down standards in the form of Maximum Residue Limits, Average Daily Intake levels etc.. Through these mechanisms, chemicals are sought to be introduced into farmers’ fields and agricultural crop production without jeopardizing the environment or consumer health.
PFA Regulations on Maximum Residue Levels (MRLs)
Earlier, the Ministry of Health and Family Welfare regulated MRLs of pesticide and agrochemical in food products through the Prevention of Food Adulteration Act (PFA), 1955 as amended. However, with the implementation of Food Safety and Standards Act (FSSA), 2006, the PFA rules are being phased into the Food Safety and Standards Regulations, 2010. The new Act authorizes the Food Safety and Standards Authority of India (FSSAI) to “specify the limits for use of food additives, crop contaminants, pesticide residues, residues of veterinary drugs, heavy metals, processing aids, mycotoxins, antibiotics and pharmacological active substances and irradiation of food.” The existing MRLs on pesticides and agrochemicals specified in the PFA are incorporated in the Food Safety and Standards Regulations, 2010 – Chapter 8, pages 531-548. MRLs are listed by chemical product for specific food items / commodities. However, in some cases, tolerance limits are established for more generic categories of food (i.e. for Carbaryl, “other vegetables” have an MRL of 5.0 parts per million.
Regulations on Use of Pesticides/Agrochemicals
The manufacture, sale, import, export and use of pesticides are regulated by Ministry of Agriculture through the Insecticides Act, 1968 and the Insecticides Rules, 1971. All insecticides (including fungicides and herbicides per Section 3e) are listed in the "Schedule," and must undergo a registration process with the Central Insecticides Board & Registration Committee (CIB&RC). As of September 14, 2010, there are 228 registered insecticides under Section 9(3) of the Insecticides Act, 1968: http://cibrc.nic.in/reg_products.htm. Registered products must be clearly labeled to indicate composition, active ingredient(s), target pest(s), recommended dosage, agricultural or household use, as well as any cautionary safety information. But most of the times, these cautions are written in a small font that they cannot be read.
Then, there are other institutions like Central Insecticides Laboratory and Insecticides Inspectors to ensure that the quality of insecticides sold in the market is as per norms. The Central Insecticides Laboratory is also meant to analyse samples of materials for pesticide residues as well as to determine the efficacy and toxicity of insecticides. This laboratory is also responsible for ensuring the conditions of registration.
As per this legislation, the central government will register the pesticides whereas the marketing licenses are allowed by state governments. The general enforcement of the legislation is by the state government’s agriculture department.
In addition, state officials work with the CIB&RC to conduct analysis (including MRLs of the pesticide post-harvest), to report and enforce on matters of public safety. The CIB&RC periodically reviews pesticide usage, and sometimes recommends bans on registration (e.g. when the MRLs are found to be above the PFA limits in agricultural produce post harvest). A list of banned pesticides is available at: http://www.cibrc.nic.in/list_pest_bann.htm As the Ministry of Agriculture continues to review pesticide safety, applications can be withdrawn or modified. In 2006, a number of pesticide applications were removed from the approved list: http://agricoop.nic.in/Gazette/gazette.pdf
Both the Central and State governments have been given the power to prohibit the sale, distribution or use of an insecticide or a particular batch in a specific location for a specific extent and for a specific period by notification in the official gazette [Section 27 of the Insecticides Act, 1968]. Section 26 of the legislation states that the State Government may, by notification in the Official Gazette, require any person or class of persons specified therein to report all occurrences of poisoning (through the use or handling of any insecticide) coming within his or their cognisance to such officer as may be specified in the said notification. Based on such reports, on grounds of public safety, prohibition of sale of insecticides can be ordered and enforced. The Act also lays down penalties for producing/selling misbranded insecticides or for selling without license or for other contraventions of the Act.
While registration and licensing is done through the above mentioned processes, for banning or prohibiting a pesticide a different mechanism is used in India. Unlike in other countries where registered pesticides automatically come up for periodic reviews for their efficacy and safety (as in the case of some Scandinavian countries) or unlike in countries like Syria where a pesticide is automatically banned in the country if it is prohibited in two other countries, India goes through long processes of review and prohibition, usually through committees set up for the purpose.
1Agricultural Scientist, Centre for Sustainable Agriculture, 12-13-445, Street no-1, Tarnaka, Secunderabad-500 017. [email protected] | <urn:uuid:30fa8995-7dbb-46d6-acd2-2c81d401fb19> | CC-MAIN-2016-18 | http://cseindia.org/print/4757 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-18/segments/1461860127407.71/warc/CC-MAIN-20160428161527-00019-ip-10-239-7-51.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.92498 | 1,326 | 3.171875 | 3 |
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