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Last reviewed 10 January 2022
The African Continental Free Trade Area (AfCFTA) has opened a new chapter for the continent and rekindled hopes for recovery through trade in a post Covid-19 world.
This is the view of UNCTAD (the United Nations Conference on Trade and Development) in its latest Economic Development in Africa Report 2021, which can be found at https://unctad.org/webflyer/economic-development-africa-report-2021.
Despite increased poverty levels and the socio-economic setbacks African countries have experienced due to the coronavirus pandemic, UNCTAD believes that the FTA will be a game changer for development ambitions in Africa.
The continent’s unprecedented growth in the 2000s has not translated to significantly improved livelihoods for most Africans, as the income gap between the rich and the poor has widened.
About 34% of African households live below the international poverty line (US$1.9 per day) and around 40% of the total wealth is owned by approximately 0.0001% of the continent’s population, according to the report.
The pandemic has exacerbated inequalities and vulnerabilities of marginalised groups, resulting in an additional 37 million people in sub-Saharan Africa living in extreme poverty.
“Trade policies alone are unlikely to support inclusive economic growth on the continent”, UNCTAD argues. “Other required measures include cooperation in promoting investment and competition policies, accelerating financing of infrastructure that facilitates rural-urban linkages, and providing equal access to socio-economic opportunities and productive resources.”
Although it sees the immense potential of the AfCFTA, it suggests that support measures are needed targeting women, who make up the largest share of informal traders, representing 70% to 80% in some countries, young people, small businesses and cross-border traders, as these groups have experienced a complete depletion of their savings due to pandemic-induced restrictions.
“Our data show that the continent’s current untapped export potential amounts to US$21.9 billion, equivalent to 43% of intra-African exports”, UNCTAD concludes. “An additional US$9.2 billion of export potential can be realised through partial tariff liberalisation under the AfCFTA over the next five years.” | <urn:uuid:919a15da-96a7-4d01-b044-08ea6bf1763d> | CC-MAIN-2022-27 | https://app.croneri.co.uk/whats-new/african-continental-fta-will-boost-continent-s-recovery | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-27/segments/1656104678225.97/warc/CC-MAIN-20220706212428-20220707002428-00747.warc.gz | en | 0.931251 | 477 | 2.609375 | 3 |
Capping a series of actions hailed by environmentalists as a turning point in the protection of the world's oceans, the United States and 36 other governments voted yesterday to impose a permanent, legally binding ban on the dumping of all types of radioactive waste at sea.
The vote to ban dumping of low-level radioactive wastes came at a meeting in London of 42 of the 71 nations that signed a 1972 treaty on ocean dumping. Five of the countries represented at the meeting -- Russia, Britain, France, China and Belgium -- abstained from the vote.
On Thursday the signers of the treaty also approved two less intensely debated measures, approving permanent prohibitions on ocean dumping of toxic industrial wastes and waste incineration at sea. The agreement's "black list" of prohibited materials already includes highly radioactive wastes.
Diplomats say the actions will transform the treaty -- known as the London Convention -- from an agreement regulating marine dumping to one aimed at preventing the practice whenever there is reasonable doubt about its ecological soundness. Modest Step, Big Problem
In terms of the overall problem of ocean pollution, the bans constitute a modest step: deliberate dumping of nuclear and toxic industrial wastes at sea constitutes only about 10 percent of the total that enters the ocean. Up to 80 percent originates from such sources as raw sewage, airborne wastes and runoff of pesticides and fertilizer.
But environmental groups believe that the governments' actions in London this week are a sign that they may eventually come to grips with the much larger problem of land-based marine pollution, which Clifton Curtis, a treaties expert with Greenpeace International, described as "far more complicated in technical, legal, political and economic terms."
"What they did here is a sign of a real commitment to view the oceans very differently than before," Mr. Curtis said in a telephone interview from London, where Greenpeace -- which began campaigning for permanent dumping bans 15 years ago -- was monitoring the conference. "It sends a very positive signal."
Any of the 71 signatories, including the 5 that abstained from yesterday's vote, have the right to refuse to comply with changes to the treaty if they file notice within 100 days. The measure approved yesterday replaces a 10-year-old nonbinding moratorium. It is to take effect in 100 days, and includes a provision for a scientific review after 25 years.
Russia, which has been dumping nuclear wastes into the ocean for decades, said it would have to resume dumping low-level radioactive garbage after 18 months unless it receives assistance from the West to build more land-based storage areas.
The plea for aid was dismissed as unconvincing by the chief American delegate, David A. Colson, who noted that Russia spends "enormous sums of money" on its nuclear fleet.
"You will not convince me, and you will not convince the American people, that if the Russian Government so chose, it could not reallocate its priorities and immediately build and quickly have in place adequate storage and processing facilities," Mr. Colson told delegates on Thursday.
Adoption of the ban comes less than a month after a Russian tanker, shadowed by a Greenpeace vessel, pumped more than 900 tons of low-level waste into a squid-fishing ground in the Sea of Japan. The episode, days after the Japanese and Russian Governments had pledged a new era of cooperation, set off a storm of protest. Soon after, on Oct. 21, Japan announced that it would support a permanent ban. Clinton Shifts U.S. Policy
On Nov. 1, a Clinton Administration official disclosed that, after nearly a year of deliberations, it had decided to reverse American policy and also support such a ban. Participants in the London meeting said the shift, championed by the Environmental Protection Agency and the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, was a decisive factor in yesterday's vote.
The decision in London follows years of controversy over the suspected -- but still largely unproven -- dangers of dumping of low-level radioactive wastes on marine ecosystems. Proponents of the ban argued that the wastes could be retransmitted to humans through the food chain. They also warned that it was risky to dump radioactive material without means to monitor and, if necessary, retrieve it.
The ban, originally proposed by Denmark, is in line with a measure approved at the so-called Earth Summit in Brazil last year, when 172 governments urged the treaty signatories to consider banning low-level dumping as a precaution.
But Britain and France, which fought an 11th-hour battle for a compromise short of a permanent ban, questioned whether low-level waste dumping posed a real danger, and complained that a permanent prohibition would complicate the problem of what to do with growing accumulations of low-level wastes, much of it from decommissioned submarines, nuclear power plants and hospitals. | <urn:uuid:7f3e4532-1e6d-4b29-8a6b-183668e84b2d> | CC-MAIN-2014-42 | http://www.nytimes.com/1993/11/13/world/nations-back-ban-on-atomic-dumping.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2014-42/segments/1414637899290.52/warc/CC-MAIN-20141030025819-00011-ip-10-16-133-185.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.957943 | 974 | 2.75 | 3 |
The researchers at the Whitehead Institute for Biomedical Research in Cambridge, Mass., working in collaboration with colleagues at several research centers including the University of Missouri, say they also figured out how to repair that pathway and restore normal neurological function in certain animal models.
"For the first time we've been able to repair dopaminergic neurons, the specific cells that are damaged in Parkinson's disease," said Whitehead scientist Susan Lindquist, also a Howard Hughes Medical Institute investigator.
More than 1 million U.S. citizens suffer from Parkinson's disease and that number that is expected to soar during the next few decades as the population ages. No current therapies alter the fundamental clinical course of the condition.
Lindquist was senior author of the study that appears in the journal Science. | <urn:uuid:582baf75-bd51-42c4-b472-1f797b44cd34> | CC-MAIN-2015-18 | http://www.upi.com/Science_News/2006/06/22/Parkinsons-symptoms-reversed-in-study/UPI-84001151007298/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2015-18/segments/1429246643283.35/warc/CC-MAIN-20150417045723-00299-ip-10-235-10-82.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.957519 | 156 | 2.890625 | 3 |
These cards are designed to be used as a visual aid to help teach the critical thinking skill of comparing one object to another. To use them, simply show the children the card and ask them, “How are these two things alike? How are they different?” Children develop valuable language and thinking skills as they describe, discuss, and compare the uses and categories of each object.
Includes 22 pages of comparison cards, plus instructions.
Students may also enjoy coloring them. These cards are especially helpful as a visual aid for second language children or kids with language deficiencies who may not know what it is you are talking about. This can also help the teacher meet goals in basic language instruction, while at the same doing Critical Thinking Skills with the rest of the children.
Check out Heidi's blog for more information on Critical Thinking:
- An EASY Critical Thinking Game for K/1 Kids!
Printable Download - $3.00
• Includes Downloadable, Digital Files (.pdf) of B/W Masters
Printable Files on Disc - $4.00
• Includes Digital Files (.pdf) of B/W Masters on Disc
©Heidi Butkus - All HeidiSongs materials, including CDs, DVDs, streaming media, printable files and printed books, are for use in ONE classroom. HeidiSongs Copyright Policy is here. | <urn:uuid:fca80e87-8d87-464f-a060-f6fee459dc11> | CC-MAIN-2020-05 | https://www.heidisongs.com/collections/learning-games/products/similar-dissimilar-critical-thinking-card-sets | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-05/segments/1579250609478.50/warc/CC-MAIN-20200123071220-20200123100220-00193.warc.gz | en | 0.909746 | 276 | 4.25 | 4 |
The windows, designed for St. John’s Chapel by the Willet Studios, are created in a very interesting way. Brilliantly colored glass, usually an inch in thickness, are cut to the desired size. The inner surface of certain pieces is then chipped for faceted conchoidally to enhance the design and add a jewel like quality. It is the thickness of the glass assures the breath-taking radiance and complete purity of color.
The secrets of making colored glass were known to the ancient Egyptians who used them as mosaics to enhance their palaces and temples. The beauty of the stained glass in medieval cathedrals is legend. It was not until our present age that the concrete and epoxies could be developed to form a structural unit of great strength. This medium adapts to the smallest openings or to the entire wall surfaces of heroic proportions. In small windows close to the eye, such as those in St. John’s Chapel, the details are very small.
The iconography of the nave aisle windows have been planned to begin at the rear of the church on the epistle side with the Creation and end with the window opposite on the gospel side with Revelation.
At the top of the window is a triangle, enclosed in a circle. This illustrates the one and triune God, Father, Son and Holy Spirit. From this symbol downward are the created works of God as enumerated in the book of Genesis: The light separating from dark, the waters over the firmament, the sun, moon, fish, animals and finally man and woman at the bottom.
2. Works of Man
The works of man begin at the bottom with the erupting of volcanoes from which man discovered fire and harnessed it for his use. Next are the wheel, the lever, and the plumb line enabling man to build. He constructs the pyramids and the Parthenon. His works of art are typified by the Discus Thrower of Myron. From the crude well bucket making use of a pulley the Roman aqueduct evolves, enabling man to irrigate the land and make it fertile. The chemical retort, the telescope and the printing press further increases man’s knowledge. Sea travel is symbolized by Noah’s Ark, the Viking ship, and the compass. Leaving the kingdom of earth and water, man enters the air, first by means of a balloon, than an airplane and finally outer space is broached by the rocket and satellite. At the top of all is the atomic symbol encircling the globe of the world.
3. Old Testament - Law and Covenant
At the top of the window, God’s covenant with man is illustrated using the symbol of the rainbow. The Ark is grounded as the floodwaters recede. Noah and his family built an altar to thank God for their deliverance. Suddenly the rainbow appears and God promises never again to wipe mankind from the face of the earth with a flood.
God next promised Abraham that his seed should multiply to be as numerous as the stars in the sky. When Abraham attempted to sacrifice his beloved son Isaac in obedience to what he thought was God’s will an angel stays the knife.
Moses, who would grow to be the leader of Israel, is seen as a child in the basket among the rushes. He receives the Law atop Mt. Sinai. He leads the children of Israel through the wilderness for forty years.
At the bottom is David the shepherd boy with his harp. He authors the Psalms. The twenty-third is symbolized by the still waters, the well-prepared table, and the house of the Lord (towers resembling a church).
4. Old Testament - The Prophets
The story of the Old Testament continues at the top of the next window with King Solomon, David’s son, admiring the completed Temple.
Next, the angel seals Isaiah’s lips with a coal from the altar of sacrifice so that he may prophesy the coming Messiah, shown as an infant.
Below is Amos with his symbols the plumb line and the basket of summer fruit.
Then Jonah is cast out of the mouth of the whale.
At the bottom, Elijah ascends to heaven in a flaming chariot dropping his mantle to Elisha.
5. The Nativity
At the top, under the star of Bethlehem, an angel gives the good news to the Shepherds who are keeping watch over their sheep.
Next is the Holy Family, Mary and Joseph, guarding the Child in the manger.
The Epiphany, the showing of Christ to the Gentiles, is represented by the three Kings bringing their gifts of gold, incense, and myrrh.
At the bottom of the window St. John’s Evangelical, Lutheran Church appears surrounded with an evergreen wreath and Christmas trees.
Jesus at the age 12 is depicted near the top of window amidst the scholars in the temple.
Below John the Baptist is standing on the banks of the Jordan holding his staff cross. This is predicting the death which Jesus faced.
Next Christ is shown standing on the world for he came as a Savior for all people.
The scene at the bottom shows Jesus blessing the children and welcoming them and welcoming them with open arms.
The Holy Spirit symbolized by the dove, is atop the window blessing all of Jesus’ earthly ministry.
7. The Lord’s Supper
At the top of the window, Jesus makes his triumphal entry into Jerusalem amid the crowd’s hosannas.
Next, Jesus holds the chalice while Judas, at the bottom, approaches with the guards to apprehend him. (Note the positioning of the iconography enables the two Sacraments, Baptism and Communion, to flank the altar.)
At the top of the window Christ is shown ascending into heaven watched by His Apostles gathered below. Christ rising victorious from the tomb dominates the window. Immediately below, the angel appears to the women who came to the tomb with spices.
At the bottom is one of Christ’s post-Resurrection appearances; the two Disciples in the breaking of bread. (It will be seen that the Easter window is opposite Christmas, pairing the Church’s two principal feasts.)
9. The Church - Pentecost – AD 750
Pentecost is sometimes called the birthday of the Church. Here in a small scene at the bottom of the window are the faithful gathering together in an upper room while the flames of the Holy Spirit appear over their heads.
Next are Peter and Paul, the two strongest of the leaders that guided the infant Church.
Above, Constantine, who was the first ruler to establish Christianity, presides at the Council of Nicaea listening to Athanasius, who established for all time the doctrine of Trinity.
Once when St. Augustine was walking by the sea he saw a child trying to fill a hole in the sand by pouring water into it. The saint remarked that to complete that task was impossible. "Not so impossible as to solve the mystery of the Trinity" was the reply.
Nest, St. Boniface is chopping down the pagan’s sacred oak tree. When he was not struck by lightning, he succeeded in converting a large part of Germany.
At the top, Charlemagne is seated under the descending dove of the Holy Spirit which guides the Church for all time.
10. The Church – AD 750 to AD 1500
Church history is continued with the Scandinavian heritage of the Lutheran Church. At the bottom is Saint Ansgar, a young monk who led missions to Sweden and Denmark. He became the first archbishop of Hamburg. A Viking ship is seen behind him. Above him is a Swedish country church with corbeled gables. The church above is the Cathedral at Lund, Sweden. It dates from the 1080’s. Around 1100, it was the seat of the archbishop, primate over the whole of the North.
Near the cathedral is St. Francis of Assisi. He typifies the best of the age of Monasticism. He is shown with animals and birds, for he regarded all creatures as his brothers. Shown seated under an arch is St. Bridget of Sweden. Bridget or Britta planned the rule an office of the order she was called to found but which she never saw in existence. Next to Bridget is Meinhard, a monk from Holstein, who landed in 1180 on what is now the Latvian coast and for sixteen years preached Christianity to the Livs. The Lom Church is representative if the Norwegian stave churches. Most of these were built in the twelfth century. At the top are Hus and Tyndale, martyrs of the Reformation. Hus, a leader of Czech reform is shown being burned at the stake. Tyndale issued the first English translation of the Bible in 1526. At the top is the Bible with chains breaking, symbolizing its growing availability for people to read.
11. The Church – AD 1500 to AD 1969
In 1534, Luther completed his bible translation begun in Wartburg. He defied papal authority, symbolized by crossed keys, in 1521 at the Diet of Worms with the words, "Here I stand, I cannot do otherwise."
King Gustavus Adolphus rides victorious at the head of his army bearing the Swedish flag. In 1632, he ordered his chaplain to hold a thanksgiving service in St. Ann’s Church, Augsburg, thus establishing Protestant-ism there.
In 1638, the Swedes established their colony on Delaware, calling it New Sweden. The first Lutheran pastor in America Reorus Torkillus, is shown preaching to the Indians. The little church above the Swedish ship is the birthplace of the Augustana synod in Jefferson Prairie, Clinton, Wisconsin. In 1860, Augustana College and Seminary is next above. St. John’s Church, Stamford, established in 1891 is shown being moved from its first location at St. John’s Place to Grove Street. Archbishop Nathan Soderblom is included because of his leadership in early years of the ecumenical movement. Behind him is his cathedral at Upsala. The Vatican Council is shown by the Pope’s throne surrounded with mitre and cardinal hats. Rising victorious above the clouds of war is the Ecumenical seal with St. John’s Church in its center.
St. John's Online Giving Program
Thinking about making a special gift to our church? Our wish list can be found here.
Letter From Jerusalem
Please read the latest letter from Pastor Carrie Ballenger Smith. She is Pastor of the Lutheran Church of the Redeemer in Jerusalem. It contains lots of information how things are going this New Year at the congregation we support.
Click here to open up a copy. | <urn:uuid:9142bc0c-5eeb-4164-ad52-baf299a5d1c2> | CC-MAIN-2018-05 | http://www.stjohnelca.org/index.php/about/history?id=52 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-05/segments/1516084889677.76/warc/CC-MAIN-20180120162254-20180120182254-00607.warc.gz | en | 0.951413 | 2,256 | 3.4375 | 3 |
Prenatal Screening for Down Syndrome
by Len Leshin, MD, FAAP
Copyright 1998, 2002, 2007, 2011. All rights reserved
Note: The subject of prenatal testing for Down syndrome is an emotionally charged one. I am presenting this essay as a guide to parents who are faced with the prenatal tests offered by their doctor. If your fetus has been diagnosed as having Down syndrome or is simply at high risk, please spend some time to learn more about the condition. A good place to start is with the booklet "Understanding a Down Syndrome Diagnosis," a source of information complied with input from the National Society of Genetic Counselors, the American College of Medical Genetics, the American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists, the National Down Syndrome Society, and the National Down Syndrome Congress. This booklet is available at www.lettercase.org.
IntroductionOver the last 20 years, new technology has improved the methods of detection of fetal abnormalities, including Down syndrome. While there are ways to diagnose Down syndrome by obtaining fetal tissue samples by amniocentesis or chorionic villus sampling, it would not be appropriate to examine every pregnancy this way. Besides greatly increasing the cost of medical care, these methods do carry a slight amount of risk to the fetus. So screening tests have been developed to try to identify those pregnancies at "high risk." These pregnancies are then candidates for further diagnostic testing.
What is the difference between a screening test and a diagnostic test? In diagnostic tests, a positive result very likely means the patient has the disease or condition of concern. In screening tests, the goal is to estimate the risk of the patient having the disease or condition. Diagnostic tests tend to be more expensive and require an elaborate procedure; screening tests are quick and easy to do. However, screening tests have more chances of being wrong: there are "false-positives" or "screen-positives" (test states the patient has the condition when the patient really doesn't) and "false-negatives" (patient has the condition but the test states he/she doesn't).
Maternal Serum ScreeningThe mother's blood is checked for a combination of different markers: alpha-fetoprotein (AFP), unconjugated estriol (uE3), and human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG) make up the standard tests, known together as the "triple test." Sometimes a marker called inhibin A is added, making the "quadruple screen." These tests are independent measurements, and when taken along with the maternal age (discussed below), can calculate the risk of having a baby with Down syndrome. Over the last fifteen years, these were done in the 15th to 18th week of pregnancy. Recently, another marker called PAPP-A was found to be of use even earlier.
Once the blood test results are determined, a risk factor is calculated based on the "normal" blood tests for the testing laboratory. The average of normals is called the "population median." Test results are sometimes reported to doctors as "Multiples of the Median (MoM)." The "average" value is therefore called 1.0 MoM. Down syndrome pregnancies have lower levels of AFP and estriol, so their levels would be below the average, and therefore less than 1.0 MOM. Likewise, hCG in a Down syndrome pregnancy would be greater than 1.0 MoM. In the serum screening, the lab reports all results in either this way or as a total risk factor calculated by a software program.
Calculating the Risk
In the 1980s and 90s, the results of the prenatal tests were expressed to parents as "high risk" and "low risk," depending on whether the risk result was above or below an arbitrary cutoff point at 1 in 250. (I have seen the cutoff as low as 1 in 200 and as high as 1 in 270.) The reason for choosing that cutoff value was based on the risk of complications from an amniocentesis procedure. If the mother's risk was less than 1 in 250 of having a child with Down syndrome, then the risk of amniocentesis was greater and the mother was called "low risk." Likewise, if the mother's results showed a greater risk than 1 in 250, the pregnancy was called "high risk."
A few years ago, however, the American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists ("ACOG") advocated not using the terms "high risk" and "low risk," but instead presenting the parents with the actual numerical risk value.
Effects of Maternal AgeThe final calculated risk from the lab results based on the fetal age is used to modify the risk already statistically calculated based on the mother's age. We already know that as the mother's age advances, the risk of having a baby with Down syndrome increases. Click here to see a table of these risk values.)
For example: Let's say the test results come back in the typical range for a pregnancy not associated with Down syndrome (that would be 1.0 MoM for all components). This result reduces the woman's risk of having a child with Down syndrome four-fold. (This four-fold number is based on clinical studies, and is standard.) If the woman is 25, this decreases her risk from 1 in 1100 to 1 in 4400. If the woman is 35 years old, this decreases her risk from 1 in 250 to 1 in 1000. If the woman is 45, it decreases her risk from 1 in 20 to 1 in 80.
Now, let's take the example of the test results coming back with the levels normally associated with a pregnancy of a child with Down syndrome. This increases the risk by four-fold (again, this is a standard number). So the woman aged 25 has her screen go from 1 in 1100 to 1 in 275. The woman aged 36 goes from 1 in 250 to 1 in 62. The woman aged 45 goes from 1 in 20 to 1 in 5.
So, the age of the mother is still the most important aspect when determining the blood screening test's result.
Also note that the way the tests are set up, the serum quadruple screen test has a 5 to 8% false-positive rate (see above for the discussion of what this means) and also has a false-negative rate of 35 to 40%, and so will only detect about 80% of all fetuses with Down syndrome.
Who and When?Because the risk of having a baby with Down syndrome rose above the 1 in 250 mark at the 35th birthday for women, it had become the standard of care to offer the screen for Down syndrome to all mothers 35 years and older. At the beginning of 2007, the American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists stated that all women regardless of age should be offered the opportunity for screening.
Over the last two decades, the screening was done between the 15th and 20th week of gestation, but it was most accurate between the 16th week and the 18th week. However, research in the last 6 years has concentrated on finding a way to screen in the first trimester to enable parents to have time to make choices when given the results of a positive screen test. The first trimester screen now uses a combination of the maternal age, the serum quadruple screen, the serum marker PAPP-A, and an ultrasound measurement of the back of the neck of the fetus. When used correctly, this first trimester screen has a detection rate of approximately 95% of all cases of Down syndrome, with a false-positive rate of 5%.
Ultrasound ScreeningThe main usefulness of ultrasound (also called sonography) is to confirm the gestational age of the fetus (it's more accurate than dating from the mother's last menstrual cycle). Another benefit of the ultrasound can also pick up problems of a serious medical nature, such as blockage of the small intestine or heart defects. Knowing these defects exist as early as possible will benefit the treatment of the child after birth.
Studies in the mid-1990s showed that there was a strong association between the size of a collection of fluid at the nack of the fetal neck, called nuchal transluceny, and the risk of Down syndrome. Early attempts to use a measurement of the nuchal area were limited by a wide variety in measurement techniques. Recently, standardized guidelines on measuring nuchal translucency along with specific training and certifications have been instituted, making this ultrasound measurement useful as part of the first trimester screen. There are now computer programs that can use this measurement to help calculate the risk of having a baby with Down syndrome. However, not every parent may have access to an ultrasound technician certified in measuring the nuchal translucency, so her risk factors will be calculated without this measurement.
There are several other items that can be found during an ultrasound exam that some researchers have felt that may have a significant association with Down syndrome. These findings may be seen in normal fetuses, but some obstetricians believe that their presence increases the risk of the fetus having Down syndrome or other chromosomal abnormality. These "markers" include echogenic bowel, echogenic intracardiac focus, and dilitation of the kidneys (pyelctasis). However, these markers as a sign of Down syndrome are still controversial, and parents-to-be should keep in mind that each marker can also be found in a small percentage of normal fetuses. In early 2001, a study (Smith-Bindman, 2001) was published that looked at all of the previous studies on this topic. The authors concluded that "[these markers] could not discriminate well between unaffected fetuses and those with Down syndrome." A more specific marker that is currently under investigation is the measurement of the fetal nose; fetuses with Down syndrome appear to have smaller noses on ultrasound than fetuses without chromosomal abnormalities. However, there is still no standardized technique to measuring the nasal bone and it is considered strictly investigational at this time.
It is important to keep in mind that even the best combination of ultrasound findings and other variables is only predictive and not diagnostic. For true diagnosis, the chromosomes of the fetus must be examined.
AmniocentesisThis procedure is used to collect amniotic fluid, the liquid that is in the womb. It's performed in the doctor's office or in the hospital on an "out-patient" basis. A needle is inserted through the mother's abdominal wall into the uterus, using ultrasound to guide the needle. Approximately one ounce of fluid is taken for testing. This fluid contains fetal cells that can be examined for chromosome tests. It takes about 2 weeks to determine if the fetus has Down syndrome or not.
Amniocentesis is usually carried out between the 14th and 18th week of pregnancy; some doctors may do them as early as the 13th week. Side effects to the mother include cramping, bleeding, infection and leaking of amniotic fluid afterwards. There is a slight increase in the risk of miscarriage: the normal rate of miscarriage at this time of pregnancy is 2 to 3%, and amniocentesis increases that risk by an additional 1/2 to 1%. Amniocentesis is not recommended before the 14th week of pregnancy due to a higher risk of complications and loss of pregnancy.
Which mothers should have an amniocentesis? The current recommendations by professional obstetric groups is that women with a risk of having a child with Down syndrome of 1 in 250 or greater should be offered amniocentesis. There is controversy over whether to use the risk at the time of screening or the predicted risk at the time of birth. (The risk at the time of screening is higher since many fetuses with Down syndrome abort spontaneously around the time of screening or afterwards. See the risk table.)
Chorionic Villus Sampling (CVS)In this procedure, instead of amniotic fluid being taken, a small amount of tissue is taken from the young placenta (also called the chorionic layer). These cells contain the fetal chromosomes that can be tested for Down syndrome. The cells can be collected the same way as the amniocentesis, but another method is to insert a tube into the uterus through the vagina. The method depends on the mother's anatomy.
CVS is usually carried out between the 10th and 12th weeks of pregnancy. Side effects to the mother are the same as with amniocentesis (above). The risk of miscarriage after CVS is slightly higher than with amniocentesis, increasing the normal risk of miscarriage to 3 to 5%. Studies have shown that the more experienced the doctor performing the CVS, the less the miscarriage rate. Early on in the use of CVS, a number of babies were identified with missing or shortened fingers or toes. However, that has been connected to the use of CVS before the 10th week of pregnancy.
Which mothers should have CVS? The same recommendations for amniocentesis apply to CVS. The decision as to use amniocentesis versus CVS is an individual one, and should be discussed thoroughly between the mother and her physician.
A New Maternal Blood Test?In January of 2011, a research group from China published a study in the British Medical Journal that showed a high rate of correct diagnosis of Down syndrome prenatally using only the mother's blood. This test looks for fetal DNA in the mother's blood. This test could eliminate the need for more than 90% of invasive diagnostic testing. In October of 2011, the test was made available to obstetricians in twenty US cities. I will be adding more information here as further results are published.
The National Down Syndrome Society has issued two recent position papers on this testing: Prenatal Blood Test: Sequenom and Stanford University and NDSS Establishes Criteria to Evaluate Companies with Non-Invasive Prenatal Diagnostic Tests for Down Syndrome.
Want to know more about how Down syndrome occurs? Go to my article about trisomy 21.
Chard T & Macintosh MCM. Screening for Down's syndrome. J. Perinat. Med. 23:421-436, 1995.
Chiu, RW et al. Non-invasive prenatal assessment of trisomy 21 by multiplexed maternal plasma DNA sequencing. BMJ. 11;342:c7401, 2011.
Saller DN & Canick, JA. Maternal serum screening for fetal Down syndrome: clinical aspects. Clin. Obstet. Gynecol. 39(4):783-792, 1996.
Benacerraf BR. The second-trimester fetus with Down syndrome: detection using sonographic features. Ultrasound Obstet. Gynecol. 7:147-155, 1996.
Haddow JE et al. Screening of maternal serum for fetal Down's syndrome in the first trimester. NEJM 338(14):955-961, 1998.
Powell KJ & Grudzinskas JG. Screening for Down syndrome in the first trimester. Reprod. Fertil. Dev. 7:1413-1417, 1995.
Rotmensch S et al. Prenatal sonograph findings in 187 fetuses with Down syndrome. Prenat. Diagn., 17(11):1001-1009, 1997.
Smith-Bindman et al. Second-trimester ultrasound to detect fetuses with Down syndrome. JAMA 285(8):1044-1055, 2001.
Stewart Tl & Malone FD. First trimester screening for aneuploidy: nuchal translucency sonography. Semin Perinatol 23(5):36-381, 1999.
Filly RA. Obstetrical sonography: The best way to terrify a pregnant woman. J Ultrasound Med 19:1-5, 2000.
ACOG Practice Bulletin. Prenatal diagnosis of fetal chromosomal abnormalities. Obstet Gynecol. 97(5 Pt 1):suppl 1-12, May 2001.
ACOG Practice Bulletin. Screening for fetal chromosomal abnormalities. Obstet Gynecol. 109(1), Jan 2007.
|Home Page | List of Past Abstracts | Contact Me| | <urn:uuid:98563fc6-3b88-443f-94c6-ace7319d555d> | CC-MAIN-2013-48 | http://www.ds-health.com/prenatal.htm | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2013-48/segments/1386164540183/warc/CC-MAIN-20131204134220-00014-ip-10-33-133-15.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.946807 | 3,350 | 2.65625 | 3 |
Jingjiang Princes Palace is the home
of one of the enthroned princes in the Ming dynasty.
The palace is magnificent and grandly walled.
As it is actually an inner city occupied by the
princes and their families, it is called the Princes
City. Occupying an area of 20 hectares, the construction
of the palace began in 1372. Erecting from the
royal garden is the dignified Solitary Beauty
Peak, the king of Guilin peaks. Since Zhu Shouqian,
the grand-nephew of the pioneer emperor of the
Ming dynasty, was enthroned as the Jingjiang Prince,
there had been 14 Jingjiang Princes of 11 generations
that lived in the city. In the Qing dynasty, the
city compound was used as the Provincial Examination
House. In the period of Republic of China, Dr.
Sun Yat-sen once headquartered here for his North
Expedition. Later on, it became the provincial
capital office of Guangxi province, It is the
best preserved princes city in the country.
Chengyun Palace is one of the main buildings in
the city, which is used as administration office.
The construction of the building began in 1372
AD. The Chengyun Palace site later became the
office of the Guangxi government. The grand foundation,
the carved-stone railings and steps are the reminders
of the glory of the past.
The ancient scholars must offer their sacrifices
to Confucius before taking the provincial test
in the examination house. They prayed for the
sage ans men of virtue to bledd them to win the
test. It is said that Confucius Temple next to
the Examination House was highly efficacious.
Guangxi Examination House
A palace blessed with good Fengshui (Chinese astronology,
means good location, good fortune) and numerous
top scholars made its fame beat all in the Qing
dynasty. The site has been restored as a simulating
imperial testing house where tourists can take
part in the exam and have great fun. | <urn:uuid:9a1f016d-03c7-4024-9fa6-995ac7310403> | CC-MAIN-2017-30 | http://guilin4seasons.com/travel-attraction/jingjiang-palace.htm | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-30/segments/1500549423774.37/warc/CC-MAIN-20170721122327-20170721142327-00179.warc.gz | en | 0.95395 | 452 | 2.625 | 3 |
There are several risk factors that might have led to the primary problem experienced by the patient. One of the risk factors from the history given is the induction using oxytocin. Oxytocin being a drug used for induction leads to hyper contractility of the uterus. This makes the uterus to contract too much and affects the normal contraction of the uterus. This might have caused the uterine walls to fracture leading to the bleeding after the delivery.
Another issue that might have caused too much bleeding is what is termed as multiparity. This is where a person has delivered more than one offspring. This leads to overstretching of the uterus and thus makes the subsequent deliveries problematic. In this case, the lady had three kids before. The fourth pregnancy might have been complicated due to overstretching of the uterus which causes bleeding(Heilmann, Wild, Hojnacki, & Pollow, 2006).
Another issue that might have caused the present problem is the weight of the baby. The induction was done and the baby was apparently quite big to enable it to pass through the cervix. This might have caused a rapture of the cervical walls hence causing the bleeding. The baby was 9 pounds that is 4.1 kgs which was quick big(Heilmann, et al, 2006).
One last thing that might have led to the primary problem was the epidural anesthesia. This anesthesia reduces the chances of the uterine muscles to contract. When the anesthesia was stopped, the muscles might have contracted suddenly. This might have led to another cause of the bleeding.
The abortion done 6 years ago does not have any impact on the patient’s current problem. This is evidenced by the previous pregnancies as they were not affected at all. If the abortion had any effect, the previous pregnancies would be affected as well. It is thus very evident that the abortion doesn’t have any effect on the current pregnancy state.
There are several approaches that can be used to positively impact a patient’s outcome. One on these approaches is simulation. Simulation is a very well-known term in the fields of military, aviation and nuclear power. Several land mark studies recommend this approach as a learning and teaching strategy. This has been integrated into the system of the physicians and nurses so as to better their development skills.
Simulation is basically a procedure not a technology and is used to perfect the real life processes with the guided processes. There is no common method used in the simulation processes though all the simulation processes normally follow the same procedure. There is normally a preparation learning which is undertaken by the participants before the simulation is undertaken. Implementation of the simulation is then done and later on debriefing is undertaken. Debriefing is normally done to review the participant’s performances and the person facilitating the process goes ahead to give a feedback(Aebersold & Tschannen, 2013).
Simulations has two advantages on reproductive health. These include:
- Simulation helps to provide the opportunity for the health workers to gain exposures to the scenarios that occur rarely or only during emergencies. This is beneficial in that it equips them with practical experience to handle these situations once they occur as it would be hard to get such a situation in the real life.
- This is normally a procedure that is undertaken as a team not as an individual, it thus gives one an opportunity to network and perfect on their communication skills and also creates team work in undertaking the procedure. This enables the participants to also gain the surgical experience and also perfect on their acquired skills by learning more from each other (Cant,& Cooper, 2010).
This approach however has some disadvantages, these include:
- One of the biggest disadvantages of simulation is that no matter how realistic they may seem to be, the mannequins that are used are still not real. They can and will never stand in the place of humans. The environment definitely chances when it comes to a human body which is to be worked on and definitely may create stress which will in turn affect the performance (Aebersold & Tschannen, 2013).
- Another challenge may be poor training to the educators mostly due to lack of access to the simulator and also expensive equipment that need to be used.
Perinatal cases are often very critical and hence the use of simulation in the training of the participants van help in gaining more experience. For example, Obstetrics is a specialty area where the nurses work in a very high risk and dynamic environment for 24 hours a day. This are basically focuses on the prevention of risk and also patient safety. (Cant, & Cooper, 2010).High training using the simulation approach can help a great deal in improving the perinatal process, | <urn:uuid:c6b710cd-223e-4108-b66e-be55ceaee313> | CC-MAIN-2023-50 | https://uniquewritersbay.com/evidenced-based-findings-can-improve-patient-outcomes-related-obstetrical-care/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-50/segments/1700679100912.91/warc/CC-MAIN-20231209134916-20231209164916-00333.warc.gz | en | 0.968736 | 964 | 2.90625 | 3 |
The importance of green cleaning in schools
WASHINGTON — While school days are a thing of the past for most adults, about one-fifth of the country''s population is still hanging out at school, according to a press release.
Every teacher and parent dreams of the one student who can get to school on time every day with no sick days and is able to pay attention throughout all the day''s classes, the release noted.
That''s next to impossible when students spend their days in the classroom, inhaling leftover chemical fumes from the night’s cleaning, having their asthma aggravated from dust allergies and the old-school fluorescent lighting overhead is triggering a headache, the release stated.
The HSC has created a five-step process to green cleaning for schools that is a great way to start making improvements to indoor air quality while reducing utility and maintenance costs, the article added.
According to the release, the Healthy Schools Campaign (HSC) is working to change national policy regarding school cleaning.
Their annual summit in Washington, DC, brings together state activists, industry experts and corporate leaders to share past successes and build improvements for the future, the release concluded.
Click here to read the complete release. | <urn:uuid:a6054f04-d135-4186-9410-5aedfc591dc8> | CC-MAIN-2016-36 | http://www.cmmonline.com/articles/print/the-importance-of-green-cleaning-in-schools-3 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-36/segments/1471982295103.11/warc/CC-MAIN-20160823195815-00228-ip-10-153-172-175.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.952336 | 247 | 2.59375 | 3 |
In Scala, An anonymous function is also known as a function literal. A function which does not contain a name is known as an anonymous function. An anonymous function provides a lightweight function definition. It is useful when we want to create an inline function.
(z:Int, y:Int)=> z*y Or (_:Int)*(_Int)
- In the above first syntax, => is known as a transformer. The transformer is used to transform the parameter-list of the left-hand side of the symbol into a new result using the expression present on the right-hand side.
- In the above second syntax, _ character is known as a wildcard is a shorthand way to represent a parameter who appears only once in the anonymous function.
When a function literal is instantiated in an object is known as a function value. Or in other words, when an anonymous function is assigned to a variable then we can invoke that variable like a function call. We can define multiple arguments in the anonymous function.
We are allowed to define an anonymous function without parameters. In Scala, We are allowed to pass an anonymous function as a parameter to another function.
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- Scala | Nested Functions
- Scala | Functions - Basics
- Partial Functions in Scala
- Scala | Functions Call-by-Name
- Higher Order Functions in Scala
- Scala | Partially Applied functions
- Currying Functions in Scala with Examples
- Scala Tutorial – Learn Scala with Step By Step Guide
- Scala Map
- Set in Scala | Set-2
- Scala | Either
- Set in Scala | Set-1
- Scala Int until(end: Int) method with example
- Scala | Value Classes
- Scala | Polymorphism
If you like GeeksforGeeks and would like to contribute, you can also write an article using contribute.geeksforgeeks.org or mail your article to [email protected]. See your article appearing on the GeeksforGeeks main page and help other Geeks.
Please Improve this article if you find anything incorrect by clicking on the "Improve Article" button below. | <urn:uuid:07c608db-e05d-420d-a259-1110a04875cd> | CC-MAIN-2020-10 | https://www.geeksforgeeks.org/anonymous-functions-in-scala/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-10/segments/1581875144979.91/warc/CC-MAIN-20200220131529-20200220161529-00180.warc.gz | en | 0.825135 | 454 | 3.8125 | 4 |
While I was working on the computer a few days ago, Georgia (20 months old) wanted to sit beside me and do some coloring. I set her up with one of her favorite coloring books and a small lunchbox full of old crayons. Each time she wanted a new color, she would grab a handful of crayons and cause the lunchbox to get dangerously close to the edge of the table. I patiently showed her how to look in the box and choose one crayon so that the likelihood of knocking the box on the floor was diminished. She proceeded to do exactly what I had taught her, and we both continued to work on our projects with no incidents.
If only it were that simple. The best, all-encompassing word to describe Georgia is “independent.” Sometimes she is more self–sufficient and autonomous…other times she is more obstinate and headstrong. On this day, she was persistent in the fact that she knew the best way to do it…so I let her.
I have learned to pick my battles, and this was not going to be one of them. I’m sure that you will never guess what happened. That’s right…the box of crayons fell on the floor and went everywhere, and I embraced it as a teachable moment.
- Show some empathy – She was really upset about what happened so talk with her about it. “Oh no! What happened? The box of crayons fell off the table and made a big mess. It’s OK. Remember what Elmo says? Accidents happen.”
- Make a plan – “We need to clean up all these crayons. I will hold the box. You pick up the crayons and put them in the box.”
- Allow your child to fix it – She made the mess so I gave her the opportunity to clean it up. If I were to swoop in and clean it up for her, what would I be teaching her?
- Give encouragement – “Good job. You’ve almost got all of them.”
- Help as needed – After she picked up most of the crayons, I pointed out where the rest of them were. “Oh…look under the table. I see 4 crayons under the table. Go get them, but be careful and watch your head.”
- Review the lesson – Take a moment to briefly review what happened. “The next time you are coloring, please be careful with the box. Thanks for cleaning up for me.”
- Show some love – Each time something like this happens, I end the “lesson” with a hug, a kiss and by saying, “I love you.” I think it is important for children to know that even when they make mistakes, we still love them.
How do you handle it when your child makes mistakes? | <urn:uuid:9af92a94-7d9d-43fe-9924-868cf90a26b6> | CC-MAIN-2020-05 | https://ateachingparent.com/2015/06/30/7-tips-to-help-children-learn-from-their-mistakes/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-05/segments/1579250614086.44/warc/CC-MAIN-20200123221108-20200124010108-00164.warc.gz | en | 0.979238 | 616 | 2.703125 | 3 |
FFmpeg is cross-platform free software that can record, transcode, filter and stream audio and video data. FFmpeg builds are available for Linux, Windows and MacOS X platforms. While FFmpeg itself is a versatile multimedia tool for end-users, it also provides audio/video codec library with which many multimedia applications are built.
If you want to install FFmpeg on Linux, there are distro-specific ways to do it. In this post, I will describe how to install FFmpeg on various Linux distros.
To install FFmpeg on Debian, Ubuntu or Linux Mint, you can compile it yourself. Follow this guide to build and install FFmpeg.
To install FFmpeg on CentOS or RedHat, first enable Repoforge on your system, and then run the following.
To install FFmpeg on Fedora, first set up RPM Fusion on your system, and then use the following command.
If you want to compile FFmpeg from source on a RedHat-based system, follow this guide instead.
Find a List of Codecs Supported by FFmpeg
If you want to know what codecs are supported by FFmpeg, you can use the following commands.
To show available video codecs in FFmpeg:
. . . . . DEVSD flv Flash Video (FLV) / Sorenson Spark / Sorenson H.263 D V D fraps Fraps DEV D gif GIF (Graphics Interchange Format) DEV D h261 H.261 DEVSDT h263 H.263 / H.263-1996 D VSD h263i Intel H.263 EV h263p H.263+ / H.263-1998 / H.263 version 2 D V D h264 H.264 / AVC / MPEG-4 AVC / MPEG-4 part 10 D V D h264_vdpau H.264 / AVC / MPEG-4 AVC / MPEG-4 part 10 (VDPAU acceleration) . . . . .
To show available audio codecs in FFmpeg:
D A D 8svx_exp 8SVX exponential D A D 8svx_fib 8SVX fibonacci DEA D aac Advanced Audio Coding D A D aac_latm AAC LATM (Advanced Audio Codec LATM syntax) DEA D ac3 ATSC A/52A (AC-3) EA ac3_fixed ATSC A/52A (AC-3) D A D adpcm_4xm ADPCM 4X Movie DEA D adpcm_adx SEGA CRI ADX ADPCM D A D adpcm_ct ADPCM Creative Technology D A D adpcm_ea ADPCM Electronic Arts D A D adpcm_ea_maxis_xa ADPCM Electronic Arts Maxis CDROM XA . . . . .
Subscribe to Xmodulo
Do you want to receive Linux FAQs, detailed tutorials and tips published at Xmodulo? Enter your email address below, and we will deliver our Linux posts straight to your email box, for free. Delivery powered by Google Feedburner. | <urn:uuid:47ad26fa-11db-44e6-8056-c0f3b34dc1ee> | CC-MAIN-2015-11 | http://xmodulo.com/how-to-install-ffmpeg-on-linux.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2015-11/segments/1424936461359.90/warc/CC-MAIN-20150226074101-00083-ip-10-28-5-156.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.737528 | 660 | 2.65625 | 3 |
Metal smiting and being green is difficult to do. Part of the problem is metal smiting requires the use of a lot of chemicals and flammable gases. Now there a few simple things a metal smith can do that will reduce the environmental footprint of the studio.
First, use banana peels, orange peels or a hard boiled egg to patina your work instead of chemicals. Take your silver work and put it into a plastic baggy with some banana peels and give it a few days to patina. This is a bit slower then chemical patina’s although it is much more green.
Second, try to buy reprocessed silver instead of recently mined silver. Reprocessed silver and gold is greener because of the damage silver mining does. Buying reprocessed silver and gold also avoids modern ethical issues like war zones or labor issues. This is a major concern with gold mining.
Third, use your scrap silver. Scrap silver can be used for things like earrings, castings and larger pieces can be used for stone backings. This way you buy less silver saving money and having less of an impact on the earth.
Keeping your studio green is always a good idea. It helps protect the planet and makes the world better. In general try to use less chemicals and use your materials as far as possible. Being green is everyone’s responsibility!
Posted by Silver Drops Designs Blog
Hosted by Silver Drops Designs | <urn:uuid:93eac6a1-4f15-488d-a07d-95c9cddf3d5d> | CC-MAIN-2014-52 | http://blog.silverdropsdesigns.com/2011/03/being-green-tip-1-generally-keeping-green/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2014-52/segments/1418802770633.72/warc/CC-MAIN-20141217075250-00088-ip-10-231-17-201.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.945392 | 301 | 2.71875 | 3 |
Rooibos Tea grows only in the Cederberg in the South Western Cape region of South Africa. The History of Rooibos Tea The Rooibos tea plant is a unique wispy bush found only in a small part of South Africa South Western Cape region. The tea made from an infusion of the prepared leaves has been enjoyed for centuries as both a beverage and a health tonic by the local indigenous population. In 1904 this unique flavorful and healthy beverage was "discovered" by Benjamin Ginsberg, a Russian immigrant and early settler in the area.
He realized that the tea would be enjoyed by and provide health benefits to people far and wide. He therefore started to prepare and market the tea. In 1930 a medical doctor, Dr P. Le Fras Nortier discovered that Rooibos tea had value as an agricultural product. However, due to the unique properties and requirements of the delicate plant, cultivation has always required the farmer to remain close to nature. The plants thrive best when virtually left to their own devices in th natural soil of their origin.
- Rooibos tea is a unique flavourful Caffeine free, low tannin beverage enjoyed by people all over the world.
- It is a product presented in a totally natural form free of any extraneous substances such as colourants or preservatives.
- It contains many essential minerals and trace elements such as calcium, magnesium, manganese, fluoride and ascorbic acid.
- While many of the other teas limit iron absorption by chelation of the iron molecules, Rooibos tea actually improves iron absorption and also contains additional iron, potassium and copper.
- Rooibos tea contains high levels of 37 known substances which act to limit the effects of superoxide molecules or oxygen free radicals. These substances which mimic the effects of superoxide dismutase, help to limit the many toxic effects which cause aging of the skin, muscle, internal organs and brain.
- Numerous other pharmacological and medicinal benefits have been attributed to Rooibos tea. | <urn:uuid:5a1ece50-2eef-410f-8457-39ef94b05147> | CC-MAIN-2015-06 | http://www.rooibos.ch/rooibos_info.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2015-06/segments/1422115861162.19/warc/CC-MAIN-20150124161101-00022-ip-10-180-212-252.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.950583 | 425 | 2.828125 | 3 |
Folks over age 65 make up only an eighth of the U.S. population but as many as a third of all scam victims. There are three common explanations for this disproportionate vulnerability: memory loss, loneliness and a supposedly more trusting nature.
So what explains all those older folks who don't fit these descriptions but still get scammed?
Research suggests answers that go beyond the three main explanations: The natural aging process can cause subtle shifts in mind and mind-set that open the way for scammers in unexpected ways.
Starting in our 30s, our brains begin to shrink, says Virginia Templeton, director of MemoryCare, an Asheville, N.C., facility that treats people with memory disorders. With normal aging, the pace of processing information slows, becoming more noticeable in our 60s. "In people with early memory loss, even before it's clear that there may be a problem, judgment, reasoning ability and decision-making skills may change," she says. "And in many scams — telemarketing, fake lotteries — you have to 'act now!' "
These demands for speed, of course, are there for a reason. "Unless you're patient enough to give yourself more time to process everything, you can be more vulnerable," says Templeton. | <urn:uuid:a601ccce-e786-479b-af3a-cc96106bcad8> | CC-MAIN-2018-51 | https://www.aarp.org/money/scams-fraud/info-02-2011/scams-trap-older-adults.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-51/segments/1544376828018.77/warc/CC-MAIN-20181216234902-20181217020902-00062.warc.gz | en | 0.956055 | 262 | 2.578125 | 3 |
Organic Coriander Farming – Planting Guide
Organic Coriander Farming (Cilantro)
Hello friends, we are here today with the topic of “Organic Coriander Farming”. The coriander plant is an erect annual herb in the Apiaceae family. Coriander is also known as Cilantro and it is an annual herb that has been grown and eaten all around the world for a very long time. It has a wonderful tangy flavor and is the perfect herb plant for adding some zing to your cooking. Fresh leaves can be added to salads and wraps while the roots and seeds, which have a stronger flavor, are used to enhance curries and stir-fries. It can be mainly grown for its leaves or its seeds. It is a soft and hairless plant. In this article we also covered the below topics about growing Coriander;
- How do you grow organic Coriander
- Which fertilizer is best for Coriander
- What conditions does Coriander need to grow
- What’s the best time to grow Coriander
- Can you grow Coriander all year round
- When and where should you grow Coriander
- How long does Coriander take to grow
- How to grow Coriander faster
- Planting Guide for Organic Coriander Farming
- Tips for Organic Coriander Farming
A Step-by-Step Planting Guide for Organic Coriander Farming (Cilantro)
Planting Guide for Organic Coriander Farming
Organic Coriander Production in
Coriander grows best in pots or prepared beds with loose and well-draining soil. Coriander plants can reach 3 feet tall and have a reputation for being easy to cultivate. Also, it will ensure your herbal supply is always fresh, and more flavorful than commercially grown varieties.
Coriander is an annual herb plant, mainly cultivated for its fruits as well as for the tender green leaves. It is native to the Mediterranean region. In , Coriander is grown in Andhra Pradesh, Tamil Nadu, Karnataka, Rajasthan, UP, and Madhya Pradesh. The major portion is though consumed locally and a small quantity is being exported now. Organic Coriander production is holistic and improves the health of the ecosystem such as biodiversity, life cycles, and soil biological activity. Also, it emphasizes the use of management practices rather than the use of non-agricultural inputs, taking into account that regional conditions require a locally adapted system.
The main benefits of organic Coriander farming are that organic Coriander is highly profitable due to export demand and that organic products are of high quality, safe, nutritious, and environmentally friendly. The associated benefits are the protection of long-term soil fertility, based on the principle of a sustainable agriculture system, which allows the use of insoluble nutrient sources through micro-organisms. So, the application of various organic sources of nutrition along with the organic way of disease and insect pest management recommended for realizing higher growth and give a high yield of Coriander.
Choosing the Best Coriander Varieties for Your Area
When growing Coriander organically for the leaves, you’ll want to grow slow bolting varieties. Also, slow bolting plant varieties are better in hotter climates as they won’t go to seed as quickly. For harvesting the Coriander seeds, most varieties work fine as all will go to seed at some point.
Coriander plant needs cool climate conditions during the growth stage and a warm dry climate at the maturity stage. Mostly, it can be cultivated in most types of soils, but well-drained loamy soil suits the crop well. Though, cold climate and high altitudes can lead to superior quality seed and higher essential oil content. The major Coriander varieties cultivated in are Gujarat Coriander-1, Gujarat Coriander-2, UD-20, Rajendra Swati (RD-44), CS-287, CO-1, CO-2, CO-3, APHU Dhania-1 (LCC-170), Suguna (LCC-236), Suruchi (LCC-234), Susthira (LCC-219), Sadhana, Sudha, Swati, and Sindhu.
Soil and Climatic Requirements for Organic Coriander Farming
Coriander plant grows well in a pH level of 6.0 to 8.0, although it performs best in the middle of this range. For best results with organic Coriander, rototill or spade in 2 or 3 inches of composted organic matter or manure into the top 6 inches of your garden soil. The cool and comparatively dry climate is best for growing Coriander.
You can grow Coriander in any climate conditions with a warm summer, so long as you keep the plant well hydrated during the intense summer heat. Coriander can be grown in containers or home herb gardens. It requires regular water throughout the season and does best in loose soil amended with organic compost. The Coriander plant will bolt (flower and go to seed) quickly in warm temperatures.
Coriander needs a minimum of 6 hours of direct sunlight preferably 8 or more for optimum growth. Coriander develops better flavor with more sunlight. Strong light creates more fragrant oils in the foliage and plant stems.
Tips for Planting Coriander
- Sunlight – Full sun to partial shade
- Maturity – 60-75 days (leaves), 100+ days (seed)
- Height – 1 to 3 feet
- Soil Temperature – 17 to 27°C
- Planting Depth – ¼ inches
- Germination – 7-15 Days
Coriander Seed Germination
- Depending on the outside temperature levels and moisture levels, Coriander seeds will germinate after 7 to 15 days.
- When stored in a cool, dry place, Coriander seeds are viable for at least 5 years.
- Coriander will germinate in soil temps ranging from 7 to 29°C; optimal germinating temperatures are 15 to 23°C. The Coriander seeds will germinate in 7 to 15 days typically.
- Because Coriander is frost resistant, it can be planted quite early in the spring, even in Northern climate zones.
Problems in germinating Coriander seeds
Coriander seeds are the easiest to germinate. Just sprinkle seeds on the ground and you will see seedlings in a week. Normally, Coriander seeds don’t germinate due to some reasons;
- Poor seed quality
- Selected seeds are not meant for sowing
- Aged seeds
Coriander Plant Propagation
Coriander is propagated directly from seeds and must be sown after the last frost. The seeds must be planted in a prepared bed by planting seeds 0.6 to 1.2 cm deep allowing 5 cm between seeds and 30 to 38 cm between rows. Plantings can be staggered to ensure a continuous harvest and the Coriander seeds must be kept moist.
Seed Sowing in Organic Coriander Farming
Sow Coriander seeds directly into well-drained and fertile soil. Coriander plants have deep tap roots so at least 25 cm deep pots are needed. In a pot of 25 cm diameter, you can sow approximately 5 seeds per pot. Choose well-drained soil and mix in some aged manure or compost to speed along the growing process. If you work compost into the top few inches of your Coriander bed you won’t need to fertilize again as the plants grow.
Plant seeds half an inch deep, spaced about 2 inches apart. Once the Coriander plants are about 3 inches high, you can thin them out to 6 inches apart. If you are planning on growing Coriander to produce Coriander seed, you should space plants out a little more to give them room to grow to full maturity, as Coriander plants can get as tall as 2 feet.
Sowing Time and Method in Organic Coriander Farming
For the vegetable purpose, an optimum time for seed sowing is the first week of October and when grown for seed purpose, completes sowing in the last week of October to the first week of November. Depth of soil must not more than 3 cm. Use the Pora method for sowing Coriander seeds.
Seed Rate and Spacing Requirement in Organic Coriander Farming
- The seed rate required for Coriander planting is 10 – 12 kg/ha (Irrigated crop) and 20 – 25 kg/ha (Rain-fed crop). The whole seed will not germinate and the seeds are split open into halves before sowing for more germination percentage.
- Keep row to row distance of about 30 cm and plant to plant spacing of 15 cm.
Planting Process in Organic Coriander Framing
Step 1) Coriander crop thrives well in temperature levels between 17° to 27°C. Coriander plant is best sown directly in pots rather than growing them in seed trays and then transplanting the sprouts.
Step 2) After that, you can grow Coriander in full sun and well-drained soil with a pH level of 6.0 to 8.0. Sow the seeds about 1/2 to 1 inch deep in the soil. Press the soil over the seeds and cover with the half-inch layer of fine mulch and water thoroughly.
Step 3) Water the Coriander plants carefully in dry periods. Good soil drainage is necessary to ensure healthy root health as Coriander has deep taproots. You can choose to buy organic manure.
Step 4) Germination of Coriander seeds takes up to 7 to 15 days. To extend the Coriander harvest, regularly snip soft stems, rotating the Coriander plant while you harvest.
Step 5) Take a handful of organic Coriander seeds and then spread them evenly on a plate. Break the seeds into halves. All you need is reasonable soil that you can keep well-watered.
Step 6) Prepare the soil with compost and then sprinkle water on it. Dig a trench not more than 2 inches deep and sow the seeds in straight uniform lines. Keep a distance of 0.5 to 1 cm between them.
Step 7) Direct sow Coriander seeds into the ground, and keep them well-watered. Just remember Coriander plants can grow up to 2 feet tall. Leave about 5 cm between Coriander plants if you’re growing it for the leaves.
Step 8) Cover with soil and press firmly. Water the Coriander seeds right after sowing and once every day. Within 7 to 10 days, the leaves will start sprouting. Initially, the Coriander leaves will be glossy, long, and thick. By the 3rd week, you should get a mild fragrance. By this time, the thick leaves will have turned thin and this is when they are ready for harvesting.
Water Requirements for Organic Coriander Farming
- The key to growing Coriander successfully is to keep it from bolting for as long as possible by tricking the plant into thinking that it perpetually spring or fall seasons. You can do this by giving them plenty of water and mulching the soil around each Coriander plant to keep their roots cool. This will convince each plant to continue to produce fresh Coriander leaves rather than transitioning to flower growth.
- Keep your Coriander well moistened but don’t let it get soaked. Having soil with good drainage is important for keeping Coriander plants healthy.
- Cilantro plant needs good moisture about 8 inches into the soil. The best watering practice to the Coriander plant is a good soaking about 1 time per week.
- If soil is sandy, you may need to water more frequently, but using a good mulch layer around your plants will keep them moist. Then, check the soil moisture every few days until you get a feel for how the air, soil, water, and mulch interact.
- Commercial growers almost always use a drip irrigation system.
- Don’t allow your Coriander plants to wilt but don’t make your soil soggy either. You can tell if the soil’s too wet if you can compact the soil easily in your hand.
Manures Requirements for Organic Coriander Farming
To prevent bolting, you can use mulch like barley straw to keep the soil cool. Mulch also keeps moisture in the soil. Overhead watering reduces Coriander seed yield. Applications of organic manures are directly or indirectly helpful in increasing the availability and uptake of nutrients from the soil and ultimately boosting crop yield. Farmyard manure (FYM) is effectively utilized for Coriander production. Since vermicomposting supplies all the nutrients in readily available form, it enhances the uptake of nutrients by Coriander plants. Castor cake is concentrated organic manures which supply nutrients readily by faster decomposition. In the meantime identification of a suitable variety of Coriander that suits organic management that crop yield cannot be compensated.
Coriander Cultivation in Rajasthan
In , Rajasthan is the largest Coriander producing state and it contributes 62% of ’s total production. In Rajasthan, the highest area for Coriander cultivation is Jhalawar (42%), Baran, (35%) and Kota (20%).
Rajasthan is the major producer of Coriander crop. About 62% of the total Coriander output is from Rajasthan with 36% of the area under Coriander cultivation. Also, the quality is superior as well as internationally acceptable. The strengths of Rajasthan in Coriander are;
- Highest area, production, and productivity
- Internationally acceptable quality
- Climatic conditions suitable for quality production
Pests and Diseases Control in Organic Coriander Farming
Coriander has few problems with pests and diseases. Some of the organic methods to control Coriander pests and diseases are;
Leaf Spot – The symptoms are small yellow spots that in time turn into large brown spots. It is caused by too much moisture, so it can be prevented by growing Coriander in well-drained soil and not over-watering each plant.
Powdery Mildew – The symptoms are white, powdery coating on the Coriander leaves during hot, dry periods. To prevent it by keeping plants from drying out and removing any plant that becomes infected.
Herbs rarely have serious pest problems. Keep a close watch for powdery mildew disease, and if symptoms are found, treat cilantro with the following least-toxic techniques;
- Neem oil used on a 7-day schedule will prevent a fungal attack on indoor plants.
- Use a slow-release and organic fertilizer on plants. Soft, leafy, new growth is most susceptible.
- Apply sulfur or copper-based fungicides to prevent infection of susceptible Coriander plants. For best yield, apply early or at the first sign of disease.
Leafhoppers – Leafhoppers are always a threat wherever the Coriander plant is grown. Leafhoppers can transmit a disease known as Aster’s Yellows. Leafhoppers are small, somewhat triangular variable-colored insects that hang out on the undersides of plant leaves or stems. They suck the juices out of leaves and inject stunting microorganisms into the plant’s leaves. They can stunt your cilantro’s growth or if the infestation is heavy, even kill your plants. Insecticidal soap spray, neem oil, pyrethrum, and Diatomaceous Earth (DE) have been effectively used by organic gardeners to control these pests in Coriander plants.
Aphids – Aphids are common pests that can be found on the undersides of your Coriander leaves. Aphids suck the juice from your leaves and leave a sticky substance behind. The best solution to aphids is to import ladybugs into the garden. They feed on aphids and are very effective in ridding your Coriander plants of these little green, gray, or brown bugs. Also, the recipe for a homemade insecticidal soap that you can try is 1 cup mineral oil, 2 cups water, and 2 tablespoons organic dish soap. Mix and then put into a spray bottle or pump-up sprayer.
Armyworm – Another pest is the armyworm, which has larvae that come in various colors from black to dark greenish-brown; they have dark brown, white, and orange stripes the entire length of their abdomens. The mature larvae are about 1.5 inches long and its head is yellow-brown with brown streaks that give the worm a mottled appearance. The armyworm pupae are easy to spot when you’re cultivating your garden and they live in a brownish-colored shell just below the surface of the soil. The moth lays eggs in rows on the undersides of the leaves; after laying the eggs, the moth rolls the leaves around the eggs for protection. Armyworms feed on the plant leaves, leaving droppings under the plants and severed leaf materials on the ground. For gardeners, the easiest method to control armyworms is to handpick them and drop them in a bucket of warm soapy water to drown them or feed them to the chickens if they’ll eat them.
Aster’s Yellow Disease is transmitted by leafhoppers. This disease makes the plant produce spindly and the flowers turn yellow and make the plant sterile. Controlling leafhoppers is the best method to control aster’s yellow disease. Some organic methods for controlling these pests are insecticidal soap spray, neem oil, pyrethrum, and/or Diatomaceous Earth (DE).
Leaf spots are caused by bacteria is caused when infected water is splashed on the Coriander leaves. Overhead irrigation is at fault for spreading these bacteria. Using a drip irrigation system to ensure dry leaves is the best prevention for Leaf spots. Also, neem oil and organic copper-based fungicides can control the spreading of leaf spots.
Damping-off (seedling rot) may affect Coriander seedlings as they germinate. Soaking your Coriander seeds in a compost tea or mixing hot compost (direct from your compost pile) with the seeds is said to inoculate the seeds and seedlings against this disease. Also, you can purchase resistant seed Coriander varieties to damping-off the disease.
Harvesting Process in Organic Coriander Farming
Coriander leaves can be harvested about 40 to 45 days after planting. Leaves can be removed from the outside of the plant when they have reached 10 to 15 cm in length. Commercially grown Coriander is harvested by cutting the entire plant at soil level or 4 to 5 cm above the crown. | <urn:uuid:fc1da138-6922-4384-9d18-18d8bce23341> | CC-MAIN-2021-39 | https://agriculturestudy.com/organic-coriander-farming-planting-guide | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-39/segments/1631780057371.69/warc/CC-MAIN-20210922163121-20210922193121-00121.warc.gz | en | 0.921505 | 3,955 | 2.84375 | 3 |
The new Aurora Innovation Centre that will support cross-discipline research to tackle environmental challenges and increase the real-world benefit of polar research was officially opened today (Friday 21 July) by Universities and Science Minister Jo Johnson.
Located at British Antarctic Survey in Cambridge, £5 million of funding was provided by the Natural Environment Research Council (NERC) from the UK science budget which aims to stimulate new ideas and innovative thinking that will lead to more scientific breakthroughs, new partnerships and economic potential that will benefit society. The centre offers a partners’ Collaboration Space, exhibition area and state-of-the-art conference and meeting facilities. A key collaboration focus for Aurora is how polar expertise can be applied to other areas of policy, business, academia and the third sector.
As part of the Cambridge Innovation Cluster, Aurora benefits from a £300,000 contribution by Cambridge University for innovation projects.
Jo Johnson, Minister for Universities and Science, said:
“With science and innovation at the heart of our Industrial Strategy and a commitment to invest £4.7 billion through until 2021, we are building on our reputation as a research powerhouse and ensuring the UK continues to punch above its weight in in global science.
“This new innovation centre will bring together great minds from a variety of disciplines to lead the international effort to tackle environmental change and demonstrate the value of research collaboration in solving some of the greatest challenges of our time.”
During his visit the Minister met research teams who are working on biotechnology, autonomous instruments, and earth observation. He was also shown Antarctic sea-lemons (potential sources of biopesticides, useful alternatives to chemical pesticides), how satellites are utilised for polar sea navigation and tracking polar animals, as well as how space weather forecasting research is being used by the satellite and insurance industries.
Professor Duncan Wingham, NERC Chief Executive, said:
“Our aim is to unlock the full potential of BAS polar expertise and assets, to deliver socio-economic benefit. The Aurora Innovation Centre will contribute to NERC’s vision of enabling the UK to deliver innovation and growth with responsible environmental management, and capitalise on Cambridge as a global centre for innovation.”
Dr Beatrix Schlarb-Ridley, Director of Innovation at British Antarctic Survey, said:
“I am so excited about all the innovation possibilities growing out of our work in the Polar Regions. The breadth is inspiring: From novel bioactives for biotechnology and agri-tech, over autonomous and remote sensing for challenging environments, to modelling for space weather forecasts and sea-level rise our expertise can add value to many different sectors of industry and society. We look forward to unlocking this potential through lively collaborations in the new Innovation Centre.”
“Our collaborations with BAS and its researchers are deep and long-standing,” said Professor Andy Neely, Pro-Vice-Chancellor for Enterprise and Business Relations at the University of Cambridge. “Innovation originally developed for the Antarctic is used throughout the world, in sectors from climate change and biotech to electronics and insurance. This new centre is a reflection of that spirit of innovation.”
Building on the £200M investment in a new polar ship, the RRS Sir David Attenborough, the Government is also investing in the UK’s research infrastructure in the Antarctic. Jo Johnson also confirmed today a funding contribution of £18M towards the cost of modernising the British Antarctic Survey’s (BAS) Rothera Research Station on the Antarctic Peninsula. This investment will enable BAS to continue to deliver world-leading interdisciplinary research and help sustain the UK’s leading position in Antarctic affairs.
The creation of the Aurora Innovation Centre was announced in March 2013 by the former Minister for Universities and Science, the Rt Hon Lord David Willets. Funded by NERC (Natural Environment Research Council), the initiative strengthens academic links between BAS and Cambridge University. The ambition is to stimulate new scientific and business collaborations that will lead to improved economic benefit for the UK.
Construction of the state-of-the-art conference and meeting facilities, exhibition area and partners’ Collaboration Space Aurora was completed earlier this year. | <urn:uuid:803408c5-9426-4c62-a641-e166f912d9cf> | CC-MAIN-2020-10 | https://www.bas.ac.uk/media-post/science-minister-opens-new-aurora-innovation-centre/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-10/segments/1581875145960.92/warc/CC-MAIN-20200224132646-20200224162646-00433.warc.gz | en | 0.929552 | 864 | 2.515625 | 3 |
What with the apples and honey, the diverse edibles that are nibbled in order to symbolize blessings for the coming year, and the lavish family repasts that are de rigueur on any self-respecting Jewish holiday—it is all but impossible to imagine Rosh Hashanah without conjuring up visions of food-laden tables and sated bellies.
However, this observation was not always as obvious as it may seem to us today. Over the centuries some Jews were convinced that the most appropriate way to observe the solemn day of judgment is by refraining from eating food.
This approach was especially widespread among the residents of the holy land in the early middle ages. At that time, as the newly completed Babylonian and Jerusalem Talmuds were competing vigorously for acceptance by world Jewry, a Babylonian scholar named Pirḳoi ben Baboi composed a fascinating letter devoted to denouncing the religious practices of the Jews in the land of Israel. Among the customs that he singled out for censure was that of fasting on the two days of Rosh Hashanah as well as on the Sabbath of Repentance between Rosh Hashanah and Yom Kippur.
Indeed, a responsum by a leader of the Palestinian rabbinate acknowledged that practice with perceptible pride, adding that his community also refrained from food on the seven days preceding Rosh Hashanah (even on the Sabbath that occurred during that week). He expressed his fervent hope that all Jews would do the same.
In support of this custom, the rabbi cited a passage from a midrash that enumerated the stages of atonement during the High Holy Day season: “Prior to New Year’s day the most distinguished men of the generation begin to fast, at which point the Holy One grants atonement for one third of the people’s sins. From New Year's to the Day of Atonement individuals begin to fast, at which point the Holy One grants atonement for another third of their sins. When Yom Kippur arrives, all Israel fast—men, women and children ...and the Holy One is now overwhelmed with compassion for them. He grants atonement for all their sins and accepts their repentance.”
Ben Baboi now proceeds to to quote a well-known passage from the Babylonian Talmud that interprets the words of Isaiah “Seek you the Lord while he may be found” as referring to the days between Rosh Hashanah and Yom Kippur, which are designated as a time that is appropriate for fasting. Those ten days include Rosh Hashanah itself—which, he claims, proves that the Talmud recommended fasting on the festival as well as on the intervening Sabbath!
Among the writings of the medieval Babylonian rabbis we find several attempts to refute the Israeli custom of fasting on Rosh Hashanah. Pirḳoi ben Baboi himself insisted that there was no basis for equating repentance with fasting; and as evidence for this, he cited passages from the Bible in which prophets castigated people who foolishly believe that they can achieve forgiveness by means of ritual fasting that is not accompanied by sincere moral repentance.
Saadiah Ga’on amassed a rich collection of scriptural proof texts against fasting. He noted, for instance, that in the Bible, Rosh Hashanah is designated a feast [ḥag] (according to the traditional rabbinic interpretation of Psalms 81:4), which implies that it is subject to the Torah’s command to “rejoice in your feast.” He also noted how, on Rosh Hashanah, Ezra instructed the exiles returning to Zion from the Babylonian captivity to “eat the fat, and drink the sweet...for this day is holy to our Lord.”
Even after the Babylonian custom became the normative standard, we find evidence that some Jews persisted in refraining from food on Rosh Hashanah. Thus, Rabbi Nissim ben Jacob, writing in eleventh-century Kairouan, Tunisia, cited a passage from the Jerusalem Talmud in which Rabbi Ḥiyya advised his nephew Rav that if he can observe the stringency of eating food in a state of ritual purity only seven days a year, they should be on the days between Rosh Hashanah and Yom Kippur—but not on Rosh Hashanah itself, because one should not be eating anything at all then. Rabbi Nissim concluded that this counts as a valid precedent for those who are accustomed to fasting. In Provence, Spain, Italy and France, even authors who were themselves opposed to fasting were forced to concede that several great scholars and pious men did fast on the two days of Rosh Hashanah and on the subsequent “Shabbat Shuvah.”
Rabbi Zedekiah the Physician of Rome, author of an influential compendium of Jewish liturgical customs, reported hearing from a young man named David who had received a tradition that anyone who originally observed the fast, but then ceased doing so, will not live through the coming year. That tradition was eventually incorporated into the authoritative Shulḥan Arukh code of religious law.
The rabbis of Germany were particularly divided on this question. Some drew an analogy from the fact that the important fast of the Ninth of Av must be postponed if it falls on a Sabbath. On the other hand, Rabbi Abraham Hildik of Bohemia cited the institution of “dream fasts” that are permitted even on shabbat in order to avert the fulfilment of an ominous dream. Even though the seriousness and source of the dream are altogether in doubt, Jewish law nevertheless allows a person to violate the joy of the sabbath for its sake. How much more, then, should this be true of Rosh Hashanah when we know that we are standing in judgment before the supreme and omnipotent judge of the universe!
This line of reasoning was rejected by Rabbi Abraham ben Azriel: after all, perhaps dreams should be treated more seriously because they are sent down to sinners precisely in order to impel them to fast and thereby to merit forgiveness; whereas normal, decent Jews stand a good chance of being exonerated by the All-merciful on Rosh Hashanah—in which case fasting would be a superfluous violation of the rejoicing appropriate to a festival.
Rabbi Jacob of Marvege, the author of “Responsa from Heaven,” submitted the question to the Almighty in one of his visions. He was informed in no uncertain terms that it is proper to rejoice on the festival by partaking of food.
Apart from the authority of various scholarly proof texts, there are a number of different reasons that might account for the persistence of the custom of fasting on the festival. For one thing, we must bear in mind that the early forebears of German and French Jewry had migrated from localities such as southern Italy that accepted the authority of the Jerusalem Talmud which, as we have seen, encouraged fasting on Rosh Hashanah.
We must also take into account the ascetic and mystical pietistic movement known as “Ḥasidut Ashkenaz” that evolved in the Rhineland communities in the twelfth and thirteenth centuries and exerted strong influences on the patterns of religiosity that defined the Jews in central and eastern Europe. The austere character of their piety is apparent in the way that they justified fasting on Sabbaths and festivals. Some argued that, for a person who is accustomed to fasting throughout the week, it would be too much of a shock to their systems if they were to suddenly start stuffing themselves with food on holy days!
As for the rest of us who are not quite so pious, we should probably just face the fact that our New Year resolution to begin a diet will likely have to be postponed until after the holidays. | <urn:uuid:f86219ad-524b-46f0-b778-657d300cc9a6> | CC-MAIN-2017-43 | http://people.ucalgary.ca/~elsegal/Shokel/160923_HolyDayHunger.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-43/segments/1508187823282.42/warc/CC-MAIN-20171019103222-20171019123222-00816.warc.gz | en | 0.971118 | 1,640 | 3.203125 | 3 |
The telescope's discovery happened quite by accident. This case clearly shows how little we know about the world in which we live.
Hubble has found a new galaxy located 30 million light years from our planet. Remarkably, it happened quite by accident while observing the globular cluster NGC 6752. The new galaxy is called Bedin 1.
According to rough estimates scientists believe the age of the detected object is 13 billion years, which is slightly younger than the universe. Bendin 1 is ten times smaller than our galaxy and about a thousand times dimmer. Among other characteristics of this system are: low metal content, low amount of galactic dust, and the absence of star formation processes.
Bendin 1 is a dwarf galaxy. Such objects are usually located next to large systems. However, in this case it is an exception. The discovery of Bendin 1 has caused a great commotion in the scientific community, since it was discovered by an outdated telescope.
Share this with your friends! | <urn:uuid:0bcb0fbc-16d8-4311-8f32-01f0cf3fc231> | CC-MAIN-2020-29 | https://hitecher.com/news/hubble-discovers-a-new-galaxy | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-29/segments/1593655934052.75/warc/CC-MAIN-20200711161442-20200711191442-00191.warc.gz | en | 0.963042 | 204 | 3.46875 | 3 |
March 29, 1998 |
Mouthing, chewing or sucking on an unlit cigar can still deliver a heavy nicotine punch, a Johns Hopkins School of Medicine researcher said Saturday. "If you're sucking on a cigar when the pH [alkalinity] is high enough, you might as well have a wad of chewing tobacco in your mouth," said Jack Henningfield, an associate professor of behavioral biology.
April 26, 2010 |
A candy-like lozenge designed to satisfy a smoker's nicotine craving could prove dangerously tempting to little ones, researchers point out. Cinnamon- and mint-flavored Camel Orbs were launched on the U.S. market last year, aimed at smokers needing a nicotine fix when they can't light up. But the Tic Tac-sized product's "candy-like appearance and added flavorings" are virtually certain to tempt children to sneak one (or a few), with potentially disastrous effects, an article published in advance of May's issue of the journal Pediatrics concludes.
February 22, 2000 |
New research suggests that nicotine may be useful in treating diseases that afflict the brain, including Alzheimer's, Parkinson's and Tourette's syndrome. Scientists experimenting with nicotine patches and synthetic nicotine described their studies at a Washington conference sponsored by the American Assn. for the Advancement of Science. They cautioned that smoking would not confer any benefit.
July 9, 2004 |
A federal judge rejected a request by tobacco companies to have government allegations that they manipulated nicotine levels excluded from a landmark racketeering trial due to start Sept. 13. U.S. District Judge Gladys Kessler said nicotine manipulation was just one component of the government's allegations of an overarching fraud that deceived the public about the dangers of smoking and the addictiveness of nicotine.
November 1, 2002 |
U.S. regulators approved a nicotine lozenge that will be sold in stores along with gums and patches to help people quit smoking. The over-the-counter Commit Lozenge provides smokers with a source of nicotine that helps them avoid cigarette cravings and withdrawal symptoms while they try to quit, maker GlaxoSmithKline said. London-based GlaxoSmithKline said the lozenges would be available in stores by the end of November.
CALIFORNIA | LOCAL
April 29, 1999
French scientists have discovered how nicotine works in the brain to ease pain, which could pave the way for new drugs that are more effective but less addictive than painkillers such as morphine, they report in today's Nature. Nicotine, the addictive element in cigarettes, dulls pain by interacting with certain receptor molecules in the brain.
CALIFORNIA | LOCAL
March 6, 1989 |
Nicotine gum, chewed by smokers trying to kick the habit, is probably of little value in the way it is most often used, researchers said last week. The finding was based on a study of 315 smokers, some of whom were given the gum and others a look-alike without nicotine.
April 3, 2006 |
Nicotine can prevent chemotherapy drugs such as Taxol from killing lung cancer cells, researchers reported in a finding that may help explain why lung cancer is so difficult to treat in smokers. The study was published by the Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. The researchers tested the drugs gemcitabine, cisplatin and Taxol on several cell lines taken from lung cancer tumors.
August 3, 1994 |
A key federal advisory panel declared Tuesday that nicotine is an addictive substance and concluded that the amounts of nicotine found in cigarettes now on the market could addict the "typical smoker," a finding expected to heavily influence an impending government decision to regulate cigarettes. The Food and Drug Administration's drug abuse advisory committee said that the addiction is caused by the pharmacologic, or drug-like, effects of nicotine.
October 23, 1996 |
In an unusually candid assessment, a Philip Morris executive wrote in an internal memo more than 20 years ago that most people "smoke for the narcotic value that comes from the nicotine," a position that counters the company's legal attack on federal regulation of tobacco products as drugs. The blunt remark, among the most provocative ever to surface in internal industry documents, was part of a May 24, 1972, memo by Philip Morris marketing executive Al Udow. | <urn:uuid:5d47daea-d2eb-4b8f-b6e5-e130052bdfd0> | CC-MAIN-2016-22 | http://articles.latimes.com/keyword/nicotine/featured/2 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-22/segments/1464049279525.46/warc/CC-MAIN-20160524002119-00046-ip-10-185-217-139.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.955334 | 888 | 2.984375 | 3 |
Spanish Translation Style Guide¶
Use informal Spanish for translation:
- Informal “you” (tú) instead of formal form usted. Many top software companies (e.g. Google) use the informal one, because it’s much more common in the daily language and avoids making translations look like they were written by machines.
- Imperative, active, and continuous verbs, e.g. manage streams - gestionar canales, not gestión de canales.
- Not using reflexive se e.g. log out should be salir, not salirse, whenever the infinitive form is possible without making the translation awkward.
- Warm and friendly phrasing whenever appropriate.
- No slang or regional phrases that could be unclear or too informal.
- Balance common verbs and nouns with specific IT-related translations of English terms - this can be tricky, try to check how other resources were translated (e.g. GMail, Microsoft websites, Facebook) to decide what wouldn’t sound awkward / rude in Spanish.
- Latest RAE rule (“solo” should never have accent, even when it can be replaced with “solamente”).
Some terms are very tricky to translate, so be sure to communicate with other Spanish speakers in the community. It’s all about making Zulip friendly and usable.
- Message - Mensaje
- Private message (PM) - Mensaje privado (MP)
- Group PM - mensaje privado grupal: even though “MP grupal” is the most precise translation, preferably don’t use that one. Many users may not associate “MP” with private message in a group context. Better use it without abbreviations.
- Realm - Instancia: the literal Spanish of realm is “reino”, which is not a term that’s charged with computer terminology. “Instancia” is much clearer.
- Stream - Canal: the use of the literal Spanish word for stream “Flujo” is very confusing and not the correct metaphor for Spanish speaking people. The correct term would be “canal” (channel).
- Topic - Tema
- Private/invite-only stream - Canal privado/limitado por invitación: (lit. channel limited by invitation)
- Public stream - Canal público
- Bot - Bot
- Embedded bot - Bot integrado
- Interactive bot - Bot interactivo
- Integration - Integración
- Notification - Notificación
- Alert word - Alerta: this is only alert. Nonetheless, adding word may make the term confusing (something like danger! could be a “palabra de alerta” as well). Google Alerts uses “alerta” in its Spanish translation.
- View - Vista
- Filter - Filtro: as used with narrowing (see below).
- Home - Inicio: we never use the term “Hogar” (literally home) in Spanish.
- Emoji - Emoticono (plural: emoticonos)
- Slash command - /comando
- Webhook - Webhook
- Endpoint - Endpoint
- Subscribe/Unsubscribe to a stream - Suscribir a/Desuscribir de un canal
- Narrow to - Filtrar solo: this is filter only, because there’s no other word that’s common enough in Spanish for to narrow except for “filtrar”.
- Mute/Unmute - Silenciar/No silenciar
- Deactivate/Reactivate - Desactivar/Reactivar
- Search - Buscar
- Pin - Fijar (lit. to fixate)
- Mention/@mention - Mencionar/@mención
- Invalid - Inválido
- Customization - Personalización
- I want - Yo quiero
- User - Usuario
- Person/People - Persona/Personas: “personas” is the correct plural for “person”, but when talking of people referring to it as a crowd, we use “gente” instead.
- You - Tú: also “vosotros” if it’s in plural.
- We - Nosotros
- Message table - Tablón de mensajes
- Enter/Intro - Enter/Intro | <urn:uuid:fa56fe68-06c9-4ed2-a2ed-cd15dbe80db0> | CC-MAIN-2019-26 | https://zulip.readthedocs.io/en/stable/translating/spanish.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-26/segments/1560628000575.75/warc/CC-MAIN-20190626214837-20190627000837-00354.warc.gz | en | 0.714127 | 983 | 2.578125 | 3 |
In his autobiography Interesting Times (2002) Hobsbawm wrote that, although he never tried to become or saw himself as a Latin...
Roger Hudson sheds light on an 1898 image of US soldiers fighting alongside Cubans to end Spanish rule on the Caribbean island.
Arnold Whitridge offers his survey of American relations with Cuba from the intervention of 1898 down to Castro’s Revolution.
During a short-lived, phase of expansionism, writes Alec Campbell, the United States wrested Cuba and the Philippines from their Spanish rulers. The result was ultimately beneficial to Cuba and, indirectly, to defeated Spain herself.
From Jefferson onwards, writes Arnold Whitridge, many nineteenth century United States leaders hoped that Cuba could be induced to “add itself to our confederation.”
Alex von Tunzelmann reassesses a two-part article on the troubled relationship between the United States and Cuba, published in History Today 50 years ago in the wake of the Bay of Pigs invasion.
Michael Dunne remembers the US-backed invasion of Fidel Castro's Cuba.
In 1959 Fidel Castro came to power in Cuba after a masterly campaign of guerrilla warfare. Drawing on this success, Castro and his followers, including Che Guevara, sought to spread their revolution, as Clive Foss explains.
Historians of the thirty-first century will surely look back at...
As Fidel Castro finally hands over the reins of power after forty-nine years, Michael Simmons finds his country poised between past and future. | <urn:uuid:d5562c64-9c9c-4dd9-81f9-049cea402d67> | CC-MAIN-2017-51 | http://m.historytoday.com/archive/location/cuba | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-51/segments/1512948627628.96/warc/CC-MAIN-20171218215655-20171219001655-00225.warc.gz | en | 0.958322 | 308 | 3 | 3 |
fMRI Neurofeedback for Motor Rehabilitation
- People can learn to use feedback about brain activity to change that activity. Researchers want to see if people who have had a stroke can change their brain activity by practice and thought with feedback, and if that improves motor control. They will study brain activity in people who have and have not had strokes.
- To see if people with stroke can change their brain activity and improve motor control by practice and thought.
- Adults 18 80 years old who have had a stroke.
- Healthy volunteers 18 80 years old.
- Participants will be screened with a medical history, MRI, and physical exam. For MRI, a magnetic field and radio waves take pictures of the brain. Participants lie on a table that slides in and out of a cylinder. They will be in the scanner less than 2 hours, lying still for up to 15 minutes at a time. The scanner makes loud noises. Participants will get earplugs.
- Participants will have up to 3 scanning visits and up to 3 follow-up visits within 24 weeks. Visits may include screening, MRI, functional MRI (fMRI), questionnaires, and simple motor tests. Stroke participants may take additional motor tests, including transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS).
- fMRI: During this MRI, small metal disks may be taped to the skin or a fabric glove with small wires in it may be used to monitor hand movements. Heart rate and breathing may also be monitored. Participants may be monitored by video and asked to perform tasks.
- TMS: A brief electrical current goes through a coil on the scalp. It creates a magnetic pulse that stimulates the brain. Participants may be asked to perform simple actions. Finger or hand movements may be recorded.
|Study Design:||Time Perspective: Prospective|
|Official Title:||Real-time fMRI Neurofeedback for Motor Rehabilitation|
- Change in neural functional connectivity as measured by fMRI. [ Time Frame: Immediately after intervention; up to 6 months post-intervention ]
|Study Start Date:||March 5, 2014|
|Estimated Study Completion Date:||November 1, 2017|
|Estimated Primary Completion Date:||November 1, 2017 (Final data collection date for primary outcome measure)|
The objective of this study is to understand whether healthy volunteers and patients with chronic stroke resulting in hemiparesis can learn how to modulate their brain activity using feedback during real-time functional magnetic resonance imaging (rtfMRI), and whether such feedback training can lead to improvement in motor rehabilitation in chronic stroke patients.
This study will be carried out in two parallel phases. In Phase 1, we will study learning to control brain functional activation (feedback technique using rtfMRI) in adult healthy volunteers; in Phase 2, we will study adult patients with chronic stroke. In both phases, we intend to study whether feedback training with rtfMRI leads to increased control of brain activity and whether this correlates with improvements in motor control in healthy participants and improvement in motor function, in chronic stroke patients, both immediately after training and at later time points. The reason for carrying out this study in parallel is that, as stated recently by Dr Petra Kaufman during a PIRC meeting, patients with brain lesions may benefit from this approach even if healthy volunteers do not.
Phase 1: We will test if healthy volunteers can learn to modulate their own brain connectivity using feedback of connectivity patterns between two brain regions during an rtfMRI neurofeedback paradigm.
Phase 2: We will test if chronic stroke patients can learn to modulate their brain activity and connectivity similar to the healthy volunteers, and if such learning can improve function.
The primary outcome for Phases 1 and 2 is the difference in brain activation and brain connectivity after feedback training compared to baseline. Secondary outcomes for both phases include: 1) changes in brain connectivity during rest, and when no feedback image is displayed (structural and/or functional connectivity), 2) changes in motor behavior after training compared to baseline, both immediately after and following a time delay, and 3) correlations between changes in behavior and changes in brain activity and brain connectivity (as measured in 1 and 2).
Please refer to this study by its ClinicalTrials.gov identifier: NCT02089776
|Contact: Rita Volochayev, C.R.N.P.||(301) [email protected]|
|Contact: Leonardo G Cohen, M.D.||(301) [email protected]|
|United States, Maryland|
|National Institutes of Health Clinical Center, 9000 Rockville Pike||Recruiting|
|Bethesda, Maryland, United States, 20892|
|Contact: For more information at the NIH Clinical Center contact Patient Recruitment and Public Liaison Office (PRPL) 800-411-1222 ext TTY8664111010 [email protected]|
|Principal Investigator:||Leonardo G Cohen, M.D.||National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke (NINDS)| | <urn:uuid:9e86172d-19ac-47c4-8a06-a028b683356c> | CC-MAIN-2017-13 | https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT02089776?term=cardiac+rehabilitation&recr=Open&fund=01&rank=14 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-13/segments/1490218189316.33/warc/CC-MAIN-20170322212949-00297-ip-10-233-31-227.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.90437 | 1,068 | 2.921875 | 3 |
Evergreens, a favorite in the landscape, provide year-round color and texture. Even gardeners with limited space enjoy the beauty of the dramatic, versatile plants because many evergreens are suitable for container growing. Evergreens are especially useful container plants in climates without harsh winters. Many hardy evergreens easily tolerate mild winter chills and light frost.
Holly (Ilex) includes a diverse variety of plants that range from dwarf, 12-inch shrubs to tree-like types that reach mature heights of 50 feet tall. Plant a male and female of the same plant to ensure the holly develops shiny red berries, or purchase a male-female grafted plant from a nursery. Drops of gold (Ilex crenata) is a dense, green and yellow holly that grows to a height of 3 feet and a spread of 6 feet. Drops of gold holly is suitable for growing in U.S. Department of Agriculture plant hardiness zones 6b through 10b. Little rascal (Ilex "Little Rascal") is a dense holly with a rounded shape of 2 feet high and 3 feet wide. Little rascal is hardy in USDA zones 6a through 9b.
Junipers (Juniperus) are versatile conifers that come in a variety of forms, ranging from low-growing shrubs to tall pyramidal bushes that grow as tall as 60 feet. Many juniper varieties are ideal for planting in containers, adding color and texture in sun or partial shade. Blue rug juniper (Juniperus "Wiltonii"), also known as blue carpet, is a low-growing juniper with long, dense branches. This tough juniper with silvery-blue foliage is hardy in USDA zones 1 through 24. At heights of only 8 inches, Green mound juniper (Juniperus procumbens "Green Mound") is a low, trailing juniper with light green foliage that extends over the sides of the container. Green mound is suitable for growing in USDA zones 5 through 10. Also hardy to USDA zones 5 through 10, Blue Star juniper (Juniperus squamat"Blue Star") is an attractive shrub that reaches mature heights of 2 to 3 feet, with a spread of 3 to 4 feet.
Boxwood (Buxus) is a classic container evergreen suitable for either sun or shade. Often clipped into topiary or globes, boxwood is just as pretty when the soft, bright green foliage is allowed to grow in its natural shape. Compacta (Buxus microphylla "Compacta") is a low-growing boxwood that reaches heights of only 1 foot at maturity. A slightly taller shrub with a mature height of 2 to 3 feet, Golden Triumph (Buxus microphylla "Golden Triumph") displays bright green leaves with showy yellow edges. Both are suitable for growing in USDA zones 6 through 10. At 3 to 4 feet, Korean boxwood (Buxus microphylla "Koreana") adds extra color to the winter landscape as the bright green foliage takes on a purplish tint. Grow Korean boxwood in USDA zones 5 through 10.
Spruce (Picea) is a neat, pyramidal tree. While most varieties are talls, dwarf species are well-suited for a large container. A variety of dwarf Alberta spruce, Picea glauca albertiana "Conica" is a bushy, compact shrub that grows slowly, eventually reaching a height of 6 to 8 feet. Needles are bright green, turning grayish-green as the tree matures. Little Gem (Picea abies "Little Gem") is a demure Norway spruce that reaches heights of only 1 foot, with an equal spread. Jeans Dilly (Picea glauca "Jeans Dilly"), a type of white spruce, is a pyramidal tree that reaches heights of only 4 to 5 feet. Although suitable for growing in USDA zones 5a through 10a, spruce doesn't tolerate intense heat and benefits from shade during hot summer afternoons.
- Missouri Botanical Garden: Evergreens Can Be More Than Landscape Shrubs
- The New Sunset Western Garden Book; Kathleen Norris Brenzel
- University of Illinois Extension: Selecting Shrubs for Your Home
- Virginia Cooperative Extension: Evergreen Hollies (Ilex spp.)
- Monrovia: Golden Triumph Boxwood
- Hemera Technologies/AbleStock.com/Getty Images | <urn:uuid:f4395a6f-7ad8-4aec-95e9-69c35fd89642> | CC-MAIN-2017-51 | http://homeguides.sfgate.com/hardy-evergreen-plants-planters-47907.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-51/segments/1512948515309.5/warc/CC-MAIN-20171212060515-20171212080515-00231.warc.gz | en | 0.905052 | 939 | 2.765625 | 3 |
Seborrheic dermatitis in Adult
Seborrheic dermatitis presents in infants as a self-limited eruption caused by persistent maternal androgens, or in adults, after adrenarche. Up to 5% of adults are affected by seborrheic dermatitis, and the condition is particularly common after the fifth or sixth decades.
Clinical presentations of seborrheic dermatitis are widely varied, ranging from simple "dandruff" to fulminant rash. There is often dryness, pruritus, erythema, and fine, greasy scaling in characteristic sites, such as the scalp, eyebrows, glabella, nasolabial folds, the beard area, upper chest, external ear canal, posterior ears, eyelid margins (blepharitis), and intertriginous areas. Anogenital involvement has also been reported. One or multiple sites may be involved. In persons with darker skin phototypes, the involved areas may be hypopigmented or hyperpigmented. These pigmentary changes may persist after treatment.
Stress may exacerbate the condition. In immunocompromised persons and those with neurologic conditions, such as Parkinson disease or stroke, seborrheic dermatitis may be severe and recalcitrant.
Since seborrheic dermatitis is such a common disorder, it has been difficult to associate it with specific medications. However, there are some published associations of medications causing, triggering, or exacerbating the condition (see Drug Reaction Data table).
Even with treatment, seborrheic dermatitis tends to be a chronic condition, and remissions and exacerbations are expected. Seborrheic dermatitis is often better in summer months and worse in the winter.
Immunocompromised patient considerations:
- Seborrheic dermatitis is more common and more severe in persons infected with the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). It may regress with highly active antiretroviral therapy, but remissions and exacerbations can be expected.
- Seborrheic dermatitis is also often seen in patients with Parkinson disease. The course is chronic and relapsing and may be difficult to treat.
- Associated Pityrosporum folliculitis may be seen in immunocompromised patients.
L21.9 – Seborrheic dermatitis, unspecified
50563003 – Seborrheic dermatitis
- Perioral dermatitis
- Tinea versicolor
- Allergic contact dermatitis
- Irritant contact dermatitis
- Nummular dermatitis (nummular eczema)
- Atopic dermatitis
- Tinea corporis
- Psoriasis – The distinction between psoriasis and seborrheic dermatitis may be difficult at times, and there may be an overlap condition, sometimes referred to as "sebo-psoriasis," particularly when "greasy" scale is present in the scalp.
- Candidiasis (intertriginous areas)
- Pityriasis rosea
- Lichen simplex chronicus
- Darier disease
- Dermatomyositis – The eyelid erythema seen in this condition has a more violaceous hue. The scalp is pink and scaly and extremely pruritic.
- Subacute cutaneous lupus erythematosus
- Acrodermatitis enteropathica | <urn:uuid:c09edc15-50a7-4643-a5e2-b5f8f057e4c3> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://www.visualdx.com/visualdx/diagnosis/seborrheic+dermatitis?diagnosisId=51409&moduleId=100&contentModuleId=101 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882572833.95/warc/CC-MAIN-20220817032054-20220817062054-00094.warc.gz | en | 0.862776 | 790 | 2.75 | 3 |
C.C. Boykin Elementary
Bulldog Library Program Goals
Goal 1. Increase student use of district digital resources.
Students will increase use of Overdrive, a district digital resource, by 25%.
*Students will receive training once each nine weeks on the features of Overdrive by the librarian. Additionally, the librarian will provide handouts with Overdrive information and link to the handout on the library web page.
*This goal will be measured using student checkout information available through data collected by Overdrive. There will also be a survey given to determine future needs and wants from students and staff for collection updates on Overdrive.
Goal 2. Increased collaboration between teachers and librarian.
The librarian will attend at least one grade level meeting per month for each grade level in the school.
*The librarian will inquire about current standards being taught throughout the month in order to help coordinate and develop lessons that will support the current state standard curriculum taught in the classroom.
*Results will be measured in two ways. First, an informal checklist will be used to determine if the meeting times did occur throughout the year. Also, a rubric will be used to assess the lessons created from the collaboration.
3. Increase community involvement in the library.
The library will host two family/community nights (fall and spring) to reach families and community members.
*The librarian will showcase what the library has to offer as well as have the students share some of their creations made in the library throughout the year.
*Attendance for both nights will be taken and feedback will be gathered via survey using a Google form on library I pads before the end of the night. | <urn:uuid:1658e82b-7b90-45af-a1b7-f33d8e7f583c> | CC-MAIN-2018-34 | https://www.smore.com/j4ry4 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-34/segments/1534221219242.93/warc/CC-MAIN-20180822010128-20180822030128-00248.warc.gz | en | 0.930446 | 345 | 2.828125 | 3 |
Using pasta is something that I remember being exposed to when as a preschooler I was asked to create pictures using shaped pasta. They’re so easy to create and you can color your pasta too by just placing it in a Ziploc bag along with several drops of food coloring. Besides being fun and creative, it’s also a nice way of introducing color vocabulary. You can also ask your students to use pasta to create their personalized alphabet poster and name tags. Or how about making their own necklaces or bracelets using pasta? What I absolutely love is using animal shaped pasta to introduce animal vocabulary. You can even ask children to create their own zoo image! Another alternative would be to ask them to make a comic strip where the main characters are pasta animals!
Another great idea -> http://www.education.com/activity/article/Punctuate_with_Pasta/
With (Pre) Intermediate students
One of the most difficult grammar parts for students to grasp is countable versus uncountable nouns, especially when the latter are countable in their mother tongue. Since pasta is uncountable in English, you can create your own scavenger hunt by giving students clue cards of uncountable items that they can find in their pantry and which they can bring in class. Apart from that use, whenever you play vocabulary bidding games in class, children can place their bid by using pasta. In order to familiarize students with kitchen related verbs (such as stir, mix, pour etc.) you can create a pasta salad in class.
You can also teach body parts!(pic)
In order for students to understand the importance of home made cooking, ask them to visit the PBS kids website where they can find recipe card models.http://pbskids.org/lunchlab/#/food/recipe/88/print. Ask them to make their own pasta dishes at home, bring a sample of it in class and create their own food fact list of the ingredients used in the recipe.
PS: For more on pasta and other types of food -> http://www.pbs.org/teachers/lunchlab/lessonplans/ | <urn:uuid:8e4d1687-e19b-46b6-afc3-eb32db5ef23b> | CC-MAIN-2017-43 | https://mariatheologidou.wordpress.com/2012/06/21/using-food-in-the-class-pt-1-pasta/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-43/segments/1508187822851.65/warc/CC-MAIN-20171018085500-20171018105500-00451.warc.gz | en | 0.943507 | 449 | 3.859375 | 4 |
For even the best educator, the job of substitute teacher can be a challenge, especially when new to a building. By fostering some important relationships, a sub can not only build support, but increase the chance of future jobs in that school.
The building principal sets the tone for the school. Some are office-dwellers who like to deal with the administrative side of things without interruptions. Others like to be in the nitty-gritty and apprised of any situation. Introduce yourself and try to get a feel for the principal's style. This will help you to know when to handle a situation yourself, and when to ask for assistance.
The first person you see upon entering the school may be your most powerful ally. The front office personnel know everything about the school, from how lunch periods run to which students may give you a hard time. Befriend the administrative assistants in the office and they are usually more than willing to answer even the silliest questions, or give you a few tips to make your day run a little smoother.
Custodians are probably the least appreciated staff member in the schools, yet their services are invaluable. Sometimes it seems like their job consists of mopping up puddles. Puddles of water, milk, and other things we'd rather not talk about. But these workers know as much as the front office staff about what goes on in the school, and they are a big help to have on your side. Need to get in a locked room? Is your room boiling hot? Did Johnny just lose his lunch next to the wastebasket instead of in it? Yes, the custodian is a good friend to have.
Lastly, introduce yourself to a neighboring teacher. Many current teachers started out as substitutes, and they know sometimes it's easiest to pop your head in next door and ask a quick question. This is the person who will know best how the particular teacher you're subbing for likes runs things, and will be able to answer classroom-specific questions. Not only will you get the answers you need, but you may make a friend who will ask for you the next time a sub is needed.
Substitute teachers never know what they're going to face when they walk into the classroom each morning. Half of the battle is just getting called in. Help yourself by using tools to get the job, and then develop relationships with key people such as the principal, office staff, custodian, and neighboring teachers to establish a support system. What other relationships should a substitute teach foster to further his/her career? | <urn:uuid:f97511f9-12e7-48f9-8d76-5d1bc6c03d1a> | CC-MAIN-2018-17 | http://subassistant.com/blog/be-a-better-substitute-teacher-with-4-key-relationships | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-17/segments/1524125944982.32/warc/CC-MAIN-20180421032230-20180421052230-00004.warc.gz | en | 0.970846 | 527 | 2.59375 | 3 |
Libellula depressa, the broad-bodied chaser or broad-bodied darter, is one of the most common dragonflies in Europe and central Asia. It is very distinctive with a very broad flattened abdomen, four wing patches and, in the male, the abdomen becomes pruinose blue.
The male and female have a broad, flattened abdomen which is brown with yellow patches down the sides. In the male the abdomen develops a blue pruinosity that covers the brown colour. Both fore and hind wings have a dark patch at the base. Both the male and female have broad antehumeral stripes. The average wingspan is approximately 70 mm. L. depressa is very distinctive and should not be confused with any other dragonflies in the region.
L. depressa is found in central and southern Europe, central Asia and the Middle East. It range extends northwards to southern Scotland, southern Sweden and southern Finland and it occurs on some Mediterranean islands including Corsica, Sardinia, Sicily, and Menorca. Its range does not extend beyond southern Europe into Africa.
L. depressa is seen near still-water lakes and ponds, feeding on many types of small insects. They occur in both bare and sunny locations, where it is often the first dragonfly to colonise new habitats such as newly created ponds, and well vegetated ponds. L. depressa are often seen away from water as the adults are very mobile and undergo a period of maturation away from water after emergence. The adults are also migratory.
The flight period is from April to September but are mostly seen in May and June. Their flight is very fast as they dart and dive above the water. They are very territorial and will fight with rival males and any other dragonflies they happen to encounter.
They characteristically return to a favoured perch, in the sun. When a female enters a male's territory the male will fly up and grab the female. Mating occurs on the wing and the pair are in tandem for only a brief period, often less than a minute. The pair separate and the female will find a suitable location for ovipositing, usually a stretch of open water with submerged vegetation. The female oviposits in flight, hovering above the water and dipping the tip of her abdomen in.
The eggs hatch in 4 or 5 weeks and the larvae take one to two years to develop. The larvae live in the silt and detritus at the bottom of the pond, lying buried in mud with just the head and eyes showing. After emergence the adults move away from water and undergo a period of maturation which lasts 10 to 14 days. | <urn:uuid:f8b07c2d-d87f-49b6-9186-818fb7472177> | CC-MAIN-2017-22 | https://www.pixelfantasies.com/broadbodied-chaser-female | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-22/segments/1495463608642.30/warc/CC-MAIN-20170526051657-20170526071657-00420.warc.gz | en | 0.96556 | 545 | 2.734375 | 3 |
Whatever side we might take in this debate, there is another issue with which we should also concern ourselves. It’s the issue of tolerance to opioid pain medications. As a field, we do not discuss it nearly as much as we do addiction. Nonetheless, in its own way, tolerance too is problematic for those who manage chronic pain with the long-term use of opioid medications.
Definition of opioid tolerance
In general, tolerance to a drug is a phenomenon that occurs when an individual over time requires greater amounts of a drug to continue to obtain the original degree of its desired, therapeutic effect.5
When it comes to taking opioid medications for pain on a long-term basis, the issue of tolerance occurs in something like the following trajectory. When patients first start to take opioid medications for pain, they tend to need a minimal number of short-acting opioid tablets each day to reduce their pain. Over time, however, they notice that the one or two tablets no longer work as well as they once did and to obtain the previous level of pain relief they need to take three tablets or four tablets. At some point, down the line, their healthcare providers might become concerned about the increasing number of short-acting opioid tablets needed to relieve pain and subsequently the providers change the short-acting tablets to long-acting tablets of opioid pain medications. Initially, following this change, patients tend to require only a low dose of these long-acting and more potent medications. Over time, though, the same thing that happened with the short-acting opioids happens with the long-acting opioids. Namely, patients tend to need more of the long-acting opioid medications to achieve the same level of pain reduction. Maybe, at the time, no one seems too concerned because the dose of the long-acting opioid remains low. As time goes by, however, patients come to require greater and greater doses and at some point they are now on moderately high doses of opioids in order to maintain adequate pain relief. Still further in time, even these moderately high doses no longer seem to be enough and patients find themselves needing high doses of the most potent opioid medications in order to obtain the same level of pain reduction that was once achieved with one or two short-acting opioid tablets – back when they first started taking opioids for pain.
Notice that this typical trajectory is not addiction to opioids. People become tolerant to opioids whether or not they ever become addicted to opioids. It is a physiological function of the body’s interaction with the medication and will occur as long as one takes the medication on a regular or daily basis for an extended period of time.
Notice too that patients can become tolerant to opioids even if they never do anything wrong with regard to the use of their medications. They might always take the medication exactly as prescribed, never varying from their prescribed doses, and still patients will become tolerant to the medication. If they take opioids on a consistent basis for a long enough period of time, they become tolerant.
As such, tolerance is a normal phenomenon that occurs when taking opioids over a long-term basis.
Tolerance is a problem
Tolerance to opioid pain medications is a problem if you are not elderly and have a normal life expectancy. When patients with chronic pain begin to take opioid medications for pain, as prescribed by their healthcare provider, at middle age, or younger, they commonly become tolerant to high doses of opioid medications long before they ever become elderly. That is to say, at some point, even high doses of opioids will no longer work to reduce pain and yet patients will have many years yet to live.
The significance of this issue of tolerance is that, for many, if not most, people, opioid pain medications do not work well indefinitely. To be sure, for acute injuries and for post-surgical pain, opioid pain medications seem quite effective at reducing pain. Notice, though, what typically happens in these scenarios: upon healing from the injury or surgery, most people stop taking the medications. In such cases, there is no opportunity to become tolerant because the persons taking them do not remain on opioids for a long enough period of time.
When first starting to take opioid medications for chronic pain, most patients similarly find them quite helpful at reducing pain. Unlike acute injuries or surgery, however, patients with chronic pain do not ever have an occasion to stop taking them – they do not undergo the same process of healing as people do with acute injuries or following surgery. Rather, people with chronic pain continue to have pain indefinitely. So, they typically do not stop taking opioids and so remain taking opioid medications on a long-term basis.
Because of tolerance, though, it is typically not realistic to think that opioids will remain effective indefinitely. Most people require more and more of the medication to achieve the same level of effect. At some point, even high doses of opioids don’t seem to work very well.
If you have many years yet to live, that’s a problem.
The practical limits to opioid dosing
Most healthcare providers acknowledge some upper limit for the safe consumption of opioids. Side effects such as sedation, cognitive dulling, and constipation become too great at high doses. More importantly, accidental overdose can occur with long-term use of high doses of opioids. We are currently witnessing epidemic levels of accidental overdose due to opioid use. For these reasons, most reputable healthcare providers set an upper limit to the amount of opioids when prescribing opioids for a condition, such as chronic pain.
This fact thus points to a difficult conclusion about tolerance to opioids: when patients take opioids for chronic pain for a long enough period of time, they tend to become increasingly tolerant over the years and subsequently reach the upper limits of prescribing. Thus, they become tolerant to even the highest doses of opioids, and yet they may have half their life (or a decade or two) yet to live.
Unintended consequences of long-term opioid use
If patients really knew the long-term consequences of persistent opioid pain medication use, how many would agree to obtain pain relief today at the cost of making the medications no longer effective in the future? The answer remains uncertain, of course, but common sense might suggest that at least some patients, if not many patients, might think twice before consenting to long-term opioid management.
Why? At some point in the future, they may require such medications for an altogether different problem besides chronic pain.
What will they do if they are elderly and fall and break a hip? What will they do if they develop cancer down the road? What will they take for post-surgery pain if they need a surgery at some point later in life?
In cases of terminal illness, like cancer, we don't tend to worry about tolerance to opioids. The sad fact is that people die with terminal illnesses and so if they come to require high doses of opioids it’s okay. They don’t have long to live.
With chronic pain, it's different. Most people with chronic pain will die with chronic pain, not from it. Indeed, they may have a long life ahead of them. As such, they may have an altogether different need for these medications, which is unrelated to their chronic pain, at some time in their future.
When people become tolerant to the highest doses of opioids and subsequently have an altogether different need for such medications besides chronic pain – like cancer, a broken hip, or a surgery, they come to have pain that is very difficult to treat. The highest doses of opioids – the doses that they are already taking – won’t work very well for this new type of pain.
A couple of things can tend to happen in such cases. Healthcare providers think that the high doses of medications the patients are already taking should be sufficient to treat the pain and so don't prescribe anything for the additional pain. Alternatively, healthcare providers place the patient on even higher doses of opioids, which puts the patients at risk of excessive sedation, opioid intoxication, becoming tolerant to even higher than high doses, or, worse yet, accidental overdose.
The rate of accidental overdose to opioid pain medications is, in fact, at an all-time high, at least in the United States.6
Another unintended consequence of tolerance to opioid pain medications is that such tolerance likely remains for a long time even after tapering from the medications. While the findings are not yet definitive, research on methadone maintenance patients (methadone being a type of opioid medication) and animals suggest that, once tolerant to opioids, individuals remain largely tolerant for up to years after cessation of the use of these medications.7, 8, 9, 10 What this might mean is that stopping the use of opioid pain medications for some period of time does not necessarily resolve the problem of tolerance. To be fair, it probably lessens their degree of tolerance, but it does not go away entirely. Once patients become tolerant to opioids they are apt to remain at least somewhat tolerant for the foreseeable future even if they stop using the medications. So, again, the concern remains: what might patients who are presently tolerant to opioids use to control pain in the future if they have an altogether different serious injury or illness or surgery?
Ethics of opioid management in light of the issue of tolerance
All these problems with tolerance to opioid pain medications point to an inevitable conclusion: for many, if not most, people with chronic pain who are not already elderly or have a terminal illness, it is unrealistic to think that the long-term use of opioid pain medications will remain effective indefinitely – for the twenty to thirty to forty years that patients might have yet to live.
As a whole, the field of chronic pain management has done a poor job of acknowledging the long-term consequences of tolerance to opioid medications and discussing it with patients and the public. To be fair, it is somewhat understandable. There is a certain immediacy about being in pain, a need to do something about it now. This immediate need can easily lead to a rationale for providing opioid pain medications today while at the same time tending to overshadow any potential concerns about whether the treatment plan is sustainable, say, ten years from now. Moreover, in years past, it was common for thought leaders and other healthcare providers to declare that, like addiction, tolerance to opioids was rare11, 12 or clinically irrelevant.13 Just like previous assertions about addiction, the field has been forced to re-think these assertions about tolerance and acknowledge that it does occur. We have now had a generation of patients on long-term use of opioid medications for chronic pain and it is commonplace to see patients on high doses of opioids reporting high levels of pain. The explanation is opioid tolerance. Over the years, through no fault of their own, they have become increasingly tolerant and are now tolerant to even the conventionally agreed upon upper limits of doses.
Tolerant patients, for example, are commonly seen in interdisciplinary chronic pain rehabilitation programs – the traditional alternative to long-term opioids for managing chronic pain. They often get referred because they have been on opioid pain medications for ten or fifteen years and are subsequently tolerant to high doses of the medications. Their prescribing provider has become uncomfortable with any further dose increases and yet their present dose is no longer helpful in reducing pain. Fortunately, interdisciplinary chronic pain programs are quite effective relative to other traditional pain management treatments.14, 15, 16, 17 So, help is available.
Nonetheless, it raises the ethical question: Should the field of chronic pain management continue a wide-scale practice of long-term opioid management for chronic pain patients who are neither elderly nor terminal when most of those patients will become tolerant to high doses of opioids long before they ever become elderly or terminal? Should we continue to privilege the present relief of chronic pain over painful acute or terminal conditions of the future? Should this practice continue especially when we currently have an empirically supported, effective alternative to managing chronic pain in the present – the interdisciplinary chronic pain rehabilitation program?
Such programs allow patients to learn how to self-manage chronic pain without the use of opioid medications. In doing so, they resolve the ethical dilemma between treating chronic pain now versus treating painful acute and terminal conditions of the future. By participating in an interdisciplinary chronic pain rehabilitation program, patients can have both: they acquire the abilities to manage their present chronic pain while keeping the effectiveness of opioid medications available to them for treating painful acute or terminal conditions of the future.
It seems reasonable that patients with persistent pain should have this choice before they agree upon a treatment strategy that involves long-term opioid management. For full informed consent to occur with regard to these options, patients would need to understand the long-term, unintended consequences of managing chronic pain with opioids. It would become necessary therefore for the field of chronic pain management to fully and frequently acknowledge these consequences and discuss them with our patients. Such discussions, it seems, have yet to occur on any wide scale basis.
1. Portenoy, R. K., & Foley, K. M. (1986). Chronic use of opioid analgesics in non-malignant pain: Report of 38 cases. Pain, 25(2), 171-186.
2. Porter, J., & Jick, H. (1980). Addiction rare in patients treated with narcotics. New England Journal of Medicine, 302(2), 123.
3. Hojsted, J., & Sjorgen, P. (2007). Addiction to opioids in chronic pain patients: A literature review. European Journal of Pain, 11, 490-518.
4. Martell, B. A., O’Connor, P. G., Kerns, R. D., Becker, W. C., Morales, K. H., Kosten, T. R., Fiellin. D. A. (2007). Systematic review: Opioid treatment for chronic back pain: Prevalence, efficacy, and association with addiction. Annals of Internal Medicine, 146, 116-127.
5. Savage, S. R., Joranson, D. E., Covington, E. C., Schnoll, S. H., Heit, H. A., & Gilson, A. M. (2003). Definitions related to the medical use of opioids: Evolution towards universal agreement. Journal of Pain and Symptom Management, 26(1), 655-667.
6. Center for Disease Control and Prevention. (2010). Unintentional drug poisoning in the United States. Retrieved from http://www.cdc.gov/homeandrecreationalsafety/pdf/poison-issue-brief.pdf
7. Thornton, S. R., & Smith, F. L. (1998). Long-term alterations in opiate antinoception resulting from infant fentanyl tolerance and dependence. European Journal of Pharmacology, 363(2-3), 113-119.
8. Chiang, Y., Hung, T., Lee, C., Yan, J., & Ho, I. (2010). Enhancement of tolerance development to morphine in rats prenatally exposed to morphine, methadone, and buprenorphine. Journal of Biomedical Science, 17, 46.
9. Lim, G., Wang, S., Zeng, Q., Sung, B., & Mao, J. (2005). Evidence for a long-term influence on morphine tolerance after previous exposure: Role of neuronal glucoticoid receptors. Pain, 114, 81-92.
10. Mao, J., Sung, B., Ji, R., & Lim, G. (2002). Neuronal apoptosis associated with morphine tolerance: Evidence for an opioid-induced neurotoxic mechanism. Journal of Neuroscience, 22, 7650-7661.
11. Heit, H. A. (2001). The truth about pain management: The difference between a pain patient and an addicted patient. European Journal of Pain, 5 (suppl. A), 27-29.
12. Portenoy, R. K. (1996). Opioid therapy for chronic nonmalignant pain: A review of the critical issues. Journal of Pain and Symptom Management, 11(4), 203-217.
13. Collett, B. J. (1998). Opioid tolerance: The clinical perspective. British Journal of Anaesthesia, 81, 58-68.
14. Flor, H., Fydrich, T., & Turk, D. C. (1992). Efficacy of multidisciplinary pain treatment centers: A meta-analytic review. Pain, 49(2), 221-230.
15. Gatchel, R., J., & Okifuji, A. (2006). Evidence-based scientific data documenting the treatment and cost-effectiveness of comprehensive pain programs for chronic non-malignant pain. Journal of Pain, 7, 779-793.
16. Guzman, J., Esmail, R., Karjalainen, K., Malmivaara, A., Irvin, E., & Bombardier, C. (2001). Multidisciplinary rehabilitation for chronic low back pain: A systematic review. BMJ, 322(7301), 1511-1516.
17. Turk, D. C. (2002). Clinical effectiveness and cost-effectiveness of treatments for patients with chronic pain. The Clinical Journal of Pain, 18, 355-365.
Date of publication: July 10, 2014
Date of last modification: September 8, 2016 | <urn:uuid:309b3250-4f4e-47fe-a390-b29aeecbf1fd> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://instituteforchronicpain.org/treating-common-pain/tolerance-to-opioid-pain-medications | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882571210.98/warc/CC-MAIN-20220810191850-20220810221850-00673.warc.gz | en | 0.919179 | 3,585 | 2.546875 | 3 |
A fungus carried by bats has prompted the U.S. Forest Service to consider closing state-owned caves in several states, but Cave of the Winds reports they will remain open.
This week the regional US Forest Service office announced that it will consider closing of all USFS caves in Colorado, Wyoming and South Dakota for a minimum of one year, because of the presence of the White Nose Syndrome (WNS) fungus. The fungus was initially detected in a state-owned cave in west central Oklahoma.
Despite the possible closures in other caves, the Cave of the Winds is notifying the public that it will remain open and continue to welcome guests while actively informing the general public on the importance of bats and caves to the environment and ecology of our planet.
“We all know that having an informed and experienced show cave community visible and interfacing with the public is one of the most comprehensive ways to inform, protect, and conserve caves and all the resources they hold, including bats,” said Grant Carey, General Manager of the Cave of the Winds.
White Nose Syndrome is impacting and killing populations of bats. It's unknown where it originated. It gets its name from the white fungus that appears on the noses of infected bats. It does not affect humans.
Below are a few statements released by Cave of the Winds, as well as posted on their web site:
"As WNS approaches the western states, Cave of the Winds is taking a proactive approach towards the protection of bats. There are not very many bats that live inside Cave of the Winds and the surrounding caves. The caves of this area do not have any major colonies nor are the caves in any migration patterns that cause large groups of bats to use these caves. However, Cave of the Winds is working to protect the one known maternity roost on the property by closing the cave to all access. As well all people caving in the remote caves on the property are being required to disinfect their caving clothes and equipment to prevent the possibility of cross contamination from other caves. Cave of the Winds is very familiar with the importance of bats in the ecosystem and is striving to protect bats and promote cave exploration and study."
Cave of the Winds feels ALL ramifications which attempt to balance the needs of the bats affected or threatened by WNS with other conservation and public access goals, none of which are mutually exclusive, need to be considered in balance with a blanket order to close ALL publicly managed caves and mines.
Editor's Note: KKTV previously reported that the decision had been made by the USFS to close the caves. In fact, they are only considering it. The erroneous information came to KKTV 11 News in a news release from Cave of the Winds and has been corrected.
KKTV firmly believes in freedom of speech for all and we are happy to provide this forum for the community to share opinions and facts. We ask that commenters keep it clean, keep it truthful, stay on topic and be responsible. Comments left here do not necessarily represent the viewpoint of KKTV 11 News.
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(In Spanish America and the western US) a small Indian settlement.
More example sentences
- They are the direct result of Jesuit consolidation of the dispersed population from over eighty rancherias into eight mission towns by the 17th century.
- Once it was primarily home to mission rancherias and then to small truck farms.
- Architectural accents from a variety of periods enhance the notion of a sprawling rancheria evolving and expanding through the decade.
Spanish, from rancho (see ranch).
Definition of rancheria in:
- The US English dictionary | <urn:uuid:1800c0df-ad5a-485d-8d47-63d5c145d5a1> | CC-MAIN-2014-41 | http://www.oxforddictionaries.com/definition/english/rancheria | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2014-41/segments/1410657131545.81/warc/CC-MAIN-20140914011211-00115-ip-10-196-40-205.us-west-1.compute.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.878247 | 117 | 3.59375 | 4 |
Long-term Seismic Observations
When there is an earthquake somewhere on the planet, the seismometers in the Neumayer Station III’s geophysical observatory record the acoustic waves produced by the natural phenomenon, depending on its intensity and location – just like they do when an “icequake” rocks the Ekström Ice Shelf, which the station rests atop, or the general vicinity. The extensive network of high-sensitivity motion sensors hardly misses a thing.
The seismic detection network includes:
- A seismometer in the observatory, located 1.5 kilometres south of Neumayer Station III in a covered shaft in the ice,
- seismometers at the two outstations “Watzmann” and “Olymp”, as well as
- several automatic stations in Queen Maud Land.
Data produced at the Neumayer Station III’s seismographic network is constantly relayed to the AWI in Bremerhaven, and subsequently to the GEOFON Data Center at the GFZ Potsdam, where they are archived and made accessible online. The manually selected arrival times of all locally and globally detected earthquakes are sent to the International Seismological Centre (ISC) on a daily basis.
Long-term Geomagnetic Observations
To make measurements of the Earth’s magnetic field, geophysicists from the overwintering team have to descend 13 metres into the ice. A narrow access shaft leads down to the geophysical observatory, where a nonferrous measuring container lies protected from the influences of storms and snows.
The container houses three constantly operating magnetometers and a declinometer, which allow the researchers to determine the current orientation of our planet’s magnetic field in intervals of only a few days.
On the basis of the field’s strength, the scientists can e.g. identify magnetic storms – which can be especially interesting in the short-term, as they produce the legendary Southern Lights, offering a spectacular view on clear nights.
In the long term these regularly collected measurements will make it possible to closely monitor global changes in the magnetic field. Accordingly, they are also forwarded to an international information network, ensuring they are available to interested scientists around the globe.
Photo gallery: Research deep in the ice
Unfortunately, no camera can capture what goes on inside the geomagnetic recording devices. So our photographer instead chose to focus on accompanying our geophysicist Antje Schlömer as she makes their way to the geomagnetic observatory and when she takes the actual measurements in the ice – which can be quite an adventurous undertaking when conditions grow stormy.
Neumayer Station III’s infrasound measuring station, technically designated I27DE, is one of 60 stations in the worldwide network that monitors compliance with the Comprehensive Nuclear Test-Ban Treaty (CTBT). It can record shockwaves below the audible frequency range; produced by explosions or other natural or artificial events in the atmosphere, these waves can travel great distances, even reaching the Antarctic.
The station is located roughly three kilometres southwest of Neumayer Station III and consists of nine measuring sites, arranged in a spiral formation in a radius of ca. 1,000 metres around the central station. The station is operated by Germany’s Federal Institute for Geosciences and Natural Resources (BGR). Tech support is provided by the geophysicists at the Neumayer Station III, and by the BGR’s own technicians, who travel to the research station to carry out maintenance work in the Antarctic summer.
The measurement data is constantly transmitted to the CTBTO’s International Data Centre (IDC) in Vienna and the National Data Centre (NDC) in Hannover with only a few seconds’ delay. | <urn:uuid:a8783ad7-33c6-4dbe-a14f-04fce087117d> | CC-MAIN-2018-05 | https://www.awi.de/en/expedition/observatories/on-land-geophysics.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-05/segments/1516084891485.97/warc/CC-MAIN-20180122153557-20180122173557-00388.warc.gz | en | 0.917624 | 787 | 3.234375 | 3 |
The VDH emergency preparedness and response programs involve state, regional and local emergency response partners working together to plan for potential emergencies and to respond to bioterrorism, infectious disease outbreaks and other public health emergencies.
Defined by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention: “A bioterrorism attack is the deliberate release of viruses, bacteria, or other germs (agents) used to cause illness or death in people, animals, or plants. These agents are typically found in nature, but it is possible that they could be changed to increase their ability to cause disease, make them resistant to current medicines, or to increase their ability to be spread into the environment. Biological agents can be spread through the air, through water, or in food. Terrorists may use biological agents because they can be extremely difficult to detect and do not cause illness for several hours to several days. Some bioterrorism agents, like the smallpox virus, can be spread from person to person and some, like anthrax, can not.”
Virginia Department of Health- http://www.vdh.state.va.us/EPR/index.asp
Department of Homeland Security – Bioterrorism Information and Preparedness
Department of Homeland Security – National Response Plan
American Red Cross – Terrorism Preparedness
The Food and Drug Administration – Drug Preparedness and Response to Bioterrorism (information on antibiotics and dosage)
Environmental Protection Agency – Water Security
National Library of Medicine/National Institutes of Health Medline Plus – Biodefense and Bioterrorism
According to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) in order to contain the spread of a contagious illness, public health authorities rely on many strategies. Two of these strategies are isolation and quarantine. Both are common practices in public health, and both aim to control exposure to infected or potentially infected persons. Both may be undertaken voluntarily or compelled by public health authorities. The two strategies differ in that isolation applies to persons who are known to have an illness, and quarantine applies to those who have been exposed to an illness but who may or may not become ill.
According to the National Hurricane Center, history teaches that a lack of hurricane awareness and preparation are common threads among all major hurricane disasters. By knowing your vulnerability and what actions you should take, you can reduce the effects of a hurricane disaster. The goal of Hurricane Preparedness is to inform the public about the hurricane hazards and provide knowledge which can be used to take ACTION. Information can be used to save lives at work, home, while on the road, or on the water.
The Cities Readiness Initiative (CRI) is a pilot program to aid cities in increasing their capacity to deliver medicines and medical supplies during a large-scale public health emergency such as a bioterrorism attack or a nuclear accident. Twenty cities and the District of Columbia have been chosen to participate in this pilot program and were chosen based on their population and geographic location. This planned pilot program is a part of our ongoing work to ensure readiness; it is not a response to a specific threat. The pilot program aims to ensure that plans from all levels of government (federal, state and local) will be unified to ensure a consistent, effective and timely response to catastrophic events.
The role of epidemiology is to prepare for and rapidly respond to the deliberate release of, or natural exposure to harmful viruses, bacteria and other germs (agents). This is accomplished by routinely detecting, assessing, and controlling the spread of unwanted pathogens. The Chesapeake Health department, its neighboring health districts and the state health department use disease and syndrome surveillance, disease investigation and disease trend analysis to rapidly identify threats to public health. Chesapeake citizens also have a role in public health epidemiology by recognizing and reporting potential hazards to the health department. You can contact the communicable disease program to report a potential public health hazard by calling (757) 382-8681 and/or the main number at (757) 382-8600
Below is a list of websites to enhance your knowledge of public health epidemiology, communicable diseases and biological and chemical agents.
Virginia and Chesapeake Resources | <urn:uuid:6c0e15f4-7113-49d8-8feb-271350de9497> | CC-MAIN-2014-10 | http://www.vdh.virginia.gov/lhd/chesapeake/EPandR.htm | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2014-10/segments/1394011198589/warc/CC-MAIN-20140305091958-00095-ip-10-183-142-35.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.939173 | 851 | 3.921875 | 4 |
Magnesium Thirst Magnesium Hunger
We thirst for magnesium rich water.
Magnesium deficiency is often misdiagnosed because it does not show up in blood tests – only 1% of the body’s magnesium is stored in the blood.
Most doctors and laboratories don’t even include magnesium status in routine blood tests. Thus, most doctors don’t know when their patients are deficient in magnesium, even though studies show that the majority of Americans are deficient in magnesium. Consider Dr. Norman Shealy’s statements, “Every known illness is associated with a magnesium deficiency” and that, “magnesium is the most critical mineral required for electrical stability of every cell in the body. A magnesium deficiency may be responsible for more diseases than any other nutrient.” The truth he states exposes a gapping hole in modern medicine that explains a good deal about iatrogenic death and disease. Because magnesium deficiency is largely overlooked, millions of Americans suffer needlessly or are having their symptoms treated with expensive drugs when they could be cured with magnesium supplementation.
One has to recognize the signs of magnesium thirst or hunger on their own since allopathic medicine is lost in this regard. It is really something much more subtle then hunger or thirst but it is comparable. In a world though where doctors and patients alike do not even pay attention to thirst and important issues of hydration it is not hopeful that we will find many recognizing and paying attention to magnesium thirst and hunger which is a dramatic way of expressing the concept of magnesium deficiency.
Few people are aware of the enormous role magnesium plays in our bodies. Magnesium is by far the most important mineral in the body, After oxygen, water, and basic food, magnesium may be the most important element needed by our bodies, vitally important yet hardly known. It is more important than calcium, potassium or sodium and regulates all three of them. Millions suffer daily from magnesium deficiency without even knowing it
In fact there happens to be a relationship between what we perceive as thirst and deficiencies in electrolytes. I remember a person asking, “Why am I dehydrated and thirsty when I drink so much water?” Thirst can mean not only lack of water but it can also mean that one is not getting enough nutrients and electrolytes. Magnesium, Potassium, Bicarbonate, Chloride and Sodium are some principle examples and that is one of the reasons magnesium chloride is so useful.
Magnesium Torment (Deficiency)
You know all those years when doctors used to tell their patients its all in your heads were years the medical profession was showing its ignorance. It is a torment to be magnesium deficient on one level or another. Even if it’s for the enthusiastic sport person whose athletic performance is down magnesium deficiency will disturb sleep and background stress levels and a host of other things that reflect on the quality of life. Doctors have not been using the appropriate test for magnesium – their serum blood tests just distort their perceptions. Magnesium has been off their radar screens through the decades that magnesium deficiencies have snowballed.
Symptoms of Magnesium Deficiency
The first symptoms of deficiency can be subtle – as most magnesium is stored in the tissues, leg cramps, foot pain, or muscle ‘twitches’ can be the first sign. Other early signs of deficiency include loss of appetite, nausea, vomiting, fatigue, and weakness. As magnesium deficiency worsens, numbness, tingling, seizures, personality changes, abnormal heart rhythms, and coronary spasms can occur.
A full outline of magnesium deficiency was beautifully presented in a recent article by Dr. Sidney Baker. “Magnesium deficiency can affect virtually every organ system of the body. With regard to skeletal muscle, one may experience twitches, cramps, muscle tension, muscle soreness, including back aches, neck pain, tension headaches and jaw joint (or TMJ) dysfunction. Also, one may experience chest tightness or a peculiar sensation that he can’t take a deep breath. Sometimes a person may sigh a lot.”
“Symptoms involving impaired contraction of smooth muscles include constipation; urinary spasms; menstrual cramps; difficulty swallowing or a lump in the throat-especially provoked by eating sugar; photophobia, especially difficulty adjusting to oncoming bright headlights in the absence of eye disease; and loud noise sensitivity from stapedius muscle tension in the ear.”
“Other symptoms and signs of magnesium deficiency and discuss laboratory testing for this common condition. Continuing with the symptoms of magnesium deficiency, the central nervous system is markedly affected. Symptoms include insomnia, anxiety, hyperactivity and restlessness with constant movement, panic attacks, agoraphobia, and premenstrual irritability. Magnesium deficiency symptoms involving the peripheral nervous system include numbness, tingling, and other abnormal sensations, such as zips, zaps and vibratory sensations.”
“Symptoms or signs of the cardiovascular system include palpitations, heart arrhythmias, and angina due to spasms of the coronary arteries, high blood pressure and mitral valve prolapse. Be aware that not all of the symptoms need to be present to presume magnesium deficiency; but, many of them often occur together. For example, people with mitral valve prolapse frequently have palpitations, anxiety, panic attacks and premenstrual symptoms. People with magnesium deficiency often seem to be “uptight.” Other general symptoms include a salt craving, both carbohydrate craving and carbohydrate intolerance, especially of chocolate, and breast tenderness.”
Magnesium is needed by every cell in the body including those of the brain and is one of the most important minerals when considering supplementation because of its vital role in hundreds of enzyme systems and functions related to reactions in cell metabolism, as well as being essential for the synthesis of proteins, for the utilization of fats and carbohydrates. Magnesium is needed not only for the production of specific detoxification enzymes but is also important for energy production related to cell detoxification. A magnesium deficiency can affect virtually every system of the body.
Like water we need magnesium everyday. There is an
eternal need for magnesium as well as water and when
magnesium is present in water life and health are enhanced.
One of the principle reason doctors write millions of prescriptions for tranquilizers each year is the nervousness, irritability, and jitters largely brought on by inadequate diets lacking magnesium. Persons only slightly deficient in magnesium become irritable, highly-strung, and sensitive to noise, hyper-excitable, apprehensive and belligerent. If the deficiency is more severe or prolonged, they may develop twitching, tremors, irregular pulse, insomnia, muscle weakness, jerkiness and leg and foot cramps.
If magnesium is severely deficient, the brain is particularly affected. Clouded thinking, confusion, disorientation, marked depression and even the terrifying hallucinations of delirium tremens are largely brought on by a lack of this nutrient and remedied when magnesium is given. Because large amounts of calcium are lost in the urine when magnesium is undersupplied, the lack of this nutrient indirectly becomes responsible for much rampant tooth decay, poor bone development, osteoporosis and slow healing of broken bones and fractures. With vitamin B6 (pyridoxine), magnesium helps to reduce and dissolve calcium phosphate kidney stones.
Magnesium deficiency may be a common factor associated with insulin resistance. Symptoms of MS that are also symptoms of magnesium deficiency include muscle spasms, weakness, twitching, muscle atrophy, an inability to control the bladder, nystagmus (rapid eye movements), hearing loss, and osteoporosis. People with MS have higher rates of epilepsy than controls. Epilepsy has also been linked to magnesium deficiencies.
Another good list of early warning symptoms is:
Suggestive early warning signs of magnesium insufficiency:
Physical and mental fatigue
Persistent under-eye twitch
Tension in the upper back, shoulders and neck
Pre-menstrual fluid retention and/or breast tenderness
Possible manifestations of magnesium deficiency include:
Seizures (and tantrums)
PMS and hormonal imbalances
Inability to sleep
Muscle tension, spasm and cramps
Calcification of organs
Weakening of the bones
Abnormal heart rhythm
Severe magnesium deficiency can result in low levels of calcium in the blood (hypocalcemia). Magnesium deficiency is also associated with low levels of potassium in the blood (hypokalemia). Magnesium levels drop at night, leading to poor REM (Rapid Eye Movement) sleep cycles and unrefreshed sleep. Headaches, blurred vision, mouth ulcers, fatigue and anxiety are also early signs of depletion.
We hear all the time about how heart disease is the number one health crisis in the country, about how high blood pressure is the “silent killer”, and about how ever increasing numbers of our citizens are having their lives and the lives of their families destroyed by diabetes, Alzheimer’s disease, and a host of other chronic diseases
Signs of severe magnesium deficiency include:
Sores or bruises that heal slowly
Dry, itchy skin
Unexplained weight loss
Blurry vision that changes from day to day
Unusual tiredness or drowsiness
Tingling or numbness in the hands or feet
Frequent or recurring skin, gum, bladder or vaginal yeast infections
But wait a minute, aren’t those the same symptoms for diabetes? Many people have diabetes for about 5 years before they show strong symptoms. By that time, some people already have eye, kidney, gum or nerve damage caused by the deteriorating condition of their cells due to insulin resistance and magnesium deficiency. Dump some mercury and arsenic on the mixture of etiologies and pronto we have the disease condition we call diabetes.
Magnesium deficiency is synonymous with diabetes
and is at the root of many if not all cardiovascular problems.
Magnesium deficiency is synonymous with diabetes and is at the root of many if not all cardiovascular problems.
Magnesium deficiency is a predictor of diabetes and heart disease both; diabetics both need more magnesium and lose more magnesium than most people. In two new studies, in both men and women, those who consumed the most magnesium in their diet were least likely to develop type 2 diabetes, according to a report in the January 2006 issue of the journal Diabetes Care. Until now, very few large studies have directly examined the long-term effects of dietary magnesium on diabetes. Dr. Simin Liu of the Harvard Medical School and School of Public Health in Boston says, “Our studies provided some direct evidence that greater intake of dietary magnesium may have a long-term protective effect on lowering risk,” said Liu, who was involved in both studies.
The thirst of diabetes is part of the body’s response to excessive urination. The excessive urination is the body’s attempt to get rid of the extra glucose in the blood. This excessive urination causes the increased thirst. But we have to look at what is causing this level of disharmony. We have to probe deeper into layers of cause. The body needs to dump glucose because of increasing insulin resistance and that resistance is being fueled directly by magnesium deficiency, which makes toxic insults more damaging to the tissues at the same time.
When diabetics get too high blood sugars, the body creates “ketones” as a by-product of breaking down fats. These ketones cause blood acidity which causes “acidosis” of the blood, leading to Diabetic Ketoacidosis (DKA), This is a very dangerous condition that can lead to coma and death. It is also called “diabetic acidosis”, “ketosis”, “ketoacidosis” or “diabetic coma”. DKA is a common way for new Type 1 diabetics to be diagnosed. If they fail to seek medical advice on symptoms like urination, which is driving thirst they can die of DKA.
Oral magnesium supplements reduce erythrocyte dehydration. In general optimal balances of electrolytes are necessary to maintain the best possible hydration. Diabetic thirst is initiated specifically by magnesium deficiency with relative calcium excess in the cells. Even water, our most basic nutrient starts having a hard time getting into the cells with more going out through the kidneys.
Autism and Magnesium Deficiency
When dealing with autism spectrum and other neurological disorders in children it is important to know the signs of low magnesium: restless, can’t keep still, body rocking, grinding teeth, hiccups, noise sensitive, poor attention span, poor concentration, irritable, aggressive, ready to explode, easily stressed. When it comes to children today we need to assume a large magnesium deficiency for several reasons.
- The foods they are eating are stripped of magnesium because foods in general, as we shall see below are declining in mineral content in an alarming way.
- The foods many children eat are highly processed junk foods that do not provide real nutrition to the body.
- Because most children on the spectrum are not absorbing the minerals they need even when present in the gut. Magnesium absorption is dependent on intestinal health, which is compromised totally in leaky gut syndromes and other intestinal problems that the majority of autism syndrome disorders.
- Because the oral supplements doctors rely on are not easily absorbed, because they are not in the right form and because magnesium in general is not administered easily orally.
Modern medicine is supposed to help people not hurt them but with their almost total ignorance of magnesium doctors end up hurting more than they help for many of the medical interventions drive down magnesium levels when they should be driving them up. Many if not most pharmaceutical drugs drive magnesium levels into very dangerous zones and surgery done without increasing magnesium levels is much more dangerous then surgery done with.
The foundation of medical arrogance is actually medical ignorance and the only reason ignorance and arrogance rule the playing field of medicine is a greed lust for power and money. Human nature seems to be at its worst in modern medicine when it should be at its best. It is sad that people have to suffer needlessly and extraordinarily tragic that allopathic medicine has turned its back on the Hippocratic Oath and all that it means.
Red blood cells are also known as RBCs, red blood corpuscles (an archaic term), haematids or erythrocytes (from Greek erythros for “red” and kytos for “hollow”, with cyte translated as “cell” in modern usage). The capitalized term Red Blood Cells is the proper name in the US for erythrocytes in storage solution used in transfusion medicine.
J. Clin. Invest. 100(7): 1847-1852 (1997). doi:10.1172/JCI119713. The American Society for Clinical Investigation | <urn:uuid:52849a48-e647-467f-b5a3-cc0c4ca40d8d> | CC-MAIN-2014-49 | http://drsircus.com/medicine/magnesium/magnesium-deficiency-symptoms-diagnosis | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2014-49/segments/1416931008218.28/warc/CC-MAIN-20141125155648-00237-ip-10-235-23-156.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.928961 | 3,089 | 2.5625 | 3 |
Are city directories a part of your genealogy toolbox?
It was bound to happen.
You exhausted the more traditional genealogy records (census records, vital records, deeds….) for your ancestor and you still need more information.
At a recent conference you attended, someone recommended you search for your ancestor(s) in the city directories.
What is the city directory and why would you use one in your genealogy research?
When I first heard of using city directories in my genealogy research, I immediately thought of phone books. Yes, phone books are directories, but relatively new in the evolution of city directories.
City directories have been around for a long time with the first ones in the U.S. were published within a couple of years after the American Revolution. Directories were initially created by craftsmen and salesmen to contact the local residents and potential customers.
Directories evolved and were often created yearly which allows the genealogy researcher to track an ancestor year by year as opposed to the census records tracking individuals decade by decade. Tracking an ancestor year by year can help you determine when he/she migrated out of an area or if their economic situation improved based on a change of neighborhoods.
The directories also included different types of information from the census records.
Types of Information Found In City Directories
Based on date and location, the type of information in a city directory will vary. Below are examples of types of information potentially found in a city directory.
- Wives names may be listed in parentheses
- Marital status (If widowed, the name of the husband)
- Officers and Leadership of Organizations
- Lunatic Asylum
- Educational Institutions
- Secret and Benevolent Societies
- Area maps
- Addresses and locations of schools and places of worship.
I think you are starting to see just how valuable city directories can be in your research, so let’s take a closer look.
The 1837 Salem, MA directory tells just what it has to offer on its title page: Name of the inhabitants; Occupation, Businesses and Residences; City officers, etc; Street & Wharves and (my favorite) “Other useful information”.
“Other Useful Information” can include maps…..
Newspapers….. A listing of the local newspapers can potentially be found and especially useful to the genealogy researcher. In this example from the The Salem Directory, 5 newspapers were in existence and provide 5 potential sources to conduct newspaper research into your ancestors.
And Local Societies…… Notice the Female Auxiliary Moral Society in the example below. Yes, city directories can be a source for those elusive female ancestors!
Now let’s take a look at following an individual through city census records and see what we can learn about him and his family. In this example, we are following Israel Lisson through the Rochester, New York city directories. In this exert from the 1896 Rochester, NY directory, Israel Lisson is listed, so we as researchers can place him in time (1896) and place (Rochester, NY). Israel’s occupation is listed as a pedler [peddler] and he lives at 38 Nassau. We can literally place him on the map in 1896.
Coming forward a few years, in 1915 Israel Lisson in still in the Rochester directory.
This time we see Israel is still a pedler [peddler] and is living at 81 Chatham. Again, he is placed in time and place. Notice the other Lisson family members listed. From other genealogy records we know all but Barnet are Israel’s adult children. [I’m still trying to figure out how Barnet Lisson is related to family!]
This final directory example (below) I am sharing with you is from the 1930 Rochester directory. By this time, Israel is dead, but note his widow Dora is listed. This directory entry can be used to narrow down a death date.
On another note, notice the other Lisson family members listed. The married males’ wives are listed in parentheses. Directories can be a source for finding an ancestor’s spouse!
5 Steps to Analyze That City Directory
Now it’s your turn. You have found the city directory for where your ancestors lived. How do you get the most out of that valuable resource?
- Make note of the location(s) included in the directory. Sometimes smaller rural communities may be included in the next larger town’s directory.
2. Examine the Table of Contents. What types of information and lists are included? Included information will vary greatly over time and locations.
3. Learn the abbreviations used in the directory.
4. Start searching for your ancestor(s). As with any record, check multiple spellings for the name. I usually start with the general population listing, then move on to the societies, businesses or other organization lists.
5. Check the “Additions” or “Late Entries”. Usually found at the beginning or the end of the directory are those late additions that just made it in time for publication. Don’t miss out on finding your ancestor there.
Where To Find City Directories
Now that I have convinced you of the value of researching city directories, let’s find them! As with other records, what is available will vary by state and time period. Check out these sources.
- Google books – Here is an example of an Ann Arbor, MI directory. – Find many FREE online directories.
- The New York Public Library – Free online directories
- Internet Archives – A great resource!
- Hathi Trust Digital Library – Another great resource!
- University Collections – Talk with a reference librarian!
- State and local archives – Check the online and on-site collections.
- Big Databases – Ancestry.com ($), FindMyPast ($) and MyHeritage ($)
- United States Online Historical Directories – Free listing of U.S. directories by state and county. Includes links to both free and paid subscription sites.
- Don’s List – Find a variety of directories both for the US and other countries.
Your Action Item For the Week
Explore what city directories exist for the locations where your ancestors lived. Start searching!
Pin For Future Reference! | <urn:uuid:a7a75127-da0a-4ac4-a9c8-b40617419fc9> | CC-MAIN-2021-31 | https://lisalisson.com/how-to-use-city-directories-in-your-genealogy-research/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-31/segments/1627046154175.76/warc/CC-MAIN-20210801092716-20210801122716-00264.warc.gz | en | 0.932436 | 1,319 | 2.734375 | 3 |
When you’re located in Silicon Valley, it’s easy to catch “start-up fever.” The quest to develop something new – a technology, technique, or test – is pervasive, and the atmosphere at Stanford University is encouraging: Everyone is invited to breathe deeply and innovate. But innovation doesn’t always come in shiny, never-been-made-before packages. Sometimes novel solutions can be found discovering new uses for “old” things. I was reminded of this when I researched my article about advances in wound healing for the summer issue of Stanford Medicine magazine.
Hyperbaric chambers are one "old standby" that have a new role in helping heal patients with chronic wounds. With a history dating back to the 1600s, the first chamber was reportedly built in 1834. Inside the chamber, patients are exposed to higher-than-normal concentrations of oxygen, which allows the oxygen to dissolve directly into the bloodstream.
Under regular, room-air conditions, oxygen needs a designated driver – the hemoglobin in red blood cells ferries it around the bloodstream. So hyperbaric chambers help increase oxygen delivery to tissues, above and beyond the typical carrying capacity of red blood cells. That oxygen boost stimulates new blood vessel growth that, in turn, brings more healing factors to the aid of chronic wounds. With this healing effect, hyperbaric chambers are becoming more common in wound care centers. It’s a treatment option that offered at Stanford’s new wound care center when the doors open this fall.
Repurposing "old" drugs for new uses is also becoming more common. Geoffrey Gurtner, MD, a professor of surgery here, found a promising approach to preventing foot ulcers in diabetic patients with a drug that was originally developed to bind excessive levels of iron in the blood. When Gurtner discovered the same drug, called deferoxamine, could also promote healthier skin, he began developing a bandage that could be applied before a wound ever happened. As a bonus, drugs already labelled to treat other diseases may get into clinical trials more quickly than start-from-scratch therapies because the regulatory hurdle of safety trials have often already been cleared.
I’m still eager to see novel therapies developed, such as the stem cell treatments under investigation by Michael Longaker, MD, the director of the Stanford Program in Regenerative Medicine.
But, perhaps, one of the best uses of our technology is finding new possibilities in therapy options that have been around a while.
Freelance science writer Elizabeth Devitt lives in Santa Cruz, Calif. She draws on her first career in veterinary medicine to write about the health of people, animals and the environment. All her writing efforts at the computer are closely supervised by two cats.
Previously: Stanford Medicine magazine opens up the world of surgery, Maggots can help quicken healing, study shows and Stanford researchers reveal how mechanical forces contribute to scarring
Illustration by Harry Campbell | <urn:uuid:ef248a82-90af-4af3-b96b-15995f3f9433> | CC-MAIN-2023-14 | https://scopeblog.stanford.edu/2014/08/07/new-medicine-a-look-at-advances-in-wound-healing/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-14/segments/1679296948765.13/warc/CC-MAIN-20230328042424-20230328072424-00192.warc.gz | en | 0.945341 | 608 | 2.71875 | 3 |
12 Dec We need more minorities in clinical trials
The trusted physician-patient relationship is a good way to recruit them
By Marjorie A. Speers, Scientific American
Concern over the lack of significant minority participation by patients in clinical trials has waxed and waned over the past 30 years. Now, there is growing momentum in favor if boosting the numbers—and it’s about time, because minority patients can no longer wait. We need to do something now to improve health equity by ensuring that new medicines are tested for safety and efficacy in all populations.
Clinical trials conducted today in the United States lean heavily toward populations that are 80-90 percent white, as reported in a recent Scientific American editorial. Failure to give people of color the opportunity to participate in trials to is unacceptable when close to 40 percent of the United States population belongs to a racial or ethnic minority group. Further, it is estimated that minorities will represent the majority in the United States population by 2050.
Most individuals involved in medicine, research, and public policy agree this is an unbalanced equation. The products developed in these trials—drugs, biologics, and medical devices—might not be best suited for certain minorities. Some minorities are affected differently than white people by diseases, and react differently to medical treatments. But who they are and how they’re affected cannot be known when some groups are not included in the studies designed to test these medicines. Read more … | <urn:uuid:e77a73a2-39cf-4eb6-803e-9c6f1810834f> | CC-MAIN-2020-16 | https://allofus.wisc.edu/2018/12/12/we-need-more-minorities-in-clinical-trials/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-16/segments/1585370491998.11/warc/CC-MAIN-20200328134227-20200328164227-00509.warc.gz | en | 0.952631 | 297 | 2.515625 | 3 |
In order to gain access to numerous state and federal financial aid programs for college degree programs, today’s students absolutely must fill out the FAFSA form. The FAFSA, which stands for the Free Application for Federal Student Aid, is essentially a central application that collects financial information and then distributes that data to universities. While applying for financial aid should not affect acceptance into college, universities make a decision about a student’s financial aid package based on any number of factors, from their own income to their parents’ income, any investments, and any tuition-based considerations that might affect the affordability of a given degree program. To understand more about how the FAFSA works, it’s important to understand which pieces of information it collects and what will be required of the application procedure.
Start By Determining Dependent or Independent Student Status
The FAFSA produces different financial aid determinations for students based on their status as either a dependent student or one who is financially independent. Generally speaking, undergraduate students are considered dependents of their parents in all but a handful of cases. Exemptions are generally granted if the student has been married of emancipated, if their primary guardian is incarcerated or if their primary guardian has passed away. When a student is classified as dependent, both their income and their parents’ income are combined when calculating eligibility for grant and loan programs.
Graduate students, those who have married, or those who are older than age 24, are typically considered independent students. This means that only their income, and not the income of their parents, is considered for the purpose of distributing financial aid. If a student is married, their spouse’s income may need to be considered when calculating financial aid packages, however.
Prepare the Proper Documentation When Providing Financial Data
Because the FAFSA is first and foremost a declaration of wage and income, applicants will need to make sure that they have the proper information available prior to starting the application procedure. The most important document to have on hand is the student’s most recent tax return. If necessary, a parent’s or spouse’s most recent tax return must also be available.
The FAFSA will ask a series of questions that can be directly referenced on certain lines of the tax return. These questions will assess annual income from a full-time or part-time job, any additional sources of income like child support or Social Security payments, and any income derived from investments, tuition savings accounts, or retirement accounts. Using a complex federal formula, this information is used to determine how much the student is able to pay toward the cost of their education and how much of this cost will be covered by aid programs.
Make the Process Easier with the IRS Data Retrieval Tool
Sometimes referred to as the DRT, the Data Retrieval Tool can be used early in the FAFSA filing process to automatically pull in income information from the student’s, spouse’s and parents’ tax returns if they were filed at least a few weeks in advance of the FAFSA application. This makes it easier to complete the process, and can even eliminate the necessity of having paper tax returns on hand during the application procedure.
An Instrumental Way to Increase the Affordability of College Tuition
The Free Application for Federal Student Aid is one of the key parts of applying to college, ensuring its affordability, and maintaining federal and state grants or loans on an annual basis. With yearly application and analysis of financial data, the FAFSA gives students the financial resources they need to affordably secure an advanced degree of their choosing. | <urn:uuid:1ad68692-6d29-45a8-9f20-74ff969b9212> | CC-MAIN-2018-22 | https://www.bestvalueschools.com/faq/what-is-the-fafsa/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-22/segments/1526794865411.56/warc/CC-MAIN-20180523024534-20180523044454-00040.warc.gz | en | 0.94953 | 747 | 3.25 | 3 |
by lucas and bruce
The diamond python has another name called Morelia Spilota. diamond pythons are not diamond! They are snakes.
diamond python's diet
They eat frogs, lizards and other animals.
It can be poisoned but the snake will still eat it
The snake's prey
They will eat or gobble them up
The mouse can be gobble up in one gobble
Diamond pythons are reptiles and they are snakes. They are also non- venimous.
They have a black or green skin with yellow spots, they also have scales, they do not have any legs.
They live in trees or grass in coastal or bushland areas.
They like to slither in the bush.
How large are they?
They are medium- to-large snakes.
Can you find the snake? | <urn:uuid:60a0e366-e6d6-41d9-bfc3-f69398ae0d23> | CC-MAIN-2018-17 | https://www.smore.com/2br5z | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-17/segments/1524125947693.49/warc/CC-MAIN-20180425041916-20180425061916-00140.warc.gz | en | 0.926344 | 179 | 2.671875 | 3 |
When the Sun Turned Black | Paul Glynn, S.M. | From "A Song for Nagasaki" | Ignatius Insight
When the Sun Turned Black | Paul Glynn, S.M. | From A Song for
Nagasaki: The Story of Takashi Nagai, Scientist, Convert, and Survivor of the Atomic Bomb | Ignatius Insight
Major "Chuck" Sweeney had
an extremely risky takeoff before dawn, loaded as he was with the 4.5-ton A-bomb,
"Fat Man". Now they were over their primary target, Kokura. He had
made three runs over the hopelessly clouded city when he made a shocking
discovery: the auxiliary gasoline pipe was blocked. Unless they dropped the
bomb soon, they would never get home. He turned his plane southwest for the
secondary target, "Nagasaki, urban area".
His B-29 was over Shimabara just before 11 A.M. A radio announcer saw this and excitedly broadcast a warning, and
Nagasaki people who heard him ran for their shelters. Moments later, Sweeney
and his crew saw Nagasaki right below them through a cloud break, immediately
recognizing the Urakami River and the Matsuyama Sports Ground. That put them
almost two miles northwest of the planned drop, but time had run out. Bombardier
Kermit released the bomb. It was just 11 A.M. when Fat Man went plummeting down
onto the city of two hundred thousand souls, of whom more than seventy thousand
would die, many without a trace.
Inside the Urakami Cathedral, Fathers
Nishida and Tamaya were hearing confessions again after the all-clear. The
cathedral was only a third of a mile from where Fat Man detonated and was
reduced to rubble in an instant. No one would be sure how many perished inside.
Less than two miles away from the
cathedral, Chimoto-san was working on his rice paddy on Mount Kawabira. He
heard a noise, looked up and saw a B-29 emerging from the clouds. It disgorged
a huge black bomb, and he threw himself to the ground. He waited a minute. Then
came an awful penetrating brightness, followed by eerie stillness. He looked up
and gasped at the huge pillar of smoke, swelling grotesquely as it rose.
Suddenly he realized that a hurricane was rushing toward him. Houses,
buildings, trees were being cut down before his startled eyes as if by some
enormous, invisible bulldozer. Then came a deafening roar, and he was hurled
like a matchbox into the stone wall sixteen feet behind. Shaken to his very
soul, he gaped at the pines, chestnuts and camphor laurels torn from the ground
or broken off at the trunks. Even the grass was gone!
Midori's nineteen-year-old cousin Sadako
Moriyama had just found her two small brothers chasing dragonflies in the
Yamazato school yard. She told them their mother wanted them. At that moment,
she heard the plane and ran with them to the school shelter. As they entered,
they were picked up and hurled to the far wall, and she blacked out. Coming to,
she heard the two children whimpering at her feet and wondered why it was so
dark. As a little light began to penetrate the gloom, she was paralyzed with
terror. Two hideous monsters had appeared at the shelter's entrance, making
croaking noises and trying to crawl in. As the darkness lifted a little, she
saw they were human beings who had been outside when the bomb exploded. In less
than seconds, they had been skinned alive, half a mile from the epicenter, and
their raw bodies had been picked up and smashed into the side of the shelter.
She went outside. The light was weak, as
if it were barely dawn. She cried aloud when she saw beside the sandbox four
children, without clothes or skin! She stood there transfixed, her eyes
involuntarily drinking in the hideous details. The skin of their hands had been
torn away at the wrists and hung from their fingernails, looking like gloves turned
Feeling she was losing her reason, she
dashed back into the shelter, accidentally brushing the two victims still
squirming and moaning near the entrance. Their bodies felt like potatoes gone
rotten. Their horrible animal croaking sound began again. She realized they
were saying something. Mizu, mizu. Water, water. That cry was to run like a
cracked record in the nightmares of Nagasaki survivors for years.
Michiko Ogino was ten years old and
enjoying the summer holidays at home. Just after 11 A.M. she was terrified by a
giant lightning flash, followed by a horrendous roar, and within seconds she
was one of the thousands pinned under the roofs or walls of their homes. The
blast of the bomb caused air to rush from the epicenter at over a mile a
second, knocking houses flat. Almost immediately, an equally violent wind
rushed back into the vacuum left at the epicenter.
Michiko was hopelessly pinned there, but
her screaming brought a stranger who freed her. Outside, she was startled to
see evil-looking clouds that twisted and writhed and blackened out the sun.
'What kind of new lightning had done this? Then she became conscious of a tiny
voice becoming hysterical. It was her two-year-old sister trapped under a
crossbeam. She turned for help and saw dashing toward them a naked woman, her
body greasy, and purple like an eggplant, and her hair reddish brown and
frizzled. Oh no! It was Mother! The speechless Michiko could only point to her
sister under the beam. The mother looked wildly at the fires that had already
started, dived into the rubble, put her shoulder under the beam and heaved. The
two-year-old was free, and the mother, hugging her to her breast, collapsed
onto the ground. There was no skin left on the shoulder that she had put under
the beam, just raw bleeding meat. Michiko's father appeared, badly burnt too.
He watched in dumb helplessness as his wife groaned and struggled to rise. Then
all her strength ebbed away, and she collapsed, dead.
Nagasaki was now burning, and Sakue
Kawasaki sat in disbelief inside the Aburagi air-raid shelter. He could see
people staggering about outside, naked and swollen like pumpkins. Then came a
babel of croaking voices piteously begging for mizu, mizu, but where could he
get water? There was a puddle of dirty water outside the entrance to the
shelter, and one of the victims crawled over, lowered his lips into it and
drank with succulent noises. He tried to crawl to the shelter but collapsed and
stopped moving. One by one, the others drank from the puddle and crumpled up
motionless. What terrible thirst could drive men to act like demented lemmings?
The plutonium-239 bomb exploded in
Nagasaki with the equivalent force of twenty-two thousand tons of conventional
explosives but with vast differences. Setting aside for the moment the A-bomb's
lethal radiation, there was its intense heat, which reached several million
degrees centigrade at the explosion point. The whole mass of the huge bomb was
ionized and a fireball created, making the air around it luminous, emitting
ultraviolet rays and infrared rays and blistering roof tiles farther than half
a mile from the epicenter. Exposed human skin was scorched up to two and a half
miles away. Electric light poles, trees and houses within two miles were
charred on the surface facing the blast. The velocity of the wind that rushed
out from the epicenter was more than one mile per second, sixty times the
velocity of a major cyclone. This caused a vacuum at the epicenter, and another
cyclone rushed back. in, picking up acres of dust, dirt, debris and smoke that
darkened the writhing mushroom cloud.
Young Kata-san was walking his cow on a
hillside outside Oyama, five miles south of the epicenter. He was startled by
the flash and watched, rooted to the spot, as a huge white cloud rose up like a
grotesque organism fattening itself by some weird magic. The cloud was white on
the outside but fired by some hideous red energy within. Then came alternating
flashes of red, yellow and purple. Gradually the cloud went into a mushroom shape,
and a black. stain grew on its stem. When the cloud reached a great height, it
burst open and collapsed like an obscene grub that had gorged on more than its
stomach could hold. The mountains all around were lit by the sun, but the area
below the cloud was shrouded in darkness. Then came Kato's second shock, a roar
of wind so strong that Kato mistook it for another bomb exploding nearby.
A Song for
Nagasaki: The Story of Takashi Nagai, Scientist, Convert, and Survivor of the Atomic Bomb
by Paul Glynn, S.M.
On August 9, 1945, an American B-29 dropped an atomic bomb on Nagasaki, Japan, killing tens of thousands of people in the blink of an eye, while fatally injuring and
poisoning thousands more. Among the survivors was Takashi Nagai, a pioneer in radiology research and a convert to the Catholic Faith. Living in the rubble of the
ruined city and suffering from leukemia caused by over-exposure to radiation, Nagai lived out the remainder of his remarkable life by bringing physical and
spiritual healing to his war-weary people.
A Song for Nagasaki tells the moving story of this extraordinary man, beginning with his boyhood and the heroic tales and stoic virtues of his family's Shinto
religion. It reveals the inspiring story of Nagai's remarkable spiritual journey from Shintoism to atheism to Catholicism. Mixed with interesting details about
Japanese history and culture, the biography traces Nagai's spiritual quest as he studied medicine at Nagasaki University, served as a medic with the Japanese
army during its occupation of Manchuria, and returned to Nagasaki to dedicate himself to the science of radiology. The historic Catholic district of the city,
where Nagai became a Catholic and began a family, was ground zero for the atomic bomb.
After the bomb disaster that killed thousands, including Nagai's beloved wife, Nagai, then Dean of Radiology at Nagasaki University, threw himself into service to the
countless victims of the bomb explosion, even though it meant deadly exposure to the radiation which eventually would cause his own death. While dying, he also wrote
powerful books that became best-sellers in Japan. These included The Bells of Nagasaki, which resonated deeply with the Japanese people in their great suffering as it
explores the Christian message of love and forgiveness. Nagai became a highly revered man and is considered a saint by many Japanese people. Illustrated
"Christians and non-Christians alike were deeply moved by Nagai's faith in Christ that made him like Job of the Scriptures: in the midst of the nuclear wilderness he
kept his heart in tranquility and peace, neither bearing resentment against any man nor cursing God." -- Shusaku Endo, from the Foreword
Also available in E-Book format.
Fr. Paul Glynn, S.M., a Marist Missionary priest from Australia, is the author of several books including the best-sellers
The Healing Fire of Christ: Reflections on Modern Miracles and The Smile of the Ragpicker.
the Insight Scoop Blog and read the latest posts and comments by
IgnatiusInsight.com staff and readers about current events, controversies,
and news in the Church! | <urn:uuid:ee3a3458-0a77-4625-a6b6-73b32d5ab4db> | CC-MAIN-2017-17 | http://www.ignatiusinsight.com/features2009/print2009/glynn_nagasaki_dec09.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-17/segments/1492917120881.99/warc/CC-MAIN-20170423031200-00113-ip-10-145-167-34.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.972354 | 2,556 | 2.828125 | 3 |
The idea of a cowgirl is something we constantly address at the National Cowgirl Museum and Hall of Fame. Like many of you, we work hard to convey our Museum’s message and mission to those that are unfamiliar with its purpose. We want visitors to understand our ideas and walk away with knowledge and a positive experience. Many visitors say they are unaware there IS a National Cowgirl Museum and Hall of Fame. So we start with the basics!
“What is a cowgirl?” is one of the first questions docents and staff ask visitors. The answers are varied and usually include Annie Oakley, Dale Evans and images of hats and boots and horses. Rarely do we receive the answer, Sandra Day O’Connor, Clara Brown and Sacagawea. But these women fit the Museum’s definition of a cowgirl — a woman with an incredible story who somehow changed the West.
As you enter the Museum, coming out of the ceiling is a partial horse figure with a rider surrounded in blue. It takes a moment for visitors to discover the blue is water and the rider and horse are diving into the water. The rider is Honoree Mamie Francis Hafley. She was a western performer. One of her performances involved prompting her horse to dive off a platform as far as 50 feet into the air into a 10 foot temporary pool of water. It is amazing to think of a woman trained a horse to leap from a platform several feet into the air into a pool of water. I wish I could get my dog into the bathtub! But this remarkable woman is just one of the many who is incredible in her own way.
With over 200 Honorees, the Museum has the opportunity to share the stories of rodeo champions as well as entertainers, artists, photographers, writers, trailblazers, and even architects. We have broadened the idea of the cowgirl to include women who made an impact in our western heritage…women of the west, past and present. While some names are more familiar such as Clara Brown, Laura Ingalls Wilder, Georgia O’Keeffe, Annie Oakley, and Dale Evans, there are others who also align with the idea of the “cowgirl” such as Sallie Reynolds Matthews, Narcissa Whitman, Esther Hobart Morris and Mother Joseph Pariseau. Each played a role in creating and shaping the West, and not all were horseback. Some were applauded for their efforts; others were criticized and considered too progressive. Many chose their path, many had the path chosen for them; yet all prevailed and left their place in history.
And, you can be sure that one connection between them all is that they all have a story, such as Jan Youren, the bronco rider, who went to the hospital with broken ribs, checked herself out and went to a dance. While dancing, her young male partner offered to get her something cool to drink…he didn’t want to feel her ribs cracking anymore. What about Alice Van Springsteen, the stunt rider, who had to go over a waterfall while doubling for a young actor. She didn’t know how to swim and told the cameraman, “If I don’t come up, jump in after me.” She hit her head on a submerged rock, but still came up. The director asked her to go over the falls again, but “slower.” And then there is Sacagawea, who helped Lewis and Clark with their expedition even though she had a baby, Jean Baptiste, on her back.
So the question continues…”What is a cowgirl?”
This is a question we continue to answer and people may have to answer for themselves. It may be a famous person in history, or a family member who survived insurmountable odds. Women throughout history have proven to be tough and survive adverse situations. Yet, they are the nurturers and caregivers to men, children and animals. They are able to adapt and change in a world that offers challenges and opportunities.
Cowgirls are women who somehow shaped the West…and changed the world. Know any?
Cindi Collins is Director of School Services at the National Cowgirl Museum and Hall of Fame in Fort Worth, Texas. | <urn:uuid:0ca077fd-9728-4961-b5ef-1e06fc6a7c2a> | CC-MAIN-2023-14 | https://aaslh.org/another-texas-tale-so-what-is-a-cowgirl-anyway/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-14/segments/1679296950110.72/warc/CC-MAIN-20230401160259-20230401190259-00638.warc.gz | en | 0.975107 | 887 | 2.71875 | 3 |
Dennis Drew and Don Snow
INFLUENCES on the strategy process are both numerous and important. Most are relatively well known and understood because they are similar to the influences that affect almost any political decision. This chapter, however, deals with an influence peculiar to national security strategy decisions—military doctrine. A detailed examination of doctrine is in order for at least two reasons. Doctrine has, or should have, an extraordinary impact on the strategy process, and doctrine is an ill-defined, poorly understood, and often confusing subject in spite of its considerable importance.
What Is Doctrine?
One can readily find a number of definitions for doctrine—some official, some unofficial—that often differ by country or military service of origin. Most fail to capture the significance of doctrine. Official definitions written in legalese even obscure doctrine’s importance. Perhaps the best definition, one that is accurate, concise, and yet retains the vitality befitting doctrine’s importance, is also one of the simplest. Military doctrine is what we believe about the best way to conduct military affairs. Even more briefly, doctrine is what we believe about the best way to do things.
Two words are particularly important in the definition. The use of the word believe suggests that doctrine is the result of an examination and interpretation of the available evidence. In addition, it implies that the interpretation is subject to change should new evidence be introduced. Doctrinal beliefs are not immutable physical laws but are interpretations of changing evidence (e.g., new technology and new circumstances). The word best connotes a standard—a guide for those who conduct military affairs.
The principal source of doctrine is experience. In a sense, doctrine is a compilation of those things that have generally been successful in the past. The repeated success or failure of actions over time can be generalized into beliefs that, we hope, will be relevant to the present and the future. Unfortunately, not all past experience is relevant to the present (not to mention the future), and there is no guarantee that what is relevant today will remain relevant in the future. Thus, doctrine is a constantly maturing and evolving thing. Those “lessons” from the past that seem to have proved themselves over an extensive period of time, however, can be, and have been, not only generalized into doctrinal beliefs but have also been raised to higher levels of abstraction to become the so-called principles of war—doctrinal beliefs that are axiomatic.
Of course, doctrine is not just the result of experience. Experience by itself has limited utility. As Frederick the Great pointed out, if experiences were all-important, he had several pack mules who had seen enough of war to be field marshals. The real key is the accurate analysis and interpretation of history (experience)—and therein lies the rub. Each individual looks at history through different lenses, lenses shaped by a variety of factors, lenses that interpret history in very different ways. The results are differing views among nations and among military services within nations about the lessons of history and their applicability to the present and future. This problem is best illustrated by the disparate views concerning an enemy’s center of gravity.
Moreover, experience and the analysis of experience are not exclusive sources of doctrine because there are subjects for which there is no empirical evidence on which to base beliefs. This is particularly true of nuclear issues—how to deter nuclear war, how to wage nuclear war, and so on. Even though two nuclear weapons were used during World War II, by no stretch of the imagination could one consider that experience illustrative of what might transpire in a full-scale nuclear war. No one has any real experience to draw on, or any history of the best way to deter or conduct a nuclear conflict. For example, we assume that US nuclear retaliatory forces have deterred attack for four decades, but we have no solid evidence that this is the case.
In such evidential voids as that found in the nuclear arena, we are forced to rely on extrapolations of experience from other areas. We hope that such extrapolations are pertinent, but our standards for judgment can only be logic, intuition, and “gut feelings.” This is, obviously, a risky but unavoidable situation. Even worse is the fact that in the nuclear realm we cannot afford to be wrong.
We have already alluded to several significant problems in the development of doctrine. The lack of concrete evidence in the nuclear area should be placed at the top of the problem list because of the consequences should we make an error. What nonnuclear evidence is pertinent to nuclear issues? Does any nonnuclear doctrine really apply to weapons of mass destruction? Does conventional logic apply when the consequences of nuclear war might include the death of civilization? Would anyone but a madman actually initiate a nuclear war? What would deter a madman? Can there be a winner (in some rational sense) in a full-scale nuclear war? These are all doctrinal questions of the utmost importance that frustrate nearly everyone who has to deal with them.
Problematic nuclear issues are not the only difficulties encountered in the area of doctrine. Objective analysis of experience can be especially difficult. This fact is best illustrated by the US experience in attempting to deal with the legacy of the Vietnam War. The passions of the Southeast Asian experience have died hard and have colored nearly every attempt to analyze the conflict. To some, the lesson of that war is a simplistic plea for “no more Vietnams,” a rather ill-defined lesson at best. Others have attempted to identify scapegoats—finger pointing among some military professionals, civilian leaders, and antiwar activists—the lesson apparently being that if the scapegoats had been controlled or eliminated, everything would have worked out for the best. Still others have passionately criticized how the war was conducted and earnestly proposed fanciful remedies and reforms. In short, objective analysis has been in short supply. In such a situation, it is unlikely that sound doctrine will result. In the case of Vietnam, almost no doctrine has resulted.
Perhaps the most ubiquitous doctrinal problem is the tendency to let doctrine stagnate. Changing circumstances (for example, technological developments) must be constantly evaluated because they can modify beliefs about the important lessons of experience. If current and projected circumstances do not affect the analysis of history’s lessons, doctrine rapidly becomes irrelevant. The French experience after World War I exemplifies the problem. Based on the demonstrated superiority of the defense when ensconced in strong trench works during the war, the French constructed the world’s most elaborate and sophisticated fortifications along the Franco-German border. Unfortunately, the Maginot Line’s static fortifications were irrelevant to the mobile warfare conducted by the Germans in World War II. The French analysis of history’s lessons was not tempered by technological change, particularly the advent of motorized ground warfare supported by air power.
Finally, doctrine can become irrelevant if the assumptions that support it are not frequently reexamined for their continuing validity. The development of US air power doctrine provides a pertinent example. Based on the ideas of Gen William “Billy” Mitchell and further developed at the Air Corps Tactical School by Mitchell’s protégés, the Army Air Forces went into World War II with a doctrine based on the belief that strategic bombing would (and should) be decisive in war. The World War II experience and the availability of nuclear weapons and long-range aircraft in the postwar era further ingrained this notion. Military budgets, force structures, equipment procurement, and training were all based on the central doctrinal belief in the deterrent and warfighting decisiveness of strategic bombardment. Even the tactical air forces became ministrategic forces in the late 1950s and early 1960s. The crisis came in 1965 when the United States entered the Vietnam War and the bombing of North Vietnam began. American air power doctrine was found to be bankrupt in Vietnam because its underlying assumptions were untrue in that situation. Strategic bombing doctrine assumed that all US wars would be unlimited wars fought to destroy the enemy and that America’s enemies would be modern, industrialized states. Both assumptions were crucial to strategic bombing doctrine. They were reasonable and valid assumptions in the 1920s and 1930s, but invalid in the 1960s in the age of limited warfare in the third world. The results were frustration, ineffective bombing, wasted blood and treasure, and eventually the renaming of Saigon to Ho Chi Minh City.
Types of Doctrine
For many years there has been considerable confusion regarding the subject of doctrine. Some of this confusion has resulted from ill-considered doctrinal publications in the wake of the Vietnam War. In some cases these publications reflected the confusion and consternation caused by the American failure in Southeast Asia, and they certainly reflected an inability to analyze the war dispassionately. Part of the confusion about doctrine also stems from the fact that there are three distinct types of doctrine. A brief survey of these types should help resolve some of the confusion.
Fundamental doctrine forms the foundation for all other types of doctrine. Its scope is broad and its concepts are abstract. Essentially, fundamental doctrine defines the nature of war, the purpose of military forces, the relationship of military force to other instruments of power, and similar subject matter on which less abstract beliefs are founded. The following examples are typical statements of fundamental doctrine:
“War is policy carried on by other means.”
“War is the failure of policy.”
“The object of war is to overcome an enemy’s hostile will.”
“The object of war is a better state of peace.”
An examination of these statements reveals two significant characteristics of fundamental doctrine. The first is the almost timeless nature of fundamental doctrine. It seldom changes because it deals with basic concepts rather than contemporary techniques. The second characteristic, which is really the basis of the first, is that fundamental doctrine is relatively insensitive to political philosophy or technological change. The statements, if accepted, seem applicable in democratic or authoritarian states and cogent whether discussing Napoleon’s campaigns or recent conflicts.
As technological innovations allowed man to put to sea and take to the air, man’s proclivity for war quickly followed. Quite naturally, beliefs also developed about how best to use sea power and air power. Thus, environmental doctrine (the rubric for sea power, air power, land power, and space power doctrine) is a compilation of beliefs about the employment of military forces within a particular operating medium.
Environmental doctrine has several distinctive characteristics. It is narrower in scope than fundamental doctrine because it deals with the exercise of military power in a particular medium. Environmental doctrine is significantly influenced by such factors as geography and technology. Sea power doctrine, for example, is obviously influenced by geography (there are many places one cannot take a naval vessel) and by technology, particularly since the advent of naval aviation and submarine warfare. Air power doctrine, on the other hand, is less influenced by geography but depends totally on technology for its very existence.
Organizational doctrine is best defined as basic beliefs about the operation of a particular military organization or group of closely linked military organizations. It attempts to bring the abstractions of fundamental and environmental doctrine into sharper (yet still somewhat abstract) focus by leavening them with current political realities, capabilities, and cultural values. Typically, organizational doctrine discusses roles and missions of an organization, current objectives, administrative organization, force employment principles as they are influenced by the current situation, and, in some cases, tactics.
Organizational doctrine has several salient characteristics that distinguish it from fundamental or environmental doctrine. Organizational doctrine is very narrow in scope. Organizational doctrine concerns the use of a particular force (e.g., US or Soviet) in a particular environment (e.g., US Air Force or Soviet Air Force) at a particular time—today. In addition, organizational doctrine is current and must change to stay current. This tendency to change contrasts sharply with the almost timeless qualities of fundamental doctrine and the considerable staying power of environmental doctrine.
In the United States, organizational doctrine comprises the bulk of doctrinal publications. It has been further subdivided and specialized into doctrine for specific types of forces, types of conflicts, and other subcategories. As the content of these publications increasingly narrows in scope, it assumes the characteristics of regulations or standard operating procedures. The distinction between beliefs about how to do things at this level of detail and directives on the same subject is a matter of conjecture.
How do these complex puzzle pieces fit together? Clearly, fundamental doctrine is the basis for all other types of doctrine, and environmental doctrine is at least part of the basis for organizational doctrine. One way to understand these relationships is to visualize them as parts of a tree (fig. 4). The trunk of the tree is fundamental doctrine and, of course, has its roots in history—the primary source of doctrine. The tree branches represent environmental doctrine—each springing from the same trunk, each individual, and yet all related. The leaves represent organizational doctrine—dependent on both the trunk and the branches and changing from season to season.
The analogy of the tree can be carried even further. For example, what would happen if the lessons of history cannot be accurately interpreted? The results would be analogous to cutting the roots and therefore killing the tree (i.e., defeat). What would happen if there was no valid fundamental or environmental doctrine? This is analogous to a diseased trunk or branch that could kill the tree, including the leaves (again, defeat). The analogy of the doctrine tree illustrates that doctrine must be a coherent whole to be valuable, shows the dependencies involved, and emphasizes the often ignored importance of fundamental and environmental doctrine.
Relationship of Doctrine and Strategy
Doctrine has many functions. Its first function is to provide a tempered analysis of experience and a determination of beliefs. Its second function is to teach those beliefs to each succeeding generation. Its third function is to provide a common basis of knowledge and understanding that can provide guidance for actions. All three of these functions come to fruition in doctrine’s relationship to strategy decisions.
Doctrine provides, in essence, a knowledge base for making strategy decisions. Doctrine is always somewhat abstract and thus provides the foundation from which to begin thinking when facing a concrete and specific decision. Without doctrine, strategists would have to make decisions without points of reference or guidance. They would continually be faced with the prospect of “reinventing the wheel” and repeating past mistakes. Superior doctrine should be the storehouse of analyzed experience and military wisdom and should be the strategist’s fundamental guide in decisionmaking. The importance of this function was succinctly put by T. E. Lawrence (Lawrence of Arabia) when he commented that with 2,000 years of examples there is no excuse for not fighting a war well.*
*Quoted in J. A. English, "Kindergarten Soldier: The Military Thought of Lawrence of Arabia," Military Affairs, January 1987, 10.
As important as doctrine should be at nearly every level of strategy, it often does not control strategy or even have a significant influence on strategy decisions, a source of great frustration for the military professional. This tendency has been most notable since World War II as traditional military doctrine has often clashed with political decisions in conducting limited warfare. In both Korea and Vietnam, military leaders chafed under the close control of civilians whose decisions about the conduct of the wars often ran counter to military advice. Many military leaders contend such decisions played a major role in preventing a clear-cut victory in Korea and in causing a clear-cut failure in Vietnam. Civilian leaders, on the other hand, contend that traditional military doctrine is incompatible with limited warfare. They believe that either or both of those wars could have escalated to a superpower confrontation if the military had been allowed to implement its doctrine.
The frustrations of Korea and Vietnam highlight the fact that military doctrine is only one of a host of factors influencing strategy decisions. The influence of doctrine is inversely proportional to the importance attached to other factors. In Korea and Vietnam, the threats of escalation and confrontation were of overwhelming importance and negated the influence of military doctrine. These same kinds of phenomena can also occur in peacetime. Military advice and requests concerning force structures, weapon system procurement and force deployment (all of which are—or should be— based on military doctrine) are often ignored, overruled, or modified because of economic and political factors that assume overwhelming importance. In both peace and war, the influence of military doctrine can be negated, modified, or limited by any of the host of other factors that influence strategy decisions. The degree to which doctrine influences strategy depends on the relative importance of doctrine in the eyes of the decisionmaker.
Thus in an imperfect world, doctrine is not always accorded its proper influence, which suggests yet another important function of doctrine. As the best way to conduct military affairs, doctrine provides a standard against which to measure our efforts. Many factors prevent the military from doing “things in the best manner, but doctrine can still provide a yardstick—an indicator of success and a tool for analyzing both success and failure. Doctrine can measure not only its own impact on the decisiomnaking process but also its own relevance. If military doctrine were followed to a substantial degree and success were not achieved, this would indicate that changes to doctrine were in order; that is, experience of failure would feed the development of new doctrine. If, under the influence of doctrine, the strategy decisions led to success, the experience of success would also add to the experience that feeds the development of doctrine. This brings the strategy and doctrine relationship full circle. Doctrine influences strategy (or it should) and the results of strategy become the experiences that are the basis for doctrine.
Reprinted from Making Strategy: An Introduction to National Security Processes and Problems, Chapter 11, August 1988, pp. 163–174.
Published 1988 by Air University Press. | <urn:uuid:7186f435-ae8f-4bd1-a8e3-bde2ae21b056> | CC-MAIN-2016-30 | http://www.au.af.mil/au/awc/awcgate/readings/drew1.htm | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-30/segments/1469258936356.77/warc/CC-MAIN-20160723072856-00281-ip-10-185-27-174.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.95248 | 3,674 | 2.578125 | 3 |
What Languages do People Speak in Canada?
While most Canadians speak one of two official languages, English and French, there are nearly 200 languages spoken in the country including Aboriginal or Indigenous languages, official languages, and "immigrant" languages.
How Many Languages Are Spoken in Canada?
There are 196 languages reported as being used in Canada. This includes the two official languages, English and French, as well as 128 "immigrant" or imported languages like German and Italy and about 66 Indigenous languages. All but three Indigenous languages in Canada are no longer considered viable with a low number of native speakers. ## Official Languages of Canada Canada has two official languages: English and French. Canada has an "official bilingualism" policy in terms of policies, constitutional protections, and provisions which means all government business is conducted in both languages and access to goods and services must be provided in both languages.
English is the most commonly spoken language in the country but French isn't far behind. The rate of English-French bilingualism in Canada has also reached an all-time high with almost 18% of Canadians able to speak English or French. About 86% of Canadians can speak English while 30% can speak French.
Most native French speakers in Canada live in Quebec, a province in which French is the only official language. In Quebec, about 77% of people are native French speakers or francophones and 95% speak French as a first or second language.
Other Languages of Canada
Canada is home to many languages. In addition to English and French, there are many non-official languages in use as well as Indigenous languages.
About 15% of Canadians speak a language at home other than English or French and 23% have a mother tongue other than an official language. The most frequently spoken languages (https://www.cbc.ca/news/politics/census-wednesday-language-1.4231213) at home other than French or English are: -- Mandarin (640,000 Canadians) -- Cantonese (595,000) -- Punjabi (568,000) -- Spanish (554,000) -- Tagalog (525,000) -- Arabic (514,000) -- Italian (51,000)
Tagalog is the fastest growing of these non-official languages, growing 35% between 2011 and 2018, followed by Arabic. Two-thirds of people who speak non-official languages live in Toronto, Vancouver, and Montreal. In Vancouver, about 18% of people speak Mandarin, Punjabi, or Cantonese alone. Vancouver is notable as the four leading immigrant home languages account for 58% of the total population speaking an immigrant language at home.
There are also many Indigenous languages spoken in Canada. Combined, about 0.6% of Canadians speak an Indigenous language as their mother tongue. The most recent census shows that the number of Indigenous Canadians learning their native tongue is on the rise, however, suggesting many younger Indigenous people are learning it as a second language.
The most commonly spoken Indigenous languages are: Cree (84,000 Canadians) Inuktitut (39,000) Ojibway (22,000)
There are 12 Indigenous language families covering 65 languages and dialects. Some of these languages are sign languages. Only the three Indigenous languages above have enough native speakers to be considered likely to survive long-term. Some of these languages are spoken by less than 1,000 people.
Two territories of Canada give official status to native languages. The Northwest Territories grants official status to 11 languages including English, French, Cree, Chipewyan, and Inuktitut. Nunavut grants official status to Inuktitut and Inuinnaqtun.
In addition to dozens or more languages introduced by immigrants to Canada over the last two hundred years, there are also many unique Canadian dialects of common European languages. The following are some examples: -- Canadian Gaelic spoken fluently by about 1,000 people in northwest Cape Breton, Nova Scotia that came from immigrants who spoke Scottish Gaelic. -- Newfoundland English, a West Country dialect introduced by the first European settlers in the area. -- Canadian Ukrainian, a distinct Ukrainian dialect of Western Canada spoken by descendants of separate Ukrainian immigrant waves. | <urn:uuid:97b7358c-720d-41f5-91ea-9f69bd8e1710> | CC-MAIN-2023-06 | https://worldpopulationreview.com/countries/canada/language | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-06/segments/1674764494826.88/warc/CC-MAIN-20230126210844-20230127000844-00153.warc.gz | en | 0.956286 | 865 | 3.015625 | 3 |
What is the Latitude and Longitude on Mayotte?
Latitude of Mayotte is:-12.8333 and Longitude of Mayotte is: 45.1667
Mayotte is an archipelago of islands of Grande-Terre, Petite-Terre and number of smaller islands or atolls surrounding them. It is a French overseas territory. Mayotte separated politically with the Comoro Islands in 1974 and since then has been under the French rule.
Located at the geographical coordinates of 12.8333° South and 45.1667° East, Mayotte is a small island spanned across an area of 374 square kilometres. A population of 194,000, according to 2009 census, makes it the 21st most densely populated country in the world with the density of 498.5/km2. Located in the Indian Ocean, Mayotte lies to the northwest of Madagascar and northeast of Mozambique.
Mount Benara, at a height of 2165 feet, is the most elevated peak located in the oldest island of Comoro Islands, Grande-Terre. A rich fertile soil can be found in the island. Mamoudzou is the capital and the largest city of Mayotte.
The climatic conditions in the island of Mayotte are of tropical type. The hot and humid summers stretch from November to May. The island also experiences some rainfall in this season. Winters between May and November are cooler and drier.
Economy of Mayotte is dependent on the export of products like ylang-ylang, coffee, copra and vanilla. As a cultural country, Mayotte has borrowed its culture from the French.
View Latitude and Longitude on Mayotte in other units. | <urn:uuid:fc0244da-5493-4c2c-ab4e-a439663fac5b> | CC-MAIN-2015-11 | http://www.roseindia.net/answers/viewqa/TravelTourism/20439-Latitude-and-Longitude-of-Mayotte.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2015-11/segments/1424936463658.66/warc/CC-MAIN-20150226074103-00122-ip-10-28-5-156.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.925653 | 354 | 2.953125 | 3 |
Basic Science and Technology
Primary 6/ Basic 6
Previous lesson :
The pupils have previous knowledge of Our Earth and Sky
The Earth’s Movement
Specific Behavioural objectives :
At the end of the lesson, the pupils should be able to
- explain the two types of earth’s movements
- say the effects of earth’s movement as they relate to day and night
- define eclipse
- mention the types of eclipses
- Explain the reasons for different time zones on earth
Instructional Materials :
- Wall charts
- Related Online Video
- Flash Cards
Methods of Teaching :
- Class Discussion
- Group Discussion
- Asking Questions
- Role Modelling
- Role Delegation
Reference Materials :
- Scheme of Work
- Online Information
- 9 Year Basic Education Curriculum
Content Development :
The study of the universe has led to the discovery of the planets, the stars, the
gases and other things. The earth is one of the nine planets of the solar system.
It is the planet in which life exist. It consists of three parts and it is spherical
Rotation of the Earth On Its Axis
The earth rotates from the West to the East as if it is being turned on an
imaginary line passing through its centre.
This imaginary line is called the
This rotation of the earth about its axis causes day and night.
It was discovered that when the earth rotates, since it is spherical, only one
half of it faces the sun, and it is day time in some countries on that part of the
earth. The other side which does not receive the light from the sun, at that
time, is dark and it is night time in such places or countries The earth makes one’
complete rotation on its axis in twenty-four hours. That is why we have day and night
Revolution of the Earth Round the Sun
At the same time as the earth rotates on its axis, it also revolves round the sun.
The movement of the earth round the sun is called the revolution of the earth.
As mentioned earlier, the movement of the earth round the sun is called the
revolution of the earth.
The earth revolves round the sun in about 365 days or in one year. The path
of the earth round the sun is not a circle. It is a (geometrical) shape called an
The Effect of the Revolution of the Earth
The revolution of the earth round the sun makes it possible for some parts of
the earth to receive more sunlight than other parts at a given time. There are
two major seasons in Nigeria namely: wet season and dry season. Between the
months of October and February, the weather is very hot and dry. This is
called the dry season. This means that a large amount of the sun’s rays
reaches Nigeria during this period of the earth’s Revolution.
Between the months of March and September, there is a lot of rainfall. The
weather is cooler and windy. This is the wet season. It is noteworthy that
between the months of December and February, there is a special period
during the dry season, when the weather is hot and dry during the day, yet it
is very cold at night and in the early mornings. This is the harmattan period.
All these changes in the seasons are caused by the revolution of the earth
round the sun. This revolution of the earth round the sun is from East to
The Cardinal Points
The earth is divided into four cardinal points or main bearings on a compass.
These are: East, West, North and South. The compass is used to find
directions based on these points.
An eclipse simple means to obstruct or to cover or block.
There are two types of eclipses: an eclipse of the sun and an eclipse of the moon
Eclipse of the Moon
An eclipse of the moon occurs when the earth comes in between the sun and
With the candle light representing the sun, the football representing the earth
and the tennis or ping pong ball representing the moon, draw a diagram to
show the eclipse of the moon.
The solar system comprises the sun and all the bodies (planets, satellites and
other objects) moving round it.
There are nine planets which revolve round-the sun. Each planet has its own
path. The planets are: (i) Mercury, (ii) Venus, (iii) Earth, (iv) Mars, (v)
Jupiter, (vi) Saturn, (vii) Uranus, (viii) Neptune and (ix) Pluto.
Note: Pluto is much smaller than any of the official planets and now classified
as a’ dwarf planet’.
The path along which each planet moves round the sun is called its orbit. We
should note that the sun is a star, it produces light. Stars are objects in space,
which produce light.
The planets are not stars, so they do not produce light like the sun. They are
seen at night because they reflect light from the sun. The planets may appear
like bright stars to us at night because they are much nearer to us than any
star. Any bright object in the sky that does not twinkle at night is a planet.
The distance of the earth from the sun is about 150 million kilometres and as
we already know, it travels round the sun in 365 days. It also shows the time it takes each
planet to travel round the sun and the number of moons the planet has.
We have learnt that the moon moves round the earth. The moon is therefore a
satellite of the earth. he bodies at move around the planets are called satellites.
Scientists have also constructed objects which move round the earth; these
objects are called artificial satellites. These satellites receive radio and
television messages from one part of the world and convey them to another
part of the world. Some satellites take very accurate pictures of locations and
objects on the earth. They normally travel from the West to the East, and
appear as tiny stars at night.
The sun is a star and it is about 150 million kilometers away from our earth.
Stars twinkle and because they are far away, they look like tiny points of light.
The nearest star to the earth is forty -three million kilometres away. Look at
the sky at night. You might notice some groups of stars that show very clearly.
These stars can be seen more easily in the tropics, .in late evening by months
of January and February and in the early morning of September and
October. They can also be seen clearly at midnight.
A scientist who studies heavenly bodies which includes stars is called an
astronomer. Astronomers use special equipment like telescopes to observe
If you observed the sky carefully you would see that the stars are not all the
same colour. The hottest ones like Rigel appear blue. Those that are not so hot
appear white, while cooler stars look yellow. The coolest stars like Betelguse
seem to have a red Colour.
The topic is presented step by step
The class teacher revises the previous topics
He introduces the new topic
The class teacher allows the pupils to give their own examples and he corrects them when the needs arise
The class teacher wraps up or conclude the lesson by giving out short note to summarize the topic that he or she has just taught.
The class teacher also goes round to make sure that the notes are well copied or well written by the pupils.
He or she does the necessary corrections when and where the needs arise.
1 . What is the meaning of eclipse
2. What is gravity
3. Mention two types of eclipse
4, What is the the meaning of earth’s rotational movement
5. What causes day and night
6. What is it that when a stone is thrown up , it will come back to earth . mention the force that is responsible for this
Prepare for the next lesson by reading about
1. The common names of fertilizers.
2. State the difference between manure and chemical fertilizer
(Visited 288 times, 1 visits today) | <urn:uuid:f351386f-36a3-4c8d-ba9b-50a0784baa7a> | CC-MAIN-2021-21 | https://edudelighttutors.com/2020/10/17/the-revolution-of-the-earth-round-the-sun-makes-it-possible-for-some-parts-of-the-earth-to-receive-more-sunlight-than-other-parts-at-a-given-time-there-are-two-major-seasons-in-nigeria-namely-wet-se/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-21/segments/1620243991557.62/warc/CC-MAIN-20210517023244-20210517053244-00318.warc.gz | en | 0.939812 | 1,717 | 3.546875 | 4 |
Only Expert PHP Developers Are Aware Of These 9 Advanced PHP Hacks
The demand for PHP developers is increasing as they are valuable assets for any business. So, most PHP experts know advanced PHP hacks used during the PHP development process. Therefore, it is essential to learn them if you wish to become a PHP developer. But before that, let’s discuss what is PHP and the reasons to use it?
What is PHP, and why it is used for web development?
The name PHP means Hypertext Preprocessor. It is an open-source and widely used scripting language that can be utilised to develop interactive and dynamic websites. The applications written using this programming language can run on web servers but do not rely on a web browser.
The popularity of PHP is increasing further because many PHP developers are using it for website development. It is the best technology that provides a convenient development process with various PHP development techniques. Let’s discuss the reasons why PHP is utilised for web development.
Reasons for using PHP -
Improved loading speed:
Compared with other web technologies, using PHP can load your website pages quickly. This higher loading pace of your website will fulfil your customers. Moreover, when combined with other advantages, it will help you retain and build a client base.
Easy to learn and use:
It is easier to start with PHP for building your website. PHP is simple to learn because even an individual who doesn’t have experience and extensive knowledge can make a web page using a single file of PHP in less time. Its syntax is easy, and learning command operations take less time.
The main advantage of PHP is that it is platform-independent means it can be used on various platforms like Linux, Windows, OS, and other web browsers. It also is capable of supporting all of the primary web servers, making it easy to deploy on different platforms and systems at a minimum price.
Well connected with databases:
Using PHP, you can easily connect with any type of database. The most common option is MySQL which is prominent, effective and free. The other database management systems compatible with PHP are SQLite, mSQL, and MS-SQL. However, the developers get more freedom to pick the database that best suits the application being created.
Inexpensive open-source software:
Most development tools combined with PHP are also open-source software. You can get them for free of cost. They will eventually lessen the price of the project. There are many PHP development frameworks like CodeIgnitor and Laravel that can expand the PHP functionality and make the development process efficient and simple.
What are the 9 advanced PHP hacks?
Here are the 9 advanced PHP hacks or tips that PHP developers are aware of, and a beginner PHP developer needs to learn these tricks -
1.Print and Echo outputs:
PHP programmers use two options - Print() and Echo() for printing the text in the web browser.
The functions of Print() and Echo() options -
- The print () function returns value integer 1, similar to other functions' operations.
- The echo() function does not return a value but accepts one parameter at a time.
The print() operation is mainly utilised in complex expressions, so the time taken to execute them is higher. But the echo() function returns the program status, and it's faster due to its capability of sending messages back through the strings rather than returning something like a string or int variable.
2.Single and double quotes:
Using single and double quotes is essential as they majorly impact how you write the code in PHP. Therefore, the programmers need to include both quotes and ensure that there are no programming errors.
Double quotes might be difficult compared to single quotes as you have to type them in various places. It will slow down the speed of processing. It is why using single quotes is a good choice.
3.Auto loading classes:
While creating the software, the programmer might come across classes utilised in various system areas. However, it is overwhelming to remember which file is holding them. For helping with this kind of task, PHP has an auto-loading feature for header files to let developers know which file is holding a particular class.
Every PHP developer might not know all the PHP hacks. So, it is significant to choose from the dedicated PHP developers in India with the required knowledge because they are the ones who can help you in correctly building the project.
4.Use a MySQL administration tool:
To create PHP applications, developers use the MySQL database administration tool like phpMyAdmin to maintain your database. The programmers suggest not saving credentials of your database in plain text on servers or storing them in the code.
Other than this, save them as the environment variables or utilise an SSH channel for connecting from your local machine to the remote server. Suppose you are hosting various websites on one server, then create separate databases for each app because you can simply manage them as an independent entity than together.
5.Making use of a good source editor:
When you write code in PHP, choosing a good code editor is essential when you write code in PHP. You can use the code editors like Notepad++ or Sublime Text. They both come with syntax highlighting that will help you detect the errors even before they occur and offer auto-completion features that can help you where a particular thing is required while you write the code in PHP.
If you have never used these tools for editing, it will take some time for you to get habituated to them. However, writing code in PHP seems easier if you begin to use them. Indeed, using best practices is always helpful to ensure that code is readable by others and error-free.
6.Sanitise data present in your databases:
The SQL queries are straightforward, so it is easy to introduce errors, mainly when you are not careful. So it is crucial to sanitise the data available in your databases before you perform any extra calculations or comparisons.
If any additional steps are present in your logic, for instance, ensuring that one field contains text and the other has a number, then split them into two separate logic units in your PHP code. While verification, if any step fails, you can know precisely where the error occurred.
Nowadays, the ternary operator is the most common programming structure used. It has three arguments - condition, results if true, and then choosing the opposite outcome if the result is false. If you use if-else logic, but here only one line statement is used instead of 4 lines because there were no braces used before the ternary operators were introduced.
It seems to be a great idea if you use 1 line statement. It enhances readability but using nested blocks within each other will lead to abnormality. You can avoid this issue if you try using if-else statements.
8.Utilising space in code:
The best benefit of using PHP is that it can take advantage of the processor and runs on any device. But the space consumed by 1 byte makes it less efficient. So if you use fewer spaces in PHP code, the results will be better. Reducing the spaces in the code also decreases the risks caused by security-related vulnerabilities.
When you require a function for altering the original variable without any expectations of return or if it is defined and accessed through reference, make sure to use the ampersand sign(&). It will allow two variables to share the same value.
So, these are the advanced PHP tricks or hacks an expert developer is aware of. But all PHP developers are not experts. So, at that time, don’t hesitate to ask the professionals for some advice if you don’t understand anything related to PHP development. | <urn:uuid:14797218-faf1-4bca-b8e5-67822955991c> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://www.tvisha.com/blog/only-expert-php-developers-are-aware-of-these-9-advanced-php-hacks | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882572021.17/warc/CC-MAIN-20220814083156-20220814113156-00174.warc.gz | en | 0.908572 | 1,607 | 2.59375 | 3 |
Inspiring Educators Who Inspire Future Leaders
A voice for the rights of women as well as the right to a quality education, Mrs. Daisy Bates was a “heroine of the Civil Rights Movement.” A childhood marred by tragedy (Bates lost her parents when her mother was killed and her father abandoned her shortly after her mother’s death), Bates helped her husband run his newspaper while also working for the National Association for Advancement of Colored People (NAACP). It was her work with the NAACP that made her a household name during the late 1950’s because it was during this time that Daisy Bates began her work to help the first African-American students (The Little Rock Nine) attend Central High School in Little Rock, Arkansas.
Her story is a universal one of fortitude, perseverance, and courage. I salute Mrs. Bates’ passion and determination during a time when women had very little voice and no real power to be a change agent. However, she did become a change agent during the Civil Rights Movement and a pioneer in the Women’s Movement as well. Learn more about Mrs. Daisy Lee Gatson Bates on Independent Lens at PBS. tlb | <urn:uuid:688473df-25d8-4445-b2a8-6b97cd2cba06> | CC-MAIN-2022-49 | https://principalaim.com/2014/02/18/daisy-bates-first-lady-of-little-rock-documentary-about-a-forgotten-civil-rights-icon-independent-lens-pbs/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-49/segments/1669446710972.37/warc/CC-MAIN-20221204104311-20221204134311-00601.warc.gz | en | 0.985357 | 247 | 3.4375 | 3 |
The debate over Intelligent Design seemingly represents an extension of the fundamental conflict between creationists and evolutionists. ID proponents, drawing on texts such as Darwin's Black Box and Of Pandas and People, urge schools to "teach the controversy" in biology class alongside evolution. The scientific mainstream has reacted with fury, branding Intelligent Design as pseudoscience and its advocates as religious fanatics. But stridency misses the point, argues Nathaniel Comfort. In The Panda's Black Box, Comfort joins five other leading public intellectuals-including Daniel Kevles and Pulitzer Prize winner Edward Larson-to explain the roots of the controversy and explore the intellectual, social, and cultural factors that continue to shape it. One of the few books on the ID issue that moves beyond mere name-calling and finger-pointing, The Panda's Black Box challenges assumptions on each side of the debate and engages both the appeal and dangers of Intelligent Design. This lively collection will appeal to anyone seeking a deeper understanding of what's really at stake in the debate over evolution.
|Original language||English (US)|
|Publisher||Johns Hopkins University Press|
|Number of pages||165|
|State||Published - 2007|
ASJC Scopus subject areas
- Arts and Humanities(all) | <urn:uuid:ab412849-ce72-4b5e-9e9e-fab619028b9e> | CC-MAIN-2021-31 | https://asu.pure.elsevier.com/en/publications/the-pandas-black-box-opening-up-the-intelligent-design-controvers | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-31/segments/1627046153816.3/warc/CC-MAIN-20210729043158-20210729073158-00013.warc.gz | en | 0.896719 | 257 | 2.5625 | 3 |
The Potential of Adaptive Learning
Few things are more frustrating to teachers than trying to individualize instruction for students who bring unique needs and interests to class. But now there's hope in the form of what is known as adaptive learning technologies ("A Is For Adaptive," Time, Jun. 17).
Given a question on a computer, a student selects an answer. In milliseconds, algorithms take into account whether the answer is correct, how long it takes the student to respond, and how the answer compares with the answers of hundreds of thousands of other students. The more data collected, the better the algorithm becomes in determining the next question. As a result, instruction can be differentiated in ways that teachers only used to be able to dream about.
I see great potential here, but at the same time I have some serious reservations. Not all subjects lend themselves to algorithms. Consider essays in English classes. I find it hard to believe that technology can ever replace a teacher. I know that programs already exist that purport to read an essay and score it as well as human beings ("Facing a Robo-Grader? Just Keep Obfuscating Mellifluously," The New York Times, Apr. 22, 2012). But automated readers can be gamed with a little ingenuity. Facts and ideas don't have to be true as long as they fit into a well-structured, recognizable format. Padding an essay with lots of nonsensical sentences can fool the program. In short, form trumps content.
Perhaps with time, tech wizards will be able to solve this problem. If so, it would be a boon for teachers. But until then, I think small classes populated by students with similar aptitudes and abilities are the best way of maximizing learning. This is hardly a perfect strategy, but it has worked remarkably well when implemented properly. | <urn:uuid:45559378-f6d0-424d-9faf-c8e06844ba98> | CC-MAIN-2018-13 | http://blogs.edweek.org/edweek/walt_gardners_reality_check/2013/06/the_potential_of_adaptive_learning.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-13/segments/1521257649931.17/warc/CC-MAIN-20180324054204-20180324074204-00329.warc.gz | en | 0.955087 | 372 | 3.296875 | 3 |
Be taught about the programming and software program growth pathway. An editor is any program that means that you can write computer code They range from easy, like a fundamental text editor , to superior software, akin to Adobe Dreamweaver , Eclipse , JDeveloper, or Microsoft Visible Studio Happily, any program might be written in a textual content editor, which suggests you may get began totally free.
Thus, although nearly any of the listed products could be run as an independent software in some type of stand-alone mode, many can be found as callable packages, usually within the type of class libraries in an object-oriented framework. And if all that wasn’t sufficient, ROBOTC four.zero will also be used to program VEX IQ robots so younger college students can be taught to code on the identical software program that they’ll use after they progress to VEX EDR.
In consequence, coding abilities are in high demand, with programming jobs paying considerably more than the common place Even beyond the tech world, an understanding of at least one programming language makes a formidable addition to any resumé.
Superior Set up Process: This process is barely really helpful to superior customers who want to completely re-flash the Yún together with its U-Boot bootloader. Next time we’ll have a look at the more and more important space of web-programming languages, used to create dynamic web sites and interactive browser-primarily based person interfaces.
This video reveals you methods to obtain the EV3 Programmer App, connect your pill to your EV3 robot, and get began on your first programming mission. VEX IQ offers a hands-on activity that immediately involves students within the learning course of and permits them to take possession of their STEM training. | <urn:uuid:b57cc6cd-ff10-441b-a4da-14f5009fc1a5> | CC-MAIN-2018-09 | http://cialisreviewscialisprofessionalatujg.com/c-software-program-free-obtain.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-09/segments/1518891816094.78/warc/CC-MAIN-20180225031153-20180225051153-00586.warc.gz | en | 0.938161 | 366 | 2.671875 | 3 |
Preeclampsia affects up to 5% of pregnancies and is first suspected when a woman is found to have high blood pressure, usually in the second half of pregnancy. Preeclampsia signs include fits, stroke, liver and blood problems; in some cases, it causes the death of mother and baby.
Preeclampsia during pregnancy has long been known to run in families; pregnant women whose mothers or sisters had preeclamptic pregnancies are more likely to also develop the condition, suggesting a genetic root. More recently, studies have found that fathering preeclamptic pregnancies runs in the families of men, too. The study put this information together, along with the third piece of the puzzle: the baby’s developing DNA.
“We knew that faulty formation of the placenta is often found in preeclampsia. As it is the baby’s genes that produce the placenta we set out to see if we could find a link between the baby’s DNA and the condition,” said Dr Linda Morgan, from the University of Nottingham’s School of Life Sciences, who coordinated the study that spanned five years and included samples from four countries. “We found there were indeed some features in a baby’s DNA that can increase the risk of preeclampsia.”
Laboratory and statistical analysis of the genetic make-up of 4,380 babies born from preeclamptic pregnancies (compared with DNA from more than 300,000 healthy individuals) pinpointed the location in the baby’s DNA that increases risk of preeclampsia during pregnancy. This location was confirmed by other InterPregGen members to fit hand-in-glove with other medical information about preeclampsia.
The baby’s DNA comes from both its mother’s and its father’s genes — in keeping with the inherited risk of preeclampsia. The DNA changes associated with the pregnancy complication are common — more than 50% of people carry this sequence in their DNA, so the inherited changes are not enough to be the sole preeclampsia causes, but they do increase the risk of preeclampsia.
It’s confirmation of a genetic risk factor for a condition that has been long known, but little understood. Preeclampsia was a recognized condition during the heydays of ancient Egypt and Greece, but “because preeclampsia has its origins in the very early stages of pregnancy, during the formation of the placenta, research into the causes and processes of the disease has always been challenging,” said Dr Ralph McGinnis, who led the analysis at the Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute in the UK. “Now modern genome wide screening and its data analysis allows us to look for clues in the mother’s, father’s and their baby’s DNA. We believe the new insights from this study could form the basis for more effective prevention and treatment of preeclampsia in the future, and improve the outcome of pregnancy for mother and child.”
Specifically, the research found DNA variations close to the gene that makes a protein called sFlt-1 with significant differences between the babies born from preeclamptic pregnancies and the control group. At high levels, sFlt-1 released from the placenta into the mother’s bloodstream can damage her blood vessels, leading to high blood pressure, and damage to her kidneys, liver and brain — all features of preeclampsia. If a baby carried these genetic variants it increased the risk of that pregnancy being preeclamptic.
DNA from a further 4,220 babies from preeclamptic pregnancies in Kazakhstan and Uzbekistan is currently being analysed in an extended study to see if the same variations occur near sFlt-1.
Iceland’s deCODE Genetics also contributed to the analysis, published in the journal Nature Genetics. | <urn:uuid:08172b77-7b50-4341-a1c6-996388c2dd71> | CC-MAIN-2023-06 | https://theswaddle.com/causes-of-preeclampsia-baby-dna/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-06/segments/1674764499831.97/warc/CC-MAIN-20230130232547-20230131022547-00830.warc.gz | en | 0.961861 | 819 | 3.65625 | 4 |
Life is very spontaneous, and some things need a defined structure and planning, like learning a new language. Of course, there is no harm in learning a new language in your free time as your hobby. But if you want to progress from beginner level to advanced level then you will need study methodologies and hard work. With this guide, you will get insightful help in learning German in a structured way.
You can follow this guide along with your professional German language online course. As at last the idea is to build your command of the German language.
Step 1: Grab a good reading material
Textbooks are the perfect source of learning German if you are a beginner. Although, there are hundreds of German learning books available in the market choosing the one that suits your goals is a daunting task. The book you choose should be comprehensive on one hand and descriptive on the other hand to give you a straightforward understanding of the German language. You can even listen to an audio version of the book to have a better understanding of pronunciation and tone.
Step 2: explore German media
Now if you have joined the German class online program, it is time to absorb German media as well. Watch your favorite shows and movies in German dialect to understand common slags and expressions. Read German news daily to learn essential vocabulary, formal and grammatically correct German language. You can even watch authentic and real-life videos in German and learn phrases and vocabulary from subtitles and transcripts.
Step 3: learn the basics of German
When you have just started taking German lessons, focus on learning the fundamentals of German first. Try to identify how pronunciation in German works and concentrate on learning some basic and common phrases.
Phrases like “Wie geht’s?” (How are you) and “Guten Tag” (good day), is easy to remember. These are commonly used phrases that you can use in your early conversations with your peer group or teacher in German classes online.
Step 4: write drafts in German and rectify yourself
Try to frame creative stories, poems, or short content in the German language. Revise your draft multiple times while thinking in German. This will help in attaining fluency in German, and gradually you will start identifying your mistakes. Do not hush, just frame sentence by sentence, following the grammar rules you have learned so far in your German language online course. You can show your writing piece to your educator at language learning institute and ask for areas to make improvements.
Step 5: join online German clubs
Many universities and local meets form clubs to discuss assignments, common interests, recent trends, and updates. You can join such groups or clubs to initiate using German in daily life. This is an effective platform to learn the tricks and tips of German while holding a conversation with club members in the German language.
Step 6: join online meet-up events
Search for German events like informal meet-ups in your community that provide you an opportunity to practice the German language. Alternatively, you can look for German conversation exchange partners on sites to have a real-time conversation in German.
Mastering any foreign language takes time and sincere effort. However, keeping the points mentioned above can help you in gaining fluency gradually. Join German classes online if you want to understand German minutely. But, first, learn to accept your mistakes and strive to learn new words every day. Aim at earning certification after successful completion of a German learning course from a reputed institute. | <urn:uuid:7927306c-8d1a-40e0-b622-f93f407e6769> | CC-MAIN-2023-50 | https://entrepreneursbreak.com/6-step-guide-to-learn-german-as-a-beginner.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-50/segments/1700679103558.93/warc/CC-MAIN-20231211045204-20231211075204-00372.warc.gz | en | 0.946371 | 713 | 2.765625 | 3 |
Degree: Master of Science (MSc)
Researcher: Hilda Waqa
Principal Supervisor: Dr. Linton Winder (USP, Fiji)
Co-Supervisor: Dr. Al Samuelson (Bishop Museum, Hawaii)
Ecological gradients (e.g. habitat types, climate, altitude, seasonality etc.) are known to be important factors in regulating the diversity and distribution of insect taxa. Knowledge of their distribution patterns is essential for proper conservation measures to be implemented. In Fiji, virtually no studies of this type have been done. In this study, canopy coleopteran communities were surveyed along a landscape transect on selected undisturbed rainforest areas in eastern Viti Levu, Fiji from lowland Nakobalevu (200m) through upland Waisoi to a cloud montane forest in Monasavu (1000m). This research aimed to study how Coleoptera diversity and distribution was influenced by altitude and habitat type along a landscape transect.
Diversity of arboreal beetles was sampled by canopy fogging. Fourteen sampling dates from June 2005 (dry season) to January 2006 (wet season) yielded 3326 individuals belonging to 28 families. Dominant beetle families sampled from the canopy included: Curculionidae, Chrysomelidae and Staphylinidae and it is probable that this reflects their wide range of feeding habits and exploitation of rainforest habitats. Furthermore, diversity measures revealed a peak at mid-to-high altitude (800-1000m in Monasavu) for the beetle taxa. Plant-host associations with some beetle taxa were also probably evident particularly in the Family Curculionidae which demonstrated a peak in abundance at Monasavu (1000m) possibly due to the abundance of native Agathis macrophylla at this location.
Along the landscape transect, MDS ordination demonstrated a division in the canopy beetle communities between three habitat types: lowland forest<400m, upland forest <600m and cloud montane forests <1000m further suggesting that substantial proportions of the beetle taxa were restricted within an elevational range due to preferred altitude, climatic conditions and possible plant-host associations.
Therefore, for the proper conservation of Fijiís insect fauna, conservation measures should ensure: (1) that a span of elevational range within intact tracts of tropical forests be protected for the conservation of a wide range of taxa, (2) that altitude be a criteria used for selecting conservation areas and (3) that mid-altitudes (800m) within intact forests be given high priority for the conservation of biodiversity over agricultural purposes or human habitation. | <urn:uuid:14ef7fbe-bf23-4e38-9e6f-14bf367987f7> | CC-MAIN-2017-26 | http://ias.fste.usp.ac.fj/index.php?id=4761 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-26/segments/1498128320395.62/warc/CC-MAIN-20170625032210-20170625052210-00646.warc.gz | en | 0.926831 | 557 | 2.8125 | 3 |
This assignment will help students understand key concepts regarding unemployment, including the labor force and calculating the unemployment rate. Students will have to identify and give examples of frictional, structural, and cyclical unemployment, as well as locate points of full employment, inflation, and recession on both the production possibilities curve and the business cycle. I created this assignment for my AP class, but it is appropriate for all levels of economics.
-2 page assignment
-3 page answer key | <urn:uuid:70172891-f022-44b1-b438-7cc51d848c80> | CC-MAIN-2018-17 | https://www.teacherspayteachers.com/Product/Unemployment-Assignment-w-Answer-Key-3226495 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-17/segments/1524125945724.44/warc/CC-MAIN-20180423031429-20180423051429-00537.warc.gz | en | 0.945817 | 94 | 3.375 | 3 |
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François Magendie, French Physiologist
Photograph - Photograph
Magendie portrait by Paulin Jean Baptiste Guérin. Engraving of Magendie from 1822. François Magendie (1783-1855) was a French physiologist, considered a pioneer of experimental physiology. He is known for describing the foramen of Magendie. His most important contribution to science was also his most disputed. Magendie conducted a number of experiments on the nervous system, in particular verifying the differentiation between sensory and motor nerves in the spinal cord, the Bell-Magendie law. The English claimed that Bell published his discoveries first and that Magendie stole his experiments. Magendie was also a notorious vivisector, shocking even many of his contemporaries with the live dissections that he performed at public lectures in physiology. He was a major impetus to the antivivisection and vivisection reform movements. He died in 1855 a day after his 72nd birthday.
March 7th, 2013
Viewed 12 Times - Last Visitor from Beverly Hills, CA on 11/22/2014 at 10:50 AM
copy and paste to your website / blog - preview | <urn:uuid:af8c0bda-bcef-4799-9d62-56f1c60b116d> | CC-MAIN-2015-06 | http://fineartamerica.com/featured/1-franois-magendie-french-physiologist-science-source.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2015-06/segments/1422122086301.64/warc/CC-MAIN-20150124175446-00204-ip-10-180-212-252.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.949124 | 257 | 2.859375 | 3 |
Cycle Day 2, or 3 Blood Tests
On either Day 2 or 3 of your cycle, we need follicle stimulating hormones (FSH), luteinizing hormone (LH), prolactin, and estradiol levels (E2). Typically, Cycle Day 1 is defined as the first day of flow (i.e., not spotting). These are baseline hormones that give us an idea of how responsive the ovaries are to fertility drugs. We can determine the dosage you may need in order to ensure sufficient ovulation. A thyroid panel is also implemented since an abnormal thyroid level may hinder normal ovulation.
Infectious Disease Panel and Prenatal Labs
You may be screened for HIV, Hepatitis B and C, RPR, and sexually transmitted diseases (STDs). The female partner may require a blood type and Rubella Titer test (to make sure she is immune to German measles).
This female fertility test is completed on an outpatient basis. It consists of injecting dye into your uterus that shows up on an X-ray. The dye outlines the inside of the uterus and tubes. If the dye passes into the surrounding pelvic cavity and is re-absorbed by your body, then the fallopian tubes are open. It may be associated with cramping. This test is done after you have stopped menstruation but before ovulation, usually between days 6 and 12 of your cycle.
LH Surge/Ovulation Predictor Kits
Usually on Cycle Day 10 (10 days from day one of your menses), you will be asked to check your urine each morning with a special test stick provided in an ovulation predictor kit. When you have a positive result, you will ovulate within 24-36 hours. This test predicts whether you are releasing the egg during the correct time of your cycle, and it helps us to schedule your post-ovulation diagnostic testing.
Progesterone is a hormone created by the corpus luteum (the follicle that released the egg). It is responsible for maintaining a healthy endometrial lining to support a pregnancy. To gauge your progesterone level, a blood test will be done seven (7) days after ovulation. A level of above 10 ng/ml signifies a healthy ovulation.
Sonohysterogram (water ultrasound)
This is a test to examine the uterine cavity for abnormalities, like polyps or fibroids. It is done between cycle days 6-12. It takes about 10 minutes in the office and is associated with minimal discomfort.
Other Possible Tests
Other hormones called androgens (DHEA-S, testosterone) may be drawn for certain individuals.
To learn more about our female diagnostic testing in Idaho Falls, Idaho, we encourage you to contact us at 208-529-2019 today. Our team of fertility specialists look forward to working with you! | <urn:uuid:ef90e66a-76dd-4215-a03e-3d3d4c4627a0> | CC-MAIN-2019-43 | https://www.idahofertility.com/diagnosis/diagnosing-infertility-female/female-diagnostic-testing/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-43/segments/1570987751039.81/warc/CC-MAIN-20191021020335-20191021043835-00451.warc.gz | en | 0.91592 | 588 | 2.875 | 3 |
iPods Linked to Temporary Hearing Loss
Jury Still Out on Whether iPods or MP3 Players Can Cause Permanent Hearing Loss
WebMD News Archive
Safe iPod Rx continued...
By contrast, the Walkman of yesteryear was limited to one mixed tape in terms of the amount of music it contained, and its battery life was shorter.
“There is greater opportunity for longer exposure today,” Rothschild says.
This study shows that there is smoke, but it’s too early to say whether there is fire, he says.
“The fact that there is a temporary change in hearing would make one think it is worth investigating whether there is a permanent change,” Rothschild says. “Devices that have the propensity to deliver high volumes for long periods of time need to be looked into. The findings are cause for concern in the sense that every kid is carrying around in their pocket a device that could damage their hearing.”
Rothschild usually tells parents that if they can fully hear the music -- and lyrics -- through their kids’ headphones or ear buds, it is too loud.
Apple Inc., which manufactures the iPod, says the following on its web site. “if you listen to music and audio with headphones or earbuds -- whether they’re connected to your iPod, your computer, or some other audio source -- you should follow a few common-sense recommendations."
These include thinking about the proper volume setting. "Some hearing experts recommend that you set the volume while in a quiet environment, turn the volume down if you can’t hear people speaking near you, avoid turning up the volume to block out noisy surroundings, and limit the amount of time that you use earbuds or headphones at high volume," the web site states.
Keeping track of time is also important. "You can adapt to higher volume settings over time, not realizing that the higher volume may be harmful to your hearing," the web site states. “Hearing experts warn that noise-induced hearing loss can also occur as a result of repeated exposure to loud sound over time. The louder the volume, the less time required before your hearing may be affected."
What's more, "if you experience ringing in your ears or hear muffled speech, stop listening and have your hearing checked."
The new research "helps to underscore the need for education -- teaching MP3 player users that overexposure can lead to significant effects on the ear," says Cory Portnuff, an audiologist at the University of Colorado at Boulder.
"Temporary hearing loss, like the ones identified in this study, is a big warning sign that more serious damage is occurring," Portnuff tells WebMD. "Every time that a temporary hearing loss happens in your ear, some permanent damage to the hair cells occurs.
The bottom line? "Whether it's attending a loud concert, working with power tools, or using an MP3 player, if you notice decreased hearing or ringing in the ears, you know you've had too high an exposure level." | <urn:uuid:3da18b73-aba9-457f-b7fb-ab429d639b8e> | CC-MAIN-2014-42 | http://www.webmd.com/news/20100622/ipods-linked-to-temporary-hearing-loss?page=2 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2014-42/segments/1414119647884.33/warc/CC-MAIN-20141024030047-00316-ip-10-16-133-185.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.951795 | 631 | 2.71875 | 3 |
The identification of pigmented tissue within the oral cavity may present a diagnostic dilemma for the clinician. The manifestation of mucosal pigment is variable and can range from focal to diffuse macular coloration or from a small nodular growth to a large mass.1 Is the pigmentation of physiologic origin? Is it pathologic in etiology? Does it represent a malignant process? These are question
s that typically come to mind when a patient presents with oral mucosal pigmentation. The color, location, duration, distribution, and appearance of the pigmented lesion(s) may be of diagnostic importance. A thorough investigation of dental, medical, family and social histories, is also necessary to ensure accurate diagnosis. The presence of cutaneous pigmentation or other systemic signs and symptoms may be helpful in formulating a differential diagnosis. Clinical laboratory testing may also be beneficial. However, if the underlying cause of the pigmentation cannot be readily identified, a tissue biopsy is essential for definitive diagnosis.
A differential diagnosis for a clinically pigmented lesion may include an array of traumatic, reactive, neoplastic pathologies as well as pigmentation associated with systemic disease.1 Lesions or conditions of melanocytic, vascular, hematopoietic, and hemosiderotic origin may be given consideration. Genetic dysfunction may also manifest as oral pigmentation; Peutz-Jeghers syndrome is the prototypical example.1Where appropriate, exogenous substances including chemical coloring agents, amalgam, graphite, drug metabolites and chromogenic bacteria could also be considered.1 To this end, relatively common causes of mucosal coloration, including petechiae, purpura, ecchymoses, hematomas, vascular tumors and exogenous substances are not considered true pigmented lesions. In contrast, melanin, which is synthesized by melanocytes, is a true pigment and usually imparts a brown, blue or black appearance to the mucosa.2
Melanin pigmentation may be focal, multifocal or diffuse in its presentation. Melanin is the pigment derivative of tyrosine and is synthesized by melanocytes, which typically reside in the basal cell layer of the epithelium.2 In the skin, melanin is thought to be cytoprotective against the damaging effects of sunlight. The role of melanocytes in oral epithelium remains unclear. Unless a patient is of a race or ethnicity in which mucocutaneous pigmentation is physiologic, melanocytes are uncommonly observed in routine oral mucosal biopsies. Thus, in a Caucasian patient, oral melanocytic pigmentation may not always be of any significant clinical consequence but it is always considered pathologic in origin.
Pathologic melanin production within the oral mucosa may be associated with an array of etiologies. The most concerning of these are malignant melanoma and various systemic disorders, including adrenal insufficiency and Cushing disease (discussed below). Importantly, the oral manifestations of these potentially life-threatening disorders can mimic an array of idiopathic, reactive and benign neoplastic lesions. Thus, an understanding of the various disorders and substances that can contribute to oral mucosal coloration is essential for the appropriate evaluation, diagnosis and management of the patient. This article focuses on oral pathologies of melanocytic origin. | <urn:uuid:b2e9df00-d542-4af1-be14-f3aed9903fa3> | CC-MAIN-2021-31 | https://www.ddctech.com/blogs/treatments/pigmented-lesions | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-31/segments/1627046153474.19/warc/CC-MAIN-20210727170836-20210727200836-00183.warc.gz | en | 0.91633 | 682 | 2.8125 | 3 |
This week we have busy learning all about the Gingerbread man. We started the week off listening to the story and then talking about the repetitive refrains in the story - the bits that are repeated lots of times. We loved joining in with he run, run as fast as you can, you can't catch me I'm a gingerbread man part of the story.
We have also been busy recording words from the story that give us a clue as to what it might be about. We have been talking about the job the author and illustrator do and we have created our own vocabulary list linked to the Gingerbread man story.
We have also been busy developing our learning linked to numbers. We have been making number sentences using the buttons on the Gingerbread man clothing and then we have started to learn about sharing. We are getting really good at having a lot of objects and thinking about different ways we can share them amongst a number of people
We are also very proud of all of our efforts with our Easter bonnet competition. There were so many amazing entires that it made the judges job such a difficult one. However, the winner as you all know is Mia. Well done Mia. We loved the way your hat reflected all of the things you have enjoyed learning about in school this half term 🙂
All that is left to say is theta we wish you a wonderful Easter holiday and please remember to continue learning your letters and numbers as we have so much to do when we come back to school. Have a safe and exciting holiday and see you all in a couple of weeks 🐣🐥🐤 | <urn:uuid:98dc6433-57c0-4a63-b21d-b225820e96c8> | CC-MAIN-2021-17 | https://www.westfield.wigan.sch.uk/week-ending-31317/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-17/segments/1618038072082.26/warc/CC-MAIN-20210413031741-20210413061741-00590.warc.gz | en | 0.983712 | 329 | 2.515625 | 3 |
This article needs additional citations for verification. (October 2020)
The area corresponds to the former Langaurgh Wapentake. A national park was established in 1952, it covers part of the area and is called the North York Moors. A non-metropolitan county under the same name existed from 1974 to 1996 leading to ambiguity between the county and the name's historic extent.
Cleveland has centuries-long association with the area from Middlesbrough to Pickering and Thirsk to Whitby, effectively the eastern half of Yorkshire's North Riding. Ralph, Archdeacon of Cleveland, was the area's first archdeacon recorded, before 1174. A Dukedom of Cleveland was first created in the 17th century.
The Cleveland Hills were key suppliers of the ironstone which was essential to running blast furnaces alongside the River Tees. Cleveland’s rich ore has created a significant industrial heritage arising from its central role in the 19th century iron boom that led to Middlesbrough growing from a hamlet into a major industrial town in only a matter of decades. Teesport is one of the United Kingdom's main ports, initially due to the iron boom, with between Middlesbrough and Redcar having other heavy industrial plants.
The Cleveland Parliamentary constituency (1885–1974), was the first instance of Cleveland referring to only land around the river Tees. The county of Cleveland and Tees Valley have followed on the same boundaries. The constituency was created by the division of the North Riding constituency, and was succeeded in name by the Cleveland and Whitby for the February 1974 general election.
Cleveland is a common place name in the USA and Canada, but relatively few of these places are named directly after this region in England. Many of the towns, as well as two counties and a national forest, are named after US President Grover Cleveland. Other towns are named after the City of Cleveland, Ohio, which in turn was named in honor of Moses Cleaveland, a founder of the city.
The area is extremely varied geographically:
- North York Moors
- Howardian Hills
- Roseberry Topping: a distinctive hill. Its original roughly conical form was undercut by extensive mining, giving it a jagged appearance that many have thought reminiscent of the Matterhorn mountain.
- River Tees
- Eston Nab
- Lord Lieutenant of Cleveland
- High Sheriff of Cleveland
- Duke of Cleveland
- Earl of Cleveland
- Cleveland Police and Crime Commissioner
- Cleveland Bay
- Cleveland Way
- Cleveland Bridge & Engineering Company, major structural engineering company
- Cleveland Shopping Centre, Middlesbrough
- Ironstone mining in Cleveland and North Yorkshire
- Greenaway, DianaE. (1999), Fasti Ecclesiae Anglicanae 1066–1300, vol. 6, pp. 36–40
- Royal Mail, Address Management Guide Edition 4, (2004) | <urn:uuid:f9d9bf70-eea3-43be-85f0-32e11f66d936> | CC-MAIN-2022-05 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cleveland,_England | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-05/segments/1642320305494.6/warc/CC-MAIN-20220128104113-20220128134113-00424.warc.gz | en | 0.949001 | 656 | 3.015625 | 3 |
By Lucie Middlemiss, University of Leeds
Questions to guide discussions
- It is generally agreed that engaging in environmentally-friendly behaviours takes up more time than equivalent non-environmental behaviours. What kinds of inequality might be associated with the amount of time that ‘being green’ takes up?
- Even in relatively wealthy societies, some people are under consuming resources, while others are over consuming. What kinds of sustainable consumption policy/practice might put further strain on under-consumers?
- I believe that people’s needs are relative, and are affected by their social, personal and economic contexts. In environmental terms this might mean that some people are entitled to more resources than others. Do you agree?
Lucie Middlemiss’s research and teaching critically examines the topic of sustainable development, engaging social concepts such as consumption, poverty and community to provide a richer picture of the social world in which environmental problems occur. Recent work has included a theoretical examination of the implications of individualisation for sustainable development (2014); and a project using the lived experience of fuel poverty to better understand household energy vulnerability (2015). She is currently writing the first textbook on sustainable consumption, for advanced UG and PG teaching, to be published in 2018.
ANANTHARAMAN, M. 2016. Elite and ethical: The defensive distinctions of middle-class bicycling in Bangalore, India. Journal of Consumer Culture.
BÜCHS, M. & SCHNEPF, S. V. 2013. Who emits most? Associations between socio-economic factors and UK households’ home energy, transport, indirect and total CO2 emissions. Ecological Economics, 90, 114-123.
EVANS, D. 2011. Thrifty, green or frugal: reflections on sustainable consumption in a changing economic climate. Geoforum, 42, 550-557.
FENNEY, D. & SNELL, C. 2011. Exceptions to the green rule? A literature investigation into the overlaps between the academic and UK policy fields of disability and the environment. Local Environment, 16, 251-264.
ISENHOUR, C. 2012. On the Challenges of Signaling Ethics without the Stuff: Tales of Conspicuous Green Anti-Consumption. In: CARRIER, J. G. & LUETCHFORD, P. G. (eds.) Ethical consumption: Social value and economic practice. Berghahn Books.
MACGREGOR, S. 2016. Go ask ‘Gladys’: why gender matters in sustainable consumption research. Discover Society.
MIDDLEMISS, L. & GILLARD, R. 2015. Fuel poverty from the bottom-up: Characterising household energy vulnerability through the lived experience of the fuel poor. Energy Research & Social Science, 6, 146-154.
A clip from the John Oliver show on a Whole Foods story about ‘asparagus water’. Whole Foods is a shop oriented towards ‘green’ consumers. Here John Oliver shows in a comic way that they also belong to a particular market: | <urn:uuid:68521756-4f36-4198-8040-0e1916cc96e3> | CC-MAIN-2017-43 | http://scorai.org/teaching/videos/sustainable-consumption-and-social-difference/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-43/segments/1508187825497.18/warc/CC-MAIN-20171023001732-20171023021732-00580.warc.gz | en | 0.904322 | 643 | 2.8125 | 3 |
Summary: Researchers study the effect of letrozole , a drug designed for the treatment of breast cancer in postmenopausal women, on glioblastoma brain cancer.
Source: University of Cincinnati
A research question posed in Pankaj Desai’s lab has led to a decade of research, a clinical trial and major national funding to further investigate a potential new treatment for the most deadly form of brain tumors.
Desai, PhD, and his team at the University of Cincinnati recently received a $1.19 million grant from the National Institutes of Health/National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke to continue research into the use of a drug called letrozole to treat glioblastomas (GBM).
GBMs are aggressive brain tumors that patients often are unaware of until symptoms emerge and the tumor is substantial. Current treatments include immediate surgery to safely remove as much tumor as possible, radiation and chemotherapy, but the tumor often recurs or becomes resistant to treatments. The average patient survives no more than 15 months after diagnosis.
The medication letrozole was approved by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration as a treatment for postmenopausal women with breast cancer in 2001. The drug works by targeting an enzyme called aromatase that is present in breast cancer cells and helps the cancer grow.
In the fall of 2012, Desai and a doctoral student in his lab, Nimita Dave (now a senior pharmacologist at a biotech company in Boston), asked a question: Does aromatase play a similar role in GBM tumors, and if so, will letrozole work as an effective treatment?
Early research in the lab found the enzyme was present in brain tumor cell lines, and further testing found a very high amount of aromatase at protein and mRNA levels in brain tumor samples from UC’s tumor bank. However, that did not guarantee that letrozole would be similarly effective in brain tumors like it is in breast cancer tumors.
Desai explained a defense system called the blood-brain barrier only allows certain compounds into the brain based on their physical and chemical properties.
“Otherwise any compound could come into the brain and cause havoc and neurotoxicity,” said Desai, professor and chair of the Pharmaceutical Sciences Division in UC’s James L. Winkle College of Pharmacy and a University of Cincinnati Cancer Center member. “There are other compounds similar to letrozole, but we went with letrozole because we figured that based on its properties, this compound actually has the best chance of getting through into the brain from the blood circulation.”
Studies in animal models showed that letrozole was effective, and Desai’s research group moved to test the compound in cells derived from human brain tumor tissues. In this phase of work, key contributions were made by current doctoral student Aniruddha Karve who will continue to work with Desai as a postdoctoral fellow on the new NIH grant.
“What we saw in the patient-derived cells is that letrozole is very effective in killing the tumor cells in cell culture models,” Desai said.
With funding support from the Cancer Center and the UC Brain Tumor Center, Desai’s team launched a phase 0/1 clinical trial testing what dosage of letrozole is appropriate to treat glioblastomas. This trial was led by Trisha Wise-Draper, MD, PhD, an expert in phase 1 oncology trials with contributions from several other neuro-oncologists and neurosurgeons.
The trial is set to be completed soon, but Desai said early results have shown the drug is “unequivocally” reaching its target of the brain tumor tissue safely. Preliminary results also show that doses of letrozole higher than those needed for breast cancer treatment can be safely achieved in GBM patients.
While the body of research results has been encouraging so far, Desai said GBMs remain a complicated, aggressive form of brain cancer. As promising as letrozole is, it is still unlikely that the drug will be a singular cure for the disease.
“We hope that would work, but it’s not necessarily rooted in reality. It’s going to be a combination of drugs,” Desai said.
Supported by the new NIH/NINDS funding, Desai and his team will research the preclinical effectiveness of combining letrozole with other chemotherapy compounds. The three-year grant began Aug. 1.
“It’s really exciting to get this sort of reassurance from a peer reviewed grant application,” Desai said. “And it’s an exciting time. I think finding a cure for a disease like GBM is like finding a needle in a haystack, and we hope that it’s going to really work, and that’s what we are all striving for.”
Desai said the research has been and continues to be a collaborative effort between UC colleagues from the College of Pharmacy, Cancer Center and Brain Tumor Center.
“It’s really a beautiful collaboration, and I’m most grateful for that,” Desai said. “This is a disease where an urgent breakthrough is absolutely needed, and our team along with others in the field are really striving to make a difference.”
David Plas, PhD, professor and Anna and Harold W. Huffman endowed chair in glioblastoma experimental therapeutics in the Department of Cancer Biology in UC’s College of Medicine and a Cancer Center member, and his research group are joining the team as the new project launches.
Plas said his lab has focused on tumors deficient in a tumor-suppressing protein called PTEN, and the new research may reveal how letrozole in combination with other therapies may lead to a suitable treatment for PTEN-deficient glioblastomas.
“This new collaboration will combine my group’s experience in glioblastoma experimental therapeutics with Dr. Desai’s experience in GBM therapeutics and pharmacokinetics,” Plas said. “By investigating possible combinations with letrozole for GBM therapy, this new project has the potential for faster translation to clinical trial. It is exciting to work with Desai on this new project.”
Other collaborators include Gary Gudelsky, PhD, and Tim Phoenix, PhD, of the UC College of Pharmacy; and Soma Sengupta, MD, PhD, and Mario Zuccarello, MD, of the UC Brain Tumor Center.
Funding: The new grant (Project No. 1R61NS128232-01) was awarded through the NIH/NINDS Innovation Grants to Nurture Initial Translational Efforts (IGNITE) program (R61/R33 grant). | <urn:uuid:38941482-8fb6-4889-ae20-5e625cdc69c0> | CC-MAIN-2024-10 | https://neurosciencenews.com/letrozole-glioblastoma-brain-cancer-21504/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2024-10/segments/1707947474700.89/warc/CC-MAIN-20240228080245-20240228110245-00567.warc.gz | en | 0.954816 | 1,448 | 2.875 | 3 |
OMAHA, Nebraska. Self-driving cars are generally portrayed as a technological leap that will happen long into the future. However, in a city called Chandler, Arizona, in just the next few weeks, residents will be able to hail driverless cars. According to the Atlantic, the program is known as Waymo One, and it will be the first time driverless vehicles will be available on the road commercially.
The cars that will hit the road in coming weeks are the products of decades of research and innovation. The data inside a single driverless car exceeds the knowledge any single person can have of a road. The hours driverless vehicle technology has logged exceeds that of long-haul truck drivers. Still, there are deep concerns about the technology and about how driverless vehicles might interact when sharing the roads with public drivers, bikers, and pedestrians. We already know that driving isn’t entirely safe. Approximately 40,000 people each year die in car accidents. The big questions technology companies are asking as they move forward is this: are self-driving cars safer than humans? It is expected that self-driving car accidents may occur. The question is how many and whether cities will be able to justify the technology if the numbers prove the technology to be safer.
Self-driving vehicles can change the way we move around cities. In Chandler, Arizona, for example, city planners want to reduce the number of parking spaces made available in favor of drop-off and pick-up zones. The Atlantic reports that the vehicles appear, in most cases, to operate with maximum efficiency as the goal. The car will accelerate quickly, but make turns conservatively—waiting longer than usual rather than accelerating to turn (as a driver might do).
Yet, one big challenge that has been raised is the safety of self-driving vehicles in parking lots. Parking lots involve pedestrians, cars, and parked vehicles. Self-driving vehicles have difficulty applying the strict rules of the road to these more flexible spaces, according to the Atlantic. While it appears that in the upcoming light release, the cars will not be riding in parking lots, as self-driving cars become more ubiquitous, they will likely have to negotiate these spaces.
CNN reports that Waymo’s program will be small in scope and will only account for a small percentage of vehicles on the road. Hailing self-driving vehicles and picking up passengers and dropping them off is a unique logistical challenge that self-driving companies are trying to solve.
As more cities open their roads to self-driving vehicles, we are likely to hear about more accidents in the near future. Rensch & Rensch Law are personal injury attorneys in Omaha, Nebraska who work closely with victims who have been hurt in car accidents. You may be entitled to receive compensation for your medical expenses, lost wages, and pain and suffering damages. Visit us at Rensch & Rensch Law to learn about your options and rights when it comes to seeking compensation for your medical expenses, lost wages, and pain and suffering damages.
Rensch & Rensch Law
7602 Pacific Street,
Omaha, NE 68114 | <urn:uuid:20cef4d4-be80-4326-8d87-bd091629f1d3> | CC-MAIN-2019-35 | https://www.renschandrensch.com/2018/12/first-public-test-of-self-driving-cars-is-on-the-horizon/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-35/segments/1566027316783.70/warc/CC-MAIN-20190822042502-20190822064502-00212.warc.gz | en | 0.963662 | 643 | 3.203125 | 3 |
The Universal Translator Assistant Project
using the technology of today to bring the theories of yesterday to the languages of tomorrow
The Atlantic Magazine Has Published some *EXCELLENT* articles about machine translation - read them here:
Theory Behind the UTA
Not much. Call it a science fair project gone awry.
Used as a lookup tool, it lets you layout vocabulary words for an aid in translating a text. As a translator, it demonstrates the weakness of machine translation of natural language texts.
A while back, I acquired a machine-readable copy of the WEB Bible translation (http://www.ebible.org/bible/WEB/webfaq.htm ) and was doing a number of text processing things with it. Here are some programs to use if you'd like to use the WEB Bible (or King James, now):
http://mrklingo.freeshell.org/aol/JPKlingon/scroll.zip - Visual Basic for Win 3.1 or Win9x
http://mrklingo.freeshell.org/aol/JPKlingon/webship.zip - command mode for Win9x/NT machines
http://mrklingo.freeshell.org/aol/joeland54/webship.zip - command mode for DOS machines
You'll need a KJV or WEB (or both) file for this software. Move the file into the directory from which you run WEBible or KJBible. Unzip it and type "WEBible SPLIT", or "KJBible SPLIT". This generates the web.dir or kjv.dir directory with the needed Biblical files
are simple programs I wrote to look at it, on PCs - or any machine with a C compiler - the two "webship" archives contain C source.)
Along the way I realized it was easy to create a list of all the unique words in a passage. From there I wondered "what would happen if I took such a list, say from Isaiah 1, and (free of context) mapped each word (that I could) to a Klingon word. With such a mapping, I could quickly lay out the words in a verse, and reshape them into a grammatical Klingon translation.
Here is a simple diagram of the process:
|There are three steps to programming UTA|
|1. Choose a source language text to use.
2 Reduce it to a list of all unique words.
3. Translate each word into the target language to have a word-for-word mapping
Then it can be used to (badly) translate between the two languages, after a fashion.
|Compare this to the far more complex Universal Translator, as described in the Star Trek The Next Generation Technical manual:|
What was particularly interesting was the result of using this to 'translate' a phrase into Klingon, and then back to English. While it (of course) renders an atrocious meaningless Klingon phrase. I found that the back-translation resembled the broken English of a person learning English as a second language. While of limited practical use, it demonstrated to me that I was indeed modeling one form of language mapping that occurs among humans.
* How can I use UTA to translate English into Klingon (or other languages)
You can't. Don't try. What UTA produces is coded English - treating the target language as a code of English. This IS a way that natural languages get used (or abused) by non-native speakers of a language - but it is decidely NOT a translation into the target language.
For real information regarding the Klingon languages refer to the excellent materials from Marc Okrand (The Klingon Dictionary, The Klingon Way, and Klingon for the Galactic Traveler) and visit the web sites of:
the Klingon Language Institute at http://www.kli.org or
The Interstellar Language School at http://www.geocities.com/Athens/8853/index.html.
Pocket Books at http://www.simonsays.com/startrek
Let me note here that the vocabulary I provide is a highly dubious one - I really forced some words in order to come up with a Klingon word to match English words.
What is wrong with this?
The UTA program does not - CANNOT translate. All it does is map words from one language to another. Early in the history of MT (machine translations) this idea was easily disproved. Here is an experiment - use UTA to "translate"
I do not like you
into Klingon. You will get:
jIH ta' ghobe' rur SoH
That seems great, and it almost translates back exactly. Translate it back and you get "I do neither like you".
No one of the translation words is wrong:
jIH = I, I am
ta' = do, accomplish
ghobe' = no, not
rur = resemble, be like
SoH = you, you are
But it doesn't fit together at all as grammatical Klingon. Besides the meaning for "like" UTA has is "resemble", not the sense of affection or friendship.
The best this could mean in tlhIngan Hol is
"He accomplishes I. You resemble no."
More likely it would be seen as what it is: NONSENSE. True Klingon for "I do not like you" is far simpler:
qapar : qa- (I-you) par (dislike)
Grammar *really* does matter. UTA can be a good program, for amusement, or automated word lookup. NOT translations. | <urn:uuid:aad2ce36-b35d-4fc8-b88c-1aafd2b6c08d> | CC-MAIN-2018-09 | http://mrklingo.freeshell.org/aol/jpklingon/uta/theory.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-09/segments/1518891812306.16/warc/CC-MAIN-20180219012716-20180219032716-00002.warc.gz | en | 0.891535 | 1,196 | 2.921875 | 3 |
1. Have the class stand in a circle.
2. Tell everyone to look down.
3. Assign a counter to count “1, 2, 3…look!”
4. On “look” everyone must look up and directly at someone in the circle.
5. If the person you are looking is not looking back at you, you are “safe”. If the person you are looking at is looking back at you too, you both must scream “ahh!” and fall to the ground.
6. The counter begins another round with the remaining people standing in the circle.
7. Play until everyone is sitting or there’s just one person remaining.
Have a comment or suggestion? Leave it below!
Image courtesy of Arvind Balaraman / FreeDigitalPhotos.net | <urn:uuid:967445e3-3136-43f2-8874-5a5ae10eed93> | CC-MAIN-2020-16 | http://www.bbbpress.com/2014/02/drama-game-look-scream/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-16/segments/1585370493121.36/warc/CC-MAIN-20200328225036-20200329015036-00357.warc.gz | en | 0.912324 | 177 | 2.78125 | 3 |
By Cole Manor Healthy Comet reporters | Several Cole Manor teachers said they like taking walks to see neighbors, spend time outdoors, and to get exercise, according to recent interviews with Healthy Comet reporters.
Walking is not only good exercise, but it is also good for the Earth, according to kidshealth.org.
Environmental experts say that walking is a great option for “greener transportation.” Cars, buses, and trucks give off carbon dioxide and other gases that are contributing to warmer temperatures around the world. The warmer temperatures are leading to changes in the climate. For instance, some places are getting more rain and other places are getting less, according to NASA scientists. When more people walk, they often drive less, which means less carbon dioxide in the air. If people switched from driving to walking or biking for short trips, it would save gasoline and keep millions of metric tons of carbon dioxide out of the air, according to the Environmental Protection Agency experts.
Dr. Speicher, the music teacher, said he enjoys going for walks with his wife twice a week. On their 30-minute walks, he said he likes to enjoy the scenery. If you’re feeling unmotivated to walk, Dr. Speicher said, use a fitness app on your phone.
Mr. Norton, the instrumental teacher, also said he enjoys walks with his wife. It’s a time for them to talk about their days. They enjoy walking through their neighborhood because they get to see their neighbors. When the weather is bad, Mr. Norton said he heads to the gym to get in his walk. Mr. Norton recommends walking because exercise helps you stay healthy.
Mrs. Snyder is the PBIS (Positive Behavioral Interventions and Supports) coach and she said she likes to get exercise on her walks with her mother. They try and do this twice a week for 30 to 45 minutes each time. They walk in either her neighborhood or her mom’s neighborhood. She said she likes to walk in the rain and cold weather. But when she can’t walk outside, Mrs. Snyder said she’ll also take walks in the grocery store and mall. Going for walks feels good, Mrs. Snyder said, but sometimes she feels tired after work and wants to go home.
Ms. Smull, a third-grade teacher, said she likes walking every day. She starts the day on a walk by herself. At lunch, she enjoys going for walks with Mrs. Kim, a third-grade teacher. When she gets home, she likes taking her kids out for a walk. She enjoys walking her own neighborhood because it’s cute, she said. Walking helps her feel better and happier.
Illustration by Antonio, fourth grade, Cole Manor Healthy Comet. | <urn:uuid:e6a5e7e6-3ede-404a-b457-4b0a50a0bc97> | CC-MAIN-2023-40 | https://www.healthynewsworks.org/2023/03/07/teachers-explain-why-they-walk/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-40/segments/1695233510481.79/warc/CC-MAIN-20230929022639-20230929052639-00752.warc.gz | en | 0.97953 | 570 | 3.046875 | 3 |
Entering the world of brain biofeedback or neurofeedback is like entering a world of strange words and alien ideas. My Brain Injury, Brain Training portfolio contains documents on the terms I use in my posts. Here, I explain the letter-number terms I use when talking about what parts of my brain we’re training during brain biofeedback or neurofeedback.
The ADD Centre uses a 19-point full cap that uses the 10-20 system to assess your brainwaves. Each point on the full cap has its own term. The first letter denotes the area of the brain; the second letter or number denotes the location. Check out the image:
A1 and A2 — your ears — are the grounds, like the third prong in a plug.
Z stands for zero, that is, the midline. Odd numbers are on the left hemisphere; even on the right.
Locations for biofeedback training can also be in between any two of these points and would then use a combo name, eg, PzO1 would be lower than PZ, to its left, and above right of O1. The image below shows you the locations of these brain areas, looking at the right side of the brain. The cerebellum is underneath the other lobes, not up against the skull like them, and so there are no electrodes right over it.
“The 10–20 system or International 10–20 system is an internationally recognized method to describe and apply the location of scalp electrodes in the context of an EEG test or experiment. This method was developed to ensure standardized reproducibility so that a subject’s studies could be compared over time and subjects could be compared to each other. This system is based on the relationship between the location of an electrode and the underlying area of cerebral cortex. The “10” and “20” refer to the fact that the actual distances between adjacent electrodes are either 10% or 20% of the total front–back or right–left distance of the skull.” | <urn:uuid:af69e160-95d4-4bb5-967a-861b629d9a86> | CC-MAIN-2018-30 | https://jeejeebhoy.ca/portfolio/brain-biofeedback-locations/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-30/segments/1531676590329.25/warc/CC-MAIN-20180718193656-20180718213656-00018.warc.gz | en | 0.917658 | 423 | 2.609375 | 3 |
When my kids were in elementary school, I’d stage “Animal Plays” at bedtime, depicting the kids’ stuffed animals as them, and play-act their nighttime foibles. Like when my son would loudly announce from his bed, “I have to go to the bathroom!” My wife and I would yell back, “So go!” He’d run down the hall, feet thudding, go, flush and thump back. Re-enacting this with stuffed animals, me providing the dialogue and sound effects, had the kids killing themselves laughing.
These plays evolved from reading with my kids at bedtime. From earliest infancy, we’d read books before lights out while looking at the pictures together and talking about the illustrations and story. This makes good sense when your kids can talk and interact, so they learn words, how to read and get quality time with you. Of course, story time with books is also a good way to get kids to wind down and go to sleep. But reading and showing infants pictures: is this necessary? It turns out this is crucial for babies’ language acquisition, intelligence formation and future school performance.
In her book “Thirty Million Words,” Dr. Dana Suskind reviewed research showing that kids who hear more words as infants and toddlers grow more able brains. The original study posited that children from wealthier families did better in school and were more successful because they heard about thirty million more words than kids from impoverished families. While the reasons for gaps in school and economic success between rich and poor are far more complex, more talking to babies is an easy way to help close the gap. It’s clear that kids who get bedtime reading, and sleep better as a result, do better in school, are less angry and depressed and (for my benefit) stay out of the ER more!
Talking to babies while examining them is a happy part of my work. When you get 18 inches from a baby’s face and start talking, baby’s face lights up–eyes widen, eyebrows go up and baby starts interacting back. She will coo, smile and try lots of other facial expressions. 18 inches is the distance babies see best; it's that far to mother’s face when she’s nursing. Also, Dr. Robert Fantz, who began research on baby perception in the 1960s, noticed that his study assistant got better reactions from babies than himself, seemingly because the assistant had a bushy mustache and eyebrows. Frantz thus tested pictures of exaggerated facial features on babies and found they react more to face-like patterns than random designs. Babies automatically watch, and react to, human faces.
More recent science shows that, during these interactions, not only do babies’ faces light up, but their brains do as well. Scans of brain metabolism during interactions demonstrate that the more infants are talked to, with more varied words, the more their brains grow in complexity and functionality. However, many people are uncomfortable talking to kids; ‘What do you say to a baby?”
It turns out, say anything! Talk about your work, the laundry, what’s cooking. It’s less important what you say than how you’re saying it. Babies respond to “parentese,” the higher-pitched voice, with inflection (the “sing-song” of speech), and they try to imitate. The book “Thirty Million Words,” mentioned above, lays out rules for this talk. First, Tune In, meaning turn off TVs and phones and get kids’ attention. Second, Talk More: more and bigger words. Finally, Take Turns: give babies and children turns to respond and practice interacting. This talk particularly happens with bedtime story reading and is crucial for kids’ intelligence. Talking to babies isn't just fun, it's important too. | <urn:uuid:1dca336f-9751-442a-8aec-fce2b4ea32dd> | CC-MAIN-2022-21 | https://ochsnerlg.org/about-us/news/animal-plays | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-21/segments/1652662578939.73/warc/CC-MAIN-20220525023952-20220525053952-00075.warc.gz | en | 0.970326 | 819 | 2.84375 | 3 |
In a speech tonight at the Congressional Hispanic Caucus Institute’s annual gala, President Obama is expected to reaffirm his promise to take executive action on immigration reform, according to Buzzfeed. After Congress’ failure to pass comprehensive legislation, immigrant communities have been waiting for months to see what form of relief the Obama administration would offer.
President Obama follows a long history of presidents using their authority to grant temporary immigration relief; every U.S. president since at least 1956 has done so. Some administrative programs began while legislation was pending, and other presidents responded to humanitarian crises. Still others made compelling choices to assist individuals in need when the law failed to address their needs or changes in circumstance. Specifically, President George H.W. Bush implemented a family fairness policy in response to family separation caused by President Ronald Reagan’s 1986 immigration law—strikingly similar to the situation President Obama faces today.
FILED UNDER: executive action, Executive Branch, featured, President Obama | <urn:uuid:fde9583c-88d5-4927-8f0f-838b85e88a87> | CC-MAIN-2023-23 | https://immigrationimpact.com/2014/10/02/president-obama-follows-long-history-of-presidents-using-authority-on-immigration/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-23/segments/1685224649518.12/warc/CC-MAIN-20230604061300-20230604091300-00580.warc.gz | en | 0.95686 | 198 | 2.5625 | 3 |
An international team led by researchers from the Spanish National Research Council (CSIC) has developed a method to measure the integration or segregation of immigrants based on the messages they write on the social network, Twitter.
In the work, which is published in the journal PLOS ONE, a method was developed to use Twitter data to analyse the degree of spatial segregation of immigrant communities. "The users' communities of origin are determined by the language in which the tweets are posted, establishing an 'idiomatic algebra' to assign the most likely community to which a tweet belongs," explains the study's director, José Javier Ramasco, CSIC researcher at the Institute for Cross-Disciplinary Physics and Complex Systems, in Mallorca, Spain.
"If all the messages are in the local language, then the user is considered to be a local resident. If, on the other hand, some messages are in the language of an immigrant community, it can be assumed that the user knows that language and belongs to that community," he adds.
The language used, together with the location of the messages, make it possible to find the typical residential areas of the different communities and to study whether they are more or less concentrated in those areas than the local population. "This method has allowed us to analyse immigrant communities in 53 of the world's largest cities. In each one of them we can define a metric that measures the spatial integration capacity of the immigrants living there," Ramasco explains.
By applying this metric, cities can be divided into three categories: those with high integration capacity, those with few immigrant communities- or those that are highly segregated from a spatial point of view- and an intermediate category between both extremes, explains Ramasco. "In the first group (high integration) we find cities such as London, San Francisco, Tokyo and Los Angeles, while at the other extreme (low integration) we see others such as Detroit, Miami, Toronto and Amsterdam," he explains.
In addition to considering cities, you can analyse how different cultures - characterised by language - are integrated within the countries where these cities are located. The best integration is found among nearby cultures, for example, Latin-based language speakers (speakers of Portuguese and Italian) in South American Spanish-speaking countries, or those from European countries within the United Kingdom. The cases of greater segregation occur between extremely different cultures.
This method opens a new avenue, offering a new source of data to analyse the segregation or spatial integration of immigrants' residences. The online data, which is intended for other purposes, is immense and constantly updated. These studies offer a significantly reduced-cost form of access to near real-time information, with study areas on a global scale. "We hope, then, that this first work will open up the possibility for future use of this data to study integration. We also hope that it may be a valuable complement beyond the scientific community for managers and public authorities who are in charge of immigration," concludes Ramasco. | <urn:uuid:2962d1b2-bcc8-4d43-a42e-1fef75e0c3f4> | CC-MAIN-2020-16 | https://eurekalert.org/pub_releases/2018-03/snrc-anm031418.php | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-16/segments/1585370510352.43/warc/CC-MAIN-20200403061648-20200403091648-00486.warc.gz | en | 0.949728 | 608 | 2.6875 | 3 |
Legislation seeks limited ban on chemical used in plastics
Perhaps as early as Friday, the Washington state Senate is expected to vote on whether to fine manufacturers and retailers that make or sell baby bottles, sippy cups, and cans or jars of infant food that contain the chemical bisphenol A because of health concerns for young children.
Seattle Times environment reporter
BPA factsBisphenol A (BPA) is a plastic hardener and an ingredient in epoxy resin, which is used in can linings. It keeps cans sturdy and airtight, helps prevent the introduction of bacteria, and provides longer shelf life.
In the human body, it mimics the hormone estrogen. Some studies have tied it to reproductive abnormalities and increased risks of cancer and diabetes.
Infants and children are thought to be particularly vulnerable to any adverse effects since their reproductive organs and ability to metabolize chemicals are not completely formed.
What contains BPA?
Plastic containers used for food have recycle codes on the bottom. In general, plastics that are marked with recycle codes 1, 2, 4, 5 and 6 are unlikely to contain BPA. Some, but not all, plastics that are marked with recycle codes 3 or 7 may be made with BPA. Microwaving plastics or adding boiling water to them may increase exposure to the chemical.
It surfaced by accident, when a rookie lab assistant was too zealous with the cleanser.
Scientist Patricia Hunt was doing genetics studies on female mice when a temp worker cleaning up one day scoured the animals' cages and water bottles with harsh detergent. When the creatures showed abnormalities in their egg chromosomes, Hunt later linked the changes to a substance released from the plastic by the abrasive and the scrubbing — bisphenol A.
That was 1998. A decade of research and controversy later, Hunt, now a professor at Washington State University, has helped push Washington toward becoming one of a handful of states to ban many products that contain the plastic-hardening agent BPA.
Perhaps as early as Friday, the state Senate is expected to vote on whether to fine manufacturers and retailers that make or sell baby bottles, sippy cups, and cans or jars of infant food that contain the chemical because of health concerns for young children. A similar measure passed the state House 95-1 this week.
Prospects for the bill's passage are so high that even opponents expect it to become law. But the Legislature is merely one front in a global battle by environmental and health advocates to drive down consumption of the ubiquitous product. And momentum suddenly appears to be on their side.
"A number of us have been increasingly agitated that no one was doing anything," Hunt said this week. "The change is really nice to see."
BPA has been around since the early-1960s and is used in everything from the gummy linings of canned foods and soda pop to the hard plastics in reusable sports bottles favored by hikers. It's found in paper used in pressure-printed receipts from stores. Reporters at the Milwaukee Journal-Sentinel even found that heating food containers labeled "microwave safe" caused leaching of high doses of BPA.
The Food and Drug Administration (FDA) dismissed concerns for years. The agency held firm as animal studies such as Hunt's and others showed even exceedingly low doses could affect the brain, behavior and prostate gland of fetuses, infants and children. Studies linked BPA to miscarriages, breast cancer in women and male sexual dysfunction. The FDA didn't budge.
But the drumbeat from hundreds of studies moved consumers and activists — and industries. Manufacturers began offering BPA-free products. Sales of aluminum hiking bottles took off. Canada last fall moved toward banning the sale of bisphenol A in baby bottles. Massachusetts health officials in August urged pregnant and breast-feeding women to avoid BPA. Connecticut and Minnesota banned some BPA products, and a ban will be considered in Oregon this year.
And, in a stunning reversal, the FDA this month agreed that "some concern" exists for BPA exposure to children, and that it "supports reasonable steps to reduce exposure of infants to BPA in the food supply." The Obama administration plans to spend $30 million on more human research.
In response, the American Chemistry Council wrote: "Plastics made with BPA contribute safety and convenience to our daily lives because of their durability, clarity and shatter-resistance. Can liners and food-storage containers made with BPA are essential components to helping protect the safety of packaged foods and preserving products from spoilage and contamination."
But the tide had turned.
While a BPA ban was derailed by the Senate last year — "there was pretty unified opposition from the commercial and industrial and retail associations; that's a big heavy list for some people to go against," said Sen. Karen Keiser, D-Kent, who chairs the Health and Long Term Care Committee — opposition this year is more diffuse.
"The American Chemistry Council flew in people to oppose it" this year, Keiser said. But retailers only oppose one element of the bill.
And makers of canned seafood — an industry not affected by legislation being considered in Olympia — are lobbying lawmakers to vote "no" only because they see what could be coming next: rules governing canned goods.
It's "being put in the mind of consumers that it [canned food] is a dangerous product," said Randy Ray, a lobbyist for the Pacific Seafood Processors Association. "And try making a can of salmon to sell in 50 states and have 50 states tell you [you] have to do it differently."
The Washington Toxics Coalition, the nonprofit that pushed hardest for action in Olympia, was willing to accept that more work could be done on alternative linings for everything from canned soups and beans to diced tomatoes.
"From parents and consumers we hear every day, 'Why is this stuff still in products?' " said coalition spokeswoman Ivy Sager-Rosenthal. "There are promising alternatives, but more research is needed."
The final fight shaping up this session will be about whether to include reusable sports bottles in the legislation. The House included it, but many in the Senate are reluctant, because of opposition by the Washington Retail Association and others.
Retailers don't oppose the bill, association President Jan Teague said, just the inclusion of plastic sports bottles because children don't use them — and lots of stores sell them.
"There's a lot of general interest when it comes to children, making sure that they are being provided healthy tools when they eat," Teague said. "But sports bottles makes it too broad."
Sager-Rosenthal argued that pregnant and nursing mothers use them and could pass contamination to their children.
For the moment, sports bottles aren't part of the Senate bill.
Craig Welch: 206-464-2093 or [email protected]
Furniture & home furnishings
1895 pump organ
2014 8th Annual Pacific Northwest Egg Fest
A LIONEL train sale
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from The American Heritage® Dictionary of the English Language, 4th Edition
- n. A small spring of water; a rill.
from Wiktionary, Creative Commons Attribution/Share-Alike License
- n. A small, minor spring.
from the GNU version of the Collaborative International Dictionary of English
- n. A little spring.
from The Century Dictionary and Cyclopedia
- n. A little spring; a small stream.
Every little rill and springlet ran like a mill-tail, while the main stream rushed and roared, foaming, leaping, lashing, its volume increased fifty-fold.
E'en as from aëry heights of mountain springeth a springlet
Here I have killed them when there was ice thicker than a dollar on all the waters round about, and when you might see a thin and smoke-like mist boiling up from each springlet.
The biggest was the appearance of a small springlet, after a sudden downpour, in what we thought was a very dry basement. | <urn:uuid:d2b91207-c10f-4e26-a42f-4f825b9ab069> | CC-MAIN-2016-36 | https://www.wordnik.com/words/springlet | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-36/segments/1471982976866.77/warc/CC-MAIN-20160823200936-00145-ip-10-153-172-175.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.883464 | 218 | 2.78125 | 3 |
Tuna - maturation and identifying sex
The sex of tuna is not determined genetically, as in some other organisms.
Tuna start their lives in fresh water capable of becoming either male or female - the sex they finally become is dependent on the environment and circumstances.
As an eel grows, the sex organs (testes in males, ovaries in females) can be seen as thin lines of tissue running along the backbone inside the body cavity. The ovaries of large female eels contain millions of eggs: for example, a 1 m long longfin female would have about 4 to 5 million eggs, while a 1.5 m female would have about 25 million. In both long- and shortfins, female eels are much larger than males.
Generally, eels growing in high densities (i.e. with many other eels present) tend to become males, whereas eels growing in areas where there are few other eels present tend to become females. This is illustrated in eel farming/aquaculture, where tuna are grown at high densities and almost all of which become males. Alternatively, eels transplanted into a lake where there are very few resident eels, will tend to become females. To complicate things further, there is also evidence that eels with fast growth rates early in their life will tend to become males.
Large eels, particularly longfin, play an important role in determining the population structure of eels, including species composition, sex ratios and size distribution. Without this ecological relationship, a higher density of smaller eels can induce sexually immature juveniles to become male. This may have implications not only for interrelated species, but also on the number of female eels contributing to the spawning population.
In all species of freshwater eels, the females grow to a much larger size than males. Thus, any eel above the maximum size to which males grow must be a female. However, anything smaller than this could be either male or female.
- In shortfins, males do not usually grow larger than 550 mm (about 350 g), so any eel larger than that is a female.
- In longfins, males grow to a maximum of 750 mm (about 1.25 kg), so larger eels are females.
Before their sex organs develop into either male or female tissue, they are termed "undifferentiated" – at this stage the gonad is very immature and it's not obvious which sex an eel belongs to. The gonads become larger as the eel grows and by the time both sexes migrate for spawning, they are quite obvious (although sometimes the ovaries are mistaken as fat reserves).
When identifying whether eels are males or females, the key feature to look for is whether the gonad has a distinct lobed or scalloped appearance, a little like a row of beads - if it does, the eel is male. If the gonad or is more like a ribbon of tissue of the same width, resembling a net curtain, the eel is female.
In an immature eel, the gonads can be rather difficult to find as they are only about 1 mm or less in width. The smallest eels identified in New Zealand as male were 27 cm for a shortfin and 30 cm a for longfin. The smallest females identified were 33 cm for a shortfin and 37 cm for a longfin. In practice, it is usually difficult to confidently identify the sex of most eels until they are at least 35 cm for shortfins, and about 40 cm for longfins.
References and further reading
Beentjes, M.P., Chisnall, B.L. (1998). Size, age, and species composition of commercial eel catches from market sampling, 1996–1997. NIWA Technical Report 29. National Institute of Water & Atmospheric Research, Wellington.
Beullens, K., Eding, E.H., Gilson, P., Ollevier, F., Komen, J., Richter, C.J.J. (1997). Gonadal differentiation, intersexuality and sex ratios of European eel (Anguilla anguilla L.) maintained in captivity. Aquaculture 153: 135-150.
Davey, A.J.H., Jellyman, D.J. (2005). Sex determination in freshwater eels and management options for manipulation of sex. Reviews in Fish Biology and Fisheries 15: 37-52. http://www.springerlink.com/content/p1579160t48v6038/
McCleave, J.D., Jellyman, D.J. (2004). Male dominance in the New Zealand longfin eel population of a New Zealand river: probable causes and implications for management. North American Journal of Fisheries Management 24: 490-505.
Todd, P. (1974). Studies on the Reproductive Biology of New Zealand Freshwater Eels. Unpublished PhD thesis, Victoria University of Wellington, Wellington, New Zealand. 328 p.
Todd, P.R. (1981). Morphometric changes, gonad histology, and fecundity estimates in migrating New Zealand freshwater eels (Anguilla spp.). New Zealand Journal of Marine and Freshwater Research 15: 155-170. http://www.royalsociety.org.nz/publications/journals/nzjm/1981/018/ | <urn:uuid:d6a6b256-df78-466d-89e6-661de21513be> | CC-MAIN-2015-11 | http://www.niwa.co.nz/te-k%C5%ABwaha/tuna-information-resource/biology-and-ecology/maturation-and-identifying-sex | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2015-11/segments/1424936471203.9/warc/CC-MAIN-20150226074111-00140-ip-10-28-5-156.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.920177 | 1,121 | 3.53125 | 4 |
Over the past several decades, neurostimulation techniques such as transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) have gradually gained favour in the public eye. In a new report, published yesterday in the prestigious scientific journal Neuron, IRCM ethics experts raise important questions about the rising tide of tDCS coverage in the media, while regulatory action is lacking and ethical issues need to be addressed.
TDCS is a non-invasive form of neurostimulation, in which constant, low current is delivered directly to areas of the brain using small electrodes. Originally developed to help patients with brain injuries such as strokes, tDCS is now also used to enhance language and mathematical ability, attention span, problem solving, memory, coordination, and even gaming skills. Recently, states the report, tDCS has caused excitement in the lay public and academia as a ''portable, painless, inexpensive and safe'' therapeutic and enhancement device.
"Despite these claims, the effects of tDCS are hard to predict," explains Eric Racine, PhD, Director of the Neuroethics research unit at the IRCM who supervised the research project. "The safety and efficacy of tDCS have only been demonstrated in controlled laboratory settings and, without supervision, the use of tDCS for enhancement might cause serious adverse effects such as temporary respiratory paralysis."
The report shows the amount of publicly-available information on tDCS has increased dramatically in recent years, both in academic literature and print media articles. IRCM researchers analyzed the available information and found a considerable mismatch in tone and focus between academic and print media articles.
While academic articles focused on therapeutic and investigative uses of tDCS, discussions in print media articles mainly concentrated on potential enhancement uses, as well as therapeutic applications. In addition, media discussions have been optimistic, with little information concerning ethical issues, therapeutic limitations, or side effects that could result from widespread use, whereas academic articles usually involved a more balanced discourse.
"We encountered strong and potentially misleading statements about the real-world effects and applications of tDCS in print media headlines," says Veljko Dubljevic, PhD, postdoctoral fellow in the IRCM's Neuroethics research unit and first author of the report. "In our entire sample of media articles, only 3.5 per cent advised caution or mentioned the possibility of adverse effects."
Given the nature of tDCS and the lack of oversight governing its use, the report explains that academic and print media discourse could shape the public's risk-benefit perceptions, impact the uptake of this technology, and, consequently, lead to negative implications for ethical and regulatory oversight.
"With the rapid evolution of tDCS in the public domain and in academia, we recommend three areas of action to tackle the social, ethical and policy implications," adds Dr. Dubljevic. "First, to curtail misunderstandings about tDCS, professional societies, researchers and government agencies should work toward increasing neuroscientific literacy by providing objective neutral data to the media and the public. Second, tDCS devices, as well as their marketing and manufacturing standards, need to be monitored and regulated. Training and licensing procedures should also be considered. Finally, we believe that physicians and other clinicians should become actively engaged in the discussion about ethical, clinical and policy aspects of tDCS."
"The current regulatory gap means that tDCS is readily available as a service, product, or even a homemade device, in many countries without any guidance being provided by policy makers," concludes Dr. Racine. "A response to the policy and regulatory aspects of tDCS is urgently needed."
About the study
This research project was funded by the Social Sciences and Humanities Research Council. Authors for this report also included Victoria Saigle, research assistant in the IRCM's Neuroethics research unit. For more information, please refer to the article published online by Neuron.
About Eric Racine
Eric Racine is Associate IRCM Research Professor and Director of the Neuroethics research unit. He obtained a PhD in applied human sciences (bioethics) from the Université de Montréal. Dr. Racine is Associate Research Professor in the Department of Medicine (accreditation in Social and Preventive Medicine and in Bioethics) at the Université de Montréal. He is also Adjunct Professor in the Department of Medicine (Division of Experimental Medicine) and the Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery at McGill University. Dr. Racine is an affiliate member of the Biomedical Ethics Unit at McGill University. He is a Research Scholar from the Fonds de recherche du Québec - Santé. Dr. Racine's research is designed to improve the ethical aspects of quality of care, research practices and public communications in the domain of clinical and basic neuroscience. For more information, visit http://www.
About Veljko Dubljevic
Veljko Dubljevic is a postdoctoral fellow in the Neuroethics research unit at the IRCM. He obtained a PhD in political science and political theory at the University of Belgrade, and completed the qualification requirements for a PhD in philosophy and neuroethics at Universities of Tübingen and Stuttgart (dissertation defense scheduled in June). Dr. Dubljevic's primary research interests include the ethics of neuroscience and technology, and the neuroscience of ethics. His other interests include bioethics, political theory, moral theory, business ethics, and philosophy of law. He has over 30 publications in moral, legal and political philosophy and in neuroethics. He is also engaged in the activities of the International Neuroethics Society (INS) and serves as a member of the INS's Communications Committee.
About the IRCM
Founded in 1967, the Institut de recherches cliniques de Montréal is currently comprised of 35 research units in various fields, namely immunity and viral infections, cardiovascular and metabolic diseases, cancer, neurobiology and development, systems biology and medicinal chemistry. It also houses four specialized research clinics, eight core facilities and three research platforms with state-of-the-art equipment. The IRCM employs 425 people and is an independent institution affiliated with the Université de Montréal. The IRCM Clinic is associated to the Centre hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal (CHUM). The IRCM also maintains a long-standing association with McGill University. The IRCM is funded by the Quebec ministry of Economy, Innovation and Export Trade (Ministère de l'Économie, de l'Innovation et des Exportations). | <urn:uuid:d668bfb8-53fb-424e-83e4-3a973ea8b1e5> | CC-MAIN-2017-30 | https://www.eurekalert.org/pub_releases/2014-05/idrc-wib052214.php | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-30/segments/1500549424247.30/warc/CC-MAIN-20170723042657-20170723062657-00050.warc.gz | en | 0.927882 | 1,343 | 3 | 3 |
Some of the most common questions parents have when looking for an early childhood program focus on the difference between Montessori and traditional preschool. Parents want to understand how Montessori differs from other programs, why those differences matter, and which is the right fit for their child.
There are many factors to consider when selecting a program for your child and, depending on where you live, your options might be few and far between or overwhelmingly abundant. Understanding the core differences between Montessori and traditional preschools will help you narrow your focus and find the program that makes sense for your family.
The Difference Between Montessori and Traditional Preschool #1: Child-directed vs. Teacher-directed
A common misconception about Montessori is that the children “get to do whatever they want” with no structure or boundaries. Nothing could be further from the truth, but it certainly might look that way, if you are used to a more traditional school model that places the emphasis on the role of the teacher.
In a traditional preschool, the teacher is the central figure in the classroom. She is guiding children through various station activities, group activities, and through the schedule of the day. She is responsible for making sure that everyone participates in different activities and for ensuring that all the children meet the guidelines set by the school or determined by the curriculum.
In a Montessori classroom the teacher follows the lead of the child. Children learn at their own pace and are guided by their own interests. This means that children are free to make choices about how they spend their time, but not without some boundaries set by the teacher. The role of the teacher in a Montessori classroom is multifold:
- She prepares the classroom environment to appeal to each child’s innate curiosity.
- She observes a child and determines which lessons would be a timely fit — one that appeals to their interests and teaches a new concept or reinforces a learned concept.
- She invites a child to a lesson, shows him how to use the materials independently.
- That child is then free to select that material again on his own.
In a traditional preschool classroom, the teacher is the leader of the pack. In a Montessori classroom, she is the guide.
The Difference Between Montessori and Traditional Preschool #2: Work vs. Play
Traditional preschools are generally play-based, meaning that a child will spend much of their day playing with toys and in familiar settings. A typical preschool classroom has “centers” designated for different types of play or skills. There’ll be a dress-up area for social and imaginative play, a block area for building, an area for puzzles, etc. Children will have time during their day to choose different activities, but much of the schedule is pre-determined, so children will rotate through centers, as well as participate in group activities, like story time or art.
In a Montessori classroom, the materials on the shelf are called “work,” not “toys,” and after receiving a lesson from the teacher on how to use a work, a child is free to select that material at any point throughout the morning or afternoon work period. At any given moment in a Montessori classroom you can observe children engaged in math, language, art, and geography studies. Because they have chosen the work themselves, they are invested in it. They are excited about it and they’re learning something!
Maria Montessori believed, through observation and years of working with children, that children were like little sponges: capable of soaking up incredible amounts of knowledge when given the right environment. She designed her materials and precise techniques to maximize a child’s desire to learn. Children love to learn and do challenging things — it is fun for them and feels a lot like play!
The Difference Between Montessori and Traditional Preschool #3: The Classroom Environment
A traditional preschool classroom is filled with colorful toys, brightly colored posters and wall decorations, colorful rugs, tables, and chairs. The shelves are filled with toys, games, and other familiar items. A child has access to blocks, dolls, cars, puzzles, etc. For a play-based center, you can expect to find lots of color!
A Montessori classroom will look a little different. There will be more muted tones and less visual stimulation. Any wall art or decorations will be placed lower, so as to be at the children’s eye level, and all furnishings will be child-sized. The classroom might be busy and active, but it should also feel calm and peaceful.
The Montessori classroom is divided into different curriculum areas: Practical Life, Sensorial, Math, Language, and Cultural (Art, Science, Geography). There might be a reading corner or a peace corner, and there should be a variety of seating options and work spaces available. Children spend their morning moving through the classroom at their own pace, selecting work that appeals to them, receiving lessons from the teachers, and having fun with their friends. At the end of the morning, the class gathers for circle time and prepares for the next part of their day.
Choosing Between the Two
Knowing some of the key differences between Montessori programs and traditional preschool programs is the first step. Once you get a feel for the different options in your area, ask around! Recommendations from friends and online reviews can help you get a sense of which programs are a better fit for your family.
Once you’ve narrowed it down, take a tour. Websites can only do so much. To get a better feel for a school you have to visit. Ideally, a tour will take place during a typical school day and you’ll get a sense of how your child will spend her day.
Take your child’s needs into consideration. Will a bright, colorful, noisy classroom overwhelm your sensitive child? What about your high energy child? How does the program take into consideration different needs and personalities? There are no wrong questions, so be sure to ask as many as it takes to get the answers you need. Happy school hunting!
- Montessori vs. Traditional Preschool: How to Choose by Jaclyn Law
- Understanding Montessori: The Learning Environment — CHMS website
You Might Also Like These Posts From Children’s House Montessori School of Reston:
- What to Look for in a Montessori Preschool
- How Do Montessori Schools Teach Independence?
- Creativity in the Montessori Classroom
Children’s House Montessori School of Reston (CHMS) is a small, family-oriented school located in a peaceful wooded setting in Reston, Virginia. We believe that a child’s first school experience should be filled with curiosity, exploration and opportunities for independence. We offer half-day and full-day Montessori programs for children 3 years of age through kindergarten.
Schedule a Tour
All tours remain virtual at this time. Use the button below to schedule your tour through our Facebook page or give us a call at 703-481-6678. We look forward to seeing you (virtually) and answering whatever questions you have about our program. | <urn:uuid:38cf62ff-b969-4953-93d4-6b2244442d34> | CC-MAIN-2023-14 | https://childrenshouse-montessori.com/2019/09/03/difference-between-montessori-and-traditional-preschool/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-14/segments/1679296945323.37/warc/CC-MAIN-20230325095252-20230325125252-00528.warc.gz | en | 0.958823 | 1,511 | 3.421875 | 3 |
It is like a hole in the bucket, through which the reservoir of belief, optimism, positivity and energy will drain away.
So how do you fix that anxiety hole to build the energising confidence in your school at a time of anxiety?
For about 20 years, the psychological literature around confidence was profoundly mistaken. In the 1980-90s the assumption was that confidence is best built by unconditional praise; positive self-regard which is independent of accurate self-evaluation.
Praise, affirmation and celebration focusing not on success but on intrinsic worth was proposed as the way to address the perceived root problem of many social ills. It was assumed problems such as criminality, poor parenting, poor work performance arose from low self-esteem, and could therefore be addressed by ‘boosting’ self-esteem.
However, studies then emerged which questioned this consensus; repeatedly, it was shown that individuals who had experienced too much unconditional praise often exhibited anti- and not pro-social behaviours: narcissism, bullying, sense of entitlement, even violence. The literature on effective praise has had to be re-worked because unconditional praise proved to be wrong.
It is now believed that effective praise is two-fold. First of all, it is linked to a specific quality or attribute which an individual has demonstrated or acquired. Rather than being general praise ‘Oh, you are such a lovely person’ it is specific ‘When you helped Max in the classroom you showed kindness’; ‘I have noticed how you have worked on your bowling; your arm is much straighter- well done’; ‘In break time, I noticed how patient you were explaining the rules to the new girl; thank you.’
Praise is targeted and specific, attributed to a quality or behaviour. The effect of this is to motivate the individual to produce more of that quality; they know what they should be focusing on, and it builds pro-social development.
Secondly, the most effective praise is self-praise. By this, I mean that the individual properly and accurately evaluates their own qualities, effort and progress, and can reward them self accordingly. Individuals who accurately (and not excessively) self-praise exhibit a resourcefulness and resilience that can see them through tough times and setbacks. It should not be confused with self-reliance, in which other’s opinions are dismissed; healthy self- praise values others’ opinions.
Let’s apply this to your own school. There are many things you cannot control at the moment. One thing you can, is each staff member’s sense of capability and self-efficacy. Practically speaking, each should have a set of personal goals they have set and are working towards; each should have an understanding of the department’s development goals and what they can do to achieve them; the same can be said for the year, house and school development goals. Each should know how, and when, they will evaluate their own progress. They will know that their progress matters not just to them, but to you.
The beginning of the school year provides an opportunity not just to set out the goals for the next 12 months. It is also when you ensure individuals take tangible, measureable, specific ownership of their part in them. Being confidence in a time of anxiety is about recognising the good progress that has already been made, and by setting out the steps, keep moving forward.
How does STEER’s AS Tracking help you achieve this for your school?
AS Tracking was designed to build staff efficacy and measureable outcomes. As staff write individual and group action plans for pupils, they articulate tangible goals, precise actions, and specific timeframe, to observe their impact. Evidence repeatedly shows that schools who follow this protocol not only improve pupil outcomes, but increase staff confidence, skill and agency in a virtuous circle. | <urn:uuid:773a1f76-df35-46ae-888e-a3e7aca4de60> | CC-MAIN-2022-49 | https://steer.education/thought-pieces/increasing-confidence/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-49/segments/1669446710155.67/warc/CC-MAIN-20221127005113-20221127035113-00409.warc.gz | en | 0.976372 | 796 | 2.734375 | 3 |
Using Your Fireplace Safely
This article was originally published on November 17, 2014 and expired on March 15, 2015. It is provided here for archival purposes and may contain dated information.
One of the joys of the fall and winter season is curling up in front of a warm fireplace. Proper fireplace use and maintenance, along with a commitment to safety, will keep the enjoyment from turning into tragedy.
"Before building your first fire of the season, inspect the fireplace and the chimney for cracks, creosote buildup and other potential blockages. Bird or animal guards need to be in place on top of the chimney," advises Duane Friend, University of Illinois Extension Educator, Energy and Environmental Stewardship. "Another option is to have a professional chimney sweep check and clean the system."
It's also important to use wood that has been sufficiently dried. Ideally, the wood should be split and allowed to dry for a year before use. Dried wood burns with less smoke and burns more evenly than green wood. Do not use painted or pressure-treated wood or particle board. To reduce sparks coming into the living area, place a screen in front of the fireplace.
"Make sure the damper is open before starting a fire, and keep it open even when there are just smoldering embers left in the fireplace," says Friend. "Never use flammable liquids to start the fire."
Keep flammable items like rugs and curtains away from the fireplace. Also, avoid roaring fires which can start chimney fires from soot and creosote in the flue. Have a fire extinguisher, such as a class ABC extinguisher, close by. Smoke and carbon monoxide detectors should also be used and regularly checked.
A fireplace requires a large amount of air. In tight homes, Friend says to make sure there is enough fresh air available so that a reverse draft does not set up, which could bring carbon monoxide fumes from furnaces or water heaters into the house.
Make sure all ashes are thoroughly cool before disposal. Place ashes in a metal container with a lid, on a noncombustible floor or on the ground, away from potential ignition sources, until they are cool.
For more information visit the National Fire Administration's video series on Fireplace Safety.
Source: Duane Friend, Extension Educator, Energy and Environmental Stewardship, [email protected]
Pull date: March 15, 2015 | <urn:uuid:d24cb8ad-2989-46aa-9092-5140160f52fa> | CC-MAIN-2017-43 | http://web.extension.illinois.edu/state/newsdetail.cfm?NewsID=5377 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-43/segments/1508187825473.61/warc/CC-MAIN-20171022222745-20171023002745-00342.warc.gz | en | 0.925078 | 508 | 2.859375 | 3 |
What is 1/4 times 1/5? - Fraction Multiplication
getcalc.com's two fractions multiplication calculator is an online basic math function tool to find what's the equivalent fraction for multiplication between two fractional numbers, 1/4 times 1/5.
1/4 x 1/5 = 1/20 in fraction form.
1/4 x 1/5 = 0.05 in decimal form.
This calculator, formula, step by step calculation and associated information for product of two fractions, 1/4 multiplied to 1/5 may help students, teachers, parents or professionals to learn, teach, practice or verify such multiplication calculations efficiently.
How to Find Fraction for 1/4 Multiplied to 1/5?
The below workout with step by step calculation shows how to find an equivalent fraction for 1/4 multiplied to 1/5.
Problem and Workout
Find what's 1/4 times of 1/5 in fraction form?
step 1 Address formula, input parameters and values.
1/4 & 1/5
step 2 Multiply both numerators
= 1 x 1
step 3 Multiply both denominators
= 4 x 5
step 4 Use above values of step 2 & 3, and rewrite as below
1/20 is an equivalent fraction for 1/4 times of 1/5. | <urn:uuid:50267087-9ed5-4a7d-aa1d-6fab355c76dd> | CC-MAIN-2022-05 | https://getcalc.com/math-fraction-1by4-times-1by5.htm | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-05/segments/1642320301309.22/warc/CC-MAIN-20220119094810-20220119124810-00705.warc.gz | en | 0.790772 | 309 | 3.03125 | 3 |
- Where, n = Number of point charges, Qi = Charge of each point charge, Vi = Potential at location Qi due to all the other charges except that of charge Qj itself.
- Due to continuous charge distribution, the energy density is obtained by
Continuity Equation of Current: According to this, the point form of continuity equation is
- Boundary Conditions for Perfect Dielectric Materials
- The two dielectrics having permittivities ε1 and ε2.
- Here, tangential component of electric field is continuous Et1 = Et2
- The normal component of electric flux density is continuous DN1 = DN2
- D2 and E2 can be given by
- Electric flux density at point 2
- Electric field intensify at point 1
Electric Fields in Material Space: Materials for which conductivity (σ) is greater than 1 are insulators. Semiconductors conductivity lies in between the conductivity of conductors and insulators.
- Electric current in terms of current density
- where J is current density:
- Convection currents do not involve conductors and do not obey the Ohm’s law, convection current density is J = ρVu; where, u is velocity and ρv are volume charge density.
- Conduction currents involve conductors and obey Ohm’s law conduction current density is J = σ E; where, σ is conductivity and E is electric field intensity,
- For perfect conductor:
- The resistance of a conductor is:
- Dipole moment p of the electric dipole can be given as p = Q d; where d is the distance vector –Q to +Q.
- Polarisation vector p is the net dipole moment per unit volume of the dielectric.
- If a dielectric has in-built dipole ten it is known as a polar dielectric.
- If in a dielectric dipole is resulted as the effect of external electric field, dielectric is known as a non-polar dielectric.
- Polarisation surface charge density:
- Polarisation volume charge density:
- Hence, the effect of dielectric on electric field is to increase the flux density by an amount p.
- p is proportional to the applied electric field E
where, = Electric susceptibility
All the Best. | <urn:uuid:63ec75b3-de0c-4c23-b4d1-b0fd56228bfb> | CC-MAIN-2019-35 | https://gradeup.co/electric-field-potential-due-to-point-line-plane-i-0c83d4bb-baa3-11e5-9dae-f70cf0835cdd | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-35/segments/1566027317130.77/warc/CC-MAIN-20190822130553-20190822152553-00328.warc.gz | en | 0.900803 | 499 | 3.765625 | 4 |
Ching Shih, born Shi Xianggu in the Guangdong Province of China in 1775, started out underprivileged, a young woman forced into a life of prostitution. But with tenacity, cunning, and sheer force, she grew into one of the most powerful and successful pirates in the history of the world.
In the brothels of Canton where she worked in her youth, she met a notorious pirate, Cheng I, from the famous family of Cheng pirates that had, for many years, terrorized the China seas. She created an equal partnership with him during their marriage, overseeing his crews and handling many of his business affairs. She helped negotiate and facilitate a grand pirate alliance, bringing together fleets of ships from up and down the Asian coast.
She became known as The Terror of South China.
In 1807, Cheng I passed away in Vietnam. This was when Ching Shih made the calculated decision to take command of his fleet and create the largest, most powerful pirate fleet in the history of the world. The Red Flag Fleet contained more than 1,500 ships with 60,000–80,000 pirates under Ching’s command. She ran a ruthless enterprise in which she created laws and enacted severe punishments on those who worked under her and the villages and ships she looted along the way. One example was when she created a tax on the treasure that came in from every ship within her command. Eighty percent of the stolen goods would go to her and the fleet’s collective fund, while the remaining 20% was left to that ship’s crew to be divided.
She became known as The Terror of South China. From Macao to Canton, she controlled villages, kept her business running, and managed a crew of unruly pirates. The Chinese government had little oversight, even with the help of the Portuguese and British navies. Eventually, in 1810, she negotiated an amnesty for herself and the vast majority of her fleet with the Chinese government, including the attractive feature that The Red Flag Fleet would keep the wealth it had acquired.
At this time, she retired from her life as a pirate and married her adoptive son, Cheung Po Tsai. He had been captured as a boy and risen through the fleet’s ranks. With him she had a son, and the couple opened a very successful gambling house. Madame Ching lived a life of wealth, prosperity, and ease until her death in 1844 at the age of 69.
Though Ching Shih is not your classic female heroine, she embodies the power and strength women have always had throughout history, but which is too often overlooked or forgotten. Her story is of the classic rags to riches variety: she was a strong-willed woman who knew she was destined for more. | <urn:uuid:ea53d5fc-6c3f-40b6-8d62-7bc1ff4c5a08> | CC-MAIN-2017-30 | http://vita-brevis.org/2017/02/rags-to-riches/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-30/segments/1500549426639.7/warc/CC-MAIN-20170726222036-20170727002036-00561.warc.gz | en | 0.987433 | 573 | 2.71875 | 3 |
Over the past few weeks we have been having conversations with lots of people about what it really means to play freely, and what free play is. And why it’s so important. And how to make sure our babies get lots of it. And maybe that we get some ourselves. And why… Can you tell this is one of our favourite things to talk and write about?
More and more research is being published (and hopefully much more is being conducted) that talks about the value of play for children’s development, learning and later life choices. There are many ways to talk about and define play. Our understanding of Free Play comes from the work of Dr Emmi Pikler and later Magda Gerber. And it seems we need to clarify what we mean by this :)
What is Free Play?
We believe there are three key elements to this kind of play – three things that identify play as free:
- It is self-initiated. Humans have the innate need to play. Babies seem to know what they want to play with, how they want to go about it, and what challenges they are ready for. Self-initiated play means allowing the baby to start their own play in their own way. Without suggesting the toys, placing a new rattle in their tiny hand. Sounds easier than it is done, and we have found this one to be particularly hard for a lot of people, especially parents of newborns and small infants – we often, almost intuitively, want to entertain, to provide, to suggest and to offer toys. If instead we let our babies explore on their own, we can find that what they see as play is not what we would do at all – but we can so easily get drawn into their incredible world of discovery.
- It is self-directed. When a toddler runs to us with a cup in his hand, it is nearly impossible (Anna still learning this one!!!) not to jump up and say: ‘Oh, are we having tea?’ But maybe we’re not having tea. Maybe that cup is a flying saucer, or a duck (that’s right!), or maybe he was running to you to tell you he knows what colour it is. Here is the time to explore one of the many ways to use the magical parenting word: wait. Wait and see what happens. Wait for the discovery that your child is making right now to happen, and the joy to appear on his face. Wait for his ideas (not yours) to flourish one after another. Join in and follow, but try not to lead. Be the cast, not the director.
- It is self-paced. When enough is enough, let it be. Try not to encourage one more try to reach that ball, one more stretch. Babies know how to set their challenges, and in time they will learn to pick their battles, and learn how important it is to know what they can and cannot do. And when. When it’s nearly time to go and they are still engrossed in play, warn them in time, so they are given a chance to finish.
Why is it so important?
If play is self-initiated, babies have a chance to discover the world at their pace. They know their bodies and their interests at any given stage better than we do – after all, they get to live with them. And by letting them choose their own play (even if sometimes we are not sure what it is they are doing, and feel like we would have a better idea of what to put on top of that basket… you know what I’m talking about :)), we are watching as they learn all about their own interests, passions, about the world around, their bodies and set up new and exciting challenges for themselves.
If play is self-directed, our kids have a chance to learn about their own interests, but also limitations. They are able to explore their imagination to its fullest, without us giving them ideas and guessing what it is they are trying to do. They are given a chance to surprise us.
If play is self-paced, we are letting them stop when they want to stop, or change direction when they need to recharge or focus on something else – they are learning when to keep going and when to move on to something else. When to take a break. And when to call it quits. We cannot learn it for them (sometimes we can learn it from them though!)
Mama Nadine just had her little baby Mona two weeks ago, and she is once again discovering the joys of watching a newborn play :) How do your babies play? What is their favourite thing to observe, explore, attempt to do right now? We LOVE to hear from you!
Anna & Nadine | <urn:uuid:051d95a1-a6aa-4d2c-8d78-b0bc0d6ae7fc> | CC-MAIN-2019-30 | http://mamas-in-the-making.com/2013/01/free-play/?replytocom=1445 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-30/segments/1563195526536.46/warc/CC-MAIN-20190720153215-20190720175215-00383.warc.gz | en | 0.983389 | 991 | 2.609375 | 3 |
This book, edited by Dympna Callaghan, attempts to find a middle ground between "revisionist" and "exclusionist" feminisms. The introductory essay by Callaghan herself poses the rite of marriage as a place that both revisionists and exclusionists could claim for themselves. The revisionists might claim marriage as a site in early modern culture where (most) women exercise choice and agency, where their cultural performance and action is a prerequisite for the existence and continuance of a "ritual on which the social order is founded" (2). The exclusionists might, rightly, remind us that "marriage is an institution not much associated with women's emancipation," a tool of the patriarchy that was often blunt and brutal.
Callaghan appreciates the fact that revisionists take a more comprehensive view of culture, allowing for women's roles in cultural performance where past scholarship has only focused on their absence in theatrical and literary performance. She takes issue, however, with the fact that revisionists are "oblivious to, or in denial about, the structural inequities in early modern . . . patriarchy" (6). A marriage of revisionism and exclusionism, or, as Callaghan calls it, a post-revisionist feminism, might create a more "nuanced picture of women's simultaneous participation in and exclusion from early modern culture" (7).
By taking into account the ways in which women participate in culture on multiple (and sometimes invisible) levels, by acknowledging that women as well as men have a stake in the patriarchy as the system which organizes not only their lives but also their world, and by integrating feminist scholarship with other modes of knowledge-making, this edition attempts to pioneer post-revisionist feminism.
Jonathan Gil Harris: This essay reclaims "material culture" scholarship, with its focus on objects and bodies, by engaging it with poststructuralism and Marxism. He makes connections between academics writing about the early modern female body and the authors of écriture feminine in the 1970's who "insist on a diachronic, dynamic conception of bodily materiality" that is missing from current "material culture" scholarship.
Heather Hirschfeld: This essay uses Freud to discuss misogyny in revenge tragedy, a genre which, Hirshfeld argues, necessitates "a spectacle of specifically female penitence" (17).
Sasha Roberts: This essay discusses the ways in which feminism and formalism might have common ground. Women writers, especially those of miscellanies, included misogynist tracts in their books, countered by a range of writing on women.
R.S. White: This essay looks at the way current cultural appropriations of Ophelia (as a victim of the patriarchy, as a woman with specific mental pathologies) represent a "botching" (a mending, patching) of the play for today's culture.
Jean Howard: This essay looks at the genre of city comedy as one more amenable to feminism; since tragedy and history have so few women characters, more "domestic" genres such as city comedy helps us re-chart the position of women in early modern period and then re-read tragedy and history through that lens. She looks at the terms "wife," "maid," and "whore" in brothel comedies and how these terms are not mutually exclusive or permanent.
Kate Chedzgoy: Women's lives were transformed by shifting of local and national boundaries; how did women deal with dislocation from one area to another?
Kimberly Anne Coles: Sometimes women writers write like women writers not because they are "essentially" feminine but because femininity is a performance that they might gain something from, as in the case of Amelia Lanyer writing specifically proto-feminist poetry in order to distinguish herself from male poets competing for the same patron.
Pamela Allen Brown: An essay about the indeterminability of a woman's pregnancy in a painting, and how we attribute certain sexual/gender stereotypes to her.
Patricia Parker: This essay argues that Shrew is about humanist arts and learning, and that Bianca may not be the perfect submissive daughter/wife all along that we have assumed, but that her mastery of music may indicate a mastery that Katherine is denied.
Frances E. Dolan: The lack of female ghosts in revenge plays may indicate the invisibility of the "specter of Catholicism" during the early modern period, an invisibility which we are beginning to see through as we see Catholics everywhere.
Deanne Williams: An article about Frances Yates, anti-feminist scholar, and intersections between her life and her scholarship on Elizabeth I which, despite her personal politics, is more amenable to feminist agendas than the remarks of Virginia Woolf, an actual feminist.
Natasha Korda: An essay about the ways in which women contributed to the economy of the theater.
Jennifer Panek: Widows remarried because they wanted to have sex. Really. But maybe not for the reasons early modern propaganda assumes they want to have sex.
Grace Ioppolo: A study of Penelope Rich's letters to QEI and Robert Cecil.
Gail Kern Paster: Sometimes women cry because of hormones. We are uncomfortable acknowledging this fact. Biology has been demonized in feminism. | <urn:uuid:f35dad99-ea61-4938-a049-d09e759c5081> | CC-MAIN-2018-22 | http://therediscoveredcountry.blogspot.com/2011/12/impact-of-feminism-in-english.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-22/segments/1526794865913.52/warc/CC-MAIN-20180524033910-20180524053910-00037.warc.gz | en | 0.954497 | 1,093 | 2.890625 | 3 |
What Makes the "PTA Difference" So Much Better for Schools?
The Power of PTA: PTA Makes a Difference
Over 120 years, PTA has helped solve some of the biggest issues facing America’s children. Many of the structures all children benefit from today—child labor laws, universal kindergarten, the National School Lunch Program and the juvenile justice system—were accomplished as a result of PTA members’ advocacy.
And it’s not just at the national level. Our state and local PTAs change lives too. Florida PTA members helped to defeat a piece of state legislation that would allow for-profit management companies and other corporate interests to take over public schools, keeping children’s educations from effectively being bought and sold. Washington State PTA worked to secure the passage of several major state education reforms, improving the day-to-day lives of children across the state. The impact of PTA is felt far and wide across our country
Administrative factors also set PTA apart from other parent groups. PTA offers a national and state infrastructure, with staff and trained volunteer leaders available to assist PTAs in securing nonprofit status, filing government paperwork, creating bylaws, purchasing low-cost insurance and training leaders. These support services are included in PTA membership at no additional cost.
PTA schools have access to experts, resources, trainings and dozens of programs and initiatives to encourage arts education, healthy lifestyles and family reading. Over the years we’ve had a PTA in Georgia sponsor vision clinics for low-income students. And in Detroit, Mich., a PTA runs after-school programs that keep kids off the streets. In California, a PTA created a buddy system between families with limited English proficiency and other bilingual families.
When a school has a PTA, parents are better informed and more engaged, and the learning environment is more supportive for students—plus, the school has a better reputation in its community.
The PTA Difference
PTA—Founded in 1897, Parent Teacher Association (PTA) is a nationwide network of nearly 4 million families, students, educators and community leaders working at the school building, district, state and national levels to improve education, health and safety conditions for our children. National PTA’s mission is to make every child’s potential a reality by engaging and empowering families and communities to advocate for all children.
An unaffiliated parent group is at one school and it only cares about those kids, period. From the beginning, PTA was for all children. I joined PTA because I believe that when I am helping somebody else’s kids, I’m helping my kids too.
Unaffiliated Parent Groups
These groups are comprised of families focused exclusively on issues at their school and are not part of a larger organized network, so have no way to impact decisions beyond their own schoolyard.
We commend all of the caring adults who join a parent group to support student learning and develop positive partnerships with their school’s officials. PTA believes, however, that the issues that affect our children today extend beyond their individual schools.
As parents, we have a universal desire to make sure our children are healthy and safe. We want to give them the tools and resources they need to grow, learn and thrive. We want them to reach their full potential. That common desire is what gives the Parent Teacher Association its power.
We have been an ardent advocate for bettering the lives of every child because we know we cannot only focus on our own children. We must care for other people’s kids, because the lives of our own children—or grandchildren—will be affected by contact with those other kids. If someday your son needs a critical operation, someone else’s child will be the surgeon. If someday your daughter is the victim of a violent crime, someone else’s child will be the judge.
This is why we work to advocate for every child. When you help one child, you are helping all children in the school community and potentially the nation.
Three key benefits of being part of the PTA community
PTA offers email newsletters that keep members up-to-date on the latest grant offers, program updates and advocacy alerts. PTA members know and are prepared for what’s happening in education around the country.
Guidance to Run Your PTA
Running any parent group can be challenging and sometimes overwhelming. Only PTA offers a Back-to-School Kit and an e-learning webinar library to help PTA leaders become trained and prepared to serve their communities and manage local PTA units. Unaffiliated parent groups do not have this vast set of guides, sample templates and tips to use in their school.
Need help figuring out a problem at your child’s school or want to spread a great idea around? You’ll be able to interact with like-minded parents at district, state and national PTA functions.
Why PTA Matters
It’s important to know that many of the decisions that impact children’s education are not made by educators at their schools. These decisions frequently come from district, state or federal officials. According to the 2012 U.S. census, there are 114,991,725 households in the United States, but only 33,763,140 contain children of school age (age 3-18). This means that less than 30% of U.S. households have children in school—and over 70% do not.
So, when issues affecting children and schools are discussed, families with children need to join forces with teachers and school administrators to be heard, because there is a good chance that the people making the decisions (politicians, school board members, community leaders, etc.) do not live with children. PTA has the ability to use our collective voice to share real-life experiences about what it is like to raise a family today—or go to school—with the critical decision-makers who may not have that perspective. If they don’t live with or know about today’s challenges, how can they clearly see tomorrow’s solutions?
PTA gives parents a united and powerful voice, a seat at the decisionmaking table and the tools to influence change that will better the lives of all children.
Unaffiliated parent groups by design do not have this type of influence on their community, region, state or at the federal level. The ability to speak for every child with one voice is the Power of PTA.
PTA offers the unique benefit of being part of a larger system of support. When a PTA is present, there’s stability and common good for the entire school community.
Hidden Risks: The Liabilities of Unaffiliated Parent Groups
PTA is a household name that is part of the fabric of America. Our name is widely recognized—93% of people surveyed name PTA first over any other child advocacy group. Our brand helps PTA establish rapport with parents, educators, school boards, businesses, as well as local, state and national policymakers. So when challenges and issues arise, a PTA has much more support and influence than an unaffiliated parent group.
Unaffiliated groups do not have the guidance and support that local PTAs have from their state and National PTA. Most unaffiliated parent groups have little or no help with bylaws, sound financial management, leadership training, nonprofit status, parliamentary procedures, risk management, etc. This lack of knowledge creates a greater possibility of liability for both the unaffiliated group and the school.
Among the unaffiliated parent groups we insure, 10% have embezzlement claims, ascompared to 1% of PTAs.
Unaffiliated groups are more likely to increase a school’s liability and trigger lawsuits. According to Elgin Allen, owner of Association Insurance Management, “Among the unaffiliated groups we insure, 10% have embezzlement claims, as compared to 1% of PTAs.” The biggest risk to the school are lawsuits involving bodily injury occurring at an unaffiliated group activity held on school property. Unlike unaffiliated groups, most PTAs have insurance and some put the school on their policy as an additional insured, which protects the school if a lawsuit arises from an activity held on school property.
It’s also important to note that PTA dues support the work in your school community and help state PTAs and National PTA provide important research, policies, professional development tools and public relations support for PTAs when they encounter difficult situations or simply want to improve on how they run their PTA. This means that local PTAs can reach out to their state PTA and National PTA for guidance when they face unanticipated challenges that encumber their good intentions.
Who PTA Serves
PTA is the oldest and largest child advocacy association in America, comprised of over 24,000 local PTAs and nearly 4 million members. As part of this nationwide network, parents have a voice in decisions that impact children in their individual schools, and at the district, state and national levels.
Students served in the U.S., District of Columbia, U.S. Virgin Islands, Puerto Rico and Department of Defense Schools in Europe
of PTAs serve Title I schools
of students we serve are students of color
of PTAs serve elementary schools
in grants awarded to PTAs/schools for program efforts
of dues spent on programs for PTAs and families
Interested in joining PTA or starting a PTA in your school? It’s easy to do! | <urn:uuid:effaca93-d334-4b79-bd59-d7b93e1884b9> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://www.pta.org/home/About-National-Parent-Teacher-Association/Mission-Values/pta-vs-unaffiliated-parent-groups | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882573399.40/warc/CC-MAIN-20220818185216-20220818215216-00572.warc.gz | en | 0.962678 | 1,985 | 2.625 | 3 |
All types of batteries use a chemical reaction to produce electrical power, and the speed of a chemical reaction is affected by temperature. As the temperature drops the reaction slows down, which means that the battery produces less electrical power, and as it runs down it will quickly pass the point at which it is no longer produces enough power to run your camera. A 10-degree reduction in temperature can mean as much as a 50 percent reduction in battery performance, which means that your camera will run out of power very quickly when it gets cold. Different types of batteries are more or less susceptible to this effect. Cheap copper-nickel and older Ni-cad rechargeables are affected the worst, but even high-power alkaline batteries and modern Ni-MH rechargeables suffer from severely reduced performance in cold weather.
Lithium and Lithium-ion rechargeable batteries are affected the least, which is good news since most modern digital cameras use this type of battery. If your camera runs on AA batteries, I strongly recommend buying Energizer Lithium. Not only do they last up to seven times longer than alkaline batteries, they are half the weight and are much less affected by cold weather.
In order to keep your camera running in cold temperatures, it's a good idea keep a spare battery or set of batteries in an inside pocket under your outer layer of clothing, where they'll be kept warm by your body heat. When the battery in your camera starts to fade, swap it for the warm one and carry on shooting. You'll find that warming up the cold battery will restore it to life, so you can swap the two batteries over several times.
For really cold conditions, separate external battery packs are available to fit many cameras which can sit in the warmth inside your coat supplying power to your camera via a cable which simply plugs into the DC power socket. Some of these require a dummy battery to be fitted, but it so it will usually be included.
Cold Weather Care | <urn:uuid:f9b48a40-ddce-43aa-ad29-7058e30da696> | CC-MAIN-2014-15 | http://www.trustedreviews.com/opinions/digital-camera-tutorial-cold-weather-care_Page-2 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2014-15/segments/1398223204388.12/warc/CC-MAIN-20140423032004-00274-ip-10-147-4-33.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.953569 | 400 | 2.8125 | 3 |
Experiential learning involves the balance of concrete experiences, reflective observation, abstract conceptualization, and active experimentation (Kolb, 1984). I believe that learning best happens when students are engaging in active engagement with the course content. Kinesthetic learning activities are an important component of my in class mini-lectures, class discussions, and student assignments and projects. These types of activities can include: actively creating websites, joining and participating in social networks, joining in-person meet-ups, having an in-person meetings with real clients, visiting a business, or trying out new technologies. For students to deeply learn the content, they need opportunities to practice and apply the concepts and strategies introduced to them through the readings, lectures, and class discussions. This type of experience engages the mind differently and enables students to associate concrete activities with the more abstract discussions, lectures, and readings.
- It’s no longer about online, it’s about out of the classroom
- Cities as classroom | <urn:uuid:a980518e-e57b-4636-8f22-82f8e3388251> | CC-MAIN-2021-49 | http://www.kristensosulski.com/2015/01/experiential-learning/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-49/segments/1637964362571.17/warc/CC-MAIN-20211203000401-20211203030401-00258.warc.gz | en | 0.926644 | 201 | 3.4375 | 3 |
WASHINGTON - Is it strep throat, or just a sore throat? There could someday be an app to help you figure that out.
Researchers are developing a home scorecard that aims to prevent thousands of unnecessary trips to the doctor for that common complaint.
More than 12 million people make doctors' visits for a sore throat each year. And usually the culprit is a virus that they just have to wait out.
The researchers, writing in the Annals of Internal Medicine, say they want to combine information on the symptoms that doctors look for with some computer data to tell if strep throat is circulating in your geographic region. If the bug is in your neighborhood, that increases the chances that you've caught it.
More research is needed to determine if the method would work in everyday life, and if a mobile app or a phone call to the doctor would be the best approach. | <urn:uuid:e2722519-9526-4084-b534-474e351b24b2> | CC-MAIN-2014-10 | http://www.wptv.com/news/health/strep-scorecard-might-help-tell-you-if-you-need-a-doc | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2014-10/segments/1394010513091/warc/CC-MAIN-20140305090833-00067-ip-10-183-142-35.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.953841 | 178 | 2.75 | 3 |
Embedded Systems Design
In this workbook we will accurately time the interval between two input events present at the microcontroller, investigate the sleep mode of the microcontroller and look at other techniques to reduce power consumption.
Data sheet for the Atmel ATMEGA168P used in these exercises. You will need to refer to this frequently. Within these workbooks this will be referred to as 'the datasheet'. The section numbers referred to in these workbooks refer to revision 8161C of the datasheet dated 05/09.
Documentation for the libraries available on the PCs
An on-line version of this guide is available at:
This exercise builds upon the work undertaken in Workbook3, where you connected an LCD to the microcontroller. The objective in this task is to accurately time the interval between two switch change events. In this exercise the switches used are reed switches, which close in the presence of a magnetic field. The microcontroller can be programmed to generate interrupts when inputs change from low to high, high to low, or at either transition. Using two such interrupts and a timer adjusted to count in multiples of 1us it is possible to make an accurate event interval timer, and display the result on the LCD. To get timer ticks at exacly 1us intervals, the device will be run from an 8MHz master clock, and using a timer prescale value P of 8 (note just the timer presale, not the master clock divide which is set in the fuses). The 16-bit timer takes a maximum time of 65ms before it overflows. However we will use a count match interrupt to limit the counter to a maximum period of 10ms, and by counting these interrupts using a 16-bit word this will allow timing of intervals up to approximately 650 seconds to be performed.
There are alternative ways of achieving this result. Any IO pins can be used to create pin change interrupts, and also there is an Input Capture unit (see section 15.6 of the datasheet) which is specifically designed for functions like this.
In this exercise we will see how we can reduce the current consumption of the microcontroller utilising the sleep modes.
Getting the microcontroller to sleep is one half of the problem. Getting it to wake again can be a source of frustration unless care is taken when selecting the sleep mode and the wake-up event. You must carefully consider which events will be used to trigger a wakeup, and make sure that the clocks required to cause those triggers continue to run in the chosen sleep mode.
Refer to section 9 of the datasheet for details.
This exercise will use the Watchdog timer as the wake-up source. It allows wake up from all sleep modes. The watchdog timer's normal purpose is to take control of a device which is not running correctly. In normal use the watchdog receives a 'kick' regularly. Each kick clears a counter which counts up in response to a clock source. If the counter overflows, the watchdog normally issues a reset command to re-initialise the device. An alternative is to issue an interrupt. This exercise will deliberately allow the watchdog timer to overflow and use the resulting interrupt to wake from sleep mode.
To minimise the chances that runaway code will make changes to the watchdog, any change to the watchdog must use a timed sequence. This is described in section 10.8.2
Apart from a reduction in power consumption, this should behave exactly as per worksheet1 exercise2.
Remember that as the clock source has changed, you must issue the
make fuses command followed by the
make program command.
To reduce power consumption still further, it is possible to disable parts of the microcontroller which are not in use. | <urn:uuid:86c878dc-9518-4891-aeff-186fbfeceab5> | CC-MAIN-2018-26 | http://www.cl.cam.ac.uk/teaching/0910/P31/workbook4.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-26/segments/1529267867424.77/warc/CC-MAIN-20180625033646-20180625053646-00430.warc.gz | en | 0.917995 | 761 | 3.75 | 4 |
Ant studies to aid design of search and rescue robots
A study showing how ants tunnel their way through confined spaces could aid the design of search-and-rescue robots, according to US scientists.
A team from the Georgia Institute of Technology found fire ants can use their antennae as "extra limbs" to catch themselves when they fall, and can build stable tunnels in loose sand.
Researchers used high speed cameras to record in detail this behaviour.
The findings are published in the journal PNAS.
End Quote Nick Gravish Georgia Institute of Technology
We could watch these glass tunnels and really see what all the body parts were doing when the ants were climbing and slipping and falling”
Dr Nick Gravish, who led the research, designed "scientific grade ant farms" - allowing the ants to dig through sand trapped between two plates of glass, so every tunnel and every movement could be viewed and filmed.
"These ants would move at very high speeds," he explained, "and if you slowed down the motion, (you could see) it wasn't graceful movement - they have many slips and falls."
Crucially, the insects were able to gather themselves almost imperceptibly quickly after each fall.
To see how they managed this, the team set up a second experiment where, to move from their nest to their food source, the ants had to pass through a labyrinth of smooth glass tunnels.
"We could watch these glass tunnels and really see what all the body parts were doing when the ants were climbing and slipping and falling," said Dr Gravish.
The researchers were surprised to see that the ants would not just use their legs to catch themselves, but also engaged their antennae, essentially using these sensory "sniffing" appendages as extra limbs to support their weight.Tune the environment
Finally, the researchers wanted to look inside the hidden labyrinths that the ants constructed underground, so they put ants into containers full of sand or soil and allowed them to dig.
They then built a "homemade X-Ray CT scanner", just like a medical scanner, to take 3D snapshots of the tunnels that the ants dug in different types of soil.
"We found that ant groups all dug tunnels of the same diameter, [no matter what the] soil conditions were," said Dr Gravish.
Tiny, organised societies
"This suggested to us that fire ants are actively controlling their excavation to create tunnels of a fixed size."
Keeping their tunnels at approximately one body length in diameter seemed to ensure that the ants could catch themselves when they slipped and allowed the creatures to continue to dig.
Prof Dan Goldman, who was also involved in the study, explained that these remarkably successful insects were able to manipulate their environment - using it to control their movement.
His overall aim, he explained, was to distil "the principles by which ants and other animals manipulate complex environments" and bring them to bear in the design of search-and-rescue robotics.
"The state of the art search-and-rescue robotics is actually quite limited," he told the BBC.
"Lots of the materials in disaster sites - landslides, rubble piles - are loose materials, which you're going to potentially have to create structures out of.
"You might want, for example, to create a temporary structure for people buried down beneath."
Fire ants, he explained, could build stable tunnels in sand or soil with almost no moisture to bind it together, so learning from them might enable designers to build and programme robots that solve these same engineering problems. | <urn:uuid:6b0f07d0-6282-4bda-bdf2-b6ec71d4c30a> | CC-MAIN-2014-41 | http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/science-environment-22598821 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2014-41/segments/1412037663551.47/warc/CC-MAIN-20140930004103-00283-ip-10-234-18-248.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.971537 | 728 | 3.828125 | 4 |
Land-clearing blazes continued to dot the landscape of Indonesia in July, 2013. Fires for clearing land have been outlawed for all but the smallest landowners, yet the traditional use of fire for agricultural management continues in this region.
Although fire is an effective tool for clearing land for planting, opening new land for agriculture, and renewing pasture, this type of “slash and burn” agriculture has significant downsides, especially when generating widespread smoke, which is hazardous to human health, animal health, and has implications for climate.
It has been reported that unprecedented levels of air pollution in Singapore and Malaysia in June led to an increase in respiratory illness, school closing and grounded aircraft. In some areas a 100% increase in asthma cases was reported, and the government of Malaysia distributed masks.
Fires burning on drained peatlands are especially smoky, and can easily get out of control. Once burning, these fires can remain smoldering underground in the peat for an extremely long time, then may blaze into an active burn far from the source, making firefighting and control extremely difficult.
The fire season in Indonesia is considered to be between June to September each year, which corresponds to the dry season. This year’s blazes have been heavily centered in Riau where the palm oil and pulpwood industries are located.
The Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) flying aboard the Aqua satellite captured this true-colored image on July 21, 2013. Indonesia lies in the southwest section, speckled with red dots. These “hotspots” indicate areas where thermal sensors on the MODIS instrument detected temperatures higher than background. Heavy plumes of smoke rise from the hotspots, and the combination indicates actively burning fires. Smoke pours across the Malacca Strait and covers Malaysia, to the northeast.
Date Acquired: 7/21/2013
Resolutions: 1km (78.1 KB), 500m (247.4 KB), 250m (559.1 KB)
Bands Used: 1,4,3
Image Credit: Jeff Schmaltz, MODIS Land Rapid Response Team, NASA GSFC | <urn:uuid:bf228c4c-54bb-4ddf-887b-0f48d5cb11c0> | CC-MAIN-2015-22 | http://modarch.gsfc.nasa.gov/gallery/individual.php?db_date=2013-07-31 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2015-22/segments/1432207926828.58/warc/CC-MAIN-20150521113206-00186-ip-10-180-206-219.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.917825 | 444 | 3.53125 | 4 |
A nano-riffic future is closer than we thought
You've probably heard a lot about nanotechnology by now -- mostly about how it's the (potentially very dangerous) miracle technology of the future, which could cure cancer, help clean up the environment or, depending on how it's used or misused, wipe out civilization (check out the "Gray Goo" scenario, which we'll be addressing in an upcoming original video).
As of now, though, the nano-enhanced products on the market are very basic, like this nanotech carwash soap and nano sunblock. But very cool and real advances are being made in the arena of cancer-fighting nanotech. The possibilities are exciting: rather than blasting entire areas of the human body with radiation, killing good cells along with the bad to get rid of tumors, nanotech promises a "surgical strike" (no pun intended) that could target malignant cells alone. From Scientific American's article on the Harvard-MIT team that's spearheading the technology:
The researchers have developed and tested injectable multifunctional nanoparticles—particles billionths of a meter in size—that they expect to become a new, potent weapon against cancer. (To provide some perspective, the width of a human hair is about 80,000 nanometers, or 0.003 inches.) They could be introduced into the bloodstream to locate and map tumors so that physicians would know what they were up against. Nanoparticles could also be designed to carry a payload of drugs that could be released near or even inside tumors to shrink or eliminate them.
But what do they plan on tethering their nano payload to inside the body, and how will they trigger its release? That's even cooler: by tying the particles to strands of DNA.
One advantage of a DNA tether, the HST team members say, is that its melting point is tunable—scientists would be able to control when the bonds between the nanoparticles break by creating links of varying lengths with different DNA sequences. Exposing the nanoparticles to a low-frequency electromagnetic field causes them to radiate heat that, in turn, erases the tethers and releases the drugs. The waves in the magnetic field used by the HST researchers have the same frequency range as radio waves (between 350 and 400 kilohertz). These waves pass harmlessly through the body and heat only the nanoparticles. In comparison, microwaves, which would cook tissue, are about a million times more powerful with frequencies measured in the gigahertz range.
The potential here is huge, but as is the refrain with any exciting new technology, the researchers aren't sure when such treatments might be available to patients of the non-rodent variety. | <urn:uuid:464b69e6-a0e4-4c1c-81c1-ca8cd3b0bc61> | CC-MAIN-2014-49 | http://mentalfloss.com/article/17466/nano-riffic-future-closer-we-thought | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2014-49/segments/1416931008227.98/warc/CC-MAIN-20141125155648-00029-ip-10-235-23-156.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.959762 | 560 | 2.96875 | 3 |
Many patients who have gum disease tend to give less regard to have it treated by their dentists. They prevent its progression by maintaining good oral care regimen, without consulting their dentist for gum disease treatment. Gum disease easily progresses with a simple neglect of brushing and flossing, and no professional dental intervention.
What Causes Gum Disease?
Gum disease is caused by bacteria found in plaque that’s formed in the tooth’s surface. Without regular brushing and flossing, plaque hardens onto the teeth surface and form calculus or tartar. Hardened plaque can no longer be removed even with daily brushing. A professional dental cleaning or periodontitis treatment would be necessary to completely remove hardened tartar. The bacteria start to infect the teeth and gums, leading to gum disease.
The Three Stages of Gum Disease
Dentists have classified gum disease into three stages. Each stage has a certain gum disease treatment to save the teeth and gums from further damage.
The first stage of gum disease is characterized by swollen gums because of plaque buildup in the gum line. The swollen gums easily bleed when the patient brushes his teeth or when he floss. The bones and connective tissues that support the teeth are not affected yet, so it can still be reversed.
The second stage of gum disease damages the supporting bone of the teeth and its fibers and this is irreversible. The patient’s gum line have deep pockets, making the gums susceptible for tartar buildup. The dentist recommends a periodontitis treatment plan to stop its progression and prevent further damage on the teeth and gums.
#3 Advanced Periodontitis
This third stage of gum disease already destroys the tooth’s fibers and bone, causing the tooth to loosen or shift. The patient’s bite and manner of eating are affected. The periodontist may need to remove the tooth if it can no longer be saved by a gum disease treatment.
Procedures for Gum Disease Treatment
#1 Treatment for Gingivitis.
Patients need to schedule a regular dental cleaning and strictly follow an oral care regimen thereafter. They can choose a dentist that uses laser treatment to thoroughly clean their teeth and gums and avoid plaque buildup.
#2 Periodontitis Treatment.
Scaling and root planing is a nonsurgical procedure that is highly recommended to halt the progress of this gum disease. The dentist scrapes off dental plaque and calculus formed below and above the gum line. Moreover, he smoothens the tooth’s rough spots. After care is also important to prevent deep pockets to reform below the gum line.
#3 Treatment for Advanced Periodontitis.
The dentist may recommend a flap or pocket reduction surgery when deep pockets start to reform. He lifts the gums back to remove tartar. Moreover, he rubs off the irregular surface of the tooth’s damaged bone to limit the areas where bacteria could hide. Surgical procedure is only necessary to cure advanced periodontitis when the tissues surrounding the tooth are unhealthy.
Preparation for Gum Disease Treatment
The dentist or periodontist prepares the patient by numbing the treatment area. The degree of discomfort greatly varies per patient, and some may need sedation to keep them relax. Patients who will undergo a procedure that requires more than an hour are good candidates for sedation.
Schedule An Appointment With Lomita Torrance Dental Office, Torrance
We value your trust in us as part of your family’s total healthcare team and look forward to getting to know each of you as the wonderfully unique individual that you are. Each one of us loves what we do and we believe at Lomita Torrance Dental Office that it shows in the quality of our work and our patient interactions and it is one of the reasons why Lomita Torrance Dental Office is the clear choice for the dental patients in the surrounding neighborhood.
We hope that each of our patient has a happy and healthy smile makeover and that means protecting your teeth and your oral health. We care for your smile and to have a detailed understanding regarding your oral care, you can always schedule a consultation with our dental hygienist at 23520 Crenshaw Boulevard Torrance, CA 90505 or by calling us at (424) 201-2885.
About Your Torrance, CA, Periodontist Dr. Teboul:
We look forward to providing families with exceptional care and advanced treatment options. To schedule an appointment with Dr. Teboul contact our Torrance, CA, dental office today by calling (424) 201-2885. Our office welcomes new patients in and around Torrance, CA, including Lomita, Lawndale, Carson, Redondo Beach, West Carson, Gardena, Alondra Park, Manhattan Beach and the surrounding Los Angeles County communities.
Like this article? Be sure to share this with your family and friends through Facebook and Twitter! | <urn:uuid:60dc1fb0-b3c6-4164-a481-0ab21fa7e638> | CC-MAIN-2022-21 | https://www.lomitatorrancedental.com/what-are-the-different-procedures-for-gum-disease-treatment-lomita-torrance/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-21/segments/1652662644142.66/warc/CC-MAIN-20220529103854-20220529133854-00580.warc.gz | en | 0.915685 | 1,027 | 3.296875 | 3 |
H-1C and H-1D Photos
The H-1 rocket engine came in two basic versions, the H-1C (or inboard) and the H-1D (or outboard) engine.
The basic engines were the same; the difference lay in how the turbine exhaust was disposed of.
For the H-1D, mounted in the outboard position on a Saturn I or Saturn IB, the turbine exhaust was routed through the engine's heat exchanger and then to an aspirator, a shell around the aft end of the engine and extending past its exit plane. The turbine exhaust was distributed around the periphery of the engine, where it was introduced into the engine's exhaust stream.
Here are three vintage photos of an H-1D engine, clad in its cover and closure assemblies: and
The H-1C was mounted in the inboard position. There were actually two versions of the H-1C; I'm not certain why the second H-1C version wasn't called the H-1E or similar.
On all of the Saturn Is and the first two Saturn IBs which were manufactured (AS-201 and AS-202), the turbine exhaust duct (along with the engine's heat exchanger) was routed to the side of the S-I or S-IB stage's aft skirt. On the first four Saturn Is (the Block I design, SA-1 through SA-4), the turbine exhaust was routed through vaguely "S"-shaped ducts. The remaining Saturn Is (the Block II design, SA-5 through SA-10) and the first two Saturn IBs which were manufactured (AS-201 and AS-202, whose first stages began their lives as "production" Saturn I Block II stages and were intended to have been launched as AS-111 and AS-112), rather than using the bare pipes of the Block I series, placed fairings around the turbine exhaust ducts.
The remaining H-1 engines, flown on the remaining Saturn IB flights, the turbine exhaust was routed through the heat exchanger to partial aspirators or simply turbine exhaust duct (I think I've seen "turbine exhaust duct" used more frequently, but I saw the "partial aspirator" usage first so I tend to use the latter; it's also similar to the outboard engine terminology).
Here are four vintage photos of H-1C engine H-4077; according to Saturn I/IB, this engine flew on AS-208, the third manned Skylab mission. Note the partial aspirator at the 6:00 position of the engine's exit plane in the first three photos:
This H-1 engine, H-4077, was apparently more photogenic than its peers: In addition to these promotional photos, it also appeared in an H-1 Rocket Engine Fact Sheet. | <urn:uuid:9c4d69f9-90f6-4fdd-9e3e-5288621d1fff> | CC-MAIN-2019-13 | http://heroicrelics.org/info/h-1/h-1-c-d.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-13/segments/1552912203493.88/warc/CC-MAIN-20190324210143-20190324232143-00352.warc.gz | en | 0.975089 | 586 | 2.796875 | 3 |
Consider the picture drawn by the current use of traditional fuels in excessive amount:
- Continuous rise in the prices of gasoline and other traditional fuels.
- Contribution of unclean vehicle emissions towards pollution.
- Rise in global warming, deteriorating the climate balance.
- Depletion of fossil fuels, heading towards serious dearth of vehicle fuels.
Despite the knowledge of all these outputs, there seems to be no logical planning to use these fuels, as the number of cars on road is increasing and so is the economic figure of suppliers. In such situation, alternative fuels for cars have spawned several rays of hope. Here are some notable ongoing research works, which are expected to bear fruits in a short while.
Electric Vehicles for Variety of Vehicles
Alternative fuel vehicles are being produced in the form of electric vehicles, which are suitable for short-distance rides. Also, applications requiring a number of destinations on road are efficiently facilitated by these vehicles. The attributes like weight and components like battery can influence the range of these vehicles.
Fuel Cells Using Hydrogen
Fuel cells make use of hydrogen as the driving force for a variety of vehicles. Many sources of hydrogen, including hydrocarbons, are being considered to refine the production of these cells. Ongoing research is attempting to use renewable resources for these alternative fuel ideas to help them make more sense.
Hybridized Range of Vehicles
Hybrid cars have powerfully emerged as alternative fuel vehicles on the scene. These vehicles make use of electric motors to improve the mpg value of the vehicle and play their roles in decreasing the rate of unclean emissions to the air.
Natural Solutions in Hand
- While diesel has been utilized at par with petrol, the attempts are being made to replace this fuel with its biological counterpart. Hence, bio diesel obtained from plants and animal oils and fats is listed amongst alternative fuels for cars.
- Liquefied Petroleum Gas contributes fewer pollutants to the environment and can be used in association with petroleum to produce dual-fuel vehicles. Hence, you can consider it as an effective solution in terms of cost as well.
- Liquefied Natural Gas (LNG) is in consideration of manufacturers for its potential use in freight vehicles. At the same time, Compressed Natural Gas is another companion of LNG, which can easily replace gasoline as an efficient car fuel.
- Finally, we have ethanol and methanol as alternative fuel ideas for their ability to produce less pollution and maintaining the climate balance.
So, you can expect doors opening to a new era of driving a vehicle on road, without worrying about expenses and issues related to pollution. Refurbishment of the situation, damaged by fossil fuels, is the process not miles away from the world.
References and Further Readings: | <urn:uuid:7c0a5d83-0b3c-4afc-835d-ed42fc027dcc> | CC-MAIN-2023-06 | https://www.brighthub.com/environment/renewable-energy/articles/27403/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-06/segments/1674764500126.0/warc/CC-MAIN-20230204110651-20230204140651-00194.warc.gz | en | 0.949164 | 559 | 3.546875 | 4 |
Solving graphics problems: Student performance in the junior grades
Lowrie, Tom & Diezmann, Carmel M. (2007) Solving graphics problems: Student performance in the junior grades. The Journal of Educational Research, 100(6), pp. 369-377.
This study investigated the performance of 172 Grade 4 students (9 to 10 years) over a 12 month period on a 36-item test that comprised items from six distinct graphical languages (e.g., maps) that are commonly used to convey mathematical information. The results of the study revealed: 1) difficulties in Grade 4 students' capacity to decoding a variety of graphics; 2) significant improvements in the students' performance on these graphical languages over time; 3) gender differences across some graphical languages; and 4) the influence of spatial ability on decoding performance. The implications of this study include the need to support the development of students’ ability to decode graphics beyond activities usually investigated in mathematics curricula.
Impact and interest:
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|Item Type:||Journal Article|
|Additional Information:||For more information, please refer to the journal's website (see hypertext link) or contact the author.|
|Keywords:||Mathematics test, graphics problems, junior, primary, gender, Grade 4 students, solving graphics problems, spatial reasoning, sex, differences, mathematics, abilities|
|Divisions:||Current > QUT Faculties and Divisions > Faculty of Education|
|Copyright Owner:||Copyright 2007 Heldref Publications|
|Deposited On:||17 Mar 2008 00:00|
|Last Modified:||29 Feb 2012 13:34|
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Early Years Foundation Stage
Our curriculum follows the Early Years Foundation Stage, a framework set out by the Department of Education, which recognises the overall nature of development and learning of children from birth to 5 years old.
There is an emphasis on children learning through interaction with people and exploring the world around them. EYFS identifies the individuality, efforts and achievements of children and recognises that learning and development take place during each different activity, encouraging them to be lifelong learners and allowing them to develop to their full potential.
Care and Education is offered within the following Age Ranges:
6 – 12 MONTHS
A homely atmosphere helps young babies settle into nursery life. Babies are treated as individuals and a key person ensures that all babies are provided with warmth and security of care ensuring their basic needs are met.
1 – 2 YEARS
A large variety of activities help the ever inquisitive toddler to develop independence, social and communication skills and to develop strong muscles and co-ordination through physical play.
2 – 3 YEARS
A well planned environment means that children can play with a wide range of resources and take part in well planned activities and experiences which will enable them to continue to develop social skills in turn taking, co-operation and how to communicate with adults and their peers. They will have access to a range of activities to encourage their creative skills and imagination.
3 – 5 YEARS
The continuous provision areas ensure children’s free choice of activity within a structured learning environment. They can continually access these areas in order to develop, practice, repeat and refine skills in their own time. Carefully planned resources offer the chance to experiment, observe and explore their surroundings and enables the children to discover information for themselves. Parent partnership is strong and children’s interests are used all across the setting to plan exciting activities making sure learning is fun. Through the seven learning areas, children will be supported in reaching their full potential and achieving the stepping stones, giving each child a wide range of experiences and knowledge to draw upon when they enter school.
When a child is ready to move onto school (or a new setting) information is gathered about the children and shared with parents and the school in order to make transitions easy and for the children. Teachers are invited into our setting to visit the children.
First and foremost we want your children to be happy in our Nursery and hope that during their time with us their development will make the transition to school an enjoyable one. | <urn:uuid:b920ef68-3e2e-4670-b5c8-f86fe226eb4c> | CC-MAIN-2023-50 | https://www.seedstostarsnursery.co.uk/our-nursery/curriculum/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-50/segments/1700679100327.70/warc/CC-MAIN-20231202042052-20231202072052-00136.warc.gz | en | 0.963708 | 506 | 3.0625 | 3 |
Students will find the library assignments more meaningful if they use the retrieved information for a task related to topics covered in the course.
Teach research strategies where appropriate.
Students often do not have the research skills that experienced researchers have.
Provide students with resource lists.
List specific information sources or types of sources for a particular assignment so that students have a starting point. Remember that many of our scholarly articles are accessible through the Internet, but that they are not necessarily Internet resources. | <urn:uuid:7a2ce927-484b-4163-99c6-1f5e047eb84c> | CC-MAIN-2014-42 | http://www.brockport.edu/library/faculty-support/instruction.php | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2014-42/segments/1414119648297.22/warc/CC-MAIN-20141024030048-00177-ip-10-16-133-185.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.925402 | 98 | 3.328125 | 3 |
(Natural News) You’ve probably heard that an aspirin a day keeps the doctor away, and although this saying might have a nice ring to it, a new study in the New England Journal of Medicine shows that it doesn’t have a lot of truth behind it. While taking a daily baby aspirin might be good from the aspirin maker’s point of view, the risks could well outweigh the benefits.
Perhaps you’ve heard that taking a small amount of aspirin on a regular basis can reduce your chances of suffering a heart attack, cancer, or dementia. Unfortunately, researchers have found that taking aspirin did not offer any discernible benefits to elderly people when it comes to prolonging their life.
The study looked at 19,000 people aged 65 and older from Australia and the United States across a variety of ethnicities who did not have dementia, cardiovascular disease, or a disability. Participants were either given a placebo or 100 milligrams of aspirin each day and were followed for an average of 4.7 years.
Lead researcher Anne Murray said that the risks of taking aspirin outweigh the benefits for older healthy people. This is largely because taking baby aspirin every day raises a person’s risk of serious bleeding, which is potentially life-threatening. In the trial, the major hemorrhagic events noted typically involved intracranial bleeding and upper gastrointestinal bleeding, which is not something to take lightly. Moreover, because the relative effect of taking aspirin on major hemorrhage risk remained constant over time, the risk of bleeding from taking low-dose aspirin does not go down with continued use.
On top of that, people who took aspirin daily were also more likely to die overall as the aspirin appeared to raise the risk of succumbing to cancer. It was a surprising finding given past evidence that indicated aspirin might actually reduce a person’s risk of colorectal cancer. Although the finding could have been a fluke, it’s worth a closer look. The researchers believe that pre-existing cancers could have had an interaction with the aspirin.
Murray said that a lot of people mistakenly think they should take aspirin because they’ve been told that it’s good for heart problems, even in those who have never had a heart attack. She said there has long been a need to set criteria outlining when healthy elderly people should take aspirin, and that was the goal of this study.
It’s time for broad preventive aspirin use to be curbed
She said that they had been hoping that this inexpensive and accessible medicine could help older people reduce their cardiovascular disease risk and stay independent for longer. Unfortunately, that doesn’t appear to be the case as taking low-dose aspirin did not lead to a significantly lower risk of cardiovascular disease when compared to placebo.
The National Institute on Aging’s Dr. Evan Hadley commented: “This gives pause and a reason for older people and their physician[s] to think carefully about the decision whether to take low-dose aspirin regularly or not. And in many cases the right answer may be: Not.”
Some doctors, like UCLA Interventional Cardiology Director Dr. Ravi Dave, said they would consider taking healthy patients who haven’t had a stroke or heart attack off of aspirin, while others have called for the broad use of aspirin as a preventive means to be phased out.
Sources for this article include: | <urn:uuid:7fa89e97-7a83-4940-9920-5190837f1ca6> | CC-MAIN-2021-43 | https://www.naturalnews.com/2018-09-19-daily-aspirin-found-to-be-useless-for-senior-citizens-no-benefit.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-43/segments/1634323588284.71/warc/CC-MAIN-20211028100619-20211028130619-00366.warc.gz | en | 0.973833 | 697 | 2.890625 | 3 |
AbstractThe Republic of Croatia filed the suit against the Federal Republic of Yugoslavia on July 2, 1999, citing Article IX of the Convention on the Prevention and Punishment of the Crime of Genocide. With the transformation of the Federal Republic of Yugoslavia into Serbia and Montenegro and the dissolution of that country in 2006, Serbia is considered its legal successor. The Republic of Serbia counter-filed a genocide lawsuit against the Republic of Croatia on January 4, 2010. The application covers missing people, killed people, refugees, expelled people and all military actions and concentration camps with historical account of World War II persecution of Serbs committed by the Independent State of Croatia, puppet state of Nazi Germany, and Ustaše during World War II. Both applications have a financial aspect, seeking compensation of damages.
By eleven votes to six, rejects the second jurisdictional objection raised by Serbia and finds that its jurisdiction to entertain Croatia’s claim extends to acts prior to 27 April 1992;
By fifteen votes to two, rejects Croatia’s claim; and
Unanimously, rejects Serbia’s counter-claim.
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Language : English
Entry Type : Case Law
Uploaded By : Rayhan Rashid
Upload date : Friday, 13 February 2015 | <urn:uuid:76b0eac3-d5e5-44dd-b019-859f564389d7> | CC-MAIN-2019-26 | http://icsforum.org/library/1630 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-26/segments/1560627999876.81/warc/CC-MAIN-20190625172832-20190625194832-00086.warc.gz | en | 0.923611 | 255 | 2.5625 | 3 |
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Several weeks ago on the Curious George PBS Kids show, I saw a fun idea to create musical compositions with a mathematical element. In the “real kids” segment of the show, a classroom teacher gave his students a xylophone with all but two keys removed. The two remaining keys were labeled “5” and “10.” The students were instructed to write a composition by creating a pattern of the two notes with the only requirement being that the finished composition needed to add up to 100.
I absolutely love this activity! For one thing, this is a great way to explore musical composition without overwhelming kids. Instead of trying to create a song out of an endless number of notes (too open-ended), kids have a manageable amount of notes to choose from and a goal in mind (add up to 100). The other thing I love about this is that by pre-selecting the notes, basically any composition will sound pleasant to the ear. So it’s a guaranteed success!
Kids are practicing SO many skills through this activity:
- Mental addition
- Counting by 5’s, 10’s
- Musical composition
- Reading left to right
- Remembering a sequence
- Hand-eye coordination
We adapted this activity for home instead of a classroom, and the boys loved it. (Ages 5, 7, and 10)
Use real instruments – or make your own!
We own several real kid’s instruments that I purchased for use in our homeschooling. I’m a violinist and love music and instruments, so it was worth the investment. If you don’t own any real instruments – keep reading! It would be easy to do this activity with homemade instruments.
At each station, we used color coded notes. I showed the boys how to write a composition by drawing music notes that matched the color of the note they wanted to use.
Adapt the Math Level:
I chose to aim this activity at Gresham’s math level (finished 2nd grade, starting 3rd grade in the fall), and so I used the numbers 5, 10, and 15. He and Aidan wrote songs that added up to 100 and 200. I had Owen (age 5) just draw the notes without worrying about the addition part of the activity. For younger kids, you could either use small numbers and write songs that add up to 5 or 10, or just skip the adding part. Writing the notes and reading back the sequence is a fantastic project for a kindergartner.
Gresham tried out my sample composition for the xylophone, and the boys were hooked. Seriously, this was a lot of fun. The boys wrote many compositions, and couldn’t wait to perform them for Dad when he came home from work!
Station 1: Xylophone
I chose the notes C, E, G, and C for our compositions and labeled them 5, 10, 15, and 5 (both the high and low C’s were 5’s). I didn’t want to use any numbers higher than 15 – a note with a value of 20 or higher would take up too much of a composition worth 100.
I can’t find a link for the xylophone we own, but this Hohner xylophone is similar. (Read on for ideas on how to do this activity if you don’t happen to own any “real” instruments!)
Station 2: Piano
Owen loved having a clip board for his compositions.
Station 3: Percussion
For the percussion station, we used three Remo kid’s drums, a woodpecker block, and a frog guiro. The woodpecker block makes a sharp, loud percussion sound. The bongo drums are more muted. So fun to explore different sounds!
Don’t have instruments? Make it yourself!
Different width rubber bands make a great shoebox guitar! Gresham found colored pencils to match the colors of his rubber bands so that he could write a song.
To add the math part – write numbers on the outside of the box next to each rubber band.
We shoved a craft stick into the bottom of the box to keep it from collapsing as much under the force of the rubber bands. It’s amazing how cool rubber bands sound – you actually do get different notes!
Other ideas for homemade instruments:
- Toilet paper roll shaker – fill with rice or beans and cover the ends with paper
- Paper plate shaker – staple two paper plates together and fill with rice or beans
- Oatmeal container drum
- Metal pot as a drum
- Glasses filled with different amounts of water – tap with a spoon
Note: This is definitely not “real” musical note reading. I showed the boys how to make their notes as quarter notes, but we did not have a way to record the rhythm of their song. They just played whatever rhythm they wanted it to be. Aidan knows how to read music on a staff, and Gresham is learning. This activity is not meant to be a replacement for note reading, but more of an introduction to composition and a fun way to combine music and math. | <urn:uuid:50ee23e0-bbe5-4b98-a9dd-1a752766f536> | CC-MAIN-2024-10 | https://frugalfun4boys.com/music-composing-math-activity-kids/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2024-10/segments/1707947475825.14/warc/CC-MAIN-20240302120344-20240302150344-00584.warc.gz | en | 0.952269 | 1,130 | 3.984375 | 4 |
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