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Madonna of the Rocks, Leonardo da Vinci 1485 6’3” x 3’7” Forms emerge from darkness Spiritual illumination from faces Pyramid shape Mary hand forms a halo over head Christ’s hand raised in blessing Plants and geological features very accurate
The Last Supper, by Leonardo da Vinci 1495-97 29’ 10” x 13’ 9” “ I say unto you, that one of you shall betray me” Each showing emotion Judas only one not involved in discussions Huddle at table with hand on money bag All lines merge to Jesus’ head Curved pediment above his head served as a halo Formally and emotionally, his most impressive work
Mona Lisa, Leonardo da Vinci 1503-1505 World’s most famous portrait One of his favorite pictures Mona Lisa = Lisa di Antonio Maria Gherandini “Mona” - Italian version of madonna or my lady Complete very few painting, due to his perfectionism, restless experimentalism, and far-ranging curiousity.
Plato and Aristotle on either side of center axis Plato points skyward to indicate his idealistic worldview Aristotle gestures to ground to to show his concern with the real world Metaphysical philosophers on Plato’s side Physical scientists on Aristotle’s side Raphael on extreme right Figures grouped and placed on purpose
Annunciation Compare with Medieval version
Captive, Michelangelo Example of statue already in marble, he just has to release it Series of Captives line hall leading to the David.
Pieta, Michelangelo, 1498-99 Mary cradling the dead body of Christ Beautiful faithful mary Polish and luminosity of marble cannot be capture by camera.
Pieta II, Michelangelo
David, Michelangelo 1501-1504
One of Leonardo's earlier works completed while he was apprenticed to Andrea Verrocchio in his Florentine workshop. Although a portrait of Ginevra de' Benci by Leonardo is mentioned by three sixteenth-century writers, the attribution of the Washington painting to that artist has been the cause of much debate. It is now accepted by virtually all Leonardo scholars. The date of the portrait, generally given as c. 1474, and its commission, however, are still discussed. The sitter, born into a wealthy Florentine family, was married to Luigi Niccolini in 1474 at the age of sixteen. It was a customary practice to have a likeness painted on just such an occasion. The heraldic motif on the painted porphyry reverse side of the portrait, with the motto "Beauty adorns Virtue," praises her, and juniper plants symbolize chastity, considered an appropriate choice for a marriage portrait. The juniper bush, ginepro in Italian, is also a pun on her name. Leonardo has painted a sensitive and finely modeled image of Ginevra. The undulating curls of her hair are set against her pale flesh, the surface of the paint smoothed by the artist's own hands. Leonardo's portrait was cut down at the bottom sometime in the past by as much as one-third. Presumably the lower section would have shown her hands, possibly folded or crossed, resting in her lap. Leonardo da Vinci Portrait of Ginevra de' Benci 1474-46 Oil on wood, 38,8 x 36,7 cm National Gallery of Art, Washington
Virgin of the Rocks 1483-86 Oil on panel, 199 x 122 cm Musée du Louvre, Paris The Paris Virgin of the Rocks is the one which first adorned the altar in San Francesco Grande. It may have been given by Leonardo himself to King Louis XII of France, in gratitude for the settlement of the suit between the painters and those who commissioned the works, in dispute over the question of payment. The later London painting replaced this one. For the first time Leonardo could achieve in painting that intellectual program of fusion between human forms and nature which was slowly taking shape in his view of his art. Here there are no thrones or architectural structures to afford a spatial frame for the figures; instead there are the rocks of a grotto, reflected in limpid waters, decorated by leaves of various kinds from different plants while in the distance, as if emerging from a mist composed of very fine droplets and filtered by the golden sunlight, the peaks of those mountains we now know so well reappear. This same light reveals the gentle, mild features of the Madonna, the angel's smiling face, the plump, pink flesh of the two putti. For this work, too, Leonardo made numerous studies, and the figurative expression is slowly adapted to the program of depiction. In fact, the drawing of the face of the angel is, in the sketch, clearly feminine, with a fascination that has nothing ambiguous about it. In the painting, the sex is not defined, and the angel could easily be either a youth or a maiden
There are differing opinions amongst art researchers as to which episode from the Gospels is depicted in the Last Supper. Some consider it to portray the moment at which Jesus has announced the presence of a traitor and the apostles are all reacting with astonishment, others feel that it also represents the introduction of the celebration of the Eucharist by Jesus, who is pointing to the bread and wine with his hands. And yet others feel it depicts the moment when Judas, by reaching for the bread at the same moment as Jesus as related in the Gospel of St Luke (22:21), reveals himself to be the traitor. In the end, none of the interpretations is convincing. Leonardo's Last Supper is not a depiction of a simple or sequential action, but interweaves the individual events narrated in the Gospels, from the announcement of the presence of a traitor to the introduction of the Eucharist, to such an extent that the moment depicted is a meeting of the two events. As a result, the disciples' reactions relate both to the past and subsequent events. The Apostles from left to right: Bartholomew, James the Less, Andrew, Judas, Peter, John, Christ, Thomas, James the Greater, Philip, Matthew, Thaddeus, Simon. The Last Supper 1498 Mixed technique, 460 x 880 cm Convent of Santa Maria delle Grazie, Milan
The Last Supper, housed in the church and former Dominican monastery of Santa Maria delle Grazie, has had an almost unbelievable history of bad luck and neglect -- its near destruction in an American bombing raid in August 1943 was only the latest chapter in a series of misadventures, including, if one 19th-century source is to be believed, being whitewashed over by monks. Yet Leonardo da Vinci chose to work slowly and patiently in oil pigments instead of proceeding hastily on wet plaster according to the conventional fresco technique. Well-meant but disastrous attempts at restoration have done little to rectify the problem of the work's placement: it was executed on a wall unusually vulnerable to climatic dampness. Novelist Aldous Huxley (1894-1963) called it "the saddest work of art in the world." After years of restorers' patiently shifting from one square centimeter to another, Leonardo's famous masterpiece is free of the shroud of scaffolding -- and centuries of retouching, grime, and dust. Astonishing clarity and luminosity have been regained. Reservations are required to view the work; call several days ahead for weekday visits and several weeks in advance for a weekend visit. The reservations office is open 9 AM-6 PM weekdays and 9 AM-2 PM on Saturday. Viewings are in 15-minute slots.
Mona Lisa (La Gioconda) c. 1503-5 Oil on panel, 77 x 53 cm Musée du Louvre, Paris According to Vasari, this picture is a portrait of Mona or Monna (short for Madonna) Lisa, who was born in Florence in 1479 and in 1495 married the Marquese del Giocondo, a Florentine of some standing - hence the painting's other name, `La Gioconda'. This identification, however, has sometimes been questioned. Leonardo took the picture with him from Florence to Milan, and later to France. It must have been this portrait which was seen at Cloux, near Amboise, on 10 October 1517 by the Cardinal of Aragon and his secretary, Antonio de Beatis. There is a slight difficulty here, however, because Beatis says that the portrait had been painted at the wish of Giuliano de Medici. Historians have attempted to solve this problem by suggesting that Monna del Giocondo had been Giuliano's mistress. The painting was probably acquired by François I from Leonardo himself, or after his death from his executor Melzi. It is recorded as being at Fontainebleau by Vasari (1550), Lomazzo (1590), Peiresc, and Cassiano del Pozzo (1625). The latter relates that when the Duke of Buckingham came to the French court to seek the hand of Henrietta of France for Charles I, he made it known that the King was most anxious to own this painting; but the courtiers of Louis XIII prevented him from parting with the picture. It was put on exhibition in the Musée Napoléon in I8o4; before that, in 1800, Bonaparte had it in his room in the Tuileries.
From the beginning it was greatly admired and much copied, and it came to be considered the prototype of the Renaissance portrait. It became even more famous in 1911, when it was stolen from the Salle Carrée on 21 August 1911 by Vicenzo Perrugia, an Italian workman. In 1913 it was found in Florence, exhibited at the Uffizi, then in Rome and Milan, and brought back to Paris on 31 December in the same year. This figure of a woman, dressed in the Florentine fashion of her day and seated in a visionary, mountainous landscape, is a remarkable instance of Leonardo's sfumato technique of soft, smoky modeling. The Mona Lisa's enigmatic expression, which seems both alluring and aloof, has given the portrait universal fame. Reams have been written about this small masterpiece by Leonardo, and the gentle woman who is its subject has been adapted in turn as an aesthetic, philosophical and advertising symbol, entering eventually into the irreverent parodies of the Dada and Surrealist artists. Vasari relates that Leonardo worked on it for four years without being able to finish it; yet the picture gives the impression of being completely realized. The dates suggested for it vary between 1503 and 1513, the most widely accepted being 1503-05. Taking a living model as his point of departure, Leonardo has expressed in an ideal form the concept of balanced and integrated humanity. The smile stands for the movement of life, and the mystery of the soul. The misty blue mountains, towering above the plain and its river, symbolize the universe. There is a suggestion of a smile both in the Mona Lisa's eyes and on the lips and in the corners other mouth; it appears unfathomable and mysterious and during the course of the centuries has given rise to any number of interpretations. Giorgio Vasari, writing about the arts, provided an amusing explanation: Leonardo wanted to depict the lady in a happy mood and for that reason arranged for musicians and clowns to come to the portrait sittings. In the essay "On the perfect beauty of a woman'', by the 16th-century writer Firenzuola, we learn that the slight opening of the lips at the corners of the mouth was considered in that period a sign of elegance. Thus Mona Lisa has that slight smile which enters into the gentle, delicate atmosphere pervading the whole painting.
The sheet includes studies from a number of years. The note "book on water to Mr. Marcho Ant" refers to the anatomical expert Marcantonio della Torre, who died in Pisa in 1511 and with whom Leonardo carried out dissections of human bodies. This drawing of the fetus was the result of knowledge rather than direct observation of nature. Leonardo had examined the fetus of a cow and allowed his observations of the placenta to influence this drawing. Studies of embryos 1509-14 Black and red chalk, pen and ink wash on paper, 305 x 220 mm Royal Library, Windsor
Vitruvian Man 1492 Pen, ink, watercolour and metalpoint on paper, 343 x 245 mm Gallerie dell'Accademia, Venice The drawing, probably the most famous by Leonardo, is a study of the human proportions from Vitruvius's De Architectura.
Bramante's Tempietto is in the courtyard of San Pietro in Montorio, believed to be the site of St Peter's martyrdom. The architect clearly worked from a historical typology: individual architectural elements such as columns, entablature, and vault acknowledge a debt to classical structures. The resulting centralized building represented a new type of Christian architecture. Bramante built the Tempietto small in size, hence the title and with classical allusion. The Tempietto is very symmetrical . The only aspect that it is not like ancient memorials is the fact that there is a drum between the main body of the building and the hemisphere of the dome. The little temple with its stylobate rests on three steps which link it to the plan of the courtyard. Sixteen Doric columns which form a luminous enclosure, support the beams above which rises the body of the temple; and the upward movement is stressed by the exterior ribs of the dome (a subdued echo of Brunelleschi). For Bramante, the planning of the Tempietto must have represented the union of illusionistic painting and architecture he had spent his career perfecting. The building, too small on the inside to accommodate a congregation (only 15 feet in diameter), was conceived as a 'picture' to be looked at from outside, a 'marker', a symbol of Saint Peter's martyrdom Bramante Tempietto 1502
By 1506, St. Peter's Basilica, the main church at the Vatican, was too small and decrepit to impress anyone. Following the examples set by emperors and sultans, Pope Julius II decided to crown the old church with a dome. He hired Italian architect Donato Bramante to do the job. Bramante's vision for the Basilica was simple: a Greek cross with equal-sized arms around a central dome. He proposed a centralized building with a dome, a design that expressed the Renaissance ideal of beauty. On 18 Apr 1506 the first stone was laid at the base of a pillar; a temporary chancel had been provided and a large part of the apse and transept demolished, causing Bramante to be nicknamed the “Destructive Maestro”. Sometimes a young man came to watch the work. His name was Michelangelo. Julius II had commissioned him to his tomb, which was to be placed at the heart of the new basilica. Michelangelo admired Bramante’s plan but disapproved of his administration. Having at first been regarded as an intruder, he came to be hated by Bramante . Four crossing piers were set, but construction on the new church ceased with Bramante's death in 1514.
The panel (signed and dated: "RAPHAEL URBINAS MDIIII.") was commissioned by the Albizzini family for the chapel of St Joseph in the church of S. Francesco of the Minorities at Città di Castello. Critics believe the painting to be inspired by two compositions by Perugino: the celebrated Christ Delivering the Keys to St Peter from the fresco cycle in the Sistine Chapel and a panel containing the Marriage of the Virgin now in the Museum of Caën. By painting his name and the date, 1504, in the frieze of the temple in the distance, Raphael abandoned anonymity and confidently announced himself as the creator of the work. The main figures stand in the foreground: Joseph is solemnly placing the ring on the Virgin's finger, and holding the flowering staff, the symbol that he is the chosen one, in his left hand. His wooden staff has blossomed, while those of the other suitors have remained dry. Two of the suitors, disappointed, are breaking their staffs. The polygonal temple in the style of Bramante establishes and dominates the structure of this composition, determining the arrangement of the foreground group and of the other figures. In keeping with the perspective recession shown in the pavement and in the angles of the portico, the figures diminish proportionately in size. The temple in fact is the center of a radial system composed of the steps, portico, buttresses and drum, and extended by the pavement. In the doorway looking through the building and the arcade framing the sky on either side, there is the suggestion that the radiating system continues on the other side, away from the spectator. Raphael Spozalizio (The Engagement of Virgin Mary) 1504
School of Athens , Raphael http://www.newbanner.com/AboutPic/athena/raphael/nbi_ath4.html
The School of Athens is a depiction of philosophy. The scene takes place in classical times, as both the architecture and the garments indicate. Figures representing each subject that must be mastered in order to hold a true philosophic debate - astronomy, geometry, arithmetic, and solid geometry - are depicted in concrete form. The arbiters of this rule, the main figures, Plato and Aristotle, are shown in the center, engaged in such a dialogue. The School of Athens represents the truth acquired through reason. Raphael does not entrust his illustration to allegorical figures, as was customary in the 14th and 15th centuries. Rather, he groups the solemn figures of thinkers and philosophers together in a large, grandiose architectural framework. This framework is characterized by a high dome, a vault with coffered ceiling and pilasters. It is probably inspired by late Roman architecture or - as most critics believe - by Bramante's project for the new St Peter's which is itself a symbol of the synthesis of pagan and Christian philosophies. The figures who dominate the composition do not crowd the environment, nor are they suffocated by it. Rather, they underline the breadth and depth of the architectural structures. The protagonists - Plato, represented with a white beard (some people identify this solemn old man with Leonardo da Vinci) and Aristotle - are both characterized by a precise and meaningful pose. Raphael's descriptive capacity, in contrast to that visible in the allegories of earlier painters, is such that the figures do not pay homage to, or group around the symbols of knowledge; they do not form a parade. They move, act, teach, discuss and become excited. The painting celebrates classical thought, but it is also dedicated to the liberal arts, symbolized by the statues of Apollo and Minerva. Grammar, Arithmetic and Music are personified by figures located in the foreground, at left. Geometry and Astronomy are personified by the figures in the foreground, at right. Behind them stand characters representing Rhetoric and Dialectic. Some of the ancient philosophers bear the features of Raphael's contemporaries. Bramante is shown as Euclid (in the foreground, at right, leaning over a tablet and holding a compass). Leonardo is, as we said, probably shown as Plato. Francesco Maria Della Rovere appears once again near Bramante, dressed in white. Michelangelo, sitting on the stairs and leaning on a block of marble, is represented as Heraclitus. A close examination of the intonaco shows that Heraclitus was the last figure painted when the fresco was completed, in 1511.
Raphael The Triumph of Galatea 1511 Fresco, 295 x 225 cm Villa Farnesina, Rome The Sienese Banker, Agostini Chigi, played a very important role in the cultural and artistic activities which flourished around Julius II. His house was built on the outskirts of Rome in 1509-1510, and was designed as a model of luxury and elegance. He commissioned Baldassarre Peruzzi, Sebastiano Luciani (later called Sebastiano del Piombo) and Raphael to decorate it. All three painted frescoes based on classical mythology in Chigi's house (which was later acquired by the Farnese family and came to be known as "La Farnesina"). As subject Raphael chose a verse from a poem by the Florentine Angelo Poliziano which had also helped to inspire Botticelli's 'Birth of Venus'. These lines describe how the clumsy giant Polyphemus sings a love song to the fair sea-nymph Galatea and how she rides across the waves in a chariot drawn by two dolphins, laughing at his uncouth song, while the happy company of other sea-gods and nymphs is milling round her. Every figure seems to correspond to some other figure, every movement to answer a counter-movement. To start with the small boys with Cupid's bows and arrows who aim at the heart of the nymph: not only do those to right and left echo each other's movements, but the boy swimming beside the chariot corresponds to the one flying at the top of the picture. It is the same with the group of sea-gods which seems to be 'wheeling' round the nymph. But what is more admirable is that all these diverse movements are somehow reflected and taken up in the figure of Galatea herself. Her chariot had been driving from left to right with her veil blowing backwards, but, hearing the strange love song, she turns round and smiles, and all the lines in the picture, from the love-gods' arrows to the reins she holds, converge on her beautiful face in the very center of the picture. By these artistic means Raphael has achieved constant movement throughout the picture, without letting it become restless or unbalanced. It is for this supreme mastery of arranging his figures, this consummate skill in composition, that artists have admired Raphael ever since.
Michelangelo was influenced by the discovery of two Greek sculptures. One of these is a statue of the Greek god Apollo and is called the " Apollo Belvedere " because after it was discovered in Rome in 1490 Pope Julius II (when he became Pope) had it placed in the courtyard of the Belvedere, which was the summer palace of the popes. So it was discovered 8 years before Michelangelo began work on his Pieta (1498-99) . Apollo is of course the ancient Greek god of (among other things) light, truth, reason. This is a Roman copy after a Greek bronze that was made in the late 4th century BC and is, of course, of the more restrained Hellenic tradition in which the quiet face spoke of reason governing the passions . The other sculpture was the Laocoon who was discovered in Rome in 1506 and is of course an example of Hellenistic art . We know that Michelangelo saw this one for he was there when it was being dug out of the earth and that it influenced him profoundly. Because he saw for the first time in the Laocoon an ancient example of the kind of the kind of expressiveness --the use of body language-he wanted in his own work .
Michelangelo Pietà 1499 Marble, height 174 cm, width at the base 195 cm Basilica di San Pietro, Vatican 1. study of ancient sculpture (here he's drawing from the more restrained Hellenic tradition, as opposed to the more dramatic Hellenistic) 2. study of anatomy 3. the Neoplatonic idea that beauty + truth are closely connected: the contemplation of Beauty leads to revelation 4. he's added some of his own touches: He's played w/ proportion: Mary would be 7 feet tall if she stood Mary's head is "too small" for her body giving her great monumentality. He's introduced some ambiguity by putting bulging veins on Christ's dead body, hinting at vitality
In the Pietà, Michelangelo approached a subject which until then had been given form mostly north of the Alps, where the portrayal of pain had always been connected with the idea of redemption: it was called the "Vesperbild" and represented the seated Madonna holding Christ's body in her arms. But now the twenty-three year-old artist presents us with an image of the Madonna with Christ's body never attempted before. Her face is youthful, yet beyond time; her head leans only slightly over the lifeless body of her son lying in her lap. "The body of the dead Christ exhibits the very perfection of research in every muscle, vein, and nerve. No corpse could more completely resemble the dead than does this. There is a most exquisite expression in the countenance. The veins and pulses, moreover, are indicated with so much exactitude, that one cannot but marvel how the hand of the artist should in a short time have produced such a divine work." One must take these words of Vasari about the "divine beauty" of the work in the most literal sense, in order to understand the meaning of this composition. Michelangelo convinces both himself and us of the divine quality and the significance of these figures by means of earthly beauty, perfect by human standards and therefore divine. We are here face to face not only with pain as a condition of redemption, but rather with absolute beauty as one of its consequences.
David 1504 Marble, height 434 cm Galleria dell'Accademia, Florence In 1501 Michelangelo was commissioned to create the David by the Arte della Lana (Guild of Wool Merchant), who were responsible for the upkeep and the decoration of the Cathedral in Florence. For this purpose, he was given a block of marble which Agostino di Duccio had already attempted to fashion forty years previously, perhaps with the same subject in mind. Michelangelo breaks away from the traditional way of representing David. He does not present us with the winner, the giant's head at his feet and the powerful sword in his hand, but portrays the youth in the phase immediately preceding the battle: perhaps he has caught him just in the moment when he has heard that his people are hesitating, and he sees Goliath jeering and mocking them. The artist places him in the most perfect " contrapposto", as in the most beautiful Greek representations of heroes. The right-hand side of the statue is smooth and composed while the left-side, from the outstretched foot all the way up to the disheveled hair is openly active and dynamic. The muscles and the tendons are developed only to the point where they can still be interpreted as the perfect instrument for a strong will, and not to the point of becoming individual self-governing forms. Once the statue was completed, a committee of the highest ranking citizens and artists decided that it must be placed in the main square of the town, in front of the Palazzo Vecchio, the Town Hall. It was the first time since antiquity that a large statue of a nude was to be exhibited in a public place. This was only allowed thanks to the action of two forces, which by a fortunate chance complemented each other: the force of an artist able to create, for a political community, the symbol of its highest political ideals, and, on the other hand, that of a community, which understood the power of this symbol. "Strength" and "Wrath" were the two most important virtues, characteristic of the ancient patron of the city Hercules. Both these qualities, passionate strength and wrath, were embodied in the statue of David.
When, by the will of Pope Julius della Rovere (1503-13), Michelangelo went to Rome in 1505, the Pope commissioned him to build in the course of five years a tomb for the Pope. Forty life-sized statues were to surround the tomb which was to be 7 meter wide, 11 meter deep and 8 meter high; it was to be a free-standing tomb and to contain an oval funerary cell. Never, since classical times, had anything like this, in the West, been built for one man alone. According to the iconographic plan, which we are able to reconstruct from written sources, this was to be an outline of the Christian world: the lower level was dedicated to man, the middle level to the prophets and saints, and the top level to the surpassing of both former levels in the Last Judgment. At the summit of the monument, there was to have been a portrayal of two angels leading the Pope out of his tomb on the day of the Last Judgment. Michelangelo immediately began his preparations for this task, but the capricious Pope, in doubt of finding an appropriate place in which to erect his tomb, planned something even more grandiose: the restoration and remodeling of St Peter's. Thus Michelangelo was ordered to make other commissions, first in Bologna then in Rome, the ceiling of the Sistine Chapel. After the death of the Pope in 1513 Michelangelo and the Pope's heirs reached a new agreement concerning the tomb. It was decided that the tomb was to be smaller and placed against a wall. After several further changes and simplifications the tomb was finally set up in San Pietro in Vincoli in Rome in 1545. The slaves (four in Florence and two in Paris) were intended to the lower level, while the Moses for the middle level
The statue of Moses is the summary of the entire monument, planned but never fully realized as the tomb of Julius II. It was intended for one of the six colossal figures that crowned the tomb. Elder brother to the Sistine Prophets, the Moses is also an image of Michelangelo's own aspirations, a figure in de Tolnay's words, "trembling with indignation, having mastered the explosion of his wrath". The Moses was executed for Michelangelo's second project for the tomb of Julius II. Inspired perhaps by the medieval conception of man as microcosm, he brought together the elements in allegorical guise: the flowing beard suggests water, the wildly twisting hair fire, the heavy drape earth. In an ideal sense, the Moses represents also both the artist and the Pope, two personalities who had in common what is known as "terribilità". Conceived for the second tier of the tomb, the statue was meant to be seen from below and not as it is displayed today at eye-level. Moses 1515 Marble, height 235 cm S. Pietro in Vincoli, Rome
The slaves (four in Florence and two in Paris) were intended to be at the lower level of the tomb of Pope Julius II, while the Moses for the middle level. From the realized version of the tomb, erected in the church San Pietro in Vincoli in Rome after several redesign and reduction of the original plan, the slaves were left out. The tomb of Julius II and the ceiling of the Sistine Chapel illustrate the triumph of the soul over the material world. Both the tomb and the Sistine chapel can be interpreted within a Neoplatonic scheme, but in these works, Neoplatonism operates in conjunction with Christian ideology. The struggle of the soul to free itself from matter is equated with the Christian doctrine of resurrection and eternal life. Tombs of popes were traditionally in three levels, which symbolized earthly existence, death and salvation (Fleming 189). Michelangelo's original plan for the tomb incorporated these divisions into a Neoplatonic representation of the soul's reunion with God. The lowest level included several slaves who were struggling to free themselves from their bonds. These statues represented souls who were enslaved in matter. The low state of the slaves was further emphasized by the appearance of the face of an ape in the marble around the Dying Slave . The ape was a "symbol of everything sub-human in man, of lust, greed, and gluttony" (Panofsky 195). Ficino and the Neoplatonists argued that the lower soul was "that nature which we have in common with the all animals" (Cassirer 196). In Christian terms, the slaves represented the soul in bondage to the passions. Bound slaves had long been used as a symbol of the "unresurrected human soul held in bondage by its natural desires" (Panofsky 194). The slaves were contrasted with the Victories, who "represent the human soul in its state of freedom, capable of conquering the base emotions by reason" (Panofsky 197). The lower level of the tomb, in both the Christian and Neoplatonic frameworks, represents the soul in its least desirable state.
Tomb of Giuliano de' Medici 1526-33 Marble, 630 x 420 cm Sagrestia Nuova, San Lorenzo, Florence Michelangelo received the commission for the Medici Chapel in 1520 from the Medici Pope Leo X (1513-23). The Pope wanted to combine the tombs of his younger brother Giuliano, Duke of Nemours, and his nephew Lorenzo, Duke of Urbino, with those of the "Magnifici", Lorenzo and his brother Giuliano, who had been murdered in 1478; their tombs were then in the Old Sacristy of San Lorenzo. The plans for the chapel which we still have, shows us that the Pope allowed Michelangelo a great freedom in his task. Not much of this vast plan was in fact carried out, yet it is enough to give us an idea of what Michelangelo's overall conception must have been. Each of the Dukes' tombs is divided into two areas, and the border is well marked by a projecting cornice. In the lower part are the sarcophagi with the mortal remains of the Dukes, on which lie Twilight and Dawn, Night and Day as the symbol of the vanity of things. Above this temporal area, the nobility of the figures of the Dukes and the subtlety of the richly decorated architecture which surrounds them represent a higher sphere: the abode of the free and redeemed spirit
A particular slide catching your eye?
Clipping is a handy way to collect important slides you want to go back to later. | <urn:uuid:975a5c63-241a-44cb-a38f-388b074ed64b> | CC-MAIN-2015-35 | http://www.slideshare.net/dneesio/renaissancefile-3220890 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2015-35/segments/1440645176794.50/warc/CC-MAIN-20150827031256-00122-ip-10-171-96-226.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.966646 | 7,096 | 2.5625 | 3 |
August 7 ~ National Purple Heart Day
Purple Heart Day is observed on August 7th each year and is a time for Americans to pause to remember and honor the nearly 1.8 million Soldiers, Sailors, Marines, Airmen, and War on Terror fighters who were either wounded on the battlefield or paid the ultimate sacrifice with their lives.
The precursor to the modern Purple Heart was known as The Badge of Merit. It was designed by Gen. George Washington in 1782 in the form of a purple heart, and was intended as a military order for soldiers.
The Badge of Merit fell into disuse until the bicentennial of Washington’s birth in 1932, when Gen. Douglas MacArthur spearheaded an effort to revive the medal.
During World War II, the medal was changed into a recognition of combat injuries and deaths. Over time, the military has further modified the award, including adding acts of terrorism and friendly fire injuries.
Today, take a moment to pause, remember, and honor the 1.8 million soldiers, sailors, Marines and airmen who received the Purple Heart for defending our freedoms.
Also, checkout organizations dedicated to supporting our wounded warriors, including Carolina-based Purple Heart Homes which is dedicated to providing housing for Service Connected Disabled and Aging Veterans that is substantial in function, design, and quality fit to welcome home the fighting men and women of America. | <urn:uuid:c327e53d-69a4-4e30-9a4f-00bb6e9342e8> | CC-MAIN-2021-17 | https://bitesnbuzz.com/2019/08/07/august-7-national-purple-heart-day/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-17/segments/1618039563095.86/warc/CC-MAIN-20210422221531-20210423011531-00172.warc.gz | en | 0.961962 | 284 | 2.65625 | 3 |
In honor of today’s Presidential election, here’s a look back at those who are said to have spent the most time on a farm. (Source: BayerCrop Sciences; Wiki)
George Washington – Washington was well-known for his efforts to improve American agriculture, and he oversaw a vast plantation in Mount Vernon, Virginia growing tobacco, later switching to grains in 1766.
John Adams – Adams grew up on his family’s farm in Boston and was “naturally interested in increasing the fertility of his land.”
Thomas Jefferson – Characterized as one of America’s early agronomists, Jefferson was focused on practices that returned vital elements back to the soil.
James Monroe – In 1788, the 5th President of the U.S., bought an 800 acre farm in Charlottesville, VA. He later purchased and moved to the Highland plantation next to Thomas Jefferson’s Monticello garden.
William Henry Harrison – “Before Harrison stepped into politics to become president, where he served for one month before passing away from pneumonia, he retired from the military to settle into farm life in Ohio.”
James C. Tyler – Sherwood Forest Plantation was the home and family farm of our 10th president from 1842 until his death in 1862.
Abraham Lincoln – Lincoln’s background in agriculture was typical of most farming experiences and rural life on the American frontier. He would later transform the United States agricultural system by establishing the Department of Agriculture and the Land Grant system through the Homestead Act.
Theodore Roosevelt – Teddy originally went to Dakota to hunt bison, and during an arduous but successful trip, he became interested in cattle ranching and soon invested most of his fortune into the business. After losing his wife and mother to illness, his Dakota ranch “proved an effective medicine for the grieving politician.”
Harry Truman – A $100 per month bank salary couldn’t keep Truman away from farm life. In 1906 he returned to Missouri to work on the family farm. Some of his tasks included feeding the livestock and milking the cows, but what you might not know is that he could “stir up as good a batch of biscuits as any woman.”
Lyndon Johnson – His summers consisted of helping out on his uncle’s cattle ranch in Texas with a desire to own his own piece of the country. Those dreams became a reality when his widowed aunt gave her “dilapidated 250-acre ranch” to the Senator. LBJ Ranch would eventually grow from 250 acres to 2,700, and he managed to keep farm operations running even through his tenure as Senate Majority Leader, Vice-President, and, finally, President.
Jimmy Carter – Georgia’s first and only president, Jimmy Carter, was anxious to join the Navy as he grew up and worked hard to get into Annapolis. After Carter resigned from the Navy to help his family, he flung himself into his family’s peanut farming business before he became involved in politics and ran for President.
Bill Clinton – Clinton spent his childhood on a 400-acre farm with cattle, sheep and goats, and his favorite memories include “going with [his] great-uncle to his plot to help him farm.”12 He picked beans, corn and tomatoes, fed animals and more. Learn more about his thoughts on global agriculture.
George W. Bush – Like LBJ, George W. had a penchant for ranching. His sanctuary of choice is Prairie Chapel Ranch in Crawford, Texas, an almost 1,600-acre property that was known as the “Western White House.” | <urn:uuid:52a31380-4160-4313-b7ba-71a9e2c2e2e4> | CC-MAIN-2020-50 | https://www.vantrumpreport.com/u-s-presidents-who-spent-a-lot-of-time-on-the-farm/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-50/segments/1606141188146.22/warc/CC-MAIN-20201126113736-20201126143736-00637.warc.gz | en | 0.982191 | 761 | 3.015625 | 3 |
Most of the 27 European Union countries at their summit last week agreed to adopt a new budget rule: a limit on the “structural deficit.” What’s that?
It’s the government budget deficit, adjusted for changes in the business cycle. When the economy is weak, as it is now, the structural deficit will be lower than the actual deficit. The structural deficit accounts for the fact that a recession depresses government revenue (the unemployed pay less taxes) and raises spending (unemployment benefits and other social services cost money). The governments agreed to limit structural deficits to just 0.5% of gross domestic product, a target they are calling the “Golden Rule.”
But there are some serious problems with the concept. First, it requires a determination of the economy’s position in the business cycle and defining how long the business cycle is. That in turn requires figuring out how much an economy is capable of producing were it operating at full speed, a determination that is complicated by significant uncertainties. | <urn:uuid:c36b7318-565a-4f11-a5b2-cba561ef8b8b> | CC-MAIN-2014-23 | http://blogs.wsj.com/eurocrisis/2011/12/13/flaws-in-the-%E2%80%98golden-rule%E2%80%99/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2014-23/segments/1405997892806.35/warc/CC-MAIN-20140722025812-00201-ip-10-33-131-23.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.935093 | 211 | 3.078125 | 3 |
Natural Gas Vehicles (NGVs) deliver substantial benefits to the community. These include:
- Increased energy security
- Reduced energy costs
- Reduced air pollution
- Reduced greenhouse emissions
- Use of local resources
- Reduced noise pollution
- Employment opportunities
- Increased road safety
- and more…
Because these benefits are felt by the community at all levels – local, national and international – government policy plays an important role in ensuring these are realised.
Arguments are often presented that government policy should focus on ‘outcomes’ and remain ‘fuel neutral’ and that it should thus be left to market forces to decide which fuels establish a strong market presence. It is agreed that policy should in fact focus on outcomes, but because markets tend to take a more short term view, preferential treatment is often justified for a particular fuel to ensure longer term benefits are realised.
Despite our focus on natural gas as a transport fuel, NGV Global supports policy which includes a range of alternative fuels as the best means of ensuring long-term energy security, diversity and supply. These fuels will vary according to local conditions and vehicle needs, but few fuels offer the same range of applications and geographical distribution of supply as natural gas does. Natural gas is also available either from existing reserves, including coal seam gas, shale gas and potentially – methane hydrates, or via renewable sources such as waste or agricultural matter. For these reasons, natural gas should form a major component of any overall transport fuel mix.
One key lesson that has been learnt in relation to policy is that it must apply to the use of alternative fuels, and not just the purchase of alternative fuelled vehicles (AFVs). Because AFVs can often also be fuelled with gasoline or diesel, AFV benefits have occasionally be used to purchase vehicles, returning a cost benefit to the owner, but the owners have continued to fuel the vehicle with gasoline or diesel, meaning the intended benefits of the program have not been realised. The most well know example of this was in the US State of Arizona, where generous rebates meant buyers could purchase or convert a vehicle and receive rebates in the thousands of dollars, but weren’t actually compelled to use an alternative fuel.
Ultimately, the most effective policies are those which a) provide a direct financial benefit to the end users, but still ensure widespread use of the alternative fuel, and b) provide long-term certainty for vehicle owners, vehicle and engine manufacturers and investors in infrastructure and associated equipment.
NGV Global and its affiliated associations welcome enquiries from all levels of government in relation to policy formation. Please contact our Secretariat if you have any questions or require further assistance.
Examples of possible policies that could be implemented are shown below.
Mandates, though not widely used to date, are an effective measure, provided they are monitored correctly by authorities. Mandates can apply to vehicle owners, such as a mandate to use a particular percentage of a fleet on natural gas, or they can apply to energy suppliers, such as a mandate to provide alternative fuel dispensers on a service station forecourt.
Probably the most widely known example of a mandate in the NGV industry is the public bus system Delhi, India, which is required to use compressed natural gas (CNG). This has resulted in more than 10,000 CNG buses on Delhi’s roads and has been credited with making significant improvements to Delhi’s air quality. The mandates in force in India are unusual, in the sense that they have been imposed by the Supreme Court of India, rather than as a result of Government policy. The Supreme Court decision arose from civil suits brought in relation to the right of citizens to breathe clean air.
Another successful mandate is operational in Southern California, USA, where the South Coast Air Quality Management District (SCAQMD) Clean Fleet Rules, require certain fleet operators to use natural gas vehicles.
An example of a mandate which has not been totally effective, is the US Federal Energy Policy Act (EPACT 1992), which requires certain fleets to purchase a percentage of light-duty AFVs. This was partly designed to stimulate demand and encourage manufacturers to provide more AFVs. One of the provisions was for 75% of Federal light duty fleets purchased to be be alternatively fuelled. A number of US agencies have not met this requirement and have been the subject of court action by environmental groups to have the rules enforced.
Favourable fuel taxes & excises
National and State Governments exercise control over energy supplies through tax and fuel excise schemes. These provide an opportunity for government to favor natural gas as a transport fuel, either through reduced rates or by increasing rates for status quo fuels such as gasoline or diesel. These provide a direct fuel cost benefit to end users, which can be used to offset any extra costs associated with NGVs or to offset any perceived ‘risk’ of adopting a fuel which may have relatively limited availability.
The lower taxes and excises can be applied either as a benefit to the energy supplier or retailer, who then passes the benefit on to end users through lower fuel costs, or by providing rebates to end users, to be applied for after the fuel has been used.
Though natural gas vehicle technology is ‘mature’ it takes considerable expense for vehicle and engine manufacturers or conversion equipment providers to provide natural gas vehicles or aftermarket conversion kits. Where there is no guaranteed market for the technology, this increases risk to manufacturers who have to offset this risk, either through higher prices or by staying out of the natural gas vehicle market altogether.
Technology support can be provided either through direct grants or tax concessions for product development, emissions testing or compliance and homologation costs. This lowers costs and risks for the manufacturer and, ultimately, the consumer. Similarly, domestic tax concessions will help promote NGV take-up. France’s government, for example, opted to continue promotion of the NGV sector in mid-2011 by exempting domestic consumption tax on natural gas.
For countries that rely on imported technology and equipment, technology support can still be provided to offset costs of bringing technology to local markets. This is particularly important for smaller markets where the return on investment for an importer may be lower.
Technology support can also be provided by amending existing rules for used vehicles, rules that would otherwise limit applications for OEMs and vehicle converters.
In April 2012, for example, the United States Environmental Protection Agency (EPA)’s Office of Air and Radiation issued a letter to manufacturers providing revised EPA assigned deterioration factors (ADFs) for determining compliance with certain chassis-based exhaust and evaporative emission standards. Early 2011, the EPA amended regulations that make it easier to convert cars and trucks to run on natural gas. These and other measures have provided benefit for the country’s NGV industry.
Countries which rely on imported equipment for natural gas vehicle can provide support by reducing or eliminating import tariffs on equipment and components. These could be applied not just to vehicle and engine components, but also to refuelling equipment, fuel cylinders, etc.
By providing grants or rebates to purchasers of natural gas vehicles or conversion systems, governments can offset the additional costs incurred by the vehicle owner. As outlined above, such schemes should be aligned with schemes that also encourage use of natural gas once the vehicle has been purchased or converted.
Leading by example
Because government fleets comprise a large proportion of vehicle purchases, committing to use alternative fuels can have a significant influence on making natural gas vehicles available in the market place. As well as making purchases directly, additional influence can be applied by requiring government contractors to provide services using natural gas vehicles as well.
The Dominican Republic has joined the growing number of countries choosing natural gas for transportation in the face of growing uncertainty about oil-based fuel product price and supply. The government is undertaking a gradual conversion of its 20,000 public transport vehicles to compressed natural gas (CNG) and expanding its refuelling infrastructure.
Governments can encourage natural gas vehicle ownership by providing owners with preferential benefits such as:
- lower registration costs
- reduced or eliminated parking charges
- access to high-occupancy-vehicle (HOV) or transit lanes on freeways
- reduced or eliminated congestion charges | <urn:uuid:6e41f150-bfc9-4b36-b181-12fb7b8bbcc8> | CC-MAIN-2017-13 | http://www.iangv.org/policy/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-13/segments/1490218191444.45/warc/CC-MAIN-20170322212951-00595-ip-10-233-31-227.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.949042 | 1,682 | 2.671875 | 3 |
Docomo’s Garden Sensor
Wireless technology measures and suggests the best possible growing conditions for plants.
Japanese mobile operator Docomo has created a device that can help gardeners care for their plants.
Straightforwardly named for its sole purpose, the Garden Sensor is inserted into the soil to measure sunlight and moisture levels. The information gathered is then sent to Docomo, where their gardening consultants will then offer expert advice to the user via e-mail on how to properly care for the plants.
Tentatively priced between 20 to 30 dollars, the Garden Sensor will be released on a soft run to the general public by 2011. | <urn:uuid:81a6a55a-31bc-46c5-bc09-843cba92e0eb> | CC-MAIN-2019-18 | https://www.psfk.com/2010/10/garden-sensor-ensures-near-perfect-growth-for-plants.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-18/segments/1555578553595.61/warc/CC-MAIN-20190422115451-20190422141451-00174.warc.gz | en | 0.936093 | 131 | 2.515625 | 3 |
A study, published in May, pointed the origin of domestic dogs in East Asia, but now there is another study that says it could have happened in Europe.
All scientists agreed that wolves are the most similar living animals to dogs, and it is confirmed by both anatomy and DNA, although dogs have now different body shape and behavior.
There were a lot of studies in the last years but they all had different results. In one of the most important studies, some scientists pointed East Asia as the place where dogs were evolved by comparing chinese native dogs and wolves DNA. This year they specified more and pointed the South of China. But this study can be wrong, because dogs in China can come from wolf interbreeding.
The oldest doglike fossils were found in Europe and Siberia, and the new study says they have more than 30.000 years ( There a doglike fossil that has about 36.000 years, but its DNA says it is not a direct ancestor of dogs but an ancient sister-group). Nowadays, we can rescue fragments of DNA from fossils, so Dr. Wayne and his colleagues extracted DNA from fossils in Europe, Russia and the New World. They compared their genes to those from 49 wolves, 77 dogs and 4 coyotes. They found that living dogs are closely related to wolves and ancient ogs in Europe, instead of wolves from Asia. Scientists believe that domestification could have happened in Europe between 18.800 to 32.100 years ago (18.000- 30.000 in the newspaper) when dogs and european hunter-gatherers started interacting.
However, this study is criticized by Dr. Savolainen “because it’s geographically biased” due to the fact that they do not use wolves or fossils from China. Tere is a problem with that, because in the South of China there is too many people, so there is not fossils or wolves there.
I chose this new because I think the evolution, as well as changes experienced by different species over time, is really interesting. I found it interesting that there are so many studies about this, using different methods, and it looks like they all get different results.
About the article, I think we can not be sure of the origin of domestic dogs, because there are many problems with the studies, such as chinese dogs might come from wolf interbreeding or the fact that we have no fossils or wolves in China. I think dogs can also have evolved in different places at a similar time.
Source: New York Times | <urn:uuid:803e3ad8-1c68-4baf-bf28-366a4ce3b6a4> | CC-MAIN-2017-51 | https://pedrinhascientia.wordpress.com/2013/11/22/dogs-might-have-evolved-from-wolves-in-europe/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-51/segments/1512948581053.56/warc/CC-MAIN-20171216030243-20171216052243-00119.warc.gz | en | 0.976384 | 517 | 3.375 | 3 |
We encounter a swimmer hovering underwater, and other moments from everyday life; a bar, a bus journey, an exhibition opening, and the shared space that is created when we move through the world with another. The viewer is located within a kind of first-person temporal play made up from different moments of lived experience. The sensor-driven interactive video systems respond to the viewer’s proximity to the screen, forming a dynamic coupling between the motion of the user’s body and the resulting real-time manipulation of video and sound.
These works explore the dynamic tension between retreating from and attending to the world, and hint at the fragmented nature of our internal and external identity.
John Tonkin: Experiments in Proximity by Jacqueline Millner
When it emerged in the 1930s and 40s, the interdisciplinary science of cybernetics — defined by its founder Norbert Weiner as ‘the scientific study of control and communication in the animal and the machine’ but also understood as the original systems analysis — influenced many other fields of inquiry. One was another emergent area of research and innovation: computing. Another was perhaps less likely: psychology. The proponent of what was to become a major tenet of psychological analysis, namely attachment theory, drew on cybernetics to mount his argument that healthy human development depends on the child having adequately bonded with primary caregivers (the attachment figure) early in life. British psychologist John Bowlby proposed that the child’s need for proximity to the attachment figure balanced homeostatically with the need for exploration. In response to changing circumstances, the child self-regulated to balance the desire for experience and novelty on the one hand, and for security and familiarity on the other, and this expressed itself in the actual distance the child maintained from the caregiver. The safer the child felt, the longer the distance; sensing a threat, the child sought proximity.
Despite its link to cybernetics, in attachment theory we see the inklings of the change in emphasis that was to characterise later theorising on the development of human cognition: from the classical notion that the mind is a system that processes information, to the idea that cognition is grounded in the sensory-motor dynamics of the interactions between a living organism and its environment. The classical notion has long roots in Western philosophy, although was formally theorised in the 1960s as the ‘computational theory of mind’ in the context of the rise of computer technologies: an extension of this theory is the metaphor of the mind itself as a computer that computes input and forms output. While this view is still widely held, recent research has gone to affirm Bowlby’s early insights in developing another approach, now called enaction, that proposes that living things enact the world they live in, that it is embodied action in the world that constitutes its perception and grounds its cognition.
A key aspect of the world that humans enact is also highlighted in attachment theory: other people. Studies in human cognitive development, such as those by child psychologist Daniel Stern, have increasingly emphasised the inherently inter-subjective character of the child’s early experiences, which do not dissociate the feeling of self from the feeling of the other, and also recognised that the various stages of cognitive development in early childhood may keep operating in parallel throughout life, rather than being resolved once and for all when certain milestones are reached. Such an approach diversifies our understanding of ‘normal’ cognition and opens out to a far more dynamic (and mutable) understanding of human subjectivity.
It is in full awareness of this rich field of inquiry that John Tonkin practices his experiments in proximity. Tonkin has a long career in exploring the potential for computer technologies to grant us insights into who and what we are, often reading those technologies against the grain of technophilic claims made about their capacity to connect and transform us. That engagement with digital technologies has moreover underpinned his curiosity about the nature of human cognition: the question of how we think ourselves and the world is at the heart of his practice. In his more recent work, Tonkin has refined his approach to produce beautiful and deeply resonant images that we ‘enact’ through our embodied relationship with spaces, screens and each other. Using a connect sensor (and some clever programming that makes the final result look seamless), Tonkin has designed a most elegant and intuitive interface that recognises our presence and responds to our full bodily movement.
The new work has grown from the earlier Closer: 11 experiments in proximity (2010) and Metacognition (2011). In Closer, Tonkin created a series of everyday scenarios — including a water bottle spinning at the base of an escalator and a walk in a park — which we, as viewers, could control, depending on how close we were to the screen on which they were projected. The revelation of the videos’ responsive quality evoked our playfulness, as we participated in a game of constant oscillation and calibration between our bodies and filmed scenario in much the same way as we constantly ‘enact’ or ‘make’ the world in our daily lives, homeostatically regulating between proximity and distance. In Metacognition, Tonkin was guided by the notion of the homunculus, the idea of ‘the little man inside the brain’ that grounds our perceptions and interactions; the interactive video pulled us through an infinite set of screens where the artist figured his everyday point of view (POV), powerfully communicating the integral role representations and self-surveillance play in conventional theories of cognition.
Surface: Stranger in a strange land (2013) brings the concerns and techniques of these earlier works together: we are again encouraged to take the artist’s POV, but this time we can navigate his enactment of the world far more freely (unshackled to a degree from the framing device of the screen), using our broad bodily motion to pierce the boundary between the suspended silence of internalisation to the cacophony of intersubjectivity. Projection (sometimes I forget where I end and you begin) (2013) takes the intersubjective dimension of the earlier works even further. Based on the companionly walks the artist takes regularly to discuss life and ideas with friends, the work demands that a ‘real life’ interaction take place before it responds to a viewer’s presence. To heighten the relational aspect of human perception and cognition, Tonkin has deliberately cross-wired the video’s interactive sensors, so our movements control not our personal ‘avatar’, but that of the figure we are interacting with. It is a very effective un-anchoring from expectation that brings us into much greater embodied mindfulness.
Tonkin’s recent work makes a valuable contribution to understandings of human cognition and world-making: it immerses us in, but also unpicks, the very process of enaction, and thus renders us ever more aware of the potential to enact the world differently.
Jacqueline Millner teaches the history and theory of contemporary art at Sydney College of the Arts, University of Sydney | <urn:uuid:d01bc635-796e-482a-a464-738b16039f47> | CC-MAIN-2023-06 | https://breenspace.com/exhibitions/john-tonkin/tonkin-surface_hr.jpg.php | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-06/segments/1674764500334.35/warc/CC-MAIN-20230206082428-20230206112428-00378.warc.gz | en | 0.95524 | 1,461 | 2.6875 | 3 |
THURSDAY, DECEMBER 8: As Advent continues, Catholic Christians pause to focus on the Virgin Mary in the Solemnity of the Immaculate Conception, also called Immaculate Conception Day. Catholic dogma holds that the Virgin Mary was born via a sinless conception, and that she is without Original Sin. Around the world, this feast day is greeted with fireworks, processions and celebratory liturgies.
The proclamation by Pope Pius IX, as Roman Catholic dogma, states that: “the most Blessed Virgin Mary, in the first instance of her conception, by a singular grace and privilege granted by Almighty God, in view of the merits of Jesus Christ, the Savior of the human race, was preserved free from all stain of original sin.” The statement is considered infallible.
Interested in learning more? National Catholic Register lists eight things to know about the Immaculate Conception, including details on Mary’s personal sinless nature and the meaning of “full of grace.”
A HISTORY: EAST AND WEST
A feast for the conception of Mary was being observed in the Eastern Christian Church as early as the fifth century, though the original title of the feast referred to Saint Anne and the Virgin Mary. Popularity of the feast increased in the seventh century, and the conception of Mary was being described as “immaculate” from the 11th century. Today, Orthodox Christians do not believe that Mary was free from original sin prior to birth, but rather that she is filled with grace. Following the Great Schism of 1054, some sects of Western Christianity embraced Mary’s sinless conception.
A Holy Day of Obligation, the Feast of the Immaculate Conception requires that all Catholics attend Mass for the occasion. (Learn more from Fish Eaters.) Mary is seen as a guide on the path to salvation; a beacon of hope in times of conflict and doubt.
MARY’S CANDLE AND MORAVIAN SPRITZ
A designated candle for Mary sits at the center of the table as the scent of freshly baked gingerbread Moravian Spritz wafts through the air: the Marian feast brings to mind the aromas of cinnamon and myrrh, as many believed that Mary emitted these sweet smells. Families or parishes honoring the feast may decorate in blue or with symbols of her purity, such as lilies or roses. For additional resources, prayers, recipes and children’s activity suggestions, visit Catholic Culture. | <urn:uuid:e3d05d6e-85f6-47b1-8b37-2e10dc4ba992> | CC-MAIN-2023-40 | https://readthespirit.com/religious-holidays-festivals/tag/solemnity-of-the-immaculate-conception/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-40/segments/1695233510575.93/warc/CC-MAIN-20230930014147-20230930044147-00478.warc.gz | en | 0.953445 | 522 | 3.25 | 3 |
Google's Geoffrey Hinton, an artificial intelligence pioneer, on Thursday, outlined an advance in the technology that improves the rate at which computers correctly identify images and with reliance on less data.
Hinton, an academic whose previous work on artificial neural networks is considered foundational to the commercialization of machine learning, detailed the approach, known as capsule networks, in two research papers posted anonymously on academic websites last week.
The approach could mean computers learn to identify a photograph of a face taken from a different angle from those it had in its bank of known images. It could also be applied to speech and video recognition.
"This is a much more robust way of identifying objects," Hinton told attendees at the Go North technology summit hosted by Alphabet's Google, detailing proof of a thesis he had first theorized in 1979.
In the work with Google researchers Sara Sabour and Nicholas Frost, individual capsules - small groups of virtual neurons - were instructed to identify parts of a larger whole and the fixed relationships between them.
The system then confirmed whether those same features were present in images the system had never seen before. Artificial neural networks mimic the behavior of neurons to enable computers to operate more like the human brain.
Hinton said early testing of the technique had come up with half the errors of current image recognition techniques.
The bundling of neurons working together to determine both whether a feature is present and its characteristics also means the system should require less data to make its predictions.
"The hope is that maybe we might require less data to learn good classifiers of objects, because they have this ability of generalizing to unseen perspectives or configurations of images," said Hugo Larochelle, who heads Google Brain's research efforts in Montreal.
"That's a big problem right now that machine learning and deep learning needs to address, these methods right now require a lot of data to work," he said.
Hinton likened the advance to work two of his students developed in 2009 on speech recognition using neural networks that improved on existing technology and was incorporated into the Android operating system in 2012.
Still, he cautioned it was early days. "This is just a theory," he said. "It worked quite impressively on a small dataset" but now needs to be tested on larger datasets, he added. Peer review of the findings is expected in December.
Source: ET Tech | <urn:uuid:422119b5-d732-4d65-9cbc-e0763d44e2ca> | CC-MAIN-2019-35 | https://www.houseofbots.com/news-detail/1416-Google's-Hinton-outlines-new-AI-advance-that-requires-less-data | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-35/segments/1566027315865.44/warc/CC-MAIN-20190821085942-20190821111942-00366.warc.gz | en | 0.971842 | 479 | 3.375 | 3 |
Mirror and laser beam angle...please help!!! 1. The problem statement, all variables and given/known data The mirror deflects a horizontal laser beam by θ=59°. What is the angle φ? 2. Relevant equations 3. The attempt at a solution I don't understand this. How am I supposed to figure out φ? | <urn:uuid:70865674-9230-4c28-8dea-eccc3d1504e5> | CC-MAIN-2018-34 | https://www.physicsforums.com/threads/mirror-and-laser-beam-angle-please-help.224077/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-34/segments/1534221219495.97/warc/CC-MAIN-20180822045838-20180822065838-00327.warc.gz | en | 0.883705 | 73 | 2.734375 | 3 |
Milton Friedman Essay, Research Paper Milton Friedman Milton Friedman, like so many great life stories, was the subject of a very tough childhood. He was son to a couple of poor immigrants, born on 31 July 1912, in New York, America. At the age of fifteen, Friedman’s father died. Despite this, he won a scholarship to both Rutgers University and the University of Chicago, where he achieved a Bachelor of the Arts degree in economics.
Milton Friedman Essay, Research Paper
Milton Friedman, like so many great life stories, was the subject of a very tough childhood. He was son to a couple of poor immigrants, born on 31 July 1912, in New York, America. At the age of fifteen, Friedman’s father died. Despite this, he won a scholarship to both Rutgers University and the University of Chicago, where he achieved a Bachelor of the Arts degree in economics. The very next year he received an MA at Chicago University. He then worked for the National Bureau of Economic Research (from 1937) while teaching at many universities, but it was only at Chicago in 1946 that he was given the title of ‘professor of economics’. Thirty years later, in 1976, he was awarded the Nobel Prize for economics, “for his achievements in the field of consumption analysis, monetary history and theory, and for his demonstration of the complexity of stabilisation policy.” Through his life, Friedman has published many books, articles in newspapers and periodicals. He has also appeared on radio and television in countless interviews.
Friedman is strictly a monetarist. This means that he believed that inflation was a direct result of growth in the supply of money into an economy. His views differed however, with those of his contemporaries, in the major point that he believed that economic stability could only be reached through non-intervention on behalf of the government. This policy is often known as laissez-faire (French for ‘let things be’) economics. The policy at the time was for the government to sharply increase or decrease money supply, to counteract inflation, in an attempt to attain a stable economy. Friedman argued however, that this intervention was destabilising, and that what was needed was a steady money flow to create a basic framework for the economy; the rest should be left up to individual competition. This school of thought goes along the lines of ‘It is in the best interest of the producer to satisfy the consumers’ wishes. By doing this, they are also acting in their own interest, therefore competition is working to the benefit of the whole economy.’ In order for this competition to be present, there needs to be freedom of the individual. He boldly stated that this can only be created by minimal government regulation of the economy, which allows power to be concentrated and wielded by only a few individuals, rather than dispersed. After all, competition can only be present between companies that are on equal grounds in relation to the amount of power behind each.
The controversy surrounding Friedman’s views is that he promotes complete private ownership of nearly everything. He particularly supported private schools and thought that the government should subsidise fees for any school chosen by the parents, rather than providing government owned schools. He strongly promotes a flat rate for personal income tax and the abolition of company taxation. He promises that this would create a society in which everyone is given an equal opportunity in the business world. I disagree with him almost completely. What this really does is keeps the wealthy wealthy, and allows big businesses to prosper, leaving the smaller ones behind. By applying the same restrictions to the rich and their monopolies as to the smaller competitors, all that is really promoted is an economic freeze in which the wealthy thrive and everyone else is forced into submission, having nothing to hold back the attacks from big businesses. For example, small fast food businesses are becoming less and less common as the massive restaurant chains, in particular McDonalds, move in and take over the industry.
I do not believe either, that the government should have complete control over businesses and the economy, but an in-between, rather like Australia’s (or at least, Victoria’s) state fifteen years ago. In recent years, however the government has been selling more and more of what were previously thought of as services, such as public transport, prisons, and telecommunications to private investors. It appears that the government is sending the economy into a Friedman (laissez-faire) style society, which is probably at the will of those who already have great wealth and (and occasionally or) power (i.e. Jeff Kennett). The Government does this, only because it brings in immediate short-term revenue. I do not believe however, that this will be an overall gain for the economy in the long run.
I chose, after reading through a brief biographical description of each of the six economists and their different theories, to conduct a study of Milton Friedman. I choose Friedman in particular because I thought it might be interesting to study his extremely controversial views in greater detail, and it was.
|◯||Milton Friedman Essay Research Paper Milton Friedman|
|◯||Milton Friedman And FreeMarket Capitalism Essay Research|
|◯||Milton Friedman Essay Research Paper Dr Friedman|
|◯||Reflections Of Milton In Milton Essay Research|
|◯||John Milton Essay Research Paper John Milton|
|◯||Milton Essay Research Paper Religion was the|
|◯||John Milton 2|
|◯||John Milton Essay Research Paper Although John|
|◯||Milton A Republican And A Christian|
|◯||Life Of John Milton Essay Research Paper| | <urn:uuid:56d247f9-33ed-4c35-b541-6a2d875272f1> | CC-MAIN-2016-44 | http://mirznanii.com/info/a81209_milton-friedman-essay-research-paper-milton-friedmanmilton | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-44/segments/1476988721405.66/warc/CC-MAIN-20161020183841-00128-ip-10-171-6-4.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.972984 | 1,183 | 3 | 3 |
||This article includes a list of references, but its sources remain unclear because it has insufficient inline citations. (June 2014)|
A crosswind is any wind that has a perpendicular component to the line or direction of travel. In aviation, a crosswind is the component of wind that is blowing across the runway, making landings and take-offs more difficult than if the wind were blowing straight down the runway. If a crosswind is strong enough it may exceed an aircraft's crosswind limit, and an attempt to land under such conditions could cause structural damage to the aircraft's undercarriage. Crosswind is sometimes abbreviated as X/WIND.
Crosswinds can also cause difficulty with ground vehicles traveling on wet or slippery roads (snow, ice, standing water, etc.), especially when gusting conditions affect vehicles that have a large side area such as vans, SUVs, and tractor-trailers. This can be dangerous for motorists because of the possible lift force created, causing the vehicle to lose traction or change direction of travel. The safest way for motorists to deal with crosswinds is by reducing their speed to reduce the effect of the lift force and to steer into the direction of the crosswind.[further explanation needed]
When winds are not parallel to or directly with/against the line of travel, the wind is said to have a crosswind component; that is, the force can be separated into two vector components, a crosswind component and a headwind or tailwind component. A vehicle behaves as though it is directly experiencing a crosswind in the magnitude of the crosswind component only.
The crosswind component is computed by multiplying the wind speed by the sine of the angle between the wind and the direction of travel. For example, a 10-knot wind coming at 45 degrees from either side will have a crosswind component of 10 knots × sin(45°) or approximately 7.07 knots. The headwind component is computed in the same manner, using cosine instead of sine. To determine the crosswind component in real world flight, aviators frequently refer to a nomograph chart on which the wind speed and angle are plotted, and the crosswind component is read from a reference line. Direction of travel relative to the wind may be left or right, up or down, or oblique; moving non-parallel to the wind's direction creates a crosswind component on the object and thus increasing the apparent wind on the object; such use of cross wind travel is used to advantage by sailing craft, kiteboarding craft, power kiting, etc.
Smaller aircraft are often not limited by their ability to land in a crosswind, but their ability to taxi safely prior and post-flight. | <urn:uuid:45f03370-7e09-40ab-9069-aafc5f326514> | CC-MAIN-2014-49 | http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crosswind | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2014-49/segments/1416931008218.28/warc/CC-MAIN-20141125155648-00243-ip-10-235-23-156.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.928712 | 559 | 4.21875 | 4 |
Due to system maintenance, this site will be down on August, Monday 1, from 17.00 to 19.00 (GMT+2)
As the most important tool of primary prevention, vaccinations target a large number of healthy individuals in each Member State.
National immunization programmes and policies vary among EU/EEA countries; immunisation delivery services, health services infrastructures, systems to monitor vaccination coverage and adverse events are quite different among states, making difficult any comparison of national available data. Meanwhile several new vaccines are available, or in the development pipeline, and their introduction is not homogeneous among the Member States.
On the contrary, the impact of a vaccination programme has an impact beyond political borders of a state, especially in the European context where people migrate and travel freely.
The European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control (ECDC) has decided to establish a network dedicated to Vaccine Preventable Diseases, that could be considered an evolution of the VENICE and VENICE II network, with the objectives of collecting, sharing and disseminating information on national immunization programmes through a network of professionals and providing information useful to build up methodologies and provide guidance for improving the overall performance of the immunisation systems in the EU/EEA Member States.
The sharing of experiences and expertise and the integration of available tools and knowledge on vaccine-related issues among member states represents an important resource to improve the acceptance of national immunization programs and vaccine uptake in Europe. A strong collaboration among states and a detailed knowledge of the current status of each country's immunisation programmes are essential to reduce the heterogeneity among states and create a common model and common tools. | <urn:uuid:9e1c9e8c-1749-496a-9337-8506f41c672f> | CC-MAIN-2014-52 | http://venice.cineca.org/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2014-52/segments/1418802769637.44/warc/CC-MAIN-20141217075249-00125-ip-10-231-17-201.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.921004 | 336 | 2.78125 | 3 |
Storms and cloud bands emerge from beneath Saturn's obscuring hazes in this infrared view.
This view looks toward the sunlit side of the rings from about 20 degrees below the ringplane. The inner rings partly obscure the planet at top.
The image was taken with the Cassini spacecraft wide-angle camera on July 12, 2005 at a distance of approximately 1.5 million kilometers (900,000 miles) from Saturn. The monochrome view uses a combination of images taken using spectral filters sensitive to wavelengths of light centered at 728, 752 and 890 nanometers. Image scale is 170 kilometers (105 miles) per pixel.
The Cassini-Huygens mission is a cooperative project of NASA, the European Space Agency and the Italian Space Agency. The Jet Propulsion Laboratory, a division of the California Institute of Technology in Pasadena, manages the mission for NASA's Science Mission Directorate, Washington, D.C. The Cassini orbiter and its two onboard cameras were designed, developed and assembled at JPL. The imaging operations center is based at the Space Science Institute in Boulder, Colo.
Credit: NASA/JPL/Space Science Institute | <urn:uuid:308261c4-0875-45c6-adf9-f7fdec62e454> | CC-MAIN-2020-05 | https://solarsystem.nasa.gov/resources/13620/banded-beauty/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-05/segments/1579250594603.8/warc/CC-MAIN-20200119122744-20200119150744-00193.warc.gz | en | 0.891876 | 239 | 3.46875 | 3 |
15 Examples of WebGL (Google Chrome) Experiments
WebGL or Web-based Graphic Library is another widely used technology that web designers apply in the project of web development. In order to generate interactive 3D graphic, which is irrespective to any kind of browser this technology is often used by the designers and developers as well. However, sometime visitors have complained that this technique is not clearly seen or understood in their computer. That is unfortunate indeed, but at the same time this technology can change the whole conception of web browsing as well.
However, there are lots of examples in the internet on the proper use of such language in making a website more attractive. WebGL experiments are widely spread in the business of web site designing and developing since web designers and developers find it very effective for their project and at the same time it is very user friendly as well. In order to create several types of 3D effects in a website, web designers take the help of WebGL (Google Chrome). After using it they get success in their projects.
Many web designers consider this WebGL technology as a future of gaming platform. With the stunning feature of WebGL technique websites can achieve a unique look. Moreover, people can find websites with some brilliant 3D effects. One can find plenty of examples of such WebGL experiments (Google Chrome) in the internet from which you can get a clear idea how this technology is changing the meaning of 3D graphics in the zone of website designing and development. The novice web designers can get good idea about using such technology in their upcoming or ongoing designing task. So search on the internet to get some brilliant examples of WebGL experiments.
WebGL (Google Chrome) Experiments
GLOW – Complicated
Barry Martin’s Hopalong Orbits Visualizer | <urn:uuid:66e99504-a4ef-4243-a6a8-fe2005b0cdc9> | CC-MAIN-2014-42 | http://designmodo.com/webgl-chrome/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2014-42/segments/1414119646849.7/warc/CC-MAIN-20141024030046-00252-ip-10-16-133-185.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.917056 | 362 | 2.578125 | 3 |
What are the Northern Lights?
The Aurora Borealis is a natural light display in the sky, caused by the collision of charged solar particles with atoms in the upper atmosphere. The Earth’s magnetic field channel the particles to the poles, where the light s visible from the ground.
The aurora is always there, but because of the sun, it is not always visible. Because of the comparative weakness of the auroras light, it can only be seen at night.
In the north, we each year in the summer experience a special phenomenon because on the earths axial tilt; the sun never sets. Meaning no nights to see the aurora.
Because of this we have an Aurora Season going from late September/early October to late March. And for some reason not entirely clear to science yet, the aurora is far more active in late autumn and early spring.
Will we be able to observe the lights in Reykjanes?
If you stay only for a day, the answer is most likely, “no”.
The Northern Lights are the products of cosmic forces with NO regard for our guests traveling plans. The lights are always changing, always on the move. Observing the Northern lights is often a tug of war between your patience and the Northern lights itself. Stay inside the Northern lights oval at least a week, preferably two, and you will be rewarded – unless local weather suddenly decides to obstruct your view with a thick layer of clouds. | <urn:uuid:e5269a80-fa03-47c8-bb4a-062c7fa08c1a> | CC-MAIN-2016-07 | http://rnes.is/EN/location/nothern-lights/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-07/segments/1454701168011.94/warc/CC-MAIN-20160205193928-00296-ip-10-236-182-209.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.926959 | 301 | 3.390625 | 3 |
Scientists have been evaluating differences in abilities between people for thousands of years. The first recognized systematic attempt to measure intellectual differences was conducted in 1884 by Francis Galton, a cousin of Charles Darwin, and a strong advocate of inherited differences in abilities.
By 1905 the French government asked its leading scientists, Alfred Binet and Theodore Simon to devise a test that could define intelligence. The French government wanted to identify children with learning difficulties so that special educational provision could be made for them. Those tests later became better known as the IQ Tests. Intelligence by those tests was defined as the ability to judge well, comprehend well, and to reason well.
Others suggested that intelligence involved an ability to grasp the essentials of a situation and to act appropriately to those situations. Theorists suggested that intelligence was made up of several different components or abilities. Spearman proposed that intelligence was made up of a general ability ‘g’ and a number of learned aptitudes or specific abilities, which were referred to as ‘s’. Some of the specific or ‘s’ abilities were verbal skills, educational ability, mechanical and spatial abilities.
|“Intelligence, as a mental trait, is the capacity to make impulses focal at their early, unfinished stage of formation. Intelligence is therefore the capacity for abstraction, which is an inhibitory process” – L.L. Thurstone
In 1938 Louis Thurstone disagreed with what he termed, ‘Spearman’s limited premise’ and instead examined the performance of students on a battery of 56 tests and from the data obtained claimed to have identified seven factors which underlie human intelligence:
- Verbal comprehension: advanced ability to understand language, e.g. measured with a vocabulary test
- Verbal fluency: how quickly you can solve anagrams or word puzzles
- Number: the ability to use arithmetic operations
- Spatial visualization: the ability to recognize objects from different viewpoints
- Memory: as measured with a simple recall test
- Reasoning: solving problems such as how much paint is needed to decorate a room
- Perceptual speed: a simple example would be the ‘spot the difference’ type quiz
Raymond Cattell further suggested that the structure of intelligence should be considered in terms of two factors, ‘fluid’ and ‘crystallized’ intelligence. Those aspects of intelligence that could be improved through education or training, the learned aptitudes described above, he called ‘fluid’ intelligence to indicate their more dynamic nature. ‘Crystallized’ intelligence is that component of intelligence that was more rigid and less likely to be changed by education or experience.
|“Intelligence is how well an individual deals with environmental changes throughout their lifespan.” – Sternberg
Robert Sternberg’s 1985 model took a more cognitive approach to intelligence attempts to integrate aspects of previous multi-component theories into a coherent whole. Sternberg suggests that intelligent behavior results from three distinct aspects of human intelligence:
Sternberg thought that while the basic information processing components were the same, different contexts and different tasks require different kind of intelligence.
Finally, Howard Gardner’s theory of multiple intelligence is based on a neuropsychological analysis of an individual’s ability and their brain function. By examining the sorts of impairments that can arise from brain dysfunction or damage, Gardner claimed to have identified seven distinct types of intelligence:
- Intrapersonal intelligence
- Interpersonal intelligence | <urn:uuid:55a512d5-4120-42c3-a484-28032e38631d> | CC-MAIN-2019-35 | https://www.smartbrainsolutions.com/spectrum/brain-resources/intelligence/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-35/segments/1566027315809.69/warc/CC-MAIN-20190821043107-20190821065107-00327.warc.gz | en | 0.963724 | 718 | 3.828125 | 4 |
The Fall 2011 issue of the Journal of the History of the Behavioral Sciences has just been released online. Included in this issue are three articles that may be of interest to historians of psychology. In her article “The naturalist and the nuances,” which won the 2009 John C. Burnham Early Career Award from the Forum of the History of Human Sciences, Stéphanie Dupouy situates Darwin’s investigation of emotional expression within the context of previous scientific investigations on the subject. Articles by Anthony Kauders and Gerald Grob move into the twentieth century and discuss, respectively, Freud’s reception in Germany in the mid-twentieth century and challenges to psychiatric authority in the 1960s.
“The naturalist and the nuances: Sentimentalism, moral values, and emotional expression in Darwin and the anatomists,” by Stéphanie Dupouy. The abstract reads,
Comparing Charles Darwin’s account of emotional expression to previous nineteenth-century scientific studies on the same subject, this article intends to locate the exact nature of Darwin’s break in his 1872 book (as well as in his earlier notebooks). In contrast to a standard view that approaches this question in the framework of the creationism/evolutionism dichotomy, I argue that Darwin’s account distinguishes itself primarily by its distance toward the sentimentalist values and moral hierarchies that were traditionally linked with the study of expression—an attitude that is not an inevitable ingredient of the theory of evolution. However, Darwin’s approach also reintroduces another kind of hierarchy in human expression, but one based on attenuation and self-restraint in the exhibition of expressive signs.
“’Psychoanalysis is good, synthesis is better’: The German reception of Freud, 1930 and 1956,” by Anthony D. Kauders. The abstract reads, Continue reading JHBS: Darwin, Freud, & Psychiatric Legitimacy | <urn:uuid:bedfc471-c30d-4b3a-81cd-7231be6bb0da> | CC-MAIN-2022-40 | https://ahp.apps01.yorku.ca/tag/grob/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-40/segments/1664030334579.46/warc/CC-MAIN-20220925132046-20220925162046-00057.warc.gz | en | 0.920504 | 405 | 2.578125 | 3 |
COMCY participates in the Erasmus+ project Co-education in Green that aims to promote environmental community education through project-based learning, led by adult educators but counting on the participation of learners, including those with special needs, and the local education community.
The general objective of the project is to better the competences and leadership skills of adult educators, and foster issues such as inclusion, participation and environment awareness, in the process of collective transformation of shares space into greener and more educational areas, using content and tools specific to education for sustainable natural development.
The main objectives of the project are:
- Reinforce adult educators competences on cooperative education and leadership skills
- Bettering adult educators knowledge on environmental-oriented education
- Strengthen the relationships of individuals within local communities and promoting values of social inclusion, sustainability and accessibility
- Fostering the cooperation and networking between organisations and associated partners active in the field of adult education on national and EU levels and interested in the project topic
The main results of the project are:
- Methodology of the creation of shared green spaces and implementation procedures
- Online Training Kit for improving educator’s competences and skills on environmental-oriented cooperative education
- Manual for adult educators and educational centres on how to co-create multisensory gardens for adults with special needs
The project consortium is composed of 7 EU organisations from 6 EU countries. Along with COMCY (Cyprus), the others come from Spain, Italy, Greece, Portugal and Lithuania. | <urn:uuid:796c0c93-aafd-4c86-8cb6-0695d3cc2ca3> | CC-MAIN-2022-05 | https://www.comcy.eu/projects/ongoing/35-co-education-in-green | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-05/segments/1642320303868.98/warc/CC-MAIN-20220122164421-20220122194421-00622.warc.gz | en | 0.918743 | 325 | 2.65625 | 3 |
The following are some minimal suggestions to help you look after your spine on a daily basis.
The exercises are done to help prevent recurrences of spinal and related health problems. Back Exercises should deal with flexibility first, strength second.
These exercises should be done:
- Standing, feet comfortably apart, do not bend knees.
- Only as far as comfortable in each direction.
- 5-10 times in each direction
- Once per day, whatever time is convenient.
- Forever, except when a problem exists.
|POSTURE SCORE SHEETName Checked byUse One Sheet for Each Family Member|
|Good – 10||Fair – 5||Poor – 0||Score|
|HEAD: The head should be held erect. Look at the ears. Are they level? Is the head twisted or tilted to one side?|
|SHOULDERS: Stand behind the person being checked and put one hand on the tip of each shoulder to see if they are level|
|HIPS: The hips should be level. Put a hand on each hip bone so you can tell where they are.|
|NECK: The head should be balanced on the spine. Is it too far forward? Does the chin stick out? Are the shoulders rounded?|
|LOWER BACK: There may be asmall curve, but is the curve too deep? Does the abdomen stick out?|
|SHOES: Look at the bottom of the shoes. The pattern of wear should be the same on each shoe. Is one heel more worn that the other?||EVEN WEAR||UNEVEN WEAR||VERY UNEVEN WEAR|
|It is important that parents and children be aware of the spine’s growth, complete from head to hips.Proper development in the growing years will help maintain the function of the spine, spinal cord, discs and muscles. Developing habits which provide for exercise and awareness will help prevent spinal and spine related health problems in all persons.|
Download a printable version of the exercise and-posture scoresheet. | <urn:uuid:ed567ae7-3450-4fec-89e5-e701d17a1ccb> | CC-MAIN-2019-22 | http://www.bcchiro.com/back-health/health-tips/exercise-and-posture-score-sheet/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-22/segments/1558232257624.9/warc/CC-MAIN-20190524124534-20190524150534-00052.warc.gz | en | 0.88852 | 435 | 2.90625 | 3 |
During the Norwegian municipal and county council elections, representatives are elected to municipal and county councils across Norway. These elections are held every four years and the next election is due in 2019.The election day is not set by law; it is determined by the King in the Council of State ahead of each election. The election is traditionally held on the second Monday in September.
Who can vote?
For Norwegian citizens, the rules for the right to vote are more or less the same as for parliamentary elections. Specifically, voters must be 18 years of age by the end of the election year, they must not have lost the right to vote in line with Article 53 of The Constitution of the Kingdom of Norway and they must at some point have been registered in the Population Registry as resident in Norway.
Foreign citizens can also vote in the municipal and county council elections in Norway provided that they meet the above criteria and have been registered in the Population Register as resident in Norway for the last three years before the election day. Citizens from another Nordic country who have been registered in the Population Register as resident in Norway since at least 30 June in the election year also have the right to vote in the municipal and county council elections in Norway.
To vote, the voter must be included on a municipality's register of electors on the day of the election. This provision applies both to Norwegian citizens and foreign citizens.
Who can be elected?
To be elected as a representative of a municipal council or county council, the individual must be nominated on the list of candidates running for election. Norwegian citizenship is not required to be eligible for election to a Norwegian municipal and county council, but the individual must have been resident in Norway for at least three years. Individuals must also be registered as resident in the municipality or county for which they are running for election on the election day.
Individuals who have central administrative roles or occupy positions in the municipality or county are not eligible for election in the municipal or county council elections. | <urn:uuid:84b6b0ff-25c4-4a22-af87-67f57d5d2183> | CC-MAIN-2020-16 | https://www.valg.no/en/about-the-election/about-the-election/norwegian-municipal-and-county-council-elections/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-16/segments/1585370506477.26/warc/CC-MAIN-20200401223807-20200402013807-00331.warc.gz | en | 0.976696 | 399 | 3 | 3 |
- Find Trees & Tours
- Get Involved
By Elizabeth Davison, Founding Director, UA Campus Arboretum
The Boojum tree (Fouquieria columnaris) is one of the most bizarre-looking plants in the world. Shaped like spiny upside down carrots, they never fail to interest observers. Boojums are native to the Sonoran Desert on the west coast of Baja California, and one small area on the Sonora mainland near Puerto Libertad. Much of the information we know about their habits and ecology is described in a fascinating work by the late Dr. Robert Humphrey, "The Boojum and Its Home" (UA Press, 1974, now out of print). A member of the family Fouquieriaceae, boojums are related to Ocotillos. Their "wood" is soft and easily bruised, their epidermis is soft, and their leaves are transitory depending on water supply. In their natural habitat, rains are sporadic but coastal humidity is high. Growth occurs during cooler weather, when water (either winter rains or spring/fall fogs) is more plentiful. Although they can survive for years on little rainfall, relative humidity apparently plays a part in their successful germination and establishment. Flowers and seeds appear regularly in summer and fall.
Historical information, gathered by three Tucson citizens: Randall Holdridge, Jim Turner, and William Thornton, reveals the interesting, more than 70 year history of the specimens in the UA Campus Krutch Garden. The same year the University of Arizona was founded, 1891, Professor James Toumey began what was to become an extensive cactus collection. Eventually comprising over 600 specimens, the garden expanded to cover a 25,000 square ft area on the western side of Old Main, the University's first building. Toumey moved on to found the School of Forestry at Yale University and by 1929, then President Homer LeRoy Shantz authorized the cactus collection to be moved to a larger area on the east side of Old Main. The 1929 cactus garden expansion was a large scale undertaking, and it could not possibly have been accomplished by the simple transplantation of the western garden. It extended east from Old Main to a line extending north from Bear Down Gym's eastern wall (roughly Vine Avenue). It was divided into three components; two long rectangles of unequal length, separated by a smaller oval component located at what was then the intersection of Highland Avenue and E. Third Street (aka, University Boulevard), by that time, as now, unquestionably a divided parkway which encompassed the full length of all three cactus garden components, and forming what is today called the Mall (Ball, 1969). Significant to this historical survey, that oval middle component coincides with, and is in fact, what is today known as the Joseph Wood Krutch Garden, the integrity of its historic footprint unchanged since the 1929 cactus garden project was completed.
Included in the expansion, several boojums, ranging in size from 1 to 8 feet or taller, were installed into the middle component of the UA cactus collection (See Shantz Photo collection showing President Shantz's 1932 photographs of 8 boojums.) Godfrey Sykes, one of the early southwestern naturalists, collected these specimens on an official expedition for the Carnegie Desert Laboratory (formally joined with the University in 1923.) Sykes was also responsible for giving the plant the English common name, "Boojum", referencing a poem by Lewis Carroll, "The Hunting of the Snark". "Cirio" is the Spanish name - meaning candle or taper. Robert Humphreys documention of growth rates of Boojum on the Baja coast indicated that some boojums on the Baja coast put on less than an inch per year, depending on weather conditions. In 2006, the three remaining University of Arizona plants were 34, 26.5, and 22 ft tall, averaging about 3" of growth per year over their 70 year history. According to Robert Humphrey, mature plants heights can reach heights of 70-80 feet, suggesting the plants on the UA campus are adolescent.
William Thornton has created an inventory of Arizona's boojums. The UA's tallest plant is tied in height with one at the Ghost Ranch Lodge in Tucson. This branched specimen was measured at 33 feet tall in 2003. In 2015, William Thornton and Bill Peachy used a clinometer to measure the tree and recorded a height of 38.75 feet. They later confirmed a more precise height using a laser, of 38.43 feet. Thornton says one place to visit a large collection of boojum trees is at the San Diego Zoo's Wild Animal Park. Other specimens are at the Desert Botanical Garden in Phoenix, the Huntington Botanical Gardens and Rancho Santa Ana Botanical Gardens, both in the LA area. Now fully protected by the Mexican government, boojums are only available in the US if they've been nursery-grown. Although their selling price can be nearly $1000 per foot, in light of the recent interest, Tucson native plant nurseries have reported an increased interest in seedlings. | <urn:uuid:d3c60f09-40dc-4533-a093-5cc99f156a1f> | CC-MAIN-2017-09 | https://arboretum.arizona.edu/boojum | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-09/segments/1487501170741.49/warc/CC-MAIN-20170219104610-00282-ip-10-171-10-108.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.946159 | 1,052 | 2.84375 | 3 |
197 is nontrivially palindromic in base 6 and base 14.
197 is digitally balanced in base 2, because in such base it contains all the possibile digits an equal number of times.
197 is an esthetic number in base 14, because in such base its adjacent digits differ by 1.
It is a strong prime.
197 is a truncatable prime.
It is a cyclic number.
It is a Chen prime.
197 is a repfigit number.
It is an Ulam number.
197 is an undulating number in base 6 and base 14.
It is a plaindrome in base 9, base 11, base 12 and base 13.
It is a nialpdrome in base 15 and base 16.
It is a congruent number.
197 is the 8-th centered heptagonal number.
It is an amenable number.
197 is an equidigital number, since it uses as much as digits as its factorization.
197 is an evil number, because the sum of its binary digits is even.
The square root of 197 is about 14.0356688476. The cubic root of 197 is about 5.8186478675.
The spelling of 197 in words is "one hundred ninety-seven", and thus it is an aban number. | <urn:uuid:c1e0b157-bdbd-4a04-bf4a-9f6821edc516> | CC-MAIN-2019-22 | http://www.numbersaplenty.com/197 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-22/segments/1558232257731.70/warc/CC-MAIN-20190524184553-20190524210553-00140.warc.gz | en | 0.923924 | 286 | 2.78125 | 3 |
First edition of Bradford's map of the Republic of Texas, the first printed map of the Republic.
Bradford shows the location of a number of the early Mexican Land Grants, Indian Tribes, early roads and towns.
An essential map for Texas collectors, the first edition of the first reasonably obtainable separate map of the Republic of Texas.
Includes 2 pages of text.
Thomas Gamaliel Bradford (1802-1887) was an American geographic publisher. He hailed from Bradford, Massachusetts and began his publishing career by working for the America Encyclopedia. Then, he edited and republished the Atlas Designed to Illustrate the Abridgement of Universal Geography, Modern & Ancient, which had originally been offered in French by Adrian Balbi. In 1835, he published another atlas, A Comprehensive Atlas: Geographical, Historical & Commercial, and, in 1838, An Illustrated Atlas Geographical, Statistical and Historical of the United States and Adjacent Countries. His interests were primarily in educational publishing and he was one of the first mapmakers to show Texas as an independent country. | <urn:uuid:3ce431d4-7dce-40a9-8b00-8532b45d7a02> | CC-MAIN-2020-24 | https://www.raremaps.com/gallery/detail/64186/texas-republic-of-texas-bradford | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-24/segments/1590347409337.38/warc/CC-MAIN-20200530133926-20200530163926-00398.warc.gz | en | 0.943964 | 222 | 3.0625 | 3 |
Instant Physics: The Hot Cocoa Effect
The “Hot Cocoa Effect” is a curious phenomenon that you can use to make a fun, tasty, educational physics demonstration for your family this holiday season, using materials you probably already have around the house. The best part? Once you're done, you get to enjoy a tasty mug of hot cocoa!
Note: This physics experiment requires adult supervision
All You'll Need Is:
- A mug
- Instant cocoa mix
- A metal spoon
- Hot milk or hot water
What to Do
Pour some hot milk or hot water into the mug, making sure to leave room at the top for the cocoa mix. Lift your mug by the handle so that it doesn’t rest on a surface, put the spoon into the mug, and tap it a few times on the bottom, so everyone can hear what it sounds like. Now, add the cocoa mix and stir it in. Once you’ve given it a good stir, use the spoon to tap the bottom of the mug continuously as the swirling fluid slows to a stop. The pitch will be low initially, but will rise noticeably as you tap! By stirring the liquid again, you can lower the pitch once more and start the process over.
What's Going On?
The pitch that a mug of cocoa produces when it’s tapped depends on the shape of the container and the speed of sound in the cocoa. The shape of the container doesn’t change as you tap, so it must be the speed of sound that’s changing. In fact, the pitch of the tapping is proportional to the speed of sound in the cocoa, so the rising pitch shows that the speed of sound is increasing in the cocoa along with the pitch.
So, why does the speed of sound in cocoa change? It’s because of the bubbles. When you mix cocoa into water or milk, it creates a fine foam made of tiny bubbles on the surface. Vigorous stirring spreads the bubbles throughout the liquid. The bubbles are filled with air, of course, and sound travels much slower through air than through the liquid. Distributing the bubbles in the liquid means the mixture becomes much more compressible, or "springy", which makes the speed of sound lower. When you stop stirring, the bubbles rise to the surface, decreasing the amount of air that the sound of the tapping passes through and increasing the amount of liquid it passes through. As the bubbles float to the top, the speed of sound in the cocoa—along with the pitch produced by tapping—goes up!
Try scooping the layer of foam off the top of your mug before re-stirring it. What do you notice? | <urn:uuid:14c4e744-f924-47d8-8b07-831cd2ee476e> | CC-MAIN-2019-43 | http://physicscentral.com/experiment/physicsathome/hot-cocoa-effect.cfm | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-43/segments/1570986702077.71/warc/CC-MAIN-20191020024805-20191020052305-00284.warc.gz | en | 0.92836 | 560 | 3.65625 | 4 |
Researchers from Italy found that a naturally occurring agent in frog skin may inhibit multi-drug resistant bacterial strains associated with hospital-acquired infections.
Resistance to current antibiotic therapies is on the rise in both hospital and community settings. With some bacterial strains now resistant to every available drug, a return to the preantibiotic era in regard to such infections is cause for great concern. Researchers have identified antimicrobial peptides (AMPs) as one of the most promising candidates for future therapeutic use and they have found amphibian skin to be one of the richest sources of such AMPs.
Nosocomial infections are linked to various drug-resistant bacterial strains and are commonly acquired in a hospital setting as a secondary illness. In the study researchers tested five AMPs (temporins A, B, and G, esculentin 1b, and bombinin H2) from three different frog and toad species (Rana temporaria, Rana esculenta, and Bombina variegata) for antibacterial activity against multi-drug resistant strains often associated with human nosocomial infections. Initial results showed that all the peptides acted as antibacterial agents against the species tested. Further studies found that the temporins were more active against gram-positive bacteria; esculentin 1b produced an antibacterial response within 2 to 20 minutes of exposure, and bombinin H2 displayed similar activity toward all bacterial isolates.
“This peptide is an attractive molecule for use in the development of new compounds for the treatment of infectious diseases,” say the researchers.
Reference: M.L. Mangoni, G. Maisetta, M.D. Luca, L.M.H. Gaddi, S. Esin, W. Florio, F.L. Brancatisano, D. Barra, M. Campa, G. Batoni. 2008. Comparative analysis of the bactericidal activities of amphibian peptide analogues against multi-drug-resistant nosocomial bacterial strains. Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy, 52. 1: 85-91.
Cite This Page: | <urn:uuid:8571293a-004b-4d71-a371-105cc4c3fe06> | CC-MAIN-2016-40 | https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2008/01/080122102502.htm | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-40/segments/1474738661780.47/warc/CC-MAIN-20160924173741-00212-ip-10-143-35-109.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.905422 | 440 | 2.890625 | 3 |
Prostate cancer: deadly but defeatable
McHenry County State’s Attorney Lou Bianchi vividly remembers the day he was diagnosed with prostate cancer.
It was eight years ago – and just four days after he had announced his candidacy to be the county’s top prosecutor. He withdrew from the race, not knowing whether he would survive.
“Your first thought is that you aren’t going to live as long,” Bianchi, 69, said. “Most people fear that ‘c’ word. As the shock wears off a little bit, you have to understand that you have to look at the alternatives and see what options are out there.”
Because the cancer was detected early, Bianchi learned, his survival rate was high if his prostate was removed. He had the surgery and was declared cancer-free months later.
“It’s all about early detection,” Bianchi said. “I will never forget what the doctor said to me after the surgery, ‘Your report is to get back in the race.’ I went back to work and resumed my campaign.”
Bianchi is one of tens of thousands of men each year diagnosed with prostate cancer, the most common cancer in American men other than skin cancer, according to the American Cancer Society. But emphasis placed on early detection and swift treatments have many experts confident they can keep the disease in check.
BY THE NUMBERS
More than 240,000 new cases of prostate cancer were diagnosed in 2012, according to the cancer society, and more than 28,000 died last year. It is the second-leading cause of cancer deaths in American men, behind lung cancer.
One in six men will be diagnosed with the disease in his lifetime; two-thirds of those diagnosed are 65 or older. The average age of diagnosis is 67 years old. Prostate cancer is rare in men younger than 40.
Survival rates vary based on how far the cancer has progressed when diagnosed.
In the local stage or regional stage, when the cancer has not spread beyond the prostate or has spread only to nearby areas, the five-year survival rate is nearly 100 percent, according to the National Cancer Institute.
Prostate cancer diagnosed in the distant stage – having spread to lymph nodes, bones or others organs – has a five-year survival rate of 29 percent.
A LOSING BATTLE
Christopher Ducey lost a more than five-year battle with prostate cancer in October.
The McHenry resident had three key loves in his life – a wife, a daughter and a 1954 Ford Crestline convertible. When it came to visiting the doctor, it was something the 68-year-old avoided unless necessary.
His daughter, Jacki Ducey, said she believes doctors may have been able to stop her father’s cancer from spreading to his bones if he had not waited to be tested until symptoms became visible.
Early prostate cancer usually causes no symptoms. Advanced prostate cancer symptoms include trouble urinating, more frequent urination, blood in the urine, weakening of legs or feet, or loss of bladder control.
“He just thought age was creeping up on him, and then it got to be too much,” Jacki Ducey said. “It was hard because as a family, we could support him, but couldn’t help him in any other way. I wish I could have fixed it, but you just feel powerless.”
The once-strong man slowly began to deteriorate after years of chemotherapy and participation in clinical trials.
“It was very hard,” said Verlene Ducey, his wife. “I would try to keep his spirits up, always hoping that something would come along to help.”
The average man should start discussing screenings about age 50, and men with family members who have had prostate cancer and African-American men should start between the ages of 40 to 45, the cancer society advises.
Screening typically consists of a prostate-specific antigen test, which measures the blood level of PSA, a protein produced in the prostate gland. There also are rectal exams and biopsies, depending on test results.
Data released last year by the U.S. Preventative Services Task Force suggest that potential harm of PSA screening of healthy men outweighs the potential to save lives, and recommends eliminating the test in healthy men.
Some physicians vehemently disagree.
“The worst thing we could do as a health care system for these men is to ignore it, and wait until a guy comes in with symptoms,” said Dr. Brian Keuer, a urologist at Comprehensive Urologic Care, which has offices in Lake Barrington and Crystal Lake. “That will take us back 20 or 30 years, and we won’t have a lot of successful treatment options to offer these men.”
Early testing can detect lower-level prostate cancer that may not affect the patient and allow professionals to monitor the disease over time.
“Everyone thinks prostate cancer is slow-growing, but that isn’t always the case,” said Dr. David Goldrath, a urologist at Comprehensive Urologic Care. “Once you know you have cancer, you need to get it taken care of relatively quickly so it doesn’t progress.”
FIGHTING THE GOOD FIGHT
Carl Smith began being regularly tested for prostate cancer more than 10 years ago.
The 60-year-old’s PSA levels consistently tested low until December 2011, when they skyrocketed. He had prostate cancer, and his prostate was surgically removed a month later. The McHenry resident has been cancer-free since.
“When you are told you have cancer, your initial response is shock,” Smith said. “But I knew this was something I could handle. I accepted it.”
Treatment ranges from removal of the prostate, to radiation or other therapies, with each with the potential to cause problems such as erectile dysfunction, impotence, urinary incontinence or bowel damage.
Left untreated, the disease can progress rapidly.
“We tailor treatment based on pathology reports and the patients’ age and health conditions,” Goldrath said. “Each person is different. Recovery is remarkably faster now.”
“The advancements are so great that the side effects are minimized,” Keuer said. “In general, the treatments have never been better than they are now.” | <urn:uuid:06df4cb5-160f-46a0-a007-9448ccb9125a> | CC-MAIN-2013-48 | http://nwherald.com/2013/01/09/prostate-cancer-deadly-but-defeatable/av5mz6h/?__xsl=/print.xsl | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2013-48/segments/1386163051476/warc/CC-MAIN-20131204131731-00005-ip-10-33-133-15.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.97761 | 1,367 | 2.5625 | 3 |
Outdoor play without climbers
We try to use natural loose parts and recycles materials, Outdoor games.
Simple games that they play in third World countries.
Research study in nature based programs
EXCERPT FROM OUTDOOR PLAY
Play is the children’s first method of engaging with the World and other people. Increasingly studies on child development are demonstrating that open-ended, self directed play is vitally important for children’s well being and development.
Before the start of companies making playground equipment, outdoor toys or gadgets, children creatively made their own fun with simple, cheap everyday materials, re-purposed for play, such as sticks, stones, water, leaves, soil, sand etc. or recycled materials like cardboard boxes, ropes, fabric, lengths of pipe or milk crates etc. It could even include conceptual inspiration for play such as stories and ideas.
The great thing about using the cheap recycled “stuff” is that it doesn’t come with instructions or a set of directions, or a “right way” to use it. It is all up to the child’s imagination. The playground becomes rich with possibilities for play as children can decide to transform a cardboard box into a castle, or a lion’s cage, all in one afternoon. | <urn:uuid:2b0037d5-5e27-4534-81c3-5807b7dbbc98> | CC-MAIN-2021-04 | https://www.workshopsonearlylearning.ca/product/8-outdoor-play/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-04/segments/1610704795033.65/warc/CC-MAIN-20210126011645-20210126041645-00405.warc.gz | en | 0.952639 | 269 | 3.5 | 4 |
On August 23, 1923 the Ku Klux Klan chose to have a march and rally in Carnegie Pennsylvania, a town that borders the Western side of the City of Pittsburgh. The new imperial wizard of the KKK, Hiram Wesley Evans had come from Texas for the rally and march. The Klan members gathered on a hill in Scott Township that overlooked Carnegie Borough, they initiated 1,000 new members and burned a very large cross.
Why Carnegie? Why Western Pennsylvania?
The steel industry and other industries needed workers, immigrants were settling throughout the region, as were African-Americans who fled from the South and a large number of Catholics were also among the immigrants. The Klan sought out “ordinary white Protestants and felt that the rise of immigrants, African- Americans and Catholics was a threat to them. Allegheny County, where Carnegie is located had a huge rise in Klan “Klaverns” a growth that continued to 1925 when there were thirty-three Klan Klaverns in Allegheny County alone, most of the surrounding counties in Western Pennsylvania had ten or less. (1) Carnegie itself had a very large immigrant population that were Catholic for the most part.
The Klan preferred to have marches and rallies at night, when it was easier to disguise their identity, hide any weapons they may be carrying and be more of a spectacle, disturbing the peace of the night. The rallies would contain fiery speeches and bands playing military style songs.
When the Klansmen reached the border of Carnegie Borough, a borough burgess John F. Conley, himself and Irish Catholic, met them and told the marchers that they had no permission to enter the town. Evans told the gathered Klansmen they were not welcome, but the marchers chose to continue the march. Carnegie Borough lacked a formal permit process for a parade, so the town had no legal standing to stop the Klan from marching.
In the planning for the march, the Klan worked with the Carnegie Police Chief, Christ Kiesling who was a Klan member to assure their ability to march. The police chief met with members of the local Klan at the Klan office in Pittsburgh. The plan was that Chief Kiesling would stop the marchers when they entered Carnegie, giving the parade marshal a chance to grandstand and state, “This is a free town, and we are going to march here anyway.” The Klan in their preparations for the march advised their members to bring weapons with them.
Before the march had even started, local constable Ira Irving arrested ten Klan guards who were carrying loaded weapons while they were directing parking for other Klan members. The Police chief was ordered by Burgess Conley to notify the Allegheny County Sheriff and County detectives know about the march and the possibility of violence, Police Chief Kiesling did follow through on Conley’s order and sheriff’s deputies were sent to the area. (1)
The Klansmen had planned to march into Carnegie over a railroad trestle that crossed Chartiers Creek, but found the trestle to be blocked. When the marchers reached the Glendale Bridge they found that a truck was blocking the bridge. The marchers pushed the truck out of the way and continued marching. When the truck was moved out of the way, the marchers remained at a stand still. They faced a crowd that was there to resist letting the Klan continue their march, for nearly a half hour the groups pushed, shouted and threw items at each other.
John Dillon, the Chief Deputy Sheriff of Allegheny County was in Carnegie after receiving the call for assistance. Dillon had received word that two of his motorcycle deputies were injured in the stand off between the groups. Dillon responded along with other deputies. Dillon climbed on top of a car and told the Klan members to disperse in order to preserve the peace, while of the marchers did honor the Sheriff’s wishes, many more chose to continue, refusing to disperse. The deputies, some police officers and citizens helped to get the opposing crowds separated. When a Klan official tried to address the Klan members from the vehicle leading the march, he was assaulted with items thrown at him, the car was vandalized and the glowing KKK letters were ripped from the vehicle. The Klansmen chose to continue marching into the borough.
The Klansmen, singing “Onward Christian Soldiers” pushed through the crowd blocking them with a great deal of force. Chief Deputy Dillon was nearly pushed off of the bridge and others were trampled as the marchers continued. Bricks and stones began to fly at the the Klansmen, Townspeople began to arrive with clubs. A large battle began to rage on West Main Street, reports say that gunshots were heard several times. Constable Ira Irving arrived to try to help the Sheriff’s deputies, he rode to the front of the crowd trying to clear the streets to avoid any further violence. As the Klan marchers reached the center of town, shots could be heard from every direction, both sides were firing guns at this point.
Just after midnight on August 26, shots could be heard near Main Street, some of the Townspeople who assumed they were being shot at by the Klan members returned fire. One Klansman, Thomas Rankin Abbott of Atlasburg, Pennsylvania laid dead at the intersection of Third and Main Street. Some of the other Klansmen carried Abbot to a nearby doctor’s office, but there was no chance of revival. The crowds began to dissipate Most of the Klansmen retreated across the Glendale Bridge where they were met by cars to take them back to the farm where they rallied. Sheriff’s deputies and Police Reserve officers from the City of Pittsburgh arrived to help restore order. Many Klansmen and citizens of Carnegie were injured in the conflict. One local man and another Klansman had received gun shot wounds, they both survived. County detectives were only able to get statements from the severely injured that had been transported to hospitals.
Due to a code of silence among the Klan members, no Klan members were arrested, however many local citizens were arrested for inciting a riot. Following a lead from the a Carnegie citizen Harry Albright, an arrest was made in the murder of Abbott. Albright told detectives that he saw a popular local undertaker named Paddy McDermott fire the shots that killed. McDermott was charged with murder. Albright had been marching with the Klansmen and several of the other witnesses that appeared identified McDermott, many of these witnesses were also Klan members. Several other witnesses appeared stating that multiple Klan members had also fired weapons in the street in Carnegie. A Coroner’s inquest jury could not find reason to continue formal homicide charges against McDermott. After McDermott’s release, Klan members arranged a $2,500 reward for evidence connecting McDermott to Abbott’s murder.
The Klan used Abbott as a Martyr for their cause and as a recruiting tool. They portrayed themselves as victims of “The Mob of Carnegie.” The reports in the Klan’s newsletters blamed the crimes and violence on Irish hooligans and the town councilman Conley and Chief Deputy Dillon were partly responsible because they were Catholics. No Klansmen were ever charged with a crime from the Carnegie incident, the Carnegie citizens that were charged were found guilty.
Craig, John M. “”THERE IS HELL GOING ON UP THERE”: THE CARNEGIE KLAN RIOT OF 1923.” Pennsylvania History: A Journal of Mid-Atlantic Studies 72, no. 3 (2005): 322-46. http://www.jstor.org/stable/27778683. | <urn:uuid:d9984208-1bb6-451b-856a-615681e9a379> | CC-MAIN-2021-17 | https://magicalhistory.blog/2019/08/21/carnegie-pa-and-the-ku-klux-klan/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-17/segments/1618038089289.45/warc/CC-MAIN-20210416191341-20210416221341-00411.warc.gz | en | 0.984812 | 1,574 | 3.75 | 4 |
When using integers with decimal places in our web applications we often want to change the format of them to display them better in our user interfaces.
There many different use cases for this. I’ve comes across this frequently when dealing with data visualization, where I want to display whole numbers on our graphs axes.
Math.round()to round to the nearest integer.
parseInt()to parse to the nearest whole number.
Math.trunc()to completely strip the decimal.
toFixed()to remove a certain amount of decimals.
To demonstrate, let’s have a variable with a decimal number like so:
const decimal = 5.67567;
Math.trunc() will remove any fractional digits:
const removedDecimal = Math.trunc(decimal); // returns 5
This is the easiest way to outright strip the integer of its decimals.
Without a second parameter,
parseInt() will round up the number for us:
const removedDecimal = parseInt(decimal); // returns 5
Please note, if looking for performance this is the slowest method.
As hinted in the name,
Math.round() will return a number rounded up to the nearest integer.
const removedDecimal = Math.round(decimal); // returns 5
toFixed() comes in handy when we want to remove only some of the decimal places:
decimal.toFixed(); // return 6 decimal.toFixed(2) // returns 5.68 decimal.toFixed(1) // return 5.7
And there we have it, removing decimals comes into play more than you might think. Thankfully, we can see that there are many different approaches to solve it. | <urn:uuid:d32018a3-8179-4dee-8da7-9c4fcb95a846> | CC-MAIN-2022-21 | https://www.jsdiaries.com/how-to-remove-decimal-places-in-javascript/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-21/segments/1652662534773.36/warc/CC-MAIN-20220521014358-20220521044358-00480.warc.gz | en | 0.653108 | 425 | 3.0625 | 3 |
Many adults see time-out as a valuable non-violent method of disciplining misbehaving children. Although this is a common view, it is a misguided one.
Time-out can foster hostility, resentment, and even defiance in a child. Children’s behavior that adults consider “bad” is really evidence of some problem the child is experiencing. Instead of banishing the child to time-out, adults should look for the reasons behind children’s inappropriate behavior and use positive strategies to remedy problems.
Early childhood specialist Dr. Maxine Edwards Cornwell has the following to say about time-out:
Many caregivers use the time-out chair today as a non-violent method of disciplining misbehaving children. It has replaced the dunce cap in the corner and the nose in the circle on the blackboard as a generally accepted way of getting children to think about their behavior.
The fact is that the time-out chair is effective in buying some quiet time for a caregiver. That’s about all it does positively. Negatively, it makes children acutely aware of who the “bad kids” are (they’re always in The Chair). Children do not sit there and think about what they did or what they should have or should not have done. If they think about themselves at all, it’s with an “I’m bad; they don’t like me and I don’t like them either so there” attitude.
A better choice is removal from the scene of the battle to spend a few minutes with a caregiver who can lovingly discuss the problem with the child. This does not isolate children or label them “bad” but serves a better purpose—teaching children to get along with each other. We do not learn to get along with each other in the time-out chair.
If you have used time-out as a method of discipline, consider how effective this strategy has been. How often is the same child sent to time-out? Has time-out boosted children’s self-esteem? Made children more cooperative? Resulted in positive changes in children’s behavior? Chances are your answers to these questions do not support the continued use of this technique.
If you ever feel absolutely compelled to send a child to time-out, consider this a red flag. Find positive ways to help this child so that you will never have to resort to using time-out a second time for this child.
Please let us know how we can be of additional assistance! Call us: 1-800-685-7610, Monday through Friday, 9–5 ET, or email us days, evenings, and weekends: [email protected]. We’re here to help! | <urn:uuid:c100ec9d-2ea3-4f1d-9f41-7fbcd0741212> | CC-MAIN-2020-50 | https://blog.carecourses.com/2020/09/01/example-post/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-50/segments/1606141715252.96/warc/CC-MAIN-20201202175113-20201202205113-00210.warc.gz | en | 0.957623 | 581 | 2.625 | 3 |
John Rennie believes in inclusive education. Our Resource Department consists of teachers, a special education technician, and integration aides. We also enlist the assistance of peer tutors when possible. We all work diligently to try to ensure student success, both academically and socially. The Resource Department coordinates the placement, programs, and evaluation of students who have special needs within the context of the regular program. We also coordinate work- study placements for our special needs students.
Support services may be provided both in class and in small group settings. In addition to academic support and modified curriculum, we develop life skills and social skills. Students who receive support could include those with diagnosed learning, emotional, and/or behavioural difficulties, as well as those who have intellectual or physical challenges. Individual Educational Plans (IEPs) are created in collaboration with a team of the student’s teachers, parents, student, and other support professionals as needed. Other students who are feeling overwhelmed and struggling may also be referred to resource for assistance.
The Planning Room is a special area designed to help students create better communication skills with both staff and peers. Administrators may decide to send students to the Planning Room in the following situations:
A student is consistently rude and discourteous to staff or students in the class.
A student’s behaviour is disrupting the learning environment of the class.
A student���s behaviour is affecting his/her own learning environment in the course of the day or during a particular class.
The Planning Room is staffed by a behaviour technician, who will help the student to evaluate his/her behaviour and develop a positive plan of action for success in the classroom. Students who are sent to the Planning Room may be sent for a particular class, or for a short period of days, depending on the amount of difficulty the student is having. Although the Planning Room is not used for resolving academic difficulties, the student will also be completing the work from the classes that he/she is missing during the time spent in the Planning Room. | <urn:uuid:05f95638-7af1-4ecb-9dd3-924f25215793> | CC-MAIN-2024-10 | http://johnrennie.lbpsb.qc.ca/resource.htm | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2024-10/segments/1707947474744.31/warc/CC-MAIN-20240228175828-20240228205828-00174.warc.gz | en | 0.95601 | 412 | 2.796875 | 3 |
OneNote 2013 For Dummies
A quick guide to using Microsoft OneNote on tablets, online, or on your desktop
OneNote is the note-taking-and-sharing application that's part of Microsoft Office. It lets you create notes by hand, as audio, or by clipping items from other electronic formats to create a file that can be indexed and searched. With the release of Office 2013, OneNote has been integrated with Windows 8-powered tablet platforms and offers advanced mobile-enhanced features. This guide includes all the basic information, guidance, and insight you need to take full advantage of everything OneNote can do for you.
- OneNote is the Microsoft Office note-taking application that lets you make notes and clip items from electronic media to create a searchable file
- This friendly, plain-English guide shows you how to use OneNote online, on your desktop PC, or on your Windows-powered tablet
- Helps you take advantage of this highly useful and often-overlooked application
OneNote 2013 For Dummies gets you up and running with OneNote quickly and easily. | <urn:uuid:86d8cb09-f715-464e-bbc7-cad3923187b2> | CC-MAIN-2015-11 | http://www.dummies.com/store/product/OneNote-2013-For-Dummies.productCd-1118550560,navId-322472.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2015-11/segments/1424936461216.38/warc/CC-MAIN-20150226074101-00285-ip-10-28-5-156.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.901941 | 225 | 2.5625 | 3 |
The witness sat, surrounded by powerful men in business suits, bracing for interrogation. The Anthracite Coal Strike Commission of 1902 was taking testimony. The witness would be questioned about his role. His name was Andrew Chippie. He was eight years old.
The boy explained to the commission how, after the strike, coal company owner John Markle cancelled the day-to-day leases of miners‘ families. Markle summarily evicted Chippie’s family, although the local sheriff argued for more time. Andrew Chippie recounted how his expelled family gathered its meager possessions from a pile on the sidewalk to trudge many miles to a relative’s home for shelter. During the rainy slog, Chippie’s bedridden grandmother collapsed. The small boy described desperate efforts to revive her. She died.
As Chippie spoke, the facial expressions in the room of the strike commissioners, spectators and press, changed. Seated near the boy, in a room full of powerful people, was John Markle himself, a billionaire in today’s numbers. As the anguish of Chippie’s story took hold, people began to glare at Markle. Their expressions said: “You did that to him?!”
Markle looked nervously around, sensing that the mood changed. Not only the mood changed. So did American history.
You won’t find Andrew Chippie’s name anywhere in history textbooks. A Google search will reveal nothing. I read about him in a photo exhibit at the Pennsylvania Anthracite Heritage Museum in Scranton, PA. But nevertheless, the boy changed history. Andrew Chippie and his family stood as the America worker in microcosm.
Tycoons or tyrants?
During the Gilded Age, corporate titans like John Markle, JP Morgan and Andrew Carnegie were hailed as “captains of industry.” In that narrative, such entrepreneurs built America. Free-wheeling capitalists used American freedoms to create empires, bringing more and better products to everyone while employing thousands. The Morgans and the Rockefellers were the heroes, admired by all. Literature celebrated their achievements. “From rags to riches” was the theme.
But Andrew Chippie, his evicted family and his grandmother dying in the mud, were incompatible with that. America changed. Thanks to muckraker journalism and the exposure of corporate wrong-doing, the “captains of industry” of the previous era were losing their exalted status, morphing into villains who exploited poor immigrants, women and children. Some saw them as greedy vampires sucking the lifeblood out of the middle class, building empires upon unspeakable cruelties.
It’s a fascinating paradox: How can someone be a hero in one age and then a villain in the next? Interpretations, the stories we tell ourselves, wax and wane. Society’s values change. Vincent Van Gogh’s paintings were nearly worthless in the 1880s. His only sales were pity purchases by his brother Theo. But a century later, a Van Gogh is worth tens of millions of dollars. Worthless in one century, priceless in the next. History is analogous.
Who any society holds up to be admired or vilified tells us much. Gilded Age titans were revered with their vast (and tax-free) fortunes, but as the the societal downsides and costs became common experiences, their legacy was clouded. So the Gilded Age became the Progressive Era.
Then, early in the 1900s, politicians such as Teddy Roosevelt were the heroes. But once the horror of World War I’s “trench warfare” unfolded, the politicians who created that war went onto history’s junk pile. Political “do-gooders” such as President Woodrow Wilson fell out of public favor. And who did Americans revere in the Roaring 20s? Sports greats like Babe Ruth and Jack Dempsey, movies stars like Charlie Chaplin and Greta Garbo, and daredevils like Charles Lindbergh. Americans just wanted to party, and it showed in their heroes.
A coal miner’s picture is worth a thousand words
I tell Andrew Chippie’s story also because it’s a great opportunity for history teachers of all levels. If you’re not a teacher, you may want to skip ahead to the final section.
I call the assignment Pick A Picture. Assign your students any historical period. Tell them to select one photograph that best explains life in America at that time. Then write a four-page history paper explaining how that specific photo opens windows of understanding about all of America at that time.
A 1000-word documented paper is due in ten days. Students must scour images, design and defend a historical thesis, accumulate facts and claims to sustain it, while anticipating counter-claims. On the due date, class circles up. With their papers, give each student a chance to explain and defend their selection. There should be a lot of stimulating back-and-forth.
Potential subject matter is infinite
Students will learn to design and defend a thesis. They will gain sophistication and be taken intellectually seriously. From that they gain confidence. Teachers can expand the oral part of this project too. Have students save their images digitally, then invite them to the front to sustain their case using the computer projector and screen. They become more powerful people by learning to think on their feet.
The potential subject matter is infinite. Students get to read, write and think at their own levels. They’ll develop their own philosophies of history and understand social change over time. They’ll research, organize and present information, and gain confidence in the process. Collect the photos for a bulletin board. Reproduce them in magazine form for publication within the school.
It works with any period of history. Imagine a photo of jubilant blacks and perplexed whites the moment the OJ Simpson verdict was announced in 1995. That moment tells volumes about the complex state of race relations. It’s a worthy line of inquiry.
After this project, you may be pleased to see students debating history at the lunch table.
A question worth asking
For my activity, I would select a photo of anonymous little Andrew Chippie, whose story, in the aggregate, changed the relation of labor to capital. Repeated in different forms early in the century, it altered the priorities of American government from laissez-faire to active regulation in the public interest. The labor movement, previously rejected as the germ of dangerous European communism, gained acceptance. Union recognition and collective bargaining rights changed the nation’s economic structure.
It’s worth asking, who are our heroes? Who do we admire and why? What does that tell us about our society?
If this post sparked you to think about history and connect it to the present, please share. History is all around us all the time. | <urn:uuid:7dd55ff5-f8d6-4bea-aeb9-0ef0e666d379> | CC-MAIN-2022-27 | http://historydr.com/1902-coal-strike-helps-interpret-history/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-27/segments/1656104189587.61/warc/CC-MAIN-20220702162147-20220702192147-00595.warc.gz | en | 0.96012 | 1,462 | 2.5625 | 3 |
Gingivitis is a form of gum disease that causes inflammation of the gingiva, the gum that surrounds the base of the teeth. While it’s a mild form of gum disease, it can progress to periodontitis (a more serious dental condition) if left untreated. Let’s take a closer look at what causes gingivitis, how to prevent it, and the symptoms to look for.
The symptoms of gingivitis
If you experience any of the following symptoms, schedule an appointment with your Fort McMurray dental clinic right away. The sooner your dentist can confirm whether it’s gingivitis or another dental condition, the sooner you can receive the right treatment and prevent other issues from arising.
- Swollen and irritated gums
- Tender and dark red gums (healthy gums are firm and pale pink)
- Gums that bleed easily when brushing or flossing
- Bad breath
- Receding gums
What causes gingivitis?
Gingivitis happens when there is an excess buildup of plaque on the teeth and gums, a sticky substance that contains bacteria. Plaque forms when the normal bacteria in the mouth interact with the starches and sugar in food. The bacteria in the plaque contains toxins that can irritate the gums which, over time, leads to the gums becoming inflamed.
The buildup of plaque then hardens into tartar, which is more difficult to remove. When the plaque and tartar remain on your teeth, they irritate the gingiva, causing inflammation. Although anyone can get gingivitis, there are some factors that increase your risk, including:
- Poor dental hygiene
- Smoking or chewing tobacco
- Poor nutrition
- Hormonal changes
- Misaligned teeth
- Older age
- Dry mouth
- Medical conditions that decrease immunity
What happens when gingivitis is left untreated?
Untreated gingivitis can lead to the progression of the periodontitis, a more serious form of gum disease that can cause tooth loss, receding gums, loose teeth, and loss of jawbone which affects the facial structure. Additionally, there are some studies that have linked periodontitis to other medical issues, as its thought that the bacteria can enter the bloodstream through the gum tissue and contribute to heart disease, respiratory issues, stroke, rheumatoid arthritis, among others. Although more research needs to be done on this, it highlights the importance of why gingivitis symptoms should never be ignored.
The treatment and prevention of gingivitis
When you visit your Fort McMurray dental clinic, your dental team will remove the buildup of plaque and tartar that is causing the gingivitis. When plaque has hardened into tartar, it requires professional treatment to remove. Your hygienist will then apply a fluoride treatment that helps prevent tooth decay. Your dentist will look for cavities or signs of complications and recommend the right treatment plan if necessary.
Good oral hygiene is key to preventing gingivitis and removing plaque. Be sure to:
- Brush your teeth daily in the morning and before bed
- Use fluoride toothpaste
- Floss at least once a day
- See your dentist regularly for cleaning and checkups
- Eat a well-balanced diet
- Limit sugary and starchy foods | <urn:uuid:32a4a0e4-d87f-4cc2-8b5d-716cd296750c> | CC-MAIN-2023-23 | https://fortmcmurraysmiles.com/blog/gingivitis-symptoms-treatment-and-prevention-explained/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-23/segments/1685224643388.45/warc/CC-MAIN-20230527223515-20230528013515-00107.warc.gz | en | 0.906119 | 698 | 3.59375 | 4 |
The world wide web has turned our presence upside down. It’s revolutionized communications, to the extent it is now our favorite medium of routine communication. In virtually everything we down utilize the world wide web. Prior to the world wide web, in the event that you wished to keep up with the information, you had to walk to the newsstand if it started in the morning and purchase a local version reporting what had occurred the last day.
But now a click or some is sufficient to read the regional newspaper and some other news source from any place in the world, updated around the moment. The web itself was changed. In its first days that from a historical standpoint are still comparatively recent it turned out to be a static system built to shuttle a little cargo of bytes or a brief message between some.
Terminals it was a repository of data where material was printed and preserved exclusively by expert coders. These days, however, immense amounts of data are downloaded and uploaded within this digital leviathan, and the material is quite much our own, for today we’re commentators, publishers, and founders.
From the Internet enlarged in scope to encompass the IT capacities of universities and study facilities, and, in the future public entities, associations, and private businesses from all over the world. The Internet underwent massive expansion it wasn’t any more a state controlled job, but the biggest computer system in the world, including more than 50,000 sub networks, some million programs, and million consumers.
The development of web in the first decade of this nineteenth century has been it self a revolution at the brief history of the world wide web, boosting the growth of social networking and other interactive, crowd based communicating resources.
The web was no more worried about information trade alone it was a sophisticated multi disciplinary tool allowing people to make content, communicate together, as well as escape reality. These days, we can send information from some end of this world to another in a matter of moments, create online presentations, reside in parallel game worlds, and use images, video, audio, and text to talk about our actual lives, our real individuality. Personal stories go people neighborhood issues become international.
Communication Opportunities Created Online
The development of the world wide web has ignited a debate about how internet communication influences social relationships. The world wide web is the instrument we use to socialize together, and consequently introduces fresh challenges to privacy and safety.
Information technology have wrought fundamental change through society, forcing it forward in the industrial era to the networked age. On the planet, international data networks are critical infrastructure but in what ways has that altered human connections.
Though analogue tools still have their place in certain industries, new technology are continuing to gain ground daily, altering our communication methods and chances especially among younger individuals. The world wide web has eliminated all communication hurdles.
On the web, the traditional constraints of time and space disappear and there’s broad assortment of possible possibilities. The effect of social networking applications has triggered debate of their new communicating democracy.
The maturation of the online now has been shaped predominantly by instantaneous, cellular communications. Comprehensive Internet connectivity through tablets and smartphones is contributing to an increasingly portable fact we aren’t connected to any single unique device, and that which is from the cloud.
Education And The Internet
Individuals no longer spend hours looking at a monitor after work or course rather they use their mobile devices to remain online anywhere, all of the time. Anyone failing to stay abreast of the radical shift is missing out on a chance.
The world wide web is now embedded in every part of our daily own lives, altering the way we interact with other people. This penetration struck me once i started out from the sphere of social networking. I could see that social websites were on the brink of changing our approach to communication, enabling us to share data by opening a new channel which cuts across traditional ones.
That very first try didn’t work out, but i heard in the experience. I get the impression that in most nations failure is punished too harshly but the truth is the only surefire method of preventing failure would be to do nothing in any way.
From the beginning, the thought was to keep it easy, applicable, and personal. That is the secret to its success. Social networking allow you to share experiences and advice they get folks and thoughts connected immediately, without frontiers.
Camaraderie, friendship and solidarity societal phenomena which have been in existence for as long as humankind itself have now been freed in the traditional restrictions of time and space and can now flourish in a rich variety of means. | <urn:uuid:f6dad4a8-01d4-4882-92f3-e392d1f2319d> | CC-MAIN-2020-34 | http://www.kew-associates.com/author/haiky/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-34/segments/1596439735989.10/warc/CC-MAIN-20200805212258-20200806002258-00182.warc.gz | en | 0.950838 | 944 | 2.921875 | 3 |
Types of Healthy Settings
The Healthy Homes programmes are not as well-established as other Healthy Settings approaches. While WHO is supporting the development of healthy living environments and minimization of indoor health hazards, Healthy Homes programmes are often mentioned as part of broader Healthy Cities initiatives or other health promotion agendas rather than specifically being referred to.
The WHO Region of the Americas has published guidance on minimizing the risk from some household hazards. Conferences occurring in the WHO European and African Regions note Healthy Housing or Healthy Home working groups making recommendations for the focus of future efforts. Most notes call for more research into correlations between housing and public health as well as increased community awareness of the importance of healthy living spaces.
In EURO, evidence reviews, policy support and implementation recommendations have been made in the area of neighbourhood design, thermal comfort/excess winter deaths, domestic injuries, and housing regulations / building codes. A programme on the development of Local Housing and Health Action Plans will provide a basic methodology for the use of local authorities to assess the housing and health priorities within their cities.
Examples of implementation
Twenty-two countries in the WHO Regions of the Americas have Healthy Housing initiatives with constituted or in-progress national networks to promote the sharing of best practices or information regarding implementation and evaluation in any of the regions.
- WHO African Region - The Windhoek Healthy Cities Workshop
- WHO Region of the Americas - Healthy Homes Manual
- WHO Region of the Americas - Bulletin, Healthy Housing (2005)
- EURO WHO
- WHO Region of the Americas - Health in Housing Programme
- WHO Region of the Americas - Health in Housing List
- WHO Region of the Americas - Regional Initiative Programmatic Guide
- EURO WHO LARES Network | <urn:uuid:132e0033-d5ea-455a-97b3-a97781236485> | CC-MAIN-2016-07 | http://who.int/healthy_settings/types/homes/en/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-07/segments/1454701161718.0/warc/CC-MAIN-20160205193921-00315-ip-10-236-182-209.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.927243 | 348 | 3.21875 | 3 |
Luchar, Spanish for “to fight”, doesn’t sound like its cousin reluctant – although of course everyone is reluctant to fight. But the relationship is closer than it seems.
Reluctant comes from the Latin roots re- (“against”) and luctari (“to fight”). Reluctance is to fight against what should be done — literally.
From luctari, we also get the Spanish for exactly the same, “to fight.”
But they don’t sound similar. How did luchar evolve?
Interestingly, in most Latin words that had a -ct- sound, this -ct- sound evolved into -ch- as Latin evolved into Spanish. Think about night/noche and eight/octagon. The same pattern explains luctari turning into luchar.
We see this relationship clearly with the l-ct to l-ch mapping between the two.
The Spanish hongo, for “mushroom,” doesn’t sound anything like its English counterpart “mushroom.” But it does come from the Latin fungus from which we get the English synonym for mushroom… fungus.
The relation between hongo and fungus is easy to remember if we remember that, as Latin evolved into Spanish, the initial f- (followed by a vowel) usually transformed into an h-. Thus, the f-n-g for fungus maps exactly to the h-n-g of hongo.
The Spanish for “horn”, cuerno (and its variations, like the ever-present cornudo), and the English horn are both originally the same word in the ancient languages.
One of the most interesting sound shifts is the Indo-European “k-” sound remained the same into Latin and then Spanish (the Latin cornu for the same) but became an almost-silent “h-” in the Germanic languages.
Thus the c-r-n in Spanish parallels exactly the h-r-n in English.
There are lots of awesome and subtle examples of this pattern, such as Corazon/Heart.
The Spanish hablar (“to talk”) comes from the Latin fabulare, as we’ve previously discussed. The initial F- turned into an H-, as happens only in Spanish (think fig vs higo.)
From the same root, however, also comes the English ineffable, that SAT word meaning “unable to be described in words.” So, ineffable literally means “without” (in-) and “speaking” (fabulare).
We see the h-b-l of hablar map to the (in-)f-b-l of ineffable quite clearly!
Ah, one of our all-time favorite patterns and examples: leche, the common Spanish word meaning, “milk.”
Leche is a first cousin of the English lactose via a very interesting pattern: the -ct- to -ch- pattern.
Both come from the same Latin root, lactatio (literally, “suckling.”) The -ct- in that root remained unchanged as it entered English (because it entered via the sophisticated French) but that sound almost always turned into a -ch- sound as Latin evolved into Spanish. Thus the l-ct maps to the l-ch almost exactly.
Many other awesome words follow the same pattern: think octagon/ocho, for example. Some more coming up soon (or see the pattern page linked below). | <urn:uuid:6dadcd8b-6249-41cd-a20c-c2b08f52a6f5> | CC-MAIN-2019-35 | https://spanishetymology.com/spanish/patterns/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-35/segments/1566027314732.59/warc/CC-MAIN-20190819114330-20190819140330-00098.warc.gz | en | 0.945643 | 765 | 3.4375 | 3 |
Is it always wrong to take an innocent human life? Many philosophical defenders of the Roman Catholic natural-law tradition argue that there are no exceptions to this prohibition, at least if we are talking about taking the life intentionally, and directly, rather than as a side effect of some other action. (These moral theorists also define “innocent” to exclude enemy combatants, as long as the war one is fighting is just.)When this view is combined – as it typically is in Catholic teaching – with the claim that every offspring of human parents is a living human being from the moment of conception, the implication is that abortion is never permissible. But the case of a 22-year-old El Salvadorian woman, identified in the media only as Beatriz, makes the absoluteness of that view very difficult to defend.
Beatriz, the mother of a young son, suffers from lupus, an autoimmune disease, and other complications. Her first pregnancy was very difficult. Then she became pregnant again, and her doctors said that the longer the pregnancy continued, the greater the risk that it would kill her.
For most women, that alone would be sufficient grounds to terminate the pregnancy. But Beatriz had an additional powerful reason to do so: The fetus had anencephaly, a condition in which the cerebral cortex, the part of the brain associated with consciousness, is absent.
Almost all babies with this condition die soon after birth; the few survivors are incapable of responding even to their mother’s smile. In countries with prenatal screening and liberal abortion laws, anencephaly has become very rare, because almost all women who are told that they are carrying an anencephalic fetus choose to terminate the pregnancy.
While traditionally Roman Catholic European countries like Italy and Spain have liberalized their abortion laws, Latin America has remained true to the faith, maintaining some of the world’s strictest legal prohibitions. Last year, in the Dominican Republic, a 16-year-old girl with cancer was, for several weeks, refused chemotherapy because she was pregnant and the doctors worried that the potentially life-saving treatment might induce an abortion. Although the girl was later allowed to begin treatment, both she and the fetus died.
In El Salvador, abortion is prohibited without exception. In April, Beatriz’s doctors asked the courts to allow them to terminate her pregnancy on medical grounds, but were refused. On May 29, the Supreme Court denied Beatriz’s appeal.
To anyone concerned about human well-being – or, for that matter, human flourishing in general – such an outcome makes no sense. Aborting an anencephalic fetus ends a life that may be human, insofar as it is the life of a member of the species Homo sapiens; but it is a life that will have zero well-being, for the infant (if it lives) will be incapable of enjoying anything.
On the other hand, not permitting Beatriz to have an abortion would risk causing the death of a young woman who desperately wanted to live, and had much to live for. It would also risk depriving her 1-year-old son of his mother.
After the Supreme Court’s decision, El Salvador’s health minister, Maria Rodriguez, announced that Beatriz would be permitted to undergo a “premature Caesarean section,” which she said was not an abortion, but an “induced birth.” That procedure was carried out on June 3; the anencephalic newborn died five hours later.
If that was supposed to be a better outcome than an earlier termination of the pregnancy, it is hard to see for whom it was better. It was certainly not better for Beatriz, who is still in intensive care, and for whom the long-term health impact of the pregnancy remains unclear. And how did it benefit the anencephalic infant to have another couple of months of life in utero, and then five hours of life outside?
One point overlooked in the discussion of Beatriz’s case is that the same Catholic natural-law theory that insists that killing an innocent human being is always wrong also provides a basis for arguing that it is not wrong to kill an anencephalic fetus. In innumerable texts, Catholic philosophers, theologians, and bioethicists argue that it is always wrong to kill innocent human beings, because, in contrast to nonhuman animals, they have a “rational nature.” Proponents of this argument use that term to include beings that are not yet capable of rationality but will become so in the normal course of their development.
The use of the term “being with a rational nature” is very broad, perhaps too broad even when applied to normal fetuses. To apply it to anencephalic fetuses requires a further, and much more dubious, step.
Thomas Aquinas, for instance, did not think that a rational nature is present in every member of the species Homo sapiens. He believed that some degree of development is necessary for the human animal to become a being with a rational nature. In the case of an anencephalic fetus, no such development is possible. It cannot become a rational being.
For that reason, even those who believe that it is always wrong intentionally to kill an innocent being with a rational nature should not have opposed permitting Beatriz to terminate her pregnancy. They should have embraced a humane solution that minimized the risk of a tragic ending to a story that was already sad enough.
Peter Singer is a professor of bioethics at Princeton University and laureate professor at the University of Melbourne. His books include “Practical Ethics,” “Rethinking Life and Death,” and “The Life You Can Save.” THE DAILY STAR publishes this commentary in collaboration with Project Syndicate © (www.project-syndicate.org). | <urn:uuid:d0f2968c-0f48-4d36-bad4-e84fa76d9ee9> | CC-MAIN-2014-49 | http://www.dailystar.com.lb/Opinion/Commentary/2013/Jun-20/220949-refusing-an-abortion-can-show-the-immorality-of-a-moral-principle.ashx | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2014-49/segments/1416931009777.87/warc/CC-MAIN-20141125155649-00155-ip-10-235-23-156.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.972337 | 1,213 | 2.59375 | 3 |
This section of seven chapters analyzes the many problems involved in setting up a just and equitable system of taxation, and in reconciling the conflicting claims of various taxing authorities at all levels of government — federal, state, and local.
In Chapter 30, the national government under the Articles of Confederation lacked the revenues necessary for carrying out its purposes because a faulty fiscal system made it dependent on quotas and requisitions from the thirteen individual states. A national, government, properly constituted, should have the power to raise its own revenues by the methods of taxation ordinarily used in every well-ordered "civil government."
Adequate national revenues, as some argued, could not be raised by external" taxes alone, that is, by customs duties on foreign imports. The central government should be empowered to levy "internal" taxes also, as necessity required.
In Chapter 31, opening this essay with a disquisition on the eternal verities of geometry and other sciences, Hamilton observed that politics was not an exact science because it dealt with the "unruly passions of the human heart," and therefore tended to be rather irrational. Among the more irrational, Hamilton added, were those who opposed the proposed constitution from fear that the national government by its "unlimited" taxing measures might deprive the states of the means of providing for their own needs.
It would be the other way around if this point came into contest, said Hamilton. It was probable that the states, being closer to the people, would encroach more on the revenue-raising plans of the central government than otherwise.
In Chapter 32, states should retain their "independent and uncontrollable authority" to levy taxes for their own purposes, with the exception of laying customs duties on foreign imports and exports, or tariffs on any articles in interstate commerce. There was to be absolutely free trade among the states, which would stimulate the national economy.
In Chapter 33, opponents of ratification were raising objections to several clauses in the proposed constitution. The first of these clauses empowered the national government to "make all laws" deemed necessary and proper for executing the powers vested in the national government under the Constitution. The second clause declared that all laws passed and all treaties signed by the national government were to be "the supreme law of the land; any thing in the constitution or laws of any State to the contrary notwithstanding." Anti-ratificationists cited these clauses as "pernicious engines by which their local governments were to be destroyed and their liberties exterminated."
Hamilton dismissed such views as gross "misrepresentation." Power was the ability or faculty of doing a thing, and the ability to do a thing rested on the power to employ means necessary for its execution. This was true in the matter of laying and collecting taxes: though a law laying a tax for the use of the United States would be a supreme law that could not legally be opposed or controlled, yet a law preventing the states from collecting a tax would not be supreme law because it would be unconstitutional.
Chapter 34 takes up the subject of "CONCURRENT JURISDICTION" in the matter of taxes. Under the proposed constitution, the right of the national government to raise necessary revenues would be "altogether unlimited," while the revenue-raising power of individual states would be only moderately circumscribed under the plan of concurrent jurisdiction. Each would have its field, and there would not be any "sacrifice of the great INTERESTS of the Union to the POWER of the individual States."
In Chapter 35, Hamilton posed a question here: What if the national government, as some proposed, should be empowered to raise revenue only through customs duties on foreign imports and exports? In want of any other source of revenue, such duties would undoubtedly have to be raised higher and higher. This would encourage smuggling to the detriment of law-abiding merchants and other businessmen. Higher tariffs would bring higher prices on many essentials and would adversely affect consumers. Protected by a high tariff wall, domestic manufacturers would enjoy an improper and "premature monopoly of the markets," which would unbalance the economy at the expense of other interests.
The idea of actual representation of all classes and interests in the legislature was "altogether visionary," said Hamilton. It was impossible to have members of each different trade and occupation seated in the legislature. Nor did mechanics and others wish to be seated. In general, such people were inclined to cast their votes for merchants, knowing "that the merchant is their natural patron and friend. . . . We must therefore consider merchants as the natural representatives of all these classes of the community."
All landowners, "from the wealthiest landlord to the poorest tenant," had one bond between them — to keep taxes on land as low as possible. So what did it matter whom they chose to represent them, whether "men of large fortunes or of moderate property or of no property at all"? From all of the above Hamilton concluded that the spirit of government would be best served if legislatures were composed, as most were, "of land-holders, merchants, and men of the learned professions," by which he meant lawyers in particular.
In Chapter 36, the author continued to develop his thesis that, in the political nature of things, the national legislatures, like the state legislatures, would consist almost entirely of landowners, merchants, and members of the learned professions, who would "truly represent" the desires and interests of all the different classes and groups in the community.
It had been objected, Hamilton noted, that the national government's power of internal taxation could not be exercised with advantage from lack of sufficient knowledge of local circumstances. That supposition was "entirely destitute of foundation." All that was required of "inquisitive and enlightened Statesmen" was a general acquaintance with the resources and the different kinds of wealth, property, and industry in various parts of the country.
Also, in collecting internal taxes, the national government could make use of the tax apparatus already operating in the individual states. This would avoid the need for double sets of revenue officers and "duplication of their burthens by double taxations," which the people might resent. State revenue officers could be attached closely to the union by having the national government supplement their salaries.
As to poll taxes, which were in force in many states, Hamilton confessed his "disappointments" in them, adding that he would "lament to see them introduced into practice under the national government." On the other hand, the national government should have the power to impose poll taxes in case of need, for such taxes could become an "inestimable resource" of revenue for the nation as a whole.
Hamilton's ideas about a proper national tax structure are interesting, especially in view of the fact that he soon began putting them in effect when President Washington appointed him our first secretary of the treasury.
In this section of essays, Hamilton was ingenious, if not always convincing, in arguing his main thesis that the national government, as proposed under the new constitution, should have "altogether unlimited" authority to levy taxes on all things, and in whatever ways it thought best. But the government should use prudence and caution in exercising that authority.
Anti-Federalists objected that such blanket authority would place the states and the general public at the mercy of the national government. Hamilton denied this, saying that the authority would be exercised by the people's representatives in the Congress who could be trusted to act with discretion. If one set of representatives did not, the people could elect another set. But this, as Hamilton failed to mention, was easier said than done.
Few disagreed with Hamilton's view that, in the beginning at least, national revenues should come largely from "external" taxes (customs duties) and "internal" taxes in the form of excises on specified articles. Hamilton suggested that an excise on the making of "ardent spirits" would be not only profitable but socially desirable, for it would tend to curb the drinking of hard liquor, notoriously a "national extravagance." In one of his first acts at the Treasury, Hamilton proposed and Congress approved an excise tax on makers of "ardent spirits," which soon led to the Whiskey Rebellion by small distillers in western Pennsylvania and neighboring areas, a rebellion that Hamilton, as a major general, helped to put down.
Hamilton did rather well in explaining (Chapter 34) that no conflict could arise between the national government and the state governments about taxation because of "concurrent jurisdiction," a rather complicated concept. The national government's tax laws were to be the supreme law of the land, and not to be contravened in any way. At the same time the states would retain, with two minor exceptions, "independent and uncontrolled" authority to levy taxes as they saw fit for their own purposes. The somewhat complex plan of "concurrent jurisdiction," it must be said, has worked rather well, with relatively little conflict or confusion.
Hamilton took a patrician view about the proper management of public affairs when he declared (Chapter 35) that the national legislature not only would but should be composed predominantly of merchants, landowners, and men of the learned professions. These groups were experienced in large affairs and would "truly represent" all classes and interests in the country, said Hamilton, who went on to ask several rhetorical questions: would not the landholder know best how to promote the interests of all landed property, large and small? Would not the merchant be disposed to cultivate, "as far as may be proper," the interests of the mechanic and manufacturing groups with whom he did business? Would not the man of the learned professions, being neutral between contending economic groups, be ready to promote the general interests of society? Thus, everybody's interests and problems would be taken care of. This was the British concept of "virtual representation."
All of this may seem politically naive, but it was not. Hamilton believed in rule by a propertied elite and, throughout his career, worked to keep it that way. | <urn:uuid:e879f9c8-38da-4767-a16e-2958ec65fa0a> | CC-MAIN-2014-42 | http://www.cliffsnotes.com/literature/f/the-federalist/summary-and-analysis/section-v-powers-of-taxation-federalists-no-3036-hamilton | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2014-42/segments/1414119652530.43/warc/CC-MAIN-20141024030052-00220-ip-10-16-133-185.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.976498 | 2,032 | 3.609375 | 4 |
Some measures of racial inequality will be difficult to change but others could improve more readily. For instance, new numbers from Nielsen show most Americans spending far too much time watching TV, but black families facing an especially acute problem.
Overall, Americans devote 5 hours a day to television, but for African Americans the number soars to 7 hours a day—more than any other population group. Asian-Americans, by contrast, watch TV in ways physicians and psychologists consider responsible, limiting viewing to two hours a day. This means a typical Asian-American spends an astonishing 35 hours less per week in front of a TV set than a typical African-American.
No wonder that Asians best all racial groups in educational performance, household income, family stability, life expectancy and other measures of well-being. When it comes to wasting less time on the tube, all other segments of the population could learn from their example. | <urn:uuid:ba22e2d7-45f2-4912-ac66-a1f4ee0df395> | CC-MAIN-2018-26 | http://www.michaelmedved.com/column/one-form-inequality-quickly-reduce/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-26/segments/1529267868237.89/warc/CC-MAIN-20180625170045-20180625190045-00517.warc.gz | en | 0.950225 | 182 | 2.84375 | 3 |
Lucky-Kitty - safeguarding the long-term health and wellbeing of your cat(s).
Have you ever wondered whether your cat is drinking enough water? Cats are genetically programmed to drink running water, so cats that are only given standing water usually don’t drink enough - and this often leads to serious long-term health problems. One in three cats (35%) aged 8 years or older dies as a result of kidney or urinary tract disease*.
You can reduce the risk of kidney and urinary tract disease by offering your cat running water from the Lucky-Kitty Drinking Fountain as recommended by veterinarians, and hence encouraging your cat to drink plenty of water.
The "Lucky-Kitty" Drinking Fountain for Cats is probably the first ever ceramic drinking fountain for cats that really can be used on a daily basis. It’s virtually silent, cat-friendly, spill-safe, extremely stable and really very easy and quick to clean, which means it doesn’t involve much work for you, and it’s also very economical because of the energy saving pump with only 2 watts.
Order your "Lucky-Kitty Ceramic Drinking Fountain for Cats" as well as the "Lucky-Kitty Cat Bowl" here, directly from the manufacturer at a preferential prices - you’ll be safeguarding the long-term health and wellbeing of your cat(s).
(*Professor Gregory Grauer, College of Veterinary Medicine, Kansas State University) | <urn:uuid:e5ac33f3-9999-4b34-a980-42529d271dad> | CC-MAIN-2015-35 | https://www.lucky-kitty.com/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2015-35/segments/1440645348533.67/warc/CC-MAIN-20150827031548-00205-ip-10-171-96-226.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.944573 | 304 | 2.578125 | 3 |
Common Name: beavertail cactus
Origin: Opuntia basilaris is found in the southwestern USA and northwestern Mexico – native to the Mojave, Colorado, and Sonoran deserts. It grows in arid plains and valleys at 3,000 to 5,500 feet.
Description: O. basilaris is a clumping, blue-gray cactus that develops fleshy, flat pads resembling a beaver’s tail. The beavertail cactus is low growing, not exceeding 6-12 inches, and produces purple to red flowers during the spring.
Cultivation and Care: | <urn:uuid:6babb7da-d681-49ef-a933-552fcefc394e> | CC-MAIN-2021-04 | http://www.uaplantscienceclub.com/opuntia-basilaris.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-04/segments/1610704803737.78/warc/CC-MAIN-20210126202017-20210126232017-00443.warc.gz | en | 0.827031 | 128 | 3.125 | 3 |
spacecraft-conceptual-design-using-averitiAveriti is a qualitative domain modelling language, environment and library which is designed to allow quick and simple qualitative modelling of even complex systems at any required level of abstraction. This project aims to create a conceptual model using Averiti of the NASA NIAC Realistic Interstellar Explorer concept, allowing the use of Averiti to be assessed against a representative system design.
What is Qualitative Domain Modelling?
Traditional, quantitative simulation based on quantitative models aims at producing precise numerical results as answers to user questions about the problem domain. Such precise numerical answers are often overly elaborate, contain much more information than it is actually needed, and may actually prove difficult or impossible to quantify.
In everyday life, humans use common sense to reason about problems qualitatively, without numbers. A qualitative domain model allows a domain to be represented qualitatively. This model can then be used as a basis for analysis and simulation. Qualitative models have been shown to be better suited for tasks such as designing new systems, supporting diagnostics and explaining complex system behaviour than either static or qualitative models.
The domain model allows qualitative formal simulation of systems: • Functions. • Dependencies. • Structure.
Qualitative not quantitative: • e.g. a motor provides rotation function not specific rpm values. • Means quick and simple simulations even of complex system of systems. • This can include functional chains through a system.
It has been found that correct understanding and simulation of system behaviours can be accomplished with parameters which take on only a few values (e.g. high speed, low pressure). Such qualitative models are generally less time consuming to develop than quantitative models and can be developed when hard and fast quantitative values may not be available or, if available, may not be accurate or trustworthy. The conceptual analysis phase of spacecraft design would be a case in point.
Spacecraft Conceptual Design using Averiti
This project aims to create a conceptual model using Averiti of the NASA NIAC Realistic Interstellar Explorer concept, allowing the use of Averiti to be assessed against a representative system design.
The intended areas of assessment include: • Automated model verification and consistency checking. • Dynamic simulation of systems of systems. • Quick understanding of impact of changes, additions, deletions, etc. • Formal description of dependencies, structures, etc. • Application of and model checking against domain heuristics.
The project outputs will be a qualitative model of the Realistic Interstellar Explorer probe plus associated analyses and assessments. The goal is demonstrate the utility of qualitative modelling in a complex system of systems environment.
License: MIT license (MIT)
Source Code/Project URL: http://www.steersmantechnology.com/spaceappscomp.html
Averiti Overview - http://www.averiti.com/
Realistic Interstellar Explorer Presentation - http://www.niac.usra.edu/files/library/meetings/annual/jun00/393McNutt.pdf
Phase II Final Report NASA Institute for Advanced Concepts: A Realistic Interstellar Explorer - http://www.niac.usra.edu/files/studies/final_report/393McNutt.pdf
Example Averiti model of a spacecraft Electrostatic Thruster - http://www.steersmantechnology.com/Example_Averiti_Model_Electrostatic_Thruster.pdf
Phase I Final Report NASA Institute for Advanced Concepts: A Realistic Interstellar Explorer - http://www.niac.usra.edu/files/studies/final_report/76McNutt.pdf
Realistic Interstellar Explorer model - UML and Averiti views - http://www.steersmantechnology.com/RIE_Averiti_System_Architecture_v0.1.pdf
Realistic Interstellar Explorer model Averiti XML subsystems zip - http://www.steersmantechnology.com/systems.zip
Example Averiti test analysis Power subsystems - http://www.steersmantechnology.com/Power_Subsystems_Averiti_Analysis.pdf
Example Averiti test analysis Comms subsystems - http://www.steersmantechnology.com/Communications_Subsystems_Averiti_Analysis.pdf
Example Averiti test analysis Guidance subsystems - http://www.steersmantechnology.com/Guidance_Subsystems_Averiti_Analysis.pdf
Averiti software description - http://www.steersmantechnology.com/Averiti_Software_Description.pdf
Averiti software - script source code HTA format - http://www.steersmantechnology.com/Averiti_v0.2.zip
Averiti Notation Description - http://www.steersmantechnology.com/Averiti_Notation_Description.pdf | <urn:uuid:1b3777ed-a0b7-47ae-8642-05726195a0ff> | CC-MAIN-2017-39 | https://2015.spaceappschallenge.org/project/spacecraft-conceptual-design-using-averiti/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-39/segments/1505818696182.97/warc/CC-MAIN-20170926141625-20170926161625-00417.warc.gz | en | 0.769122 | 1,029 | 2.609375 | 3 |
Epilepsy occurs in less than 1 percent of children. Fortunately, most kids who have a single seizure will not go on to develop epilepsy. Even when they do, the majority will have a relatively benign disorder that we can control with a single anti-seizure medication, and over time, the disorder often resolves itself, so we can stop treatment.
Children with epilepsy are at risk for associated problems like learning disabilities, attention deficit disorder, and depression. Mount Sinai’s caring team of specialists works with parents to accurately diagnose and carefully manage each child’s condition.
Epilepsy Syndromes in Childhood
An epilepsy syndrome is identified based on a child’s development, the diagnostic findings, the child’s age at the onset of seizures, and the type of seizures. Some syndromes are fairly benign, while others are progressive and more difficult to control. The following is a sampling of some of the syndromes.
- Absence Epilepsies: This condition features normal development and brief episodes of staring and “zoning out.” Most children outgrow this type of epilepsy but are treated with medication to prevent injuries and academic issues.
- Benign Rolandic Epilepsy: Typically starting between ages 3 and 10, this type of epilepsy involves simple partial seizures that occur during sleep and affect the face and/or one side of the body, involving drooling and difficulty speaking.
- Panayiotopoulos Syndrome: This disorder begins in early childhood and features seizures with vomiting and eye and head deviation.
- Doose Syndrome: This condition—occurring in developmentally normal children and beginning between seven months and eight years of age—typically involves seizures that may happen several times each day.
- Dravet Syndrome: Associated with movement disorders and intellectual disabilities, this syndrome may begin with febrile seizures or seizures that occur when the child experiences a change in temperature.
- Landau Kleffner Syndrome: This rare form of epilepsy causes children to lose their understanding of language.
- Infantile Spasms: This severe form of epilepsy begins in infancy, and is characterized by head drops with associated outstretched arms.
- Lennox-Gastaut Syndrome: Beginning in childhood and continuing into adulthood, this condition is associated with an abnormal EEG, different types of seizures, and intellectual disabilities.
- Febrile Seizures: These are not a form of epilepsy as they only occur with fever. Most children outgrow these around the age of five, although some persist longer.
Diagnosis of Pediatric Epilepsy
We diagnose epilepsy when a child has two or more unprovoked seizures that occur without illness or fever. It can also be diagnosed after one seizure when the child has an abnormal electroencephalogram (EEG). Other testing usually includes a magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) scan.
Some patients require careful in-hospital monitoring and recording of seizure activity to guide diagnosis and treatment decisions. Mount Sinai’s pediatric epilepsy monitoring unit (EMU) is a state-of-the-art facility located in Mount Sinai Kravis Children’s Hospital. Our team of physicians, nurses, nurse practitioners, residents, and EEG technicians carefully monitors each child for seizure activity and provides critical information to your family.
Treatment of Pediatric Epilepsy
After Mount Sinai’s epilepsy specialists determine the type of seizures a child is experiencing, we work with your family to customize the right plan of treatment.
We carefully select any medications we prescribe, taking side effects into consideration. Our goal is to control the seizures with one medication, but some patients may need more than one prescription. Some patients may also respond to dietary treatment, in the form of a ketogenic diet, modified Atkins diet, or low-glycemic diet. The Mount Sinai team will work closely with parents to both recommend and carefully monitor these diets.
If your child tries two or more medications that don’t adequately help, we may consider surgery. Possible procedures include cortical resections, responsive neurostimulation, vagus nerve stimulation, corpus callosotomy, hemispherotomy, and multiple subpial transections. The Mount Sinai pediatric epilepsy team collaborates with the Mount Sinai neurosurgery team to carefully determine the best approach. | <urn:uuid:356f2e40-c4a2-444d-a78e-f00fef02b101> | CC-MAIN-2021-31 | https://www.mountsinai.org/care/neurology/services/epilepsy-program/pediatric-epilepsy | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-31/segments/1627046154089.6/warc/CC-MAIN-20210731105716-20210731135716-00695.warc.gz | en | 0.922572 | 880 | 3.84375 | 4 |
Article Title the Importance of Tolerance as a Social value
Tolerance is the key in maintaining social relations of harmony and peace, by respecting differences in people, cultures, lifestyles and religions. Tolerance is a virtue of character as well as a learned behavior. Practicing tolerance implies neither disapproval nor acceptance. Tolerance is to “live and let live”. Tolerance is a fundamental principle of liberal democratic creed.
As of the last U.S. Census in 2010, there are no longer “minority groups” within this country. Former minorities now make up a significant portion of the U.S. population. Tolerance is the one virtue of our characters that allows us to live in a liberal and pluralistic society. Tolerance requires citizens to uphold the rights of groups, even those they find objectionable to be able to participate fully in political, social and economic life. Today’s society is a blend of many races, different religions, varied cultures, different sexual orientations, and a wide variety of customs and beliefs. This is now the norm in schools, places of employment, neighborhoods, in businesses, and elsewhere in our everyday lives. We live in a new world.
Intolerance breeds separation, misunderstanding and hostility between groups. Intolerance in social values leads to hate groups, hate crimes, a rise in violence, increases in suicides, sexual harassment, bullying in schools, problems in jobs and general discordance. We need to look into the crimes of our fathers, into the gas chambers of Auschwitz, and the slave quarters of the U.S. and make the promise of “never again”.
In the novel “To Kill a Mockingbird” author Harper Lee presents the tragic consequences of social intolerance in others, as well as in our own lives. In present day, Ty Clementi, an 18 year old freshman at Rutgers University, committed suicide by jumping off the George Washington Bridge, after his roommate posted a video of Clementi engaged in a gay sexual encounter. There has been a wave of suicides of gay children sweeping across this country. In September, 2012, there was a hate-crime slashing in a McDonalds in Manhattan. Raw pork was scattered in a Staten Island park before Muslims gathered for the end of Ramadan in August, 2012. Two teenagers confessed to the firebombing of two synagogues in New Jersey in January, 2012. And the list continues.
Tolerance is learned through confronting prejudices head-on through first recognizing and accepting prejudices. Then through education, travel, visiting temples, churches, mosques, attending cultural events and public ceremonies, and befriending a person from a different culture is how people defeat prejudices and learn tolerance. Intolerance and prejudices are signs of ignorance. Ignorance is not stupidity. Ignorance is not having had the opportunity to be exposed to education to overcome intolerances. Stereotyping must be overcome and being non-judgmental must be practiced. The “Golden Rule” for tolerance of cultural diversity is, “Do not treat people as YOU wish to be treated. Treat people as THEY wish to be treated.”
We must also practice tolerance for HIV and AIDS victims, people with mental illnesses, homeless people and people suffering from addictions. These people are the “outcasts” of our society. Volunteering to work in a soup kitchen does not absolve you of intolerance.
Individuals should focus on practicing tolerance in their daily lives. Parents must not influence their children with their own prejudices; they should teach their children tolerance. The media should use positive images that promote cultural sensitivity and understanding. Educators must promote tolerance and peaceful co-existence. Schools must embrace globalism to enhance social harmony and the acceptance of diversity through the use of global communication, using information technologies, teaching the need for flexibility, and teaching traditional values, customs and religions by global trends. Governments should aim to institutionalize policies of tolerance. Show respect for the essential humanity in every person. Become part of the solution instead of being part of the problem. Use your integrity, morals, and empathy in learning and practicing tolerance. The importance of tolerance as a social value cannot be understated for living in a harmonious society. We can either come together or live in discordance and strife. | <urn:uuid:d94bca87-1bc3-42c0-ac71-022595e84c68> | CC-MAIN-2017-13 | http://www.pitlanemagazine.com/morals-values-and-norms/article-title-the-importance-of-tolerance-as-a-social-value.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-13/segments/1490218189495.77/warc/CC-MAIN-20170322212949-00558-ip-10-233-31-227.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.941451 | 875 | 3.40625 | 3 |
The red dirt of middle Georgia tends to stain.
It is difficult to wash out when dry and when wet, turns into an even thicker mud.
Twiggs County has never been populous.
Less than 10,000 people filled out 363 square miles in 2010 and in 2015, the population was estimated to have dropped from 9,023 to 8,390. Instead of a baby boom in Twiggs from 1940-60, the population fell during each census. There were 9,117 recorded in 1940, 8,308 in 1950 and 7,935 in 1960.
The small population of Twiggs was not a wealthy one.
Unlike in other school systems in the 1950s where school buildings were pushed behind a need to stymie overcrowding, Twiggs needed new schools for safety reasons.
When the State Board of Education approved $12 million worth of school building projects in April 1953, the Twiggs County New Era was thrilled that $1 million was to be local:
“The largest beneficiary of the new program would be Twiggs County, which will rebuild every school in its system at a total cost of $1,025,025. Projects will include 32 white and 46 Negro classrooms. All of the structures in Twiggs now are wooden.”
Five schools were approved, high schools for white and black in Jeffersonville (the white structure consolidating high schools at Twiggs, Smith and part of Twiggs-Wilkinson at Danville), a white elementary at Smith and black elementaries at Antioch and Mount Olive. The county was to help fund the building of an elementary at Twiggs-Wilkinson.
Antioch and Smith were both at Dry Branch. Mount Olive was in the southern part of the county.
The red dirt surrounded Mount Olive, an eight-classroom school with a lunchroom, built on land purchased from Mary Hand. The Twiggs County New Era stressed that all buildings would be fireproof, constructed with concrete blocks inside and a brick exterior.
Mount Olive had already been a school base, listed as having four teachers in 1951-52 and eight in 1953-54, after presumably some small school consolidations.
The contract for building was let in June 1955, with the buildings finished in 1956.
Despite the eight classrooms, Mount Olive opened with just seven teachers for its seven grades. Antioch had eight teachers for seven grades. The Georgia Educational Directory finally listed the school as having eight teachers in 1965-66, nearly a decade after it opened.
Mount Olive remained at eight teachers, but was reduced to six grades in 1968-69. The Freedom of Choice era did not seem to affect the school’s student load.
In 1970, Twiggs’ schools were restructured so that Antioch and Mount Olive became junior highs with grades 4-7 integrated. Twiggs-Wilkinson and Smith became grades 1-3. By 1972, the elementaries were renamed to South Complex #1/#2 and North Complex #1/#2.
Mount Olive, now South Complex #2, remained grades 4-7, but was down to five teachers. One principal was now handling both southern schools.
The 1975-76 Georgia Educational Directory was the first to list telephone numbers for schools and the last to mention South Complex #2.
South Complex #2 lacked a telephone.
Few improvements had ever made at Mount Olive, to the extent that the building never had a proper parking lot. Georgia red dirt surrounds the property.
In 1976-77, the South Complexes were reduced to South Elementary. Antioch and Smith still split grades in the northern half of the county.
As kindergarten fit into the Danville building, Mount Olive was likely abandoned permanently as a school in 1976.
Sources: Twiggs County New Era – April 30, 1953, May 27, 1955; Historical Maps of Twiggs County; multiple editions of the Georgia Educational Directory | <urn:uuid:73ce96fa-8c67-4884-99f2-f908d741472a> | CC-MAIN-2018-30 | https://ghsbp.wordpress.com/2017/07/10/school-stories-mount-olive-twiggs/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-30/segments/1531676599291.24/warc/CC-MAIN-20180723164955-20180723184955-00379.warc.gz | en | 0.979152 | 791 | 2.90625 | 3 |
The welfare and prosperity of people now and in the future, depends on a “rich variety of life on earth” said United Nations Secretary-General António Guterres in his message for the International Day for Biological Diversity, marked on Tuesday.
Since December 1993, when the Convention on Biological Diversity entered into force, its parties have acted to conserve the earth’s flora and fauna, in a sustainable and fair way, said the UN chief.
“Achieving these objectives is integral to meet our goals for sustainable development,” Mr. Guterres stressed, underscoring the importance of protecting, restoring and ensuring access to ecosystems to eradicating extreme poverty and hunger: Goals 1 and 2 of what are known as the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs).
To mitigate climate change, he notes that deforestation and land degradation must be reduced while at the same time, enhancing carbon stocks in forests, drylands, rangelands and croplands.
He said it was also critical to protect the biodiversity of forests and watersheds to support clean and plentiful water supplies.
Yet, despite these and other benefits, biodiversity continues to decline globally.
“The answer is to intensify efforts and build on successes,” stated Mr. Gutteres. He explained that in 2018, Parties to the Convention will begin work on a new action plan to ensure that, by 2050, biodiversity is preserved to the best of our abilities.
“The entire world needs to join this effort,” he emphasized: “I urge governments, businesses and people everywhere to act to protect the nature that sustains us. Our collective future depends on it,” concluded the Secretary-General.
In her message, Cristiana Paşca Palmer, Executive Secretary of the Convention on Biological Diversity (CBD), noted that biodiversity is at the heart of the 2030 Sustainable Development Agenda.
Its decline compounds other challenges, including climate change, water and food security, and public health, which “can potentially lead to catastrophic outcomes for human existence on this planet,” she warned.
“It is therefore, imperative to do everything in our power to halt the destruction of nature,” she emphasized.
“We have two more years to go to redouble our efforts, […] to design a new deal for nature that will take us from 2020 to the middle of this century,” she said, adding: “We don’t have much time. But we have a lot of power if we work together, in a collaborative manner to change the way we use nature and biodiversity.
Martha Rojas-Urrego, Secretary General of the Ramsar Convention on Wetlands, drew attention to wetlands as being among the most biodiverse ecosystems on earth – from which almost all freshwater supplies are drawn.
“Given the increasing human population and its dependence on water and wetlands, we must work together in a collective, concerted and sustained effort to conserve wetlands for the planet’s biodiversity and human wellbeing,” she said.
For his part, David Morgan, from the UN-administered Secretariat of the Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species (CITES), reiterated that “biodiversity loss has an enormous impact on our planet, for both the natural environment and human beings.”
“Safeguarding biodiversity is among the key elements of the UN Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs),” he said.
“While we are still facing tremendous challenges, with the political will of the world’s governments, we can protect the world’s biological diversity,” he asserted, affirming CITES’ continued collaboration with CBD “to save our common heritage for this and future generations.”
This post was originally published by UN News Centre. Click here to read. | <urn:uuid:4b0cbc01-7bbf-4c1d-bd21-993418732b1e> | CC-MAIN-2022-05 | https://www.unairan.org/2018/05/22/rich-variety-life-earth-essential-says-un-chief-guterres-marking-biological-diversity-day/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-05/segments/1642320301309.22/warc/CC-MAIN-20220119094810-20220119124810-00700.warc.gz | en | 0.935975 | 794 | 2.59375 | 3 |
Living with Your Houseplants and their Insect Relatives
Everyone has guests over at the house once in a while and some stay a few days. We do all we can to bring our houseplants indoors for the winter without the “insect relations” that so often accompany the plants and never leave, said Richard Hentschel, U of I Extension horticulture educator.
“Sometimes even after our best attempts you wake up some morning a few weeks after your houseplants have been inside and see something that is not quite right on the plants or maybe in the window trying to get out,” said Hentschel. “The insects we find are not always closely associated with our houseplants, but rather happened to be on the plants at the time they were brought in.
“If this is the case, the potential for a problem is really low. These insects do not feed on our plants and without food, and in the wrong environment; we will find them dead on the window sill if we have not already disposed of them with paper toweling or the vacuum cleaner hose and nozzle.”
Box elder bugs are a great example, they will wander around the home, living on the food they have stored and you will find them later not having survived being indoors. Box elder bugs also leave behind little black spots of the food they digested, so keeping up with them is preferred rather than having to do a cleanup later.
“The insects that are troublesome outside are the ones that will cause the problems on the inside as well,” he said. “Outdoors there are natural predators that will keep the populations in check and weather events like rainstorms that also help reduce the number of insects on the houseplants.
“Inside the house we don’t have rain events and without natural predators, the offending insects grow their numbers quickly, living on the houseplants.”
Two of the more common houseplant insects during the winter months are spider mites and scale insects. Spider mites can come in several colors, yet the feeding damage is all the same. Spider mites do not have chewing mouthparts. They feed by scratching the plant tissue and feeding on the plant sap. Mites can also spread digestive juices in the feeding area, destroying more tissue for consumption.
“Mite damage will sneak up on you as insects start out on the underside of the leaves and in low numbers,” Hentschel explained. “Later as their numbers explode you will see them near the vegetative growing points and flower buds by the thousands among very fine webbing. When you find them this way, you know you have a really good outbreak going on that needs immediate attention.
“You can rinse off the nymphs and adults with forceful streams of water, using the sink attachment in the kitchen or give them a shower in the bathroom if the plant is too big for the kitchen sink. Plan on doing this again after a few days as the left over eggs will hatch and start the process all over. The goal is to break the life cycle and not let an adult lay any more eggs. If you do that, you win!”
The second common houseplant insect that can survive indoors and your attempts at getting rid of them before you bring them indoors are scale insects. Scale insects live and feed on the houseplants and as time allows indoors, will increase in numbers too. The best “tell” that you have scales will be a clear sticky material on the leaves or a sticky mess on the floor below the plant on the hardwood or carpet.
“Scale insects insert their feeding tube into plant tissue and begin to remove the plant sap to feed on,” he said. “As they feed on the plant sap, the excess is expelled and drips downward where we see it as that shiny sticky surface. The adult scale is firmly attached and protected on the plant stems. The offspring is a very small fleshy insect resembling an aphid and can be dislodged just like spider mites. The adults take a lot more effort as they are protected by their scale. Getting rid of scale insects is a lot more work than spider mites. You may end up resorting to a safe for use inside, insecticide labeled for use on houseplants.”
These two common insects are above ground insects and you may find something else in the pot itself. Pillbugs, also called roly poly bugs (because they roll up into a ball) love humidity and feed on organic matter and are often found inside your potted plants. You will not see them until you water the houseplant, temporary forcing them out of the pot. Earwigs will be another insect that is common in the potting soil. A thorough watering will force them out of the pot. Be sure to do this in an area that the bugs can be rinsed away and not return to the pot.
On occasion there can be an outbreak of even the common aphid indoors. Aphids give live birth, so using the rinse nozzle on the kitchen sink or the bathroom shower will usually take care of the problem.
“There will be an added benefit of all that plant rinsing- clean plants means more photosynthesis and healthier plants since they will not be covered with household dust,” he said. “One of the better things we can do during any holiday season is to separate the holiday gift plants from the general population of houseplants. This helps guarantee that your houseplants remain insect-free.” | <urn:uuid:c7e4e4e5-030f-4e48-95d7-262814ba74d2> | CC-MAIN-2014-15 | http://urbanext.illinois.edu/gardenerscorner/issue_09/winter_04_13.cfm | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2014-15/segments/1398223202457.0/warc/CC-MAIN-20140423032002-00168-ip-10-147-4-33.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.960923 | 1,150 | 3.078125 | 3 |
Defending against Cyber threats is no easy task. Understanding the risks and designing a defense strategy are important steps in protecting yourself from Malicious actors and Cybercriminals. Staying current on Operating System and Application Patches, Restricting Network Access, and maintaining antivirus and malware protection are known ways to protect your network. Employee awareness and education on how to identify threats, and the importance of adhering to policies, also bolster your defense against cyber attack. If you’re not convinced, review the following Cyber threats you need to protect against.
How Malicious Software (Malware) Works
Malware is self-propagating software designed to infiltrate your network. This software can come in the form of a worm that will infect your network via your router via your Internet Protocol (IP) address. If it doesn’t find a hole in your network it may automatically update to scan for the next sequential IP Address, infiltrating and corrupting networks as it goes along. Avoid Malware by proactively scanning your network and keeping your network in compliance.
Why Phishing Could Put You Out of Business
Every year, millions of SPAM emails are sent to unwary recipients with the hope of collecting private and personal information including, account/password, privacy data and other information that can be exploited for profit. What’s more, Phishing is a popular way for Cybercriminals to distribute Ransomware, a form of malware that holds your systems hostage in exchange for payment. In the event of a data breach, your company may need to disclose the impact to customers and other stakeholders. In addition to ransom and legal fees, your company’s reputation may be on the line. Email protection and web content filtering are ways to protect against phishing schemes. It is also important to train your employees in how to identify and avoid these types of attacks.
Distributed Denial of Service Attack (DDoS)
Think of a Distributed Denial of Service Attack (DDoS) as a flood of system-generated traffic attacking your business infrastructure, designed to take you offline from the Internet. Hackers may try and extort your business or use DDoS in retaliation. Many Cloud Providers have excellent resilience and redundancy to defend against DDoS. If you rely on your own infrastructure, be sure to monitor for unusual activity and have a plan for failover in the event of a DDoS attack on your business.
Cyber attack threatens businesses large and small. Planning and network protection, combined with training, are your keys to defending against unintended data loss and business interruption due to Cyberthreats. Contact your Network Security specialist to find out what you can do to prevent a Cyber attack on your business. | <urn:uuid:e02f85a1-81c6-4ad1-9901-3aff52bc1240> | CC-MAIN-2021-04 | https://www.tssinc.com/cyber-threats-protect/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-04/segments/1610703514423.60/warc/CC-MAIN-20210118061434-20210118091434-00563.warc.gz | en | 0.927623 | 552 | 2.640625 | 3 |
U.S. Secretary of Defense James V. Forrestal was terrified. The year was 1948 and diplomats worldwide contemplated what might occur if nations recognized Israel as an independent state.
If the United States recognized the soon-to-be nation, Arab nations might cut off what would become crucial oil shipments, he feared. The crimp in turn could imperil the Marshall Plan, which in turn could provide momentum to the communist juggernaut.
"The nation could be forced to convert to four cylinder cars" within a decade, he predicted. (The quote has been cited in several books, including O Jerusalem by Larry Collins and Dominique Lapierre.)
Opel Pandas on the streets of Baltimore! Men surely didn't take a bullet at Anzio for that. In the end, the U.S. recognized Israel, the oil embargo of 1948 didn't occur and Detroit dragged its feet on fuel economy for decades.
But it makes me wonder. What would have happened if Forrestal's fears had come true? What if the Gulf nations had imposed a strict embargo and the United States was forced to cut down on gas starting in 1948?
For one thing, U.S. auto companies likely wouldn't have become the bumbling boneheads of the industrial world that they became. General Motors, Ford and Chrysler would have had to retool quickly in the late 40s and they likely would have accomplished the feat. Turning on a dime was something they learned to do thanks to the wartime experience when the federal government ordered these automakers to start building tanks. German and Japanese conglomerates were still in shambles at the time so U.S. automakers could have eked out an early, sustainable lead in efficient cars. Fifty five mile per gallon cars might have arrived by 1975, not 2025.
In turn, that might have meant softening, or even avoiding, the blight that hit Detroit in the 1970s. The focus on energy could have seeped into the U.S. steel industry and other manufacturing firms, helping preserve an advantage in exporting. Who knows? The U.S. could have become an early leader in solar manufacturing and wind had energy efficiency become an indelible strain of corporate culture and a path to profits.
Alternative fuels like biodiesel and ethanol? The lack of cheap oil would have put farmers, biologists and chemists on the hunt for substitutes, paving the way for a thriving industry in the 60s and 70s. (Biofuels work, but they just cost more than gas and less gas would have opened an opportunity.) The wealth generated would have made Kansas look like Palo Alto. The world might be looking to the U.S., not Brazil, for leadership in how to turn crops into fuel.
Iran? It likely wouldn't have become a problem. Britain and the United States organized a coup in 1953 against Mossadegh, the then-prime minister who wanted to nationalize Iranian oil assets. The coup led to the Shah on the throne. Better efficiency and alternative oils would have meant no coup, no Shah, no 1979 Iranian Revolution, and no Great Satan Bookstore in the old CIA headquarters in Tehran.
Jimmy Carter might have served two terms (or, more toward the wishes of you conservatives, never been elected at all). Ayatollah Khomeini, meanwhile, likely would have been a guy on a park bench. As a country with a fairly well-developed middle class and educational system, Iran would likely have emerged as a shining star in globalism.
Terrorism? It would have occurred -- the cultural, political and religious issues of the Mideast made war inevitable. But the oil-rich nations of the Gulf wouldn't have had as much money. That would have meant less of the "affluent poverty" that afflicts those nations. Instead of relying on family wealth and government-made jobs, more teens in those nations would have attended college and been forced to get jobs. Political fringes and extremism would have eroded.
Muscle cars? Well, you can't have it all. NASCAR might have remained a Southern specialty. A vibrant economy in the Great Lakes would likely have doomed the musical careers of Grand Funk Railroad and other Rust Belt rockers too.
Offshore oil drilling? We would have had it and mistakes and spills would have occurred. But you likely wouldn't see so many politicians and consumers enamored with the concept. Political debates around energy -- except when discussing nuclear -- would have likely revolved more around cost, benefits and efficiency.
In other words, it wouldn't be an emotional issue.
That's a problem I could live with.
Follow Michael Kanellos on Twitter: www.twitter.com/mikekanellos | <urn:uuid:1315716b-7117-483a-afbe-62707cc071ff> | CC-MAIN-2014-23 | http://www.huffingtonpost.com/michael-kanellos/an-alternate-history-of-t_b_788288.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2014-23/segments/1405997877306.87/warc/CC-MAIN-20140722025757-00130-ip-10-33-131-23.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.979147 | 962 | 2.578125 | 3 |
By Brendan O’Brien and Julia Harte
(Reuters) -The United States is experiencing with a range of unusual weather, from a tropical storm in Hawaii to record-breaking heat across its Sun Belt states and poor air quality in many areas as smoke from Canadian wildfires wafts across the border.
As the United States and China, the world’s biggest polluters, tried to reach agreement to cut carbon emissions, Americans experienced a sampler of the extreme weather events that scientists say are likely to become more commonplace under fossil fuel-driven climate change.
Here are some of the notable weather phenomena striking the United States on Wednesday:
HEATWAVE BREAKS ARIZONA RECORD
A massive heat dome parked over the southern and western United States is keeping tens of millions of Americans under extreme heat advisories. The city of Phoenix, Arizona, on Tuesday exceeded 110 degrees F (43 C) for the 19th day in a row, breaking its all-time record of 18 straight days over 110.
Arizona’s largest utility reported that electricity demand was at an all-time high of 8,191 megawatts (MW) on July 15, mirroring trends in Texas. Central Texas, an area stretching from San Antonio north to Dallas, is forecast to reach 105 degrees or higher over the next two days.
The hottest spot in the United States on Tuesday is expected to be Death Valley, California, where temperatures at the visitors center at Death Valley National Park are expected to reach 122 degrees F (50 C). The all-time high for Death Valley is 134 degrees, which is also the hottest temperature ever recorded on the Earth’s surface.
POOR AIR QUALITY
Smoke from Canadian wildfires is still drifting across the United States, causing unhealthy air quality on Tuesday in areas as far-flung as Yosemite National Park in California; Conway, New Hampshire; and – perhaps fittingly – the Great Smoky Mountains National Park in Tennessee, according to the AirNow.gov website, which tracks pollution.
Winds about 10,000 to 15,000 feet above the ground and other weather patterns can move the smoke 500 miles a day, dispersing it widely over the country, said Stan Benjamin, senior research associate at the Cooperative Institute for Research in Environmental Sciences and National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration.
“If you have the right kind of weather pattern, you can get this transport of the smoke,” Benjamin said.
TROPICAL STORMS AND FLOODS
Hawaii’s Big Island was under a tropical storm warning early Tuesday morning as it braced for Tropical Storm Calvin, expected to bring as much as 8 inches of rain and wind gusts of 40 mph, the National Weather Service (NWS) said.
Nearly 5,000 miles to the northeast, in Vermont, a flood watch was in effect for central parts of the state including the capital, Montpelier, that were inundated by high water after torrential rainfall last week.
Thunderstorm activity on Tuesday afternoon could bring 1 to 2 more inches of rain per hour to the area, where soil conditions are already saturated, the NWS said, raising the risk of more flash flooding.
(Reporting by Brendan O’Brien and Julia Harte; Editing by Aurora Ellis) | <urn:uuid:5704e5c7-f010-4b47-868a-a3bac9af5a6c> | CC-MAIN-2023-50 | https://tradingvibes.com/2023/07/18/u-s-hit-by-blazing/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-50/segments/1700679100800.25/warc/CC-MAIN-20231209040008-20231209070008-00254.warc.gz | en | 0.93636 | 676 | 3.03125 | 3 |
Irvine’s Earth-Friendly Tradition
The City of Irvine has long been a leader in earth-friendly environmental policies, green technology and environmental awareness. Irvine’s environmental programs have been on the leading edge of advances in green building and construction, environmental education, recycling, water conservation, waste disposal, and energy saving.
Irvine has also demonstrated its commitment to green buildings through the enactment of the Irvine Build Green Program, which encourages builders to create environmentally sensitive, healthier developments for its residents, businesses and visitors.
In addition, Irvine’s Green Ribbon Environmental Committee, under the jurisdiction of the Community Services Commission, advises the City Council on matters related to climate protection, energy, recycling, waste management, sustainability, transportation, and water, helping the City serve the community through advancing environmental policy initiatives and programs.
The Irvine Chamber of Commerce is also helping Irvine get greener with its new Irvine Green Business Certification Program, which helps improve its members’ bottom lines by reducing energy and waste costs, and by providing access to tax credits, rebates and incentives. This certification will also allow the Chamber to encourage Irvine businesses to take steps to “green” their business as a means to protect the environment, save money, and use energy more efficiently.
Irvine also offers numerous other environmentally conscious programs, including the National Mayor’s Challenge for Water Conservation, in which Irvine residents and businesses are encouraged to join this friendly, national competition by pledging to conserve water and other resources. This program and other environmental programs are detailed on the City of Irvine’s website, as are the City’s Annual Earth Day Tips to Save Resources and Money.
Irvine’s Open Spaces
One of the best — and most distinctive — qualities of Irvine is our commitment to preserving open space. The City of Irvine has more than 16,000 acres of permanently preserved parkland and open space – remarkable for a city of our size.
In 1974, early in our city’s history, voters approved multi-million dollar measures to fund public parks and recreational facilities, and for the acquisition and development of bicycle trail and hiking trail improvements.
In 1989, the City negotiated an historic agreement with the Irvine Company that set aside more than 9,500 acres as permanent open space marshlands, bike trails, parks, nature conservancies and agricultural areas, protecting fully one-third of the city from development.
In addition, in 2006, nearly 37,000 acres of the Irvine Ranch were selected as a National Natural Landmark, a designation which reflects the outstanding condition, rarity, diversity, and value to science and education of the natural resources on the land.
As our Irvine Open Space Preserve website explains, “Since its incorporation in 1971, Irvine has had a strong desire to balance the built and natural environment. As this incredible master-planned community has grown, each phase of development has been accompanied by the preservation and enhancement of natural open spaces, creating the network of parks, trails, and wildlands that residents and visitors may enjoy today and for generations to come.”
Irvine: A Bicycle-Friendly City
Irvine has also been recognized as the most bicycle-friendly in Southern California by the League of American Bicyclists, the oldest and largest membership organization of cyclists in the United States.
Irvine is indeed a wonderful city for biking, whether for commuting, exercising, or just enjoying the outdoors. We currently have 301 miles of on-street bike lanes and 54 miles of off-street bikeways. Our bicycle trails are some of the most beautiful, and peaceful, places in Irvine.
We also know that we can — and will — do even better in the future. As in other California cities, Irvine residents primarily rely on their cars to get around town. But Irvine has also made it a priority to support and encourage other, environmentally conscious, forms of transportation – including walking and biking.
In fact, we’ve just conducted an important study to better understand how residents, employees, and visitors walk, bike or get around Irvine. The results of this study will help us make better transportation decisions for our community, and help us increase the ease and safety of biking and walking around town.
Irvine as Solar Capitol USA
Irvine is now an international center for the development of efficient, environmentally conscious solar energy as the home of the United States Department of Energy’s Solar Decathlon, the award-winning international competition held every two years that challenges college teams to design, build, and operate solar-powered houses that are cost-effective, energy-efficient, and attractive.
In 2013, the Solar Decathlon was held for first time outside of Washington, D.C.– at the Great Park, here in Irvine. The 2015 Solar Decathlon will be held once again here in Irvine, which can now claim the title of the nation’s energy innovation capitol.
Keeping Our Commitment
From its beginnings as a visionary master-planned community developed from the Irvine Ranch, the City of Irvine has striven to be simultaneously people-friendly, business-friendly, and earth-friendly. That success can continue into the future, as long as we insist that each phase of our City’s development be accompanied by careful planning and the preservation and enhancement of our environment. | <urn:uuid:6685d89c-1a2d-4bb9-9f1b-3135a670c881> | CC-MAIN-2022-49 | https://melissafoxblog.com/2014/04/21/earth-day-preserving-irvines-earth-friendly-tradition/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-49/segments/1669446711150.61/warc/CC-MAIN-20221207053157-20221207083157-00145.warc.gz | en | 0.951608 | 1,086 | 2.59375 | 3 |
Education Technology and Training, International Conference on (2009)
Dec. 13, 2009 to Dec. 14, 2009
DOI Bookmark: http://doi.ieeecomputersociety.org/10.1109/ETT.2009.15
Clifford Algebra is also known as multi-vector calculus, it has more advantages than the usual mathematical tools like vector, tensor, spinor and exterior differential form. This text introduces the basic knowledge and complex number property of Clifford Algebra from the two-dimensional geometric space to the three-dimensional geometric space, showing the superiority of Clifford Algebra and reflecting the complex number property of geometric space which was composed of dots, lines, planes and solids.
Clifford Algebra, multi-vector, geometric product, complex number, scalar, vector
Zhi Derui, Wang Rui, "Clifford Algebra", Education Technology and Training, International Conference on, vol. 00, no. , pp. 235-237, 2009, doi:10.1109/ETT.2009.15 | <urn:uuid:abaf129c-8c0f-42bd-9f85-4c82313cccdb> | CC-MAIN-2017-34 | https://www.computer.org/csdl/proceedings/ett/2009/3936/00/3936a235-abs.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-34/segments/1502886109470.15/warc/CC-MAIN-20170821172333-20170821192333-00353.warc.gz | en | 0.822577 | 224 | 3.046875 | 3 |
Stevens-Johnson syndrome is a potentially fatal skin disease resulting from a drug reaction. Stevens-Johnson syndrome, and the closely related disease toxic epidermal necrolysis have been linked to a reaction to the drug Bextra, a cox-2 inhibitor. Other drugs linked to Stevens-Johnson syndrome include Allopurinol, anticonvulsants, barbiturates, Carbamazepine, Phenytoin, non-steroid anti-inflammatory drugs, and sulfa antibiotics.
Stevens-Johnson syndrome can affect any age group, but is more common in older people, who potentially use these drugs more frequently than other age groups. Individuals with AIDS are at a higher risk of contracting both Stevens-Johnson syndrome and toxic epidermal necrolysis. Other infectious diseases, including herpes, diphtheria, typhoid, hepatitis, and influenza have been shown to cause or contribute to Stevens-Johnson syndrome. In some causes, radiation therapy or ultraviolet therapy can cause or exacerbate Stevens-Johnson syndrome.
Stevens-Johnson syndrome can begin with flu-like symptoms, such as coughing, headaches, fever, and aches. These symptoms are followed by the development of a painful red or purple rash originating on the face and torso, which may spread elsewhere. The rash may form blisters, which can affect the eyes, mouth, and genital region. The extent of rash spreading varies by patients, but some experience rapid spreading over the course of several hours. Patients may experience swelling of the face and tongue, skin pain (typically associated with the rash), hives, and blistering of the skin and mucous membrane. Some patients may experience shedding or sloughing of the skin. Following the development of the rash, patients may experience a sore throat, a burning sensation in the eyes, an aggravated cough, or fever. The mucous membranes can become inflamed, and with toxic epidermal necrolysis, the outer layer of skin can peel. The body may begin to shed the nails and hair while the patient experiences chills and fever. The skin may appear burned, and the rapid loss of skin can lead to infection and death.
Treatment for Stevens-Johnson syndrome or toxic epidermal necrolysis depends on the cause. | <urn:uuid:e941fc0c-4f7e-4069-a612-e2479a8fb220> | CC-MAIN-2016-30 | http://www.empowher.com/skin-rash/content/stevens-johnson-syndrome-another-deadly-rash | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-30/segments/1469257828314.45/warc/CC-MAIN-20160723071028-00157-ip-10-185-27-174.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.896645 | 466 | 3.390625 | 3 |
Encapsulation consolidates the fields of a class and methods that can access the values of those fields into a single unit. This consolidation restricts the access that VIs not on the class member list have to the class fields.
Class fields have a private access scope setting. Only methods on the Member List of the class G Type document can directly access and manipulate the value of a field on the Data view. Any VI that is not on the class member list must interface with a public access scope class method to interact with the data values of a class object on the diagram.
The restriction of access to class data prevents your program from making unintentional changes to the fields of a class and the data values of specific class objects. The VI that interacts with the class object does not need to know how a class stores its data in order to use the data on the diagram.
The grouping of data and member VIs allows you to separate your code into clearly defined segments. Segmenting the code you write can prevent changes you make to one class method from causing issues in the other methods on the Member List of the class, or a VI external to the class. For example, to change the format of a class data attribute you only need to adjust the control on the Data view of the G Type document. | <urn:uuid:2934c99a-e5e8-40a6-a4c4-9ca93ec6837b> | CC-MAIN-2018-51 | http://www.ni.com/documentation/en/labview/2.0/g-prog/encapsulation-of-fields-and-methods/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-51/segments/1544376827097.43/warc/CC-MAIN-20181215200626-20181215222626-00009.warc.gz | en | 0.892001 | 262 | 2.671875 | 3 |
This product includes 35 mystery word pages that feature Spanish sight words. An alphabet key is also included that shows students the pictures with the letters.
In this activity, students must use the alphabet key to determine the mystery sight words. You can also have the students do this activity without the alphabet key by asking them to write the beginning sound of each picture on the boxes underneath. Students can use expo markers/magnetic letters to write/place down the letter that corresponds with the mystery symbols until they have used their skills to decode the entire word. These mystery word pages make a great literacy centers, morning warm-up, or homework. Your students will love being detectives while learning their sight words.
How to get TPT credit to use on future purchases:
Please go to your My Purchases page. Beside each purchase, you'll see a Provide Feedback button. Simply click it and you will be taken to a page where you can give a quick rating and leave a short comment for the product. I value your feedback greatly as it helps me determine which products are most valuable for your classroom so I can create more for you. | <urn:uuid:baa1f400-f110-4a8e-928a-4e875cf8f75b> | CC-MAIN-2020-16 | https://www.teacherspayteachers.com/Product/Sight-Words-in-Spanish-Mystery-Word-3302529 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-16/segments/1585371861991.79/warc/CC-MAIN-20200409154025-20200409184525-00087.warc.gz | en | 0.931407 | 229 | 3.328125 | 3 |
Editorial from Down Syndrome News and Update, Volume 2 Issue 1
Buckley, S. (2002) Editorial. Down Syndrome News and Update, 2(1), -. doi:10.3104/practice.151
Some readers will know that the work of Down Syndrome Education International began in 1980 as a result of the observations of a parent. In 1979 Leslie Duffen wrote to Sue Buckley about the progress of his daughter Sarah, then 11 years of age and attending a mainstream school. Sarah was making exceptional progress for a child with Down syndrome and Leslie felt that a major reason for this was her early reading experience. He had introduced her to reading from the age of 3 years and he felt that she had learned to talk from seeing rather than hearing the language. Sue and her colleagues began to research Leslie's suggestions and found that they were able to teach a sight vocabulary to preschoolers with Down syndrome and that it did help their language and cognitive development in the way Leslie predicted.
Leslie and Sarah Duffen
Twenty years on, research from around the world has demonstrated that children with Down syndrome do indeed have specific difficulties in learning from listening due mainly to hearing, auditory processing and verbal short-term memory difficulties. These difficulties will significantly impair their ability to learn their first language from listening and, in turn, language delay leads to increasing cognitive delay. Our experience leads us to believe that reading is one of the most powerful ways of helping children with Down syndrome to overcome their speech, language and cognitive difficulties. In particular it develops their grammar and speech production abilities at the optimal time in brain development. However, many professionals working in early intervention services are still not aware of the importance of early reading activities, so many parents and children do not receive the help and advice that they need at the preschool stage.
Common points from these examples
These descriptions of children's progress around the world all highlight that:
- words children read transfer rapidly to speech
- reading 2 then 3 word 'phrases' transfers their use to speech
- reading sentences teaches grammar
- reading words and sentences develops clearer speech production (articulation and phonology)
Parents and teachers in other countries have also been discovering the power of print for children with Down syndrome and we include here some examples of the progress of children in the USA (example 1 and example 2), New Zealand and Turkey described by their parents. We hope that these examples will encourage parents, speech and language therapists, early intervention and preschool staff to realise the benefits and importance of early reading activities. These children were all taught by their parents and we hope that everyone will see that no special knowledge is required. We have recently published a guide to teaching reading to preschoolers and we have made several videos in recent years which show children with Down syndrome engaged in reading activities to encourage everyone. No special knowledge is required - every parent teaches their child to talk, and using reading to teach talking just follows the same principles, with the use of print.
At the end of these features on early reading we include a summary of a recent research study which compared the reading skills of preschool children with Down syndrome and preschool typically developing children of the same chronological age over a three year period. Both groups learned initial sight words at the same rate, and progress after 3 years clearly demonstrated that reading ability is a strength for many children with Down syndrome.
- Reading and writing development for infants with Down syndrome [DSii-07-02] by Gillian Bird and Sue Buckley, published by Down Syndrome Education International, see Reading resource list below.
- Reading videos, see Reading resource list below.
- Love and Learning http://www.loveandlearning.com
- Reading before talking: Learning about mental abilities from children with Down syndrome. Inaugural lecture by Sue Buckley at the University of Portsmouth, 9th May 1996. http://www.down-syndrome.info/library/papers/1996/05/reading/
- Hooked on Phonics http://www.hookedonphonics.com
The following items are available from Down Syndrome Education International's Resources brochure:
- Reading and writing for individuals with Down syndrome - An overview. By Sue Buckley (2001). Portsmouth, UK: Down Syndrome Education International. ISBN: 1-903806-09-7. Available online: http://www.down-syndrome.info/library/dsii/07/01/
- Reading and writing for infants with Down syndrome (0-5 years). By Gillian Bird and Sue Buckley (2001). Portsmouth, UK: Down Syndrome Education International. ISBN: 1-903806-10-0. Available online: http://www.down-syndrome.info/library/dsii/07/02/
- Reading and writing for children with Down syndrome (5-11 years). By Gillian Bird, Jane Beadman and Sue Buckley (2002). Portsmouth, UK: The Down Syndrome Educational Trust. ISBN: 1-903806-11-9. Available online: http://www.down-syndrome.info/library/dsii/07/03/
- Reading and writing development for teenagers with Down syndrome (11-16 years). By Gillian Bird and Sue Buckley (2002). Portsmouth, UK: The Down Syndrome Educational Trust. ISBN: 1-903806-12-7. Available online: http://www.down-syndrome.info/library/dsii/07/05/
- Teaching reading to children with Down syndrome - a guide for parents and teachers. By Patricia Oelwein. ISBN: 0-933149-55-7.
- Reading Skills in Pre-school Children with Down Syndrome. By Elizabeth Wood and Sue Buckley. (1983). Portsmouth, UK: Portsmouth Polytechnic.
- Understanding Down syndrome (2) - learning to read. By Sue Buckley and Gillian Bird (1995). Portsmouth, UK: The University of Portsmouth
- The Development of Language and Reading Skills in Children with Down Syndrome. By Sue Buckley, Maggie Emslie, Gillian Haslegrave, and Pat Le Prevost (1986). Portsmouth, UK: Portsmouth Polytechnic. | <urn:uuid:125844fb-0401-4e58-a1e0-e48ce28acc16> | CC-MAIN-2021-43 | https://library.down-syndrome.org/en-us/news-update/02/1/editorial | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-43/segments/1634323585281.35/warc/CC-MAIN-20211019202148-20211019232148-00149.warc.gz | en | 0.925871 | 1,269 | 3.046875 | 3 |
Nomen im Deutschen – Erklärungen und Beispiele
German Nouns – Summary
Nouns are words which represent people, animals and things (tree, cat, house) and even abstract things (like time, force or quantity).
There are words that are often put in front of nouns:
- The articles, like “der Baum”, “die Katze” or “das Haus”.
- The adjectives, like “der große Mann” or “die schöne Frau”.
- The possessive pronouns, like “seine Hose” or “ihr Kleid”.
- And, of course, other words, like those indicating quantity: “Kein Mensch”, “einige Menschen”, “viele Menschen”, “alle Menschen”.
Nouns are characterized by three attributes:
- Their gender:
der Baum (masculine)
die Katze (feminine)
das Haus (neutral)
- Their number:
der Baum (singular)
die Bäume (plural)
- Their case:
Nouns are a fundamental element of German grammar, just like in every other language. Different from the English language, German nouns have grammatical gender. So, they can be divided into three kinds:
- masculine gender
- feminine gender
- neuter gender
But we wouldn’t talk about German grammar if there wasn’t a lot more difficult than just that. On the one hand, German nouns change their forms depending on their grammatical case, on the other hand, they change whether they are singular or plural.
Before we come to a more detailed explanation of German nouns, there are some important facts about them:
German nouns are, as a rare exception among the different languages on this planet, always capitalized. That means: They are written with an initial capital letter.
In many cases, German nouns are so-called compound nouns. So, they consist of two or more smaller nouns stuck together.
Well, articles in German always come together with their nouns. To get a better idea of that, just have a look at our text about German articles! As we cleared up some basics, let’s now go to some details about German nouns!
Declension, Singular and Plural
Deklination, Singular und Plural
So, as already mentioned above, German nouns vary in their form depending on their grammatical case. Of course, you already know the different cases in German. We’ve got nominative, genitive, dative, and accusative.
It is a bit confusing when you compare it to English, where almost no cases exist for nouns, except for genitive. Nevertheless, it is no big deal getting into German cases and the connected German nouns, if you put some effort into it!
Well, let’s start right ahead with some tables that show us how the German noun “der Mann” (the man), “die Frau” (the woman), and “das Bild” (the picture) vary. As you can easily see looking at the masculine, feminine and neuter article “der”, “die”, and “das”, we have masculine, feminine and neuter nouns. Of course, these are the singular articles, the plural article differs, and you will also find the different plural forms in the right column.
CONJUGATION OF „DER MANN“:
CONJUGATION OF „DIE FRAU“:
CONJUGATION OF „DAS BILD“:
Of course, it might seem to you that the gender of a noun varies completely randomly. But here are some good news: Luckily, there are certain rules that determine whether a noun is masculine, feminine or neuter. Of course, there are exceptions, as you can find them in every language – don’t care too much and take a look at the following guidelines.
Words ending in -or, -ling, -smus, or -ig are nearly always masculine.
Examples: der Rotor (the rotor), der Liebling (the favorite), der Egoismus (the egotism), der Honig (the honey)
Words ending in -ung, -keit, -schaft, –tät, -ik, -tion, -heit, or -ei are feminine.
Examples: die Beleidigung (the insult), die Beständigkeit (the stability), die Kundschaft (the clientele), die Banalität (the banality), die Romantik (the romance), die Deklination (the declension), die Schönheit (the beauty) and die Schreinerei (the carpentry)
Words ending in -chen, -ma, -um, -ment, -lein, or -tum are neuter.
Examples: das Mädchen (the girl), das Enigma (the enigma), das Judentum (the judaism), das Firmament (the firmament)
And here you have some general tricks and rules for declension:
- In case you have given the nominative singular, genitive singular, and nominative plural of a noun, it should be no problem for you to determine its declension.
- Mostly, all singular forms for feminine nouns are the same!
- In a great number of cases, German nouns in their dative and accusative forms do not take declension.
Finally, we reached a rather funny part of German nouns – the compound nouns! German compound nouns can actually consist of an unlimited number of nouns or roots. Due to this fact, surrealistically-long nouns can be created. Here are some examples to be found in Wikipedia:
“Rinderkennzeichnungs- und Rindfleischetikettierungsüberwachungsaufgabenübertragungsgesetz”
– which basically means “Cattle Marking and Beef Labelling Supervision Duties Delegation Law”, i.e. the name of a law established in the state of Mecklenburg-Vorpommern in the year 1999.
Another, though really well-known, compound noun is:
Donaudampfschifffahrtsgesellschaft, which means “Danube Steamboat Shipping Company”. That’s a company that really existed in the year 1829.
Well, some explanation of compound nouns:
Compared to the English language, German compound nouns are always written in one single word. In addition, we have a grammatical phenomenon: the so-called “Fugen-s”, which comes in between the nouns.
Here, many compound nouns develop an “s” between their actual stem nouns, although there should not be one originally. Sometimes, it’s their genitive “s”, but in many cases, the “Fugen-s” develops in German nouns that don’t have a genitive “s”. Of course, the “Fugen-s” in German nouns is not always necessary, nevertheless, there are many words that do not work without it. Here are some examples (taken from here):
- Hochzeitskleid – wedding dress
- Liebeslied – love song
- Abfahrtszeit – time of departure
- Arbeitsamt – employment agency
Finally, we have reached the last part of this article where you can prove the German skills you have just learned. In the following, you will see some phrases that you should complete with the correct terms. Once you have filled all the gaps, just click on the “correct” button and you can see your errors and the correct results. Good luck and … auf Wiedersehen! | <urn:uuid:ccdbf611-7ace-4ffa-8dfd-b4053c81d501> | CC-MAIN-2021-43 | https://language-easy.org/german/grammar/nouns/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-43/segments/1634323587963.12/warc/CC-MAIN-20211026231833-20211027021833-00565.warc.gz | en | 0.88169 | 1,769 | 4.125 | 4 |
In this week’s parasha, Vayera, we read one of the Torah’s most famous narratives, the Akedah, or “Binding of Isaac”. The passage begins by stating that God sought to test Abraham. Although this is the first time the Torah uses such language, Jewish tradition maintains that God tested Abraham a total of ten times (Avot 5:3). What those ten tests were is not exactly clear. There are multiple different lists of the tests, and they don’t all agree with each other. What follows is an attempt to put together a definitive list of Abraham’s ten major life challenges.
This task requires first going through ten major ancient Jewish sources—spanning from the late Second Temple era through the time of the Rishonim, and no later (ie. before 1500 CE)—to see where they agree, and to remove the outliers. Next, it needs to be determined which tests make sense logically, and have strong support from the Torah narrative. Finally, it is important to be able to fit the Ten Tests under the framework of the mystical Ten Sefirot. One reason to do this is because it is an established principle in Judaism that all Tens (Commandments, Plagues, Utterances, etc.) parallel the Ten Sefirot. A second reason to do this is that it opens the door to see practically how Abraham’s Ten Tests can fit into one’s own personal life.
The Oldest Source
The most ancient text to discuss Abraham’s ten tests is the Book of Jubilees. We must mention again that this text is not totally accepted in Rabbinic tradition, though it is clear without any doubt that our ancient Sages used it considerably. (Ethiopian Jews are perhaps the only Jewish community that has retained Jubilees fully in their tradition.) Since Jubilees was written in the Second Temple Era, it is the oldest written text to explicitly mention that Abraham was given ten tests (Jubilees 19:8). However, the exact enumeration of the ten is unclear. Jubilees 17:17 states:
And God knew that Abraham was faithful in all his afflictions; for He had tried him through his country and with famine, and had tried him with the wealth of kings, and had tried him again through his wife, when she was torn from him, and with circumcision, and had tried him through Ishmael and Hagar, his maid-servant, when he sent them away.
The first test was when God instructed Abraham with the fateful words lech lecha, challenging him to leave everything behind and migrate to a new Promised Land. We read in the Torah that when Abraham arrived there was a great famine in the land. This was his second test. Later on, he would go to war with four mighty and cruel kings (who had also abducted his nephew Lot) in Genesis 14. The circumcision was another test, as was the Akedah, and later in Jubilees we are told that the death of Sarah was Abraham’s tenth and final test (19:1-8). That only makes six tests. What are the other four according to Jubilees? Is the abduction of Sarah two separate tests (as most later Rabbinic authorities hold) since she was first taken by Pharaoh, and later by Avimelech the Philistine? Is sending away Hagar and Ishmael two separate tests (as some later authorities hold), one for each of them? And perhaps the struggle with infertility in general was a major test for Abraham, as suggested by Jubilees 14:21. In order to clarify, we must move on to the early Talmudic period.
13 Years in a Cave
There are two major texts from the early Talmudic period which present a list of Abraham’s tests. The first is Pirkei d’Rabbi Eliezer, which originated with Rabbi Eliezer ben Hyrcanus (who lived at the end of the 1st century CE and was a teacher of Rabbi Akiva), though it wasn’t published until the 9th century CE. Pirkei d’Rabbi Eliezer is the most comprehensive source, spending a whopping six chapters (26-31) on Abraham’s ten tests. However, it is also the most unique, naming tests that do not appear on other lists. It should be mentioned that this is the same list summarized by Rashi in his commentary on the Mishnah.
Pirkei d’Rabbi Eliezer holds that Abraham was tested right from birth, and spent the first 13 years of his life in a dark cave by himself. This is because the soothsayers of King Nimrod prophesied that a child would be born who would cause the king’s downfall. Nimrod sought to kill the baby, so Terach had to abandon his son Abraham in a cave. There are different version of this Midrash, some suggesting that Abraham spent the first three years of his life in a cave, raised by angels. Rabbi Eliezer says 13 years.
This is a difficult point to accept, for if Abraham was raised by angels for so long, he would have already been a righteous saint who knew God right from the beginning. Rabbi Eliezer says as much, and holds that when Abraham emerged from the cave he already knew that idolatry was false and man “should trust in his Creator” (Who miraculously sustained Abraham for 13 years). That notion contradicts the accepted tradition that Abraham came to recognize God on his own, without any divine intervention. That’s what makes him so special in the first place!
If this is the case, why would Rabbi Eliezer include a story that contradicts every other source and everything we accept about Abraham’s life journey? I believe there may be a more mystical answer at play. Pirkei d’Rabbi Eliezer would have been first composed around the same time that Rabbi Shimon bar Yochai (aka. Rashbi) emerged from his own time in a cave. Like Abraham, Rashbi had to flee from the authorities who sought to kill him and, like Abraham, spent 13 years total in a cave. He was accompanied by his son Rabbi Elazar, and the two spent all of their time learning Torah together. This sounds like a perfect tikkun, a spiritual rectification, for the fact that the idol-worshipping Terach abandoned his son in a cave for 13 years. To fix that mistake, Terach’s soul returned to spend 13 years of his own in a cave, with his son, learning Torah in order to purify the idolatry of his past.
10 Years in Prison
Pirkei d’Rabbi Eliezer lists Abraham’s second test as having spent 10 years imprisoned by Nimrod for his “proselytizing” activity. He spent three years in a place called Kuthi, and seven years in a place called Budri. (This point, too, betrays the mystical nature of Rabbi Eliezer, as anyone who has dabbled in Kabbalah would immediately recognize the division of three and seven on the level of Sefirot. Note that the Talmud speaks of this, too, and has Abraham imprisoned in Kutha and Kardu [Bava Batra 91a].) At the conclusion of these ten years, Abraham was thrown into the fiery furnace by Nimrod.
While no other source explicitly mentions Abraham’s imprisonment, most of the others do mention the famous Midrash of Abraham being thrown into the flames for refusing to recant his faith. Some explain that this happened when he was 52 years old, and this was the first point when God revealed Himself to Abraham, miraculously saving him from the flames.
[That he was 52 years old is important, since Abraham was born in the Hebrew year 1948, making the year of his miraculous salvation 2000. The Talmud (Sanhedrin 97a) states that human history is divided into three eras, each of two thousand years’ length. The first 2000 was the era of chaos. It ended with Abraham being selected by God, thus starting the second “Era of Torah”. This era lasted 2000 years, from Abraham until roughly the time of the Mishnah—the setting down of the Oral Law—completing the major corpus of Judaism. The final 2000 years are the preparation for the coming of Mashiach.]
The next four tests in Pirkei d’Rabbi Eliezer agree with the Book of Jubilees: lech lecha, the famine in Israel, Sarah being abducted by the Egyptians, and the War of the Kings. The circumcision and Akedah are there, too, of course, as is sending away Hagar and Ishmael. Lastly, the seventh test listed in Pirkei d’Rabbi Eliezer is the “Covenant between the Parts”, when God showed Abraham that his future offspring would be slaves. It is difficult to see how this is a test, since it entailed no response on Abraham’s part.
This was argued long ago by Rabbi Shimon ben Tzemach Duran (1361-1444) in his Magen Avot (5:3). He begins his comments with the list of Pirkei d’Rabbi Eliezer and noted how Rashi used this list. He questions how the Covenant Between the Parts could be a test, and why Rabbi Eliezer didn’t include Sarah’s second abduction. He also argues that Abraham’s childhood in the cave could not be a test either, since he had no control over these events. The Magen Avot concludes with a definitive list of his own:
First, the fiery furnace of Ur Kasdim. Second, lech lecha. Third, the famine. Fourth, the abduction of Sarah by Pharaoh. Fifth, the War of the Kings. Sixth, circumcision. Seventh, the abduction of Sarah by Avimelech. Eighth, sending away his maid and her son. Ninth, Akedat Itzchak. Tenth, the burial of Sarah.
One Migration or Two Migrations
The second ancient Rabbinic source is Avot d’Rabbi Natan, originating with Rabbi Natan (sometimes called Rabbi Natan haBavli, the Babylonian). He lived in the second century CE and was a contemporary of Rabbi Yehuda HaNasi, who composed the Mishnah. Some consider Avot d’Rabbi Natan a “minor” tractate of the Talmud. Rabbi Natan (33:2) summarizes the ten tests most succinctly: “Twice with lech lecha, twice with his two sons, twice with his two wives, once with the kings, once with the Covenant between the Parts, and once with circumcision.”
Rabbi Natan is the first source to speak of two separate migrations: one test was moving from Ur Kasdim to Haran, and once test was for moving from Haran to Israel. The later sources that interpret Ur Kasdim as the fiery furnace (since ur literally means “flame”) list lech lecha as one test. Since Rabbi Natan doesn’t mention the fiery furnace, it has two separate migration tests. The Zohar (I, 77b-78a) states that he was thrown into a furnace in the city of Ur, then immediately told lech lecha to go to Israel. However, when Abraham arrived in Israel he was unable to settle there at the time, and ended up in Haran for many years. He finally made it to Israel at the age of 75, as we read in the Torah.
“Twice with his two sons” refers to the Akedah of Itzchak and the troubles he had raising Ishmael, culminating with his expulsion. Rabbi Natan groups the two abductions of Sarah as one test, and all the struggles with Hagar, culminating with her expulsion, as one test.
The debate regarding one or two migrations finds itself in the next source, Midrash Tehillim, also known as Midrash Shocher Tov, which actually has two different lists. They are nearly the same, except for their order of events, and one distinction in tests: chapter 18 has lech lecha as one migration, while chapter 95 has the two migrations, one from Ur and one from Haran. Instead of the second migration, chapter 18 lists Abraham having to take Hagar as a test of its own.
The Other Rishonim
We have already mentioned that Rashi (Rabbi Shlomo Itzchaki, 1040-1105) cited the same list as Pirkei d’Rabbi Eliezer, and the Magen Avot made his own list. The Rambam (Rabbi Moshe ben Maimon, 1135-1204), in his Commentary to the Mishnah, has a unique list, too, and in characteristic fashion, avoids any Midrash. He does not mention the fiery furnace, and has instead Abraham dealing with infertility (or Sarah’s infertility more specifically). The Rambam also divides Abraham’s separation from Hagar and Ishmael as two distinct tests.
The last two Rishonim are Meiri (Rabbi Menachem ben Shlomo Meiri, 1249-1306), in his Beit HaBechirah, and the Bartenura (Rabbi Ovadiah ben Avraham of Bartenura, c. 1445-1515). They have the same list, just with a different order. Meiri presents an analysis of his own, and goes through the various other lists. He mentions lesser-known lists that have other ideas for tests, including Abraham’s separation from Lot, which Meiri rejects as a test. He holds that having to take Hagar should not be a test either. Even though most lists have the fiery furnace, Meiri admits that this is a Midrash and not obvious from the Torah. He suggests, like Magen Avot, that the Covenant Between the Parts is not really a good candidate.
The Definitive List
If we were to make one definitive list of Abraham’s Ten Tests, what would they be? The majority agree on Lech Lecha and on the fiery furnace of Ur Kasdim. (Among Rabbinic sources, the Rambam is the lone wolf when it comes to not including Nimrod’s persecutions, yet he does speak of this in another work, Moreh Nevuchim, Part III, Ch. 29.) The majority also agree on the famine, circumcision, War of the Kings, and the Akedah, of course. Most agree that Sarah’s abductions should count as two, and that sending away Hagar and Ishmael should count as one. Two of the early sources count Lech Lecha as separate tests (one from Ur and one from Haran), and the Zohar cited above seems to concur.
Several sources mention the Covenant Between the Parts, though logically it is a weak choice since it required no actual response on Abraham’s part. It was simply a prophecy of a future test to befall the nation that would emerge from Abraham. Two of the earlier sources avoid listing the famine as a test. This makes sense, for the famine was only a trigger that caused Abraham to go to Egypt, where the real test occurred. It may be best to include the famine within the test of Egypt.
The Book of Jubilees and Magen Avot hold that the passing of Sarah is the final test. The evidence agrees with them. The passing of Sarah is the last narrative in the Torah where Abraham is the main actor. After this, Abraham is only mentioned in passing, and the story shifts to Isaac, even though Abraham lived nearly four more decades, got remarried, and had many more children. More significantly, following Sarah’s death we no longer see any communication between God and Abraham! It is as if the death of Sarah caused the Shekhinah to depart from him.
The Zohar (I, 81b-82a) states that when Abraham looked at Sarah, he actually saw the Shekhinah. This is the deeper meaning behind Abraham calling Sarah his “sister” when he came to Egypt. He was actually talking to the Shekhinah, who is sometimes referred to as “my sister” (as in Proverbs 7:4, which uses the exact same expression as Abraham used to refer to Sarah in Genesis 12:13). Therefore, the passing of Sarah meant that Abraham no longer saw the Shekhinah revealed, and this explains why he wept so bitterly for the loss, as the Torah tells us. There is little doubt that this loss was a huge test for Abraham. And, it fits perfectly into the array of Sefirot:
The Shekhinah is always associated with the final, feminine Sefirah called Malkhut, and Sarah’s passing was Abraham’s final test. On the other end of the Tree of Life, at the top of the Sefirot, was Abraham’s greatest test, the Akedah. This is when he fulfilled the task of doing God’s inexplicable will, or Ratzon, which is the other name for the first Sefirah, Keter.
The Sefirot of Chokhmah and Binah correspond to the two abductions of Sarah, one by the Egyptians and one by the Philistines. The Sages state that Abraham went to Egypt specifically (as opposed to some other land) because he wanted to tackle Egyptian idolatry head-on, just as he had previously done in Ur and Haran. This is quite clearly a test of Chokhmah, pitting his wisdom against the most advanced civilization of the day. Interestingly, it is after Egypt that Abraham first becomes a father through the Egyptian handmaid he acquired there, Hagar. Chokhmah is also called Aba, “father”. Similarly, right after the abduction of Sarah by the Philistines, she conceives and first becomes a mother. The Sefirah of Binah is also known as Ima, “mother”.
In between Chokhmah and Binah lies the quasi-Sefirah of Da’at (never enumerated among the Sefirot on its own). Just as Da’at emerges out of Chokhmah and Binah, we can parallel Da’at to the general test of dealing with Sarah’s infertility. Following this comes Chessed, and our Sages note that the test which was most contrary to Abraham’s super-kind nature was sending away Hagar and Ishmael. Abraham was the kind to always bring people in, not send them away. Gevurah is strength and clearly relates to the War of the Kings.
Tiferet is the central Sefirah (and often the most important in mystical texts); the one that intertwines with all the other Sefirot. It is also called Emet, “truth”, and parallels Abraham’s early years searching for the Truth and discovering God on his own. It culminates with Nimrod’s persecutions and the fiery furnace, where Abraham’s Truth was put to the test.
Netzach and Hod are always described as the “two legs” of the Sefirot, and neatly parallel the two great migrations of Abraham. Yesod, which corresponds to the sexual organ, is undoubtedly the test of circumcision. And finally, there’s the feminine Malkhut, the death of Sarah, as explained above.
Abraham was the first Jew, and every Jew ever since has a spark of Abraham within him. (In fact, our Sages state that a “Jew” who evidently doesn’t carry the key traits of Abraham may be suspected of not being a Jew at all!) We read about Abraham’s tests because they are meant to teach us about our own tests. These tests (like the later Ten Tests the Israelites faced in the Wilderness), correspond to the Ten Sefirot with which each of us is composed of spiritually. And so, we all have these ten major types of tests in our lives:
Struggling to do God’s will (Keter), even when it sometimes seems inexplicable. Confronting the idolatries and immoralities of our day (Chokhmah), and dealing with separation from loved ones—both physical and emotional (Binah). For some, there’s the struggle with infertility (Da’at). Then there’s having to “send away” bad influences, or break up relationships that we know are not good for us (Chessed). Everyone has their physical struggles and adversaries to battle (Gevurah). There’s searching for Truth (Tiferet); and making a difficult migration, whether geographic, career-related, or other (Netzach and Hod). The hard work of building a happy home, maintaining a pure, monogamous marriage, and resisting temptations (Yesod). Lastly, the death of loved ones, and all those difficult times when it seems the Shekhinah has abandoned us (Malkhut).
May God give us the strength to, like Abraham, overcome all of life’s tests and challenges. | <urn:uuid:c0d671c0-ee6c-4551-8752-c42ae18c1207> | CC-MAIN-2020-10 | https://www.mayimachronim.com/in-search-of-a-definitive-list-of-abrahams-ten-tests/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-10/segments/1581875146414.42/warc/CC-MAIN-20200226150200-20200226180200-00293.warc.gz | en | 0.97269 | 4,556 | 3.34375 | 3 |
Ronan Deazley and Bartolomeo Meletti (2016)
This Working Paper by Professor Ronan Deazley (Queen’s University Belfast) and CREATe researcher Bartolomeo Meletti – offers insights into the creative process behind their award-winning film The Adventure of the Girl with the Light Blue Hair, and makes the case for understanding copying as a positive phenomenon in helping us learn and innovate, develop and engage with others. Copying plays a crucial role at all stages of our development as human beings, from DNA replication to the way in which physical synchronicity helps us establish connections and relationships with friends and family, and beyond. Copying can also facilitate freedom of expression and political engagement, by enabling people and communities across the globe come together and speak with one voice. Consider, for example the global response to the killings in Paris at the offices of the Charlie Hebdo magazine on 7 January 2015. Three simple words – Je Suis Charlie – have been copied (creatively and otherwise) and re-copied millions of times all over the world to commemorate those who lost their lives during that attack. This is copying as remembrance, free speech, solidarity and protest.
Download Copying, Creativity and Copyright | <urn:uuid:f01cf613-e7de-4ef7-be5f-a88eead05741> | CC-MAIN-2020-40 | https://www.create.ac.uk/publications/copying-creativity-and-copyright/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-40/segments/1600400212039.16/warc/CC-MAIN-20200923175652-20200923205652-00387.warc.gz | en | 0.940413 | 254 | 3.078125 | 3 |
Malignant mesothelioma has long been considered a disease of men. This is due in large part to the fact that the disease affects men up to four times more often than women. Additionally, because the disease has such a long incubation period – sometimes as long as forty years – it is also primarily a disease of elderly men.
Mesothelioma is linked to asbestos exposure in industrial work environments that are usually predominantly male. However, there are some women who have engaged in these dangerous occupations and were exposed via high risk work environments.
Methods of Exposure
Asbestos is a naturally-occurring mineral that has been in use almost since the beginning of time. There are records of its use as early as 3,000 BC. In more recent history, was used largely in building materials, including flooring, wall plaster, roofing, and insulation. Although the use of asbestos building materials was largely discontinued in the late 1970s, there are still older buildings that contain large quantities of asbestos.
Asbestos is fairly safe, as long as it remains intact. However, if it is damaged or broken, small pieces can become airborne and be inhaled. Women who live in houses that contain asbestos are at risk if the houses are remodeled or heating and cooling components are removed or altered without taking precautions to remove the asbestos first.
Wives and children of asbestos workers can be exposed if the workers carry asbestos fibers home on their clothing. The fibers from clothing can also get into food and beverages, which are then ingested. For example, in 2007 there was a case of a 49 year-old Australian woman who was exposed to asbestos at the age of five.
Women who work in buildings that contain asbestos, such as old office buildings, are also at risk if the asbestos in the building becomes damaged. For example, there was a case in 1998 of a 27 year-old Israeli woman who was exposed to asbestos from a building site.
Finally, women who live in countries, like Turkey, where asbestos is abundant in the ground, could also be at high risk for exposure. Although very high levels of naturally occurring asbestos are rare in the United States, there are 13 states that are known to have significant quantities of naturally-occurring asbestos.
Issues with Mesothelioma in Women
One of the biggest issues the women with mesothelioma face is that they may not realize that they are vulnerable to the disease, and may not recognize the symptoms. Additionally, because the disease is not as common in women, and because women might not have a history of working in occupations at risk for exposure, healthcare professionals might also not screen for the disease. Both situations can seriously delay diagnosis and treatment. The good news is that, when they do develop mesothelioma, women tend to have a slightly better prognosis.
Another issue is that because women often do not work directly with asbestos, it can be difficult to trace the method of exposure. For example, someone who gets exposure from standing near a building site might not realize that the site was the source of the exposure. Not being able to accurately trace the source of the asbestos often puts women at a disadvantage when it comes to asbestos and mesothelioma lawsuits. Because men are more likely to have worked in environments with direct exposure to asbestos, it is often easier for them to trace and document the exposure.
If you believe that you have been exposed to asbestos, you should consult with your doctor, even if you don’t appear to have symptoms. Because the disease can often take years to develop noticeable symptoms, and it is often not diagnosed until it is in the later stages, early detection can help you get the appropriate treatment. Even in the very early stages, thickening of the membrane surrounding the lungs could appear on an X-ray, and asbestos fibers could appear in lung tissue biopsies.
If your doctor confirms that you show signs or exposure, or of the beginning stages of mesothelioma, you should consider contacting a lawyer that specializes in asbestos cases. A good attorney should be able to tell you if you have a case, and might even be able to help you trace the source of your exposure. | <urn:uuid:91b47554-9223-4d34-82c5-387762fd3342> | CC-MAIN-2022-40 | https://www.cool-health.com/asbestos-exposure-mesothelioma-women/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-40/segments/1664030335303.67/warc/CC-MAIN-20220929003121-20220929033121-00191.warc.gz | en | 0.979016 | 861 | 3.265625 | 3 |
Possibly the first idea of a limit in the historic city was defined by its own walls, which were systematically exceeded and rebuilt to maintain a defensive system. When traditional space evolves and becomes overgrown, urbanism emerges as a discipline, the city is transformed and its limit transforms with it. The increase in population and industry has changed the scale of our cities and growth has been reflected in a new organisation.
The space we live in, where our social activities take place, expands and is inescapably fragmented while a new infrastructure connects the pieces. The city mutates into a system made by separate but interconnected zones, with each zone having a hierarchy and its own identity derived from topographical or social dynamics. It is a system of parts forming a whole.
The size of the parts and their formation as a unit is essential to define the limit of the city. When the growth surpasses the ideal size for interaction between its inhabitants, a division is used as a tool to understand social relationships and territory. Systems put in place to connect the parts of this multifunctional urban fabric present the city as an abstraction of fragmentation. Cities become a vast territory composed of known fragments. Public transportation is indicative of this since, following a network diagram, we can quickly traverse a city by subway to take part in activities without membership to a territory.
The limit of the contemporary city is, therefore, abstract and non-physical; it is not linked to where suburbs begin. Outskirts are no more than a fluctuating space, a mixed-use dispersed fabric where the physical limit of the city is speculated on. The metropolis is, however, interested in its inhabitants and their relationships in connection to a place. In this sense, interactions are becoming longer in space and shorter in time.
Aside from urban mobility, telecommunications have become invisible meeting points that are replacing spaces traditionally provided by the city for commerce and encounter. Many of the social relations in the city have transcended spatial barriers. The contemporary city has exceeded its limit. | <urn:uuid:77ce1581-1eae-4e18-a734-d0f8d77dbcdf> | CC-MAIN-2021-04 | https://aqso.net/office/news/147/contemporary-city-limit | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-04/segments/1610704843561.95/warc/CC-MAIN-20210128102756-20210128132756-00015.warc.gz | en | 0.96622 | 405 | 3.03125 | 3 |
Zero the Hero by Joan Holub
This story is fabulous for a few reasons. Anyone with a kid who is fascinated by numbers will get a kick out of this little hero's tale. The story attempts to drive home the value of numbers and how zero is different. It is a tricky concept for young learners, so could really be used with children in kindergarten up to grade 2 or even higher. Zero feels useless in the beginning since he doesn't change values when added, subtracted or divided. When the other numbers get captured by the Roman numerals (another fun lesson waiting to happen) zero becomes a hero when he reveals his power to eliminate others when multiplying. This is a really cute story that involves a lot of maths concepts you could pick apart for at least a few weeks.
Scroll down for:
⚈ 1 Play ideas ⚈ 2 Classroom Activities ⚈ 3 Links to more Resources
Get your hands on this book here:
We are in the process of adding activity details to this page. You can read our review on Instagram by clicking HERE and see the activity we did with it HERE.
Click below for other books and activities about maths: | <urn:uuid:8171061c-2624-4a81-b6fa-c0551285af02> | CC-MAIN-2021-10 | https://www.bookinspiredplay.com/zerothehero.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-10/segments/1614178361776.13/warc/CC-MAIN-20210228205741-20210228235741-00132.warc.gz | en | 0.956796 | 239 | 3.375 | 3 |
The El Niño climate pattern has returned for the first time since 2003 and will affect the climate in the Southeast for the next three to six months, according to the latest outlook from the Southeast Climate Consortium (SECC).
The SECC is a coalition of six universities, including Florida State University, University of Florida, University of Miami, University of Georgia, Auburn University and the University of Alabama-Huntsville.
While this El Niño event began a little later in the year than most warm events, summer/fall is the usual time when sea surface temperatures may rise and spread across the Pacific, according to the forecast. El Niño normally reaches peak intensity and coverage in the winter months.
Because of this seasonality of El Niño, the first impact felt in the Southeast U.S. is the relative inactivity of the hurricane season. “In spite of predictions to the contrary, 2006 has so far been a quiet tropical season and many are blaming the developing El Niño. El Niño is known to create an environment of high shear (winds changing with height) over hurricane formation regions in the Atlantic, Caribbean, and Gulf of Mexico that hinders hurricane development.
With El Niño continuing to grow and with the hurricane season over half over, we expect the remainder of the hurricane season to continue below average activity,” according to the SECC report.
Partially due to the expected decrease in tropical activity, El Niño actually brings drier than normal conditions (20 percent to 30 percent less rain than normal) to Florida, southern Alabama, and southern Georgia in the months of September and October. “Rainfall from tropical systems is an integral component of the climate of the Southeast in the fall, which is otherwise fairly dry without the impact of a tropical system. El Niño does not have much influence on temperatures during these months September and October,” states the SECC outlook.
Once the colder months arrive (November through March), the classic El Niño climate patterns should establish themselves and control weather during that time. The El Niño is known to bring more frequent storms, excessive rainfall, and cooler temperatures to Florida and coastal Alabama and Georgia.
“Florida can expect 40 to 60 percent more rainfall than normal in the winter months. It is believed that the increase in rain and cloudiness associated with El Niño causes average temperatures to be cooler than normal during the winter months. These cooler temperatures result in greater chill accumulations over the course of the season. While average temperatures are often cooler, El Niño actually reduces the risk of severe cold outbreaks in Florida and the Southeast. The strong subtropical jet stream that is typical of El Niño acts to ‘block’ the intrusions of cold arctic air masses,” according to the forecast.
Turning to more current conditions, the SECC says that after a very dry spring and early summer for most of the area, more plentiful rainfall returned to the Southeast in August and September. As is the usual case for summer precipitation, coverage and accumulations have been highly variable throughout the region.
“Southwest Florida has received soaking rains from tropical storms Alberto and Ernesto along with frequent thundershowers, resulting in a surplus of summer rain. Other areas, the western Panhandle of Florida and southeast Alabama in particular, have remained rather dry. While not offering immediate relief, El Niño should help these areas catch up in the coming winter.”
The SECC predicts the following impacts on Southeastern crops from the latest El Niño:
Winter vegetables (tomato, green peppers): Tomato and green peppers generally yield less during El Niño years than during Neutral or La Niña years. Most soil-borne pathogens and fruit quality problems increase in El Niño years. Fruit quality problems like gray wall are also more prevalent in El Niño years,
Pasture: In general, El Niño years are good for winter pasture due to wetter conditions. However, growth may be slower due to increased cloudiness and consequent decrease in solar radiation.
Row Crops: El Niño impacts are less evident on annual summer crops since its strongest signal occurs during fall, winter and spring. Analysis of historical yield data is a good way to evaluate potential impacts of various row crops. Increased disease pressure and slower development may affect spring sown horticultural crops. | <urn:uuid:41937e72-7c8e-4e7b-a95b-92e35b987164> | CC-MAIN-2016-26 | http://southeastfarmpress.com/print/el-nio-climate-pattern-has-returned | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783393997.50/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624154953-00038-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.94023 | 870 | 3.21875 | 3 |
Reflux in Babies: The Signs and Symptoms Every Mum Should Know
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Infants often experience reflux throughout their first months of life. Reflux can be painful and frustrating for the baby and parents. As parents, we want to fix whatever problems our child is facing, and we want to take away their pain. Infants with reflux can experience pain, spit up large amounts of their milk, and struggle to sleep well.
Every parent needs to know the signs and symptoms of reflux in babies. Knowing the signs allows you to approach your caregiver sooner if a problem is persisting in seeking help.
What Causes Reflux in Babies?
A poorly coordinated gastrointestinal tract typically causes reflux. Babies with reflux are otherwise healthy, but some children have an immature digestive system. Most babies outgrow reflux by their first birthday.
Acid reflux occurs when the contents of your child’s stomach back up into their esophagus, which is the tube that carries food from the throat down into the stomach. The lower esophageal sphincter (LES) sits at the bottom and opens when you swallow. However, the LES doesn’t close completely with reflux, allowing contents to come back up.
Infants tend to have a weak or underdeveloped LES. More than half of all infants will experience acid reflux, but the degree in which they experience differs.
These are the most common signs for parents to know.
- Frequent Spitting Up: Most infants spit up to some degree, but forceful spit up can be a sign of reflux. In most cases, it is painless. Babies spit up and continue to smile, but if your child is noticeably in pain as he spits up, reflux could be to blame.
- Wet Burps or Hiccups: A wet burp or hiccup is when your child spits up liquid when he burps or hiccups. It is another sign that your child has acid reflux. The child may swallow the liquid down again, or it may come out of the sides of his mouth.
- Persistent Coughing: An infant with frequent coughing might experience frequently reflux. The regurgitated food might be inhaled into their lungs and windpipe, leading to bacterial pneumonia. Asthma can also develop due to acid reflux.
- Refusal to Eat: Babies quickly associate pain with feedings when they have reflux, so your infant may refuse to eat. The child may experience irritation that occurs when their milk comes back up into their esophagus with each feeding.
- Choking or Gagging: If you’ve experienced reflux as an adult, you understand the feeling of choking or gagging as the stomach contents flow up the esophagus. Gravity does help keep contents downwards, so remember to hold your child upright after feedings.
- Disturbed Sleep: Most infants with reflux struggle to sleep through the night or sleep well at all. Parents can try to feed their baby an hour before bedtime, giving their stomach plenty of time to settle the food down fully.
- Arching Back: Some infants may arch their body during or after a feeding. Doctors aren’t positive about the reasoning behind this sign, but they believe it is due to the burning sensation in their esophagus. However, abnormal arching can also be a sign of a neurological problem, so be sure to discuss this with your pediatrician.
- Colicky behavior such as frequent crying or fussiness with feeding or immediately after: Is your infant displaying irritability during feedings? If so, this behavior is caused by abdominal discomfort or esophageal irritation.
- Failure to Gain Weight: Because the infant may spit up large quantities of his feeding, some babies experience weight loss or failure to gain weight. It also can be caused by poor feedings due to the discomfort the child is experiencing. This sign requires immediate action on the part of the parent and doctor.
Treatments for Reflux
Thankfully, most infants will outgrow reflux, but that doesn’t give parents comfort when their child is noticeably upset. Until your child reaches the age when reflux subsides, try some of these methods to reduce the symptoms.
- Elevate the head of your baby’s crib or bassinet (check latest safe sleeping advice for acceptable methods)
- Hold your child upright for 30 minutes after a feeding
- Use a bottle with anti-colic feature to reduce the amount of air swallowed, which can cause more stomach problems.
- Feed smaller amounts on a more frequent basis
For difficult cases, your doctor may prescribe medication to ease your child’s discomfort. Medication typically is only prescribed for a child who is struggling to gain weight or is in a lot of discomfort.
If you believe that your child has acid reflux, speak to your pediatrician soon. Together, you can come up with a plan to ensure your child continues to thrive and enjoy eating. Over time, the symptoms will subside, but continue to try different treatments to ease any pain.
About the Author
Hi! My name is Veronica Mitchell. I am a mother to two adorable little girls and a handsome little boy. I spend my days caring from my children, packing lunches, reading aloud, kissing boo-boos, and working as an Editor of Myparentingjourney.com | <urn:uuid:8ef5091f-e169-4c1d-a5df-34b8caef6d8a> | CC-MAIN-2019-43 | https://www.navigatingbaby.com/reflux-in-babies-the-signs-and-symptoms/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-43/segments/1570987836295.98/warc/CC-MAIN-20191023201520-20191023225020-00091.warc.gz | en | 0.942638 | 1,134 | 2.8125 | 3 |
Systems That Are Accountable To Us
Regional centers and school districts are required by law to provide services and supports that are individualized and person-centered. But who makes sure they are following the law? In California, the Legislature and the Department of Developmental Services have significant oversight powers for regional centers, yet thise is still a sense that no one is being held accountable. School districts are answerable to local school boards, who are elected officials, yet special education seems to be barely noticed.
Each regional center has a core level of oversight by their boards of directors, who are made up primarily of individuals served by the regional centers and family members. These board members are supposed to oversee the regional center executive director as well as the general policies and procedures of the organization. The members, however, are often recruited and hand-picked by regional center staff leading to concerns about their ability to appropriately supervise the executive director. Indeed, board members have complained of fear of retaliation in questioning decisions at an agency that provides them or their loved one with critical services. Individuals and family members face the same concern in advocating for needed services that the regional center won’t provide.
Within the education system, fear and intimidation of parents also plays a significant factor. Filing a complaint about a school or service or going to due process over a disagreement is expensive, stressful, and can strain the critical relationship that a family must have with their child’s school. School districts and SELPAs (Special Education Local Planning Areas) have Community Advisory Committees that are often powerless. Parents feel like they have nowhere to turn.
Our Action Plan
Disability Voices United will advocate for the oversight bodies – including the Executive Branch (Departments of Developmental Services, Education, and Health and Human Services), State Legislature, and the federal government – to do their jobs in holding regional centers and school districts accountable for providing choice of settings, services and supports that are individualized, person-centered, and outcome-based as well as eliminating fear and intimidation of individuals and families within their systems. We will:
- Research the extent to which the systems disempower or intimidate families and individuals.
- Encourage legislative oversight hearings and lead grassroots advocacy efforts to ensure that agencies are complying with laws and rights establihed under the Lanterman Act, the Individuals with Disabilities Education Act and othis disability rights laws.
- Collect stories of the lack of accountability to provide examples at hearings.
- Train current and prospective Regional Center board and committee members and school district Community Advisory Committee members on their responsibilities and their oversight roles.
- Recruit individuals and family members to serve on regional center boards and Community Advisory Committees.
- Train individuals and family members on advocacy and their rights and encourage attendance and monitoring of board meetings.
- Encourage investigations of regional center or school district mismanagement or abuse of power.
- Compel more aggressive action when thise are systemic issues of individuals’ needs not being met or abuse of power.
- Seek alternative ways to ensure oversight, such as audits and class action litigation.
- Prepare a rating system/report card for the 21 regional centers measuring consumer/parent satisfaction, transparency, staff responsiveness, disparities in services, and othis factors.
- Become a source and provide compelling stories for the media.
A Right to Respect: The Story of the Consumer Advisory Commitee The Consumer Advisory Committee…
Sounding Too Familiar: A Long History of Lack of Oversight Excerpts from a speech by…
Pay for Lawyers, But Not Services? John's Story *The name of the individual has been… | <urn:uuid:1a7c8e3c-5f62-45f4-aadf-bafaab260eea> | CC-MAIN-2018-43 | http://www.disabilityvoicesunited.org/1/systems-accountable-us/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-43/segments/1539583516892.84/warc/CC-MAIN-20181023174507-20181023200007-00019.warc.gz | en | 0.955316 | 741 | 2.71875 | 3 |
In the Spring on A.D. 33 Jesus and his Disciples Traveled to Lazarus’ House in Bethany Which is Just Outside of Jerusalem (John 12:1):
Along the road to Jerusalem, Jesus predicted his pending death in Jerusalem to his disciples (Matthew 20:17-19, Mark 10:32-34 & Luke 18:31-34).
Palm Sunday (March 29th, A.D. 33):
Palm Sunday is a Christian moveable feast that falls on the Sunday before Easter (a.k.a., Pesah the Hebrew word for the Passover, or Pascha the Latinized spelling of the Hebrew word Pesah). Palm Sunday is 6 days prior to the feast of the Passover and it commemorates Jesus’ triumphal entry into Jerusalem. On Palm Sunday Jesus left Lazarus’ house and He descended from the Mount of Olives, riding on a Donkey, and road into Jerusalem, with the cries of “Hosanna” ringing in his ears (Matthew 21:8-11, Mark 11:7-10, Luke 19:35-38, & John 12:12-18). That evening Jesus wept over Jerusalem and He returned to Bethany and lodged there with His friends.
Monday (March 30th, A.D. 33): Jesus Returned to Jerusalem and he Cleansed the Temple of the Money Lenders:
This second cleansing clearly symbolizes his sovereignty over the temple. It also provoked the Jewish authorities to plot his death (Matthew 21:12-13, Mark 11:15-18 Luke 19:45-48). Jesus also received a delegation of Greeks and he taught them and his followers (John 12:20-50).
Tuesday (March 31st, A.D. 33): Jesus Returned to Jerusalem for most of the day:
He spent much of the day in the temple precincts, answering questions posed by religious authorities seeking to entrap him (Matthew 21:15-17, 23-46; 22:15-46). The authorities baited Jesus with questions about who John the Baptist was, about paying tribute to Caesar, and about the resurrection. Jesus skillfully deflected their plots. He also taught about the real value of tithing (Mark 12:41-44), and sitting on the Mount of Olives, overlooking Jerusalem (on his way back to Bethany) he taught his disciples about the “end times” (Matthew 24, and Mark 13).
Maundy Thursday (April 2nd, A.D. 33): The Last Supper; i.e. the First Communion
The Last Supper; i.e. the First Communion (in Greek: koinonia which literally means joint participation, or common union). At the last supper, Christ was celebrating the Jewish Passover Festival, “the supper of the lamb” (a day early) and he established the new version of it, the communion celebration.
In the original Passover (recorded in the book of Exodus) the 10th plague of God upon Pharaoh and the Egyptian people, the spirit of the Lord passed over Egypt killing the first born child in every household. The Israelites were instructed to protect themselves from the plague by painting their door posts with the blood of an unblemished lamb (so the angel of death would pass over their houses). The Israelites knew that the following morning Pharaoh would relent and release them from slavery in Egypt, so they packed their belongings and cooked bread without waiting for it to rise (unleavened bread) so they could leave in a hurry when Pharaoh released them the next morning.
Jesus Christ consecrated the unleavened bread and the wine of the Last Supper Passover with new meaning “This is my Body.” and, “This is my Blood.” and He instructed his disciples (the 12 Apostles) to continue the practice after He was gone; “Do this as often as you shall drink it, in remembrance of me.”
The apostolic church understood communion as the sacrament of the “common union” between the faithful and Christ (i.e., God), and between each other (i.e., the communion of the saints), those present at the service, and those present at similar services elsewhere in the world and those who have “gone before” (i.e. the broadest possible understanding of communion).
After the meal Christ washed the feet of His disciples. The Messiah of God, Go’s son Jesus the Christ, serving those He had chosen to serve Him!
Late Thursday Night (April 2nd, A.D. 33) or Early Friday Morning (April 3rd, A.D. 33):
That evening, after the Passover meal, Christ withdrew from Jerusalem to the Garden of Gethsemane (which was adjacent to the Mount of Olives, on the road to Bethany), to pray. He pray for several hours while the disciples slept. Jesus prayed, that God would “allow this cup to pass from him“, but eventually He prayed “Not my will, but thy will be done.“ | <urn:uuid:7657b88d-75df-4883-b8d5-b3275a2c8542> | CC-MAIN-2019-51 | https://christian-hx.fyi/holy-week-a-d-30-or-a-d-33/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-51/segments/1575540555616.2/warc/CC-MAIN-20191213122716-20191213150716-00424.warc.gz | en | 0.9593 | 1,068 | 3.265625 | 3 |
Level 3 Land-Based Technology
An advanced and well-established qualification which is recognised by industry as demonstrating technical capability to work in the land-based technology and agricultural engineering sectors and can also be used to progress to degree level courses. In year one learners may also achieve the 90 credit diploma.
This hands-on practical course allows students to get to grips with the world of Engineering and experience first hand how to maintain and repair a wide range of agricultural and industial machinery as well as off road vehicles, gaining skills relevant to working in an industry setting.
Course features at Newton Rigg include how to inspect and test machinery and equipment, how to service and repair engines, hydraulic systems and components, vehicle engine technology, health, safety and welfare, chassis systems, welding, machine maintenance, work-related experience and workshop practice.
Usually at least 4 GCSEs at grade C or above (new GCSE grading levels 4 to 9) to include any 2 from English, Maths and Science with at least a grade D in the remaining subject. Alternatively a suitable Level 2 vocational qualification (Merit or above) with English and Maths at Level 2
After successful completion of this course you may be able to progress to a relevant degree course, into an Advanced Apprenticeship or into employment, including working overseas. | <urn:uuid:ad755b2e-e1a2-4f41-844f-1ab188d3e9ee> | CC-MAIN-2019-35 | https://www.newtonrigg.ac.uk/courses/land-based-technology-1 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-35/segments/1566027317359.75/warc/CC-MAIN-20190822194105-20190822220105-00411.warc.gz | en | 0.939876 | 265 | 2.65625 | 3 |
Alison Macintosh, one of Shaw’s PAVE colleagues, thinks so, too. She’s the one whose recent paper, “From athletes to couch potatoes: Humans through 6,000 years of farming,” claims that, when Central Europeans made the transition from hunter-gatherer societies to agricultural ones, men’s lower limb strength and overall mobility decreased (even more so than among women).
This decline in physical activity and bone strength has led to osteoporosis, decrease in fitness, obesity, and myriad other problems and diseases. Ironically, “We have an overabundance of nutrition and we train better,” says Shaw, “but we’re overweight and we’re not challenging our bodies like we used to.”
“The average U.S. citizen is considerably less fit than the average hunter-gatherer or forager,” says Dr. Loren Cordain, professor emeritus of health and exercise science at Colorado State University and author of The Paleo Diet. “The lesson to be learned is not from early farmers and their dietary and exercise patterns, but rather from our hunter-gatherer ancestors and their dietary and exercise patterns. These examples represent the norms for our species and the environmental experiences which conditioned our genome.”
Indeed the hunter-gatherers of 30,000 to 150,00 years ago traveled extremely long distances while hauling all kinds of weight. “They were much stronger than the long-distance runners of today,” says Shaw. In a study he published earlier this year, he concluded that “the people back then were monsters by comparison. What you see today is quite pathetic.”
Cordain, for one, thinks we should eat and live like our hunter-gatherer ancestors, whose meat-heavy diets gave them more muscle mass and enhanced their athletic abilities and performance. Wolf would add in weight training, stretching, and, in particular, cross-country running, because it challenges our bodies in the same ways hunter-gatherers had to navigate uneven terrain and the up-and-down of hills—all of which increased their physical robustness.
Do all that and you can reclaim your ancient potential, advises Wolff. “If folks train hard they can achieve remarkable levels of physical development.” | <urn:uuid:6ad58da8-e2b9-4fcc-8f27-f8b5394237e0> | CC-MAIN-2023-06 | https://boulderinternalmartialarts.blogspot.com/2014/06/how-far-fitness-has-fallen-article.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-06/segments/1674764500671.13/warc/CC-MAIN-20230208024856-20230208054856-00568.warc.gz | en | 0.950465 | 483 | 2.890625 | 3 |
Hygiene within your production facilities, how to prevent contamination!
Hygiene preparations and regulations often arise as a result of routine or custom, or as a result of incidents. They receive little attention in practice and are seen as a major cost factor. Cleverly thinking about the implementation and the necessary frequency of a cleaning activity, improves food safety and saves on cleaning costs.
When production, quality inspection and the hygiene team talk to each other and work together, clarity and a clear overview are created. If companies properly record and monitor the structure and conditions for cleaning and adjust and optimise these in good time, the food safety risks become manageable. As soon as a company organises and carries out the cleaning properly, it determines its own course and is able to navigate on it. "Putting out fires" is then no longer necessary and everyone within the company is prepared for (unannounced) audits.
A current example of preventable infections is the recent appearance of the Listeria and Salmonella bacteria within the Dutch food industry.
At which places within the food industry is there bacterial growth and how can this be prevented within my facilities?
Floors & drains
Bacteria such as Listeria are common in the environment and are found in the ground, water, animal intestines and on raw food. This can easily lead to the bacteria ending up in food production plants and spreading rapidly. Listeria can adhere to the surface of floors and sewers by forming a biofilm. This makes them difficult to remove during cleaning.
A pond with static water is a paradise for bacteria and therefore leads to colonization of several different bacteria. To minimise the development of Listeria and other bacteria, floors should be kept as dry as possible. Water consumption for cleaning and processing should be kept to a minimum.
Vikan cleaning materials are specially designed for this purpose and can contribute to achieving your hygiene standards. Water from a leak should be removed immediately (using a floor squeegee or vacuum cleaner) and any leaks should be repaired as soon as possible.
It is important to prevent Listeria contamination from spreading between different high-risk areas. It is therefore important to keep these areas separate from your low-risk areas. This will limit the spread of bacteria caused by water, aerosols and the movement of people and equipment. An excellent way to achieve this is to use a hygienestation with disinfection, soap and drying possibilities.
Like floors and drains, hard-to-clean areas on and in food processing equipment can become a breeding ground for Listeria and countless other bacteria due to water accumulation and contamination.
To minimise risk, it is essential to use hygienically designed processing equipment that is easy to clean and made of materials suitable for food contact.
It is important to take a critical look at the way of cleaning. The use of high-pressure cleaners and scrubbers may be a quick way to clean but it increases the risk of spreading bacteria. The use of these machines can ensure that bacteria are spread on production machines, parts and other surfaces by means of air displacement.
Low pressure foam cleaning is a good alternative. With low pressure foam cleaning system it is possible to offer complete system solutions for flushing, foam and disinfection - all functions in one system. Low-pressure technology enables efficient, material-saving and low-cost cleaning of surfaces and production facilities.
A separate injector for each chemical prevents the mixing of different chemicals and can always ensure individual dosing at the right concentration. Cleaners have a longer surface contact and minimize aerosol formation.
Quality more important than quantity
Furthermore, the frequency of cleaning and disinfection should be based on risk assessment, but for equipment used for processing chilled ready-to-eat food, this should probably be at least once a day.
Daily cleaning should be complemented by regular machine disassembly and deep cleaning so that areas that are difficult to reach are also reached during daily cleaning. A risk assessment therefore allows you to adjust the frequency of (deep) cleaning according to the level of risk.
During cleaning and disinfection, consider hard-to-reach areas on the equipment. These are the areas where bacteria can be present, especially if an area remains wet for a long time. Some examples are given below:
- Long damp open frames
- Corners and holes
- Hollow roller tracks
- Poor welding seams
- Cavities in cutting machines
- Cavities under hoods and seals
- Cleaning materials
Cleaning materials are indispensable to prevent contamination in your facilities, rooms and machines. However, if poorly maintained, the same materials can become a source of the same bacteria that you are trying to combat.
In order to prevent listeria in the field of cleaning materials, two things are crucial:
- A hygienic design
- Proper maintenance of the cleaning tools.
Your cleaning materials must have a hygienic design and be easy to clean. This prevents microbiological growth of bacteria.
A hygienic design includes the following properties
- A smooth construction
- One-piece construction
- Easy to disassemble
- No crevices, cracks, seams or edges.
Havantec can advise you on the choice of suitable cleaning materials. After purchasing the correct materials, it is very important that you maintain the items in the correct manner. After use, the cleaning materials must also be cleaned, disinfected and replaced regularly. A good way to distinguish the cleaning materials from your high and low risk areas is colour coding.
Wondering what we can do for you? Contact us!
T. 0499-376970 E. [email protected]
In addition to Hygiene facilities, Havantec Food Equipment supplies a wide range of production machines, internal transport equipment and stainless steel equipment. Havantec also has its own technical department which can place and install the installations. In addition, they provide a flexible, fast and targeted solution in the event of malfunctions.
Mobile hygiene sluice for higer infection protection
Offer your visitors in public areas, your guests at events and your employees the best possible protection against viruses, such as Covid-19, with Itec's mobile hygiene stations. Equipped with body temperature scan, mouth mask scan and hand disinfection.
Havantec Hygiene Solutions
We are proud to inform you that the company PHT-Benelux B.V. from 01-01-2021 onwards will continue under the name Havantec Hygiene Solutions B.V.
DVM-600 "Pulled Meat Shredder"
Pulled meat, such as beef, pork and lamb remains incredibly popular. Pulled pork for example is one of the most famous BBQ dishes out there. This slowly cooked pork is delicious for a sandwich or sandwich. | <urn:uuid:48947534-77ad-4cd3-a202-a26a82a0f09c> | CC-MAIN-2021-17 | https://www.havantec.com/news/hygiene-within-your-production-facilities-how-to-prevent-contamination | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-17/segments/1618038061820.19/warc/CC-MAIN-20210411085610-20210411115610-00171.warc.gz | en | 0.938835 | 1,404 | 2.796875 | 3 |
By Mary Elizabeth Dallas
And anyone who thinks they have had an allergic reaction to penicillin should undergo an allergy test to ensure they really need to avoid these important drugs, Dr. Min Lee advised. She is a pediatric allergist at UT Southwestern Medical Center at Dallas.
"Penicillins are some of the safest and cheapest antibiotics available, and people who are reported to be allergic often get antibiotics that are costlier and potentially more toxic," Lee said in a news release from the medical center.
According to UT Southwestern researchers, 90 percent of people who have a penicillin allergy listed in their medical records didn't actually have a reaction when exposed to the medication during an allergy test.
Doctors can test for a penicillin allergy in a two-step process. First, they do a skin test. If that result is negative, patients are given an oral penicillin challenge to verify the result. In an oral challenge, people are given the substance they may be allergic to under careful medical supervision to see if a reaction occurs, according to the American Academy of Allergy, Asthma and Immunology.
There are a few different reasons why people may mistakenly think they are allergic to penicillin. Some people who had a reaction in the past eventually outgrow their allergy. Lee urged parents to have their child tested before they transition to adult medical care.
"Even if a child was allergic 10, 15 years ago, they may not be now and if not, it's a good time to get the label removed from health records," Lee suggested.
Viral infections could also be misdiagnosed as a penicillin allergy, she said. In some cases, patients simply don't remember their experience correctly.
It's important to verify a penicillin allergy to avoid taking alternative drugs that increase the risk for side effects. Broad-spectrum antibiotics are prescribed for people who can't take penicillin. These drugs, however, can kill beneficial skin and gut bacteria and potentially contribute to the rise of treatment-resistant superbugs, according to the news release.
"People who have a reported penicillin allergy are more likely to be hospitalized for C. difficile and MRSA -- bacteria that are resistant to multiple antibiotics and can cause life-threatening infections," Lee said. | <urn:uuid:456ac0c0-9864-424d-bbab-bf108ea96348> | CC-MAIN-2019-39 | https://www.webmd.com/allergies/news/20170206/think-youre-allergic-to-penicillin-check-again | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-39/segments/1568514573735.34/warc/CC-MAIN-20190919204548-20190919230548-00167.warc.gz | en | 0.963663 | 470 | 2.828125 | 3 |
Not Just a Respiratory Disease – The Cardio-COVID Link
Early in the coronavirus pandemic, evidence emerged that COVID-19 was not just a disease of the respiratory system as initially thought. It became clear that people with underlying cardiovascular problems, such as prior heart failure, coronary artery disease, or hypertension, were more susceptible to severe infection with SARS-CoV-2. There was also evidence to suggest that many patients who were hospitalized with COVID-19 showed markers of cardiac injury.
In July 2020, two pivotal studies, published in JAMA Cardiology, suggested that COVID-19 might have a prolonged impact on heart health, even in patients whose illness was not severe enough to require hospitalization.
In the first study,1 researchers examined the MRIs of 100 patients recently recovered from COVID-19 infection and compared them to those from healthy individuals who were not infected with the virus. The team found abnormalities in the hearts of 78% of recently recovered patients and ongoing myocardial inflammation in 60%, independent of preexisting conditions, severity and overall course of the acute illness, and time from the original diagnosis.
The second study2 evaluated the presence of SARS-CoV-2 in the myocardial tissue of 39 COVID-19 autopsy cases. The researchers detected high levels of the virus in 24 (61.5%) of these patients. Furthermore, the viral load was above 1,000 copies per μg RNA in 41% of patients.
Uncovering the Connection
Since these findings were reported, physicians and researchers have continued to explore the relationship between SARS-CoV-2 infection and patients’ hearts.
A study3 conducted by researchers from the University of Cambridge, led by Anthony P. Davenport, showed that expression of the genes involved in viral entry were upregulated in aged cardiomyocytes. The researchers said this might explain why older people appear to be particularly susceptible to the cardiovascular complications associated with COVID-19. The team concluded that their findings could inform future studies into the relationship between cardiomyocytes and COVID-19.
Just six months later, Davenport and colleagues published a second study4 outlining a screening platform which could be used to identify inhibitors of infection. The aim of the study was to confirm that their model expressed the protein machinery critical for SARS-CoV-2 infection and then to screen for novel therapeutic agents. The new platform, which used human embryonic stem cell-derived cardiomyocytes (hESC-CMs), helped identify two novel inhibitors of SARS-CoV-2 viral entry, namely Benztropine and DX600.
“Our results provide a platform to generate high quality data in pre-clinical studies to justify translational research in animal models of acute respiratory distress syndrome and the repurposing of current drugs for clinical trials,” said Davenport et al.
Full details of the screening platform and the experimental approach used by Davenport’s team can be found here.
- Puntmann V, Carerj M, Wieters I, Fahim M, Arendt C, Hoffmann J et al. Outcomes of Cardiovascular Magnetic Resonance Imaging in Patients Recently Recovered From Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19). JAMA Cardiology. 2020;5(11):1265.
- Lindner D, Fitzek A, Bräuninger H, Aleshcheva G, Edler C, Meissner K et al. Association of Cardiac Infection With SARS-CoV-2 in Confirmed COVID-19 Autopsy Cases. JAMA Cardiology. 2020;5(11):1281.
- Robinson E, Alkass K, Bergmann O, Maguire J, Roderick H, Davenport A. Genes encoding ACE2, TMPRSS2 and related proteins mediating SARS-CoV-2 viral entry are upregulated with age in human cardiomyocytes. Journal of Molecular and Cellular Cardiology. 2020;147:88-91.
- Williams T, Colzani M, Macrae R, Robinson E, Bloor S, Greenwood E et al. Human embryonic stem cell-derived cardiomyocytes express SARS-CoV-2 host entry proteins: screen to identify inhibitors of infection. 2021;. | <urn:uuid:fbf95148-e0eb-4b32-b1d1-7ec938797c68> | CC-MAIN-2022-40 | https://blog.perkinelmer.com/posts/not-just-a-respiratory-disease-the-cardio-covid-link/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-40/segments/1664030334596.27/warc/CC-MAIN-20220925193816-20220925223816-00549.warc.gz | en | 0.921748 | 909 | 2.890625 | 3 |
A Christmas Carol was first published on December 19, 1843
and illustrated by John Leech. This book has sold six thousand copies in one week. This book was published to help Dickens
earn money to pay off his debt, but it later became a top seller.
The story takes place in London, England. It's winter time and the novel starts the day
before Christmas. This day is also known as Christmas Eve. The setting of the book takes placethroughout Scrooge's Counting
House, Scrooge's Home, and Bob Cratchit's Home. The story takes readers to Scrooge's childhood. A Christmas party took
place at Frzziwig's place. This is where Scrooge was an apprentice. This is where he also met the love of his life. The book
skips to Scrooge's love life. They talk about his marriage, and says that he had become in a world of his own money.
The four main characters in the book are Ebenezer Scrooge, Tiny Tim, Bob Cratchit, and Ebenezer
Scrooge's nephew, Fred. A Christmas Carol is known now as a story broken by Hollywood constantly in straight adaptations.
In fact, social group of the time noted that the popularity of the story played a critical role of redefining the importance
of Christmas and the major sentiments associated with the holiday. Few modern readers realize that A Christmas Carol
was written during a time of downfall in the old Christmas traditions.
Many people have made imitations of the book into plays. Also, critics say that people enjoy
reading A Christmas Carol during the holidays because it gets them in the spirit of Christmas. | <urn:uuid:39973a0b-807b-4f61-9b11-f0bbe03f35eb> | CC-MAIN-2017-34 | http://mrs.alb2006.tripod.com/id16.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-34/segments/1502886109803.8/warc/CC-MAIN-20170822011838-20170822031838-00315.warc.gz | en | 0.981727 | 353 | 3.75 | 4 |
[3/19/2020] FDA is aware of news reports stating the use of non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), such as ibuprofen, could worsen coronavirus disease (COVID-19). These news reports followed a March 11, 2020 letter in The Lancet medical journal, which hypothesized that an enzyme (a molecule that aids a biochemical reaction in the body) is increased by NSAIDs and could aggravate COVID-19 symptoms.
At this time, FDA is not aware of scientific evidence connecting the use of NSAIDs, like ibuprofen, with worsening COVID-19 symptoms. The agency is investigating this issue further and will communicate publicly when more information is available. However, all prescription NSAID labels warn that “the pharmacological activity of NSAIDs in reducing inflammation, and possibly fever, may diminish the utility of diagnostic signs in detecting infections.”
For those who wish to use treatment options other than NSAIDs, there are multiple over-the-counter (OTC) and prescription medications approved for pain relief and fever reduction. FDA suggests speaking to your health care professional if you are concerned about taking NSAIDs and rely on these medications to treat chronic diseases.
FDA advises the public to read the full Drug Facts Label on OTC medications prior to use. OTC medications are safe and effective when you follow the directions on the label and/or as directed by your health care professional. Patients who use prescription drugs should take these medications as directed by your health care professional and in accordance with instructions on the label.
FDA encourages health care professionals and patients to report adverse events or quality problems experienced with the use of any medication to FDA’s MedWatch Adverse Event Reporting program: | <urn:uuid:554cb22d-0948-4ad1-a7a1-972dbb871b8f> | CC-MAIN-2023-06 | https://www.fda.gov/drugs/drug-safety-and-availability/fda-advises-patients-use-non-steroidal-anti-inflammatory-drugs-nsaids-covid-19?fbclid=IwAR1NUiyYLb7MonL-eMUzN-ETqnCnrJTHmU4avvhx9bBlO8K39ZoJuA | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-06/segments/1674764500056.55/warc/CC-MAIN-20230203122526-20230203152526-00766.warc.gz | en | 0.945038 | 356 | 2.78125 | 3 |
An S corporation is a special type of corporation that is treated as a small corporation by the Internal Revenue Service (IRS) for federal income tax purposes. The tax structure that the IRS applies to an S corporation is what is used for partnerships. Federal taxes on business income is paid by individual owners, rather than by the business itself as an independent entity. The way income passes through to shareholders makes preferred stock, which gives a certain subset of shareholders special rights to corporate distributions, a problem for tax purposes in the S corporation context.
An S corporation is formed by filing articles of incorporation with a state agency, just like a regular corporation. State incorporation statutes allow corporations to implement a capitalization structure that represents how the initial shareholders want the corporation to be managed going forward. This means a corporation ordinarily has the discretion to issue stock with different voting and dividend rights attached, usually referred to as common stock versus preferred stock. A regular corporation that chooses to be taxed under Subchapter S of the Internal Revenue Code, however, receives special tax benefits in exchange for limiting its rights in this respect.
Subchapter S requires a corporation to comply with certain restrictions before it can make the election to be taxed under the section. One of the restrictions pertains to the capital structure of the corporation. An S corporation can only have one class of stock, with shareholders that have equal rights to distributions and to vote. An S corporation cannot sell preferred stock because the definition of such stock is that it grants shareholders preferential distribution of dividends and special voting rights.
An S corporation is taxed as a pass-through entity. Consequently. it does not have to pay income taxes on its profits and losses. Instead, those amounts are passed through to shareholders and recorded on their individual income tax returns. The amount of profit or loss allocated to each shareholder is directly proportional to the percentage of the outstanding shares of stock he owns. Subchapter S does not allow a shareholder to take more or less of the tax obligation than is indicated by his percentage of ownership. Preferred stock is not allowed in an S corporation because the issuance of such stock would result in exactly that type of uneven distribution of profits and losses, which would make tracking tax liability more difficult for the IRS.
The restrictions imposed by Subchapter S are absolute. If an S corporation sells preferred stock at any time after the election is awarded, the act automatically cancels the election. From that point forward, the S corporation is taxed as a regular C corporation and loses its pass-through entity tax benefits. The corporation would have to cancel the preferred stock and return to a single stock capital structure before it could re-apply for S corporation status.
- SBA.gov: S Corporation
- Citizen Media Law Project: S Corporation
- IRS.gov: Instructions for Form 2553
- "Entrepreneur"; S Corporation Basics; June 2005
- IRS.gov: S Corporations
- Internal Revenue Service. "S Corporations." Accessed May 13, 2020.
- Internal Revenue Service.gov. "Form 2553." Accessed May 13, 2020.
- Internal Revenue Service.gov. "Forming a Corporation." Accessed May 13, 2020.
- Internal Revenue Service.gov. "Form 1040." Accessed May 13, 2020.
- CA.gov. "Corporations." Accessed May 13, 2020.
- Internal Revenue Service.gov. "Form 1120-S." Accessed May 13, 2020.
- Internal Revenue Service.gov. "Schedule K-1." Accessed May 13, 2020.
- Internal Revenue Service.gov. "Closing a Business Checklist." Accessed May 13, 2020.
- New York State.gov. "Forming a Business Corporation in New York." Accessed May 13, 2020.
- Internal Revenue Service.gov. "S Corporation Employees, Shareholders and Corporate Officers." Accessed May 13, 2020.
- Massachusetts Budget and Policy Center.org. "How S-Corp and Other 'Pass-Through' Income is Taxed and the Effects of Proposed Tax Reforms." Accessed May 13, 2020.
- Internal Revenue Service.gov. "Some S corporations may want to convert to C corporations." Accessed May 13, 2020.
- Internal Revenue Service.gov. "Rev. Proc. 2013–15," Page 3. Accessed May 13, 2020.
- S-Corporation Association of America. "The History and Challenges of America's Dominant Business Structure." Accessed May 13, 2020.
Terry Masters has been writing for law firms, corporations and nonprofit organizations since 1995. Her online articles specialize in legal, business and finance topics. She holds a Juris Doctor and a Bachelor of Science in business administration with a minor in finance. | <urn:uuid:a030eb66-0cd4-4e97-9cc1-d26c7f9519ac> | CC-MAIN-2023-06 | https://pocketsense.com/can-s-corporation-sell-preferred-shares-3299.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-06/segments/1674764499768.15/warc/CC-MAIN-20230129211612-20230130001612-00504.warc.gz | en | 0.928439 | 979 | 3.140625 | 3 |
Battle of the Maritsa River, (September 26, 1371), Ottoman Turk victory over Serbian forces that allowed the Turks to extend their control over southern Serbia and Macedonia. After the Ottoman sultan Murad I (reigned 1360–89) advanced into Thrace, conquered Adrianople, and thereby gained control of the Maritsa River valley, which led into the central Balkans, the Christian states of the Balkans formed an alliance to drive him back. Their early efforts ended in defeat, and the Bulgarians were compelled to become vassals of the sultan (1366). Another campaign to resist Turkish expansion was organized in 1371 by Vukašin, the king of the southern Serbian lands, who gathered an army of 70,000 men and marched into the Maritsa valley. While halting at Chernomen (Chirmen; located between Philippopolis and Adrianople), however, his forces were surprised by a much smaller Turkish army, which killed large numbers of Serbs, including Vukašin, and drove many of the survivors into the river to be drowned.
The battle involved such carnage that the field was later referred to as “the Serbs’ destruction.” It confirmed Bulgaria’s status as a vassal-state to the Turks and destroyed the independent South Serbian kingdom, whose new ruler, Marko Kraljević, became a vassal of the sultan. Macedonia and ultimately the remainder of the Balkan Peninsula were exposed to Turkish conquest. | <urn:uuid:44db40c4-3f2c-4242-8a96-508e666593c2> | CC-MAIN-2015-35 | http://www.britannica.com/event/Battle-of-the-Maritsa-River | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2015-35/segments/1440645167576.40/warc/CC-MAIN-20150827031247-00029-ip-10-171-96-226.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.98126 | 309 | 3.78125 | 4 |
Gas kitchen ranges releasing unvented combustion products into the kitchen are common in many homes. Studies show carbon monoxide concentrations in the kitchen are elevated when the stove is used without using the range hood.
What pollutants are released from a kitchen range? The main pollutants are carbon monoxide, carbon dioxide, nitrogen dioxide, and water vapor.
How serious is carbon monoxide from kitchen ranges? Carbon monoxide is a deadly toxin. In one study, 51 percent of kitchen ranges tested raised CO concentrations in the room above the EPA standard of 9 parts per million. Five percent had carbon monoxide levels above 200 parts per million.
How serious are the other pollutants? Nitrogen dioxide is a respiratory irritant produced when the nitrogen in the air combines with oxygen in the burner. The high number of gas ranges, the tightening of homes, the use of gas ranges to heat the home, and the increased incidence of asthma in the U.S. suggests a link between unvented gas heaters and health problems.
What about carbon dioxide and water vapor? Carbon dioxide is a non-toxic gas produced during complete combustion. At higher concentrations CO2 can cause drowsiness, headache, and lead to a “stuffy” feeling in a home. Excess water vapor can lead to problems with mold, wood rot, and peeling paint.
How much carbon monoxide is produced by a kitchen range? Carbon monoxide from kitchen ranges is a common reason for elevated concentrations of CO in homes. Kitchen ranges are required to produce no more than 800 parts per million (ppm) carbon monoxide in an air-free sample of the flue gases. Continued operation of a kitchen range producing 800 ppm in a tight house without extra ventilation will cause carbon monoxide levels to rise quickly to unacceptable levels. Field technicians report most kitchen ranges can be tuned to produce less than 50 ppm.
How can the adverse health effects from using a gas range be reduced?
- Have the furnace tuned for combustion safety by a qualified specialist.
- Follow operating instructions carefully:
- Do not block air vent holes.
- Do not cover the vent holes on the bottom of the oven with foil.
- Keep the unit clean.
- Do not operate with the oven door open.
- NEVER USE A KITCHEN RANGE TO HEAT THE HOME!
- Always use the kitchen range hood fan, vented to the outside, when operating the kitchen range.
- Have the range serviced when:
- Burner flames are not blue.
- The burners do not light properly.
- The burners or pilot produce soot.
- Carbon monoxide concentrations in the house increase during operation of the range.
- Evacuate the house, and call for assistance from outside the house if there is a smell of natural gas or LPG.
- Install a fire extinguisher, smoke detector, and carbon monoxide detector in the home.
How important is installation and use of an exhaust hood vented to the outdoors? Very. Even when the kitchen range is properly tuned, there will be some carbon monoxide produced along with carbon dioxide, nitrogen dioxide, and water vapor. Kitchen range manufacturers recommend installation of a range hood to exhaust the combustion products along with cooking odors, grease, and moisture produced during cooking. Failure to use the range hood exhaust fans results in indoor air pollution.
What should be considered when purchasing an exhaust hood? It must seal tightly and vent to the outdoors, operate quietly, and have sufficient capacity to remove cooking fumes. A caution: exhaust fans depressurize the house and may cause downdrafting of vented furnaces, water heaters, boilers, fireplaces, and vented room heaters. Adequate make-up air into the house must be provided for the kitchen exhaust hood. Have a qualified heating contractor install the exhaust hood and run a “worst case” downdrafting test to ensure that all the systems work correctly.
Why can’t the oven door be opened to heat the kitchen?
- The broiler and oven burners are designed to burn with the door closed.
- Opening the oven door disrupts the air flow pattern, and high concentrations of carbon monoxide may be produced.
- The oven burner is not designed to operate continuously, and can overheat.
- Kitchen ranges are designed for intermittent operation. Range standards allow concentrations of carbon monoxide that, under continuous operation, could create serious health problems. The longer the range operates, the more carbon monoxide produced.
- When the oven door is open, heat from the oven flows out the front, and can melt the control knobs or damage the controls.
I have an older kitchen range that sets off my carbon monoxide detector. Will buying a new range correct the problem? Since 1926 kitchen ranges have been allowed to emit up to 800 ppm of CO. A new range may emit as much or more than the old range. Have the old range inspected and tuned by a qualified contractor, one with instruments which measure for carbon monoxide in the flue gases. If you replace the range, have the new range adjusted for low carbon monoxide emissions after installation in your home!
How are ranges modified to burn natural gas or LP? By changing the gas regulator and orifices. Natural gas and LP have drastically different burning characteristics. If the changes are not correct, extremely high levels of carbon monoxide will be produced along with an increased risk of fire or explosion. Conversion should be made ONLY by a qualified contractor, with proper equipment, training, and parts. For a safe conversion, the contractor must measure for carbon monoxide and tune the range for minimum carbon monoxide production after conversion.
What about electric ranges? The electric elements in electric ranges do not produce combustion pollutants. Burning food produces smoke and carbon monoxide, and can cause smoke detectors and carbon monoxide detectors to alarm. So can self cleaning ovens during the clean cycle. Carbon monoxide is toxic, so if CO reaches concentrations high enough to set off an alarm, the alarm should be taken seriously. Open windows and leave the house until concentrations drop. If anyone experiences health problems, medical attention should be sought.
T.H. Greiner, Ph.D., P.E.
Extension Agricultural Engineer
The Iowa Cooperative Extension Service’s programs and policies are consistent with pertinent federal and state laws and regulations on nondiscrimination regarding race, color, national origin, religion, sex, age and disability. | <urn:uuid:6eefe8b3-29a7-4d80-bd85-ccdab0823fcb> | CC-MAIN-2023-40 | https://www.abe.iastate.edu/extension-and-outreach/carbon-monoxide-poisoning-gas-fired-kitchen-ranges-aen-205/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-40/segments/1695233506676.95/warc/CC-MAIN-20230925015430-20230925045430-00372.warc.gz | en | 0.900227 | 1,350 | 3.21875 | 3 |
Adult Sexual Exploitation (ASE) is a form of sexual abuse that involves someone taking advantage of an adult, sexually, for their own benefit through threats, bribes, and violence.
Perpetrators usually hold power over their victims, due to age, gender, sexual identity, physical strength or status.
Adults can be sexually exploited in many ways. Examples include:
- sexual assault
- being tricked or manipulated into having sex or performing a sexual act
- being trafficked into, out of, or around the UK for the purpose of sexual exploitation (i.e. prostitution)
- being forced to take part in or watch pornography
- being victim to revenge porn (when a previously taken video or photograph, which was taken with or without consent, is shared online)
Anybody can be a victim of sexual exploitation. While it mainly affects women, men can also be victims.
At one end of the scale adult sexual exploitation can describe a one-off situation between two adults, while at the other end it may include instances of organised crimes where a number of adults are trafficked and sexually exploited.
Common signs that someone is being sexually exploited include those listed below. Please note that this is not an exhaustive list and that warning signs will show themselves differently in each person. It is important to explore all concerns over someone’s behaviour and personal circumstances and to consider whether these could be signs of exploitation.
- evidence or suspicions of sexual assault
- self-harm or significant changes in emotional wellbeing
- developing inappropriate or unusual relationships or associations, including relationships with controlling or significantly older people
- displaying inappropriate sexualised behaviour, language or dress
- being isolated from peers and social networks
- unexplained absences, including persistently being late or going missing
- unexplained acquisition of money, clothes and mobile phones.
- using more than one phone, especially if both are used to communicate with different people (for example, if one phone is used exclusively to communicate with a specific group of ‘friends’)
- receiving an excessive amount of texts or phone calls – these may be from multiple callers, some of whom may be unknown. | <urn:uuid:9b3d252d-6341-458c-ae31-b86651dda695> | CC-MAIN-2024-10 | https://www.safeguardingcambspeterborough.org.uk/adults-board/adult-abuse-and-neglect/sexual-exploitation/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2024-10/segments/1707947476374.40/warc/CC-MAIN-20240303111005-20240303141005-00336.warc.gz | en | 0.944187 | 441 | 2.6875 | 3 |
Just the Facts
Just the Facts asks one to two students to summarize quickly the reading that will be used in the day's discussion. We follow a simple protocol of "Who + What"--citing which characters from the text did what significant actions in order to move the plot forward. When the initial student is finished sharing key facts from the reading, another student might be asked to fill in any other details. If there are plot details that are incorrect, it is an opportunity for other students to correct the errors. These "police report" type of summaries can be audio or video recorded, quickly edited, and then posted on to the class website as a more engaging way for students to review significant plot points from our class texts. Although there is an ideal reading pace at which I want students to move, some will be ahead of the reading calendar and some will be behind. Also, many students are anxious or reluctant to share out loud when it comes to analysis of the reading. Given that the Just the Facts reports the text's plot and simply the facts, more students are enthusiastic about sharing because the strategy allows different students to be the experts in relaying facts.
One thing students can always count on in our Socratic seminars is that they will be recorded. Preparing for the Socratic Seminar involves watching film footage of the previous seminar discussion. Students can participate more effectively if we acknowledge what they are doing right, and they buy in more deeply to the idea of using evidence to back their claims when I do the same during this preparation process. In this case, I use evidence in the form of recorded footage to demonstrate their success with some key aspects of a quality academic discussion.For this strategy, the purpose is twofold. First, though I do not re-play each and every single video, I do feel that there is value in capturing student talk that can be made available for those students who can benefit from listening to their peers. This is why I upload and share the videos to all of the students. I have often used recordings of classroom discussion to inform how I will revise the same unit for the following year.The second purpose of this strategy is so that I can script verbatim the exchanges between the students that happen in the seminar. I then provide the students this script, and they can see what we call their “isms”. For example, a student might notice that they say the word “like” or “ya know what I’m sayin’” repeatedly in the seminar. These “isms” affect how people listening to them might respond, and by capturing them on paper, it gives the students evidence of what they will want to work on in terms of the way they orally present themselves. The scripts are also a useful resource for when students are constructing analysis through writing because they or their peers might have cited a strong quote or made a critical connection on which students can build their own analysis.
A valuable routine not only for my students but for my own learning as well is the use of video recording in the classroom. Key events to record are our academic discussions, their individual oral presentations, and as much as possible, their learning process as they build their skills. My students have a Senior Capstone Project and are expected to be able to present their research findings in both live and digital form. This is one example of a project where video recording becomes a necessary tool. From day one of the school year, the video camera slowly becomes a part of the village that is my classroom. Before students are recorded themselves, I show a significant amount of footage from previous years, whether it be past seniors giving advice about student mindset or a snapshot of a Socratic seminar. Students learn quickly that the video camera can be an amazing tool for helping them to become excellent presenters, and we discuss its value in capturing individual "isms" where a student has a particular presentation habit that needs adjusting. I also find it useful to record students giving each other peer feedback in addition to my own feedback. There is an added level of accountability when students know their feedback will also be recorded, which then leads students to focus on the language of the rubric to understand what is truly being assessed.
There are an infinite number of digital content providers and tech tools and education programs a blended teacher can choose to use in her classroom. Check out how and why Johanna uses specific digital content and ed tech tools! | <urn:uuid:a60d61a7-9e39-4cdf-a671-7ffc2408c02d> | CC-MAIN-2018-09 | https://betterlesson.com/blended-learning/strategy/resource/2921/just-the-facts-strategy-video-paraiso-for-better-lesson-medium-m4v | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-09/segments/1518891814700.55/warc/CC-MAIN-20180223115053-20180223135053-00248.warc.gz | en | 0.963872 | 901 | 3.140625 | 3 |
The problem with Mr. Carr’s model is its unquestioned reverence for the slow contemplation of deep reading. For society to advance as it has since Gutenberg, he argues, we need the quiet, solitary space of the book. Yet many great ideas that have advanced culture over the past centuries have emerged from a more connective space, in the collision of different worldviews and sensibilities, different metaphors and fields of expertise. (Gutenberg himself borrowed his printing press from the screw presses of Rhineland vintners, as Mr. Carr notes.)
It’s no accident that most of the great scientific and technological innovation over the last millennium has taken place in crowded, distracting urban centers. The printed page itself encouraged those manifold connections, by allowing ideas to be stored and shared and circulated more efficiently. One can make the case that the Enlightenment depended more on the exchange of ideas than it did on solitary, deep-focus reading. | <urn:uuid:47b8af19-f33a-4bb0-bd32-ea1516e4f5ac> | CC-MAIN-2018-26 | http://pbokelly.blogspot.com/2010/06/unboxed-yes-people-still-read-but-now.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-26/segments/1529267864300.98/warc/CC-MAIN-20180621211603-20180621231603-00153.warc.gz | en | 0.952057 | 190 | 2.546875 | 3 |
Heart Failure Surgery
To work well and stay healthy, tissues and organs throughout the body need a steady supply of oxygen-rich blood. When heart failure happens, the heart is unable to pump enough blood to meet the needs of all of the body’s tissues and organs. It does not mean that the heart is no longer working, but rather that it is not working as well as it should.
Though it is a serious condition, doctors have tools to treat many instances of heart failure effectively. Changes to diet and lifestyle can help the heart work better. Medications can relieve symptoms and improve the heart’s ability to pump blood.
In some cases, though, treatment involves surgery. Having heart failure surgery or getting a mechanical device like a pacemaker implanted can be scary. The good news is that the surgical procedures used to treat heart disease can substantially improve heart function and help people with heart disease live longer, healthier lives.
What are the symptoms of heart failure?
People with heart failure often have difficulty breathing, feel more tired and weak than normal, and may have swelling in their legs and abdomen. Usually, the condition progressively worsens over time, and when heart failure reaches an advanced stage, people may find it hard to perform even routine physical activities
What causes heart failure?
When is surgery used to treat heart failure?
For most people with heart failure, treatment involves lifestyle changes and medications. Following a heart healthy diet, staying physically fit, and avoiding smoking and excessive alcohol consumption can improve symptoms and quality of life. Medications may be also used to treat the symptoms of heart failure and to help the heart function better.
Some people with heart failure, though, may benefit from a surgical procedure. Surgical procedures may be used to correct the underlying issues mentioned above, for example. In other cases, such as heart transplantation, surgery is used to treat people with advanced heart failure whose condition cannot be improved with lifestyle changes or medication. In still other cases, treatment involves the surgical implantation of a mechanical device, such as a pacemaker, that helps the heart function properly.
What types of heart surgery are used to treat heart failure?
A number of surgical procedures are used to treat heart failure. Some patients may require open-heart surgery, while others can have a minimally invasive procedure that uses smaller incisions than an open-heart procedure. Doctors will determine which surgical intervention is the best fit for each patient’s situation.
Some of the types of heart surgery used to treat heart failure include:
Heart procedures. During surgery, the patient may be connected to a heart-lung bypass machine that takes over the heart’s functions while the surgeon performs the procedure.
- Coronary artery bypass graft (CABG). In coronary artery disease, the arteries that deliver oxygen-rich blood to the heart muscle become narrowed and stiff due to buildup of plaque (known as atherosclerosis). This reduces the amount of blood that flows through the arteries to the heart, which can cause the heart muscle to weaken, thus lessening its ability to pump blood. This problem can be treated by CABG (pronounced “cabbage”). In this procedure, a surgeon grafts a section of healthy blood vessel (a vein or artery taken from elsewhere in the body) to the affected coronary artery. The ends of the healthy blood vessel are attached above and below the narrowed section of the coronary artery. This allows blood to flow through the newly attached blood vessel and thus bypass the narrowed section of the coronary artery. CABG may be done using open-heart surgery or a minimally invasive procedure.
- Heart transplants. During a heart transplant, a patient’s heart is removed and replaced with a healthy heart from a deceased donor. Heart transplants are used for patients with end-stage heart failure whose condition cannot be treated effectively with medications or other treatments.
- Heart valve replacement surgery. The heart has four chambers and four valves. The valves control the flow of blood between the heart’s chambers and to the lungs and the rest of the body. Heart failure can occur if one or more of these valves is not working properly. Defective heart valves can be surgically repaired or replaced via open heart valve replacement surgery or minimally invasive procedure. Increasingly, though, these procedures are done using non-surgical techniques like TAVR.
- Catheter ablation. This procedure is used to treat people who have both heart failure and atrial fibrillation or other heartrate or rhythm problems. During catheter ablation, a doctor inserts a catheter (a thin, flexible tube) into a blood vessel in the groin, arm, or neck. He or she then guides the catheter through the blood vessel to the heart. When the catheter is in place, the doctor applies a laser, high-energy radiofrequency signals, or cold temperatures to the part of the heart responsible for the irregular heartbeat or rhythm. This ablates, or destroys, a small section of heart tissue. The doctor may need to implant a pacemaker as part of the procedure.
- Surgical ventricular reconstruction (SVR). When a coronary artery becomes blocked by the buildup of plaque or a blood clot, it cuts off blood flow to the heart muscle and can lead to a heart attack. This starves an area of the heart muscle of oxygen-rich blood, leading to tissue death and scarring. This can occur in the left ventricle, the heart chamber responsible for pumping blood to the rest of the body. The damaged portion of the heart muscle no longer works properly, and it can also bulge outward (known as a ventricular aneurysm). These changes may reduce the amount of blood the ventricle can pump and can also be a cause heart failure. To treat this condition, a surgeon may perform an SVR, or what is sometimes called left ventricular reconstruction or ventricular aneurysm repair. In SVR, the surgeon removes the scarred tissue and repairs the ventricular wall by sewing it together or patching it with a piece of synthetic fabric. This restores the shape of the ventricle and helps the ventricle pump blood more effectively.
Implantable medical devices. Doctors may surgically implant a mechanical device to help the heart improve its ability to pump blood.
- Cardiac resynchronization therapy (CRT). To pump blood effectively, the ventricles—the heart’s two lower, muscular chambers—must contract in a coordinated rhythm. In some people with heart failure, the contraction of the ventricles is not properly coordinated, which reduces the amount of blood the heart can pump. CRT is used to resynchronize the ventricles. In this minimally invasive procedure, a surgeon implants a small pacemaker (known as a biventricular pacemaker) in the chest. Whenever the contraction of the ventricles is not coordinated, the device delivers an electrical impulse to the ventricles to resynchronize their contractions.
- Implantable cardioverter-defibrillator (ICD). An irregular heart rate—known as arrhythmia—can cause heart failure. To treat this condition, a surgeon may implant an ICD, a device that can sense abnormal heartbeats and, in response, send an electrical impulse to the heart to correct the heart’s rhythm. ICD implantation is done using a minimally invasive procedure.
- Ventricular assist device (VAD). VADs are battery-powered, mechanical pumps that help the ventricles pump blood to the lungs and around the body. VADS are usually implanted via open-heart surgery. The device is connected to the heart and blood vessels using tubes, and a cable connects the device to a power supply and computerized controller, which are carried outside the body through a hole in the abdomen. VADs may be used temporarily, for example, while a patient waits for a heart transplant, or they may remain in place permanently.
What are the risks of heart failure surgery?
What is the outlook for people who undergo heart failure surgery?
Heart failure is a chronic condition that typically worsens over time. While treatments, including surgery, usually cannot cure heart failure, they can reduce symptoms, improve quality of life, and help people live longer lives.
A number of factors play a role in determining how well surgery will work for people who have heart failure. A person’s age, overall health apart from heart failure, and severity of heart failure all have an effect on the outcome.
The surgical procedures mentioned above can improve the heart’s ability to pump blood around the body and thus help people breathe easier and feel more energized. People who undergo any of these procedures, though, may need to take medication—possibly for the rest of their lives, make lifestyle changes, and see their doctor regularly to monitor their heart health.
What makes Yale Medicine's approach to heart failure surgery unique?
Yale Medicine Cardiac Surgery is a national leader in clinical research, repairing problematic heart conditions, implanting artificial devices, and performing heart transplantation. | <urn:uuid:08acdca9-b35e-49c9-84b3-3979e4540b80> | CC-MAIN-2024-10 | https://www.yalemedicine.org/conditions/heart-failure-surgery | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2024-10/segments/1707947473360.9/warc/CC-MAIN-20240221002544-20240221032544-00771.warc.gz | en | 0.907036 | 1,876 | 3.375 | 3 |
224.692.01 Formative Research for Behavioral and Community Interventions
- International Health
- 4th term
- 4 credits
- Academic Year:
- 2012 - 2013
- East Baltimore
- Class Times:
- M F, 10:30 - 11:50am
- Lab Times:
Friday, 9:00 - 10:20am
Examines how to conduct formative research and use its findings in the many stages of developing, implementing and evaluating public health interventions. Discusses cross-cutting issues on study design, staff training, community entry and involvement, and data management and use. Presents and analyzes case studies on multi-method formative research and the use of the data collected to develop more effective behavioral and community interventions. Examples presented and analyzed include programs to prevent and control HIV/AIDS, malaria, dengue hemorrhagic fever, diarrhea and neonatal mortality in Latin America, Africa and Asia. Students read assigned materials, attend class, actively engage in classroom discussions, and develop a formative research protocol on a topic of their interest.
- Learning Objectives:
- formulate formative research questions appropriate for each stage in intervention development
- identify appropriate methods and place them within a study protocol
- prepare for coordinating a formative research component in the field
- review and learn current approaches taken and ways in which data was utilized in selected case studies
- Methods of Assessment:
Student evaluation based on class participation (30%) and a written formative research protocol (70%).
- Instructor Consent:
Consent required for some students
- Consent Note:
Consent is required if prerequisites are not met.
- For consent, contact: | <urn:uuid:af15b17f-f343-42ec-9296-ca5d9dde3cfa> | CC-MAIN-2017-34 | http://www.jhsph.edu/courses/course/16797/2012/224.692.01/formative-research-for-behavioral-and-community-in | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-34/segments/1502886103891.56/warc/CC-MAIN-20170817170613-20170817190613-00212.warc.gz | en | 0.877759 | 345 | 2.5625 | 3 |
This month the world marks two key International Days: for the Eradication of Poverty on 17 October and for Disaster Reduction, four days earlier. It is no coincidence that they are profoundly connected.
Reducing risks related to disasters has never been so urgent—and the Latin America and the Caribbean region bears witness to this. Seven hurricanes have hit the Caribbean in the past five months, two of them as category 5, causing catastrophic damage, including in island nations that were barely recovering from another massive hurricane that struck one year ago. Also, two earthquakes rocked Mexico in September—with almost 5.000 aftershocks—while another powerful quake struck Ecuador in April 2016. In addition, both Colombia and Peru suffered major landslides in the past eight months.
The number of children, women and men killed is deeply saddening, especially in an era in which we have the knowledge to minimize loss of lives due to natural events. Yet, we keep experiencing tragedies. The fact is that natural disasters do not exist. Such phenomena become disasters when people, communities and societies are vulnerable to them. This, in turn, translates into losses—of lives and assets. And the poorest are the hardest hit.
On the one hand, poverty reduces people’s capacity to face and recover from disasters; on the other hand, disasters also hinder people’s ability to leave poverty behind.
That’s why if the world is to end poverty in all its forms by 2030 we must also boost resilience—in all its forms. This means the capacity to cope with shocks without major economic, social and environmental setbacks. A disaster of natural causes, a financial crisis, an economic slowdown or a health problem in the family can all cause people to fall into poverty—especially those who barely managed to leave it behind, as one of our recent UNDP report shows; unless a ‘cushion’ is in place to help absorb the impact, such as social protection systems or physical assets. | <urn:uuid:9be548b3-55ef-420e-8f6c-36ad9f60ffdd> | CC-MAIN-2018-34 | http://www.latinamerica.undp.org/content/rblac/en/home/ourperspective/ourperspectivearticles/2017/10/poner-fin-a-la-pobreza-en-los-proximos-13-anos--aumentar-la-resi.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-34/segments/1534221211316.39/warc/CC-MAIN-20180816230727-20180817010727-00439.warc.gz | en | 0.95869 | 401 | 3.359375 | 3 |
Are your estates in order? Can you recite poetry, or sing, or play a lute? Are you comfortable in all that armor? Will you perform your duties with honor and chivalry? Are you really worthy of pursuing your destiny as a knight of olde, among the elite of medieval society in status and wealth? You know you are! So arise, Sir Reader, and go forth and nobly answer your calling.
History is exciting and memorable in this creative nonfiction series that ''preps'' children for some of the most fascinating occupations throughout time. Each book features an original format that allows kids to identify with the given profession. Detailed illustrations bring the action to life. And engaging text challenges students to learn as much as they can as they prepare for a ''job interview'' at the end of the book. All of the topics selected complement social studies curriculum in grades 3 to 6.
"We have come to expect good factual information coupled with lots of illustrations from National Geographic and these books deliver." Recommended Review, Library Media Connection
"The folks at National Geographic have created another winning series for young readers." Social Studies for Kids
"High-interest topics brought to life through readable texts." School Library Journal
"Using a highly visual format, Macdonald introduces readers to the lives of warriors and protectors throughout history spreads cover the job requirements, weaponry, family life, money, and much more. The illustrations include full-color photographs of artifacts and detailed drawings, many of which are labeled. A short quiz at the end of each book prepares youngsters for their interview, while the excellent glossaries strengthen these offerings. High-interest topics brought to life through readable texts." School Library Journal | <urn:uuid:111a99ab-3ecf-48b8-96d4-a948e9cbfebe> | CC-MAIN-2014-41 | http://shop.nationalgeographic.com/ngs/product/books/kids-books-and-atlases/history/how-to-be-a-medieval-knight---softcover | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2014-41/segments/1410657132646.40/warc/CC-MAIN-20140914011212-00169-ip-10-196-40-205.us-west-1.compute.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.93708 | 343 | 2.859375 | 3 |
The recent publishing of the green sea turtle genome brought back memories of my first encounter with baby sea turtles, and one of the most fun and astonishing examples of hardwired behavior I know of. I had the good fortune to travel to Heron Island in the Great Barrier Reef during my undergraduate days. We were there in March and April, the Down-Under Fall, when the sea turtles hatch and begin their journey to–well, to be eaten, frankly, although a few percent do make it to adulthood.
The first nest that I saw hatch emerged in the afternoon on a rainy day. Normally sea turtles come out of the nest and make their way to the water at night, and use cooling temperatures as a cue. Rain fools them into thinking it’s dark, and this hatch was making their break in broad daylight. We watched the baby turtles–each no bigger than a big kiwi fruit–flop awkwardly towards the water, alternating their flippers and dragging themselves forward. We shooed away the seagulls who watched us with petulant expressions, since the normal fate of a baby sea turtle hatching during the day is a short trip down a seagull’s throat.
But none of this is the behavior I was thinking of. Rather, the amazing thing is what happens when you pick up a baby sea turtle. Once the pressure of the sand beneath its belly is gone, the motion of its flippers magically switches from alternating to synchronized, both flippers flapping in unison like the oars of a sculler on Lake Union. Even more remarkable is what happens when you tilt the turtle from side to side, or front downward or upward. The rear fins, useless on land, become rudders, turning in just such a way as would correct the turtle’s posture in the sea so as to keep it level and moving straight ahead.
Tilt the turtle head down, both rear fins bend up. Tilt it to the left, the left rear fin bends down and the right fin bends up, while one front flipper stops moving and the other churns frantically. The newly hatched sea turtle needs to get out to sea fast, to avoid the predators in the reef along the way, and its coloring (dark on top, light on bottom) are optimized to make it difficult to see as long as it remains level.
This is what evolution does. It takes random variation and selects for those combinations that lead to reproductive success. If those variations have their root in genes, those genes get passed along. I’m curious to see if anyone tackles the question of how the turtle keeps steady, now that we have the tool of its genome to help. I’d love to learn what goes into hardwiring this kind of behavior and who knows? Maybe nature’s figured out some tricks that the cellphone makers don’t know. | <urn:uuid:5144382b-9143-47d1-9e65-4a5536d13370> | CC-MAIN-2022-05 | https://kyleserikawa.com/2013/05/31/sea-turtles-natures-smartphone/?shared=email&msg=fail | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-05/segments/1642320300934.87/warc/CC-MAIN-20220118152809-20220118182809-00120.warc.gz | en | 0.955126 | 593 | 3.140625 | 3 |
Technology has become a big role in almost everyone’s lives over the past years. Everyone has different opinions, some love it and it comes at ease where some do not like it because it does not come to them easy. Dr. Dave White proposed a theory about the use of the web, where he defined it as a continuum . On one end we have digital Visitors and on the other end we have digital Residents.
Digital visitors are those that are not on the web as much. Before learning about Dr. White’s theory, I had the idea that those who did not grow up with internet in their lives as much as the generations do now were the ones that disliked or avoided the web. However, White’s theory says that a digital visitor is one who uses the web for whatever reason they may need and then leaves as soon as he or she does not need it anymore. They do not leave a profile that will lasts. On the other side we have digital residents. Those that identify with this side of the continuum are those that have a mark on the web even when they are not using it. They have a profile of some sort, a mark on the web that others can easily access or that others will find. Examples of these are those that create video blogs on YouTube or bloggers in general.
I felt that White’s description fit perfectly with how people use the web. HIs theory allows for people to fit both descriptions, visitor and resident. Someone may start as a visitor and with time grow to become a resident and it can also happen vise versa, first a resident and with time a visitor. Personally I felt that before, when I was younger, I connected more with the resident side because I had all these social media apps and would constantly use them. As life got busier for me, I started moving more towards the visitor side. With this in mind, I feel that I fit right in the middle.
White, D. (2013, May 31). Visitors and Residents [Video file]. Retrieved from https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=0sFBadv04eY | <urn:uuid:a9c3279d-c7f9-40e2-85d1-41df5fe984d9> | CC-MAIN-2019-22 | http://paulinaihernandez.weebly.com/education-blog/visitor-vs-resident | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-22/segments/1558232256958.53/warc/CC-MAIN-20190522203319-20190522225319-00364.warc.gz | en | 0.974011 | 436 | 2.53125 | 3 |
Mixed Media (Watercolor, Acrylics, Pastel and Graphite on illustration board)
15 × 20
The intriguing figure of Lilith appears in many religious traditions and myths. The most known story describes her as the first wife of Adam, who was created equal and refused to submit herself to him. Lilith fled from the Eden and became a lover to demons. Lilith can be seen as the dark side of the feminine principle, although this doesn’t have a negative or “evil” connotation. In my conception, Lilith is the assertive, non-conformist, and confident part of the feminine self. She teaches us self-respect for our inner Goddess. Here, Lilith holds a cracked mask that symbolizes all the roles imposed over women by society and religions – be submissive, be good-looking, be a wife, etc Those roles don’t represent us in our wholeness, and have been stifling our creativity and self-expression and creating a culture of conformism that have been disastrous for the development of an equalitarian society.
Model is the stunning Belinda Leopold | <urn:uuid:53dd9a02-8968-45d2-872e-e0470233d228> | CC-MAIN-2015-22 | http://www.redbubble.com/people/ethereaofficina/works/4636940-lilith?finish=lustre&p=photographic-print&size=small | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2015-22/segments/1432207929272.95/warc/CC-MAIN-20150521113209-00035-ip-10-180-206-219.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.959817 | 231 | 2.5625 | 3 |
By Dr. Becker
This is great news!
A new diagnostic test developed by two companies in the U.K. is able to detect whether a dog with lymphadenopathy, or inflammation of the lymph nodes, is suffering from lymphoma or another illness.
The two companies, Tridelta Development Ltd. and Petscreen Ltd., formed a joint venture to introduce the Tri-Screen Canine Lymphoma Assay Kit.
The Purpose of Lymph Nodes
Lymph nodes are small masses of tissue found throughout the body. Your dog's immune system depends on these little glands to filter blood and store white blood cells.
Lymph node abnormalities are often one of the first signs of a disease process at work in the tissues of the body.
Inflamed tissues drain into lymph glands, causing them to also become inflamed and swollen as the number of white blood cells increases in response to the presence of infection. This response is called reactive hyperplasia -- it occurs when there's an increase in production of white blood cells and plasma cells.
The result is enlarged, inflamed lymph nodes. (The correct technical term for lymph node enlargement is actually lymphadenomegaly, but lymphadenopathy is used interchangeably and is the more commonly used name.)
Lymphadenopathy can involve swollen lymph nodes beneath the skin that can be felt (palpated), it can involve internal lymph nodes that must be imaged to be seen, or both.
Inflammation can be localized, involving just one gland or glands in a single region of the body, or it can be widely distributed.
Causes of Swollen Lymph Nodes
There are a number of things that can cause enlargement of lymph nodes. Since cancer is one of them, it's extremely important to determine the cause of the inflammation.
Lymphoid hyperplasia is a condition in which the lymph nodes produce an excess of white blood cells in response to an infection elsewhere in the body. Lymphadenitis is an infection of the lymph nodes themselves, either as the primary disease or a secondary condition. Fungal infections and a wide range of bacterial infectious agents can trigger inflammation of lymph glands. So can an allergic reaction, immune-mediated disease and other non-infectious causes.
It's worth noting that lymphadenopathy can also result in the shrinkage of lymph glands. This is seen in cases of canine senility, cachexia (physical wasting away from loss of weight and muscle mass), viral infection, and immune-mediated disease that reduces the amount of lymph node tissue.
Lymph glands can also be diseased without being enlarged.
Signs and Symptoms
Swollen lymph glands can often be felt beneath the jaw, around the shoulder area, the back of the leg, behind the knee joint and in the groin.
Most enlarged lymph nodes feel firm, can be moved around under the skin, don't cause pain and are a normal temperature. However, if the dog has lymphadenitis (infection of the nodes themselves), the glands more often feel soft and warm to the touch, and cause tenderness. They are also more apt to be fixed rather than movable.
Extremely enlarged lymph nodes – from five to ten times larger than normal – are more often associated with lymphoma (cancer of the lymph nodes), metastatic neoplasia (cancer elsewhere in the body that has spread), or lymphadenitis.
If there are swollen nodes in the abdomen, it can make bowel movements difficult. Severely enlarged glands can make it hard for a dog to eat, or sometimes to breathe.
Nausea and the urge to throw up after eating can result in loss of appetite. Fever is common, and many dogs just feel generally miserable as their body attempts to fight off the infection.
Lymphoma is actually a word used to describe a group of cancers that originate from lymphocytes (white blood cells).
Lymphocytes are a normal part of the immune system and help protect your dog's body from infection. Lymphoma can invade any organ in the body, but it most often affects organs that are part of the immune system such as bone marrow, the spleen, and of course, lymph nodes. The most common type of the canine form of the disease is multicentric lymphoma. The cancer is first spotted in the lymph nodes, especially those under the dog's jaw.
Other common types of the disease in dogs include:
- Alimentary or GI lymphoma (stomach and/or intestines) causes vomiting and watery diarrhea which can be very dark in color and foul-smelling. Weight loss is also common with this type of lymphoma.
- Mediastinal lymphoma (chest organs, such as lymph nodes or the thymus gland) typically involves difficulty breathing, either due to a large mass or an accumulation of fluid in the chest cavity. Dogs with this type of lymphoma can also have swollen faces or front legs, and increased thirst and urination.
- Cutaneous lymphoma, which involves the skin. This type of lymphoma starts as dry, flaky, red patches of skin, and progresses to angry red, thickened skin with ulcerations. It can also develop orally and involve the gums, lips and roof of the mouth. Cutaneous lymphoma is frequently misdiagnosed in its early stages as either a skin infection/allergy or if it's in the mouth, gum disease.
Since enlarged lymph nodes can derive from such a wide variety of problems inside the body, diagnosis usually involves a number of different tests.
Your veterinarian will perform a physical exam on your dog and take a complete health and symptom history. This can sometimes provide clues as to which organs beyond the lymph nodes might be involved.
With the new Tri-Screen Canine Lymphoma Assay Kit, a vet can get same day results from a simple blood test that provide an immediate determination of whether the lymph node problem is or is not cancer. The sooner lymphoma is detected and treatment begun, the better the prognosis.
This new test can also avoid delays in treating lymphoma resulting from a conservative approach -- for example, starting the dog on a course of antibiotics, assuming the problem is an infection rather than a malignancy.
It also circumvents the need for definitive lymphoma diagnosis through an invasive biopsy. This procedure uses either fine needle aspiration or excising (cutting into) the lymph node to remove tissue for testing. A biopsy also requires that the dog be heavily sedated or anesthetized, and there is usually some pain involved following the procedure.
The new test should also be extremely useful for dogs without palpable swollen lymph nodes who are exhibiting other symptoms commonly associated with diseases of the lymph glands.
If the diagnosis is indeed lymphoma, staging tests are recommended to determine how extensive the cancer is. These tests can include blood tests, urinalysis, chest and abdominal x-rays, sonogram of the abdomen, bone marrow aspirate, and fine needle aspirate of organs that appear abnormal on imaging.
For dogs that do not have lymphoma, a chemical blood profile, complete blood count, blood smear, electrolyte panel and urinalysis may be performed.
Other tests that may be advisable are blood serum tests for antibodies to fungal or bacterial agents, x-rays and/or ultrasound imaging.
Cases of lymphadenopathy that are not lymphoma-related are typically treated medically, depending on the underlying cause of the inflammation.
Holistic practitioners use a wide range of modalities, from Chinese herbals such as Wei Qi Booster and Stasis Breaker, to intravenous vitamin C nutraceuticals and homeopathics.
Canine lymphoma is treated in conventional veterinary medicine with chemotherapy, and in some cases, surgery or radiation treatment may also be recommended.
One of the two companies offering the Tri-Screen test also offers 'directed chemotherapy,' which is a lab service that determines the best chemo protocol for a particular lymphoma. The drawback is a biopsy of tumor tissue must be taken in order to test various chemo solutions against it to see which is/are most effective.
So while you can avoid the biopsy with the new blood test, if it turns out your pet has canine lymphoma and you decide to go the chemotherapy route, I highly recommend a biopsy and use of the directed chemo service. Otherwise, the veterinarian(s) treating your pet are left to guess at which chemo drugs to use. This seems like an unnecessary risk under the circumstances, so my advice is to take advantage of the directed chemotherapy service.
Dogs tend to tolerate chemo better than humans. They don't feel as ill for as long, and only a few breeds experience hair loss. About 70 to 90 percent of dogs with multicentric lymphoma treated with the chemo drug UW-25 experience partial or complete remission of the cancer.
Unfortunately, in most dogs, the lymphoma will recur. A second round of UW-25 brings about a second remission in the majority of these dogs, but it is of shorter duration than the first remission because the cancerous cells grow resistant to chemo drugs.
The prognosis for dogs with lymphoma depends on what type of lymphoma is present and what type of chemotherapy is used. The average length of survival of dogs with multicentric lymphoma treated with UW-25 is from 9 to 13 months. Some dogs live much longer, while others don't live long at all.
Chemotherapy for lymphoma is expensive – typically several thousand dollars for the first round.
Helping Your Dog Stay Healthy
As is the case with all cancers, the scientific community hasn't yet figured out the combination of triggers that creates canine lymphoma. However, the immune system is clearly implicated in both human and canine forms of the disease.
Steps you can take to help your own beloved companion be as healthy as possible include: | <urn:uuid:90a12659-47c0-4bcb-a637-969dc54e2d64> | CC-MAIN-2016-50 | http://healthypets.mercola.com/sites/healthypets/archive/2011/12/13/blood-test-detect-lymphoma-in-dogs.aspx | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-50/segments/1480698542244.4/warc/CC-MAIN-20161202170902-00502-ip-10-31-129-80.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.939934 | 2,040 | 3.046875 | 3 |
Atrial fibrillation is a condition in which the
heart's upper chambers quiver instead of beating regularly. This
arrhythmia increases the risk of stroke, heart failure, cognitive or
impairment and death. Many people with this heart problem do not experience heart palpitations,
shortness of breath or other symptoms that would bring the condition to
the attention of a health care provider. Atrial fibrillation is the most
common sustained arrhythmia in adults. It is a significant public health
problem in the United States where it affects more than 12 million
Americans and almost 10% of the population older than 80 years. The
prevalence increases with advancing age and with
worsening cardiac function. Atrial fibrillation is an independent risk
factor for death and greatly increases the risk for embolic stroke. In
addition, this arrhythmia can be associated with hemodynamic instability,
tachycardia-induced cardiomyopathy (deterioration of heart muscle tissue), and systemic embolism.
Tachycardia means fast heart rate.
Despite advances in its medical management over the past two decades, the prognosis of newly diagnosed patients - both in terms of heart failure development and survival if heart failure develops - has not improved. Digitalis treatment poses dangers. See heart arrhythmia for a full discussion and natural treatment options. Treatment aims to keep a patient's heart rate at rest to fewer than 110 beats per minute in those with stable function of the ventricles, the heart's lower chambers.
Adults with diabetes mellitus are at increased risk of
subsequent new-onset atrial fibrillation.
Exercise appears to help control A Fib in obese people, Aug. 24, 2015, Journal of the American College of Cardiology, online.
that may benefit atrial fibrillation, natural prevention and treatment
Natural methods or natural supplements are rarely used by the medical community in the treatment of atrial fibrillation, but there is early research to indicate that they may be helpful.
Obese individuals who lose weight reduce their risk for AF.
Firstly make sure you are well hydrated.
At times lying on one's back on the floor and raising the legs above the head and resting on a wall could help certain types of heart irregularities self-correct.
Gentle physical activity can be of help.
Fish oils reduce arrhythmias up to a point. I wonder if more doctors recommended fish oils, or if patients ate more cold water fish, there would be fewer instances of atrial fibrillation or other types of cardiac arrhythmias and fewer prescriptions would be needed for antiarrhythmic drugs. Also consider eating fish roe which have a lot of omega-3 fatty acids. However, consuming too much of these omega-3 fatty acids may not be a good idea, since there is the possibility of the risk increasing with excessive intake of marine oils. Perhaps it is the omega-3s in them, or perhaps increased intake of iodine or other substances that influence the thyroid gland or the atrial and sinus nodes. Europace. 2014 Feb 26. A U-shaped association between consumption of marine n-3 fatty acids and development of atrial fibrillation/atrial flutter--a Danish cohort study.
Studies have shown conflicting results on the benefits of fish oil supplementation and A Fib: Sept. 29, 2014, Journal of the American College of Cardiology, online study did not show benefits.
Magnesium - Dr. Orhan Onalan and colleagues from the University of Toronto reviewed randomized clinical trials on the role of magnesium in the treatment. They compared the effectiveness of magnesium to placebo or antiarrhythmic drugs. Magnesium therapy was much more effective than placebo, and did not have side effects. Dr. Orhan Onalan and colleagues conclude, "intravenous magnesium administration is an effective and safe strategy for the acute management of rapid atrial fibrillation." Am J Cardiol 2007.
Magnesium , at least intravenously, can be helpful in rapid onset atrial fibrillation. Magnesium deficiency in the diet induces heart arrhythmias. Oral use is likely to be of benefit.
Vitamin C may be helpful in some cases. Oral vitamin C cuts the risk of early recurrence after patients undergo electrical cardioversion. Vitamin C reduces the low-level inflammation that accompanies this condition. Early atrial fibrillation recurrence after cardioversion may be due to electrophysiological changes in the chambers of the heart. A research team randomized 44 patients who had undergone cardioversion for persistent atrial fibrillation to standard therapy plus oral vitamin C or standard treatment only. Patients given the vitamin received a 2-gram loading dose 12 hours before cardioversion and 500 mg twice daily for the next 7 days. One (4 percent) of the patients given vitamin C had a relapse of atrial fibrillation, while eight (36 percent) of patients not given the vitamin did. International Journal of Cardiology, July 2005.
Keep your weight at a normal range since obesity is associated with a higher rate of heart rhythm disturbances.
Avoid excess alcohol consumption.
Consider reducing or eliminating all stimulants including caffeine, some herbal teas, coffee, and herbal supplements. Try to get a deep sleep each night and try to reduce daily stress.
Q. You mention fish oil.
magnesium, and vitamin C. Have you ever had any feedback or used the amino acid, taurine to treat atrial fibrillation?
A. I have not had any feedback nor used taurine supplement for atrial fibrillation treatment. A review of Medline in September 2008 did not reveal any studies with taurine in relation to this heart condition.
Q. Are there any contraindications with carnitine, COQ10,
magnesium, or potassium when taking blood thinner Xarelto? I have atrial fib and
had ministrokes, so was put on Xarelto. I tried Multaq for heart regulation but,
was still experiencing some palpitations and just cannot justify taking this
because of side effects. I would like to try a more natural approach. If there
are no known interactions with these supplements I may give this a short trial.
Also was wondering if passion flower would interact.
A. I have not seen any studies with the combination of this drug rivaroxaban and dietary supplements, so it is difficult to predict.
In a small preliminary study, three sessions of yoga a week reduced the number of of episodes, improved quality of life, lowering levels of the anxiety and depression which often plagues patients with this condition.
J Am Coll Cardiology. 2013. A randomized controlled trial to prevent post-operative atrial fibrillation by antioxidant reinforcement. A total of 203 patients scheduled for on-pump cardiac surgery were randomized to placebo or supplementation with n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (2 grams / day) (eicosapentaenoic acid : docosahexaenoic acid ratio 1:2), vitamin C (1 g/day), and vitamin E (400 IU/day). The primary outcome was the occurrence of post-operative atrial fibrillation. Secondary outcomes were the biomarkers related to oxidative stress and inflammation. Post-operative atrial fibrillation occurred in 10 of 103 patients (9.7%) in the supplemented group versus 32 of 100 patients (32%) in the placebo group. Early after surgery, placebo patients presented with increased levels of biomarkers of inflammation and oxidative stress, which were markedly attenuated by antioxidant supplementation. The activity of catalase, superoxide dismutase, and glutathione peroxidase in atrial tissue of the supplemented patients was 24%, 17%, and 19% higher than the respective placebo values. frtThis safe, well-tolerated, and low-cost regimen, consisting of n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids plus vitamins C and E supplementation, favorably affected post-operative atrial fibrillation, increased antioxidant potential, and attenuated oxidative stress and inflammation.
Supplements that may make A Fib worse
Many dietary supplements can stimulate heart tissue and would not be advised to those with this condition. Some of them include tyrosine, phenylalanine, SAM-e, alpha lipoic acid, ginseng, tongkat ali, yohimbe. There are many others that act as stimulants and I will enlarge this list over time. High doses of vitamin D could be a cause. The first thing to do when you are diagnosed with A Fib is to stop all supplements for a few days.
Diet and lifestyle factors
Reducing lifestyle risk factors such as being overweight, having high blood pressure, high cholesterol or high blood sugar levels, sleep breathing problems (such as sleep apnea), and smoking and drinking can help those with A fib live longer. University of Adelaide, news release, Dec. 10, 2014.
Atrial fibrillation and
During an episode of AF, abnormal electrical activity in the heart causes its upper two chambers to beat in a rapid, uncoordinated rhythm; the arrhythmia itself is not life-threatening, but over time AF can contribute to stroke or heart failure in some people. Multiple trials have established that antithrombotic therapy decreases stroke risk. Aspirin is associated with a relative risk reduction of about 20% and adjusted-dose warfarin (international normalized ratio 2-3) is associated with a relative risk reduction of about 60%. Warfarin is more effective than aspirin but is used less often than indicated because of hemorrhagic risk and the inconvenience of coagulation monitoring.
Excessive alcohol consumption and age increase the risk of stroke in people with A Fib.
Scientists do not know all the causes of atrial fibrillation, but its risk factors include high blood pressure, diabetes, heavy alcohol consumption, and valvular heart disease. Recent data have also indicated that obesity is a risk and significant weight loss can make the incidence less common. Obstructive sleep apnea raises the risk.
A common cause of atrial fibrillation is an overactive thyroid gland.
Older men who were big during their 20s face an increased risk of suffering from AF. European Heart Journal, online March 20, 2009.
Having diabetes increases the risk for this heart condition. Diabetes Care, October 2009.
Smoking cigarettes can increase a person's chances of getting this heart condition.
Vigorous exercise increases the risk but it is helpful to have moderate physical activity.
Older men who engage in high-intensity / high-volume aerobic exercise have a higer risk of A Fib.
Obesity as risk factor
Obesity is a cause for developing atrial fibrillation and the risk rises as body mass index (BMI) climbs.
Atrial fibrillation due to prescription medicines
Certain osteoporosis drugs, including Fosamax made by Merck Inc and Reclast by Novartis AG, are linked to atrial fibrillation. Bisphosphonates increase the rates of serious atrial fibrillation. Women who have ever used alendronate, also known by the trade name Fosamax, have an increased risk of atrial fibrillation. Whether the benefits of Foxamax use in terms of fracture prevention in patients with osteoporosis are outweighed by the risks of atrial fibrillation remain to be determined.
The regular use of non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) and newer anti-inflammatory medications known as cox-2 inhibitors.
Steroid use could also cause atrial fribrillation. Treatment with high doses of corticosteroids, regardless of the indication, increases the risk of new-onset atrial fibrillation. In the May 2006 Archives of Internal Medicine, Dr. Stricker reports that in the Rotterdam Study the risk of new-onset atrial fibrillation was significantly higher in individuals who received corticosteroids. High doses of corticosteroids may affect the balance of potassium in cardiac muscle cells, which may induce arrhythmia or may cause sodium and fluid retention, leading to hypertension, left atrial enlargement and congestive heart failure -- all known risk factors.
The gastric microbe, Helicobacter pylori, that's the cause of most stomach ulcers also takes it out on the heart. People with rapid beating of the upper chamber of the heart, atrial fibrillation, are nearly 20 times more likely to be infected with Helicobacter than are healthy "controls," according to a report in the medical journal Heart. While the exact mechanism is unknown, the theory is that it may relate to autoantibodies that develop in some H. pylori-infected patients. These antibodies, which normally attack an acid pump found on gastric cells, may instead attack a similar pump on cardiac cells, ultimately triggering atrial fibrillation. The new findings are based on a study of H. pylori tests in 59 patients with atrial fibrillation and 45 healthy controls. In the overall analysis, 97 percent of atrial fibrillation patients were positive for H. pylori compared with just 5 percent of controls.
Atrial fibrillation and
Those who consume a large amount of alcohol are more likely to experience atrial fibrillation, a heart rhythm problem, than their peers who consume little alcohol. A Fib due to excess alcohol use can occur in men and women.
The treatment of atrial fibrillation is directed toward the prevention of thromboembolism, control of the ventricular rate and conversion to sinus rhythm. Most people who have atrial fibrillation need more than one type of treatment. Treatment options may include nonsurgical procedures, medications, medical devices such as pacemakers, or surgical procedures. Medications (anti-arrhythmics) are prescribed to restore normal sinus rhythm. The medications effectively maintain sinus rhythm for at least one year in about half of the patients treated. However, atrial fibrillation medications can cause side effects such as nausea and fatigue. Digitalis has serious side effects.
The blood thinner Xarelto has a greater risk of serious bleeding than Pradaxa in patients with this abnormal heartbeat.
Aspirin does not seem to protect against stroke in patients with atrial fibrillation.
Digoxin, a drug that's been used to treat heart problems for about 200 years, might increase the risk of dying in certain patients. For people who have a particular type of irregular heart rhythm, called AF, taking the drug digoxin increases the risk of dying.
Some people with atrial fibrillation might do just as well
by diligently monitoring their pulse, perhaps recording their heartbeat via a
smartphone EKG, and only taking drugs on an as-needed basis. Atrial fibrillation
is a serious condition characterized by an abnormal or irregular heart rhythm.
Uncontrolled, it can lead to blood clotting and stroke. Blood-thinning drugs,
called anticoagulants, are the usual treatment. For years, the blood thinner
warfarin (Coumadin) has been the top go-to drug for such patients. The problem
is that long-term use of anticoagulants is associated with an increased risk of
People with this abnormal heart rhythm typically take powerful blood thinners to prevent strokes. But, some patients who have implanted pacemakers or defibrillators may not always need the drugs.
After surgery for prevention
J Am Coll Cardiol. 2013. A randomized controlled trial to prevent post-operative atrial fibrillation by antioxidant reinforcement. A total of 203 patients scheduled for on-pump cardiac surgery were randomized to placebo or supplementation with n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (2 g/day) (eicosapentaenoic acid:docosahexaenoic acid ratio 1:2), vitamin C (1 g/day), and vitamin E (400 IU/day). This safe, well-tolerated, and low-cost regimen, consisting of n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids plus vitamins C and E supplementation, favorably affected post-operative atrial fibrillation, increased antioxidant potential, and attenuated oxidative stress and inflammation.
Digitalis side effects -
digitalis does not improve mortality
People with atrial fibrillation who are treated with digitalis are at increased risk of death. Dr. Knut Gjesdal of the University of Oslo, Norway have found that digitalis increases exercise capacity and reduces morbidity in patients with heart failure. However, those that take digitalis have no survival benefit. Heart 2008;94:191-196.
New options for atrial
New nonpharmacologic possibilities have emerged. These include surgery, radiofrequency catheter ablation, pacing, and atrial defibrillation.
Atrial Fibrillation and
Men with atrial fibrillation score significantly lower on cognitive performance tests than their peers without this dangerous heart arrhythmia. A variety of factors link atrial fibrillation to decreased cognitive performance, including undiagnosed stroke, lesions on the brain, and reduced cardiac output. Perhaps medications used to treat atrial fibrillation may also be a factor.
People with atrial fibrillation who are overtreated with anti-clotting drugs may be doubling their risk for dementia. Too much anti-clotting medication may raise the chances of tiny brain bleeds that, over time, might raise the risk of dementia.
Use of natural blood
thinners, alternatives to warfarin (Coumadin) and other prescription blood
Two days ago I was diagnosed with A-Fib. My Doctor, prescribed Cardizem 120mg. He also mentioned Coumadin, for the prevention of blood clots. My Doctor explained both medications and risks to me, it was my decision not to take the Coumadin. I started to take the Cardizen two days ago. I would like to know what could you suggest for prevention of blood clots. If you do have any herbal suggestions, can they be taken with the Cardizem?
There are certain supplements that could be of benefit in this condition and certain herbs that can help thin the blood and I have a list and review at this page blood clot. However, little human research is available regarding the efficacy of these natural approaches and how they compare to the prescription blood thinners. I am not aware of any studies that have looked at the interaction of Cardizem with natural supplements, therefore it is not easy to make any recommendations. if any supplements are taken, the dosage should be low at the beginning and one should proceed cautiously with medical supervision.
I was diagnosed with A Fib and given a script for Carvedilol. I do not feel safe using it. I have been taking baking soda daily. I am 71 years young, exercise moderately 7 days a week.
I am not familiar with the use of baking soda for this condition.
Effects of magnesium on atrial fibrillation after cardiac surgery: a meta-analysis.
To assess the efficacy of the administration of magnesium as a method for the prevention of postoperative atrial fibrillation. Magnesium administration decreased the proportion of patients developing postoperative AF from 28% in the control group to 18% in the treatment group. Magnesium administration is an effective prophylactic measure for the prevention of postoperative atrial fibrillation. It does not significantly alter LOS or in-hospital mortality.
Marijuana smoking and paroxysmal atrial fibrillation
Harefuah. 2005. West Galilee Hospital, Naharia, Israel.
Cannabis is the most widely used illegal drug in Israel, and unlike most of the other illegal drugs, it is common among segments of the population with higher demographic characteristics. A healthy 20 year old male patient, with two previous admissions with atrial fibrillation, was admitted to the emergency room with paroxysmal atrial fibrillation. The patient presented evidence of cannabis abuse, and no other pathologic cause for atrial fibrillation. Sinus rhythm was restored and the patient was discharged. Cannabis abuse is responsible for a wide range of pathologies, including cognitive impairment, a rise in the prevalence of lung, head and neck tumors, atrial and ventricular arrhythmias, and an increase in the risk of ischemic cardiovascular events. Cannabis abuse can induce atrial fibrillation in predisposed patients. Good practice may consider the inclusion of cannabis abuse tests in young patients admitted due to atrial fibrillation, and definite medical advice to stop the drug abuse.
n-3 Fatty acids consumed from fish and risk of atrial fibrillation or
flutter: the Danish Diet, Cancer, and Health Study.
Am J Clin Nutr. 2005.
Experimental studies have shown that n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids in fish may have antiarrhythmic properties. We examined the association between consumption of n-3 fatty acids from fish and risk of atrial fibrillation or flutter. In a prospective cohort study of 47 949 participants (mean age: 56 y) in the Danish Diet, Cancer, and Health Study, we investigated the relation between the consumption of n-3 fatty acids from fish estimated from a detailed semiquantitative food questionnaire and risk of atrial fibrillation or flutter. The subjects were followed up in the Danish National Registry of Patients for the occurrence of atrial fibrillation or flutter and in the Danish Civil Registration System (vital status and emigration). The consumption of n-3 fatty acids from fish was analyzed as sex-specific quintiles with the use of Cox proportional hazards models. During follow-up (x: 5.7 y), atrial fibrillation or flutter had developed in 556 subjects (374 men and 182 women). Consumption of n-3 fatty acids from fish was not associated with a reduction in risk of atrial fibrillation or flutter. We cannot exclude the possibility of residual confounding caused by a lack of information on intake of fish-oil tablets.
I've been taking arjuna for A fib for about 6 months now and have noticed a significant improvement to the point of having almost no episodes from having 3 or 4 per week before I started taking it.
Q. Is there a cure for atrial fibrillation?
A. Depending on the cause, an atrial fibrillation cure is possible. For instance, if this heart condition was due to a hyperactive thyroid, or excess thyroid medication, treating the thyroid problem can lead to a cure. But there are other causes of AF that may not have a full cure.
Q. I have atrial fibrillation and I am taking warfarin,
Digitek, and lisinopril. I am a captain and go to sea commercially and since I
have problems with easy bleading I wish to get off the warfarin. I have been
reading about nattokinase and I have found that not enough study has been done
to to provide enough information. Is there a study being done that I could join?
A. We are not aware of such nattokinase studies for A fib as an alternative to warfarin.
Q. I have at riel fibrillation and cannot have coffee
and chocolate. Someone told me I should use carob in place of chocolate – will
carob cause heart palpitations? I have been palpitation-free on several meds and do not want to jeopardize this. I am on Coumadin and would like to
stop taking it, but causing palpitations with carob would certainly take away
the chance of discontinuing Coumadin. Is there caffeine or anything else in
carob that would cause palpitations?
A. Carob does not contain caffeine. However, carob has very small amounts of theobromine. I seriously doubt eating small amounts of carob, or an ounce of chocolate, would aggravate atrial fibrillation.
I have wanted to
order Passion Rx but am hesitant. I am a 58 year old male in generally good
health. I have had 2 cardiac ablations for Atrial fibrillation which is well
under control for several months now. Am taking Diovan, Lotensin hctz, and
Caduet for hypertension which is also under good control. I suffer from erectile
dysfunction and low sex drive although my testosterone level is in the
low-normal range. Do you believe that Passion Rx is safe or is the yohimbe
contraindicated for me. If so, do you have a similar sexual enhancement product
that I can take?
Most of the herbs used for sexual enhancement can cause an increase in heart rate and would not be safe for anyone with atrial fibrillation, uncontrolled blood pressure or any type of cardiac disease. However, using very low dosages of aphrodisiac herbs, such as a quarter or a third of a capsule every other day, and being patient for a few weeks, may help some people. It is difficult to say for sure since different people respond differently. A potential supplement that could help with improving sexuality and safe for those with atrial fibrillation would be fish oils. Eating ginger herb daily could also be helpful. Certain sexual herbs and nutrients to consider in low dosage would be maca, ashwagandha, catuaba, CDP-choline and acetylcarnitine. Prostate Power Rx at half a capsule every other day is another option. Again, it is important to emphasize using a low dosage, that means taking a portion of a capsule, and having medical supervision. Passion Rx is too potent and would not be recommended to those with cardiac arrhythmias.
I am 5'10 and weigh 300 pounds and was told that if
I lost 50 pounds that my atrial fibrillation would go away. I have been taking
Rythmol for 2 years and was quite under control with the Rythmol medication
until 3 weeks ago. I am very concerned and do not want to do a ablation. Also,
research on the internet, Fibratax keeps showing up as a cure for atrial
fibrillation. Do you believe Fibratax is a possible treatment for atrial
fibrillation or just another hoax? In your research, if someone were to lose
50-75 pounds, would that stop the atrial fibrillation?
A search on the internet shows Fibratax to have the following ingredients: Triturated pearls 16 mg, Mastic 12 mg, red-veined salvia, centaurea behen, spiny bamboo, ealy-purple orchid, and other herbs. We are not aware of any human research that has been done with the use of Fibratax as a treatment of atrial fibrillation. There are many causes for atrial fibrillation and perhaps weight loss could help, but even thin people get atrial fibrillation, therefore there are many factors that cause atrial fibrillation besides weight gain or loss.
I take Diltiazem ER for
this condition. Do you know if there are any contraindications of taking
ashwagandha, Slimaluma (caralluma), or Co Q10 with my Diltiazem medication? Or,
are there any contraindications of taking these herbs and vitamins together?
There is no easy answer since studies have not been done with the combination of heart medications such as Diltiazem and various herbs and herbal extracts. The dosage makes a significant difference. Low dosages, such as a portion of a tablet or capsule may not interfere but higher dosages could.
My father has low blood sugar and would take extra thyroid, as well as energy drinks to help him stay awake at work, not to mention coffee every morning. However, he was diagnosed with atrial fibrillation about 6 months ago when his lungs filled with fluid and we took him to the hospital. Since then, he has deteriorated tremendously. When ever he has trouble breathing or feels ill, he receives steroid and antibiotic shots. In addition to that, he has been put on a list of drugs with the advise not to take certain vitamins as they may have an adverse affect. He still drinks coffee every morning, is still on thyroid medication and is still getting worse. Please help in any way possible. I see that you're currently not taking new patients and that you do not give referrals. So do you have any advice as to what we can do?
I have read your website information with great
interest as I have recently developed atrial fibrillation and am looking for a
natural remedy for this. I am taking the fish oil as you are suggesting. Please
email me the daily quantity you feel would be helpful; I am currently taking 1
teaspoon. I also am a vegetarian, however, I do eat salmon often. I wonder how
you would recommend taking flaxseed, quantity and how to take the seeds. I grind
them up now and place them in 6 oz. of water first thing in the a.m. I also
practice natural hygiene and do not ever take medications. I have also water
fasted last year and I am rebuilding my body. I was told by a Naturopathic
Doctor that two things trigger this condition. One being any “spices, fried food
or irritant” can cause my stomach to trigger A fib. Two, any emotional stress
can also trigger a bout with this A fib. My heart has been tested and I’m fine
there. I go into this a fib now once a week. It lasts anywhere from 7 hours to
mostly 17-18 hours. I stay in bed and juice green drinks. Could you please
provide some direction for me. I am a young 65 year old women who is
active…gardening, reading, walking, working part timee. Please email me if you
have experience with people who are working with this in a natural way.
I cannot provide personal suggestions, but, as a rule, eating more cold water fish, fish oil capsules, even salmon eggs daily could be beneficial along with the other suggestions on this page.
I receive you news letter and find it informative. My
question is about 5HTP. I have artial fibrillation and have had 2 radio
frequency ablations for it, but unfortunately, still have some heart
arrhythmias. Would 5HTP be of any benefit to me as I do get anxious and mildly
depressed with this condition. I do not take any antiarrhythmic or warfarin -
just 12.5 mg metoprolol and zolpidem to sleep.
As far as I know this supplement does not seem to cause heart rhythm problems, but it is difficult to predict what it would do in someone who already has Afib and is taking medications.
I am 40 years old and have had chronic AFIB for several years. A fw months ago I suffered a mini stroke or what the doctors call a transient stroke. After being hospitalized and put on Coumadin, my heart conditioned seemed to worsen and I have not been able to go more than a week without going into Atrial Fib. My episodes last from 12 to 24 hours. I have a hard time knowing whether I have the adrenergic type of lone AF or the vagal type. Although I don’t drink caffeine or alcohol other triggers like excessive salt seems to cause episodes also. I have been on a very low sodium diet for a long time. If I do slip up and have chocolate or coffee, it does become a trigger AFIB as well. Another trigger that is especially frustrating is social anxiety which would lead me to believe I have the adrenergic type which they say is caused by an over active sympathetic nervous system (said to be mainly found in older people). Perhaps I have both types. I hope not!! I don’t fret about visiting or socializing but I do notice that if I visit with more than just a few people in an hours time (like at church) then my heart will go out of rhythm shortly after. This is very frustrating for a homemaker and mother of three. Magnesium foods seem to shorten episodes. Foods like butternut squash and black-eyed peas (they have 270 mg of magnesium per serving). | <urn:uuid:e5766d39-be8d-4035-bc46-c08921c22ca8> | CC-MAIN-2017-17 | http://www.raysahelian.com/atrialfibrillation.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-17/segments/1492917125841.92/warc/CC-MAIN-20170423031205-00646-ip-10-145-167-34.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.943323 | 6,772 | 2.953125 | 3 |
It's Dangerous to Drink Your Coffee This Way, Says New Study
If you prefer to grab your daily cup of coffee on-the-go, a new study recently published in The Journal of Hazardous Materials may convince you to start brewing your own morning cup of Joe from the safety of your own kitchen. The findings suggest that drinking coffee, tea, and other piping hot beverages out of paper cups with linings that contain plastic film may be flooding your body with hazardous microplastic particles that can potentially have harmful consequences for your health.
"An average person drinking three regular cups of tea or coffee daily, in a paper cup, would end up ingesting 75,000 tiny microplastic particles, which are invisible to the naked eye," explains Sudha Goel, MD, the lead author on the study. "In the 15 minutes it takes for coffee or tea to be consumed, the microplastic layer on the cup degrades."
The study, conducted by a team of academic researchers at the India Institute of Technology, is the latest to shed light on the dangers posed by unwittingly consuming microplastic particles, which are defined as tiny pieces of plastic or synthetic fibers that are 5mm in size or less (roughly the size of a sesame seed and smaller) and are the byproduct of countless products you come into contact with on a daily basis, including car tires, clothes, and beauty products. Reports say that an untold number of microplastics have found their way into the earth's water sources and oceans, and they pose a threat not only to aquatic life but also to humans. According to a study by the World Health Organization, microplastics exist in 90% of all bottled water samples they tested—which drew on 259 bottles of 11 separate brands hailing from nine different countries.
Though studies exploring the health effects of the existence of microplastics in the human body are only just the beginning, experts have begun sounding the alarm on the potential dangers. Inhalation of microfibers can cause disease, even cancer. Earlier this year, a research team from Arizona State University found traces of bisphenol A (BPA), an insidious chemical used to make plastics that's been well known to wreak havoc on the human body, in every single sample of human tissue (lung, kidney, spleen, and liver) they tested as part of their study. "We never want to be alarmist, but it is concerning that these non-biodegradable materials that are present everywhere [may] enter and accumulate in human tissues, and we don't know the possible health effects," Varun Kelkar, a researcher and Ph.D student at ASU, told The Guardian.
The folks at Consumer Reports don't mince their words when they explain the dangers: "These chemicals have been linked to a variety of health problems, including reproductive harm and obesity, plus issues such as organ problems and developmental delays in children."
In the case of paper coffee cups, the research team in India noted that most paper cups aren't all paper—they come with an interior containing a film that's lined with plastics. "The objective of this study was to evaluate the degradation of these films as a result of exposure to hot water (85–90 °C)," they wrote. "Due to deterioration of the films, ions like fluoride, chloride, sulfate, and nitrate were released into the water contained in the paper cups."
So consider yourself warned. And if you're looking to minimize your consumption of microparticles, here are a few tips from Consumer Reports. For more of the hazardous chemicals you should avoid, don't miss this list of All of the Scary Toxins Hiding in Your Kitchen.
Drink More Tap Water
Given that the WHO discovered microplastics in 90 percent of all bottled water samples, you can make sure to drink more tap water and less store-bought water.
For more healthy eating news, make sure to sign up for our newsletter.
Don't Heat Your Food in a Plastic Container
"Heated plastics have been known to leach chemicals into food," writes Consumer Reports. "The American Academy of Pediatrics also recommends not putting plastic into your dishwasher."
Dust Your Home More Frequently
The dust that accumulates on the surfaces of your home can contain harmful chemicals such as flame retardants. Frequent cleaning can help ensure you're minimizing your exposure.
Try to Buy More Glass, Less Plastic
"The experts we spoke with say that consumers should opt for products packaged in glass instead of plastic, use reusable nonplastic containers whenever possible, and support policies limiting the use of single-use plastic," writes Consumer Reports.
For more health dangers you should be aware of, don't miss this list of Hidden Health Dangers Lurking in Your Home. | <urn:uuid:545df1a6-1df8-4f6e-8a14-951b8f3343e0> | CC-MAIN-2023-40 | https://www.eatthis.com/dangerous-drink-coffee-paper-cup-study/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-40/segments/1695233510516.56/warc/CC-MAIN-20230929122500-20230929152500-00766.warc.gz | en | 0.954712 | 987 | 3.125 | 3 |
Tenerife is the largest and most populous of the seven main islands of the Canary Archipelago. The island is 83 kilometers long and a maximum of 53 kilometers wide. Tenerife's area measures 2.034 square kilometers. Like the other Canary Islands, Tenerife is topographically part of Africa. The island and mainland Africa are about 300 kilometers apart as the crow flies.
Tenerife, the volcanic island
Tenerife emerged from the sea about 12 million years ago after volcanic activity. Spain's highest mountain, the 3.718 meter high volcano Pico del Teide, is on Tenerife. It is located in a 12 by 17 kilometer caldera.
Tenerife - Pico del Teide
Tenerife has a wholesome climate. Mild temperatures and humidity promote the island's vegetation. The sea air, saturated with water vapor, rising on the slopes of the Teide massif ensures cloud formation and sufficient rainfall. The result: the land is green and fertile. The vegetation is diverse; individual plant species, such as the red adder head, are only native to Tenerife.
Clouds in front of the Pico del Teide
Red adder head in Parque Nacioal del Teide
Probably the first people lived on the island in the 10th century BC. Tenerife was permanently settled between the 5th century BC and the 1st century AD. The Guanches, the native inhabitants of the island, had no nautical knowledge; they were cut off from the outside world. This situation changed in the 14th century when Spanish navigators discovered and mapped the Canary Islands. Tenerife was initially avoided because of the active Teide volcano. The island was not settled until the middle of the 15th century. Since 1982 the Canary Islands have had the status of a Spanish autonomous region with extensive self-government.
Santa Cruz - Tenerife's capital of the island
In the northeast of the island is the capital Santa Cruz de Tenerife. The full name of the city has been since 1803 "Muy Leal, Noble e Invicta Villa, Puerto y Plaza de Santa Cruz de Santiago". Translated it means: “Very faithful, noble and undefeated city, port and place of the Holy Cross of Saint Jacob”. In 2020 (estimated) more than 209.000 inhabitants lived in the loyal, noble and undefeated city. In total, over a million people live on Tenerife. In the west of Santa Cruz lies the second largest city of Tenerife, San Cristóbal de La Laguna, at an altitude of more than 550 meters. The city has a university and it is the seat of the Roman Catholic diocese of Tenerife.
Santa Cruz de Tenerife
San Cristóbal de La Laguna
The Canary Archipelago has two capitals. They are Santa Cruz de Tenerife and Las Palmas de Gran Canaria. Both cities alternate as the seat of government every 4 years.
Tenerife has no natural resources; the island is partly shaped by agriculture. Main products are: potatoes, bananas, tomatoes and wine. Since the Canary Islands developed into a holiday region, Tenerife's economy and infrastructure have been dependent on tourism. The island has two airports, good transport routes and an efficient cruise port in Santa Cruz de Tenerife.
Tenerife - agricultural land near Tacaronte
Tenerife - destination of the cruise ships
Cruise ships visit most of the Canary Islands, especially in the European winter. According to the port authority, more than 2019 ferry and cruise passengers were handled in Santa Cruz de Tenerife in 639.000. The terminals of the ferries and cruise ships are within walking distance of Plaza España and Plaza de la Candelaria. The two adjacent squares are starting points for city tours.
Santa Cruz de Tenerife - Terminals in front of the cityscape
We recommend first-time visitors to the island to spend the day in Santa Cruz or in neighboring San Cristóbal de La Laguna. It's not a wasted day! For those guests who want to see more of the island, Tenerife offers beautiful, varied landscapes, beaches and much more. We report on worthwhile individual goals under Tenerife - attractions.
Update June 2021 | <urn:uuid:7a0e07ee-ce39-4b08-b3a5-316b09073bc8> | CC-MAIN-2023-23 | https://www.cruiseturtle.com/cruise-destinations/tenerife | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-23/segments/1685224653764.55/warc/CC-MAIN-20230607111017-20230607141017-00628.warc.gz | en | 0.922979 | 910 | 3.34375 | 3 |
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The Superpowers were involved indirect and could not do anything to control the conflicts as the regional conflict were already in progress. In the Middle East, due to the decolonization after WWII, there was the emergence of new nations; new states that are more nationalistic - Nasserism and Pan Arabism. There were also states that were fighting for the same piece of land( territorial claims): Arab – Israeli wars and historic tension that caused the local conflicts to arise. This brought the superpowers into the picture as the Middle East was a strategic location between the East and the West...
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4 pages / 1126 words | <urn:uuid:e678d801-5ef8-4bd5-8245-7bde2afd38d5> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://manyessays.com/essays/history/the-superpowers-cold-war-rivalry-aggravated | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882573197.34/warc/CC-MAIN-20220818124424-20220818154424-00357.warc.gz | en | 0.957355 | 944 | 2.625 | 3 |
Comprehensive DescriptionRead full entry
BiologyInhabits exposed outer reef flats and lagoon and seaward reefs, in areas of mixed sand, coral and rubble (Ref. 9710). Juveniles occur in small tide pools, exposed reef flats with algae-rubble. Generally solitary (Ref. 5213). Feeds mainly on hard-shelled prey, including crustaceans, mollusks and sea urchins (Ref. 5374). Turns over rocks to prey on hiding invertebrates (Ref. 11441). Young look very different (Ref. 1623). | <urn:uuid:6739a926-ab6a-44ce-a818-30d2c36779cb> | CC-MAIN-2016-50 | http://eol.org/pages/216350/overview | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-50/segments/1480698542851.96/warc/CC-MAIN-20161202170902-00318-ip-10-31-129-80.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.839306 | 120 | 3.078125 | 3 |
U.S. House of Representatives to Vote on NAACP Opposed Bill
U.S. House of Representatives to Vote on NAACP Opposed Bill to Stop U.S. Government’s Efforts to Curb Greenhouse Gases
H.R. 910, THE MIS-NAMED “ENERGY TAX PREVENTION ACT OF 2011” TO BAN THE U.S. EPA FROM USING ITS AUTHORITY UNDER THE CLEAN AIR ACT, MAY COME UP AS EARLY AS TUESDAY, 4/5/2011
The Clean Air Act of 1970, as amended and strengthened in 1990, is a comprehensive federal response to air pollution. Under the Clean Air Act, the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) sets limits on certain air pollutants, including setting limits on how much pollution can be in the air anywhere in the United States. These measures help ensure basic health and environmental protection from air pollutions for all Americans. The Clean Air Act also gives the EPA the authority to limit emissions of air pollutants coming from sources like chemical plants, utilities, and steel mills.
Under the authority granted to the EPA by the Clean Air Act, in the fall of 2009 the EPA announced that as of January, 2011, new or substantially renovated major stationary sources of air pollution – such as power plants or refineries – would be required to use the best technology available to reduce harmful emissions, including “greenhouse gases” which are responsible for climate change. It is estimated that if successful, these reductions will help slow global warming, improve Americans’ health and create new jobs. In fact, according to study released in 2010 by the Small Business Majority, between the years of 2010 and 2015, the capital investments in pollution controls required by the EPA to implement these new rules and new generation will create an estimated 1.46 million jobs, or almost 300,000 year-around jobs per year.
Efforts to slow or stop the effects of global warming are especially important to low-income as well racial and ethnic minority Americans disproportionately impacted by the effects of climate change. Manifestations of climate change such as severe storms, floods, and climate variability have a disproportionate impact on African-Americans and other racial and ethnic minorities economically and socially, as well as our health and well-being. Hurricane Katrina, and its aftermath, is but one example of how the results of climate change can have a disparate and often tragic impact on communities of color.
In Congress, there are at least eight bills intended to roll back or limit the EPA’s ability to reduce greenhouse emissions. One bill, by Congressman Fred Upton (MI) (H.R. 910, the miss-named Energy Tax Prevention Act of 2011) would prohibit the EPA from limiting greenhouse gases under the Clean Air Act. This legislation is expected to come to the House floor as early as Tuesday, April 5, 2011.
THE NAACP OPPOSES H.R. 910 WHICH WOULD ELIMINATE EPA’S POWER TO OVERSEE THE REDUCTION OF GREENHOUSE GAS EMISSIONS. | <urn:uuid:ae4ea843-3e0d-472a-893e-0e268a04cfd6> | CC-MAIN-2014-10 | http://www.naacp.org/action-alerts/entry/u.s.-house-of-representatives-to-vote-on-naacp-opposed-bill | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2014-10/segments/1394010527022/warc/CC-MAIN-20140305090847-00030-ip-10-183-142-35.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.935484 | 637 | 2.875 | 3 |
Waterpipe tobacco smoking, otherwise known as “hookah” or “shisha,” is becoming increasingly popular worldwide, especially among youth. Traditional hookahs burn charcoal as a heat source, but recently, electrical heating elements (EHEs) have been introduced to the market. Reinforced by product advertising and package labeling, many hookah smokers believe that EHEs are less harmful than charcoal. Now, researchers report in ACS’ Chemical Research in Toxicology that although EHEs reduce some toxicants, they increase others.
In traditional hookahs, smokers burn charcoal on top of a tobacco preparation known as ma’ssel, a mixture of tobacco, glycerin, water and flavorings. The resulting smoke bubbles through water at the bottom of the pipe before being inhaled through a tube by the smoker. Previous studies have shown that charcoal contributes most of the harmful polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) and carbon monoxide found in hookah smoke. Therefore, manufacturers have developed EHEs for hookahs, in some cases advertising them as “toxicant-free” or “carbon monoxide-free.” Alan Shihadeh and colleagues at the American University of Beirut wanted to investigate these claims by comparing the emissions of several major toxicants from waterpipes using EHEs or charcoal.
With an automatic smoking machine, the researchers examined emissions from a hookah using charcoal or one of three commercially available EHEs as the heat source. They found that the EHEs reduced carbon monoxide and PAH emissions by 90% and 80%, respectively. However, emissions of acrolein, a highly reactive irritant thought to be responsible for nearly all non-cancer respiratory diseases in cigarette smokers, was several orders of magnitude higher with EHE use, compared with charcoal use. In addition, levels of some other volatile aldehydes were higher in EHE-produced smoke than in charcoal-produced smoke. Aerosolized particulate matter and nicotine yield were similar among the heating sources. These results suggest that marketing EHEs as safer than charcoal might be misleading, the researchers say. | <urn:uuid:5d3dbe61-20b5-4abd-b1d4-61af0e15b56b> | CC-MAIN-2019-26 | https://globalhealthnewswire.com/2019/05/22/electric-hookahs-might-be-no-safer-than-traditional-charcoal-based-ones/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-26/segments/1560628000545.97/warc/CC-MAIN-20190626194744-20190626220744-00111.warc.gz | en | 0.952172 | 443 | 3.203125 | 3 |
By Emma Castleberry
While they lack the showy grandeur of our region’s sun-dappled forests, rolling blue mountains and snowy peaks, Southern Appalachian bogs are perhaps one of the most valuable and imperiled ecosystems in Western North Carolina. When it comes to regional conservation, the protection of the bog is paramount—and also wildly complex. “Bogs are truly the jewels in the crown of the Blue Ridge,” says Owen Carson, botanist and senior ecologist at Equinox. “Home to numerous globally imperiled plants and animals, these magical wetlands are easily overlooked yet integral components of the Southern Appalachian landscape.”
Each bog is unique—there are four different subtypes in North Carolina alone—but they all share three characteristics: remaining consistently wet via groundwater and precipitation; lacking a well-defined canopy; and the presence of a diverse, sun-loving flora including abundant peat moss. What is truly impressive about the mountain bog is the dense biodiversity that can be found in a relatively small land area. So many rare species are reliant on the Southern Appalachian bog, including the carnivorous mountain sweet pitcher plant, found in only five counties in the entire world, and another plant, bunched arrowhead, that is found only in two counties worldwide. Other species that depend on these bogs are green pitcher plants, sundews, a number of orchids, head-high ferns, swamp pink and North America’s tiniest (and arguably most precious) turtle, the bog turtle.
Because of this biodiversity, bogs are highly sensitive to human disturbance. Development and misplaced drainage can easily cause changes in the hydrology of a bog and interrupt its delicate balance. Bogs are also subject to threats like climate change, invasive species such as feral hogs and poaching of their valuable, rare species for sale on the black market. “As such, bogs require special focus and dedicated management beyond simply being protected in order to thrive,” says Carson. The fact that most bogs exist on privately owned land compounds the struggle for conservation.
The complicated nature of protecting these ecosystems requires extensive collaboration between a number of groups, including the NC Natural Heritage Program, the NC Wildlife Resources Commission, the US Fish and Wildlife Service, local conservancies like The Nature Conservancy and Blue Ridge Conservancy, and nonprofit land trusts such as Conserving Carolina. The Bog Learning Network (BLN) was created to help connections among these groups and prioritize bog conservation projects. “There are two groups of folks in natural resource management: researchers that study organisms in the natural environment and managers that implement the science,” says Adam Warwick of the Bog Learning Network.
“This network is the key mechanism for facilitating communication between the two groups. It creates a positive feedback loop. A manager has a question, the question is posed to scientists, the question is answered by research and the managers use the research findings to improve or change management.”
Despite the significant importance of the network’s mission, the BLN operates without any funds. The organization is compromised of people going above and beyond their job duties to protect these fragile environments. “The Bog Learning Network serves a fundamental role in bog conservation as the forum where researchers and land managers from across southern Appalachia come together with a shared mission—protecting one of the rarest habitats in the world,” says Gary Peeples, deputy field office supervisor with the USFWS. “Although they don’t get the attention of our rivers or our mountaintops, our mountain bogs are home to some of the rarest plants and animals in the world, and their future is in our hands.”
To learn more about Southern Appalachian bogs and how you can support their protection, visit BogLearningNetwork.com. | <urn:uuid:9f331f4d-7905-4d78-98d9-b2770fa07289> | CC-MAIN-2021-43 | https://thelaurelofasheville.com/outdoors/conservation-the-importance-of-the-southern-appalachian-bog/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-43/segments/1634323587623.1/warc/CC-MAIN-20211025030510-20211025060510-00712.warc.gz | en | 0.933984 | 786 | 3.453125 | 3 |
You probably know the myth of innovation as a sudden flash of insight that comes from nowhere. We read about that "aha" moment, or that light bulb turning on in the mind of some inventor or innovator, and this is true to an extent. Einstein really did get flashes of insight while shaving in the morning. However, he was of course working on the particular problems he had insight into, and he didn't suddenly have ideas for new kitchen gadgets or movie plots.
Einsteins innovations, in other words, no matter how "sudden" the original ideas were, came from past and present mental work. It is like a singer who works at his craft for ten years and then becomes an "overnight success." Innovative people only have "sudden" new ideas because they have habitually worked and thought in certain ways for some time. If you want to become an innovative thinker, then, why not start cultivating those mental habits?
Mental Habits Lead To Innovation
Problems can be opportunities. "Problem" may have a negative connotations, such as being a hassle or stressful, but any problem can lead to an innovation that improves our lives. Not knowing the time lead to clocks small enough to put on our wrists. Nasty diseases lead to sanitary sewer systems. Start looking for opportunity in every problem. Even a mundane problem like not having enough storage space could lead to a new innovation. You may just build a plywood floor in the attic, but you could invent a new type of outdoor storage unit.
Innovation begins with understanding the key elements. Metal, wood or glass are not key elements of a door to an innovator. A way to get in, a way to keep others out - these are key elements. Begin with these, and soon you're imagining new ways to make a door. You could design a door that is opened by your voice (nice when your hands are full), or one that shuts and locks itself when anyone else approaches. Think of the key elements in things.
Attitude helps innovation. The creative problem-solving technique of concept-combination involves combining two ideas to see what new idea or product results. The crucial point is that you assume there will be a useful new idea. Starting with that assumption, your mind will work overtime to produce something. A shoe and a CD have nothing to do with each other, but it took just a minute to imagine a CD player with headphones that only plays the music correctly if a jogger maintains his ideal pace. When you assume there is something there you'll often find something.
Playfulness helps innovation. A playful mind is a creative mind, and while high IQ doesn't correlate with creativity, put it together with playfulness, and you have an Einstein. Remember, he imagined himself riding on a beam of light in order to arrive at his theory of relativity. Why not start playing with ideas and things, in your mind and in your surroundings. Innovation should be fun. | <urn:uuid:db4d1ee5-d20b-434a-b5a1-aa622cac2f66> | CC-MAIN-2020-05 | https://www.wareresources.com/wrp-blog/category/innovative | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-05/segments/1579250593994.14/warc/CC-MAIN-20200118221909-20200119005909-00284.warc.gz | en | 0.968317 | 608 | 3.015625 | 3 |
Delphi method is commonly used when estimating activity durations or other types of quantitative decision making but it can also be effectively used for qualitative applications. One such use case is when you need to qualitatively assess a list of identified risks.
How did you run your last risk identification and assessment session?
As the group was identifying risks, what approach was taken to derive subjective impact or probability values for each risk? A common practice is that the person who identified the risk is also the one who determines its impact or probability. While they might be a subject matter expert, they are also likely to have risk biases which might influence their assessment. Once the risk identifier has provided the probability and impact information, other participants are unlikely to challenge the expertise of the individual.
The same could also happen if a collaborative approach in which risks which have been captured on Post-it notes are grouped onto flip charts representing each impact/probability combination. Once placed, inertia is likely to overcome the desire to make corrections unless an egregious assessment has been done.
Overcoming bias and inertia are two strengths of Delphi, so try this approach the next time you are facilitating a risk session.
- Give each risk session participant a set of cards with each impact or probability value written on an individual card. For example, if you are using the common very low to very high scale, you would give them five cards each.
- As each risk is assessed the person who identified the risk is asked to provide as much context as possible.
- Each team member simultaneously shows the card which best represents the risk’s impact.
- If everyone has selected the same impact value, record it. If there is roughly an equal distribution between two sequential ratings, ask the group to pick one. However, if there are one or two outliers among the ratings, have those individuals explain the rationale behind their rating. Then ask the group to repeat step 3 to re-evaluate the risk’s impact one more time and if there is still not a consensus, pick the value which best represents the group’s decision.
- Steps 3-4 can then be used to assess the probability of the identified risks.
While there is some risk of a strong influencer swaying others to change their evaluation (The Twelve Angry Men scenario), this approach should reduce the likelihood of that occurrence.
So the next time you need to perform qualitative risk assessment, consult the oracle! | <urn:uuid:e05d5fb7-2338-47f3-abe5-f8c7519a78ee> | CC-MAIN-2017-47 | https://kbondale.wordpress.com/2014/12/14/delphi-method-improves-qualitative-risk-assessment/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-47/segments/1510934806509.31/warc/CC-MAIN-20171122065449-20171122085449-00007.warc.gz | en | 0.956342 | 497 | 2.71875 | 3 |
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