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Singapore Independence Day
London School of Business and Research, UK wishes all its learners on Singapore Independence Day – The national day of Singapore
Singapore Independence Day is celebrated every year on the 9th of August. Also called the National Day of Singapore, it is celebrated in commemoration of Singapore’s independence from Malaysia in 1956. You know you are witnessing the lead-up to the country’s National Day when you hear the distinctive sound of helicopters and fighter planes overhead—a sure sign that the Republic of Singapore Airforce’s rehearsal for the National Day Parade’s aerial display is in full swing. This holiday features a National Day Parade, an address by the Prime Minister of Singapore, and fireworks celebrations.
The Singapore Independence Day Parade is a national ceremony that is usually held at The Float @ Marina Bay, the National Stadium at the Singapore Sports Hub, or the Padang. In 2007, the Parade was held at The Float @ Marina Bay for the first time, and in 2016, it was held at the Singapore Sports Hub. The parade includes performances that depict the yearly theme.
The Singapore Independence Day Message is an annual tradition since 1966. In each year’s recorded message, the Prime Minister of Singapore “examines domestic and global developments, reviews economic performance and outlook, and outlines national priorities and government plans as he inspires Singaporeans to move forward with a unified sense of purpose”
While Singapore Independence Day officially falls on the 9th of August, rehearsals for the occasion begin three to four months in advance, with preview shows on the two weekends leading to the celebration.
The Singapore story is well known—how it achieved independence in 1965 amid severe doubt it could survive at all with its tiny size and the lack of natural resources. Yet the island succeeded against the odds, deftly navigating its way through stormy waters of domestic turmoil, regional strife and international politics. It made use of every single advantage it had, emerging on the world stage as a major commercial hub, financial centre and global player. | <urn:uuid:25e99c01-33cc-4e57-aa7b-8fdddd59f5c3> | CC-MAIN-2021-43 | https://www.lsbr.uk/event/singapore-independence-day/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-43/segments/1634323585121.30/warc/CC-MAIN-20211017052025-20211017082025-00589.warc.gz | en | 0.939057 | 415 | 2.8125 | 3 |
Can a tech metaphor ripped from the Apollo 13 disaster help explain the Trump presidency? Find out in this week's special politics-themed episode of Soonish!
Whether you like Donald Trump or not, you’ve got to give him credit for one important thing. He’s reinvigorating national debate about the Constitution and the limits on the powers it gives to the president.
With his attacks on judges and journalists, his efforts to shut the borders to Muslims, his attempts to quell inquiries into his campaign’s Russia ties, his early-morning tweetstorms, and so much more, Trump has breached every norm of presidential conduct. And he’s testing the constitutional separation of powers in ways the nation’s founders could never have anticipated.
In this episode, we try to understand Trump’s impact on government—and what the Trump presidency might mean for America’s future—using a metaphor from the aerospace business: gimbal lock.
Pilots and astronauts know gimbal lock as a scary situation in which a craft’s inertial guidance system can fail to isolate the central gyroscope from the craft's movements. Normally, a spinning gyroscope always points in the same direction, which provides a consistent reference point for navigation. But that only works as long as the craft can pitch, roll, and yaw around the gyroscope freely. Gimbals—concentric, nested rings mounted around the gyroscope at 90-degree angles to one another—are designed to allow exactly that. But in older guidance systems, including those on the Apollo spacecraft, pointing the craft in certain forbidden directions can cause two or more of the gimbals to align. That means the gimbals can keep the gyroscope isolated from maneuvers in two directions, but not from maneuvers in the third direction—rendering the whole system useless.
Attentive fans of the movie Apollo 13 may remember that as the astronauts attempted to keep control of their damaged capsule, they worried loudly about gimbal lock. That wasn’t just a dramatic device. For the Apollo astronauts, it was a constant concern.
What I’m suggesting in this episode is that we consider the U.S. government as if it were a system of gimbals built to protect what journalist and biographer Walter Isaacson has called our constitutional gyroscope. (Isaacson’s metaphor, which first turned up in his biography of Albert Einstein, was what got me thinking along these lines in the first place.) A three-gimbal system corresponds nicely to the three branches of government: the executive, legislative, and judicial.
The Constitution sets up an elaborate system of checks and balances to ensure that the branches always operate independently and that no single branch obtains too much power. For example, the president can veto bills sent to him or her by Congress, but Congress has the power to override the veto and even impeach the president. The president appoints Supreme Court justices but the Senate has to confirm them. The judiciary can convict people but the president can pardon them. And so on.
We may even have a stabilizing "fourth gimbal" in the form of the Fourth Estate—the media outlets that, historically, have kept tabs on the government and reported on its excesses. The big question we face today is whether the system of gimbals is foolproof—or whether, in fact, it may be vulnerable to the malice and/or ineptitude of a player like Trump, who seems to have little knowledge of or respect for the Constitution itself.
And it’s not just Trump who’s testing the system.
- Both houses of Congress are controlled by the president’s political party—and that party’s leaders, seemingly intent on their mission to pass healthcare and tax legislation, have allowed the president to roam largely unchallenged.
- With the addition of Neil Gorsuch to the Supreme Court, the court’s liberal-to-moderate wing is again just one swing vote away from losing its majority on issues such as abortion rights.
- The independent press has been partially undermined by political polarization, the industry's own economic distress, and the surprising effectiveness of the Trump administration’s “alternative facts” campaign.
Under conditions like this, there may be a danger that two or more branches of government will end up acting in lockstep. That could put our system into a kind of gimbal lock, disabling the checks and balances that would normally protect the Constitution and moderate the actions of an authoritarian president.
Constitutional gimbal lock might not send us careening into space, but it wouldn’t be pretty.
That’s the proposition this episode explores, anyway. Making the show has been a fun and interesting way for me to cope with a set of political circumstances that I could never have imagined back in mid-2016, when I first hatched the plans to launch a podcast about the future. Thankfully, I found a couple of very generous and cooperative government and public policy experts, Yascha Mounk and David Eaves, to help me think through the idea.
Is the gimbal-lock metaphor useful, or just fun? Well, listen and decide for yourself.
Join our list for regular news and updates about Soonish, including episode reminders, cool features, and links to bonus content.
A big thank you to everyone who has signed up to support Soonish on Patreon. Recently I crossed over my initial goal of $250 in pledges per episode, thanks to a pledge from superfan and volunteer listener/editor Mark Pelofsky. Everyone who helped me hit that $250 level is listed in the Soonish Future Force Hall of Fame.
Now it’s on to my next goal of $500 per episode! If you’d like to support the show, please go to patreon.com/soonish and pledge what you can.
What Trump Can Teach Us About Con Law, a new podcast about constitutional from Elizabeth Joh and Roman Mars
The Bullshitter-in-Chief, by Matthew Yglesias, Vox, May 30, 2017
David Eaves, lecturer in public policy, Harvard John F. Kennedy School of Government
Yascha Mounk, lecturer on government, Harvard University
Amy Shira Teitel, spaceflight historian, writer, YouTuber, podcaster
Mentioned In This Episode
Apollo 13, directed by Ron Howard, music by James Horner (1995)
Einstein: His Life and Universe, by Walter Isaacson (2007)
Walter Isaacson’s appearance on CBS This Morning, November 6, 2013
Vintage Space, Amy Shira Teitel’s YouTube channel on space history
Gimbal Lock and Apollo 13, from Amy Shira Teitel’s Vintages Space channel
Apollo 11 mission transcript, featuring the “fourth gimbal” remark by Michael Collins
James Comey testimony before the Senate Intelligence Committee, June 8, 2017, full transcript and video
The Good Fight, Yascha Mounk’s podcast from New America (iTunes listing)
Xconomy Voices, the new show I’m hosting and producing for Xconomy (pilot episode)
Soonish theme by Graham Gordon Ramsay
Looking Back by Lee Rosevere from the album Music for Podcasts
Desolate by Tim Beek from the album Soundtrack
Interplanetary Hollows by Tim Beek from the album Soundtrack
Schoolhouse Rock: The Preamble, music by Lynn Ahrens (1975)
Strange World by Tim Beek from the album Orchestra
Slow Lights by Lee Rosevere from the album Music for Podcasts 3
The Undead by Tim Beek from the album Various
Grasping Hope by Tim Beek from the album Contemporary
New Beginning by Tim Beek from the album Contemporary
Thank you to my guests for playing along with the gimbal lock metaphor. Thanks also to Lauren Bacon for introducing me to David Eaves, and to David Mindell for pointing me to the work of Amy Shira Teitel. And deep thanks to Mark Pelofsky and Daniel Sheehan for reviewing and commenting on drafts of this episode.
Soonish is supported by Kent Rasmussen Winery. Since 1986, Rasmussen has been famous for their purely poetic Pinot Noir, grown in the cool mists of the Carneros region of Napa Valley. And under the companion Ramsay label they offer superior-quality North Coast Pinot Noir, Merlot, Petite Sirah, Cabernet Sauvignon, and Chardonnay at a wonderful price. Ask for Rasmussen and Ramsay wines at fine restaurants and stores in 29 states. For more information, visit kentrasmussenwinery.com | <urn:uuid:423fe57a-8d65-4126-aad1-18c4f81e21f9> | CC-MAIN-2018-05 | https://www.soonishpodcast.org/episodes/2017/7/3/110-washington-we-have-a-problem | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-05/segments/1516084892238.78/warc/CC-MAIN-20180123191341-20180123211341-00038.warc.gz | en | 0.933049 | 1,833 | 2.640625 | 3 |
His (Harvard University Department Of Psychology, n.d.).
His name was Erik Erikson. Born in 1902 in Frankfurt-am-main, Germany, he was to become one of the most recognized psychoanalysts of the 20th Century (The Erikson Institute, n.d.). A career as an art teacher lead him down a path of psychoanalytic study that earned him a certificate from the Maria Montessori School, to the Vienna Psychoanalytic Institute (The Erikson Institute, n.d.). By the time he was 34, he was a bonafide member of the Institute of Human Relations in the psychiatry department at Yale (The Erikson Institute, n.d.).Some link Erikson’s fascination with childhood and development in the field of psychoanalysis to his own childhood in which he was abandoned by his biological father, and his mother remarried his pediatrician (Thomas, n.d.). This fascination is revealed in his expansive work on developmental theory, His most famous contribution being his proposed eight psychosocial stages of development. (the famous people)Research:In 1933, he arrived in Boston and began to pursue a graduate degree at Harvard while working as a research associate with the Harvard Psychological Clinic. He butted heads with the “quantitative, empirical focus of Harvard’s Psychology Department”, and eventually terminated his educational pursuits at Harvard in 1936 without receiving his degree (Harvard University Department Of Psychology, n.d.). That may have seemed like a set back for any ordinary psychoanalyst but not Erikson. Despite being doctorateless, He went on to work at many institutions, among them University of California at Berkeley, Yale and even, returned to teach at Harvard (Harvard University Department Of Psychology, n.d.). Through the departments of these many prestigious universities, erikson was able to observe and study children from a variety of psychological, emotional, environmental and social background. These observations were compiled in a book entitled “Childhood and Society,” which became the most well-known of his works (TheFamousPeople.com, 2017).The Era/Time: The fact of the matter is: the question of personality development had been a question pondered since the beginning of time: What makes us who we are?The only point in which Erikson’s career was impacted by the time period was in 1950, when the professors of University of California at Berkeley were asked to sign “loyalty oaths” during the terror that was the McCarthy Era. Erikson refused to comply, leaving both the university and the state (Thomas, n.d.).This, again, was no set back for Erikson. He ardently continued his research at a clinic in Massachusetts, and at Harvard while teaching until his retirement in 1970 (Thomas, n.d.).The culmination of his work was greatly influenced and reflected the Freudian psychosexual development theory but Erikson’s own humanist theory proposed that personalities developed past the age of five, and that the resolution of existential crises was the base for personality development (Harvard University Department Of Psychology, n.d.). These informed the most influential discovery of his career. Impact on Society: Throughout his lengthy career, He furthered the field of childhood development by designing a theory dividing development into 8 distinct psychological stages (Psychology Notes HQ, 2017).(Psychology Notes HQ, 2017). These critical stages can determine how well-adjusted/mal-adjusted a person is (Psychology Notes HQ, 2017). If unsuccessful in development, the person may experience unhealthy personality characteristics. In order to resolve these unhealthy traits, the person may experience an “Identity Crisis,” a famous term Erikson coined, that tests the nature of their essential self (Psychology Notes HQ, 2017). The legacy of Erik Erikson is built on the principle “that children are not simply biological organisms but also products of society’s expectations, prejudices, and prohibitions.” (The Erikson Institute, n.d.).Therefore, much or Erik Erikson’s developmental theory has helped social workers and counselors working in the field of childhood development understand trauma, and provide hope for growing beyond one’s psychosocial damage.Of course, Erikson’s massive impact on the field has garnered quite a bit of merit. In 1973, Erikson was given the opportunity to lecture at the prestigious Jefferson Lecture which is seen as the highest honor for achievement in the humanities (TheFamousPeople.com, 2017). Additionally He won a National Book Award for his book Gandhi’s Truth in Philosophy and Religion and a Pulitzer Prize for his writings and their impact in the field of psychology (TheFamousPeople.com, 2017). | <urn:uuid:b01f18c7-4e8c-4a0d-ada8-821dddf55f45> | CC-MAIN-2020-05 | https://niagarafallshypnosiscenter.com/his-harvard-university-department-of-psychology-n-d/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-05/segments/1579250590107.3/warc/CC-MAIN-20200117180950-20200117204950-00247.warc.gz | en | 0.970106 | 992 | 2.96875 | 3 |
Army Security Agency
█ JUDSON KNIGHT
The Army Security Agency (ASA) provided the United States Army with signal intelligence and security information from 1945 to 1976. During the 1960s, ASA played a key role in the Vietnam conflict, a role symbolized by the fact that an ASA operative was the first soldier killed in the war.
For almost as long as there has been viable electronic communication, the U.S. military has been concerned with the field of signals intelligence (SIGINT): information gathered from the interception, processing, and analysis of electronic communications. The first SIGINT efforts in World War I were informal, and only in 1930 did the army organize the first permanent SIGINT organization, the Signal Intelligence Service (SIS).
In 1943, the army renamed SIS as the Signal Security Agency, or SSA. On September 15, 1945, less than two weeks after the end of World War II, SSA became the Army Security Agency. Commanded by the director of military intelligence for the army, the newly formed office possessed broad powers, a fact made evident by its wide geographic presence: in addition to untold fixed sites, or field stations, across the globe, it also maintained significant theatre headquarters in both Europe and east Asia.
Four years after its formation, in 1949, the ASA was placed—along with its navy and air force counterparts—under the new Armed Forces Security Agency (AFSA). Though AFSA was a forerunner of the National Security Agency (NSA; formed in 1951), unlike NSA, AFSA had little actual power. Therefore, the reorganization had little effect on ASA operations other than the reassignment of most ASA civilian personnel to AFSA. ASA, meanwhile, continued its duties in the field, and would play a key intelligence role in the conflicts of the 1950s and 1960s.
ASA in Korea and Vietnam
As a result of needs created by the Korean War, ASA expanded its operations, and deployed numerous tactical units to support the army on the ground. The Korean conflict saw the first use of groups and battalions in the ASA structure, a symbol of its growth during wartime. In 1955, ASA expanded its mission to include electronic intelligence and electronic warfare functions that had formerly been the responsibility of the signal corps. Because its role now encompassed more than intelligence and security, it was reassigned from G-2 (military intelligence) to the U.S. Army chief of staff.
The first ASA personnel arrived in Vietnam on May 13, 1961, to set up a post at Tan Son Nhut Air Base in South Vietnam. Assigned to the 3rd Radio Research Unit (RRU), ASA personnel were chiefly concerned with direction-finding (DF) operations to locate Viet Cong transmitters operating in South Vietnamese territory. On December 22, 1961, a Viet Cong ambush outside the capital city of Saigon claimed the life of Specialist Fourth Class James T. Davis, a DF operator who became the first of more than 50,000 American soldiers killed in Vietnam during the next 11 years.
Davis's death pointed up the dangers for the DF operator in Vietnam: because of the difficulties of wave propagation in the thick southeast Asian jungles, the DF operator had to be close to the transmitter to detect it. The solution was an airborne DF platform, the first of which ASA deployed in March 1962. In 1965, as the U.S. presence in Vietnam reached its height, the 509th Radio Research Group replaced the 3rd RRU, and ASA personnel in country numbered as many as 6,000. The agency itself had grown to include some 30,000 personnel, and in 1964 had become a major army field command.
As the Vietnam conflict drew to a close, however, ASA began to contract rapidly. By 1975, reorganization had effectively ended its existence, and it was formally disbanded on the last day of 1976. On January 1, 1977, a new security and intelligence command known as Headquarters, U.S. Army Intelligence and Security Command, replaced ASA.
█ FURTHER READING:
Bamford, James. Body of Secrets: Anatomy of the Ultra-Secret National Security Agency: From the Cold War through the Dawn of a New Century. New York: Doubleday, 2001.
Army Security Agency Online. < http://www.asa.npoint.net > (December 30, 2002).
Origins of the Army Security Agency and INSCOM. < http://www.nsa.gov/display/c130/ru8_asa.html > (December 30,2002). | <urn:uuid:6377f22a-675a-459c-9f36-cf347274a850> | CC-MAIN-2016-44 | http://www.faqs.org/espionage/An-Ba/Army-Security-Agency.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-44/segments/1476988719437.30/warc/CC-MAIN-20161020183839-00205-ip-10-171-6-4.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.967406 | 934 | 3.296875 | 3 |
Nutrition and food make the news everyday! Many reports offer information and advice to help you make smart food choices. Just what should you eat for good health? There’s plenty of good news about eating… information that’s easy to follow, too!
A healthful diet has three common-sense qualities: variety, moderation, and balance.
No matter what headlines make the news, nutrition advice remains the same for healthy people. Eat a wide variety of foods within the groups of the food guide pyramid. For balance, choose enough daily servings from each food group. Choose more whole grains and less refined grains. Eat fat with each meal preferably in the form of olive oil, canola oil, avocado, nuts, and seeds while reducing animal fats. And, of course, limit sweets.
You can eat what you like.
In moderation, any food can fit in an eating pattern that promotes your good health. There are no “good” or “bad” foods and no “good” or “bad” meals or snacks, just good and bad diets.
A variety of nutrient-rich foods fit into the five food groups. That’s good news! Eat primarily foods in each group with less fat, sugar, and sodium.
If you opt for foods with more fat, sugar, or sodium, make trade-offs. For example, build a great sandwich with low-fat deli meats, and then spend the fat savings on an avocado or cheese slice.
You can make healthful food choices anytime, anywhere!
Supermarkets, restaurants, delis, home… almost everywhere; you have plenty of food choices these days.
Besides traditional fare, more good-tasting food choices are readily available today, such as lean meat, fat-free or reduced-fat cheese, and low-fat ice cream. Prepared meals, such as fettucine alfredo and cheese enchiladas, are available in traditional and “leaner” versions. Some foods also are prepared with less sodium or more fiber or calcium. Check the Nutrition Facts panel on food labels to make healthful food selections. Be careful! Sometimes food manufacturers take out one ingredient and add more of another. For example fat may be reduced but more sugar may be added.
Eating out doesn’t need to be a high-calorie, high-fat food experience either. Restaurants, fast-food chains, and delis offer menus with delicious lower-calorie, lower-fat options, along with grains, fruits, and vegetables.
Eating healthy can be convenient and quick.
You can prepare and eat healthful and tasty meals or snacks in no time at all:
- Keep a supply of quick-to-fix foods on hand: frozen vegetables, pasta, milk, low-fat yogurt, healthfully prepared meals and canned soups, low fat cheese, lean deli meats, and canned beans.
- Use quick-and-healthy cooking methods, such as stir-frying, broiling, and microwaving.
- Buy prepared foods, such as pre-cut vegetables, canned beans, or shredded fat-free or reduced-fat cheese.
Healthful foods can taste good.
How can you ensure the great taste of meals and snacks?
- Retain the quality and flavor of foods with proper food storage, careful handling, and good food preparation techniques.
- Enhance the natural flavors of foods with a variety of fresh herbs, spices, fruit juices, and vinegars, rather than rich sauces, added sugar, or salt.
- Buy foods with very low sodium levels and then add salt to taste.
The media can keep you updated on food and nutrition news.
Be a smart consumer of food news. Remember these tips:
- Read, or listen to, the whole story. Experts’ comments, which often appear at the end, put studies in perspective and sometimes offer a different point of view.
- Just because it appeared in print or on the airwaves doesn’t necessarily mean that the latest piece of nutrition research is significant for you. Remember, one study isn’t enough to prove anything; the results from one study build on another.
- Ask questions: Was the study or report from a reputable source? Were the people studied similar to you in age, sex, health condition, and lifestyle? Is the research confirmed by other studies?
- Find out what is best for your eating style — ask a registered dietitian.
For more information:
The American Dietetic Association/National Center for Nutrition and Dietetics
Consumer Nutrition Hotline 800-366-1655
For more information on nutrition call Maria Cruz, RD x3158. | <urn:uuid:fba7ae0c-ba30-4bb9-94e6-b36239218bcf> | CC-MAIN-2014-15 | http://health.williams.edu/nutrition/nutrition-fact-sheet/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2014-15/segments/1397609537097.26/warc/CC-MAIN-20140416005217-00431-ip-10-147-4-33.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.912583 | 981 | 3.078125 | 3 |
Guest Author - Susan Helene Kramer
Many of the trees commonly seen in California cities are immigrants, brought by people who desired California weather but not California flora. As a result, areas of high population look very little like they did before European settlement. In Southern California, this is particularly noticeable. While ginko and other ornamental trees grow well here, they are not original residents. What plants are native to the state?
For starters, most of the palm species one sees in Los Angeles are decidedly not native. They were imported, first by the Franciscan friars and then by gardening enthusiasts at the beginning of the twentieth century. There is actually only one native palm tree, the California Fan Palm. Perhaps the best place to see these unusually shaped trees is on the Cahuilla Native American reservation in the Palm Springs area. From the parking lot, one can see the upper canopy of these trees; following a fairly easy trail takes one into the oasis area, which is shady and cool from the great fronds of the trees. From here, there is a network of trails that crisscross through the oasis area and into the surrounding hills. It’s a great way to see ‘prehistoric’ California desert flora.
The iconic desert tree is the Joshua tree. Named by religious pioneers who compared the branches to the story of Joshua and the battle of Jericho, the Joshua tree is the only member of the yucca family to reach tree size. These striking plants can be found throughout the desert regions of Southern California, but most noticeably in the aptly named Joshua Tree National Park.
The rolling hills by the coast were once home to great oak woodlands, and large stands of these trees still dot the valleys and slopes of the Transverse Ranges, so-called because they run west to east across the area from Point Concepcion to San Diego. Coast Live Oaks, Engelmann Oaks, and Channel Island Scrub Oak are just some of the great evergreen trees that are found here; the California Black Oak is a deciduous species. In addition to the oaks, the area is home to madrone trees and Toyon, also known as the California Christmas Berry.
An unusual and endangered species, the Torrey Pine is only found in the wild in San Diego County and on Santa Rosa Island off the coast of Ventura. This is one of only two pine species with five needles per bundle. The easiest place to see these is at Torrey Pines State Natural Reserve in La Jolla, which also preserves some of the state’s last salt marshes. More common pine species such as the Ponderosa and Jeffrey Pine are found in mountain ranges all over Southern California. | <urn:uuid:e40719e6-aa13-4ca6-ae53-0e20e53a69a8> | CC-MAIN-2015-18 | http://www.bellaonline.com/articles/art35024.asp | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2015-18/segments/1430455160771.74/warc/CC-MAIN-20150501043920-00012-ip-10-235-10-82.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.950727 | 553 | 3.515625 | 4 |
18 Nov 2019
In July 2019 (updated in September 2019), the French Public Health Agency “Santé Publique France“, together with the Francim cancer registries, the Hospices Civils de Lyon and the Institut National du Cancer, published national estimates of cancer incidence and mortality in metropolitan France between 1990 and 2018. These are based on the modeling of observed incidence data (new cases) until 2015 by cancer registries, supplemented by projections until 2018.
Volume 1 of the report is devoted to solid tumors (27 tumors and 22 subtypes). Between 1990 and 2018, the overall incidence rate of solid tumors remained relatively stable in men and continued to increase in women. At the same time, the annual number of new cases of glioblastoma with histological confirmation (one of the most aggressive types of brain cancer) has increased fourfold and more for both sexes.
In 20 years, the number of glioblastomas multiplied by 4, affecting all ages
Santé Publique France estimates that there will be 3,481 new cases of these glioblastomas in metropolitan France in 2018, 58% of them in men. There were only 823 in 1990.
Age trends show an increase in incidence regardless of age and gender between 1990 and 2018.
According to Santé Publique France, similar observations are observed in the United States where an increase in the incidence of glioblastoma was also observed in the years 1980-1990 in connection with diagnostic progress. In addition, an Australian study reports an increasing incidence of histological confirmed glioblastoma over the period 2000-2008.
Exposure to “waves’ is one of the possible factors
In conclusion of its analysis, Santé Publique France considers that the extrinsic factors that may play a role in increasing the incidence of glioblastoma could be:
“brain radiation therapy and possibly intense and prolonged exposure to pesticides (farmers). The latest epidemiological studies and animal experiments would support the carcinogenic role of exposure to electromagnetic fields”
Absolute duty to protect children and young people
Dr Annie Sasco, cancer epidemiologist, former Director of Research Unit at IARC-WHO:
“The evolution of incidence and mortality rates of central nervous system tumors as a whole and especially glioblastoma over the past 30 years is of particular concern. Of course, diagnostic behaviours have evolved and play a role, especially for older people. Nevertheless, there is a real increase, even among the youngest, for whom it is likely that diagnostic modalities have changed less than among the elderly and which may therefore be linked to environmental factors and primarily to the use of mobile or wireless phones. Informing the public should make it possible not to continue on this upward trajectory, especially among young people, with an absolute duty to protect children by not allowing them to use a cellular phone and in general by protecting them from exposure to electromagnetic fields“.
Urgency for public authorities to act in the face of tens of thousands of deaths
Dr. Marc Arazi, President of Phonegate Alert:
“Over the last 2 decades, nearly 50,000 people have been affected in France by this extremely aggressive brain tumor, which has a very high mortality rate. It was also during this period that mobile telephony exploded and industrialists knowingly overexposed us to the waves of our mobile phones. This industrial and health scandal has a name, the “Phonegate”! Public authorities can no longer deny the evidence and must urgently protect the health of tens of millions of users.
All the information are available in French from page 316 to 322
14] Almairac F, Paquis P. L’encyclopédie neurochirurgicale. Glioblastomes. Janv 2015.
Anthony B. Miller, L. Lloyd Morgan, Iris Udasin, Devra Lee Davis. Cancer epidemiology update, following the 2011 IARC evaluation of radiofrequency electromagnetic fields (Monograph 102) Environmental Research. 2018. 167:673-683. | <urn:uuid:16eae753-f9ea-4012-a549-ee58322190b3> | CC-MAIN-2022-05 | https://www.emfsa.co.za/news/press-release-brain-cancers-4-times-more-new-cases-of-glioblastoma-in-2018-according-to-public-health-france/?shared=email&msg=fail | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-05/segments/1642320305141.20/warc/CC-MAIN-20220127042833-20220127072833-00335.warc.gz | en | 0.890916 | 1,062 | 2.890625 | 3 |
Sleep apnea jaw surgery may improve the lives of those who suffer from sleep apnea, because a good night’s sleep affects both the brain and body. When oxygen is limited during the sleep cycle, quality of life suffers.
Sleep apnea can steal a person’s health, and the proper treatment can make all the difference.
What is sleep apnea?
Sleep apnea is a serious disorder that occurs during sleep. The most common type of sleep apnea is airway obstruction (OSA).
Untreated, people suffer from oxygen deprivation as they stop breathing, perhaps hundreds of times, during their sleep cycle. The brain and body are affected and may cause a myriad of health problems:
- High-blood pressure
- Daytime sleepiness
- Heart disease
- Reduced immune function
Sleep apnea can also affect interpersonal relationships because sleep and oxygen deprivation may make you feel irritable and depressed.
How is sleep apnea diagnosed?
If your medical provider suspects you suffer from sleep apnea, they will order a sleep study. This test is conducted in a lab by a specialist who uses equipment to monitor many aspects of sleep behavior including breathing patterns, heart rate, and oxygen levels.
How is sleep apnea treated?
CPAP therapy is a breathing machine and is a popular and effective treatment for sleep apnea. However, because it is cumbersome and uncomfortable, people often fail to use it consistently and may stop altogether. Studies show compliance rates may be lower than 60%.1
Corrective surgery may be a better option for those who cannot adjust to CPAP therapy. Jaw surgery appeals to many people because it eliminates the need for the CPAP and is a permanent solution.
Sleep apnea jaw surgery
With proper alignment of teeth, tongue, and jaw, oxygen flow returns to normal. Sometimes bone grafting is necessary and the full procedure can be lengthy, but the benefits are amazing because people look and feel better.
When considering jaw surgery to treat sleep apnea, people should trust an oral and maxillofacial surgeon to do the procedure.
If you want to find a permanent solution for your sleep apnea, call (817) 237-7557 for a consultation and review of your medical history.
A better life begins with good sleep!
1. Pieters TH, Collard PH, Aubert M, et al. Acceptance and long-term compliance with nCPAP in patients with obstructive sleep apnoea syndrome. Eur Respir J. 1996;9:939-944. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17443336. Accessed November 1, 2017. | <urn:uuid:0a8f7394-66fe-48db-bfdf-e4557202340f> | CC-MAIN-2020-45 | https://northtarrantoms.com/sleep-apnea-jaw-surgery/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-45/segments/1603107883636.39/warc/CC-MAIN-20201024135444-20201024165444-00491.warc.gz | en | 0.929887 | 552 | 2.71875 | 3 |
Germaphobes beware! The world around us is full of germ cesspools teeming with microbial life. From the notorious public toilet seat to the obscure bacteria-laden snowflake, the world is the realm of the microscopic, and we are merely occupants.
To put things in even grander perspective, feast on this juicy fact: There is an estimated five nonillion (5x10 to the power of 30) bacteria alive and thriving on the Earth today. Our microscopic friends actually make up much of the world's biomass, far superseding both humans and plants. In fact, there are approximately one million bacterial cells in a single milliliter of fresh water, and a whopping 40 million bacterial cells in a single gram of forest soil alone — and these numbers don't even include viruses.
Keeping in mind that most of us adult males don't muck around in the mud no more, AskMen has done a little homework to compile a short list of germ cesspools. Acknowledging these filthy microbial hangouts and following some of our suggested precautionary measures might just keep you a tad healthier and away from winter sicknesses.
Public magazinesGrime factor: Hand sanitizer will do the trick
Cold and flu viruses can survive on dry surfaces for upward of 48 hours, while some bacteria, such as E. coli, can survive on dry surfaces for months on end.
Those alluring public magazines, especially those in doctor's offices, have the potential for carrying the cold and flu viruses (especially with all those sickies around). Bathroom reading materials, on the other hand, may carry fecal bacteria like E. coli, which can cause diarrhea.
Germs be gone: Always use the alcohol-based hand sanitizer when entering a doctor's office. If you do read a public magazine, just avoid touching your face and always wash your hands after.
Office keyboardsGrime factor: Hand sanitizer will do the trick
A study by UK consumer group Which? Computing tested 33 office keyboards for microbial contamination. The result: Several office keyboards were labeled “health hazardous,” while one particular keyboard was found to be carrying five times as many germs as the same office's public toilet seats. That's a germ cesspool if ever there was one.
Most of the bacteria found from the study were a reflection of bacteria found in the nose, mouth and gut, and thus do not pose too great a risk of infection. Shared keyboards, however, increase the risk of passing infectious microorganisms, particularly the cold and flu viruses.
Germs be gone: Clean your mouse and keyboard (there are plenty of resources online that describe just how to do so), wash your hands and try to avoid eating over your keyboard.
The gymGrime factor: Vigorous hand washing with soap and hot water needed after exposure.
A 2006 study in the Clinical Journal of Sport Medicine found the cold virus on 73% of weight-lifting equipment and on 51% of aerobic equipment. Thankfully, the same study found little to no trace of infectious bacteria.
There is a real risk of viral transmission from shared exercise equipment.
Germs be gone: Thoroughly wipe down all equipment, aka germ cesspools, after use (guys, we're looking in your direction), wear gloves if possible and avoid touching your face until you've washed your hands.
Make sure you wash your hands thoroughly after contact with any of these germ cesspools... | <urn:uuid:482a7df5-c259-4cb1-befe-665a2ff2fb55> | CC-MAIN-2019-43 | https://www.askmen.com/sports/health_200/224_mens_health.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-43/segments/1570987826436.88/warc/CC-MAIN-20191022232751-20191023020251-00286.warc.gz | en | 0.94057 | 710 | 2.984375 | 3 |
ELLIOT CREEK. Elliot Creek rises two miles northeast of Marietta in northwestern Cass County (at 33°13' N, 94°31' W) and runs west for three miles to its mouth on Mill Creek (at 33°13' N, 94°34' W). The creek traverses an area of gently undulating to low-rolling land surfaced by loamy soils that support native vegetation including water-tolerant hardwoods, conifers, and grasses. The area around the creek is flood-prone. The creek was named for James Elliott, the original grantee of land near its upper reaches.
The following, adapted from the Chicago Manual of Style, 15th edition, is the preferred citation for this article."ELLIOT CREEK," Handbook of Texas Online (http://www.tshaonline.org/handbook/online/articles/rbe27), accessed August 31, 2015. Uploaded on June 12, 2010. Published by the Texas State Historical Association. | <urn:uuid:e66e0ee1-8d21-4acf-b934-a0fe0f762271> | CC-MAIN-2015-35 | https://tshaonline.org/handbook/online/articles/rbe27 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2015-35/segments/1440644066017.21/warc/CC-MAIN-20150827025426-00286-ip-10-171-96-226.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.931161 | 210 | 3 | 3 |
The Craftsman style home developed in California during the late 1800’s and flourished through the 1920’s, reflecting the Arts & Crafts design movement. Brothers Charles and Henry Greene were among the most prominent of early architects working in the Craftsman style. Their design for the Gamble House in Pasadena, CA is among the best-known examples of their work and a standout example of Craftsman style architecture. This style came into popularity as a rejection to the more ornate styling of the Victorian era. The innate sensibilities of Craftsman style are to showcase the quality of handwork and natural materials.
Today, this style resonates with homeowners throughout the country, because it offers a simplified style that speaks to notions of tradition and home. In other words, Craftsman homes are simple and uncomplicated, two elements that continue to contribute to their appeal and rapid expansion. Craftsman designs are focused on natural inspiration, as seen in both their exterior and interior design elements.
Exterior Design Elements
Everything about the exterior design expresses natural beauty. From horizontally-oriented lines to lower pitched roofs, the Craftsman home aims to blend in with the landscape rather than oppose it. This style shows some distinctive exterior design elements:
- Lower pitched roofs with deep eaves
- Front porches, open or closed
- Square, tapered columns supporting roof resting on stone piers extending to ground level
- Mixed materials including woodwork, stone and shake shingles
- Natural earth tones and muted exterior color palettes
Selecting the right style, and even material is crucial in preserving the past of the Craftsman style, while creating a strong visual impression. Double hung windows with grid pattern mullions are the distinctive feature of a Craftsman home. These windows enhance the look of the home and make it quieter and less drafty. They are typically vertical in proportion, and tend to use wood as the main material, especially on the interiors. The exteriors favor earth tones and warm colors. Art glass and stained glass add another dimension to this design element.
Photo credit: Pella Windows and Doors
Choosing appropriate doors is a great way to improve the continuity and flow of a Craftsman home. The trademark look of Craftsman doors is the glass lite that can be found in the upper third of the door, with an ornate piece of trim immediately below. Also typical of the Craftsman style are doors with dentil shelves – although they can also be without – or doors with Shaker-style panels. In the latter, the panel layout usually has two recessed elongated lower panels and one recessed rectangular upper panel.
Photo credit: Masonite
Interior Design Elements
The core of Craftsman style is to highlight natural materials, and this can also be seen throughout the built-in cabinetry, millwork details, wood floors and wide trim of Craftsman homes. Some of the main features that characterize this style are:
- Clean lines
- Highlighted woodwork: there may also be nuanced details like columns and interesting framing separating spaces as well as exposed beams or rafters.
- Access to light: windows are a key element in helping open up spaces and Craftsman homes are known for relying on multiple windows within a space to connect it to the outdoors and help the room feel bigger
- Built-in fireplaces, mantels, storage/bookcases
- Dining rooms: traditional Craftsman homes have a specific dining room location between the kitchen and living room
- Neutral color palette to highlight the natural wood elements
Has the Craftsman Style Changed Since its Nexus?
Although a timeless style, the Craftsman home has evolved over the years. The contemporary Craftsman style still takes on elements that are distinguishing features of the original design – wood styling, hardwood floors and the clean lines – but newer interpretations have taken on a more open concept floor plan. Even the color tones are different, including lighter neutrals and lots of white. The size and scale of modern Craftsman style homes continues to maintain the warm and cozy feel of the original modest sized homes, but have moved into more traditional single or two-story homes, with or without dormers.
In addition, the Craftsman design of today has more mixing and matching, with different approaches to the general style. The most common ones are traditional – such as many historically registered homes – or bungalows. These are typically one-story homes, often with a single dormer or multiple dormers built into a wide, gently sloping roof adding usable space. Their presence comes with regional styles (e.g. Chicago, California, Michigan), whose structure reflects the needs of the area.
Photo credit: Masonite
The advent and development of this style has been one of the most popular designs in the modern period. The Craftsman style is able to bring balance to both vintage and modern styles, yet allows architects and builders the flexibility and freedom to combine and create astonishing new designs for future generations to admire.
Understand the benefits of window, door and skylight certification and how certified products can enhance your projects.
View our list of window, door, and skylight manufacturers.
The Understanding Window, Door & Skylight Certification webinar is designed to help architects and remodelers understand the benefits of window, door and skylight certification and how certified products can enhance their projects.
Find window, door, and skylight manufacturers. | <urn:uuid:54c2e4f7-3813-417f-9e76-e89755680465> | CC-MAIN-2021-39 | https://www.openuptoperformance.com/the-popularity-of-the-craftsman-style/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-39/segments/1631780056711.62/warc/CC-MAIN-20210919035453-20210919065453-00141.warc.gz | en | 0.923851 | 1,130 | 2.796875 | 3 |
Create and Edit PDF
You must be wondering that how would you create and edit pdf file with the help of Microsoft Word. How would you stop someone from changing the pdf document content?
If you create a letter in Word with sensitive business information that you need to send it over the email. That can be done only by creating a PDF (Portable Document Format) file of that particular document.
PDF’s are not designed to be an edited document. The PDF document is similar to a printed document.
To do so, you need to create a file in Microsoft Word and save that Word file as a PDF. When you send this PDF to the email, the recipient can’t change it.
Although, Adobe Acrobat Pro XI has many tools including creating a PDF file. But why would you buy expensive software if you have an option to do in Microsoft Word.
How to Create or Edit PDF File in Microsoft Word?
Microsoft Word 2013, 2016 and 2019 and Word for Office 365 in Windows and Word 2011 and 2016 for MacOS has an option to save your Word document in a PDF file format.
In this post, I will show you that how you can create a document in Word and save it to a PDF file and later how you can edit a PDF file in Word.
If you haven’t installed Microsoft Office package which includes Word, Excel, PowerPoint and other useful applications then, first of all, install desired one (if you have setup) or by using below links:
The following steps have been done in Microsoft Word 2019.
- Open a blank Word document. Create your letter or write down your content on it. You can save this document in Word as well by using the shortcut Ctrl + S.
- After the completion of your document, navigate and click on the File Menu and select Save As then, choose your desired location to save the file.
- Type a File name and select Save As type to PDF (check below image for reference):
Finally, you can successfully created a PDF file with the help of Microsoft Word compatible version.
Go to the location where you have saved this file as a PDF. Hence, now you send created PDF on email and it can’t be edited until somebody is smart and know the editing tricks.
Edit PDF File in Microsoft Word
Sometimes, we have a PDF file that needs some rectification or modification. Due to, you need expensive software to edit a single PDF file.
If you have Adobe Acrobat Pro XI installed into your system, then, editing a PDF is quite easy for you. Rather than, if you don’t have it? What will you do? How will you edit your PDF file? Will you buy expensive application?
Instead, I got a solution which can edit help you to a PDF file without costing you anything. Yes, if you have any of the above listed Microsoft office version installed in your Windows or Mac then, you can edit PDF files easily.
NOTE: This process will help you to edit PDF formatting only, images can’t be edited, but yes, you can remove them if you require.
- Open a blank Word document. Navigate and click on the File Menu and select Open option or alternatively, you can use shortcut Ctrl + O to open file.
- Locate and select your PDF file to open with Microsoft Word
- Check out the message shown in the image given below. This is an informative message from Microsoft while opening a PDF file in Word. You must have to click OK to continue in order to open the file
- The PDF document is open now. You can edit according to your requirement or need and once done, “Save As” back to PDF as given steps above.
This is an easy way for anyone to create and edit PDF file in Word. You can save your time and money by using this built-in tool of Microsoft Word which allow you to create and edit PDF files.Easy Trick - Create and Edit PDF File in Microsoft Word Click To Tweet | <urn:uuid:10f8c4ab-b684-4556-a52a-545e68e8ff86> | CC-MAIN-2022-21 | https://pcguide4u.com/create-and-edit-pdf-file/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-21/segments/1652662522556.18/warc/CC-MAIN-20220518215138-20220519005138-00122.warc.gz | en | 0.887592 | 828 | 2.59375 | 3 |
METAL FORMING FLUIDS
Metalworking involves drawing and stamping and are otherwise known as Metal Forming Fluids. Depending on the application, these products may be straight oils or water soluble products. For heavy duty applications, an extreme pressure additive package must be incorporated to handle the additional lubricity required.
Water soluble products are used to extract the heat generated during a heavy-duty operations. In this category is also rolling which is the rolling of a metal: steel, aluminum, brass or copper usually. Typically rolling requires a specific formulation match for each operation and we would require a “mill” survey to be filled out before we recommend a product. Please contact your sales engineer to help you if you have such an opportunity.
Semi-synthetics are essentially a hybrid of soluble oils and synthetics. They are defined as a product that generally >20% water and <50% petroleum oil in it. These products create a micro-emulsion having an average particle size <1 µm when diluted with water. They tend to form a “blue” or near translucent emulsion. The performance of the product depends on the formulation and the process, and formulae may have to be optimized for conditions and processes.
ALL METAL SAFE
Soluble oils are basically straight oils with emulsifiers in them such that the oil can be emulsified in water. The oil in water (O/W) emulsion typically resembles milk and the benefits are a high lubricity with the added cooling capacity of water. The average particle size of the oil droplets in the water is >1 µm. With today’s modern high-speed machining processes, tooling can exceed 2,000°F at 200,000 PSI and requires the high heat capacity of water to keep tooling cool and the plated out oil well lubricated. With the addition of water these products should be monitored more closely since tramp oil, bacteria and fungi could thrive depending on conditions.
Straight oils are used “straight from the drum” and are not diluted. These products provide the greatest lubrication, but the poorest cooling. These products are composed of base petroleum oil and additives which may be combination of boundary additives (esters and/or fatty acids) and extreme pressure additives such as sulfur, phosphorous and chlorine. | <urn:uuid:a099d829-f75e-43af-b7ad-b812cc536b2d> | CC-MAIN-2020-29 | https://www.chemtool.com/en/Fluids/Metal-Forming-Fluids | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-29/segments/1593655897707.23/warc/CC-MAIN-20200708211828-20200709001828-00070.warc.gz | en | 0.939915 | 481 | 2.734375 | 3 |
02 Apr Procrastination: Get It Done!
Procrastination occurs when you postpone various task, duties and/or other responsibilities and utilize your time on more desirable and/or comfortable activities, or accomplish nothing at all. Procrastination can result in adding negative influences to your life! Procrastination can cause stress, anxiety, a sense of guilt and crisis, health issues and loss of personal and/or professional productivity. Procrastination can also cause a negative social impact for not meeting responsibilities and/or commitments. (These feelings combined can cause additional procrastination in our lives). Procrastination is the killer of dreams! Don’t get me wrong, it is normal for people to procrastinate to a degree, but it becomes a serious problem when it disrupts normal functioning and becomes a chronic problem, which can be a sign of an underlying psychological disorder. Some chronic procrastinator experience difficulties seeking help. This is due to the negative social stigma and beliefs that people who procrastinate are lazy, have no will power and/or ambition.
Ned Hallowell, a Psychiatrist and author of Driven to Distraction, suggest that some people delaying work is often a symptom of how busy you are. He also stated that “we procrastinate because we all have too much to do and we want to dodge things we don’t like.” Theresa Amabile, Professor of Business Administration at Harvard Business School and co-author of The Progress Principle states that “many people procrastinate because they fear the drudgery of the difficulty of the task they are avoiding. She also states that “it doesn’t pay to dawdle and putting it off doesn’t make it go away-getting it done does.”
Here Are Some Strategies In Eliminating Procrastination
Tip 1: Identify What’s Holding You Back Determine why you are delaying and/or ignoring a task Is the task something you don’t want to do or don’t know how to do? As you discover why you procrastinate, you can begin to break the cycle and begin to create a positive habit towards accomplishing goals and objectives both in your personal and professional life. Tip 2: Set Deadlines for Yourself If the task is too large, break the task down into manageable segments and determine timelines on each segment. Tip 3: Award Yourself When Accomplishing A Task To make a task feel more like a priority, focus on short-term rewards, such as treating yourself to a bowl of ice cream after you’ve cleaned out your closet, or treat yourself to a spa day after you’ve completed a full week of Spring cleaning the entire house. Tip 4: Ask Someone For Help If you don’t know how to do something, ask someone for help. Seeking help from others is a good way to obtain extrinsic motivation. Tip 5: Take Control Get into the habit of getting things done! Train yourself to stop procrastinating! Tip 6: Work On One Task At A Time Working on one task at a time will help keep you focus, time bound and closer to completing your desired task. Tip 7: Identify The Consequences Of Not Accomplishing A Task Determine if the consequences are worth the negative impact associated with not accomplishing your goals. Tip 8: Do Not Overestimate The Unpleasantness Of A Given Task You may experience that completing an undesired task in not as bad as you first thought! Tip 9: Block Out Distractions Avoid checking your Face Book page, Twitter and Instagram. Stay focus on your desired goal and completing your task!
Once you start completing various task, notice how it feels to get things done and accomplishing your desired goals!!! Get to work…. Get it done!!! | <urn:uuid:446e670b-0651-4d0d-bb8f-981a13522dbc> | CC-MAIN-2022-21 | https://theplacetosoar.com/2015/04/02/procrastination-get-it-done/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-21/segments/1652662595559.80/warc/CC-MAIN-20220526004200-20220526034200-00678.warc.gz | en | 0.915959 | 795 | 2.578125 | 3 |
Courtesy of David Kinshuck © Good Hope Hospital
A stye, another word for eyelid lumps, is an infection in the edge of your eyelid. The infection is in a gland at the base of an eyelash, and is usually caused by staphylococcal bacteria. The treatment you need depends on how severe the infection is.
very mild infections
|(a little redness and swelling) can be treated with hot bathing and cleaning of the eyelid. To carry out ‘hot bathing’, bathe the stye with a compress, such as a flannel or tissue, soaked in hot water. The water should not be hot enough to burn, and the bathing is usually need 4 times a day for about 10 minutes, until the stye starts to go, usually 2 days. (Alternatively use hot spoon bathing: hold a spoon with a flannel wrapped round soaked in hot water beneath your eye so the steam rises.)|
|Styes that are more painful with more swelling also need antibiotics, such as chloramphenicol cream x4 a day, or fucithalmic x2 from your general practitioner. Take care not to spread the infection to the other eye.|
|Severe styes cause swelling of the entire eyelid may need antibiotic tablets: your general practitioner will need to advise.|
Meibomian cysts (or ‘chalazions’) have different stages. If your eyelid has a small lump in, and is red, painful, and swollen, treat like a stye as above.
Meibomian cyst is the name given to a lump in the eyelid; this lump may consist of debris remaining after an infection blocking the gland. Once the main infection has subsided, they do not grow bigger, and are then not very red or painful. Often, the lump disappears naturally in about 8-16 weeks.
|acute chalazion needing hot bathing and antibiotic cream (possibly tablets as well)||
a chalazion that has been present some time (best having minor surgery)
a recent acute chalzion: this is likely to settle without surgery
If the lump does not disappear naturally, it can be removed by a small operation in the eye clinic. The doctor injects a little local anaesthetic into the eyelid to make it feel numb.
The cyst is then scrapped out. Sometimes the shell of the cyst is very thick, and the doctor may be able to scrape out the contents, but the shell cannot be removed. If this happens, a small lump may remain in the eyelid. Very occasionally a second operation may help.
The operation may cause bruising of the eyelid. If it does, the bruising may take about a week to go. Usually a tiny cut is made on the inside of the eyelid, so there is no scar. If the lump is just under the skin, the doctor may make a tiny cut in the skin.
Recurrent chalazions: prevention
If you develop chalazions quite frequently, preventative treatment may be helpful. Chalazions may be caused by blockage and infection of the glands in the eyelids.
Some people who develop frequent chalazions have dry skin, with secretions blocking the glands.
Treatment that unblocks the glands in the eyelid may help stop more chalazions developing.
- clean the eyelids each day. Soak some cotton wool in warm water. Rub the cotton wool over the closed eyelids for 2-3 minutes, and repeat.
- Then clean the edge of the lower eyelid with a cotton bud to remove scales and debris on the edge of the eyelid. Gently rub the cotton bud along the eyelid, using a mirror, and pulling the lid away from the eyeball with the fingers of the other hand.
- It is safer to boil the water first to sterilise it, and allow it to cool.
- When the lid is clean after a couple of weeks, It is safe to stop cleaning, but you may need to start again if chalazions start to develop again.
- Adding bicarbonate to the water can help. Use a teaspoon of baking soda (sodium bicarbonate) in a pint of boiled water: this solution can be used over a week if refrigerated.
- If the cleaning is not helpful preventing the chalazions, antibiotic ointment may help. Your GP will need to prescribe it; try it for 3 months (chloromycetin or fucithalmic).
- A healthy diet with omega 3 (or flaxseed oil) and plenty of vegetables and fruit, with little saturated and transfats, is very important.
- Sometimes chalazions return once the ointment is stopped, and you may need a repeat prescription from your GP. Some people benefit using the cream intermittently.
- Finally, if all else fails and you still develop more chalazions, a course of antibiotic tablets may help, such as oxytetracycline 250mg twice daily for three months (from your GP). This treatment is sometimes useful if the other treatments do not work. It is particularly effective if you have a skin condition, such as acne rosacea, or very dry skin, or if the edge of your eyelid stays red with many scales.
Antibiotic tablets are NOT suitable for everyone, particularly if you use several other tablets or have stomach problems. You will need to discuss this treatment with your GP first. Oxytetracycline 250mg twice daily (or doxcycline 50mg once daily [or erythromycin]) is usually used for 3 months.
The benefit of antibiotics lasts several months after stopping treatment, but if the condition returns you may need to use further courses.
Cysts of moll
These are tiny cysts with fluid inside. They do not grow. After a local anaesthetic injection, a small nick is made in the cyst. The skin of the cyst is also removed. Usually they do not recur.
Papillomas can grow to different sizes. They are probably caused by a virus, and are essentially warts on the skin.
They are removed in a ‘minor operations’ clinic in the eye department. Your skin is anaesthetised with a small injection. The papilloma is then cauterised. Usually a little scab forms, and heals in a week, leaving a nearly invisible scar. If the papilloma is near the edge of the eyelid, the scar may make the edge a little crooked. They may recur after the operation, which may need to be repeated. | <urn:uuid:ac6f60fc-ed76-4d65-a0e0-867c0530334e> | CC-MAIN-2017-51 | http://www.thecontactlenspractice.co.uk/dry-eyes/clinical-conditions/eyelid-lumps/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-51/segments/1512948599156.77/warc/CC-MAIN-20171217230057-20171218012057-00780.warc.gz | en | 0.929934 | 1,396 | 3.1875 | 3 |
Migrating Ducks Add Color to Midwest WaterwaysSep 30, 2021 ● By Sheryl DeVore
Red-breasted merganser male. Photo by Peter Massas.
Unlike other bird species such as orioles and tanagers, ducks are in their fresh breeding plumage in fall, having molted in late summer. Many duck species lose flight feathers in late summer and hide in the vegetation, but once their plumage returns, they’re off to migrate and find water in which to rest and feed.
Al Stokie, of Park Ridge, has watched ducks in autumn as far south as Heidecke Lake, in Morris, and as far north as Illinois Beach State Park, in Zion. One rainy October day with the winds coming from the east, Stokie hit the waterfowl bonanza at Gillson Park, in Wilmette. “It was a cloudy day with periodic rain, which caused us to all take shelter under the beach house roof, from where we kept watching in the rain,” Stokie recalls. “The number of ducks flying by was quite impressive.” Stokie and his companions saw large numbers of mallards, pintail and teal, and even larger numbers of redhead, scaup and mergansers, plus smaller numbers of goldeneye and bufflehead. That was his best day duck-watching, and it was 20 years ago.
Declining duck populations may signal that
something is wrong with the environment. The U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service has
been monitoring breeding duck populations in North America since 1955. The last
survey, done in 2019, showed a 6 percent decrease compared with the 2018
population. No survey was done in 2020 or 2021 due to the pandemic. The 2019
survey marks the first time since 2008 that the estimated breeding duck
population has fallen below 40 million. Watching and documenting ducks as
Stokie does then becomes important information for biologists.
Dabblers and Divers
It helps for beginning duck-watchers to understand the two types—dabblers and divers—and to focus on the colorful males. Dabblers, sometimes called puddle or marsh ducks, eat by dipping their head underwater to munch on vegetation and small insects in shallow areas. They’ll often point their rear ends to the sky as they forage for food. Dabblers usually have their legs placed near the center of the body and can walk fairly easily on land.
Diving ducks have a more compact body compared with the dabblers. Their legs are set farther back on the body and they have large feet which help them maneuver under water. Diving ducks run across the water’s surface to become airborne and their wings beat more rapidly than dabblers. They dive 10 feet or more below the surface to feast on fish, clams and vegetation.
Ducks often perform courtship displays in late fall into spring—which also adds to the excitement of watching them. For example, goldeneye males bend their heads back to their rear ends, then plow forward while kicking up water. Here’s a list of some of the more common dabbling and diving ducks.
DABBLERS: They frequent shallow wetlands, lake edges,
marshes, sloughs and even flooded fields.
Mallard-The male has a shiny, green head, white ring around the
neck, brown chest and blueish-purple wing patch. Mallards can be seen
year-round in the region, but often in much larger numbers during migration.
Wood duck-The male has a purple-green-
crested head, red eyes and purplish-red chest. Among the most colorful of dabbling ducks, the wood duck leaves the Chicago area by mid-October and won’t return until next spring to breed. Wood ducks nearly became extinct in eastern North America due to habitat loss and over-hunting, according to Ducks Unlimited. Their numbers rebounded after the Migratory Bird Treaty Act was established in 1918.
Northern shoveler-A mallard-like bird with a huge, shovel-like bill and brown on its sides. The bill strains small critters out of the water and into its mouth. Northern shovelers remain in the region longer than wood ducks.
DIVERS: Look for divers in large, deep lakes, including Lake
Bufflehead-A small black-and-white diving duck, the
bufflehead is a fairly common fall migrant and sometimes lingers into winter.
Common goldeneye-Common during migration and winter, the
male has a green head with a white spot behind a gold eye.
Red-breasted merganser-One of the most common migrants and wintering
duck species in the region, this duck can number in the thousands at certain
times and locations. Males have a green head with a shaggy crest and long,
thin, red bill.
For more on the dabbling and diving ducks
of Illinois, visit Birdwatchinghq.com/ducks-in-illinois.
Sheryl DeVore has written six books on
science, health and nature, as well as nature, health and environment stories
for national and regional publications. Read more at SherylDeVore.wordpress.com.
How and where to watch ducks in fall in the Chicago area.
For diving ducks, visit large, deep lakes, including Lake Michigan. “Stand on the lakefront and look for large concentrations of ducks, then scan to see what different types of ducks are out there,” suggests Al Stokie, a long-time birder from Park Ridge. He also recommends William W. Powers State Recreation Area on Chicago’s far south side at the Illinois-Indiana border to see diving ducks such as mergansers, buffleheads and goldeneyes.
“You also can stand in one spot on the lakefront and watch the ducks come to you or fly by,” Stokie suggests. Near the yacht club at North Point Marina, in Winthrop Harbor, and nearby Spring Bluff Preserve, on the right day, he notes, “You may see hundreds, if not thousands, of ducks pass by.” Another place to search for ducks is at Heidecke Lake, in Grundy County. “The water stays open most winter and holds many diving ducks,” Stokie says.
“For inland duck watching, McGinnis Slough, in southwestern Cook County, is perhaps the best place in the Chicago area for non-diving ducks, with many being seen in migration,” Stokie says. “Nearby, Saganashkee Slough has deeper water, and so is better for diving ducks.”
Stokie also suggests the pond east of the Powers-Walker building at Glacial Park, in McHenry County, and the observation deck at Rollins Savanna, in Lake County, accessed from the Drury Lane parking area. A scope is available to use.
“Lake Renwick in Will County is a great place to watch geese and ducks in migration as long as the water remains open,” Stokie adds. “Both diving and non-diving ducks can be found here until the water freezes.”
Other spots farther afield include the Three Fires picnic area at Shabonna Lake State Recreation Area and Lone Point shelter along the Illinois River at Starved Rock State Park. For the best duck-watching experience, wear layered clothing and bring binoculars. Birdwatchers often offer to show duck species through their scopes that magnify the view to see all the colors and details.
Please don’t feed the ducks
It’s fun to watch ducks, but not a good idea to feed them, according to the Cornell Lab of Ornithology. Feeding ducks bread and other non-nutritious items could create digestive problems and vitamin deficiencies in the birds. Ducks need natural food to stoke up on the energy they need to fly south for winter. | <urn:uuid:270952fb-0bf8-44d3-868c-3423e525deea> | CC-MAIN-2024-10 | https://www.nachicago.com/2021/09/30/369722/migrating-ducks-add-color-to-midwest-waterways | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2024-10/segments/1707947476396.49/warc/CC-MAIN-20240303142747-20240303172747-00149.warc.gz | en | 0.953809 | 1,690 | 3.25 | 3 |
Researchers led by LMU’s Professor Angelika Vollmar and Professor Stephan Sieber of the Technische Universit�t M�nchen have identified a class of chemicals that represent a potential new weapon in the fight against malignant tumors. The compound is itself non-toxic, but it stimulates the killing of rapidly dividing cells by chemotherapeutic drugs. This sensitizing effect means that the latter can be used in lower doses, which makes it less likely that the target cells will become resistant to their lethal effect. The work was carried out by an interdisciplinary collaboration made up of scientists from LMU, TUM and the Saarland University in Saarbr�cken, and the results appear in the latest issue of the journal Angewandte Chemie — International Edition.
Chemotherapy of malignant tumors is complicated by the fact that, over time, rapidly dividing cancer cells tend to become resistant to the drugs used. “One way to avoid this is to administer the agent in conjunction with an otherwise innocuous compounds that makes cells more vulnerable to its deleterious effects, and induces them to undergo programmed cell death,” says Angelika Vollmar, Professor of Pharmaceutical Biology at LMU.
The collaborative venture has led to the discovery of new class of chemical compounds, referred to as T8, which specifically sensitizes cells to the effect of the anti-cancer drug etoposide, which inhibits the growth of tumor cells by inducing the formation of breaks in the DNA. “The interdisciplinary approach and the close cooperation between chemists and biologists made a crucial contribution to the success of our project,” says Vollmar. The scientists have also identified protein disulfide isomerase (PDI) as the target of the new agents. PDI is an enzyme that modifies the spatial conformation, and thus the functional state, of proteins involved in a wide variety of cellular functions.
A major advantage of the new compound is that it is intrinsically non-toxic. Moreover, its functional impact on its target enzyme is reversible. Only when it is administered together with a chemotherapeutic agent do its effects on cellmetabolism become manifest. “The combination of a sub-toxic concentration of etoposide with the new T8 compounds makes cells more susceptible to programmed cell death,” says Vollmar.
The researchers elucidated the new compound’s mode of action in a series of cell biological and biochemical experiments. “Our studies show that T8 is a very promising lead compound, as it is capable of exercising a chemosensitizing effect on diverse types of cancer cells. The drug has been tested on a variety of different tumor cells including leukemia, pancreatic and breast cancer cell lines. “In the next phase of the project, this new class of chemosensitizers will be optimized and tested in a variety of in-vivo animal models, and the compounds will be used to probe the functional significance of PDI as a drug target for tumor therapy.”
source : http://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2014/09/140930090449.htm | <urn:uuid:d0950891-6379-40f9-9198-328234dd2576> | CC-MAIN-2022-05 | https://cancerlive.net/cancer-knowledge/cancer-therapy-driving-cancer-cells-to-suicide/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-05/segments/1642320301263.50/warc/CC-MAIN-20220119033421-20220119063421-00423.warc.gz | en | 0.943822 | 665 | 2.96875 | 3 |
By Rob Stein
Washington Post Staff Writer
Thursday, May 28, 2009; A01
Scientists have created the first genetically modified monkeys that can pass their new genetic attributes to their offspring, an advance designed to give researchers new tools for studying human disease but one that raises many thorny ethical questions.
In this case, Japanese researchers added genes that caused the animals to glow green under an ultraviolet light -- and beget offspring with the same spooky trait -- to test a technique they hope to use to produce animals with Parkinson's, Huntington's and other diseases.
The work, described in today's issue of the journal Nature, was hailed by some medical researchers as a long-sought milestone that could lead to crucial insights into many ailments and provide invaluable ways to test new treatments.
But because the work marks the first time members of a species so closely related to humans have had their genetic makeup permanently altered, the research set off alarms that it marked a troubling step toward applying such techniques to people, which would violate a long-standing taboo.
"It would be easy enough for someone to make the leap to trying this on humans," said Lori B. Andrews, who studies reproductive technologies at the Illinois Institute of Technology's Chicago-Kent College of Law. "If you make this kind of change, it's passed on to all future generations. Many people think it's hubris to have people remaking people in this way."
The approach could tempt some to use the technique to try to engineer desirable traits in people, creating a society of genetic haves and have-nots, Andrews said. Others worried that the work could have additional disturbing implications, such as potentially blurring the line between species.
"It's hard to put your finger on what is it about this research that is likely to stimulate ethical debate besides the sort of gut feeling that this is not the right thing to do," said Mark A. Rothstein, a bioethicist at the University of Louisville. "But I think we'd better contemplate where this research is going and develop policies to deal with it before it slaps us in the face."
Scientists have genetically engineered many other species to be research tools. Mice in particular have been created with a wide assortment of characteristics and diseases that mimic human ailments. But because mice are so genetically different from humans, scientists have long sought to breed primates to provide better disease "models." Although scientists have been able to genetically modify individual monkeys, they had never been able to make the new traits hereditary -- a crucial step for breeding large enough numbers of research animals.
In humans, researchers have tried to correct genetic defects in individual patients, but there has always been a strict prohibition against making changes that would be passed on.
In the new work, Erika Sasaki of the Central Institute for Experimental Animals in Kawasaki and her colleagues conducted experiments using marmosets, small monkeys common in South America that mature and reproduce quickly.
The researchers modified a virus called a lentivirus to carry a jellyfish gene known as GFP (green fluorescent protein) into the genetic material of the marmosets' cells. The gene is widely used in research because it is easy to track -- cells in which the gene is active glow green when exposed to ultraviolet light.
The researchers used the genetically engineered virus to insert the jellyfish gene into 80 marmoset embryos, which they then transferred into the wombs of 50 females. Seven pregnancies resulted in five offspring, four of which showed signs of the jellyfish gene in their hair roots, skin, blood cells and other tissues. Under ultraviolet light, the skin on the soles of their feet glowed green.
Most important, eggs from one of the females and sperm from one of the males had the gene, and the researchers reported that the male's sperm was used to produce at least one second-generation offspring with the gene -- a male named Kouichi whose skin glowed green under the light.
In a telephone briefing for reporters yesterday, the researchers said they had produced four offspring -- two from the male and two from the female. Three of the offspring glowed green.
"We believe this is the first case that is ever established in the world that has an introduced gene that is successfully translated to the next generation in a primate," said Hideyuki Okano of Keio University School of Medicine.
Several researchers deemed the research landmark work.
"I think it's a pretty big advancement," said Shoukhrat Mitalipov of the Oregon Health and Science University, who co-authored an article published with the Japanese paper. "Primates are the only species you can faithfully use to make models of some very important human diseases involving higher brain function and neurological functions."
But others criticized the work. Animal rights advocates said it paves the way for producing colonies of primates conceived expressly to suffer cruel illnesses and undergo potentially painful and dangerous medical experiments.
"Instead of manipulating the genes of marmosets or other non-human primates, why aren't scientists harnessing the power of the human genome or any of the other technology that has exploded over the last 10 years?" said Eric Kleiman of In Defense of Animals, an international animal protection organization based in San Rafael, Calif. "This is a step backward, not a step forward."
Even some who do not necessarily oppose the use of animals in research said the work raised other concerns.
"At some point, how many human genes in a marmoset or rhesus monkey or macaque or whatever does it take to form a new species -- a species that is part human at its basis?" bioethicist Rothstein said.
And although there has long been a taboo against making genetic changes in people that could be hereditary, the new work makes that prospect more likely, others said.
"This is proof of concept in a closely related species," Andrews said.
"Some in the future might want to put a gene into humans to give them the running speed of a cheetah, for example, or maybe create the potential for night vision." Andrews noted that reproductive technologies are largely unregulated in the United States.
"This is just another reason why we need to go behind the doors of the [fertility] clinics and create an oversight mechanism that works," Andrews said.
Other researchers dismissed such concerns, saying marmosets were much more distantly related to people than other primates, such as chimpanzees. And although several researchers agreed that animal research should be limited, they said it is impossible to get answers to many key questions any other way. Creating better animal models could reduce the number of animals needed for research, they said.
"In the end, if we have good models, we may end up using less animals and we may end up having better answers," said Anthony Chan, a geneticist at Emory University who helped to create a rhesus monkey with Huntington's disease.
But Chan agreed that steps should be taken to make sure the technology is not used on people.
"We should never do it in humans," Chan said. "We don't want to change our evolutionary path. That would have a profound impact on the next generation." | <urn:uuid:109ca9ba-4b07-4bea-9e68-219643420e4d> | CC-MAIN-2017-09 | http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2009/05/27/AR2009052701798_pf.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-09/segments/1487501171004.85/warc/CC-MAIN-20170219104611-00376-ip-10-171-10-108.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.960117 | 1,462 | 3.203125 | 3 |
Total Quality Management (TQM) is the methods to achieve productivity and process efficiency by identifying and eliminating problems. TQM is a philosophy which used to improve the whole business.
TQM improves process efficiency which brings many benefits to the organizations in terms of cost and time. TQM methods eliminate the repetitive work. It also eliminate waste cost and rejects products. It is useful for eliminating repairs and reworks. It reduces customer support cost and warranty cost. TQM improves the process efficiency which leads to improve profit per products or service. TQM is used for achieve the customer satisfaction which is useful for increasing the well known face of a company. It teach to do all the work in just time. TQM increases the efficiency and productivity which is helpful for increase the profit rate of an industry. If a company can maintain TQM methods, they will get success.
TQM is a system of continuous improvement which facilities success of a company over a year. It improves the quality of the product which is more important for a company or organization. TQM is a management methods used to know the exact problems, its cause and how to fix it in a fair way.
Benefits and Problems of TQM: TQM has some benefits and problems. They are as follows:
Benefits of TQM:
- TQM focus on the customer needs and relationship.
- By TQM it is possible to achieve quality in all aspects.
- TQM method analyzes all process to remove defects.
- TQM helps to find improvement on a continuous basis.
- It develops team approach to solve the problem.
- TQM helps to maintain effective procedures of communications.
- It improves market share.
- TQM is responsible for higher productivity.
Problems of TQM:
- TQM needs higher training and development cost.
- Higher commitment is required from the entire business.
- It needs bureaucracy and regular audits.
- During process, stress is put on process not on the products.
- Higher skill is required for maintain TQM
So, there are lots of benefits and problems of TQM. But it is helpful for the process. | <urn:uuid:73a53be8-a882-4c29-a1ea-d673e420fe88> | CC-MAIN-2019-22 | http://textilefashionstudy.com/total-quality-management-tqm-benefits-and-problems-of-tqm/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-22/segments/1558232262369.94/warc/CC-MAIN-20190527105804-20190527131804-00266.warc.gz | en | 0.949949 | 464 | 2.78125 | 3 |
As per a 2019 Verizon Report, 94% of malware in all cybercrimes gets delivered via email. Thus, using emails to spread malware is a common cyber-attack strategy. Phishing emails aim to steal sensitive user information under the pretense of seeking identity verification, subscription confirmation, payment, etc. Phishing emails are used to launch various attacks, but the most common ones are BEC scams, spear phishing, whaling, and ransomware attacks.
According to a study by Sophos, 58% of all emails exchanged globally are spam emails and 77% of them contain a malicious file.
Office 365 is a popular office suite software from Microsoft used extensively by millions of global enterprises and institutions. Over 731k organizations in the United States alone use the applications provided by O365, which include Word, Outlook, Excel, OneDrive, OneNote, PowerPoint, SharePoint, and Microsoft Teams. With the increased dependency on these applications comes the added risk of phishing attacks. The ever-evolving phishing schemes that target organizations today demand the installation of effective anti-phishing measures.
Recent O365 Phishing Attack
In the latest posts from August 2021, Microsoft asks its Office 365 users to look out for phishing emails with spoofed email addresses. It is a recent phishing trick where the adversaries use a legitimate-looking email, SharePoint site, and original sender email addresses with spoofed display sender addresses. These addresses have the target usernames and domains and impersonate the display names of legitimate services to evade email filters.
In such an attack scheme, the malicious actors use variations of the word referral in the original sender address along with top-level domains such as domain ‘.com.’ These phishing emails look like ones asking users to join a secure SharePoint site. Unsuspecting users who see SharePoint in the display name believe it to be a site for bonuses and click on it out of curiosity. Doing so leads them to a phishing page without their knowledge which steals their credentials, installs malware, and opens the gateway to various cybercrimes.
Such phishing email examples have been reported in the recent past, and therefore, users must pay attention to the recommendations of Microsoft.
What Does Microsoft Recommend?
Since phishing attacks targeting Office 365 users are on the rise, Microsoft recommends organizations adopt the following email phishing protection measures:
- Using Hyper-V Virtualization Technology: Microsoft advises organizations to use the Microsoft Edge and Windows Defender Application Guard to protect from targeted attacks. These applications use Microsoft’s Hyper-V virtualization technology renowned for blocking suspicious websites from accessing a user’s network.
- Exchange Online Protection: Another anti-malware solution extended by Microsoft is Exchange Online Protection (EOP). EOP provides enterprise-class reliability and protection from malware and spam along with uninterrupted access to email in case of emergencies. EOP comes with additional security features, such as controlling bulk mail, spam filtering, international spam detection, etc.
- Enabling Multi-Factor Authentication (MFA): MFA is yet another security practice Microsoft recommends. Organizations using Office 365 must constantly keep employees updated about phishing campaigns and adopt safe cyber practices such as MFA. It requires infiltrators to have authentication from more than one device.
- Using MS Defender: Further, O365 users must use the Microsoft Defender for Office 365 to protect their files, emails, and data stored online from malware. Microsoft Defender for Office 365 provides anti-phishing protection for Word, PowerPoint, Excel, Teams, SharePoint Online, Visio, and OneDrive.
How To Deal With Phishing Emails?
Microsoft also provides suggestions for O365 users to apply when they have come across a phishing email or have landed on a suspicious website. Here are the best phishing protection measures to deal with phishing emails:
- Immediately contact the IT admin on encountering a phishing email on the work computer and change all passwords linked to that account and device.
- In case of financial fraud, contact the bank or Credit Card provider and ask them to block further transactions from the particular account.
- Report suspicious emails under the junk or phishing category on Outlook.com and drag and drop (don’t copy or forward) the email into a new email, and send it to these two addresses: [email protected] and [email protected]
- While on a suspicious website on Microsoft Edge, go to the More icon (…), select Help, followed by Feedback, and then click on Report Unsafe Site.
How To Stop Phishing Emails?
Though Microsoft Office 365 provides some robust anti-phishing solutions for its users, relying on those features alone is insufficient to handle the enormous number of daily attacks any organization can get exposed to. Therefore, one must also discuss other effective anti-phishing measures that help figure out how to stop phishing emails. These include:
- The obvious signs of phishing emails are grammatical errors, minor differences in logos, spelling errors, and seemingly genuine domain names with slight variations. If any of these are noticed in an email, it should ring a bell, and one must act with caution. However, as attackers come up with innovative attack schemes, these errors have been reduced. These days, fake emails and spoofed sites look indistinguishably similar to legitimate emails or websites.
- Avoiding certain habits such as using personal devices for official purposes, the same password for multiple accounts, easy-to-guess or straightforward passwords, not updating patches, etc., helps ensure safer cyberspace.
- While the entire discussion has been about phishing emails targeting users of the O365 platform, one must also watch out for phishing emails impersonating Microsoft itself. Over 200 million Microsoft Office 365 users were tricked in a large-scale phishing campaign last year. The adversaries pretended to be Microsoft Outlook and sent fake security alert emails to users. Times are such that one must read every email with a significant amount of suspicion.
Gone are the days when one followed the rule, ‘innocent until proven guilty.’ Today’s era demands an approach where every online activity is viewed as ‘guilty until proven innocent.’ Therefore, adopting the anti-phishing and anti-ransomware solutions recommended by Microsoft and incorporating a robust external anti-phishing product ensures more excellent protection against the sophisticated phishing attacks that Office 365 users face today. | <urn:uuid:39ebcfec-2d20-434f-840e-f75bf02a6067> | CC-MAIN-2022-49 | https://www.phishprotection.com/blog/o365-phishing-attack-organization-pay-attention-to-microsoft/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-49/segments/1669446711003.56/warc/CC-MAIN-20221205032447-20221205062447-00778.warc.gz | en | 0.893139 | 1,330 | 2.546875 | 3 |
Website Detail Page
supported by the National Science Foundation
written by John Belcher
designer: Michael Danziger
This animation depicts a negatively-charged particle attracted by the positively-charged sphere of a van de Graaff generator, a device that mechanically separates charge. The animation was designed to help students see that the Coulomb force is transmitted in a continuous manner (as observed between the van de Graaff sphere and the smaller particle). Although the two charges are not in direct contact with one another, they are in direct contact with a medium existing between them. The item may be viewed as a video or in stepped motion.
This item is part of a larger collection of visualizations developed by the MIT TEAL/Studio Physics Project to support an introductory course in electricity and magnetism.
See below for lecture notes that accompany this specific animation:
MIT Open Courseware: Coulomb's Law Lecture Notes
Please note that this resource requires Quicktime.
This resource is part of a Physics Front Topical Unit.
Topic: "Static" Electricity
Unit Title: Electric Charge
This simple and effective Quicktime video shows a model of a negatively-charged particle being pulled in by the positively-charged sphere of a van de Graaff generator. Although the particle is not touching the generator, they are in direct contact with a medium existing between them. We recommend viewing this item in stepped motion.Link to Unit:
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MIT Physics 8.02: Electrostatics - A van de Graaff Generator Attracting a Charge:
Accompanies MIT Physics 8.02: Electrostatics - A van de Graaff Generator Repelling a Charge
A companion Quicktime animation that depicts the opposite process: a positively-charged particle being repelled by the sphere of a van de Graaff generator.relation by Caroline Hall
Covers the Same Topic As Van de Graaff Generators: Construction & Demonstrations
A collection of activities and information on the van de Graaff generator, including plans for building your own.relation by Caroline Hall
Know of another related resource? Login to relate this resource to it. | <urn:uuid:79308839-d7b8-44a4-98b3-ae685e686749> | CC-MAIN-2014-41 | http://www.thephysicsfront.org/items/detail.cfm?ID=9941 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2014-41/segments/1412037663060.18/warc/CC-MAIN-20140930004103-00411-ip-10-234-18-248.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.882459 | 543 | 3.421875 | 3 |
This is a guide to the LaTeX typesetting system. It is intended as a useful resource for everybody, from new users who wish to learn, to old hands who need a quick reference. It takes a "plain" text file and converts it into a high-quality document for printing or on-screen viewing. LaTeX is a macro system built on top of TeX that aims to simplify its use and automate many common formatting tasks.
Unlike the settlers who would eventually make Sacramento their home, these Native Americans left little evidence of their existence. Traditionally, their diet was dominated Latex thesis source code acorns taken from the plentiful oak trees in the region, and by fruits, bulbs, seeds, and roots gathered throughout the year.
A Spanish writer with the Moraga expedition wrote: Birds chattered in the trees and big fish darted through the pellucid depths. The air was like champagne, and the Spaniards drank deep of it, drank in the beauty around them.
It's like the Blessed Sacrament. Mexican period[ edit ] John Sutter Sr. The next year, he and his party established Sutter's Fort, a massive adobe structure with walls eighteen feet high and three feet thick. Soon, the colony began to grow as more and more pioneers headed west.
Within just a few short years, Sutter Sr. Fort Sutter became a regular stop for the increasing Latex thesis source code of immigrants coming through the valley. In Sutter Sr. Later that same year, Sutter Sr. Inwhen gold was discovered by James W. Marshall at Sutter's Mill in Coloma located some 50 miles In August Sutter Sr.
Now compounding the problem of his father's indebtedness, was the additional strain placed on the Sutters by the ongoing arrival of thousands of new gold miners and prospectors in the area, many quite content to squat on unwatched portions of the vast Sutter lands, or to abscond with various unattended Sutter properties or belongings if they could.
In Sutter's case, rather than being a 'boon' for Sutter, his employee's discovery of gold in the area turned out to be more of a personal 'bane' for him. By DecemberJohn Sutter Jr.
This venture was undertaken against the wishes of Sutter Sr. For commercial reasons the new city was named "Sacramento City," after the Sacramento River.
Warner to draft the official layout of the city, which included 26 lettered and 31 numbered streets today's grid from C St. Unfortunately, a certain bitterness grew between the elder Sutter and his son as Sacramento became an overnight commercial success Sutter's Fort, Mill and the town of Suttervilleall founded by John SutterSr.
The citizens of Sacramento adopted a city charter inwhich was recognized by the state legislature in Sacramento is the oldest incorporated city in California, incorporated on February 27, Despite this, because of its position just downstream from the Mother Lode in the Sierra Nevadathe new city grew, quickly reaching a population of 10, Old Sacramento is the settlement that grew out of Sutter's Fort.
The capital of California under Spanish and, subsequently, Mexican rule had been Montereywhere in the first Constitutional Convention and state elections were held. The convention decided that San Jose would be the new state's capital. Afterwhen California's statehood was ratified, the legislature met in San Jose untilVallejo inand Benicia inbefore moving to Sacramento.
In the Sacramento Constitutional Convention ofSacramento was named to be the permanent state capital. Inthe legislative session was moved to the Merchants Exchange Building in San Francisco for one session because of massive flooding in Sacramento.
The legislative chambers were first occupied in while construction continued.
From topart of the Leland Stanford Mansion was used for the governor's offices during Stanford's tenure as the Governor; and the legislature met in the Sacramento County Courthouse. With its new status and strategic location, Sacramento quickly prospered and became the western end of the Pony Express.
Huntingtonand Leland Stanford. Both the American and especially Sacramento rivers would be key elements in the economic success of the city. In fact, Sacramento effectively controlled commerce on these rivers, and public works projects were funded though taxes levied on goods unloaded from boats and loaded onto rail cars in the historic Sacramento Rail Yards.
In and again inSacramento citizens were faced with a completely flooded town. InGovernor Leland Stanford, who was inaugurated in early Januaryhad to attend his inauguration in a rowboat, which was not too far from his house in town on N street.
The flood waters were so bad, the legend says, that when he returned to his house, he had to enter into it through the second floor window. From until the mids Sacramento raised the level of its downtown by building reinforced brick walls on its downtown streets, and filling the resulting street walls with dirt.
Thus the previous first floors of buildings became the basementswith open space between the street and the building, previously the sidewalk, now at the basement level. Over the years, many of these underground spaces have been filled or destroyed by subsequent development.
However, it is still possible to view portions of the " Sacramento Underground ".Key Features: Unicode support, Code folding, Spell-checking, Built-in PDF viewer, Auto-completion, mathematical symbols and more.
Platforms Supported: Windows, Mac OS X and Linux Visit Website. 2. TeXstudio. TeXstudio is another open-source and multi-platform LaTeX editor, which is quite popular among the academia. TeX (/ t ɛ x, t ɛ k /, see below), stylized within the system as T e X, is a typesetting system (or "formatting system") designed and mostly written by Donald Knuth and released in Together with the Metafont language for font description and the Computer Modern family of typefaces, TeX was designed with two main goals in mind: to allow anybody to produce high-quality books using.
This is a guide to the LaTeX typesetting system. It is intended as a useful resource for everybody, from new users who wish to learn, to old hands who need a quick reference.
This is a guide to the LaTeX typesetting system.
It is intended as a useful resource for everybody, from new users who wish to learn, to old hands who need a quick reference. Type or paste a DOI name into the text box. Click Go. Your browser will take you to a Web page (URL) associated with that DOI name.
Send questions or comments to doi. The table spec argument tells LaTeX the alignment to be used in each column and the vertical lines to insert.. The number of columns does not need to be specified as it is inferred by looking at the number of arguments provided.
It is also possible to add vertical lines between the columns here. | <urn:uuid:24d5f1e7-0824-4efc-9409-b1ab10e8a356> | CC-MAIN-2020-29 | https://wetihicasucopija.attheheels.com/latex-thesis-source-code-22528js.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-29/segments/1593655881763.20/warc/CC-MAIN-20200706160424-20200706190424-00452.warc.gz | en | 0.964747 | 1,425 | 3.03125 | 3 |
Adverse drug reactions (ADRs) caused by everyday medicines, or anaesthetics can include depression, anxiety, insomnia, suicidal feelings. Pharmaceutical drugs for pain, infections, acne, anxiety, depression, may cause immediate or withdrawal reactions. Genetic differences may put individuals at risk
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Clinical Trial Study 329 Ghostwritten by GSK - reanalysis of review of Seroxat Paxil
Restoring Study 329 - The study that disproved anti-depressants’ efficacy
A major reanalysis of the infamous clinical trial, Study 329, has shown Paroxetine (also known as Paxil or Seroxat), one of the most commonly prescribed antidepressants, to be unsafe and no more effective than a placebo.
This new assessment directly contradicts the results of the clinical trial that claimed Seroxat to be “generally well tolerated and effective”, which was sponsored by and ghostwritten for GlaxoSmithKline, despite using the same original data.
The latest paper was published under the restoring invisible and abandoned trials (RIAT) initiative, in order to re-evaluate any conclusions drawn from evidence that had previously been hidden from public view.
Published in 2001, Study 329 generated a high level of controversy from patients and doctors after lawsuits were filed stating the side-effects were much more serious than those documented in the clinical trials.
Restoring Study 329, showed Paroxetine (Seroxat or Paxil) to have no significant reduction of depressive symptoms more than a placebo or previous anti-depressants, and gave users a higher chance of psychiatric side effects.
The original study came under intense scrutiny following revelations that it was ghost written by GSK authors and not those named on the study, and the primary data was not made publically available.
The findings of Study 329, originally published in 2001, was the first double blind patient study to report the efficacy of anti-depressants on adolescents.
It has allowed Seroxat to gain widespread approval by the healthcare industry, becoming the most widely prescribed anti-depressant in the US, with over 14 billion dolllars worth of sales between 1997 and 2004.
Following a decade of public and legal pressure, GSK finally released the original data to the public, making its reanalysis possible.
These devastating results overturning the original paper may come as no surprise to many who have already suffered loss and harm from the drug. In2012 GSK were successfully sued $3 billion for fraudulently promoting Paroxetine to the public, and hiding key data in its study, such as reclassifying suicidal acts so that they would not count in the final analysis.
To this day however, GSK remain silent on the issue and continue to promote the drug to its customers, without any attempt to acknowledge the restoration of the study.
A personal note to our readers:
As we reveal these facts about Seroxat, we do not wish to condemn all use of anti-depressants nor encourage the immediate withdrawal from the medication. It is important to obtain advice from responsible health professionals who can help to plan any reduction in drugs that may cause dependence. It is also important to inform those close to you when you plan to start, reduce or stop taking antidepressants and to obtain professional medical or support group assistance and advice.
We wish to highlight the potential dangers and risks of Paroxetine and similar medication, and let readers understand that medical information to support the drug can be unreliable or biased.
Both starting and coming off anti-depressants is a serious undertaking and we strongly advise that users seek professional medical help as well as inform either close friends or family when doing so, as it can be a tough process which needs careful monitoring and support.
Dealing with life events can cause anxiety but may not be depression. We recommend considering talking therapy, possible CBT- cognitive behavioural therapy for those who have access to these services, as these have been shown to provide beneficial reductions of depression and anxiety with fewer and less serious side effects.
Specialised bereavement counselling is also of benefit as it is more difficult for some people to express grief when blocked by drug effects. | <urn:uuid:025b892d-e513-44c4-bf11-6b1158403ba0> | CC-MAIN-2019-51 | https://aprilcharity.blogspot.com/2017/05/clinical-trial-study-329-ghostwritten.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-51/segments/1575540496492.8/warc/CC-MAIN-20191207055244-20191207083244-00116.warc.gz | en | 0.948518 | 917 | 2.546875 | 3 |
According to a recent article in the Hindustan Times, some Birhor communities in India’s Jharkhand state do not have proper burial grounds. The reporter wrote that they cannot afford to buy land for their graveyards, so they are seeking assistance from the district government.
The Birhor interviewed by Manoj Choudhary, the Hindustan Times reporter, live in forest communities such as Tatiba, Kundrugutu, and Kayra in the West Singhbhum District of Jharkhand. They represent a tiny fraction of the tribal population of the state—0.06 percent of the 8.6 million tribals. Because the Birhor live in acute poverty and persist in their “archaic modes of living,” as the journalist wrote, they suffer from diseases and tend to die prematurely.
When they do, they are forced to bury the dead within their colonies next to their homes, and not in proper burial grounds outside the settlements. “The government has not allocated us land for [a] graveyard. So, we bury all the bodies in our colonies, near to our homes wherever we find [a] little vacant land available,” Vishnu Birhor from Tatiba village told the reporter.
Choudhary interviewed another member of the colony, Tulsi Birhor, who told him that during the time of her grandparents, when they were still roaming from one forest location to another, the people would throw the bodies of relatives who had died from the hills so the wild animals could consume them. In fact, when elderly people became too ill to move, the group would wait until they did die so they could then dispose of the body by throwing it from a hill.
In recent decades, government schemes have sought to settle the Birhor in permanent colonies. In addition to homes, the colonies have included vacant plots of land for raising goats and poultry and for planting kitchen gardens. Jyoti Meral, a member of the District Council of West Singhbhun, told Choudhary that the Birhor are using those plots as cemeteries for the burials of their dead.
So the Birhor of Tatiba have begun to demand a proper graveyard from the district government. In response, the government has asked the people of the village to identify the best spot for one. It has assured the community that it will provide the funds for its purchase.
Roy (1918) provided additional details about the funeral customs of the Birhor, at least as they existed 100 years ago. He wrote that the primary purpose of the funeral ceremony was to prevent any harm from coming to the tanda, the temporary settlement, from the spirit of the deceased; it was also performed to prevent stray spirits from harming the spirit of the recently deceased person. “Even the offering of food laid out for the spirit of the deceased appears to be prompted as much by a feeling of affection for him as from a fear of his spirit,” Roy wrote (p.313).
The Birhor that Roy studied either buried or cremated their dead—they didn’t throw them from hills. To prepare the body, it was washed before being anointed with oil and turmeric. A Birhor would place a vermilion mark on the forehead if the deceased had been married. The body would then be placed on a stretcher and carried head first by the men toward either the cremation ground or the burial ground. However, when women and children died within 21 days of childbirth, their spirits were considered to be dangerous for men, so only women could be the pall bearers.
In those cases, a mati, a spirit doctor, went into a state of possession and told the spirit of a hill or forest that he was making over the spirit of the deceased to him. “Guard her well and let her remain here,” he would say (p. 314). Hopefully, the spirit of the hill or forest would respond, out of the mouth of the mati of course, saying “I do take charge.” If the spirit addressed by the spirit doctor did not reply, however, the mati would address another spirit and then perhaps a third until one of them would agree to take charge of the dangerous corpse.
At the burial ground, located beyond the edge of the settlement, the corpse would be placed on the ground and then carried to the opened grave. It would be carried three times around the grave then laid in it flat, head pointing south. If the body was to be cremated, the son or grandson of the deceased would start the funeral pyre. Roy described the entire funeral ceremony in considerable detail without mentioning any casting of bodies from hilltops. That practice may have been unique among the Birhor in West Singhbhum District, though that is not clear. | <urn:uuid:13c1c381-5e30-401a-8f6f-60977b9e4138> | CC-MAIN-2017-43 | https://cas.uab.edu/peacefulsocieties/2017/03/16/funeral-customs-birhor/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-43/segments/1508187825174.90/warc/CC-MAIN-20171022094207-20171022114207-00767.warc.gz | en | 0.982273 | 991 | 2.84375 | 3 |
This month, the Colorado legislature passed landmark oil and gas reform legislation that directs the state to adopt next generation methane standards and expand air quality protections statewide.
On Tuesday, the Air Quality Control Division will hold a public hearing to get input from residents from southwest Colorado. This is your opportunity to weigh-in and be heard!
Please join us and testify in support of strong measures to cut methane and air pollution on Tuesday, April 23 at 5:30 at Durango Public Library!
Division staff are soliciting public comments about ways to cut methane and ozone- or smog-forming pollutants as part of an ongoing, collaborative effort called the Statewide Hydrocarbons Emissions Reduction Task Force.
These standards could directly reduce methane emissions here in the Four Corners. In 2014, NASA identified a cloud of methane as large as the state of Delaware in the region. Although most of the methane pollution comes from New Mexico, Colorado must still do all it can to limit our own pollution sources.
Methane is a powerful climate change pollutant that is responsible for 25 percent of the climate change we’re experiencing today. This puts our economy at risk to longer, more intense wildfire seasons, drought, and less snowpack affecting our outdoor recreation economy.
Stronger standards could also have an important impacts on air quality and public health in our communities and the surrounding areas. Last year, the American Lung Association gave La Plata County an “F” for ozone pollution in their State of the Air Report, and air quality in Mesa Verde National Park is dangerously close to exceeding federal ozone standards. Other counties along the West Slope sometimes exceed federal health standards.
You can make sure that western Colorado has a seat at the table and that the Air Quality Control Division knows we want strong methane and ozone pollution standards statewide.
If you can attend the hearing to support improved air quality in southwest Colorado, please RSVP with the Air Quality Control Division here.
Tips for Testimony
- Introduce yourself, provide your name and place of residency.
- Thank the Air Pollution Control Division for hosting the meeting in Durango and giving an opportunity to hear from West Slope residents in-person.
- Personalize your testimony, which will make it more compelling.
- Keep your testimony brief to 2-3 minutes. The Division may limit time depending on the number of people testifying
Colorado must adopt the stronger statewide air pollution and methane standards for the oil and gas sector. People on the West Slope deserve the same protections against air toxics as people on the Front Range, and we don’t want our ozone pollution levels to exceed national standards. Climate change caused by in part by methane poses severe challenges for West Slope where droughts and wildfires have already ravaged our communities for years.
- Methane is a powerful climate change pollutant that is responsible for 25 percent of the climate change we’re already experiencing today. This puts our rivers, wildlife, and our economy at risk here on the West Slope.
- In 2014, NASA identified a cloud of methane as large as the state of Delaware in the region. Although most of the methane pollution comes from New Mexico, Colorado must still do all it can to limit our own pollution sources.
- Climate change leads to more frequent and severe wildfires. Here in Durango we have experienced the devastating effect that wildfires can have on our community. As we learned the hard way from the 416 fire last summer, fires not only pose immediate dangers to our homes and our safety, but they also cause us to breathe unhealthy smoke for extended periods and harm our economy by limiting outdoor recreation activities during the summer.
- Climate change reduces snowpack, and less snowpack threatens Colorado’s winter recreation and ski industry. In fact, a December 2018 report found that snowpack in much of Colorado’s Rocky Mountains has fallen 41% since 1982.
All Coloradans deserve to benefit from strong protections and no community should be left behind. Air quality rules should be strengthened statewide to provide all residents the protections they deserve, not just those living on the Front Range. Leak detection and repair requirements for low-producing wells and pneumatics are already in place on the Front Range, and those should be applied to the West Slope. Air toxics like benzene and formaldehyde are dangerous for everyone’s health, regardless of where they are emitted.
Improvements in drilling technology have brought extraction closer and closer to our homes, schools and playgrounds. If industry is going to be allowed so close to homes, the best available technologies to control air pollution and increased inspections must be used to protect people’s health and homes.
- A recent study from the Colorado School of Public Health shows people living within 500 feet of an oil and gas facility have a higher risk of cancer.
- Innovative technologies such as continuous monitoring at multiwall facilities and next to homes that will protect those most at-risk to oil and gas air pollution.
- New technologies are constantly being developed and they should be employed throughout the state. In fact, many of these technologies, such as remote sensing, can reduce costs for remote areas that are found on the West Slope.
We all deserve to breathe clean air, but wind and airflow patterns know no boundaries. By requiring more frequent monitoring and repairs statewide, people throughout Colorado can breathe easier.
- Oil and gas facilities emit dangerous toxic chemicals like benzene and formaldehyde. We should not be unnecessarily breathing in known carcinogens.
- Oil and gas operations also cause ozone pollution, which can trigger asthma
attacks and worsen emphysema, especially in the elderly and children.
- Last year, the American Lung Association gave La Plata County an “F” for ozone pollution in their State of the Air Report, and air quality in Mesa Verde National Park is dangerously close to exceeding federal ozone standards.
- Studies show health affects can occur when ozone reaches 60 parts per billion (ppb), and counties along the West Slope often exceed that level or the 70 ppb federal standard.
Fixing problems before they start
The Front Range continues to struggle from ozone pollution that exceeds federal health standards from oil and gas development. Rather than waiting for ozone pollution to become an even more serious problem on the West Slope, we should act now to prevent problems before they start.
Colorado can lead the way in creating protections to address ozone and methane pollution.
- Innovative technologies for “zero bleed” or “non-emitting” controllers can replace pneumatic controllers that are designed to intentionally vent natural gas into the air, and instead measure pressure and temperature at a well-site using the power of the sun. It’s time to stop relying on antiquated technologies that leak natural gas and require more frequent human management.
- Frequent leak detection can be done cost-effectively with proven technology, and also creates new jobs. New protections can be win-win for communities and industry. | <urn:uuid:34bbb71a-5e00-4da9-8a4f-f4c5af48e8a3> | CC-MAIN-2020-16 | https://www.sanjuancitizens.org/oil-and-gas/western-colorado-deserves-clean-air-too | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-16/segments/1585370510846.12/warc/CC-MAIN-20200403092656-20200403122656-00538.warc.gz | en | 0.928717 | 1,435 | 2.515625 | 3 |
Patients with rare overgrowth disorders, such as Beck-Wiedemann syndrome and Simpson-Golabi-Behmel syndrome, are predisposed to embryonal tumours, including Wilms' tumour of the kidney. Therefore, these disorders offer a link between hyperplastic growth and cancer. Genetic lesions at chromosome 11p15 have been associated with Beck-Wiedemann syndrome and Wilms' tumour for several years and the presence of the gene encoding insulin-like growth factor-II (IGF-II) in this region has given rise to much speculation over the involvement of this factor in these growth defects. This speculation was heightened by genetic evidence for the involvement of genomic imprinting in Beck-Wiedemann syndrome and Wilms' tumour, combined with the discovery that the IGF-II gene is imprinted. Although there is a wealth of evidence linking the IGF signalling pathway with overgrowth and cancer, recent progress in the study of 11p15 and developments in our understanding of the mechanism of genomic imprinting indicate that additional imprinted genes located in this region also contribute to these growth disorders. | <urn:uuid:764ae4e1-6080-4f04-b9b1-61ae36343461> | CC-MAIN-2021-21 | https://researchportal.bath.ac.uk/en/publications/beckwith-wiedemann-syndrome-and-wilms-tumour | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-21/segments/1620243992516.56/warc/CC-MAIN-20210516075201-20210516105201-00177.warc.gz | en | 0.953858 | 229 | 2.65625 | 3 |
Leprosy, also known as Hansen’s disease, is a disease that is caused by a bacteria known as Mycobacterium leprae. This disease is often a chronic and progressive disease that affects the nerves that supply the hands and legs, the lining of the nose, the skin, as well as the parts of the body system, which is often referred to as the upper respiratory tract.
The upper respiratory tract is made up of the nose, the nasal cavity, the mouth, the larynx(often referred to as the voice box), and the pharynx. Leprosy causes sores on the skin, damages to the nerves, as well as resultant muscle weakness and sometimes, atrophy of the underlying muscles.
Leprosy can also cause severe body disfigurement as well as significant muscle disabilities. Leprosy is one of the oldest diseases that has been seen to plague man. This disease was first recorded in ancient times around 600BC; however, some records show that Leprosy may have been affecting men even before this time.
Leprosy is a common disease in the world, and it is particularly prevalent in countries found within the tropical and subtropical regions. According to the American Centre for Disease Control, about 150 to 250 cases of people who are inflicted with Leprosy are recorded each year in the United States.
Little or no knowledge made people consider most victims who suffer Leprosy in the olden days to be outcasts and forbidden. In the ancient days, China, Egypt, as well as India feared that Leprosy was a contagious disease that is incurable and disfiguring.
However, this school of thought can be considered as a false one as Leprosy isn’t so contagious to everyone. The only way one can develop the infection is if you are a close member of the family, and you have been exposed repeatedly to the disease.
According to the World Health Organisation(W.H.O), about 180,000 people are infected with Leprosy worldwide. However, the countries with the largest population of people suffering from Leprosy can be found the majority in Africa and Asia.
Causes of Leprosy
Leprosy is caused by a bacteria named Mycobacterium leprae, which is a slow-growing bacteria. This disease was caused by a scientist named Hansen. He discovered this bacteria in 1873, and eventually, this disease was named after him.
Types of Leprosy
There are three different classes doctors use in classifying Leprosy. They include:
1. The tuberculoid/lepromatous/borderline classification
This classification divides Leprosy into three different types, and this classification is based on the body’s immune response to the disease.
- If a person has Tuberculoid Leprosy, the person’s immune system is still functional and useful. A person who has tuberculoid Leprosy has only mild symptoms, with only a dew sores or lesions appearing on the skin. Also, a person who has this kind of Leprosy is considered to be less or mildly contagious.
- A person who has Lepromatous Leprosy, on the other hand, is considered to have a very weak and dysfunctional immune system. A person who has this kind of Leprosy will experience skin lesions, a damaged nervous system, as well as the infection of other organs.
There will be the presence of nodules(which are large bumps and lumps) on the skin as well as sores. Once a person has lepromatous Leprosy, he or she is extremely contagious.
- Borderline Leprosy
Borderline Leprosy is said to occur when a person has symptoms of both Tuberculoid Leprosy and Lepromatous Leprosy. This kind of Leprosy is not as severe as Lepromatous Leprosy, but it is worse than tuberculoid Leprosy; hence the patient is considered to be in between the two types of Leprosy under this classification.
2. The World Health Organisation (W.H.O) classification
The World Health Organisation classifies Leprosy based on the number of places affected on the body as well as the type of areas affected. Based on this classification, Leprosy is divided into two types, namely:
There are less than five lesions that are seen on the skin, and on the skin, samples collected, there is no bacterium detected.
In this kind of Leprosy, there are more than five lesions or sores that can be seen on the skin. Also, bacteria are often detected on the collected skin samples or the skin smear or both.
3. The Ridley-Jopling Classification
This classification is often used in the clinical studies of Leprosy. This classification depends on the signs and symptoms experienced by the patient as well as the system response of the disease. There are five types of Leprosy based on this classification, and they are:
Its symptoms include some flat and a few numb lesions, as well as the probable damage of some nerves. However, tuberculoid Leprosy has the ability to heal on its own. Sometimes, the disease may persist or progress to a more severe type of Leprosy.
Borderline Tuberculoid Leprosy
This type is similar to the tuberculoid Leprosy. However, a patient who suffers from borderline tuberculoid Leprosy will experience more body lesions like that which is seen in tuberculoid Leprosy, and more nerves are also affected.
The response of the disease involves the tendency for the condition to revert to being tuberculoid Leprosy, it may persist in the same way, or it may also progress to a more severe type of Leprosy.
Mid-borderline Tuberculoid Leprosy
In this type of Leprosy, the patient will experience plaques that are reddish or brownish, numbness in moderate forms, and severely swollen lymph nodes. In this form of Leprosy, more nerves are affected, and the patient will experience some kind of muscle weakness.
This form has the tendency to regress, relapse, persist, or even progress to more persistent types depending on the extent of damage and infestation.
Borderline Lepromatous Leprosy
A patient who has borderline Lepromatous Leprosy will experience several lesions that may be flat or raised. These lesions may come in the form of plaques, nodules, or bumps, and the patient will continue to experience numbness in his or her hands and feet.
The response of this disease may be to resolve itself, persist or progress to Lepromatous Leprosy proper.
Lepromatous Leprosy (Proper)
This Leprosy is considered to be the worst form of Leprosy there is. A person who has this Leprosy will experience several skin lesions that are filled with bacteria and hair loss. In this form of Leprosy, several nerves are affected, and the peripheral nerves become thickened.
Also, the patient will experience severe muscle weakness as well as body disfigurement. This form of Leprosy doesn’t regress.
Another form of Leprosy that isn’t included in the Ridley-Jopling classification is Intermediate Leprosy. Mostly, this type is considered to be the early manifestations of Leprosy in which the patient may have only one skin lesion that feels numb to touch.
This form of Leprosy may, in most cases, regress; however, it also has the tendency to progress to any of the other five types of Leprosy that are listed in the Ridley-Jopling classifications.
Symptoms of Leprosy
Generally, Leprosy mostly affects the skin as well as the nerves that are found outside the Central Nervous System (brain and the spinal cord). These nerves are collectively known as the Peripheral Nervous system.
Asides the nerves, Leprosy also tends to affect the eyes, the lining of the nose, and sometimes the eyes.
The primary symptoms a person who is suffering from Leprosy will experience include:
- Severe muscle weakness
- Numbness that mostly occurs in the hands, legs, arms, and feet.
- Skin lesions which may be small, numerous, flat, or slightly raised. Because of the wounds that are found on the skin, the person will have a decreased feeling to pain, touch, or sensation. These lesions often don’t heal even after several weeks. The injuries are usually lighter than the skin, and when they get inflamed, they become reddened.
- Loss of feeling in both the legs and arms.
Once a person comes in contact with the bacteria that causes Leprosy, it takes about three to five years for symptoms to begin to show. In some cases, the symptoms often don’t manifest until twenty years later.
The time taken for the symptoms to manifest after the person has come in contact initially with the bacteria is known as the incubation period. Due to the fact that Leprosy has a long incubation period, doctors often find it difficult to determine when the person got infected.
Due to the severity of the disease, in 1995, the World Health Organisation developed multidrug therapy to treat all forms of Leprosy, and it is available for free worldwide. Also, there are several antibiotics that are used to treat Leprosy.
These antibiotics help in killing the bacteria that cause the disease and, as such, treating the disease.
These antibiotics include:
- Aczone (also known as dapsone)
- Rifadin (also known as rifampin)
- Clofazimine (also called as Lamprene)
- Minocin (also known as Minocycline)
- Ocuflux (also known as ofloxacin)
All these drugs are effective; however, one or more of these antibiotics may be prescribed by your doctor to help treat this disease.
Sometimes, anti-inflammatory medication such as prednisone or aspirin may be prescribed, and these treatments can last for more months or years depending on how severe the inflammation is as well as the body’s response to the drugs.
If this disease is not treated on time or appropriately, it may lead to several complications, such as:
- Body disfigurement
- Severe hair loss which is especially seen on the eyebrows as well as the eyelashes.
- Severe muscle weakness
- Permanent damages in the nerves of both the arms and the legs.
- Inability to use one’s limbs
- Chronic nasal blockage, severe nose bleeds, as well as a collapse of the nasal septum
- Inflammation of the iris of the eye which is medically known as iritis
- Glaucoma which is an eye disease that is characterized by the damage of the optic nerve.
- Total blindness
- Erectile dysfunction
- Failure of either one or both kidneys.
To prevent Leprosy, one must avoid any long-term contact with someone who has an already untreated infection. If you are a family member, it is better to take drugs and supplements that will help strengthen your immune system. | <urn:uuid:c719dfdf-eabe-428a-9f73-8725fe35bc4c> | CC-MAIN-2021-10 | https://healthtian.com/leprosy/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-10/segments/1614178351134.11/warc/CC-MAIN-20210225124124-20210225154124-00291.warc.gz | en | 0.96185 | 2,377 | 3.78125 | 4 |
Capture real-world objects and drag them directly to your computer.
Brought to us by designer and programmer Cyril Diagne, AR Copy Paste is an app available on iOS and Android devices that uses a combination of AR and machine learning to capture digital clones of real-world physical objects and automatically isolate them from their surrounding environments.
These AR copies can then be dragged and dropped directly onto your computer screen and into a variety of compatible programs as if copying and pasting a simple JPEG image.
“Thanks to modern developments in machine learning, it is now possible to precisely detect people and objects around you, remove the background automatically, and transfer the result to virtually any software on your computer,” stated Diagne during an interview with Dezeen.
According to Diagne, the process is achieved using a pair of open-source technologies. The first, Boundary-Aware Salient Object Detection (BASNet), is used to identify the foreground object and isolate it from the surroudning environment; the second, Scale Invariant Feature Transform (SIFT), serves as a liaison between the smartphone and computer, allowing you to place digital captures in specific positions across your computer screen.
“AR Copy Paste originates from personal research in interaction design, exploring how machine learning can help make our interactions with digital systems more natural,” added Diagne. “The use cases described by such a large and diverse group of creatives made a lot of sense and motivated a couple of friends and me to turn the prototype into a real application that anyone can use.”
Compatible software includes the Adobe Creative Suite, Google Docs, Keynote, Microsoft Paint, and Powerpoint just to name a few.
Those interested in copying and pasting reality can request access to the app here.
Image Credit: Cyril Diagne | <urn:uuid:885177c7-e9b0-4752-a06a-26be41eef1db> | CC-MAIN-2021-04 | https://vrscout.com/news/ar-copy-paste-digitize-real-world-objects/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-04/segments/1610703507971.27/warc/CC-MAIN-20210116225820-20210117015820-00711.warc.gz | en | 0.90291 | 379 | 3.03125 | 3 |
Viscoelastic polymers are soft and somewhat fluid at rest. Some, like gloop or silly putty, will harden temporarily when struck with force. This behavior, called ‘shear-thickening’, makes them ideal for use in impact protective padding—we call it Whacky Armor!
What’s the goal?
Young designers make and test a shear-thickening viscoelastic polymer to show that such materials can provide impact protection, are lightweight, and can conform to the body.
The whole group acts out the introductory exercise, but individuals make their own Whacky Armor.
Let's get started!
Before we make our viscoelastic polymer using glue and borax, let’s demonstrate how it works.
- Locate an open space and divide the group into two teams — 3/4 of the designers will be “glue” and 1/4 will be “borax.”
- Ask the glue team to form two facing lines about 6 ft. apart. Each individual represents a monomer of vinyl acetate.
Monomer: a single chemical unit. The monomer in glue is vinyl acetate.
- Glue team members place their right hands on the left shoulders of the persons to their right. This action links the monomers to form a polymer.
Polymer: monomers linked together to form long chains. In glue, vinyl acetate monomers form chains of polyvinyl acetate, a single chemical unit.
- Glue team members extend their left arms straight toward the opposite line. The left hand represents functional chemical groups that can bond with other reactive groups. Flap those reactive hands!
Functional Group: a group of atoms capable of bonding with other functional groups. In Whacky Armor, the borate ions of the borax react with the polyvinyl acetate in the glue.
- The two lines of glue maintain their “polymer positions” as they take six sidesteps to the right and then six sidesteps to the left repeatedly. Their extended left hands SHOULD NOT TOUCH because the glue remains fluid—it easily slides back and forth.
- Ask the “borax” representatives to place themselves randomly between the two lines of glue. They should hold both arms outstretched from their sides— one arm extended toward each line of glue.
- Ask the glue lines to take six sidesteps to the right and then six sidesteps to the left as in Step 6, but this time they “high five” the outstretched hands of the borax units. Taking time to touch hands slows the movement of the glue, demonstrating the cross-links, short-lived linkages that occur when the glue-borax mixture thickens.
Cross-linking: the formation of a chemical bond between two molecules.
- Finally, ask the glue lines to take six sidesteps to the right and then six sidesteps to the left as in Steps 6 and 8. After a few steps the leader will shout WHACK (the sound of stress or pressure being applied—the sound of a weight striking the polymer). This is the signal for the glue and borax to link forearms in a strong grip that stops movement. The borax units should be linked to both lines of glue. Shout RELEASE and everyone drops hands.
- Repeat step 8 until everyone understands that when stress is applied, the cross-linking bonds cause the viscoelastic polymer (glue-borax) to harden (undergo shear thickening). When the stress is removed, the polymer returns to a more liquid state.
Shear thickening: the behavior of a fluid that thickens and hardens when shear stress (such as hitting) is applied, but returns to its more liquid state with time or when the stress is removed.
Make Whacky Armor
- Label two cups: #1 (Glue) and #2 (Borax).
- Place 5 Tbsp. glue and 4 Tbsp. water into cup #1 and mix well.
- Add a few drops of food coloring (optional).
- In cup #2 dissolve 1 Tbsp. of borax in 2 Tbsp. warm water.
- Pour the borax solution into the glue and water while stirring. Watch the way
the two solutions interact while you count to ten. You are making a colloid. Stir until completely mixed to a putty-like consistency.
- Pour the material onto a table covered in plastic wrap or wax paper, and knead until smooth. You’ve made Whacky Armor, a viscoelastic polymer with interesting viscosity properties!
- Play with your Whacky Armor and observe how it behaves under these conditions: (Optional: record your observations on your handout.)
- Shape it into a ball. Can it bounce?
- Slowly poke your finger into the ball. What do you observe?
- Squeeze the ball. How does it feel?
- Lay the ball on the table and quickly tap it with the flat part of your hand. What happens?
- Leave the ball untouched on the table and count to ten. Does it keep its shape?
- Roll the putty into a rope about 6” long. Can you wrap it around your finger?
- Pull the two ends. Does it stretch? Does it break?
- Put on safety glasses.
- Take wrapped hard candy and place it on the floor (ideally on a newspaper or
other covering). Ask a partner to hold a ruler vertically next to your candy. Drop the 5 lb. kettlebell weight from a height of 12 inches, or the top of the ruler, onto the candy. Did the candy break or is it still intact?
- Prepare a second piece of candy and lay it on the floor. Cover it with your
Whacky Armor. Drop the 5 lb. kettlebell weight from a height of 12 inches as in Step 9. What happened? Did the candy break? Is the polymer still flexible? Do you think that Whacky Armor could protect your joints when playing sports?
- Flatten your Whacky Armor to about half an inch. Seal it between two pieces
of Press’n Seal® wrap, leaving wide margins so you can use it in the Knee Drop n’ Spin activity. You may also store the polymer in a resealable bag.
Colloid: molecules of one substance dispersed in a second substance. The dispersed particles do not settle, but remain in suspension.
Viscoelastic polymer: a polymer, whose viscosity is affected by shear stress such as squeezing, stirring, or hitting.
Viscosity: a fluid’s resistance to flow. Water flows more easily than glue so glue has a higher viscosity than water.
Wrap it up
- Discuss and compare observations from Step 7. Can you think of ways to use these unusual characteristics?
- Discuss your observations in Steps 9-10. Explain how dropping a weight on the candy relates to the introductory “glue and borax” demonstration.
- What are the advantages of using a viscoelastic polymer with shear-thickening properties for protective sports equipment rather than a hard shell?
- Answer: It is light in weight and is flexible enough to conform to the body.
- Can you think of other fluids that act the same way as the viscoelastic polymer that you made?
- Answer: Quicksand is the made-for-movies example. The more the victim thrashes about the thicker the quicksand becomes and the harder it is to escape. If the victim relaxes, he/she will float because the body is less dense than the quicksand.
- Answer: The synovial fluids in your elbow and knee joints become harder and stronger when mechanical stress is applied. They relax and become more liquid when the stress is removed. Thus, your usually flexible knees will resist impact (to some degree) when you fall while playing soccer.
- Can I purchase protective gear that uses shear-thickening technology?
- Answer: Yes, both sports and military equipment use shock-absorbing materials with shear-thickening behavior. In the 2006 Winter Olympics, the US and Canadian ski teams made history with their “soft armor.” Vests, kneepads, elbow pads, shorts, pants and gloves are widely available.
Take it further
Ask young designers to start dropping the kettle bell on a candy from a height of one inch and increase incrementally by 1″ until the candy breaks. Repeat with Whacky Armor-protected candy until they identify the drop height at which 5 pounds breaks the candy despite the protection. This process demonstrates scientific method. If the experiment is repeated and recorded two to three times, they can calculate the average breaking point (the sum of all the trial breaking points divided by the number of trials).
For more information, search the Internet and read more about about shear-thickening fluids, soft armor, liquid body armor, Armourgel®, D30®, Deflexion® and Poron®.
For the students
- 2 cups for mixing
- 5 Tbsp. Elmer’s Glue — multipurpose glue
- 6 Tbsp. warm water
- Food coloring (optional)
- 1 Tbsp. 20 Mule Team™ Borax (laundry section of grocery store)
- Stir sticks or plastic spoons
- Surface for kneading (cover tables in plastic or wax paper)
- Safety glasses
- Small wrapped hard candies
- Press’n Seal® wrap, 2 pieces 12” long
- Resealable plastic bag
Supplies to share
- Measuring cups and spoons
- 5 pound kettlebell weights
- Ruler, minimum 12”
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GASP and Better Bodies: Providing Class Apparels For Fitness Freaks
3 years, 6 months ago | <urn:uuid:b17c9c92-479b-4afb-9d12-0f8f839b797f> | CC-MAIN-2020-40 | http://styleengineers.org/activity/whacky-armor/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-40/segments/1600400198868.29/warc/CC-MAIN-20200920223634-20200921013634-00753.warc.gz | en | 0.890178 | 2,121 | 3.5625 | 4 |
Growing Crops for Human Consumption
- Broad Beans
Situated in Tayside, along Scotland’s temperate east coast, East Coast Viners is one of the largest producers of broad beans in the UK.
- Field Beans
Field beans are hardier and tolerate cold better than their relative, broad beans. Currently however, we grow as many beans for livestock in Scotland, as we do for human consumption. The majority of beans grown for human consumption are exported to North Africa and the Middle East to use as alternatives to chickpeas in dishes such as falafel and hummus.
Garden Organic give a great guide to growing field beans for human consumption.
Lentils have traditionally been regarded as an unfeasible crop to grow in Scotland. However, recently, there has been growing interest about the crop’s potential with groups of farmers collaborating with food processors, buyers and researchers to advance the position of lentils (amongst other pulses) in Scottish agriculture. Furthermore, in a recent webinar on protein crops in Scotland hosted by the Farm Advisory Service, one of the presenters, an SAC researcher, mentioned that lentils had performed particularly well in their field trials.
Bruce Farms in Perthshire have been growing peas for over 50 years and grow more than half the peas in Scotland. They created Podberry pea snacks which are now available in selected Scottish Morrison stores.
“We wanted to come up with a way for consumers to taste our peas in a new and innovative way but keep the peas natural and nutritious.” – Geoff Bruce, Director, Podberry
- The Pulse Agronomy Guide gives a good overview of growing legumes.
Blue lupins, especially, can be grown in colder, wetter areas. Low alkaloid, “sweet” varieties are best as they don’t require as much soaking before cooking. Due to the high protein and fibre content, lupins can help with weight management as they help people to feel full sooner and stay full longer. Beware if you have a peanut allergy though, as they belong to the same family.
Oats were a staple superfood in Scotland in the 17th and 18th centuries, but when whisky was legitimised in 1823 many farmers switched to growing barley for malting.
Oats grow well in our damp, sun-deprived climate. They need little artificial help and are resistant to disease and fungi. From a dietary perspective, oats are one of the top grain sources of amino acids. They also help to lower cholesterol and decrease inflammation.
Oat milk is a popular dairy-free alternative which could easily be produced in Scotland.
- Oat milk sales increased by 70% in 2018 with 23% of Britons using plant milks. Overall, the average person’s consumption of cows’ milk has fallen by 50% since the 1950s.
Aside from its traditional uses in the baking industry, wheat has a new application in the growing vegan market. Seitan is a high-protein, low-carb, low-fat meat-substitute that is made from vital wheat gluten – gluten that has been separated from the starch and other components in flour. It is a great alternative for people adverse to soy products – plus, we can grow it here! Sadly, no vital wheat gluten is currently produced in the UK. It is all imported from the continent. We are working to change that!
- Triticale – Called a “scientific marvel in the world of nutrients”, this hybrid of wheat and rye contains more fibre, nutrients and protein than either of its parent grains.
Currently, the UK imports around 90% of its fruit and veg. With a temperate climate and plenty of rain this makes no sense. With our departure from the EU, it becomes more important that we begin to grow our own. We already have some amazing growers in Scotland. The polytunnel revolutionised horticulture and now, with the arrival of vertical crop growing (see our section on Repurposing Buildings), vegetables can be grown, literally, anywhere.
- Fruit and Vegetables for Scotland provides the definitive guide to Scottish growing. We can only list a few of the many fruits and vegetables here but there are literally dozens more!
Let’s start with the “tried and tested”:
- Broad beans
- Purple sprouting broccoli
- Lettuce (multiple varieties)
Kettle Produce in Fife contract with around 50 farmers throughout Scotland to grow their brassicas, root, and salad veggies.
Other Veggies Widely Grown in Scotland
- Brussels sprouts
- Cabbage (multiple varieties)
- Spring greens
- Mushrooms – from large enterprises such as Mushrooms Scotland Ltd., to smaller circular ones such as Green Grow, mushrooms can be grown indoors and thereby provide a great opportunity to repurpose buildings and develop a new income stream.
Stewarts of Tayside, former sheep and cattle farmers, switched to growing strawberries, raspberries, blackberries and swedes. This proved to be the profitable move that enabled them to buy the farm. Today, they are the largest grower of swedes in the UK and the largest independent soft fruit grower in Scotland.
During the summer of 2020, the James Hutton Institute harvested the first batch of their newly bred variety, the ‘Ben Lawers’ blackcurrant. Given that blackcurrants require a cold winter spell so that they may fruit in the summer, this variety was bred to cope with the increasingly milder and shorter winter chills brought upon by climate change, allowing the crop to bear fruit in spite of this. Dr Dorota Jarret at the James Hutton institute hopes this will be the first of many more climate resilient crops to come, and notes that several other trials are currently ongoing.
Angus Soft Fruits in Arbroath declared their profits up by 37% in 2019 to £1.327 million
Honeyberries have been widely cultivated in Japan and Russia, and are gaining traction as a valuable berry crop in Scotland. The crop boasts superior levels of micro-nutrients to other fruits and has accordingly been grown in numerous orchards ranging from the highlands to the borders, although the majority of their production has been located in central eastern Scotland. While the fruit can be eaten fresh, it can also be a great addition to other foods like jam, ice cream and smoothies. The Scottish Honeyberry Growers cooperative has more information on honeyberries as well as opportunities for purchasing and growing this crop.
– Gina Bates of Highland Veganics
- Sweet chestnuts
– Gina’s next project!
Gina Bates of Highland Veganics in Sutherland planted 312 hardy hybrid hazelnut trees on her 80-acre croft. Gina consulted with expert nut growers before planting 6 different varieties. In 2-4 years time, Gina hopes to have a yield of around 12 kilos of nuts per tree per harvest. | <urn:uuid:7e74bc8d-ac64-48db-8c41-755231429e5d> | CC-MAIN-2021-25 | https://farmersforstockfreefarming.org/one-hundred-ways/growing-crops-for-human-consumption2/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-25/segments/1623487621273.31/warc/CC-MAIN-20210615114909-20210615144909-00269.warc.gz | en | 0.948911 | 1,439 | 2.71875 | 3 |
What is A Wagnerian singer?
Some dramatic sopranos, known as Wagnerian sopranos, have an exceptionally big voice that can assert itself over a large orchestra (of more than 80 or even 100 pieces). These voices are substantial, often denser in tone, extremely powerful and, ideally, evenly balanced throughout the vocal registers.
Who is the ultimate Wagnerian soprano?
Her farewell performance was at the Met in 1932 as Erda, one of her greatest achievements on stage. Swedish soprano Nina Stemme is regarded by all major musical critics as this era’s greatest Wagnerian sopranos. Since her youth in her native Stockholm she was attracted to music.
What are the three types of soprano singing voices?
In opera, sopranos are divided into three basic groups: coloratura (kuhl-er-ah-TOOR-ah), lyric, and dramatic, with coloratura being the lightest and most flexible sound, and dramatic being the darkest and most powerful. (“Lyric” lies more or less in the middle.)
What famous singer is a Alto?
List of singers
Do sopranos sing high or low?
soprano, the highest human vocal register, extending approximately from middle C to the second A above. A voice with a range approximately from the A below middle C to the second F or G above is termed a mezzo-soprano.
Who is the greatest Wagnerian soprano?
Swedish soprano Nina Stemme is regarded by all major musical critics as this era’s greatest Wagnerian sopranos. Since her youth in her native Stockholm she was attracted to music.
What is the vocal range of a soprano?
The soprano’s vocal range (using scientific pitch notation) is from approximately middle C (C4) = 261 Hz to (A5) = 880 Hz in choral music, or to (C6, two octaves above middle C) = 1046 Hz or higher in operatic music. of or being the highest male voice; having a range above that of tenor
Who are the best German opera singers of the 1920s?
The finest exponents of the German master’s operas from the 1920s to the present day. The German dramatic soprano and mezzo combined, Waltraud Meier, was born in Würzburg in 1956 and is best known for her Wagnerian roles, which include Kundry, Isolde, Ortrud, Venus and Sieglinde.
How many times did Wagner sing Isolde at the Metropolitan Opera?
She made her Metropolitan Opera début in 1935 as Sieglinde in Die Walküre to great critical acclaim. Her American performances, before the war, consolidated her position as the finest Wagnerian soprano of the century. She sang Isolde seventy-three times at the Metropolitan Opera, In sixty-seven of them alongside Lauritz Melchior. | <urn:uuid:ea4c57ac-cb87-4e63-8b2d-17c71a9010d8> | CC-MAIN-2023-06 | https://www.motelmexicolabali.com/essay-samples/what-is-a-wagnerian-singer/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-06/segments/1674764499967.46/warc/CC-MAIN-20230202070522-20230202100522-00126.warc.gz | en | 0.932088 | 695 | 2.59375 | 3 |
Kruskal vs Prim
In computer science, Prim’s and Kruskal’s algorithms are a greedy algorithm that finds a minimum spanning tree for a connected weighted undirected graph. A spanning tree is a subgraph of a graph such that each node of the graph is connected by a path, which is a tree. Each spanning tree has a weight, and the minimum possible weights/cost of all the spanning trees is the minimum spanning tree (MST).
More about Prim’s Algorithm
The algorithm was developed by Czech mathematician Vojtěch Jarník in 1930 and later independently by computer scientist Robert C. Prim in 1957. It was rediscovered by Edsger Dijkstra in 1959. The algorithm can be stated in three key steps;
Given the connected graph with n nodes and respective weight of each edge,
1. Select an arbitrary node from the graph and add it to the tree T (which will be the first node)
2. Consider the weights of each edge connected to the nodes in the tree and select the minimum. Add the edge and the node at the other end of the tree T and remove the edge from the graph. (Select any if two or more minimums exist)
3. Repeat step 2, until n-1 edges are added to the tree.
In this method, the tree starts with a single arbitrary node and expands from that node onwards with each cycle. Hence, for the algorithm to work properly, the graph needs to be a connected graph. The basic form of the Prim’s algorithm has a time complexity of O(V2).
More about Kruskal’s Algorithm
The algorithm developed by Joseph Kruskal appeared in the proceedings of the American Mathematical Society in 1956. Kruskal’s algorithm can also be expressed in three simple steps.
Given the graph with n nodes and respective weight of each edge,
1. Select the arc with the least weight of the whole graph and add to the tree and delete from the graph.
2. Of the remaining select the least weighted edge, in a way that not form a cycle. Add the edge to the tree and delete from the graph. (Select any if two or more minimums exist)
3. Repeat the process in step 2.
In this method, algorithm starts with least weighted edge and continues selecting each edge at each cycle. Therefore, in the algorithm the graph need not be connected. Kruskal’s algorithm has a time complexity of O(logV)
What is the difference between Kruskal’s and Prim’s Algorithm?
• Prim’s algorithm initializes with a node, whereas Kruskal’s algorithm initiates with an edge.
• Prim’s algorithms span from one node to another while Kruskal’s algorithm select the edges in a way that the position of the edge is not based on the last step.
• In prim’s algorithm, graph must be a connected graph while the Kruskal’s can function on disconnected graphs too.
• Prim’s algorithm has a time complexity of O(V2), and Kruskal’s time complexity is O(logV). | <urn:uuid:0d8069a9-367d-4a06-af95-6257e81f9fb0> | CC-MAIN-2016-18 | http://www.differencebetween.com/difference-between-kruskal-and-vs-prim/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-18/segments/1461860118369.35/warc/CC-MAIN-20160428161518-00037-ip-10-239-7-51.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.926334 | 678 | 3.6875 | 4 |
The purpose of this is to provide a comprehensive overview of the fundamentals of statistics in a manner that can be skimmed over relatively fast. There are many articles already out there, but I?m aiming to make this more condensed!
Numerical: data expressed with digits; is measurable. Can either be discrete (finite number of values) or continuous (infinite number of values)
Categorical: qualitative data classified into categories. Can be nominal (no order) or ordinal (ordered data)
Measures of Central Tendency
Mean: the average of a dataset
Median: the middle of an ordered dataset; less susceptible to outliers
Mode: the most common value in a dataset; only relevant for discrete data
Measures of Variability
Range: difference between the highest and lowest value in a dataset
Variance (?2): measures how spread out a set of data is relative to the mean.
Standard Deviation (?): another measurement of how spread out numbers are in a data set; it is the square root of variance.
Z-score: determines the number of standard deviations a data point is from the mean
R-Squared: a statistical measure of fit that indicates how much variation of a dependent variable is explained by the independent variable(s); only useful for simple linear regression.
Adjusted R-squared: a modified version of r-squared that has been adjusted for the number of predictors in the model; it increases if the new term improves the model more than would be expected by chance and vice versa.
Measurements of Relationships between Variables
Covariance: Measures the variance between two (or more) variables. If it?s positive then they tend to move in the same direction, if it?s negative then they tend to move in opposite directions, and if they?re zero, they have no relation to each other.
Denominator becomes (n-1) for samples
Correlation: Measures the strength of a relationship between two variables and ranges from -1 to 1; the normalized version of covariance. Generally, a correlation of +/- 0.7 represents a strong relationship between two variables. On the flip side, correlations between -0.3 and 0.3 indicate that there is little to no relationship between variables.
Probability Distribution Functions
Probability Density Function (PDF): a function for continuous data where the value at any point can be interpreted as providing a relative likelihood that the value of the random variable would equal that sample. (Wiki)
Probability Mass Function (PMF): a function for discrete data which gives the probability of a given value occurring.
Cumulative Density Function (CDF): a function that tells us the probability that a random variable is less than a certain value; the integral of the PDF.
Continuous Data Distributions
Uniform Distribution: a probability distribution where all outcomes are equally likely.
Normal/Gaussian Distribution: commonly referred to as the bell curve and is related to the central limit theorem; has a mean of 0 and a standard deviation of 1.
T-Distribution: a probability distribution used to estimate population parameters when the sample size is small and/r when the population variance is unknown (see more here)
Chi-Square Distribution: distribution of the chi-square statistic (see here)
Discrete Data Distributions
Poisson Distribution: a probability distribution that expresses the probability of a given number of events occurring within a fixed time period.
Binomial Distribution: a probability distribution of the number of successes in a sequence of n independent experiences each with its own Boolean-valued outcome (p, 1-p).
Moments describe different aspects of the nature and shape of a distribution. The first moment is the mean, the second moment is the variance, the third moment is the skewness, and the fourth moment is the kurtosis.
Probability is the likelihood of an event occurring.
Conditional Probability [P(A|B)] is the likelihood of an event occurring, based on the occurrence of a previous event.
Independent events are events whose outcome does not influence the probability of the outcome of another event; P(A|B) = P(A)
Mutually Exclusive events are events that cannot occur simultaneously; P(A|B) = 0
Bayes? Theorem: a mathematical formula for determining conditional probability. ?The probability of A given B is equal to the probability of B given A times the probability of A over the probability of B?
True positive: detects the condition when the condition is present.
True negative: does not detect the condition when the condition is not present.
False-positive: detects the condition when the condition is absent.
False-negative: does not detect the condition when the condition is present.
Sensitivity: also known as recall; measures the ability of a test to detect the condition when the condition is present; sensitivity = TP/(TP+FN)
Specificity: measures the ability of a test to correctly exclude the condition when the condition is absent; specificity = TN/(TN+FP)
Predictive value positive: also known as precision; the proportion of positives that correspond to the presence of the condition; PVP = TP/(TP+FP)
Predictive value negative: the proportion of negatives that correspond to the absence of the condition; PVN = TN/(TN+FN)
Hypothesis Testing and Statistical Significance
Null Hypothesis: the hypothesis that sample observations result purely from chance.
Alternative Hypothesis: the hypothesis that sample observations are influenced by some non-random cause.
P-value: the probability of obtaining the observed results of a test, assuming that the null hypothesis is correct; a smaller p-value means that there is stronger evidence in favor of the alternative hypothesis.
Alpha: the significance level; the probability of rejecting the null hypothesis when it is true ? also known as Type 1 error
Beta: type 2 error; failing to reject the null hypothesis that is false
Steps to Hypothesis testing:1. State the null and alternative hypothesis2. Determine the test size; is it a one or two-tailed test?3. Compute the test statistic and the probability value4. Analyze the results and either reject or do not reject the null hypothesis (if the p-value is greater than the alpha, do not reject the null!)
?and that?s it! If I find that I missed a lot of important topics later in my journey, I?ll create a second part to this and hyperlink it here. Thanks! | <urn:uuid:8900e0c6-83a6-401e-88ac-f99517530a0b> | CC-MAIN-2023-50 | https://911weknow.com/the-most-comprehensive-stats-cheat-sheet | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-50/segments/1700679100909.82/warc/CC-MAIN-20231209103523-20231209133523-00430.warc.gz | en | 0.899681 | 1,377 | 3.515625 | 4 |
Animal Welfare Act 2006 – Five Freedoms
Section 9 of the AWA 2006 shows the Duty of responsibility which you have for an animal in your care whether this is your own dog or a dog you care for as part of your business. These Codes of Practise for your dog are known as the Five Freedoms, they reinforce section 4 as best practise.
A dog has a legal right to live in a suitable environment, to be fed a suitable diet, it should be allowed to exhibit normal behaviour patterns, it has a right to live with or apart from other animals and it has a right to be protected from pain, suffering, injury and disease.
1. The dogs need for a suitable environment.
This is your home, where your dog resides, it must be warm, draft-free.
The dog needs space to move around, that doesn’t necessarily mean the whole house but a suitable space, where it can be alone or in company, as and when the dog feels the need to interact or play.
Keeping your dog in a crate for long periods of time does not constitute a suitable environment, being kept in cramped conditions with other
animals, when they cannot get away, is not suitable, It can cause stress, fights, unwanted behaviours, not to mention suffering.
If the conditions that the dog lives in are squalid, for example, faeces and urine that has not been cleaned away can cause disease, infections, and illness.
Your dog should feel relaxed and happy in his environment not afraid. An outside area for toilet and fresh air/play should be available. This doesn’t mean you need to put a dog flap in your back door, but it does mean that it is your responsibility to let the dog outside on frequent occasions so that it may toilet amongst other things.
Your outside area needs to be escape-proof, and free for any sharp objects nails or glass in order to protect the dog from injury. You should pick up your dog’s faeces from your garden on a regular basis as this can cause health problems for your dog and even yourself.
2. Your Dogs need for a suitable Diet.
Feeding your dog sausage and chips is not a good idea. The dogs’ digestive system is different from humans and they can be intolerant to certain foods, some are even toxic to them, and if fed your dog could be poisoned. (access and consumption of toxic/poisonous substances is also an offence under this act in Section 7).
Toxic substances also include plants in your garden, be aware of what is growing. Cleaning products which you mop your floor with or clean your carpets with must be taken into consideration, this can easily be overlooked.
Dog food is readily available from supermarkets, pet shops, even some Vets. Be aware of what you feed your dog, there are many different varieties of dog food out there and not all of them are good for your dog. If in doubt speak to your Vet or a Canine Nutritionist for more advise.
On the flip side of this, NOT feeding your dog is an offence as this will starve your dog of the nutrients that it needs in order to survive,
just like if you, as the owner, decided to stop eating, you would become ill and susceptible to disease and eventually die.
3. A dogs need to exhibit normal behaviour
Yes, this includes barking. As irritating as a dog barking can be, this is one of the ways a dog communicates with us. Training your dog when it is not appropriate to bark is easier than the yelling and chaos that ensues, so to speak, plus training is not a criminal offence as long as it is done with positive reinforcement and not abusive methods.
A dog needs to run and jump and play, this is normal behaviour, of course, there are other Laws and Acts which need to be taken into consideration when out in public with your dog. For instance, you cant let your dog run around in a children’s playground out of control, regardless as to whether the dog is just playing and being non-aggressive. You need to have control of your dog when outside your property at all times. Learning Recall is the most important thing you can teach your dog.
There are toys that you can purchase designed especially for dogs, so if the weather is bad your dog can be entertained inside the home. Brain stimulation is very important, it will also help tire your dog out without a ball even being thrown. Whilst ball games are great for your dog’s agility, overuse can cause problems with their joints and ligaments so responsible ball throwing is recommended.
4. The need to be housed with or apart from other animals.
Dogs are social creatures and enjoy the company of both humans and other dogs, even cats, dogs can habituate with most animals, it’s nice to have friends. Two dogs may learn from each other, both good and bad habits. Some dogs, however, can be intolerant to other dogs and animals and can be reactive and aggressive in nature. You should not try to force two dogs together if at least one is not happy about it.
If animals are living together, each should have a private space, where they can retreat to, without being disturbed by the other animals. Just like humans, we all need our own space from time to time, especially if we feel irritable or tired. Having this freedom will make your home more peaceful and help avoid unwanted behaviours or fights.
5. The need to be protected from pain suffering, injury and disease.
Clean and germ-free housing, keeping toxic substances out of reach, keeping the house and garden free from obstacles.
Knowing your dog’s normal behaviour is a must. If the dog suddenly for no reason starts acting aggressively when you attempt to stroke or interact with it, this could indicate pain. Take the dog to a Vet if you notice any changes in your dog’s behaviour as it may be suffering.
Canine First Aid Courses are widely available and are becoming quite popular. When you are out walking your dog, knowing canine first aid could mean the difference between life and death. As mentioned above, DEFRA has put together a Code of Practise which outlines everything which you have just
read plus more, this is the law, not just guidance, you can be prosecuted should any of these regulations be breached. | <urn:uuid:695b4824-4e1c-4223-99dc-35d0683bfe11> | CC-MAIN-2022-27 | https://www.gglpetservices.com/2020/04/animal-welfare-the-five-freedoms/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-27/segments/1656104249664.70/warc/CC-MAIN-20220703195118-20220703225118-00265.warc.gz | en | 0.963575 | 1,317 | 2.796875 | 3 |
Main photo: Alex Wild
Multicellularity is an astonishing feat of communal sacrifice. With the exception of sperm and egg (the “germ line” cells), the 40 trillion cells currently in your body will dutifully perform their particular charge to maintain the whole, intricately arranging themselves to form your arteries, lungs, liver and brain, without ever having a chance to meaningfully reproduce. Many will die on command like fascist soldiers in a bad sci-fi movie. Even for the Genghis Khans of the world, a vanishingly small minority of the cells in the body produce descendants that outlive the individual of which they are a part. The primary imperative of life on earth is to reproduce (save for humans), yet multicellularity seems like a coordinated renunciation of that mission. Cells not in the germ line instead opt to specialize and curtail their reproductive potential (except for cancer cells) in favor of becoming part of something larger. Despite its seeming improbability, multicellularity has evolved dozens of times in the history of Earth, in both familiar and strange branches on the tree of life.
Animals and Fungi are two of the more familiar multicellular lineages and are both members of a group called the “Unikonts.” Indeed, fungi (like mushrooms, brewer’s yeast, and athlete’s foot) are much more closely related to animals than to plants. Amoebae, the microscopic, one-celled blob-looking organisms, are fellow unikonts, though more distantly related to animals than are fungi. One lineage called “social amoebae,” or cellular slime molds (Dictyosteliids), conduct their lives in a bizarre twilight zone between the unicellular and multicellular. Social amoebae scavenge for bacteria as single cells, roaming in forest soils. But when times get tough, they aggregate together and form a visible, multicellular being called a “slug” or grex, about 3 millimeters long. This “slug” then migrates to more bountiful scavenging grounds, where it forms a fruiting body (sorus) on top of a stalk and ejects amoeba spores (kind of like a mushroom). Here are some videos:
These organisms have much to teach us about how and under what conditions multicellularity evolved. Not surprisingly, some of the genes and pathways social amoebae use to guide the formation of the “slug” differ from those used in animals and fungi to direct the formation of their multicellular bodies. However, some aspects of cellular communication and development are similar across these groups. As (distant) relatives of animals and fungi, social amoeba inherited many of the same genes from our common ancestor. In frogs, humans, and mushrooms, variants of these genes encode molecular signals that cells use to communicate and direct the proper development and growth of multicellular bodies. In social amoebae, they regulate the formation of the “slug.”
Like other multicellular organisms, social amoebae exhibit self-sacrifice. The cells that make up the stalk of the fruiting body become rigid enough to hold the amoebae on top of them, and in the process die. This feature of “slug” behavior is of intense interest to those studying the evolution of multicellularity, and of the biological “altruism” that makes it work. The traditional explanation for the evolutionary advantage of altruism hangs on relatedness. You share roughly 50% of your genetic material with each sibling; if you die saving your sister from a burning building, she may live to pass on “your” genes to her offspring. Such is the cold, cruel logic behind the J.B.S Haldane quip “I will jump into the river to save two brothers or eight cousins.”
Such is the cold, cruel logic behind the J.B.S Haldane quip “I will jump into the river to save two brothers or eight cousins.”
The same logic underlies ant and bee colonies where sterile workers serve their mother queen, and the behavior of cells in multicellular organisms. A kidney or skin cell waives its reproductive abilities in favor of the sperm or egg, which shares 100% of its genetic material. This system of kin selection helps enforce strict discipline, since the evolutionary fate of individuals are tied into the future of the whole body or colony. With the bizarre exceptions of transmissable tumors in Tasmanian Devils and dogs, cancer cells in animals are ultimately doomed to go down with the ship; they have no means to continue their spread following the death of the individual from whence they came. This means that natural selection acts against alleles (genetic variants) that increase cancer risk in animals, since these alleles cannot be passed on beyond the proliferation of the cancer.
Tasmanian Devil with infectious tumor. Photo: Rodrigue Hamende
“Cheaters” are amoeba cells that reproduce rampantly, or suck resources from the whole “slug” without contributing their share; these cells are the rough equivalent of cancer cells in humans. However, unlike cancer cells in animals, each amoebae cell is capable of producing viable offspring that reproduce indefinitely. This means that “cheater” alleles in social amoebae could be advantageous in the context of natural selection, if the free-loaders can suck resources off the “slug,” and then jump off to reproduce on their own. However, “slugs” can discriminate kin from strangers, and aggregate with their relatives. This helps curtail cheating in the “slug,” since relatives of altruists are likely to share their altruistic alleles. “Slugs” with a high proportion of cheaters are likely to fail, so the alleles predisposing cheating behavior won’t be passed on.
Social amoebae are not a “missing link” between single- and multi-celled organisms; they are not our grandmothers but rather our distant cousins, and they have been an evolutionary success in their own right. There is no good reason to think they are evolving to become fully multicellular. However, the configuration of their life cycle, straddling the divide between single- and multicellularity, allows us to investigate the mechanisms and circumstances driving cellular communication and cooperation. We can see in them an alternate version of the rulebook by which we are built.
Adapted from my post on Strange Branches
- Grosberg, Richard K., and Richard R. Strathmann. “The evolution of multicellularity: a minor major transition?.” Annu. Rev. Ecol. Evol. Syst. 38 (2007): 621-654. DOI:10.1146/annurev.ecolsys.36.102403.114735
- Galardi-Castilla, Maria, et al. “The Dictyostelium discoideum acaA gene is transcribed from alternative promoters during aggregation and multicellular development.” PloS one 5.10 (2010): e13286. DOI:10.1371/journal.pone.0013286
- Eichinger, L., et al. “The genome of the social amoeba Dictyostelium discoideum.” Nature 435.7038 (2005): 43-57. DOI:10.1038/nature03481
- Gilbert, Owen M., et al. “High relatedness maintains multicellular cooperation in a social amoeba by controlling cheater mutants.” Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 104.21 (2007): 8913-8917. DOI: 10.1073/pnas.0702723104
- Benabentos, Rocio, et al. “Polymorphic Members of the lag Gene Family Mediate Kin Discrimination in Dictyostelium.” Current biology 19.7 (2009): 567-572. DOI:10.1016/j.cub.2009.02.037 | <urn:uuid:ccad97ff-3cc9-4d83-8b10-246ffda30287> | CC-MAIN-2020-50 | https://www.thoughtandawe.net/biology/slime-mold/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-50/segments/1606141205147.57/warc/CC-MAIN-20201130035203-20201130065203-00232.warc.gz | en | 0.915029 | 1,737 | 2.921875 | 3 |
Long armed Cross
These stitches were used in conjunction with many others in surface embroidery, however the only time you tended to find crossed stitches used solely in a design was in the technique of Assissi Work (or voided work).
In the 19th Century, counted thread embroidery, worked on an evenweave fabric or openweave canvas (such as Berlin work). In 1980, the Zweigart company invented Aida cloth for use specifically in counted thread embroidery.
And still, the modern form of the cross stitch technique was some way off.
It was not, in fact, until the 1960s that what we think of as modern cross stitch as a technique emerged.
There are two forms of the cross stitch technique printed and counted.
Printed Cross Stitch involves the design being marked out in crosses and printed on fabric. Essentially, this is a form of surface embroidery.
In counted cross stitch, you start with blank fabric usually Aida cloth, however over the years, various other evenweave fabrics, including evenweave linen, has been used.
Stitching both of these forms is similar you are provided with a chart that has either symbols or coloured crosses to show what colours to use where.
The big difference is that with counted cross stitch, you count your stitches relative to a reference point on the fabric in most cases the centre of the design. I must admit I find it easier to find the left hand corner and start stitching there; most stitchers do find their own preferred method of stitching.
In the beginning of the cross stitch technique the designs were fairly simple, using only whole or half cross stitches with back stitches for definition. However by the late 1980s quarter cross stitches were included and designs had become more intricate.
Intricacy was achieved by the use of many different colours and subtle shading, as well as the use of back stitching to provide definition. Some designs would use up to 50 different colours sometimes using up to 10 different shades of the same colour!
It was not until the late 1990s and the emergence of designers such as Teresa Wentzler that Counted Cross Stitch began to become a full blown and rich technique.
Beads, charms and the use of different numbers of strands of threads to give dimension have taken counted cross stitch into a very rich technique.
Aida cloth is still the most popular form of cloth for counted cross stitch, however more and more designers are designing for evenweave linen.
Counted cross stitch is a technique that demands great attention to detail, and yet the stitches used are ideal for beginner stitches to learn embroidery.
New Cross Stitcher's Bible (Cross Stitch (David & Charles))
The Subversive Stitch: Embroidery and the Making of the Feminine
Reader's Digest Complete Book of Cross Stitch
Some of my favourite Cross Stitch designs
These are some of my favourites. I own the charts and have stitched at least one design from them.
Is there anything that you would particularly like to see an article on? If so, please contact me with your suggestions.
© 2010 Megan McConnell | <urn:uuid:487006bf-1e98-4a7d-889a-a6b61b215a6f> | CC-MAIN-2015-18 | http://www.bellaonline.com/ArticlesP/art69658.asp | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2015-18/segments/1430460381476.88/warc/CC-MAIN-20150501060621-00034-ip-10-235-10-82.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.962705 | 651 | 2.96875 | 3 |
Enterprise Architecture and Business Process Management
What is Enterprise Architecture?
Enterprise Architecture (EA) provides a common framework and language for executives and stakeholders to understand and communicate how a system is structured to meet strategic goals and manage business processes. EA subject-matter experts (SMEs) work with executives to construct a diagram of the organization’s current Information Systems architecture. Using this diagram, experts can analyze and plan the future IS landscape and share recommendations with executives. This process empowers executives to implement policies that will enhance and improve the IS infrastructure to more effectively support the enterprise.
What are the benefits of EA?
Enterprise Architecture provides a standardized way to create enterprise transformation within an organization. By improving executives’ ability to see Key Performance Indicators based on Business Processes, they can align Infrastructure Planning with the Enterprise’s Resources, Capabilities, and Value increasing ROI for Information Systems. We approach this process through our own custom developed methodology above, based on TOGAF, TBM, and NIST Standards and best practices.
What is Business Process Management?
BPM is Business Process Management. When companies want to transform a portion of their business, they look to the various aspects of their business to see what is working effectively: their employees, their various projects, and the returns on investment from operations. One crucial thing for all companies to be proactive and successful, is that the ability to look at the processes they have for making their business run. A company must assess its current state (“As-Is”) before making any changes that will affect their future state (“To-Be”).
Management is able to justify and measure the effects of decisions and actions through a holistic view of these processes by using business process modeling. Business Process Modelling allows them to formalize and understand their business process flows. This is done using several different graphing methods, which include UML Diagrams, Flowcharts, and other Business process modeling techniques. Business Process Modeling Notation (BPMN) provides a visual representation of how departments and employees get their work done. By leveraging BPMN, management uses a common language to communicate and plan for organizational change across their various departments.
What are the Benefits of BPM
Efficiency – Once processes align with company objectives, the company becomes more profitable and competitive. There is never one way to make great improvements to business processes, but once those changes are made, it will lead to increased productivity, better outputs, higher profits.
Agility – Companies that are inflexible in their practices are at risk at getting left behind in innovation. Being open to introspection and seek out change to one’s business processes will allow for faster adjustment to cultural innovation and change that has become norm in business.
Standardization – Within a company, it is likely that many departments do the same work but take a very different approach in the development. By streamlining the process of work products, it’ll ensure that all employees are using the same and efficient method to do your work.
Transparency – By having the processes of your business defined, it will allow for communication of goals and strategy. It will also provide for greater accountability of those who own parts of a process.
Metrics – When an operation is supporting the company mission, the company must first be aware of that success before they allocate resources. Building in metrics into existing processes can provide management with a justification for further investment.
Why Choose Red Sun
Red Sun has the offerings to conduct Business Process Modeling for your business. We first conduct requirements gathering interviews to identify the “As-Is” state of your processes. We then conduct interviews with your stakeholders, department heads, and business analysts to the identify the product or workflow you would like to assess. We will take that raw information and turn those data points into the steps in a workflow chart, using BPMN. We will conduct routine check-ins with your steering committee to gauge what needs to be delved into more and what should not be addressed. By creating these workflows, we will be able to see every part of your business processes and see where things work effectively and target areas of improvement. Formalizing the processes also provides various business metrics helping to drive more efficient and productive business processes. Ultimately our goal is to help your business to streamline its processes by shining a light on your highest value processes and create changes to give you the best return on investment. | <urn:uuid:89263e71-76bb-48d6-a2f5-5cd08e1b27b0> | CC-MAIN-2022-21 | https://redsunis.info/ea-and-business-process-management/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-21/segments/1652662534773.36/warc/CC-MAIN-20220521014358-20220521044358-00768.warc.gz | en | 0.94444 | 915 | 2.546875 | 3 |
In English, many things are named after a particular country – but have you ever wondered what those things are called in those countries?
1(person) sencillo(person) (naïve) ingenuo(technology/tastes) simple(technology/tastes) poco sofisticadoan unsophisticated attempt to deceive — un burdo intento de engaño
- Blackton had failed to keep up with developments in film technique and his films were dramatically unsophisticated, but he was an expert showman.
- During the anti-war movement, the statute was broadened in an attempt to break the growing underground resistance, making it a federal crime to have simple, unsophisticated incendiary devices, such as we had.
- Mrs Howard said: ‘This was an unsophisticated attempt, a botched job that led in effect to Mr Thompson being rescued from the roof.’
- He must play Coffey as simple and unsophisticated, but yet intelligent and perceptive in a delicate balancing act.
- So, I think the other lesson is that with the science as unsophisticated and as crude as it is today - and for at least the future I can foresee - it's nurture that matters so much.
- In those days electric currents were produced in the laboratory by unsophisticated machines which rubbed plates together, or by cumbersome batteries.
- Though simple and unsophisticated by later standards, the census was a milestone in the provision of statistical data and has subsequently been held at ten-year intervals.
- Made of black bricks and tiles, Wuhou Temple looks very simple and unsophisticated but it does have an air of mystery about it.
- Is this a question of ignorance on the part of the media, unsophisticated reporting, or is it a question of letting personal antipathy and personal notions seep into the coverage?
- The international expansion continues apace in parts of the world where retailing is relatively undeveloped, unconsolidated, and unsophisticated.
- At the same time, there has been a revival of interest in the ancient methods of calculation, especially the use of simple and unsophisticated gadgets such as the abacus.
- His efforts to portray himself as unsophisticated and ignorant of legal matters were not consistent with the record.
- They were unlike him, unsophisticated, dirty, ignorant.
- Netgear's own supplied software does this, though it's unsophisticated compared to the likes of Musicmatch or iTunes.
- The current architectural mandarins tell us all this, and they've cowed many; in matters of taste, no one wants to appear uncultivated and unsophisticated.
- They were, as a rule, too immature and unsophisticated to comprehend the full meaning of much of his discourse.
- American analysts basically think that SMS messaging will not take off there because they see it as a feeble, unsophisticated little technology and think they can see better alternatives.
- We don't easily imagine anymore a naive, unsophisticated 14-year-old without the resources or experience to go it alone or see a way out of current circumstances.
- However wicked this case is, he is still a young, unsophisticated and immature man.
- In the play Othello, the character of Othello has certain traits which make him seem naive and unsophisticated compared to many other people.
- Labour wants to see a range of simple, transparent, low-cost options available to financially unsophisticated consumers, to give them the confidence to manage their own affairs.
- With such unsophisticated software, you are running the risk of weak security.
- While other vendors hammered away on their unsophisticated heterogenous software packages, IBM was refining something full of grace and elegance.
- Some lecturers say the students are immature, unsophisticated and do not know what they want in class.
- Well, you know, in the end it was very naive and unsophisticated to believe that where you come from doesn't matter.
- To some extent what is now occurring is a reflection of what is happening in the outside world because of the vulnerability and susceptibility of unsophisticated, inexperienced but curious and money-hungry students.
- Like their neighbors in the northern province of Groningen, Frisians tend to be seen as unsophisticated by Netherlanders living in the southern part of the country.
- In July 1995 WB started its search to replace its existing unsophisticated computer system.
- Priests and parishioners are frequently persecuted, and live under constant surveillance and harassment, usually of the crudest and most unsophisticated form.
- While his work, in its seductiveness, might appeal to unsophisticated tastes, there is nothing unsophisticated about the paintings themselves.
- Tens of thousands of people have been killed and perhaps a million have been driven from their homes, a large-scale project which, due to the unsophisticated technology involved, has taken 18 months and is still not complete.
- The term antiquarian tends to carry negative connotations nowadays, of someone with a naive or unsophisticated obsession with the past.
- If so why was it flying at an altitude at which it could be an easy target for the insurgents’ relatively unsophisticated weapons?
- Its size, remoteness, tropical location, and late development made for a raw, vigorous, unsophisticated version of the Australian experience.
- Uninspiring design, unsubtle lighting, naive storytelling and an unsophisticated and thumping ‘score’ detract terribly from the performances.
- One line of defense is likely to be that while these deals may sound fictitious and fraudulent to unsophisticated outsiders, they are actually standard transactions in high finance.
- I suppose no one ever left him after a first interview without the impression that this was the best and kindest of men, nay, and the simplest and most unsophisticated.
- The enduring image of Queensland for many Australians a beautiful place to holiday, but hampered by a narrow-based economy and an unsophisticated cultural life - is eroding fast.
- The rides have recently been updated but still remain simple and unsophisticated: ideal for children aged from two to nine, not least the shiny new bouncy castle.
- As we shall see below, it is naive to assume that most media messages actually do have the effects that their creators intend, even when the audiences are deemed to be unsophisticated and lacking in education.
English has borrowed many of the following foreign expressions of parting, so you’ve probably encountered some of these ways to say goodbye in other languages.
Many words formed by the addition of the suffix –ster are now obsolete - which ones are due a resurgence?
As their breed names often attest, dogs are a truly international bunch. Let’s take a look at 12 different dog breed names and their backstories. | <urn:uuid:f8984277-038a-4865-90ed-d8d1498e6be8> | CC-MAIN-2018-13 | https://es.oxforddictionaries.com/translate/english-spanish/unsophisticated | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-13/segments/1521257645538.8/warc/CC-MAIN-20180318052202-20180318072202-00572.warc.gz | en | 0.962372 | 1,493 | 2.9375 | 3 |
Students will complete the Investigate intercepts Do Now at the beginning of class. Before completing this assignment, students should already be able to identify the x and y intercepts of line on a graph.
After 4 minutes we will review the Do-Now as a whole group. I will class on multiple students to elaborate their answers, especially with number 3 and 6. Eventually the students will come to the realization that the x intercept will always be of the form (#,0) and the y-intercept will always be in the form (0, #) because of the coordinates lie on an axis.
I will challenge the class to validate their claim by sketching two lines on their Do-Now to see if the the x and y intercept will ever not contain a "0".
Next, a volunteer will read the objective "SWBAT graph lines in standard form by finding the intercepts". I will ask the students to make a predication about how we can use the coordinates of intercepts to graph a line.
Students will transition into the lesson using the Standard Form presentation.
Slide 3: Students will spend two minutes discussing the Turn and Talk problem with a partner. This task is familiar to students, as they practiced this skill in-depth during the Linear Functions unit. The students will then share their answers aloud. I will ask students to identify the variable in the equation, and to share what purpose it serves.
The purpose of this example is for students to make a connection between the role of
Slide 4: Next, I will invite the class to construct another equation to fit Example One. Many students will mistakenly create the equation "4x + 2x = 20". I will ask students to analyze the correctness of this equation given that 4x + 2x = 20 is the same thing as 6x = 20. If 6x = 20, then it is implied that it takes 6 hours to finish a book or magazine.
I will refer back to the Turn and Talk example, by asking students to compare and contrast the two problems. Example one has to have two different variables because Kashanae is reading both books and magazines. In the Turn and Talk problem, she was only reading books.
Students will discover that two variables are needed in order to answer this question, because we cannot use the same variable to represent two items with different rates of change.
Slide 5: Students will take notes on the Standard Form of a linear equation using their Guided Notes.
Even though Standard Form is generally accepted as ax + by = c; a ≥ 0, I have deliberately chosen not to stress this with my students. It is in my personal opinion that this rule is taught as a tradition, but is not justifiable time spent in the classroom because a "negative a" will not change the outcome of the graph of the line, or affect the validity of the solution at all.
Slide 7: Using our sample equation, 4x + 2y = 20, I will show students that we can use our knowledge of intercepts to graph a line that is in standard form:
Students will practice graphing lines using intercepts using the this assignment and with the ETA Hand to Mind product VersaTiles. Students will match correct responses to the numbered tiles in the black VersaTile case. If you do not have a VersaTiles classroom set, the assignment can still be completed by having students match questions and responses with pencil and paper. | <urn:uuid:bd7da924-1261-4983-8588-133eb17d091b> | CC-MAIN-2021-21 | https://betterlesson.com/lesson/560482/graphing-linear-functions-in-standard-form-day-1-of-2?from=mtp_lesson | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-21/segments/1620243991829.45/warc/CC-MAIN-20210514214157-20210515004157-00110.warc.gz | en | 0.942116 | 708 | 3.859375 | 4 |
Constructed in Boston, the Constitution was launched on October 21, 1797. In the War of 1812, besides her celebrated defeat of the Guerrière, she captured or burned nine merchantmen and five warships.
She was about to be scrapped in 1830 but was saved by public outcry after Oliver Wendell Holmes’s poem “Old Ironsides” appeared in the Boston Advertiser:
Ay, tear her tattered ensign down!
Long has it waved on high . . .
Beneath it rung the battle shout,
And burst the cannon’s roar.
She remains in commission, the oldest ship on the Navy List. | <urn:uuid:bf7eacf8-620b-43ac-8acf-9f141053eb3f> | CC-MAIN-2016-36 | http://npg.si.edu/exhibit/1812/pop-ups/03-05.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-36/segments/1471982974951.92/warc/CC-MAIN-20160823200934-00289-ip-10-153-172-175.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.961932 | 139 | 2.875 | 3 |
Source Code OpenGL Libraries Graphics
A site of self-contained opengl samples for teaching opengl and rendering techniques of various levels of difficulty (include well-documented source code).
Top: Computers: Programming: Graphics: Libraries: OpenGL: Source Code
- AMD/ATI OpenGL Source Code Archive - OpenGL source code; includes several examples using ATI libraries extensions.
- GLdomain.com - Demo scene and game development with OpenGL.
- Objective CAML for Scientists: Visualization - Source code examples demonstrating the use of OpenGL libraries from the OCaml programming language, from the book libraries "Objective CAML for Scientists".
- AblazeSpace - OpenGL freeware and open-source games written in VisualC++
- Nate Robins - OpenGL - Coding examples, tutorials, and rendering techniques for OpenGL.
- The Code Project - Free source code and tutorials for OpenGL on libraries Windows.
- gewang.com - A site of self-contained opengl samples for teaching opengl opengl and rendering techniques of various levels of opengl difficulty (include well-documented source code).
- 3D Computer Graphics: Programs & Tutorials - OpenGL programs and tutorials
- OpenGL stuff - A variety of interesting OpenGL related material by opengl Paul Bourke.
- OpenGL Programming in Delphi - Terrain rendering, utilities, sample OpenGL code and sources source code in Delphi.
MySQL - Cache Direct | <urn:uuid:4829fb2c-4498-45c6-aa0f-3334f46a7249> | CC-MAIN-2017-09 | https://www.iaswww.com/apr/Computers/Programming/Graphics/Libraries/OpenGL/Source_Code/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-09/segments/1487501174163.72/warc/CC-MAIN-20170219104614-00366-ip-10-171-10-108.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.736415 | 293 | 2.828125 | 3 |
- How do I answer an Ielts opinion essay?
- What is your opinion ielts essay?
- Do advantages outweigh disadvantages ielts?
- What is a disadvantage of writing?
- Do you agree or disagree questions ielts?
- Do you agree or disagree that all jobs are difficult sometimes?
- What is a good opinion paragraph?
- How do you write a good opinion essay?
- Do the advantages outweigh the disadvantages?
- Do you like your Neighbours ielts speaking?
- How do you answer to what extent do you agree?
- What are the advantages and disadvantages ielts essay?
- What extent do you agree or disagree?
- How do you answer to what extent do you agree or disagree in ielts?
- What are the most difficult jobs?
- Is it always necessary to work hard to achieve career success?
- What is to what extent?
- How do you write essay to what extent do you agree?
How do I answer an Ielts opinion essay?
Opinion Essays Tipsspend at least 5 minutes analysing the words and ideas in the statement.make sure your answer is a complete answer which addresses all parts of the task.give a clear opinion.stay true to your opinion throughout your essay.follow a safe opinion essay model..
What is your opinion ielts essay?
In IELTS opinion essays, the thesis statement is where you state your opinion. For example, Thesis statement: This essay totally disagrees with that statement.
Do advantages outweigh disadvantages ielts?
For example, they will say the drawbacks outweigh the benefits, but then give more benefits in the essay. This makes no sense. So if you are not sure you can use the word correctly, I would recommend not using it in this type of IELTS advantage disadvantage essay.
What is a disadvantage of writing?
Disadvantages of Written Communication Written communication is time-consuming as the feedback is not immediate. The encoding and sending of message takes time. Effective written communication requires great skills and competencies in language and vocabulary use.
Do you agree or disagree questions ielts?
Agree or disagree question asks you to clearly determine whether you agree or disagree with the statement. Unlike questions that ask you to what extent do you agree or disagree, this question asks you to have a super-clear opinion. After you’ve decided your opinion, generate 2-3 supporting points for it.
Do you agree or disagree that all jobs are difficult sometimes?
Do you agree or disagree that all jobs are difficult sometimes? Answer: Yes, I do agree that all jobs can be difficult sometimes, even if they are generally considered to be easy jobs, mainly because it all depends on the mood and the circumstances of individuals who do those jobs.
What is a good opinion paragraph?
In order to write a paragraph with a good opinion, there are several things you should do, namely: Write your opinion in the topic of sentence clearly. Explain each reason in logical order. Use facts to support each reason.
How do you write a good opinion essay?
Basic Do’s in Writing an Opinion EssayWrite in a formal style. … Avoid slang and jargon.Introduce the topic clearly. … Start each paragraph with clear topic sentences; outline the main ideas.Use generalizations.Use present tense when writing an opinion article.Cite your sources in a proper way.Stay brief.More items…•
Do the advantages outweigh the disadvantages?
“Do you think the advantages outweigh the disadvantages?” is a common IELTS essay question in writing task 2 which many students struggle with. Below is an sample essay question to practice this type of essay and also some tips to help you.
Do you like your Neighbours ielts speaking?
Answer: Yes, I do like the neighbourhood, in which I live, mainly because I have lived in this neighbourhood for a long, long time where everything is so familiar to me. … I like my neighbourhood also because people here are mostly very friendly.
How do you answer to what extent do you agree?
Conclusion. Any ‘To what extent…’ custom essay must end with a concluding summary which answers the overall question. Then conclude whether you agree the statement is true ‘to a certain extent’, ‘to a great extent’ or ‘to a very small extent’.
What are the advantages and disadvantages ielts essay?
There are two types of Advantages/Disadvantages essay: Type 1 asks that you simply discuss the advantages and disadvantages. Type 2 asks that you discuss the advantages and disadvantages AND give your opinion on whether the advantages outweigh the disadvantages or vice versa.
What extent do you agree or disagree?
Unlike classic agree/disagree questions, to what extent you agree or disagree questions do NOT ask you to clearly determine whether you agree or disagree with the given statement. After you’ve decided your opinion, generate 2-3 supporting points for it. For this opinion, just combine ideas from the previous points.
How do you answer to what extent do you agree or disagree in ielts?
Body paragraph 1: State why you disagree. Body paragraph 2: State why you disagree. Body paragraph 3: State why you disagree or explain why the opposite view is wrong. Conclusion: Restate your view.
What are the most difficult jobs?
Taking these factors into account, here are seven of the nation’s most difficult jobs — all of which are much harder than most people realize.Public school teacher. A teacher walks a student through an exercise. … Long-haul trucker. … Pilots. … Actors and actresses. … Law enforcement. … Newspaper reporter. … Retail.
Is it always necessary to work hard to achieve career success?
Yes, hard work is necessary, but just as important is being smart about the work you’re doing, and focusing on doing the things that will help you improve.” Hard work sometimes pays off, but smart thinking combined with smart work will always pay off in the long run even if you stumble in the short term.
What is to what extent?
: how far : how much To what extent can they be trusted?
How do you write essay to what extent do you agree?
IELTS To What Extent Essay Introductions SummaryIf you are given a statement, never say “some people” but simply state if you agree or disagree (NO “while” sentences!).If you are given an opinion, use the phrase “I agree with those who feel” if you agree, or a “while” sentence if you disagree. | <urn:uuid:6ab9ce16-afbd-49f1-8bef-b6425f28abba> | CC-MAIN-2021-10 | https://pictheproduction.com/qa/do-you-agree-or-disagree-ielts.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-10/segments/1614178373241.51/warc/CC-MAIN-20210305183324-20210305213324-00269.warc.gz | en | 0.930205 | 1,401 | 2.671875 | 3 |
The Engine Control Unit monitor project
It has been quite a long time since I last posted a project on this blog... for the good reason that I am going to detail here for you guys!
So in this article you will see a quite complex project I have been working on for at least 6 months, which is an Engine Control Unit (ECU) monitor...
So... what is an Engine Control Unit (ECU)?
Well, basically the ECU is what controls your car. It is connected to sensors placed around your engine (air / engine coolant temperature, oil temperature, admission pressure, etc...) and outputs several signals such as the ones going to the ignition module, in charge of making the sparks inside your combustion engine :
Thus, by monitoring this ECU, you can have accurate readings about what is going on inside your car. The ECU monitor project I made here is meant to be used in previous generation cars, where all sensors and ECU outputs are analogic. Most recent cars currently use the OBD2 protocol usually implemented on a CAN bus. So why bother with previous generation cars? Well, firstly because it is easier to interface this project with them, and mostly because many owners of a specific car using this kind of ECU wanted an ECU monitor more up to date.
So, as you may have understood by now, I am currently selling this project to some people in many countries! Sorry guys, I will thus not give you all of the source code (10k lines of code!) here but however will give you everything else!
So... what do we want to measure that could be interesting?
- The manifold absolute pressure (MAP), which is the absolute pressure (relative to a vacuum) of the air in the intake manifold of an internal combustion engine
- The throttle position sensor (TPS), used to monitor the position of the throttle
- The engine coolant temperature (ECT)
- The air coolant temperature (ACT)
- Oil temperature
- Oil pressure
- Battery voltage
- Exaust gaz temperature (EGT)
- Car electrical system state: know if the car is used (power given to the ECU)
- Engine rotations per minute (RPM)
- RS232 bus to communicate with Air Fuel Ration (AFR) sensors
As you can see, this is quite a lot of inputs... that we want to display to the user. How? An LCD screen is obviously the best solution. Many of you readers know that most of the screens you see in everyday life have a very poor performance when exposed to direct sunlight. For this project, I found a 256 * 64 pixels OLED screen that is perfectly suited for this kind of application. OLED screens have the particularity to not have a backlight, each pixel producing its own light. Thus, contrast is perfect and colours pretty neat. The screen I am using is 15cm large by 5cm high, monochrome (16 levels of green)... which is again perfect for car use, to have a clear reading on the sensor values (who needs colour anyway?).
This picture shows the ECU monitor meant to be integrated in the central console of a car. The version you saw in the beginning is a DIN version, that can be placed in a standard car radio slot. As you can see, both of them have LEDS. Green / Orange / Red leds that are used to show the driver what his engine RPM approximately are, which is called a Shift Light. The other red leds are used as alarm leds. The ECU monitors also have 3 buttons in order for the driver to navigate through the user interface, and a USB connectivity for functionalities that I will detail later.
Obviously, this product (yes, I said product!) is used by car enthusiasts that tune their cars and try them on circuits. Thus, they wanted several features in their ECU monitor :
- several ways to display the sensor information (text with small & big fonts, graphical gauges)
- logs export to their computer
- easy graphical user interface
- choice for several types of sensors
Let's leave the software part aside, as it may not be that relevant to you. If you want, have a look at the video at the bottom of the page where all the functionalities are detailed. Let's focus on the hardware side :
I chose an Atmega644 from atmel, in its DIP version. It was chosen because of its many inputs / ouputs that were corresponding to my needs and its big package allowing easy soldering. As you can see on the schematic, all its pin are used! I couldn't do better...
Some additional words on the hardware: to export the logs to the computer (and to upgrade the ECU monitor firmware!), I use an USB connection through the use of a standard FTDI RS232 to USB converter. For external RS232 communication with the AFR sensor, I am using a proper RS232 transceiver & transmitter that change the Atmega RS232 signal levels to levels that are specified by the RS232 protocol (usually +/- 10V). For data storage, I use I2C serial eeproms from Atmel. You may criticize this choice, as this solution is far from being the cheapest. However, as I had no other bus left on my Atmega , this was the only solution. In this ECU monitor, you can cascade up to 4 I2C serial eeproms of 1Mb each. For the parts numbers, please look at the bill of materials at the end of this article.
A few words on the LCD interfacing: it uses a SPI bus with an additional signal for data / command selection, it also uses 15 Volts to drive the OLED pixels (the voltage is thus produced by a step-up from Maxim) and 2.8 Volts for digital supply. As digital inputs must be 2.8V max, voltage bridges are used to reduce the Atmega ouput voltage levels (which is a very efficient & cheap solution as the communication is one way only).
So here is the PCB! Components have been deliberatly chosen big for easy soldering (0805 SMT components, through hole diodes). As this product will be used by people that may not be cautious with the wiring, all the analog inputs have been protected with operational amplifiers in 1:1 mode with protective diodes. To easily connect the ECU monitor with the ECU, terminals have been placed. The black panel has been made using rapid prototyping with plaster injected with cyanoacrylate. This solution has been chosen over ABS because of the raw finition of the latter, even if the panel made of plaster may break if you use the wrong screws to attach your pcb. The PCB is double sided, has big traces on one side and a huge ground plane on the other (no need to tell you why).
Again, I am very sorry to not be able to give you all the source code I made for this project. However, if you have any question or need bits of code to get started, I would be more than happy to help you. Please also consider this board as a potential development board, as it has loads of inputs / ouputs that most people need, a LCD screen, eeproms for data storage and USB connectivity! As I told earlier, I had to make 10k lines of code to produce a firmware that satisfies everybody. Luckily, I had two wonderful product beta testers during two months, that told me what they would like to have as well as the different bugs of the firmware (there weren't that many of them ;) ). If you ever plan on creating a product, I strongly advise you to do as I did: give your product to one or two testers that will test your project in all possible ways. And don't forget to put a bootloader protected by a password, in order to upgrade your firmware on your betatesters products! Iterative improvements such as the ones for this ECU monitor are very beneficial for you (to fully test your firmware) and for your customers (so they have everythings they want!).
Finally, here is the video of the final product :
You'll notice that I had access to a very good camera to shoot this video. You'll also see all the work needed to produce this firmware... almost all the 64k flash is filled.
Finally, here are all the files you will need to make this ECU monitor / development board:
Here is also a similar project here, which is quite impressive.
A few words on the limitations of this ECU monitor:
- Obviously, it doesn't have a CAN bus connection. I might build a newer version integrating this connectivity. However, each car manufacturer has a different way to transmit the sensor informations over this bus!
- Maybe I should have addded a multiplexer on the analog inputs in order to implement the possibility to have more analog inputs in the future
- When the system is asleep, it still draws 20mA from the car battery. Well, it is not that much but if you are planning on leaving your car unused for more than 5 or 6 months...
- I am using a 5V voltage regulator to convert the 11-14V of the battery to 5v. It is not as efficient as a step-down but when voltage variations will occur on the 12v input, the 5v ouput will not be as affected as when using a step-down. Moreover, it can handle up to 18v analog input
Anyway, these are just small details, but I had to also write about the disavantadges of this design ;).
You can also check out pictures of this project integrated in the final users' cars here. See you soon! | <urn:uuid:08bcf114-5a75-40b8-9fa0-780339cfe5a9> | CC-MAIN-2016-36 | http://www.limpkin.fr/index.php?post/2011/01/11/The-Engine-Control-Unit-monitor-project | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-36/segments/1471982976017.72/warc/CC-MAIN-20160823200936-00027-ip-10-153-172-175.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.961607 | 2,022 | 2.6875 | 3 |
The dietary guidelines based on variety, moderation and balance holds true during Ramadan as well. A balanced diet improves blood cholesterol profile, reduces gastric acidity, prevents constipation and other digestive problems, and contributes to an active and healthy lifestyle.
There is no need to consume excess food at iftar (the food eaten in the period immediately after sunset to break the fast), dinner, or suhur (the light meal generally eaten about half an hour to one hour before dawn). The reasons are, of course, firstly it contradicts the spirit of Ramadan …over-eating can be seen as a reflection of weak discipline and irresponsibility. Secondly the metabolic rate of the body is reduced and also people assume a more sedentary lifestyle while fasting. The net result is that a balanced diet, which consists less than the normal amount of food intake, is sufficient to keep a person healthy and active during the month of Ramadan.
Medical problems like
constipation, muscle cramps, peptic ulcer, heart burn,
gastritis, kidney stones are all a result of too much fried
and fatty foods, too much refined foods, too little water and
not enough fiber in the diet.
Be aware … there are more “traps” during Ramadan than any other month.
For many it helps to keep a food diary for a reality check. For those who think they are eating less, the food diary helps them to find out otherwise when they write things down.
Ramadan is often the time when women like to display and share their cooking abilities. The best way is to eat the right proportions from the various food groups to ensure good health. Think of vegetables as the main food. Treat meat, milk and grains as condiments. Start thinking of carrot sticks with hummus instead of pita bread. Don’t give up eating breads and meat, just de-emphasize them.
Drink lots of water
You should not ignore your water consumption. It seems obvious but drink lots of water between Iftar and sleep, to avoid dehydration. Drinking too much tea will increase urine output and inevitably cause the loss of valuable mineral salts. Avoid caffeinated drinks such as coke, coffee or tea four to five days before Ramadan, gradually reduce the intake of these drinks since a sudden decrease will result in headaches, mood swings and irritability.
Smoking is a health risk factor. If you cannot give up smoking, cut down gradually starting a few weeks before Ramadan. Smoking negatively affects the utilization of various vitamins in the body.
Discontinuing exercise is not necessary for most people. You need to have a good twenty to thirty minutes of non-stop brisk walking. Keep in mind that you should not overwork and that moderate exercise will be just right.
Your meal plan should include:
Bread/ Cereal/ Rice, Pasta Group – 6-11 servings/ day
Meat/ Beans/ Nuts Group – 2-3 servings/ day
Milk & milk products – 2-3 servings/ day
Vegetable Group – 3-5 servings/ day
Fruit Group – 2-4 servings/ day
Added sugar & fat – use sparingly.
Breakfast (Iftar): 2-3 dates, a serving (4 oz) of unsweetened juice, a cup of light vegetable soup with some pasta or Graham crackers.
The body’s immediate need at the time of iftar is to get an easily available energy source in the form of glucose. Dates and juices in the above amounts are sufficient to bring low blood glcose levels to normal levels. The juice and soup also helps to maintain water and mineral balance in the body. An unbalanced diet and too many servings of sherbets and sweets with added sugars have been found to be unhealthy.
Dinner: Consume foods from all the food groups. Include salads, chicken or fish or lean meat, some grain as rice or bread or pasta, a small tub of low-fat yogurt, and a serving of fruit. Try out good healthy choices such as:
Pre-dawn Meal (Suhur): Consume a light suhur. Eat whole wheat or oat cereal or whole wheat bread. Have a salad along with 1-2 servings of fruit. In view of the long hours of fasting, the so-called “complex carbohydrates” or slow digesting foods should be consumed at suhur, resulting in less hunger during the day. These complex carbohydrates are found in foods that contain grains and seeds like barley, wheat, oats, millet, semolina, beans, lentils, whole meal flour and unpolished rice.
Golden rules to follow during Ramadan:
Health problems can emerge as a result of excess food intake, foods that make the diet unbalanced, and insufficient sleep. Ultimately we need to remind ourselves that such a lifestyle contradicts the essential requirements and spirit of Ramadan. In summary, intake of a balanced diet is critical to maintain good health, sustain an active lifestyle and attain the full benefits of Ramadan. With a little thought, this can be attained without much trouble, giving you a healthy body and mind. | <urn:uuid:317830c8-8123-4e39-8c98-9cca9ca58bd0> | CC-MAIN-2015-48 | http://www.valoothoor.com/ramadandiet.htm | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2015-48/segments/1448398445033.85/warc/CC-MAIN-20151124205405-00255-ip-10-71-132-137.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.943045 | 1,058 | 2.859375 | 3 |
Access to the latest research — for scientists and people living with PD alike — in PDF's new scientific journal.
Genes, Paraquat and Parkinsonís Disease
- Dec 01 2012
Genes combined with exposure to the herbicide paraquat, may contribute to a person’s risk of developing Parkinson’s disease (PD), according to a new study published online in Movement Disorders on October 8, 2012. In particular, farmers who use paraquat and are missing copies of a gene called GSTT1 are at greater risk of developing PD than others.
Many experts think that Parkinson’s disease is caused by a combination of genetic and environmental factors, which may vary from person to person. Scientists had already observed that farmers who used paraquat, a widely used herbicide, have an increased risk of PD compared with farmers who don’t use it. They also saw that treating rodents with paraquat gives the animals a PD-like disease.
Although most people who use paraquat do not develop PD, researchers led by Samuel Goldman, M.D., M.P.H., at the Parkinson’s Institute and Clinical Center in Sunnyvale, CA, wondered whether two genes called GSTT1 and GSTM1, which help to detoxify chemicals like paraquat, could affect risk for PD in people exposed to it.
People who inherit missing copies of GSTT1 or GSTM1 genes - common in Caucasians - could be more susceptible to paraquat-caused PD, Dr. Goldman reasoned. So he and his colleagues collected blood samples and examined the DNA from a group of people (mostly farmers) who routinely applied pesticides such as paraquat.
These people were part of the Agricultural Health Study, a study of licensed pesticide applicators and spouses in Iowa and North Carolina. Of the study participants, 87 had PD and 343 did not have PD (control group). The participants reported whether they had a) never used paraquat, b) used paraquat for four years or less, or c) used paraquat for more than four years.
- People can have two copies (one inherited from the mother, and one from the father) each of the GSTT1 and GSTM1 genes. In the study group, 223 people (52 percent) were missing both copies of GSTM1, and 95 (22 percent) people had mutations that deleted both copies of GSTT1. Researchers found that 73 (17 percent; all men) people had used paraquat.
- As shown in previous studies, people who had used paraquat had a higher risk of PD than those who had not been exposed to it, and the PD risk increased with years of paraquat use.
- People who used paraquat and were missing both copies of their GSTT1 gene had an 11-times greater risk of developing PD than those who used paraquat but had both gene copies. Their risk of PD rose with years of paraquat use.
- In contrast, losing the GSTM1 gene did not increase the risk of PD for people who used paraquat.
What Does It Mean?
Paraquat exposure has been consistently associated with PD. However, even a threefold increased risk for PD means that the vast majority (more than 90 percent) of those exposed to paraquat will not develop PD.
Here, scientists identified genes that, when combined with environmental toxin exposure, can greatly affect the risk of developing PD. This finding may help explain why some people who use paraquat develop PD, while others don’t. People missing both copies of GSTT1 lack any GSTT1 enzyme, which may hinder their cells’ abilities to repair damage caused by paraquat. If too many dopamine-producing neurons die as a result of this damage, PD can develop. In contrast, GSTM1 mutations were associated with lower risk of PD.
Loss of the GSTT1 and GSTM1 enzymes is common in the general population. Previous studies have shown that about 20 percent of Caucasians and 50 percent of Asians lack any GSTT1 enzyme, and 50 percent of both populations lack GSTM1. Data on the direct association between these genes and PD have been conflicting. These mutations on their own may drastically alter PD susceptibility. However, this study showed that, in combination with paraquat use, GSTT1 mutations can increase PD risk.
Like most studies, this one has limitations. Only 15 people who used paraquat also had mutations in both copies of GSTT1. Therefore, this study should be repeated in a larger group to confirm the results. In addition, the people in the study were probably exposed to many pesticides other than paraquat, which could have affected PD risk. Also, the researchers relied on the study participants to recall their past paraquat use, which may not have always been accurate.
If scientists are able to confirm these results in other groups, the study could have some important implications. For example, doctors could screen people who routinely use pesticides for missing copies of GSTT1, and advise those with missing copies to avoid paraquat use. Also, future research could explore how the GSTT1 enzyme protects against PD caused by paraquat, and if this enzyme’s properties could perhaps be exploited for therapeutic use.
Reference: Samuel M. Goldman, Freya Kamel, G. Webster Ross, Grace S. Bhudhikanok, Jane A. Hoppin, Monica Korell, Connie Marras, Cheryl Meng, David M. Umbach, Meike Kasten, Anabel R. Chade, Kathleen Comyns, Marie B. Richards, Dale P. Sandler, Aaron Blair, J. William Langston, and Caroline M. Tanner. Genetic Modification of the Association of Paraquat and Parkinson’s Disease. Movement Disorders, 2012, published online October 8. DOI: 10.1002/mds.25216
Source Date: Nov 30 2012 | <urn:uuid:0e1c0afc-1a37-4126-b507-b2b7867a2f1a> | CC-MAIN-2017-09 | http://www.pdf.org/en/science_news/release/pr_1354226188 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-09/segments/1487501171066.47/warc/CC-MAIN-20170219104611-00503-ip-10-171-10-108.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.952607 | 1,244 | 2.84375 | 3 |
Iran, in celebration of the Islamic Revolution on February 10, 2013, plans on sending five monkeys into outer space on top of a ballistic missile. The five monkeys will be carried into orbit on top of a Kavoshgar rocket, and they will be in a capsule Iran is calling Pishgam (Pioneer). The West is worried that, if Iran is successful, they will have the ability to launch a nuclear warhead anywhere in the world.
Iran has attempted similar launches in the past. Last October, Iran acknowledged that they had tried to send a monkey into space in the past, but they admitted it was a dismal failure. Iran often disguises their advances in nuclear and missile research as purely scientific exercises.
In February 2009, Iran launched a satellite called Omid into orbit aboard a missile capable of carrying more than 330 kilograms. Western intelligence sources said at the time that the launch was the furthest advance that Iran has made in their quest for a nuclear bomb and the means to deliver it. Israeli intelligence website DEBKA says that the iranian monkey launch will be even more serious because the Iranians can make the Pishgam capsule at any weight they want and then use the calculations to compute the size of a nuclear warhead they can deliver on top of one of their missile.
British Foreign Secretary William Hague confirmed in 2011 that Iran “has also been carrying out covert ballistic missile tests and rocket launches, including testing missiles capable of delivering a nuclear payment in contravention of UN Resolution 1929.”
The International Atomic Energy Agency is planning a visit to Iran to resume some level of inspection of their nuclear facilities. There are very few Western leaders who believe that Iran is going to come clean about their nuclear advances. The NSA recently told a Congressional hearing that at their current pace Iran will be able to conduct its first nuclear test in mid 2014. | <urn:uuid:d2dd4b57-d49c-4a93-83f3-3e00820f3beb> | CC-MAIN-2015-11 | http://www.inquisitr.com/484932/iran-to-use-ballistic-missile-for-monkey-launch-missile-capable-of-nuclear-attack-anywhere-in-the-world/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2015-11/segments/1424936465069.3/warc/CC-MAIN-20150226074105-00028-ip-10-28-5-156.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.970666 | 376 | 3.015625 | 3 |
The food industry in the US is fairly massive, and is continuing to grow: in 2015, total retail and food service sales in the US amounted to over USD 5.3 trillion, up from 4 trillion ten years prior. With more than 40,000 supermarkets across the country, much of the population has access to a wide variety of food products and services. America is globally known for its old-fashioned, all-American foods like apple pie, ballpark hot dogs, and burgers and fries, but the country’s food and beverage industry is much more diverse than that. The food industry in the US is seeing a rise in the popularity of niche and specialty foods that focus on health, including organic food and vegan food.
The market for fresh food is on the rise in North America, growing at a steady CAGR of roughly 3% until 2021; according to Technavio, the US will account for at least 1% of this growth. Fresh food specifically refers to food that hasn’t undergone any thermal processing or freezing, and includes products like fruits, vegetables, meat, and dairy. Fresh food doesn’t contain any preservatives, is typically not treated with pesticides, and is purported by many to have greater health benefits than other food products. This type of food is popular with Americans following organic diets and for those concerned about their overall health.
Additionally, as concerns about obesity and weight continue to rise in the US, more people are opting for fresh foods rather than processed foods. According to the CDC, more than 36.5% of American adults are classified as obese—this is one of the highest obesity rates in the world. To combat this, health institutions and organizations, including the CDC and the WHO, are encouraging the adoption of healthy, fresh diets consisting heavily of produce and healthy, non-processed meats.
The rise in demand for vegan food is also changing the nature of the food industry in the US. Statistics suggest that vegan lifestyles are becoming more mainstream, with a large number of millennials adopting vegan diets for health reasons or as a result of environmental- and animal-related concerns. According to Technavio, more than 30% of people in the US consume vegan or vegetarian meals; though this doesn’t necessarily mean that 30% of people are consistently vegan, it does show that the popularity of vegan food is fairly widespread. This is leading to an increase in the number of vegan products available in the market, especially packaged vegan foods like dairy-free cheese, soy-based spreads, and dairy-free desserts and snacks. A good example that shows just how popular veganism has become in the US is Ben and Jerry’s recent launch of dairy-free vegan ice cream: the seven flavours are stocked in mainstream grocery stores and convenience stores rather than just specialty shops and vegan food locations.
The food industry in the US is turning away, in part, from the fast food and stereotyped staples that it is known for around the world, and is beginning to accommodate specialty diets and the promotion of healthier lifestyles. BizVibe can connect you with thousands of the US’s leading food manufacturers, including those specializing in vegan, fresh and organic foods. Whether your business is into soy milk, bacon and eggs, or all-American apple pie, BizVibe will help you reach out to sales prospects, decision-makers, and other food and beverage companies in the US and across the world. | <urn:uuid:fb746a1f-a009-4254-902d-8b43c510af09> | CC-MAIN-2021-25 | https://blog.bizvibe.com/blog/food-beverages/health-vegan-food-competition | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-25/segments/1623487584018.1/warc/CC-MAIN-20210612132637-20210612162637-00477.warc.gz | en | 0.966409 | 700 | 2.546875 | 3 |
Commonwealth of Independent States facts for kids
On December 8, 1991, leaders of Russia, Belarus, and Ukraine met at the nature reserve called Belovezhskaya Pushcha in Belarus. They discussed the creation of the Commonwealth of Independent States (CIS) in place of the Soviet Union. They reached an agreement about many points and signed a document creating the CIS. One of these points stated that the alliance would be open to all the republics of the Soviet Union. Other nations with similar goals could also join the CIS.
The Soviet Union had 15 republics: Armenia, Azerbaijan, Belarus, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Moldova, Russia, Tajikistan, Turkmenistan, Ukraine, Uzbekistan, Georgia, Estonia, Latvia, and Lithuania. On 6th September 1991, the Soviet Union had recognized the independence of Estonia, Latvia, and Lithuania. Out of the remaining 12 republics, all (except Georgia) joined the CIS. Before joining the CIS, on 21st December 1991, leaders of these 11 countries had met in Kazakhstan to accept the original CIS agreement of 8th December 1991. Because Ukraine did not ratify the CIS agreement in the national parliament, it never became an official member of the CIS, but nevertheless participated as a de facto member. In December 1993, Georgia also joined the CIS. On 26th August 2006 Turkmenistan left the permanent membership, and became an associate member. On 15th August 2008 Georgia left the CIS membership, and Georgia's CIS membership officially ended on 17th August 2009. On 19 May 2018, Ukraine, which stopped participating in CIS in 2014 because of its conflict with Russia over Crimea and the Donbass, formally ended all participation in CIS.
With the creation of the Commonwealth of Independent States (CIS), the Soviet Union ceased to exist. It was the dissolution of the Soviet Union. Many consider that with CIS, Russia continues to have some control over the former republics of the Soviet Union.
The CIS has its headquarters at Minsk, Belarus. An Executive Director heads the CIS. The CIS is not a successor country to the Soviet Union. The CIS is an organization or alliance of independent countries. It is more like the European Community. The member countries of the CIS had also signed many agreements for economic cooperation and defense cooperation. They have signed other agreements for cooperation in foreign policy and other matters.
Images for kids
In Spanish: Comunidad de Estados Independientes para niños
Commonwealth of Independent States Facts for Kids. Kiddle Encyclopedia. | <urn:uuid:498dfd96-ea8a-45fa-b050-640fac1df17a> | CC-MAIN-2023-40 | https://kids.kiddle.co/Commonwealth_of_Independent_States | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-40/segments/1695233506669.30/warc/CC-MAIN-20230924191454-20230924221454-00117.warc.gz | en | 0.963066 | 519 | 3.640625 | 4 |
Fracking in Manitoba
What is hydraulic fracturing?
Hydraulic Fracturing or “Fracking” is the injection of fluids under high pressure to crack or fracture the rock to allow oil and gas to flow into the wellbore. The natural gas or oil can then flow to the surface under controlled conditions through the wellhead and be collected for processing and distribution.
During the hydraulic fracturing process, a mixture of water, sand and other chemical additives designed to protect the integrity of the wellbore and enhance production is pumped under high pressure into the formation to create fractures. The fractures are kept open by sand or “proppant”, which provides pathways to allow the natural gas to flow into the wellbore.
Fracture fluids used by the industry contain many of the same additives found in water treatment facilities or common household products such as toothpaste and detergents, and the industry is moving to greener fracture fluid alternatives.
In Manitoba, oil reservoirs are located 400-1,000 metres below groundwater aquifers, and drillers are required to build multiple levels of safeguards to prevent contamination.
At Tundra, we test water in potential drilling areas to establish baseline of quality for fresh water wells.
The industry is constantly evaluating how to reduce and/or reuse the amount of freshwater it uses by reusing and recycling fracture fluid.
Manitoba applications to date are 3-15 tonne fractures, compared to 100+ tonne fractures in other jurisdictions. | <urn:uuid:eb824c62-86e9-4adc-a219-20b1aeaafd67> | CC-MAIN-2018-09 | http://tundraoilandgas.com/fracking-in-manitoba/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-09/segments/1518891813187.88/warc/CC-MAIN-20180221004620-20180221024620-00455.warc.gz | en | 0.919205 | 306 | 3.234375 | 3 |
Contrast relative age dating and absolute age dating finding someone you love on a dating site
An example of this type of aging includes rocks in Canada that scientists identified as being hundreds of million years old.Absolute age is more straight-forward and does not require any other objects for comparison.Absolute dating is the process of determining an age on a specified chronology in archaeology and geology.Some scientists prefer the terms chronometric or calendar dating, as use of the word "absolute" implies an unwarranted certainty of accuracy.When you talk about the Precambrian, Paleozoic, Mesozoic, and Cenozoic on Earth, or the Noachian, Hesperian, and Amazonian for Mars, these are all relative ages.Relative-age time periods are what make up the Geologic Time Scale.In the science of geology, there are two main ways we use to describe how old a thing is or how long ago an event took place. When you say that I am 38 years old or that the dinosaurs died out 65 million years ago, or that the solar system formed 4.6 billion years ago, those are absolute ages.
One of the most widely used and well-known absolute dating techniques is carbon-14 (or radiocarbon) dating, which is used to date organic remains.
Absolute dating provides a numerical age or range in contrast with relative dating which places events in order without any measure of the age between events.
In archaeology, absolute dating is usually based on the physical, chemical, and life properties of the materials of artifacts, buildings, or other items that have been modified by humans and by historical associations with materials with known dates (coins and written history).
The Permian through Jurassic stratigraphy of the Colorado Plateau area of southeastern Utah is a great example of Original Horizontality and the Law of Superposition, two important ideas used in relative dating.
These strata make up much of the famous prominent rock formations in widely spaced protected areas such as Capitol Reef National Park and Canyonlands National Park. | <urn:uuid:eb0a3e94-08a1-41f7-b6c9-c0b0a97ab7a1> | CC-MAIN-2018-39 | http://critap.internetmagazin-ironiya-sudbyi.ru/contrast-relative-age-dating-and-absolute-age-dating-670.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-39/segments/1537267156252.31/warc/CC-MAIN-20180919141825-20180919161825-00409.warc.gz | en | 0.928211 | 425 | 3.53125 | 4 |
Environmental Health - Toxic Substances Hydrology Program
A team of scientists from the U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) and the University of Colorado measured seven neuroactive pharmaceutical compounds in treated wastewater and downstream receiving waters at 24 sites across Minnesota. The analysis of samples collected upstream and downstream of wastewater treatment plants indicated that wastewater treatment plants were the major source of these chemicals.
These neuroactive pharmaceuticals include antidepressants, anti-seizure compounds, and mood stabilizers. The seven compounds (bupropion, carbamazepine, citalopram, fluoxetine, gabapentin, lamotrigine, and venlafaxine) were detected at concentrations ranging from tens of parts per trillion to parts per billion.
Metabolites (byproducts of biochemical transformation) of these compounds also were measured, and metabolites of bupropion, carbamazepine, and venlafaxine were measured commonly, often at comparable concentrations to their parent compounds. Metabolite to parent ratios were used to evaluate transformations among the various sites, and the ratios in wastewater were much lower than those reported for urine from human patients, indicating that the metabolites are relatively more labile than the parent compounds in the wastewater treatment plants and streams.
Results from this study provide a statewide benchmark for the occurrence of antidepressants, which are potential environmental contaminants of concern, and indicate that further understanding of the environmental fate and impacts of these compounds is warranted. The data from this study are available in Lee and others (2011), and Martinović-Weigelt and others (2014) provide additional results from this overall study.
The research was supported by the USGS Toxic Substances Hydrology Program and the Minnesota Pollution Control Agency.
Writer, J.H., Ferrer, I., Barber, L.B., and Thurman, E.M., 2013, Widespread occurrence of neuro-active pharmaceuticals and metabolites in 24 Minnesota rivers and wastewaters: Science of the Total Environment, v. 461-462, p. 519-527, doi:10.1016/j.scitotenv.2013.04.099.
Lee, K.E., Langer, S.K., Barber, L.B., Writer, J.H., Ferrey, M.L., Schoenfuss, H.L., Furlong, E.T., Foreman, W.T., Gray, J.L., ReVello, R.C., Martinovic, D., Woodruff, O.R., H., K.S., Brown, G.K., Taylor, H.E., Ferrer, I., and Thurman, E.M., 2011, Endocrine active chemicals, pharmaceuticals, and other chemicals of concern in surface water, wastewater-treatment plant effluent, and bed sediment, and biological characteristics in selected streams, Minnesota—Design, methods, and data, 2009: U.S. Geological Survey Data Series 575, 49 p.
Martinović-Weigelt, D., Mehinto, A.C., Ankley, G.T., Denslow, N.D., Barber, L.B., Lee, K.E., King, R.J., Schoenfuss, H.L., Schroeder, A.L., and Villeneuve, D.L., 2014, Transcriptomic effects-based monitoring for endocrine active chemicals--Assessing relative contribution of treated wastewater to downstream pollution: Environmental Science and Technology, v. 48, no. 4, p. 2385-2394, doi:10.1021/es404027n. | <urn:uuid:3c54f0e2-096b-4038-a2db-6ce097c5525e> | CC-MAIN-2021-25 | https://toxics.usgs.gov/highlights/neuroactive.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-25/segments/1623488552937.93/warc/CC-MAIN-20210624075940-20210624105940-00261.warc.gz | en | 0.884415 | 754 | 2.640625 | 3 |
Authors: C.K. Nguyen, G. Le Van, N.T.A. Mai, D. Hieu
Affilation: SAIGON HI TECH PARK, Viet Nam
Pages: 188 - 191
Keywords: catalyst stagger, graphene, graphene hybrid composite, tubular nano carbon, carbon nano tube
We have discovered a new way of making graphene using specific catalyst stagger. The catalyst staging mechanism is believed to prevent the full adsorption of C free radicals, which forms tubular shape products. The specific catalyst stagger only allows partial adsorption of C and thus forms graphene sheets instead. The staging mechanism can also prevent individual sheets from sticking to each other. In the present report, the graphene and graphene hybrid composites were synthesized by the unoxidizing pyrolysis of salt-milled solid carbon sources, which are different from conventional process utilizing gas decomposition. The graphene products in the present report comprised 5 layers as confirmed with TEM, and other measurements such as FE-SEM, Raman spectroscopy and XRD. The measurement of bulk electrical resistivity shows that graphene hybrid composites prepared at certain MS/CS ratio (MS= metal source, CS=carbon source) exhibit 6.5 times more conductive than pure SWNT and 4.5 time more conductive than pure graphene nano platelets.The high electrical conductivity graphene nano composite successfully demonstrated the significant improvement of electro catalyst performance in the PEMFC using H2 and air. | <urn:uuid:86477ce1-154f-4368-8c3f-527f5df1becc> | CC-MAIN-2017-43 | http://www.nsti.org/procs/Nanotech2012v1/2/T7.125 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-43/segments/1508187825057.91/warc/CC-MAIN-20171022022540-20171022042540-00076.warc.gz | en | 0.886708 | 305 | 2.515625 | 3 |
Nesting for many sea turtles is going well this season — a thumbs up and huzzah to everyone, working to aid, repopulate, and love these wonderful creatures.
On the downside, poaching activities for sea turtle eggs and meat continues in Asia, Mexico, and countries like Costa Rica, where volunteers were seriously threatened last month by a gang perhaps linked to drug trafficking. In some cultures, sea turtles, like other wild (many threatened or endangered) species’ parts or eggs are believed to have aphrodisiac properties when consumed. Apparently, there are risks (of more than a belly-ache) in that special Saturday-night-delight meal.
Changing or creating newer, healthier beliefs of any sort is difficult. Perhaps news out of Popular Science (written by Jason Tetro) will send winds of change around the globe: sea turtles can be dangerous to your health and to the health of those you love.Along with Salmonella and e Coli, Tetro reports:
“One of the bacterial genera found within the turtle microbial population is Vibrio. It’s best known for V. cholerae species, the cause of cholera. But another species, V. parahaemolyticus, has been growing in prevalence across the globe. It causes gastroenteritis, wound infection, ear infection and has the potential to cause scepticemia. A third species, V. alginolyticus is less concerning as a pathogen but has caused close to 10% of Vibrio infections at least in one American study.” Jason Tetro
And some of these diseases are resistant to antibiotics, leading, in some cases, long-term implications for the patient. Bacteria that may cause illnesses in people live on the outside of sea turtles, too.
As research on sea turtles continues, it’s time to get the word out, to shift to new belief systems. Someone, please, find a an invasive weed and spread the word it’s the new, better Viagra. May bundles of otherwise useless vegetation sway, drying in the breeze, in once sea turtle slaughter huts. | <urn:uuid:6d21c135-3f59-439b-b9a5-3d11c8ca761e> | CC-MAIN-2019-09 | https://katypye.com/tag/sea-turtle-black-market/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-09/segments/1550247513222.88/warc/CC-MAIN-20190222033812-20190222055812-00018.warc.gz | en | 0.931438 | 443 | 3.0625 | 3 |
D. D. Kosambi
The long-awaited publication of Jawaharlal Nehru's book on India [Jawaharlal Nehru, The Discovery of India, (Calcutta, 1946)], past and present, has in many ways justified the great hopes raised by the author's distinguished record in the struggle for India's freedom, and by his active share in the struggle against war. His career is too well known for further comment here; those who do not know it would be well advised to read his Autobiography as well as this book. No person knows India better than Pandit Jawaharlal. He is able to express himself brilliantly both in Hindi and Urdu, as friends and admirers among Hindus as well as Muslims will admit. Most important of all, he has an intimate acquaintance with the British ruling class because of his education in England. The book in question is, therefore, a damning indictment of British rule in India; but more than that, its ambitious scope includes the history of India culturally as well as politically in a single perspective. The performance is all the more remarkable when it is considered that the work was essentially completed in jail, under the most distressing circumstances, with full consciousness on the part of the author that a struggle against Hitlerism was being waged without his help, though he himself had always been an unswerving opponent of fascism and all that fascism represents. The very fact that so able a personality should be jailed without trial while a considerable number of British agent were foisted upon India to fight the war from the safety of office chairs had an unfortunate result for the Indian population; for while the British officials and a larger number of Indian business men filled their pockets with vast quantities of paper currency, the people at large had the benefit of inflation, famine, epidemics and shortages. To explain just what this means in terms understandable to an American is beyond the reach of any sensitive person who had the misfortune to be an eye-witness of the happenings in India during the war years.
The book cannot be too strongly recommended to the general reader. The present writer wishes to make it clear that he himself is a humble admirer of the author. This is to prevent misunderstanding, for the bulk of this communication is necessarily devoted to pointing out a certain number of flaws. For the ancient history of India, little need be said because such sources as we possess are extremely meagre and their interpretation puzzles even those who have devoted a lifetime to their study; on this score we need not hold the author responsible. In some ways it is unfortunate that he has not had the leisure to study Indian sources more critically and that he has relied so heavily upon comparatively popular accounts by British authors. This, however, may be condoned on the ground that Indian political prisoners hardly have reference libraries at their disposal.
One feature that may strike the reader as rather surprising is a curious attitude towards the much abused term "race"; denunciation of racialism and of imperialism occurs on p. 386f, but on p. 387 we read: "psychology counts and racial memories are long." Just what racial memory means is not clear, particularly in the case of a country that had forgotten the splendid Mauryan and Gupta periods, including the very script of those times; that ascribes almost every cave of any date to the mythical Pandavas; and is capable of pointing out as prince Pratap Sinha, the statue of Outram (a butcher of the 1857 revolt) on the Esplanade at Calcutta. It was noticeable on the contrary that class memories are extremely short, or at any rate strikingly different from what Nehru imagines to be race memories. For example, the British Commissioner of Police in Bombay whose name was execrated for his incompetent or deliberately provocative handling of popular discontent at the end of January, 1946 (ending in a real blood-bath in the working class areas of Bombay) was nevertheless a guest
Far more serious to the present reviewer is the absence of the question "why." No attempt at history can be regarded as mature which does not, within the framework of the author's ideology, make some attempt at analysis. For the ancient period we find considerable difficulty in explaining certain facts for the simple reason that the facts themselves are not always clear; but for the modern period it seems to me that the author's present approach cannot stand unchallenged. I may go further and venture the statement that this vague use of the term "race," the absence of the question as to why certain changes take place at certain times, are intimately bound up with another remark- able feature of the book, the absence of a class analysis. The author could have asked himself one question with the greatest of advantage, namely, cui bono; what is the class that called for or benefited by a certain change at a certain period of history? This might have clarified one issue noted by the author, that the British have fought desperately and till now effectively against granting India the same kind of social and political rights of which the English themselves are so proud in England. It is quite obvious that the class of Englishmen who fought for the suppression of local governments and civil liberties in India have also fought desperately against the lower classes in England; but when the pressure of the working class in England became too great, the bourgeois front was breached in some one place and a local amelioration was won. Then the losing section of the bourgeoisie necessarily fought for the imposition of
It may be further suggested that the absence of developed modern capital in the Muslim community as well as the great relative poverty of the Muslims in India might explain (as Nehru does not) both the case against the Muslim League (p. 466) and Muslim backwardness (p. 468) as well as the reactionary attitude of the Muslim upper classes in India. Nehru has himself pointed out (p. 437) that Indian business men demand exactly the same kind of protection in Ceylon which they rightly resent having given to British business interests in India. He is undoubtedly aware of the fact that Indians in South Africa, backed whole-heartedly by the Indian trading community there, are fighting hard for equality; but for equality with the whites and not equality with the Negroes also. The absence of class analysis vitiates the peculiar presentation of provincial differences and growth of industry (p. 392-398). We read that the people of Gujarat, Kathiawar and Kutch were traders, manufacturers, merchants and seafarers from ancient times. Now it is undeniable that the great majority of people in just those districts are definitely not traders, although people from the localities mentioned occupy so prominent a place in the capitalistic section of India today. The reason is that early contact with Mohammedan traders enabled this small fraction to develop early contact with the British and thereby introduced them to a new system of production: that is, production based on machinery and modern capital. The best example of this perhaps is the tiny Parsi community which, in its original situation in Gujarat, was one of the most shamefully oppressed of refugee minorities and is today one of the most advanced, cultured and powerful of communities in India; solely because of their adoption of modern industrial and finance capitalism. On the other hand the case is totally different with the Marwaris of Rajputana (p. 394-96) who did control finance and money-lending in the old days but had no political rights whatsoever. If Nehru will take the trouble to look up the records he will see how often such moneylenders backed the British in the days of British expansion in India. Of course that may not lead him to realise a basic contemporary phenomenon: the change of pseudo-capital thus accumulated into modern productive money. The changeover is now actually so rapid that even the most backward and degenerate of Indians, the feudal princelings, are becoming shareholders on a large scale. The days are gone when shares were issued at a face value of Rs.30/- to be quoted today (1946) at well over Rs.3,000/- or when a stock was issued at Rs.100/-, of which Rs.99/- was given back as a capital repayment, to give a dividend of over Rs.150/- today, being quoted at Rs.2,300/ -. Those stocks had a much longer start in the race for modernisation of industry, but the total volume of such capital was negligible and has now been tremendously increased by the conversion of primitive accumulation as well as by the uncontrolled inflation and profiteering of the war period.
Not only has Nehru neglected to take note of this accumulation, but he has also been unable to grasp just what this quantitative change has done qualitatively to the character of the- Indian middle class, a class which may now be said to be firmly, in the saddle. A few drops from the banquet (generally from the excess profits) have been scattered as a libation in the direction of education, scientific research, and charity; a considerable slackening of the ancient rigidity of manners, and unfortunately of morals also, is duly noticeable. Yet this is nothing compared to the principal characteristic of this class, the ravening greed which is now so obvious in the black market, in enormous bribes spent in making still more enormous profits, in speculation in shares and an increasingly callous disregard for the misery and even the lives of their fellow Indians). The progressive deterioration in the living conditions of our peasant workers (over 50 per cent of the population), of our factory labour and even the lower-paid office workers and intellectuals affords a striking contrast with the wealth that flows into the pockets of the upper middle class, though the gain may be camouflaged by the ostentatious simplicity of white khaddar (homespun) and the eternal Gandhi cap. The new constitution for India, in the gaining of which Nehru and his friends have spent so many of the finest years of their lives in jail, will come only as a recognition of the power of this newly expanded Indian middle class.
Actually the negotiations of the British Cabinet Mission are nothing if not recognition of the position of the new bourgeoisie in India. The old trusteeship theory no longer yields monopoly profits either by investment or by export; the British bourgeoisie which must export and invest has admitted the necessity of coming to terms with their Indian counterpart which needs capital goods. It is surely not without significance that the modern industrialists and financiers contribute to Congress (by which I mean the Indian National Congress Party in this note) funds, while the leadership of the Muslim League is on noticeable good terms with the Mohammedan owners of money in India; it may be suggested that one reason for the conflict between these two middle class political organizations is not only the fact that the Muslim minority forms one-third of the population of the country with less than one-tenth of its wealth, but further that the wealth in Muslim hands is based predominantly on barter pseudo-capital or semi-feudal agrarian production, both of which look for protection to the British.
In the light of all this, which Nehru does not acknowledge explicitly, it is interesting to note his comments on the Indian Communist Party (p. 524 and 629). Nehru does not realize that the Indian Communist Party (never ideologically powerful had in 1941 been suppressed to the point of ineffectiveness and that their increasing force in Indian politics today, though still virtually negligible as against that of the bourgeoisie, is due solely to their having really gone down to the peasant workers and the very small industrial proletariat-two sections of the Indian population among which the Congress and the Muslim League both have much less influence today than they did before 1943. In speaking of the Congress Planning Committee (p. 482-84) it is curious to note that the findings of the committee had apparently no influence whatsoever on the provincial Congress governments then functioning. Nehru might have studied with profit the differences between the Congress programme and the actual performance of the Congress ministries.
There is no evidence at all that the Congress as constituted today is in the remotest danger of drifting (like its planning committee) towards socialism. With the Muslim League leadership, of course, it is difficult to observe anything except pure opportunism and reaction. Without going deeper into the statistics or capital investments, it may be stated-and verified by a reference to the newspaper advertisements of the period-that the years 1937-39, when the Congress ministries ruled, show in their particular provinces a considerable number of new enterprises being started. The investor certainly demonstrated his confidence in the Congress, whether or not the British and the Congress Planning Commission gave any attention to that aspect of the matter. Of course this cannot compare with the almost explosive increase in capital today.
In dealing with the stirring events of August, 1942 (p. 579f.), Nehru has given the parliamentary side of the question in a straightforward manner. The external observer, however, may be struck by one noteworthy point which has not even been visualized in the book. When the All India Congress Committee met at Bombay, the members knew that arrest was imminent and most of them had prepared for the event by setting their family affairs and personal finances in excellent order against all contingencies that might arise for the next year or two. What strikes this writer as remarkable is that not one of these worthy and able delegates, though aware that the British adversary was about to strike, ever thought of a plan of action for the Congress and for the nation as a whole. The general idea was "the Mahatama will give us a plan", yet no especial impression was made by the Mahatma's speech just before the arrests-though that address to the assembled delegates on the eve of an anticipated popular explosion is not only not revolutionary in character, nor a plan of action of any sort, but seems, when taken objectively, to be on the same level as a comfortable after-dinner speech. Why is it that knowledge of popular dissatisfaction went hand in hand with the absence of a real plan of action? Does it mean, for example, that the characteristic thought then current among the Indian bourgeoisie had in effect permeated the Congress leadership? One may note that on a class basis the action was quite brilliant, no matter how futile it may have seemed on a national revolutionary scale. The panic of the British government and jailing of all leaders absolved the Congress from any responsibility for the happenings of the ensuing year; at the same time the glamour of jail and concentration camp served to wipe out the so-so record of the Congress ministries in office, thereby restoring the full popularity of the organization among the masses. If the British won the war it was quite clear that the Congress had not favoured Japan; if on the other hand the Japanese succeeded in conquering India (and they had only to attack immediately in force for the whole of the so-called defense system to crumble) they could certainly not accuse the Congress of having helped the British. Finally, the hatred for the mass repression fell upon the thick heads of the bureaucracy, while having the discontent brought to a head and smashed wide open would certainly not injure the Indian bourgeoisie.
In this connection we may again recall Lenin's words that "only when the lower classes do not want the old and when the upper class cannot continue in the old way then only can the revolution be victorious. Its truth may be expressed in other words: Revolution is impossible without a national crisis affecting both the exploited and the exploiters." You look in vain in Nehru's book for any recognition of the undeniable fact that, in 1942, while the toiling masses had begun to taste the utmost depths of misery and degradation, the Indian bourgeoisie was flourishing as never before. War contracts, high prices, the ability to do extensive black-marketing, had given the financiers and industrialists what they wanted; furthermore even the lower, middle classes who had normally been the spearhead of discontent in India had begun to experience an amelioration because of the great number of new clerical and office jobs created by the war and the expanding war economy. Taking cognizance of this and of the further truth that the British in India had consistently allowed investors to make an increasing amount of profit in this country, one may be able to account for the lack of a plan in 1942 and for the successive deadlocks that followed in spite of mass pressure in the direction of revolution.
History has thrust upon Nehru the mantle of leadership of a very powerful organization which still commands a greater mass support than any other in India, and which has shown by its unremitting and painful struggle that it is determined to capture political control of the entire subcontinent. But will Nehru's orientation towards Marxism change when the interests of the class which now backs Congress so heavily diverge from the interests of the poorer classes; or will his lack of a class analysis lead only to disillusionment? It would be silly to proclaim that Mahatma Gandhi, than whom no more sincere person exists, is a tool of the capitalists in India. But there is no other class in India today, except the new bourgeoisie, so strong, so powerfully organized, and so clever as to exploit for its own purposes whatever is profitable in the Mahatma's teachings and to reduce all dangerous enunciations to negative philosophical points. This bourgeoisie needs Nehru's leadership, just as India has needed the class itself. As I read the omens, the parting of the ways is clearly visible; what is not clear is the path Nehru himself will choose in that moment of agony.
Science and Society (New York), vol. X 1946, pp. 392-398.
The OM thesis at this time was that the British would never transfer power to the Indian National Congress. The OM solution was that the Hindus and the Muslims, somehow equated to the Congress and the Muslim League, should unite to throw out the foreign imperialists. The question of the class structure behind the two parties was never openly raised, perhaps because the writings of W. Cantwell Smith led the OM to believe that the Muslim League was, in some mysterious way, at heart anti-British and on the road to socialism. One sure test of effective anti-imperialism, namely how many of the leaders were jailed or executed by the rulers of empire, was not applied. The intransigence and the open alliance with the British, so profitable to the leading personalities in the League, and the insistence upon the "two nations" theory were dutifully ignored. No emphasis has been laid upon the total disruption of advanced peasant movements in the Punjab and in Bengal by the 1947 separation of Pakistan. For that matter, the OM had dismissed the Satara peasant uprising (patri sarkar) of 1942-43 as pure banditry. | <urn:uuid:ce470234-9e2a-4d60-a264-1a477c128b3a> | CC-MAIN-2015-11 | https://www.marxists.org/archive/kosambi/exasperating-essays/x01/1946.htm | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2015-11/segments/1424936465693.74/warc/CC-MAIN-20150226074105-00129-ip-10-28-5-156.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.968708 | 3,825 | 2.859375 | 3 |
30 Mar. 2015
The RMS Lusitania was the world’s largest and faster ocean liner in 1915. It plied a route between New York City and Liverpool. May 7, 2015 marks the 100th anniversary of the sinking of this ship in the Irish sea. Struck by a torpedo from a German submarine, the passenger liner sank in 18 minutes, causing 1200 civilian casualties. The world rightly condemned this attack. Americans too were shocked, but they wanted to stay out of Europe’s war, and elected Woodrow Wilson in 1916 because “he has kept us out of war.”
Nonetheless, reversing earlier reluctance, the United States entered the war against Germany in April, 1917. By all historical accounts, the sinking of the Lusitania initiated the process that propelled the United States into the First World War. These accounts are sort-of correct, but they are also sort-of incorrect, and the incorrect side is what needs airing today.
The British claimed that two German torpedoes had struck the Lusitania, and President Wilson agreed with them. The Germans claimed that only one torpedo had struck the ship, and the second and larger explosion was internal to the ship. The Germans claimed that the Lusitania was secretly and illegally carrying war materiel, using the civilian passengers as human shields against submarine attackers. The submarine’s torpedo ignited the secret cargo of explosives on board the ship, causing the ship to sink so rapidly with such great loss of life. The Titanic took two hours and a half to sink, and the Lusitania, a ship of the same size, sank in 18 minutes.
We know now that only one torpedo was fired. We also know that the British knew it as well at the time and lied. The second torpedo was a lie. Something on board the Lusitania exploded in the aftermath of the German torpedo, and that second explosion sank the ship. It’s quite likely, although not definitively proven, that secret munitions aboard the Lusitania did explode. It’s certain that the Lusitania was carrying secret military explosives in defiance of American law.
Knowing all this today, we can confirm that the Lusitania was a war crime alright, but it was a British/German co-crime, not just a German crime. The second torpedo propaganda lie concealed that fact from Americans in 1915. That mattered because if Americans had regarded the crime of the Lusitania as a joint British/German war crime, they would have been more reluctant to enter the war on the side of Great Britain to avenge the crime. As a joint British/German war crime, the Lusitania’s terrible fate implied the wisdom of remaining neutral in the Great War then convulsing Europe.
So it was not the Lusitania that propelled the United States into the Great War. It was lies about the Lusitania and distortion of the truth. | <urn:uuid:79ef791b-c11f-4555-83c3-1fc26226386a> | CC-MAIN-2022-21 | https://politicsfromthemiddle.com/2015/04/09/hms-lusitania/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-21/segments/1652662510117.12/warc/CC-MAIN-20220516104933-20220516134933-00779.warc.gz | en | 0.963867 | 610 | 3.40625 | 3 |
Carbon dating radiometric dating
The impact of the radiocarbon dating technique on modern man has made it one of the most significant discoveries of the 20th century.
No other scientific method has managed to revolutionize man’s understanding not only of his present but also of events that already happened thousands of years ago.
It must be noted though that radiocarbon dating results indicate when the organism was alive but not when a material from that organism was used.
There are three principal techniques used to measure carbon 14 content of any given sample— gas proportional counting, liquid scintillation counting, and accelerator mass spectrometry.
Where t is the age of the fossil (or the date of death) and ln() is the natural logarithm function.
If the fossil has 35% of its carbon 14 still, then we can substitute values into our equation.
So, the fossil is 8,680 years old, meaning the living organism died 8,680 years ago.
An age could be estimated by measuring the amount of carbon-14 present in the sample and comparing this against an internationally used reference standard.
Over the years, carbon 14 dating has also found applications in geology, hydrology, geophysics, atmospheric science, oceanography, paleoclimatology and even biomedicine.In the case of radiocarbon dating, the half-life of carbon 14 is 5,730 years.This half life is a relatively small number, which means that carbon 14 dating is not particularly helpful for very recent deaths and deaths more than 50,000 years ago.Radiocarbon dating can be used on samples of bone, cloth, wood and plant fibers.The half-life of a radioactive isotope describes the amount of time that it takes half of the isotope in a sample to decay. | <urn:uuid:106de949-f86c-4a22-ae96-a347865e5746> | CC-MAIN-2019-13 | http://eroticheskoe-belio.ru/carbon-dating-radiometric-dating-4887.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-13/segments/1552912202474.26/warc/CC-MAIN-20190320230554-20190321012554-00480.warc.gz | en | 0.94075 | 375 | 3.671875 | 4 |
CAPE CANAVERAL, Fla. — NASA is counting down to launch four small satellites into orbit on Thursday (March 12) on a mission to study an explosive cosmic phenomenon happening right on Earth's doorstep.
The Magnetospheric Multiscale mission, or MMS for short, is scheduled to blast off on an unmanned Atlas V rocket at 10:44 p.m. EDT (0244 GMT on March 13), from Space Launch Complex 41 at from Cape Canaveral Air Force Station here.
NASA's MMS satellites are designed to study a phenomenon known as magnetic reconnection, which occurs when magnetic-field lines break and reconnect with other field lines nearby. These events release great bursts of energy, sometimes referred to as "explosions in space," according to MMS scientists. [NASA's MMS Satellite Mission in Pictures]
In the sun, these bursts of energy can cause solar storms that send showers of particles into space, potentially damaging man-made satellites. When it occurs near the Earth, magnetic reconnection can send particles toward Earth's atmosphere, which can be a hazard for astronauts but also excites particles in the atmosphere and creates auroras near Earth's north and south poles.
The $1.1 billion MMS mission satellites were built and tested at NASA's Goddard Space Flight Center in Greenbelt, Maryland. Multiple institutions and universities contributed to the science and instrumentation on the MMS satellites.
While other space missions have collected data on magnetic reconnection, but MMS is the first space mission dedicated solely to studying this phenomenon, according to a statement from NASA. It will collect data 100 times faster than any previous mission that has observed magnetic reconnection in space.
Current weather forecasts predict a 70-percent good weather for the Thursday night launch. If NASA is unable to launch the MMS satellites on Thursday night, the agency can try again late Friday, mission managers said.
Clay Flinn, launch weather officer with the 45th weather squadron at Cape Canaveral Air Force Station, said that the launch likely will be visible from Orlando, about 50 miles west of the launch site, but that clouds might block the view of the rocket once it reaches 25,000 feet (7,600 meters) in altitude. This would mean the view would be obscured when the two rocket boosters separate from the rocket.
The MMS mission consists of four satellites that will fly in a diamond formation in order to study magnetic reconnection in three dimensions. MMS scientists will do propulsive maneuvers every two weeks to keep the satellites in formation, Craig Tooley, an MMS project scientist, said at the briefing.
To enter their planned orbit, the satellites can launch any day of the year but must launch during a 30-minute window at night, Tooley said.
About 15 minutes after launch, the four satellites will begin separating from one another in 5-minute intervals and will take up orbits that put them in a pyramid formation. This requires that the satellites be released very precisely from the Atlas rocket.
"For about 20 minutes, we'll lock up the propellant tank vents and do everything we can to keep that vehicle stable and rock solid," said Vernon Thorp, a program manager for NASA missions with United Launch Alliance, the manufacturer of the Atlas V rocket. This is NASA's 12th launch with an Atlas V rocket, Thorpe said.
Editor's note: You can watch the MMS satellites launch on Space.com, courtesy of NASA TV. NASA's webcast will begin Thursday night at 8 p.m. EDT (0000 March 13 GMT). | <urn:uuid:2c2e740f-31c5-4936-bac0-44becc7b5ba0> | CC-MAIN-2018-22 | https://www.space.com/28787-nasa-launching-four-satellites-thursday.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-22/segments/1526794864648.30/warc/CC-MAIN-20180522073245-20180522093245-00449.warc.gz | en | 0.92413 | 727 | 3.109375 | 3 |
We´ve all seen it across many California Summer Camps people so intensely attached to their phone or tablet that they seem only loosely aware of reality. The constant buzzing, vibrating and ding of notifications, emails, or texts is a daily distraction to us all. And children are as much a part of this world full of incessant screens, updates, and tweets as we are. According to recent studies by Common Sense Media, kids between the ages of eight and twelve spend an average of almost six hours plugged into various types of media and electronic devices a day. Even more alarming, teenagers are reported to spend an average of about nine hours using technology each day. That means that most teenagers are spending more than a third of their day devoted to their phones, computers, televisions, and other sources of media.
All this screen time has made children and teens are more capable of using and understanding technology than ever, but this comes at a cost. The time children spend on their phones and computers is time that kids aren’t engaging in face-to-face conversations or enjoying the company of their friends. The time children spend playing video games or watching television is time that kids aren’t exploring the outdoors or finding outlets to express their creativity. The time kids spend using Instagram and Snapchat is time that children aren’t developing interpersonal skills and discovering their sense of self.
And in a world so connected by its various trendy new websites and apps, it has become increasingly difficult to take a step back from it all and remember a world without your iPhone in your pocket and the constant urge to check your Facebook account. For the younger generation, most of who have never lived in a world without constant updates at their fingertips, a need to get away from the constant hustle of the world of Twitter and news updates is even more important.
Children and parents alike are more and more turning to camps as a way to unplug and get in touch with a simpler way of life. Summer camps across the country have become internet-free retreats in which kids are allowed time to be themselves and to take back their childhoods.
At California summer camp, your identity isn’t based on how many followers you have or how many likes you get; at camp your identity is based on the authentic characteristics that make you uniquely you. Social hierarchies that are built on internet friends crumble at camp, mandating that campers actually get to know each other- without the buffer of a screen. When kids are asked to disconnect from their normal way of life, their greatest connections and friendships can be formed. We often hear that camp friends are the best friends, and perhaps this has to do with the authenticity that goes into making friends with peers without relying on social media as a middle man.
Another great benefit of a technology-free Los Angeles summer camps experience is the chance for self-discovery. In our day to day lives, we are so inundated with the latest celebrity gossip and cat videos on YouTube that we rarely get the chance to take a step back and think about who we really are. For kids and especially teenagers, who are constantly piecing together their own identity that they will carry with them for life, there is a great need for time away from the buzz of the media to figure themselves out. Creating an identity takes acceptance of who you are and who you hope to become. Camp offers a safe and supportive environment in which teens can develop their sense of self away from the pressure of their fast paced normal lives.
As a top rated California summer camp, we offer campers opportunities for exploration that is not possible through a computer search. Arts, sports, music, drama, and thousands of other activities allow participants to develop healthy outlets for coping with the stresses of growing up in a highly connected world. Camp environments give children the opportunity to challenge themselves and take healthy risks, while often learning to enjoy the beauty of nature. The experiences and skills acquired through a summer camp experience are not replicable; the lessons learned at camp are unable to be taught by a computer or television program.
While camps have traditionally been offered to only children and teens, many camps and camp-style programs are emerging that provide adults the opportunity to disconnect while enjoying the thrill of the summer camp experience. Organizations like Camp Grounded give adults the opportunity to engage in authentic relationships with others, find themselves, and take part in activities that aim to reconnect them with nature, just as most camps geared towards children do.
The distractions of life in the ¨real world¨ are endless, and if we don’t take the time to step away from these distractions they can consume us. Kids and adults alike need and deserve a chance to unplug and slow down. Summer camps offer opportunities that allow campers to disconnect and grow as individuals, as well as find great enjoyment.
To find out more about how California Summer Camps can help kids disconnect, contact Canyon Creek Summer Camp today. | <urn:uuid:7adf0f38-233d-4fd3-acd5-4deb5dde95c2> | CC-MAIN-2018-13 | https://pitchengine.com/pitches/e0b51632-09dd-41b7-bee6-369b8b5c715c | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-13/segments/1521257651465.90/warc/CC-MAIN-20180324225928-20180325005928-00334.warc.gz | en | 0.967112 | 1,005 | 2.78125 | 3 |
For many people, the end of summer means that it’s time for children to head back to school. While we understand that this season can be extremely hectic, between making sure that everyone has what they need and that everyone gets to where they need to be, it may be worth taking some extra time to pay a little attention to your child’s eyes as well. Most school districts around the country require basic vision screening for children in public school on an annual or semi-annual basis, but choosing instead to have your child undergo a thorough and comprehensive eye examination may help detect serious eye and vision problems early and help prevent those problems from having a serious impact on your child’s quality of life.
Many fail to realize just how important a role clear and healthy vision plays in a child’s academic performance, but when a child finds it difficult or even painful to focus on printed text, be it on a board or in a book, their attention tends to drift. Research conducted by the American Optometric Association’s (AOA) suggests that as many as 60% of children who are identified as “problem learners” actually suffer from undetected vision problems and that many of those children have been inaccurately diagnosed with attention deficit disorder (ADD) or attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). Catching even minor vision problems like nearsightedness (myopia), farsightedness (hyperopia), or astigmatism early and taking the necessary steps to correct them can be a vital part of setting the stage for future academic success.
Moreover, increased reliance on electronic media, both in the classroom and as a source for study materials, has placed young students at an increased risk for developing a common work-place complaint called computer vision syndrome, Those who use a computer for two or more hours daily face the greatest risk of experiencing computer vision syndrome, or CVS, which can cause eye strain, headaches, blurred vision, dry eyes, and even neck and shoulder pain. The effects of computer vision syndrome are usually only temporary, particularly in children whose eyes are more flexible and resilient, but understanding the issue and taking basic steps to avoid it can make studying significantly less painful.
It is estimated that one in four school-age children have vision problems that, if left untreated, can affect learning ability, personality and adjustment in school and during adolescence a child’s eyesight can change very quickly. This is why the American Academy of Ophthalmology (AAO) recommends that all children receive vision testing every two years if no vision correction is required, or annually if eyeglasses or contact lenses are required, starting at around 3 years of age and lasting through their teenage years. While basic vision screenings can identify and treat common refractive errors, thorough, comprehensive eye examinations can also identify more serious conditions like lazy eye (amblyopia), eye misalignment (strabismus), and various other childhood optical diseases. When these eye tests are administered by trained eye care specialists, like those at Georgia Eye Physicians and Surgeons, they can even detect certain eye problems in children who do not yet know their letters or who are too young or too shy to verbalize their responses.
If you have concerns about your vision, or about the vision of someone you love, please feel free to call and schedule an appointment for a comprehensive vision exam from Dr. William Segal or Dr. Marc Lay at Georgia Eye Physicians and Surgeons. Be sure to follow us on Facebook, Twitter, and Google+ to get more tips for healthy eyes. | <urn:uuid:fe9e0758-bcd9-44a4-9915-92203495e62d> | CC-MAIN-2017-34 | https://www.georgiaeyephysicians.com/tag/back-to-school/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-34/segments/1502886106358.80/warc/CC-MAIN-20170820073631-20170820093631-00337.warc.gz | en | 0.952514 | 725 | 2.9375 | 3 |
American Civil War
History >> Civil War
The American Civil War was fought between the southern states and the northern states. The southern states didn't want the North telling them what to do or making laws they didn't want. As a result, many southern states decided to break away and form their own country called the Confederacy. The North, however, wanted to stay as one united country; and so a war began. The Civil War, and the major events leading up to the war, lasted from 1860 to 1865.
Abraham Lincoln with Soldiers
Events Before the War
Harpers Ferry Raid (October 16, 1859) - Abolitionist John Brown attempts to start a slave rebellion by taking over the Harpers Ferry arsenal. The uprising is quickly put down and John Brown is hanged for treason. Many people in the North, however, consider him a hero.
Abraham Lincoln Elected President (November 6, 1860) - Abraham Lincoln was from the northern part of the country and wanted to put an end to slavery. The southern states didn't want him president or making laws that would affect them.
South Carolina Secedes (Dec. 20, 1860) - South Carolina became the first state to secede, or leave, the United States. They decided to make their own country rather than be part of the USA. Within a few months several other states including Georgia, Mississippi, Texas, Florida, Alabama, and Louisiana would also leave the Union.
by Matthew Brady
The Confederation is formed (Feb. 9, 1861) - The southern states form their own country called the Confederate States of America. Jefferson Davis is their president.
Abraham Lincoln becomes President (March 4, 1861) - Now that President Lincoln is in office, he wants to restore the Union. In other words, get all the states back into the same country.
The Civil War
The Civil War Begins (April 12, 1861) - The South attacks Fort Sumter South Carolina and starts the war.
More States leave the Union (April 1861) - within a short period of time Virginia, North Carolina, Tennessee, and Arkansas all leave the Union to join the Confederacy.
Union Blockade (April 19, 1861) - Abraham Lincoln announces the Union Blockade where the Union Navy will attempt to keep supplies from entering or leaving the Confederacy. This blockade will weaken the Confederacy later in the war.
Many Battles of 1861 and 1862 - Throughout 1861 and 1862 there were many battles where lots of soldiers from both sides were wounded and killed. Some of the major battles include the First and Second Battles of Bull Run, The Battle of Shiloh, The Battle of Antietam, and the Battle of Fredericksburg. There was also the famous sea battle between the two ironclad battleships the Monitor and the Merrimac. These ships had iron or steel plates on their sides for armor making them much stronger and changing war on the seas forever.
Emancipation Proclamation (Jan. 1, 1863) - President Lincoln issues an executive order freeing many slaves and laying the groundwork for the Thirteenth Amendment.
The Battle of Gettysburg (July 1, 1863) - A major battle where the North not only wins the battle, but starts to win the Civil War.
Sherman Captures Atlanta (Sept. 2, 1864) - General Sherman captures the city of Atlanta, Georgia. Later in the year he would march to the sea and capture Savannah, Ga. On his way he would destroy and burn much of the land his army passed through.
Engineers of the 8th New York State
Militia in front of a tent
from the National Archives
The Civil War Ends
General Robert E. Lee surrenders (April 9, 1865) - General Lee, the leader of the Confederate Army, surrenders to General Ulysses S. Grant at The Appomattox Court House in Virginia.
President Lincoln is Assassinated (April 14, 1865) - While attending the Ford's Theatre, President Lincoln is shot and killed by John Wilkes Booth.
Reconstruction of the South (1865-1877) - The South is occupied by Federal troops while state governments, economies, and infrastructure are rebuilt.
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One idea of using adjectives is to describe things or situations effectively.
In their effort to persuade readers, advertisers somewhat transformed this idea. At some point, they started to use comparative adjectives like better, faster or newer. If they could share how much their product was better than others, so the idea, they would be able to sell more.
But there was a problem. Comparing one product with the other wasn’t allowed or too tricky.
They ended up with the shortcut of using words like better or newer while avoiding to share how they actually compared. Along the way, the meaning of “better”, “faster”, etc was lost.
Today, using such adjectives has become common use in any situation in which someone tries to persuade others but doesn’t know how to do so. They are interjected in the belief to be more persuasive. They now have transformed themselves to adornments. They are superfluous but continue to serve the belief to allow to persuade more easily.
Actually, they don’t help to gain a better view or understanding. Asking the person to explain what these adjectives mean in the given context usually will be perceived as challenging. They might even feel trapped. It shows, that using such comparative adjectives fulfill the role of drivers, thus indicating that the user is somewhat stressed.
The tension between the wish to persuade and the lack of ability to describe things or situations properly leads into a shortcut. It’s a wish to hurry up the persuasion process.
The antidote to this stress is to use a direct way, one that makes the effort to describe the thing or situation.
This requires to trust but also to develop one’s own ability to describe things and situations.
Interestingly, the ability to persuade comes with that trust. | <urn:uuid:db4b49a3-a043-4955-b98c-e7aca6f67ef9> | CC-MAIN-2023-14 | https://aicomo.com/better-newer-faster/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-14/segments/1679296948976.45/warc/CC-MAIN-20230329120545-20230329150545-00607.warc.gz | en | 0.962326 | 376 | 3.171875 | 3 |
Kazakhstan’s Agriculture Ministry announced that the mass death of rare saiga antelope had been caused by an infectious disease called pasteurellosis.
No more details were provided in the ministry’s May 29 press release.
Nearly 1,000 saiga antelope were found dead in the northern Qostanai region following the landing of a Russian space capsule there in April.
Some ecologists in Russia and Kazakhstan have suggested a link between the saiga's mass death and the capsule's landing.
The ministry said last week that the results of tests on the cause of saiga deaths were expected in two weeks.
The saiga is a critically endangered species, with most surviving only in Kazakhstan and Russia’s Kalmykia Republic.
Some estimates say only around 50,000 saiga survive after years of unrestricted hunting since the Soviet collapse. | <urn:uuid:a9419916-6f6a-4c91-a64c-3c68c901d701> | CC-MAIN-2017-22 | https://www.rferl.org/a/kazakh-officials-say-infectious-disease-killed-rare-antelope/24596825.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-22/segments/1495463608648.25/warc/CC-MAIN-20170526071051-20170526091051-00414.warc.gz | en | 0.953336 | 180 | 2.8125 | 3 |
This study examines all the characterizations of the female personality in the Divine Comedy, including representations of things traditionally categorized as feminine. Marianne Shapiro treats different traditional feminine roles such as wife, lover, and mother, and places Beatrice in the latter group.
The problem of woman is studied within the general context of medieval literature. Shapiro's conclusions center largely upon Dante's adherence to a generally misogynistic tradition. While in his earlier works his concept of woman was as a comprehensive whole encompassing good and evil, in the Comedy polarities are established and affirmed. | <urn:uuid:96a4c9ba-bee6-40eb-8837-9b19c2ae2210> | CC-MAIN-2020-50 | https://www.kentuckypress.com/9780813154879/woman-earthly-and-divine-in-the-comedy-of-dante/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-50/segments/1606141188899.42/warc/CC-MAIN-20201126171830-20201126201830-00697.warc.gz | en | 0.965042 | 112 | 2.671875 | 3 |
Your Role in Health Care Safety
Everyone has a role in health care safety. You, as the patient, can also play a vital role in making your care safe by becoming an active, involved and informed member of your health care team. To help prevent health care errors, patients are urged to “SPEAK UP.”
SPEAK UP if you have questions or concerns, and if you don’t understand, ask again. It’s your body and you have a right to know
Pay attention to the care you are receiving. Make sure you’re getting the right treatments and medications by the right health care professionals. Don’t assume anything.
Educate yourself about your diagnosis, the medical tests you are undergoing and your treatment plan.
Ask a trusted family member or friend to be your advocate.
Know what medications you take and why you take them. Medication errors are the most common health care mistakes.
Use a hospital, clinic, surgery center or other type of health care organization that has undergone a rigorous on-site evaluation against established, state-of-the-art quality and safety standards, such as that provided by The Joint Commission.
Participate in all decisions about your treatment. You are the center of the health care team.
Get more information about health care surrogate and living will forms.
Keeping your pain under control while you are in the hospital is important to your well-being. It can help you eat and sleep better, move around more easily and visit with family and friends. Effective pain control is a partnership between you and your health care team.
We want you to be an active participant in your pain management. You will be asked to set an acceptable level of pain (your goal) and then, on a regular basis, to describe your pain using a scale of zero to 10, where zero is no pain and 10 is the worst possible pain. During your hospital stay you will frequently be asked to measure and communicate pain levels to your health care team.
It is important to remain comfortable during your hospital stay with mild pain (3 or lower on the pain scale). Do NOT wait until the pain is severe (6 or higher) before you tell staff you are experiencing pain. When you report pain or ask for medication, the nurse will give it as often as prescribed by your doctor. It is important to inform your health care team about any previous history of medication use for pain. Tell your nurse if the medication does not improve your pain.
When given as prescribed, pain medications are safe and effective for treating painful syndromes and post-operative pain. Pain medications are rarely addictive when given in this manner. Taking pain medication prior to walking or exercising with physical therapy can make the activity easier and may even speed your recovery time. If side effects should occur, other treatment options can be considered to address them.
Pain Management Team
For times when pain is difficult to manage or not responding to prescribed medication, Tampa General Hospital’s Pain Management Team can be called to provide a consultation and follow-up care for adult and pediatric inpatients (patients who stay at the hospital while under treatment) with acute and chronic pain conditions. Team members work with you and health care staff in all departments of the hospital to make sure you are comfortable. Consults with the Pain Management Team can be requested by your health care team at any time.
Members of the Pain Management Team include physicians, nurse practitioners, physician assistants and pharmacists. They also work with the Integrative Medicine Program, which complements mainstream medical care by addressing physical and emotional symptoms. Practices such as breathing for relaxation, meditation, guided muscle relaxation and simple soothing imagery and music help decrease your perception of pain, leading to greater relaxation, better rest and healing.
Pain management treatment plans may include one or a combination of the following:
Physical and Occupational Therapy
Injections (i.e. steroids)
Prescription opioids are sometimes used to treat moderate-to-severe pain. Because prescription opioids have a number of serious side effects, it is important for you to ask questions and learn more about the benefits and risks of opioids. Get more information about non-opioid alternatives for treatment of pain.
Our goal is to provide optimal care during your hospital stay. By sharing this information, we can allow patients to be more involved in their care plan throughout the course of their stay.
TGH's Integrative Medicine Program provides video resources to walk patients through some of the practices that they can incorporate into their recovery as well as their daily lives. Also available is a video with soothing imagery and music.
Access the Integrative Medicine's video resources
Inpatients may request an integrative medicine consultation to determine if integrative medicine techniques may benefit them. There is no additional cost to inpatients. Get more information about TGH's Integrative Medicine Program.
Patient ‘B’-Assured Program
The Patient ‘B’-Assured Program is available for patients and families to call a “Medical Emergency Team” if they feel they are in an emergent situation and/or their needs are not being recognized or met. The program is a proactive measure to increase patient safety and satisfaction, and enhance the relationship between patients, families and the health care team. ‘B’ stands for the name of a patient whose family was instrumental in developing this program at TGH. If as a patient or family member you feel the primary care nurse, charge nurse and physician have not adequately addressed your concerns, you should utilize the Patient ‘B’-Assured Program. Concerns may include:
A noticeable medical change in a patient and the health care team is not recognizing the concern
A patient or family member feels there is a breakdown in communication and/or confusion in the plan of care
A patient or family member feels their concerns are not being heard or the needs of the patient are not being recognized and met
To use the Patient ‘B’-Assured Program, dial ext.1111 on any hospital telephone and put the patient’s call light on. Identify the call as the Patient ‘B’-Assured Program. Provide your name, location, and reason for the request. A Medical Emergency Team member will respond to assess and treat as necessary.
Safety and Security
Your safety is our first concern. Our Safety & Security department provides protection through its safety programs and around-the-clock security patrols. Please report any safety concerns to the Security Operations Center at ext. 7363.
Service Response Center
During your stay, if you are in need of the Housekeeping department between visits from Housekeeping staff, please call the Service Response Center at ext. 1111. Please provide your name, location, and the reason for your call.
Mailing and Physical Address
Any mail received for patients after they are discharged is forwarded to their home address. Send regular mail to: Tampa General Hospital, P.O. Box 1289, Tampa, FL 33601-1289.
Send overnight deliveries to: Tampa General Hospital, 1 Tampa General Circle, Tampa, FL 33606
For your convenience each patient room has a telephone. We do not charge for local calls within area code 813 or calls to area code 727 (Pinellas County). For both area codes, dial “29” and then the number. Long distance calls cannot be charged to the room. These calls must be billed to a calling card, a prepaid calling card, a third party or placed ‘collect’ to the called party. Prepaid calling cards are available for purchase in the hospital Gift Shop in the Main Lobby. Patient rooms in most areas can be dialed directly. The phone number to dial your room directly is posted on the wall in your room. To allow our patients to rest, incoming calls are not connected to patient rooms between the hours of 10 p.m. and 7 a.m. Outgoing calls can be placed at any time. Public payphones are located at the East Pavilion entrance by McDonald’s, near the West Pavilion elevators, and in various other locations throughout the hospital. Cell phone use is prohibited in certain areas of the hospital as posted. Amplified handsets and portable TDDs are available. Ask your nurse for assistance.
Our free wireless network, GuestNet, is available to anyone with a wireless enabled device. Choose the GuestNet wireless option from your wireless enabled device.
Patient Education On-Demand Video
Free educational videos are available for you to watch while you are in the hospital. A list of topics and instructions to access the system is found on Channel 67 of your television.
Your food is prepared according to the diet ordered by your physician. Based on the prescribed diet, a member of the dietary staff should visit you several times each day to assist you in making your meal selections and to deliver your meals. If the daily menu selections do not meet your food preferences, an alternative menu option will be presented to you by the dietary staff. At your request, a registered dietitian is available to assist you with your dietary needs.
Tampa General Hospital is a tobacco-free campus. Smoking is not permitted on any part of the TGH campus.
Please give your nurse a list of any medications you are taking. Your physician will order all necessary medication during your stay. For your safety, please send all other medications, including vitamins and herbal supplements, home or notify your nurse.
Our patient representatives can help you while you are in the hospital. They can be reached at ext. 7249. Services they provide include:
Comfort and personal support services
Assistance with hotel accommodations
Hospital and community resources
Notary services for hospital related services
Answering your questions related to hospital rules and regulations
Spiritual Health and Education
The chapel is located on the first floor near the West Pavilion elevators and is always open for prayer and meditation. A hospital chaplain is available for visitation or counseling 24 hours a day. During business hours the pastoral care office can be reached at ext. 7063. After hours or weekends, the on-call chaplain may be reached through the hospital operator (dial “O”). | <urn:uuid:f957fad1-6589-4fe2-aeb7-bb3f64fcfad2> | CC-MAIN-2021-43 | https://www.tgh.org/patients-visitors/during-your-stay | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-43/segments/1634323585504.90/warc/CC-MAIN-20211022084005-20211022114005-00365.warc.gz | en | 0.949211 | 2,106 | 2.8125 | 3 |
What should kids really be taught about Thanksgiving? Shocking answers from young Americans who say kindergartners must learn about GENOCIDE of Native Americans and the colonial land grab
Parents across the U.S. have always used Thanksgiving as a teachable moment to educate their children about the importance of family values and gratitude, but some Americans believe what kids should really be learning is how Europeans slaughtered Native-Americans for their land.
A series of man-on-the-street interviews conducted by the conservative group Revealing Politics have revealed that left-leaning 20-somethings believe that American schools are not teaching students the ugly truth about Thanksgiving.
In a video capturing the interviews, one man says that children in kindergartens 'need to know about the racism and the violence that went on,' referring to the times of the first Thanksgiving celebration of 1621 that brought together the Pilgrims and the Wampanoag tribe.
Scroll down to watch video
Loaded question: The conservative group Revealing Politics asked several people what they think kids in kindergarten should be taught about Thanksgiving, which has elicited some controversial responses
Harsh lesson: This woman sound young children should learn about the extermination of indigenous peoples at the hands of European settlers for the purpose of taking over their lands
Another woman said schools should teach kindergarteners that Thanksgiving is 'totally meaningless' and 'we massacred millions and millions of Native Americans.'
A similar sentiment was expressed by a third interviewee who said: 'Well, our nation was founded on slavery, genocide, murder, theft and mass injustice and it continues to this day.'
Those people who did not advocate introducing the ideas of mass slaughter of indigenous peoples by colonizers to pre-schoolers expressed shocking indifference toward the beloved holiday.
'Personally, I don’t really give a s*** about Thanksgiving,' one responder sporting dreadlocks said, while another insisted that the country should just scrap the annual celebration entirely.
Unpatriotic: This interviewee said he doesn't care about the holiday that has been celebrated in the U.S. since 1621
Just scrap it: This responder proclaimed that the country should do away with Thanksgiving entirely
The video’s producerm Ben Howe, a contributors to the pro-Republican site RedState and Revealing Politics creative director, told TheBlaze on Wednesday that the responders in the video displayed ‘repulsive anti-Americanism.’
‘No nation on earth is blameless. No people are blameless,’ he added. ‘Ideally something like Thanksgiving is an opportunity for us to share in our common humanity not our common feelings of guilt.
‘But given that it is a uniquely American holiday, I guess these people just can’t pass up the opportunity to trash her [America].’
Howe admitted that while the history of the U.S. is filled with ‘moral failings’ and ‘scars,’ Thanksgiving is supposed to be a time of coming together rather than casting blame on one another for past mistakes.
Controversial opinion: This young woman said the holiday to her is 'meaningless' because it glorifies the massacre of millions upon millions of Native Americans
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Body Fat Raises Cancer Risk
New research findings show that extra body fat doesn't just weigh you down. Scientists now have evidence that too many fat cells prompt ongoing reactions in the body that may increase cancer risk.
A recent study in the Department of Epidemiology at Johns Hopkins University found excess fat may alter the body's basic functioning in ways that raise risk for cancer and other diseases.
Research had already shown that obesity boosts levels of hormones such as estrogen, for example, which increase risk for breast cancer in post-menopausal women. Too much body fat, especially in the abdomen, also increases insulin resistance, priming the body for diabetes.
Now, recent findings suggest that fat deposits especially around the waist, may influence the body's inflammatory response so that risk for colon cancer is higher.
Inflammation is the body's first response to infection or injury. It's essential to healing, but it can go the other way. Researchers now suspect that chronic low-level inflammation of body tissues underlies a lot of disease processes. How does this happen?
There are substances called cytokines that are part of the body's inflammation response to help with fighting infection and healing wounds. Cytokines are made by white blood cells, but fat cells can make cytokines too.
These substances also help with wound repair by stimulating tissue growth. Research suggests that when the body has an oversupply of fat cells, those cells release too many cytokines. This boosts the body's inflammatory response and causes damage to cells and their DNA."
Where there is genetic damage plus stimulation for cells to grow, the chance of cells growing out of control and becoming cancer is increased. We all have cancer in our body at all times. The role of the immune system is to fight those cancer cells. However, when the immune system is working overtime dealing with the cleaning out of the fat in the system, it doesn’t have enough resources to fight the cancer cells.
A previous study showed that people who were obese, 30% over their normal body weight had a higher risk of colon cancer. People who were diabetic had increased risk.
Some cancers are known to be associated with persistent inflammation that's related to chronic infection. For example, people infected with one of the viruses that cause hepatitis are more susceptible to liver cancer. People with inflammatory bowel disease have above-average rates of colon cancer.
The idea that fat cells could be actively involved in promoting inflammation is a relatively new one. "There is more to being fat than carrying around excess weight. People should begin thinking of excess body fat as actively harmful to their health." When you study the human body, even as remotely as the way it is taught in schools, it stands to reason that excess fat is not a natural condition for the body. Excess fat will strain all the systems, being digestive, respiratory, the skeleton, etc.
The good news is that excess weight can be managed. Even walking every day as little as outside of the house and around the block, is a great starting point to healing, by sending a message of health to the brain and the body.
To learn more about the power of the mind to heal the body and many stories of spontaneous healing, visit http://cancer-free-for-life.com to download your ebook immediately. You will also find many FREE articles on alternative healing at http://alternative-health-ebooks.com
About the Author: Dr Laurence Magne
Cancer Free For Life
Email : [email protected]
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How does stress change the meaning of a sentence?
"Adam" enseña verbos compuestos o frasales (ej. Turn over, turn up, turn around, etc), algo de gramática y vocabulario académico. Se enfoca principalmente en las
habilidades necesarias para aprobar examenes como el IELTS o el TOEFL.
How does stress change the meaning of a
6 words with meanings that will surprise
Vocabulary: Other, another, others, the other, otherwise...
The passive: When, why and how to use
Either, neither, so, too - How to agree and disagree
Phrasal verbs as nouns
Vocabulary: Sometimes, sometime, some time,
always, all ways
Vocabulary: Warranty, Guarantee, Rebate,
Speaking English: Too much, enough, not
Writing: How to use etc., and so on...
Vocabulary: Live, life, alive, living
Vocabulary: though, although, even though, despite, in spite of
Grammar: I wish
"Knock" in phrasal verbs: knock out, knock up, knock over
Everyday or every day?
Writing Transitions: in addition, furthermore,
Grammar: Comparing with "Like" and "As"
Grammar: Unless and If not - Negative conditional
Basic Vocabulary: SEEM
All or Whole?
Writing Transitions: Therefore, Thus, Consequently
How to increase your vocabulary
Basic Vocabulary: GET
Writing Skills: The Paragraph
Confusing words: Small & Little, Big & Large, Tall & High
8 "Head" Phrasal Verbs: Head up, head out, head off, head over...
Comparing: funner & faster or More fun & more fast?
Vocabulary: 12 Internet Vocabulary
IELTS & TOEFL: Writing task 2 - The Introduction
3 Tips for sounding like a native speaker
10 GET phrasal verbs: get down, get off, get through, get up, get away...
To or For? Prepositions in English
Vocabulary: Even, Even though, even if, even when...
Writing: Misplaced modifiers
Cooking Vocabulary: Chop, grill, saute, boil, slice...
9 TURN phrasal verbs: turn on, turn off, turn
over, turn around...
Grammar: Collective Nouns
Vocabulary: Talking about MOVIES in English
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Skin or nail cultureMucosal culture; Culture - skin; Culture - mucosal; Nail culture; Culture - fingernail; Fingernail culture
A skin or nail culture is a laboratory test to look for and identify germs that cause problems with the skin or nails.
It is called a mucosal culture if the sample involves the mucous membranes.
How the Test is Performed
The health care provider may use a cotton swab to collect a sample from an open skin rash or skin sore.
A sample of skin may need to be taken. This is called a skin biopsy. Before the skin sample is removed, you will likely receive a shot (injection) of numbing medicine to prevent pain.
A skin lesion biopsy is when a small amount of skin is removed so it can be examined. The skin is tested to look for skin conditions or diseases. A...
A small sample of a fingernail or toenail may be taken. The sample is sent to a lab. There, it is placed in a special dish (culture). It is then watched to see if bacteria, viruses, or fungi grow. It may take up to 3 weeks to get results of a nail culture. Further tests can be done to identify the specific germ that is causing your problem. This can help your provider determine the best treatment.
How to Prepare for the Test
There is no preparation needed for this test. If a skin or mucosal sample is needed, your provider will tell you how to prepare.
A gum biopsy is a surgery in which a small piece of gingival (gum) tissue is removed and examined.
How the Test will Feel
If a skin sample is taken, you may feel a sting when the shot of numbing medicine is given.
For a nail sample, the provider scrapes the affected area of the nail. There is usually no pain.
Why the Test is Performed
This test may be done to diagnose the cause of:
- A bacteria or fungus infection of the skin, finger, or toenail
- A skin rash or sore that appears to be infected
- A skin ulcer that is not healing
A normal result means no disease-causing germs are seen in the culture.
Some germs normally live on the skin. These are not a sign of infection and are considered a normal finding.
Normal value ranges may vary slightly among different laboratories. Some labs use different measurements or test different samples. Talk to your provider about the meaning of your specific test results.
What Abnormal Results Mean
An abnormal result means bacteria, fungus, or virus is present. This may be a sign of infection.
Common skin infections caused by bacteria include:
Common skin infections caused by fungus include:
Risks include slight bleeding or infection in the area where the skin sample was removed.
Croft AC, Woods GL. Specimen collection and handling for diagnosis of infectious diseases. In: McPherson RA, Pincus MR, eds. Henry's Clinical Diagnosis and Management by Laboratory Methods. 22nd ed. Philadelphia, PA: Elsevier Saunders; 2011:chap 63.
High WA, Tomasini CF, Argenziano G, Zalaudek I. Basic principles of dermatology. In: Bolognia JL, Jorizzo JL, Schaffer JV, eds. Dermatology. 3rd ed. Philadelphia, PA: Elsevier Saunders; 2012:chap 0.
Yeast and mold - illustration
Mold and yeast are two types of fungus. Both can cause allergic reactions. Fungal spores can circulate in the air and may cause allergic rhinitis when inhaled.
Yeast and mold
Review Date: 8/14/2015
Reviewed By: Linda J. Vorvick, MD, Medical Director and Director of Didactic Curriculum, MEDEX Northwest Division of Physician Assistant Studies, Department of Family Medicine, UW Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA. Also reviewed by David Zieve, MD, MHA, Isla Ogilvie, PhD, and the A.D.A.M. Editorial team. | <urn:uuid:f13374de-0278-4f3f-be03-95f7defe695c> | CC-MAIN-2017-47 | https://www.stlukes-stl.com/health-content/health-ency-multimedia/1/003762.htm | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-47/segments/1510934806316.80/warc/CC-MAIN-20171121040104-20171121060104-00647.warc.gz | en | 0.883708 | 874 | 3.34375 | 3 |
Maiden Castle Dorset
WRITTEN BY Austin Kinsley ON 05/12/15. Maiden Castle Dorset POSTED IN General Stonehenge
English Heritage write Maiden Castle, Dorset is ‘the finest Iron Age fort in Britain and was first laid out in 600 BC over the remains of a Neolithic settlement. During the following centuries the hill fort was extended and additional defences thrown up around it. In AD 43 it was taken by the Roman army and its inhabitants moved to the new town of Durnovaria, modern Dorchester’. A brief history of the hill fort is here.
I visited the site on Friday 4 December 2015 on a mild sunny day interspersed with cloud and a persistent prevailing south-westerly wind. On first sight, as always, the sheer feat of construction of the fort left me in awe of the achievements of our prehistoric ancestors. The above photograph is looking across the eastern end of the fort toward the west.
Below: Looking towards the east from the northern side of Maiden Castle, Dorset
The words below, of the nineteenth century Dorset poet William Barnes, could equally have been written during my own visit:
The grassy downs of Dorset,
Rising o’er our homes of peace,
E’er teem with life and riches
In the sheep and precious fleece;
And charm the thoughtful roamer
When, like us, he climbs to scan
Their high-cast mounds of war – the works
Of Britain’s early man,
Whose speech, although here lingers yet
His mighty works of hand,
Has ceased a thousand years to sound
In air of this green land,
And startled may it be to hear
The words of British kin. extract, A British Earthwork Rev.d William Barnes
Below: Looking towards the western entrance from the northern side of the hill fort
The complex of banks and ditches that surround the hill fort are the result of many centuries of modifications and enlargement during the Iron Age and enclose an area the size of 50 football pitches. English Heritage states that the site was home to several hundred people in the Iron Age (800 BC – 43 AD) and excavations have revealed that occupation of this hilltop began about 5500 years ago in the Neolithic period.
Below: Inside the banks and ditches of the western entrance looking towards the east. In the distance, the southern edge of modern day Dorchester can be seen.
The hill fort initially enclosed an area of 16 acres occupying the east knoll of the hill and was later enlarged to the west to enclose 48 acres.
Below: A ditch and bank in the western entrance
Below: A view from the foot of an entrance ditch
Aerial photographs taken between 1934 and 1937 of the excavations undertaken at Maiden Castle by Sir Mortimer Wheeler are here. The Historic England PastScape entry is here. To this day, it is not certain whether or not Vespasian and his invading Romans carried out a direct assault on the hill fort. The possibility is explored by English Heritage here. Of 52 excavated burials, only 14 showed signs of mutilation and it has been suggested that these bodies may have been brought to an existing cemetery within the hill fort from a more remote battlefield.
Below: Ditch and bank complex at the western entrance to the hill fort
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Dr Ute Collier, Committee on Climate Change Discusses the nature of bioenergy in respect to feedstocks, conversion processes, and the potential end uses (heat and/or power, liquid fuels and gaseous fuels), considering current UK production levels. The review seeks to assess the potential role for bioenergy in meeting the carbon budgets, taking account of lifecycle emissions and other sustainability concerns as well as alternative uses for bioenergy feedstocks. It considers the role for bioenergy across different sectors and concludes that around 10% bioenergy penetration may be required to meet the 2050 target, and that this could be sustainable. Key priorities should be to develop CCS, develop bioenergy options, and invest in a range of other low carbon technologies, such as electric vehicles and heat pumps.
Tags: Biofuels, Buildings, Carbon budgets, CCC, CCS, Climate change, CO2, Committee on Climate Change reports, Electric vehicles, Emission reductions, Heat, Land use, power, Regulation, Technology, transport, UKCCC Bioenergy Review Jan 2012.pdf 1.99 MB | <urn:uuid:3bd63028-9282-48cf-9730-069f0a43f9b0> | CC-MAIN-2019-51 | http://www.biee.org/download-tags/buildings/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-51/segments/1575540548544.83/warc/CC-MAIN-20191213043650-20191213071650-00139.warc.gz | en | 0.862624 | 221 | 2.640625 | 3 |
History of St. Mary's, 1932
This reproduced a description of the church published in 1907, and added updates.
S. Mary's Church, Acock's Green
The Church occupies a central position in Acock's Green. It is "set on a hill," and (if we may use the term geologically) "founded upon a rock."
The first building was the outcome of meetings, held during 1864, of some of the principal inhabitants, who were desirous to build a Church for this Hamlet in Yardley Parish. A site was given by the Yardley Charity Trustees, an Endowment of £1,000 provided by Mr. John Field Swinburn; and these were conveyed to the Ecclesiastical Commissioners. Plans were prepared for the new Church by Mr. J. G. Bland, a local Architect; the Foundation Stone was laid on October 13th, 1864; and on October 17th, 1866, a portion of the Nave and the two Aisles were consecrated by Bishop Philpott, of Worcester, the cost being £6,350. A few months later, a District was assigned to the Church by an Order in Council, dated October 26th, 1867, and called "the District Chapelry of S. Mary the Virgin, Acock's Green," the extent of this District being 660 acres and the population then about 1,000 souls. In 1878, the need of further accommodation began to be felt, and the Rev. F. T. Swinburn, who had held the vicarage since its formation, took steps towards the enlargement of the Church; the Nave was completed, and the Transept and Chancel Arches were built, at a cost of £3,136, the additions being dedicated in 1882 by Bishop Philpott.
During 1891-92, the Organ Chamber and Clergy Vestry were built by Mrs. John Field Swinburn, who died before the work she had undertaken was finished, the Architects for this portion being Messrs. J. A. Chatwin and Son, of Birmingham; and two years later the Chancel was erected from designs by the same Architects, the cost being upwards of £3,000, of which the Executors of the late Mr. John Field Swinburn contributed over £1,000. Thus the entire cost of construction has hitherto been over £13,000, exclusive of stained glass, and internal decoration, and furniture.
The length of the nave is 101 feet, and the width, including the Aisles, is 60 feet. The Chancel measures 51 feet in length and 26 feet in breadth. So far as the exterior of the Church is concerned, the North and South Transepts, the Lady Chapel; the Choir Vestry; and the Tower, are still wanting to complete the Building, the " ground plan" of which is "cruciform."
THE NORTH PORCH.
The elevations of this Porch are of 'admirable proportions. Over the entrance is carved the Patron Saint in a bas-relief, representing the subject of the Annunciation-one of the most frequent and most important, as well as one of the most beautiful, in the whole range of Christian Art. The sides of the Porch originally contained open arcades, cloister-like, with seats on either side, but the former were afterwards filled in, to shut out the wind and rain.
Within the Church the East end first claims our attention. The Sanctuary is enclosed on three sides by the East Wall, which is richly encased with alabaster and contains a fine Window, and by similar bays on North and South, each containing a large two-light window, with a recess beneath for Sedilia, Piscina, or Credence.
The East Window is by Messrs. Morris and Co., of Merton Abbey, from designs by Sir E. Burne-Jones. It has five lights with quatrefoils and cinque-foils in the tracery. The central figure is that of our Blessed Lord nailed to the cross, which has blossomed into the tree of life. On His Head is the crown of thorns, and the superscription above is I.N.R.I.-Iesus Nazareuus Rex Judoeorum. A nimbus emblematic of triumph and glory rests above the Saviour's Head, and the serpent lies vanquished below. Beneath the picture is the legend, to be also found on the Reredos in S. Paul's Cathedral, "SIC DEVS DILEXIT MVNDVM." On either side may be seen standing S. John and the Blessed Virgin Mother; the other lights contain the Angels of the Resurrection, bearing scrolls with the legends, "ET SICVT MOYSES EXALTAVIT SERPENTE IN DESERTO, ITA EXALTARI OPORTET FILIV HOMINIS," and "IN HOC COGNOVIMVS CHARITATEM DEI QVONIAM ILLE ANIMA SVAM PRO NOBIS POSVIT." In the tracery are Angelic Beings harping with harps of gold, and beneath are representations of the four mysterious creatures in the vision of Ezekiel, which have been variously interpreted as 'figuring the four Archangels, the four great Prophets, and the four Evangelists.
The inscription on the window is: "To the Glory of God, and in loving memory of the Rev. Frederick Thomas Swinburn, Vicar of Acock's Green, this window was erected by his wife and son, A.D. 1895."
The Reredos, of alabaster, was erected by various donors. The central figure is that of our Blessed Lord, with one hand uplifted in blessing, whilst in the other He holds the Book of Life. He is surrounded by a Glory of adoring angels, some of whom are bearing sacred symbols of the Passion-the Ladder, the Cross, the Hammer, the three Nails, and the Pincers.
The lower portion immediately behind the Altar-piece is richly honeycombed with trefoils throwing its sculpture into relief and adding to the perspective effect. The two sides were separate thankofferings, and contain canopied figures of the four Archangels. The first represents Michael, grasping his lance with both hands, one foot resting on the neck of the Dragon, who, prostrate, writhes up, as it were, and tries to lift his head and turn it against his conqueror. The second figure is that of the Angel Gabriel, so often brought before us in the Hotly Scripture in the character of a Messenger; he is the Angel of the Annunciation, and bears in his hand a 1ily, the emblem of purity. The third figure represents the Archangel Raphael in a pilgrim's dress, with a staff in one hand and a fish in the other, whilst from his belt is suspended a wallet; he is the guardian angel of travellers and the Patron Saint of Medicine; his story may be read in the Book of Tobit. The fourth figure is that of the Archangel Uriel, mentioned in the book of Esdras. As "Regent of the Sun," he bears his emblem in his hands. Smaller figures of angels are carved on the panels of the arcade below and on the pilasters, some kneeling in adoration, some swinging their censers, carry on harmoniously the thought of the ceaseless worship of the heavenly choirs:-
"Worthy is the Lamb to receive power, and riches, and wisdom, and strength, and honour, and glory, and blessing."-(Rev. v. 12.)
The South wing bears the inscription: "Ad Majorem Dei gloriam in gratiam innumerabiliu per annos conjugii xxv., Dei beneficioru Cordley ac Alicia Bradford hanc Reredorsi partem confecere, Prid. Non. Jun. MCMIIJ"; and that on the North side has the following: "To the greater glory of God, and in thankfulness for His mercies, this wing of the Reredos was added by James and Constance Balleine, June, 1903."
The Altar-piece, raised on steps of Devonshire marble, is of exquisite design and workmanship. Two Angels stand within deep niches at either end, carrying on shields symbols of the Passion. The line of arches, with their graceful shafts of coloured marbles, the delicate tracery, the curled crockets, and the light figures of the four Evangelists crowning the tops of the slender columns form a fitting adornment for the Altar. On a tablet inserted in one of the sides is the inscription: "To the greater glory of God, and in loving memory of William George and Susanna Postans, this Altar-piece was erected by Julia Sophia Swinburn and George William Postans Swinburn, their daughter and grand-son, 1898." The whole of the carving in the Sanctuary is the work of Mr. Bridgman, of Lichfield. On one of the shelves forming the Retables are a Resurrection Cross given by the late Dr. Shirley Palmer, and the Altar Candlesticks, which were presented to the Church by a frequent worshipper at S. Mary's.
The Altar is of English oak, the panels being carved with vine branches and ears of corn with intervening arches, quatrefoils, and trefoils, behind which is suspended the frontal for the season. It is 8ft. 6in. long and 3ft. 6in. high, and was the gift of the children of the Church. The super-frontal covering the slab and embroidered with passion flowers was a gift to the Church and the work of an invalid.
The Chancel below the Sanctuary is at present furnished very simply. The stalls for clergy and choir, and an organ case have still to be provided. The floor is of glazed and encaustic tiles. On the south side below the Clerestory the wall is divided into two Arches, opening into the South Chancel Aisle which will one day form part of the Lady Chapel. The carving on the three capitals of these Arches is also by Bridgman, and represents Angels bearing scrolls of music, or carrying various musical instruments; also one of the Angels bears a crown of martyrdom. The reference is plainly to the beautiful 1egend of S. Cecilia, a Roman lady who lived in the third century. She was brought up in the Christian faith, and is said to have suffered martyrdom. She excelled in music; and turned her gift to the glory of God. She played on all manner of instruments, but none sufficed to breathe forth that flood of Harmony with which her whole soul was filled. Therefore she invented the organ, consecrating it to the service of God.
S. Mary's has a clerestoried Nave, with a lofty open roof of wood. Six of the windows in the Clerestory were filled in by the Rev. F. T. Swinburn to commemorate the work of the first officers of the Church. The walls are supported by stone pillars, which divide the Nave into five bays on either side; the western-most bays leading to the North and South Doors. The Pulpit is a solid stone structure, and stands on the North side of the Nave. The Lectern-a brass Eagle-is on the South side. The Faldstool is immediately below the Chancel Steps. These were all gifts to the Church. The Gas Pendants were presented by Mr. Joseph Wilson. The West Wall contains a fine window by Hardman, and a tablet in alabaster, both "in memory of John Field Swinburn, who died Jan. 12th, 1886." The lower portions of the window are meant to commemorate the qualities of him to whom it was put up. On the two left lights we see represented our Lord in the Temple, receiving instruction from the Doctors "about His Father's business"; whilst, on the right hand, is shown, in the Centurion, the kind master and the man of faith, who loved God's people and had built them a synagogue. Just above these main subjects of the window in the Tracery are smaller pictures of two Angel-reapers, and carrying the eye still upward we notice the figure of our Blessed Lord, seated on the seat of judgment, and attended by the Archangels, awarding the crown of righteousness.
THE SOUTH AISLE
The South Aisle contains three traceried triple-light windows and one of two lights. The latter, which is near the font, has stained glass, and represents the Baptism of our Lord by S. John the Baptist, and Christ blessing little children brought to Him. In the tracery above is the Holy Dove descending in Rays of Light, both being emblems of the Holy Spirit. Running along the base is the inscription:-
" In loving memory of Edith Alice Bradford."
The central window in this Aisle was erected by the late Miss Sarah Hodgkins in 1889, "in memory of Henry Jutson, Mary Jutson (her mother), and Joseph and John Hodgkins (her brothers)." It represents in the first light the Prophet Agur, offering his prayer: "Give me neither poverty nor riches; feed me with food convenient for me." (Prov. xxx.) In the centre, the Virtuous Woman, with distaff in hand, buying wool. The legend is from Prov. xxxi.: "She openeth her mouth with wisdom; and in her tongue is the law of kindness." In the Tracery is represented the same virtuous woman, with a recipient of her charity. In the third light we have a picture of the upright man of Prov. xxviii. 18, and we gather that his life is as eloquent a sermon as his words.
The font, near the South Door, was the gift of Mrs. Henry Jutson, of Malvern House. The Circular Bowl is supported by a central pillar and four outer shafts, and its base stands on a single step; signifying that "there is but one Lord, one Faith, one Baptism."
A fine Bronze Tablet near the South Door consists of two Angels in relief bearing the inscription: "In loving memory of John Collingwood Onions, J.P., who died Jan. 30th, 1904, aged 63 years."
THE NORTH AISLE
The North Aisle is similar in construction to the South, and all the windows are filled with stained glass. Commencing at the West end, our Blessed Lord is represented as "the Bread of Life," and "the Vine" - His own symbols of the Blessed Sacrament and of the Church - and in the Tracery are illustrated legends bearing the Old Testament titles of our Lord - "the Rose of Sharon" and "Lily of the Valley." This window was dedicated by the late Thomas Bentley to the Glory of God, and in memory of his wife, Sarah Louisa. On a Bronze Tablet, near the North Door, the inscription records the purpose and the date: "In loving memory of my husband, Ernest L. Hirsch, who died Aug. 19th, 1899, aged 28 years. 'Blessed are the pure in heart, for they shall see God.' "
The three consecutive Windows in the Aisle are "Mary Windows," and are intended to depict the Scriptural Narrative of the Blessed Virgin. In the several lights are represented Isaiah's prophecy to Ahaz; the Annunciation; the Visitation; the Nativity; and the Purification of the Blessed Virgin.
The first of these Windows nearest to the Door was "inserted in loving memory of the Rev. Frederick Thomas Swinburn, D.D., by his Parishioners and friends." The second Window is in affectionate memory of Jane Marlow, the loving wife of John Field Swinburn, who was called to rest on May 13th, 1892. The third Window was " inserted by Maria Robinson, in loving memory of William Robinson, her husband, and of their daughter, Florence Violetta."
We thus have in S. Mary the gifts and offerings from many hearts to Him from Whom all good things do come, and sacred memorials of former worshippers, now at rest, by those who hold their memories dear.
The following additional items of interest have been arranged in chronological order:-
1866- The Worcester Diocesan Church Building Society, when granting £200 towards the building of S. Mary's, stipulated that 200 of the sittings should be free. 1867- The first Easter Vestry was
held April 22nd.
1868-A site was conveyed for a Parsonage House by the Yardley Charity Commissioners.
1870-The Vicarage was built, the Worcester Diocesan Church Building Society contributing £100.
1873- The first Confirmation was held at S. Mary's by Bishop Philpott.
1874-The Schools were built at a cost of £1,595 on land given by Mr. John Field Swinburn.
1879- The Schools were enlarged, at a cost of £345.
1881-An iron Mission Room was erected in Spring Lane, costing £110.
1882-An ornamental Copper Vane was presented to S. Mary's by Mr. Samuel Taylor.
1885- The Mission Room was enlarged at a cost of £162. A Memorial Tablet in S. Gabriel's commemorates the Mission work of Mr. W. Reeve, who died in 1888.
1890-A silver-gilt Chalice and Paten was presented to the Church by Mrs. F. T. Swinburn.
1800- Death of the Rev. F. T. Swinburn, D.D.
1893- A new Organ built by Nicholson and Co., of Worcester, costing £900.
1894- £200 spent on repairing the Schools.
1905- Received a legacy of £175 from the Executors of the late Mrs. Joseph Watson, for the building of a Church Room.
1905-The Mission Room was removed to Summer Road.
1906-Presentation of a large Chalice and Paten by Mrs. Wheelock, in memory of her mother, Elizabeth Whieldon; and a legacy of £45 received from the Executors of the late Henry Watts for the Building Fund of S. Mary's.
The panels in the Chancel were finished by the addition of four panels, completing the scheme to the chancel rails.
On the North side a panel in memory of the Rev. L. F. Dodd, M.A., Merton Coll., Oxford; died Feb. 8rd, 1913. By his wife in 1914. The second panel was subscribed for by the parishioners in his memory.
On the South side, the first panel is in memory of Julis Sophia, the wife of Dr. Swinburn, the first vicar, and was erected by her son and his wife. The second panel is in memory of Margaret Lunn, the sister of Mrs. A. Cordley Bradford.
In the Chancel. New choir stalls of oak, the screen on the organ side, and the alabaster altar rails in keeping with the reredos, were erected in 1930-1931, in memory of Mrs. A. Cordley Bradford, the wife of Dr. Bradford, at his expense.
On the South side, the oak screen and the tablet in the Chapel were erected to the memory of the fallen in the Great War, 1914-1919.
The place-name of Acock's Green was presumably derived from a former landowner in the parish. A certain Richard Acock, of Yardley, is mentioned in an Indenture of Marriage Settlement, dated A.D. 1604 (30, April 2, James I.); and in the Yardley Parish Register is also recorded the birth and baptism of Alice, daughter of Will Acock, Gent, in the year 1697.
There are two Moated Houses in our Parish - Hyron Hall, an ancient estate, but untraceable under its present name, and Tyseley Farm, called "Tisseleye" in an Indenture dated 1327, i.e., Tissa's lea or ley, A.S., which means a pasture.
S. MARY THE VIRGIN, ACOCK'S CREEN
constituted a separate Ecclesiastical District Feb. 26th, 1867
List of Incumbents.
1867-1890 Frederick Thomas Swinburn, D.D., Trin. Coll., Dublin.
1890-1907 James Balleine, M.A., Exeter Coll., Oxford.
1907-1913 Rev. L. J. Dodd, M.A., Merton Coll., Oxford.
1913-1919 Rev. P. E. Lord, M.A.
1919-1926 Rev. R. W. D. Stephenson, M.A.
1926-1931 Rev. G. H. Harris, M.A., Oxford.
1931- Rev. P. J. Kelly, M.A., Queen's Coll., Cambridge. | <urn:uuid:aa76a4fb-2448-44e5-ae95-8f7ef5303268> | CC-MAIN-2019-26 | https://aghs.jimdo.com/st-mary-s-church-1/st-mary-s-church-2/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-26/segments/1560627998755.95/warc/CC-MAIN-20190618143417-20190618165417-00175.warc.gz | en | 0.968099 | 4,480 | 2.734375 | 3 |
Rotarix or RotaTeq Vaccination given to infants can significantly reduce the rate of severe rotavirus diarrhoea.
The vaccines are not associated with increased numbers of serious adverse events.
These are the conclusions of a Cochrane Systematic Review published in the May 2010 issue of The Cochrane Library
Rotavirus infection is the most common cause of severe diarrhoea in infants and young children, with the peak incidence of disease occurring between six and 24 months of age. Symptoms can range from mild illness, to hospitalization and death. Rotavirus infections cause over half a million deaths per year in children younger than five years, especially in low- and middle-income countries. The virus also results in higher diarrhoea-related death in children less than five years of age than any other single agent, particularly in low- and middle-income countries.
The researchers identified 34 trials that met their inclusion criteria, of which 26 evaluated Rotarix (GSK Biologicals, Belgium) and 8 evaluated RotaTeq (Merck & co., USA). Together, these trials included 175,944 participants. The study also searched for data on the use of Lanzhou Lamb Rotavirus (LLR) vaccine, which is approved for use only in China, but did not identify any trials that met their inclusion criteria. Rotarix and RotaTeq reduced all cases of rotavirus diarrhoea by 76% and 73% respectively at one year of age, and by 67% and 62% respectively at age two years. Severe rotavirus disease was reduced by 72% and 93% respectively at one year and 67% and 89% respectively at two years.
"Discovering just how effective both of these vaccines are at combating rotavirus disease will inform decision-making and support vaccine introduction," says Karla Soares-Weiser, who works at Enhance Reviews Ltd, London and leads a world-wide team of academic and medical researchers.
"New trials with head-to-head comparisons of both vaccines are needed, as well as trials comparing LLR vaccine with placebo, data for special groups of children, such as preterm infants and malnourished children, and careful monitoring of adverse events where vaccines are routinely used," says Soares-Weiser. | <urn:uuid:8bf72c36-6df2-486c-bab8-1b957776ae0a> | CC-MAIN-2017-34 | http://www.medindia.net/news/Vaccination-Cuts-Incidences-of-Childhood-Rotavirus-Disease-68882-1.htm | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-34/segments/1502886106984.52/warc/CC-MAIN-20170820185216-20170820205216-00522.warc.gz | en | 0.950654 | 471 | 3.171875 | 3 |
Explore the topics below and find out more about what it means to have high LDL cholesterol, how it affects your health, and the importance of working with a healthcare provider to help reach your LDL-C goals.
Knowing your cholesterol level is really important, but an understanding of bad cholesterol—called LDL cholesterol (LDL-C for short)—is essential for taking it down.
The majority of cholesterol is made in the body, but some is found in the foods we eat. Regardless of where it comes from, however, having too much—specifically, too much of the bad kind of cholesterol called LDL cholesterol—can increase your cardiovascular risk.
This documentary film captures the stories of people across five different countries engaged in a fight against the same common enemy—LDL cholesterol (LDL-C).
Sign up for a personalized plan that can help you Take Down Cholesterol.
High levels of LDL cholesterol have a close connection to heart health, and when those levels increase, so do your cardiovascular risks.
Diet and exercise are always the first step in managing your high LDL cholesterol, but for some, they may not be enough. It’s important to talk to your healthcare provider about finding a management plan that works for you.
In the fight to Take Down Cholesterol, knowledge is power. | <urn:uuid:6e4ec1dd-fe25-4d21-bbb9-5b812828e3c9> | CC-MAIN-2019-47 | https://www.takedowncholesterol.com/cholesterol/high-ldl-cholesterol | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-47/segments/1573496665976.26/warc/CC-MAIN-20191113012959-20191113040959-00009.warc.gz | en | 0.940396 | 267 | 3.140625 | 3 |
Circumtropical. Indian Ocean: Reunion and Mauritius and Christmas Island.
Western Pacific: Palau, and the Hawaiian Islands. Western Atlantic: Bermuda, Bahamas, and Caribbean Sea; may occur in southern Florida, USA and northwestern Gulf of Mexico.
Reported from Bahia, Brazil.
Eastern Atlantic: around oceanic islands.
A benthic species and solitary species,
inhabiting outer reef slopes.
Occurs under ledges and in holes of reef slopes Has the habit of puffing its head like a cobra when approached.
Secretive and nocturnal.
Fisheries: subsistence fisheries; aquarium: commercial | <urn:uuid:691ae170-9911-4b93-82a7-3921972d994f> | CC-MAIN-2019-39 | https://dk.reeflex.net/tiere/4608_Channomuraena_vittata.htm | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-39/segments/1568514575596.77/warc/CC-MAIN-20190922160018-20190922182018-00176.warc.gz | en | 0.859736 | 135 | 2.578125 | 3 |
Humans lose concrete recipe for 1300 years!
Humans lose critical heat-shielding recipe for re-entry to Earth!
NASA looks for heat shields in Smithsonian museum
"...according to the Orion program executive the Orion project originally intended to use the heat shield from the Apollo program
as a fallback technology for the Orion thermal protection system, but was unable to recreate the Apollo material."
NASA has trouble with Newton's Law -- as contrasted with better analysis at
Chernobyl nuclear experiment (no accident?) | <urn:uuid:585f4e50-1c73-4bfa-9dbd-45ca67ba3702> | CC-MAIN-2019-09 | http://motiongenesis.com/MGWebSite/MGQuirkyNews/MGQuirkyNews.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-09/segments/1550247518497.90/warc/CC-MAIN-20190222155556-20190222181556-00339.warc.gz | en | 0.828874 | 104 | 3 | 3 |
Wildlife at Little Kulala
Desert-adapted wildlife such as ostrich, springbok and gemsbok eke out an existence and are sparsely distributed around Little Kulala. Larger carnivores, namely spotted and brown hyaena and even cheetah are occasionally present, while smaller creatures such as bat-eared fox and aardwolf can be seen at night in the cool desert air. The dune lark has its entire global distribution limited to the area, so dependent is it on the area's characteristic sands. A wide range of insects, reptiles and rodents make their home in this arid land; the call of the barking gecko at twilight is the quintessential sound of the desert. | <urn:uuid:560391ae-b18e-4ef8-b172-d0e44caf80a1> | CC-MAIN-2017-04 | http://www.wilderness-safaris.com/camps/little-kulala/wildlife | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-04/segments/1484560280834.29/warc/CC-MAIN-20170116095120-00099-ip-10-171-10-70.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.941443 | 147 | 2.53125 | 3 |
The Anti-Discrimination (Carers’ Responsibilities) Act 2000 (NSW) protects working carers from discrimination. Discrimination includes unfair treatment, harassment, dismissal or threatened dismissal, by anyone in your workplace. It is also against the law to treat you unfairly because someone thinks you have caring responsibilities now, did have in the past or will have in the future, or because of actual caring responsibilities in the past or future.
Under the Act, employers must reasonably accommodate the caring responsibilities of their employees, unless they can show that it would cause them unjustifiable hardship.
- Allowing staff to leave work on time
- Allowing staff to use a telephone to check on the person they support, make appointments, etc.
- Setting up flexible work arrangements such as flexitime, part-time work, job sharing, flexible rostering and making time up later
- Being flexible with the amount of paid or unpaid leave staff can take and when they can take it
- Allowing working from home on a temporary or long-term basis
The Sex Discrimination Act 1984 (Cth) provides female employees with protection from discrimination on the grounds of their family responsibilities. Family responsibilities are defined in the Act as the responsibility to care for or support a dependent child or immediate family member, being a spouse, adult child, parent, grandparent, grandchild or sibling of the employee or of the spouse of the employee.
Concerns about sex discrimination can be taken to the Sex Discrimination Unit of the Human Rights and Equal Opportunity Commission (HREOC).
The Disability Discrimination Act 1992 (Cth) provides protection for everyone in Australia against discrimination based on disability. Disability discrimination happens when people with a disability are treated less fairly than people without a disability. Disability discrimination also occurs when people are treated less fairly because they are relatives, friends, carers, co-workers or associates of a person with a disability.
The Privacy Act 1988 (Cth) and the Privacy and Personal Information Protection Act 1998 (NSW) enable you to keep private the name of the person you care for, their relationship to you and their illness or disability, and still talk to your employer about your caring responsibilities.
You or the person you care for may not wish it to be known that the care receiver has a mental illness, intellectual disability, HIV or hepatitis, or that the partner being cared for is a same-sex partner. Instead, you can provide a medical certificate to your employer that states, for example, “The patient has a condition which requires extensive care and support. This care and support is supplied by … [the employee]”.
Whether you tell your employer about the details of your caring responsibilities, or choose not to, employers must respect your privacy and not talk to other staff about your situation.
Depending on who you work for, you can take concerns about breaches of privacy to the Federal or NSW privacy commissioners.
What if I do experience discrimination or a breach of privacy?
If you do feel harassed or discriminated against, keep a log or diary of all incidents. Talk to the person or people first and try to resolve the issue. Your employer may have a policy in place to deal with workplace grievances that you can use. You can also get help from other sources such as trade unions.
If these methods don’t work, or aren’t appropriate, you can take your concerns to the appropriate body. There is a time limit between when incidents occurred and when you can make a complaint, so check these as soon as possible. You can get help with written complaints or applications from unions, community services, community legal centres and lawyers. This is particularly important if you have difficulties with written English. Many complaints are successfully resolved using mediation or conciliation. If this fails, you can go to the appropriate court or tribunal for a legal judgment.
For more information
For more information on the people covered by the various Acts and on making a complaint:
- check our Fact Sheet on Working Carers and Anti-Discrimination Laws (for the NSW Anti-Discrimination Board, or see http://www.antidiscrimination.justice.nsw.gov.au/)
- check the website of the Sex Discrimination Unit at http://www.humanrights.gov.au/our-work/sex-discrimination
- check the website of the Australian Industrial Relations Commission at www.airc.gov.au..
- check the website of the Office of the NSW Privacy Commissioner at http://www.ipc.nsw.gov.au, the Office of the Federal Privacy Commissioner at http://www.oaic.gov.au, or the Privacy Foundation at www.privacy.org.au.
- To find out the right union for where you work contact the Australian Council of Trade Unions at http://www.actu.org.au. | <urn:uuid:f8ef3d18-d16b-4eed-8dfb-1a97d51e57a5> | CC-MAIN-2017-17 | http://www.workingcarers.org.au/links/179-community/80-depression-services | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-17/segments/1492917123172.42/warc/CC-MAIN-20170423031203-00645-ip-10-145-167-34.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.946398 | 996 | 2.828125 | 3 |
Among the many factors that have potentially damaging effects on agricultural outputs worldwide, and consequently on farmers, the issue of climate change (CC) has got to be the most serious. Defined as ‘identifiable changes in prevailing climate (statistically testable) that persist over extended periods of time, usually decades’, CC causes fluctuations in temperature levels, deterioration of soil quality, probable decreases in the quality of yields, rise in atmospheric carbon dioxide, and can even bring about wholesale changes in yearly growing seasons. At present, close to 600 million farms across the globe are struggling to cope up with the challenges posed by climate change. It has been estimated that, by 2050, CC will lead to a 11% fall in agricultural output levels, and a whopping 20% rise in average prices. With an eye on improving the sustainability of agriculture, the need of the hour is a gradual reduction of the over-reliance of this sector on climatic factors. That, in turn, brings us to the topic of ‘climate-smart agriculture’, or CSA:
The extent of the problem
Agricultural yields have traditionally depended on the prevailing climate parameters (air temperature, sunlight, humidity, rainfall, etc.). This reliance has always added an air of uncertainty to farming, and has often caused much grief to farmers across the world. The severity of the ‘climate change’ problem is particularly high in countries which already have unfavourable weather/soil conditions. For instance, nearly 1 out of every 3 people in Guatemala suffers from food insecurity, brought about by the uncertainties of agriculture. In Mato Grosso, an apparently minor 1 ° centigrade increase in temperature can bring down annual corn and soy yields by up to 13%. A University of Leeds report has predicted that, farms in temperate and tropical areas will start to be affected (in the form of lowered yields) from 2030, due to 2 ° increases in temperature levels. Making the necessary adjustments/technology integrations to adapt to CC would require hefty investments by the developing/underdeveloped nations, to the tune of $200-$300/year (as estimated by the UNEP). The problem is big, and coping with it is a major challenge.
The concept of climate-smart agriculture
Climate change adversely affects both the quality and quantity of agricultural yields. That, in turn, causes farmers to fall into the trap of food insecurity, and consequent malnourishment and poor quality of life. The prime objective of climate-smart agriculture (CSA) is satisfactorily solving this problem, and delivering food security to everyone concerned. To attain this goal, CSA places prime focus on three factors: i) increases in farm outputs (productivity enhancement), ii) reduction in greenhouse gas emissions, to stall global warming (mitigation enhancement), and iii) boosting the resilience of crops/farms, in the face of climatic vagaries (adaptation enhancement). Interestingly, there are tradeoffs involved among these three factors (often referred to as the ‘3 pillars of CSA’). The challenge lies in integrating climatic elements in the overall agricultural plans, and optimizing the different targets by handling the tradeoff between these 3 factors in the best possible manner.
The importance of geomapping in CSA
Climate-smart agriculture has emerged as a key element of sophisticated agritech standards in general, and the application IoT and sensors in particular. The usage of smart sensors for geomapping (showcasing differences in climate conditions/soil conditions (like temperature, humidity, terrain quality, soil pH value, etc.) across locations by marking them in different colours on a map) is a classic example of this. These farm sensors can be designed to capture real-time data from weather satellites and/or other third-party elements, and send them back to a centralized gateway for detailed analysis. To ensure accurate geomapping and optimal performance of agro-sensors, the cellular network coverage has to be strong (and reliable) enough. Generally, the presence of many tall trees on a farmland can interrupt signals, and hence, cause the sensors to malfunction.
Cost-benefit studies in CSA
Full-scale integration of climate-smart practices involves moderate to heavy expenses – in the form of new tools and gadgets, as well as the need to learn how to optimally use the technological resources. Provided that CSA practices has been implemented properly, the benefits can also be huge – mainly because uncertainties caused by ‘climate change’ will then be out of the picture. In-depth economic analysis is required for this cost-benefit analysis, and to calculate the estimated potential gains from CSA, the net present value (NPV) and internal rate of return (IRR) figures are often referred to. The discount rate for making these calculations is pre-specified (~12%) – representing the money’s social opportunity cost. A viable statistical model has to be created to track ‘crop response’ levels after applying CSA practices on the field. On the cost side, both the one-time installation expenses as well as the flow of maintenance expenses have to be taken into account. The economic feasibility of CSA has already become evident in several locations worldwide. At the Trifinio reserve, for example, the IRR of CSA practices has been in excess of 140%. The results have been even more favourable in Nicaragua, where the cost-benefit ratio has jumped to 1.85 and the IRR rate has jumped to a shade under 180%. Users in Ethiopia have also reported much lower yield variability and ~22% higher outputs as a result of implementing CSA practices.
Note: The IRR rates in Trifinio and Nicaragua were calculated on the basis of vine crops in home gardens. The cost-benefit figure in Nicaragua is with respect to application of practices on basic grains.
The need to reduce GHG emissions
More than 40% of the total emission of greenhouse gases come from agriculture. To ensure the sustainability of farming activities and full food security, reduction of the emission levels is essential. Farmers need to focus squarely on bringing down GHG emissions per unit of produce (kilogram, calorie, etc.), while activities like deforestation have to be done away with as much as possible. Another key requirement in this regard is the management of trees and soil surfaces, so that the latter can serve as reliable ‘carbon sinks’. The livestock sector – which accounts for nearly 15% of the total man-made GHG emissions – has to be examined closely, along with existing rice cultivation techniques. In rice/paddy fields, overwatering (and consequent flooding) is one of the principal causes for rising methane emissions. Hence, lowering the frequency of irrigation and allowing the fields to drain properly are some basic strategies to reduce this methane production level. In general, the heavy use of machines and fertilizers in intensive farming often results in greater release of toxic GHG gases into the environment. One of the biggest sub-domains under CSA is the ‘mitigation’ of such emissions. A ‘greener’ environment will be key to sustainable agriculture.
We have already highlighted how implementation of CSA practices has benefitted farms in several places. Let us here take a look through the most popular ‘CSA practices’ (awareness about CSA was close to 75% by 2014). Using mulch for conservation tillage, with 67% frequency of implementation, is by far the most highly adopted ‘CSA practice’, with agroforestry with hedgerows and crop rotation activities taking up the second and third spots. Other relatively commonly implemented CSA practices include drip irrigation, contour ditch setup, putting up stone barriers, and switching over to heat/pest resistant crop varieties (maize, beans, etc.). The average increase in yields due to application of these practices hovers between the 25% and 40% mark, with conservation tillage and drip irrigation offering the maximum gains. CSA practices are expected to become more refined in future – and the advantages of using them would be even more significant.
Greater adaptability is a key requirement
The global population is rising rapidly, and agricultural outputs have to keep pace with it. Put in another way, we have to produce enough food to feed the rapidly burgeoning population levels (estimated to reach 9.6 billion by 2050). A ~70% spike in food production is required between now and 2050 – and this growth has to take place with ‘sustainable intensification’ (with minimal negative impacts on the environment, and with no adverse effects on production capabilities in future). The importance of making agriculture more ‘resilient’ and adapted to ‘climate change’ is paramount – and that involves the implementation of ‘smart farming’ standards, with advanced, internet-enabled tools and gadgets. Right from optimizing irrigation sessions, to monitoring soil quality/temperature/moisture and weather-related information – everything can be tracked with the help of sensors, examined carefully, and future courses of actions are determined on the basis of such analyses. Over the last couple of years or so, artificial intelligence (AI) and M2M (machine-to-machine) learning have emerged as vital cogs for optimized precision agriculture. For managing sensors, cellular modems/gateways/controllers are used.
Note: For a detailed analysis of smart irrigation tools and practices, read this post.
Challenges to overcome
CSA promises to offer food security and development by increasing agricultural produce and making the sector more sustainable than ever before. However, there are certain bottlenecks that impede the widespread application of CSA practices. For starters, since the gains from moving over to climate-smart farming do not usually become apparent right from the start, many farmowners remain sceptical about the return-on-investment (ROI) factor. In the developing countries, getting farmers acquainted with the necessary technology (computer intelligence and robotics, for example) also remains a considerable challenge. CSA is, by nature, data-driven – and conflicts of interest regarding data-ownership can easily crop up. Also, the low-margin nature of the agricultural sector acts as a barrier to climate-smart agriculture. Many growers view the innovations involved in CSA as ‘risky’ – and hence, remain averse to making investments on the new farming technologies. Thankfully, CSA projects around the world are being backed by public funding – and we should be able to move beyond most of these challenges soon enough.
Emphasis on ‘ecosystems services’
While modernization of agriculture has picked up pace over the past few quarters, the developments have been mostly fragmented – thanks to sectoral approaches taken by the growers. CSA looks to make things more efficient, by making agricultural advancements holistic, with prime focus on integrated plans and management. Under climate-smart agriculture, the importance of the ‘free ecosystems services’ (soil, air, water, etc.) is factored in – and due care is taken to avoid depletion/damage of these resources in any way. As a rule of thumb, CSA practices should focus on bringing about higher outputs, without affecting the quality/availability of these ‘ecosystems services’. Typically, CSA-proponents highlight the need to understand the various interdependencies among resources (soil, water, air, forests, biodiversity management), and follow a ‘landscape approach’ for improving the output levels and making farms more climate-resilient and adaptable. It also has to be kept in mind that CSA is not a ‘one-size-fits-all’, or even a ‘one-size-for-every-time’ solution. Since several related objectives have to be met, the interactions of elements with the overall landscape and ecosystem layers have to be taken into account. A CSA practice that is mighty effective for Farm A can be absolutely useless for Farm B, due to the differences in the ecosystems of the two fields.
CSA and organic farming
Organic farming and climate-smart agriculture differ primarily due to their approaches. In the former, the ‘methods’ of agriculture are specified (avoiding harsh chemical fertilizers and pesticides), while in the latter, the focus is more on the ‘goals of farming’ (namely, food security via higher yields, lower emissions, greater adaptability and sustainability). Interestingly, there are many practices involved in organic farming that are simultaneously ‘climate-smart’ as well. An example in this regard would be the emphasis on boosting organic matter in soil and improvements in natural nutrient cycling in organic farming – activities that help in carbon-preservation in the soil, and make agriculture as a whole more ‘resilient’. Proper nutrition and diet sustainability are two other factors that come under the purview of climate-smart agriculture. Organic farming is closely related to CSA – and if a comparison has to be made between the two, it’s CSA that has the more extensive benefits.
CSA in practice
There are already many instances of successful implementation of CSA practices, in different parts of the world. In Kenya, Uganda and Rwanda, dairy production has been intensified with the help of climate-search packages of practices (PoP) – with the benefits percolating to over 200 thousand farmers. The ASI rice thresher in Africa offers heavy economic advantages (easily outweighing its installation costs) – and prevents wastage of rice harvests. In Brazil, the ABC credit-initiative plan is geared to provide loans at low interests to farmers involved in low-carbon farming and other activities related to sustainability. Catfish aquaculture in Vietnam has received a serious thrust, while food-security in Africa has received a shot in the arm with the help of the ‘drought-tolerant maize for Africa’ (DTMA) project. Carbon credits were handed out to poor Kenyan farmers, in a bid to improve their land-management capabilities and standards. It is pretty much evident by these use cases that CSA has multiple points of entry – at different levels, and with varying specific goals.
It would be a folly to view climate-smart agriculture as a rigid set of technological gadgets and practices (although it can involve the application of IoT and robotics in a big way). The essence of CSA lies in seamlessly integrating solutions at the value chain, the food system, the ecosystem & landscape, and even at the policy/decision-making stages. Lowering the gender-gap and empowering women (along with other marginalized groups) is another important benefit of CSA. It has been seen that there is significant involvement of women (~43%) in agricultural activities, although their actual land-ownership figures are much lower. With ‘climate smart practices’, attempts are being made to resolve this problem, and provide everyone with equal opportunities. Coping with ‘climate changes’ effectively is now possible, thanks to the growing popularity of CSA. These practices are ideal for making agriculture more sustainable than ever before. | <urn:uuid:d93850e7-8eca-45b1-9a4c-19485f27f588> | CC-MAIN-2018-09 | http://teks.co.in/site/blog/the-rise-of-climate-smart-agriculture-an-analysis/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-09/segments/1518891813608.70/warc/CC-MAIN-20180221103712-20180221123712-00154.warc.gz | en | 0.945793 | 3,115 | 3.4375 | 3 |
Chinese and Canadian scientists say they have successfully carried out a form of teleportation across an entire city.
The two teams working independently have teleported near-identical versions of tiny particles called photons through cables across Calgary in Canada and Hefei in Anhui province.
The forms of teleported photons were destroyed in one laboratory and recreated in another more than 8km apart in the two cities through optical fibre.
Similar experiments have been carried out before, but only within the same laboratory.
A physicist not involved in either of the studies said the research was a step forward in the development of a “quantum internet”, a futuristic particle-based information system that could be much more secure than existing forms of digital data.
Quantum networks make eavesdropping almost impossible because the particles used cannot be observed without being altered.
“The two papers demonstrate that the possibility of quantum [internet] networks that span a city are a realistic proposition, which is an exciting vision for the future,” Grosshans said.
Professor Zhang Qiang, one of the leaders of the Chinese team, said: “Maybe in the distant future, materials can be teleported through a fibre or even open space, too.”
The research was carried out by scientists at the University of Science and Technology of China and the University of Calgary and their papers were published in the journal.
The research concentrates on the behaviour of particles at a subatomic, or quantum level.
Researchers have long known that a photon particle can be split in two and yet the pair are still “entangled”, which means that any change in the state of one immediately affects the other, although how this happens is still unknown.
This, in theory, means it could be possible to transmit information by manipulating entangled photons, but various factors, including fluctuating temperatures, can interfere with the process over longer distances outside the laboratory.
The researchers used sophisticated equipment to counter these and other problems, allowing the Chinese team, led by Professor Pan Jianwei and Professor Zhang, to achieve “full” quantum teleportation of photons over a optical fibre network 12.5km apart.
The Canadian team led by Professor Wolfgang Tittel also teleported the particles over 8.2km. The teleported photons were a virtual copy of the original.
A team at the National Institute of Standards and Technology in the US reported last year that it had achieved quantum teleportation over a fibre optical network more than 100km in length, but the whole cable was coiled within a laboratory.
Scientists have also teleported photons through the air over 100km, but the technology can only be used at night and in remote areas because too many of the particles are generated by other sources including natural light.Using a cable shields the photons from interference and is viewed by researchers as a more practical way of harnessing the technology.
The Chinese and Canadian teams used different approaches to carry out their experiments. The Chinese team demonstrated a fuller version of the quantum network with higher reliability, but the Canadian approach was more efficient, according to Grosshans.
The Chinese method “comes at the price of a low rate of two teleported photons per hour, which would strongly limit its practical applications if it could not be improved”, he said
The Canadian method “allows a faster teleportation rate of 17 photons per minute”, but their low accuracy during transmission “also limits its immediate practical applications”.
Zhang at the University of Science and Technology of China, said the team’s work was only a small step towards the construction of a quantum network.
Many technical hurdles, such as storage for the extremely fragile quantum data, remained and it was difficult to predict when a global quantum internet would be operational.
Grosshans said a useful quantum computer was still a few decades away and “the first ones, whether they will be built in 2030 or 2070 would be very expensive machines”.
China is at the forefront of research into quantum communications.
It is carrying out experiments on a satellite launched last month as part of efforts to develop a communications system that cannot be cracked by hackers.
The experiments involve attempting to transmit information through photons from the satellite to earth. | <urn:uuid:611dbefd-f69b-4057-b7dd-f0a36d192fe2> | CC-MAIN-2017-51 | http://zoomdr.blogspot.com/2016/09/researchers-teleport-tiny-photon.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-51/segments/1512948592846.98/warc/CC-MAIN-20171217015850-20171217041850-00314.warc.gz | en | 0.952716 | 870 | 3.1875 | 3 |
by Mary Ann Manahan; originally posted on ileia.org
On Sicogon Island in the Philippines, farmers and fisher folk were displaced from their land and fisher folk were displaced from their land and livelihoods after the Typhoon Yolanda. Opportunistic land grabbing after a climate disaster is yet another example in which those least responsible for climate change suffer its gravest consequences.
Super typhoon Yolanda/Haiyan hit the Philippines in November 2013. It was the fourth strongest typhoon in recorded history. On Sicogon Island, Iloilo Province, one of the areas hardest hit by the typhoon, around 1000 farmers’ and fishers’ homes were damaged or destroyed by Yolanda. The devastation that prevailed was aggravated by internal displacement and loss of livelihoods due to land grabbing permitted by the government’s probusiness approach to reconstruction. Private companies laid claim to the land previously occupied by farmers and fisher people to develop tourism infrastructure along the coast. As the residents of the island began to rebuild their lives, they had to first reclaim their land rights.
Tourism trumps farmers
After the typhoon, President Aquino declared a 40-meter-nobuild-zone policy along the coastal zones of the country, including where people used to live. This created confusion and outrage among local governments, civil society groups, and communities affected by Yolanda who wanted to move back onto their land. On the other hand, it was the moment that Sicogon Development Corporation (SIDECO) had been waiting for, to turn Sicogon into a tourism destination.
In 2014, SIDECO entered into a joint venture partnership with the private company Ayala Land to undertake a ‘Sicogon Island Redevelopment Project’. The project was a long-standing initiative that had been accompanied by an equally long-standing land struggle for the local communities – spanning almost four decades. Before the typhoon hit, the communities’ campaign for land brought them national and international allies, including national senators, NGOs and church and human rights advocates. The Department of Agrarian Reform’s confirmation that 335 hectares of land on the island would be placed under the Comprehensive Agrarian Reform Program (CARP) was a huge feat for the communities. But the typhoon changed the balance of power in this struggle once more.
On Sicogon Island around 1000 farmers’ and fishers’
homes were damaged or destroyed by Typhoon
Yolanda. Photo: Mary Anne Manahan
Amelia dela Cruz, a farmer leader from Sicogon Island explained how the owner of SIDECO made an opportunistic move to permanently displace people from their lands and their livelihoods. Amelia said: “SIDECO took advantage of this tragedy. Yolanda has been their ally. They gave us three options: first, they would give us Php 150,000 (approximately US$ 3000) if we would leave; second, they would relocate us to another island with free housing, water, and electricity; third, if we wouldn’t agree with any of the options, they would demolish our communities.” Some families were relocated but Amelia is amongst those who decided to stay.
Farmers and fishers stand their ground
Five months after being left homeless by Yolanda, on April 12, 2014, members of the Federation of Sicogon Island Farmers and Fisherfolk Association (FESIFFA) protested the living conditions on Sicogon Island through a camp-out in front of the Department of Environment and Natural Resources. More than 200 Sicogon families had settled in a portion of a 282-hectare public forest land area in Buaya, Sicogon as a last ditch effort to rebuild their homes and lives. FESIFFA President Raul Ramos explained: “With no options left to rebuild our communities, we were being forced by the government and by SIDECO to occupy public forest lands as a resettlement site, even without support and approval from official authorities.” Both SIDECO and its allied officials in the local Department of Environment and Natural Resources filed cases against FESIFFA farmers for their occupation of the public forest lands.
Climate justice and land grabs
The case described in this article is, unfortunately, not an unusual one. Stories of land dispossession and displacement have been repeated in the wake of many disasters caused by extreme weather events, geophysical hazards, and manmade conflicts: many New Orleans residents were displaced after Hurricane Katrina and Rita; extensive drought in Northern Sudan in the mid-1980s was the excuse to force the Hawaweer nomadic group off of their lands; after an earthquake in Pakistan and India in 2005, tenants in rural and urban areas were prohibited by landowners from re-establishing their rental rights.
These are cases of injustice in which disaster capitalism dispossesses the people living on the land. Social movements such as the one described here are crucial for reclaiming rights and livelihoods.
Source: Uson, Maria Angelina. Natural disasters and land the Hawaweer nomadic group off of their lands; grabs: the politics of their intersection in the Philippines after an earthquake in Pakistan and India in 2005, following super typhoon Haiyan. 2017. Canadian Journal tenants in rural and urban areas were prohibited of Development Studies.
The residents engaged in dialogues with government agencies and gathered significant public, media, and social movement support for their cause. The National Anti-Poverty Commission (NAPC), in particular, stepped in to assist in the dialogues, and provided housing for the residents. International groups, such as ICCO Cooperation, a Dutch NGO, also provided support to FESIFFA members for rebuilding their livelihoods.
Months after their camp-out, threats against them still lingered in various forms: orders to vacate the island, prohibition to repair and rebuild their houses, legal cases against them by the Department of Environment and Natural Resources for forest occupation, and legal cases against their leaders. At some point, Ayala Land stepped in and offered various packages that were unacceptable to FESIFFA.
This is not a story of defeat; Sicogon’s farmers have stayed on the island to rebuild their livelihoods
One year after Yolanda, FESIFFA members were ‘put on the spot’ to sign an alleged ‘win-win’ solution. FESIFFA, the residents of Sicogon, SIDECO, and Ayala Land signed a compromise agreement, which would allow the development of Sicogon into an eco-tourism area, on one hand, and on the other, would allow the farmers and fisher folk to continue living on the island without further harassments and intimidations by the developers. The compromise stated that FESIFFA members would be granted ‘collective titles’ to land upon forming a homeowners association. The land would be donated by SIDECO and Ayala, which meant that, in practice, the farmers with claims under the agrarian reform programme would have to withdraw them.
This compromise was perceived to be an unjust resolution by many and divided FESIFFA. It was perceived that SIDECO and Ayala Land ended up with most of the land that they wanted. And, those who had to withdraw their land claims under the agrarian reform programme would lose the rights that they had previously fought for.
Resisting and rebuilding
Nevertheless, this is not a story of defeat. Sicogon’s farmers have stayed on the island to rebuild their fishing and farming livelihoods, albeit in a limited way. None of the land reforms favouring the farmers that were agreed on in the compromise have been delivered yet, and this has motivated FESIFFA to resume its advocacy work for their land rights. In April 2017, yet again leaders went to the capital and organised a camp-out and protest in front of the Department of Environment and Natural Resources. They plan to intensify their campaign this year with renewed resolve to seek justice and secure rights to land and resources for their farming and fishing livelihoods.
Mary Ann Manahan ([email protected]) is a Senior Program Officer at Focus on the Global South. | <urn:uuid:7bb9405c-1524-4ab6-b68f-39ed98fddcca> | CC-MAIN-2018-13 | https://focusweb.org/content/advancing-justice-after-climate-disaster-philippines | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-13/segments/1521257647584.56/warc/CC-MAIN-20180321063114-20180321083114-00397.warc.gz | en | 0.971224 | 1,703 | 2.859375 | 3 |
Whether building a house on a ridge overlooking Lake George or expanding a house on the lakeside, it’s important to plan and design your property to maintain natural drainage patterns and treat stormwater onsite close to its source.
1. The most effective management practices to reduce negative impacts on Lake George are established at the beginning of the development process, during the planning phase.
2. Development significantly increases stormwater runoff that eventually enters Lake George. Impacts to the lake can be minimized through careful site planning.
3. When developing a site, it’s important to maintain the original drainage patterns that allow the natural process of infiltration to reduce stormwater runoff.
4. When a property is altered through grading and the removal of trees, soil and other plants, there is a marked increase in the amount and rate of stormwater pollution.
5. Retaining a minimum of two-thirds of mature forest cover and natural soil on a site is a good place to start for an ideal development plan. | <urn:uuid:0236b281-5e96-4792-be00-f931e93665a9> | CC-MAIN-2019-51 | https://fundforlakegeorge.org/solutions/do-it-yourself-water-quality-guide/plan-your-site-carefully | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-51/segments/1575540488620.24/warc/CC-MAIN-20191206122529-20191206150529-00530.warc.gz | en | 0.915375 | 205 | 3.1875 | 3 |
Measurement - PPN 06/21
Jan 2021 - Dec 2021
Emissions by Scope (tCO2e)
Emission Scopes Measured
Emissions by Category
Scope 3 Emissions Detail
Promote and implement core training schedules for core employees and Green Team. Certified Carbon Literacy Training supports and encourages behaviour changes per individual.
5% – 15% reduction
Reduce the amount of operational waste sent to recycle/ taken by imbedding a procurement strategy which incentivises sustainable and circular procurement options. Setting specific internal waste targets to match local legislation and policy and specifically report data and progress to enable understanding of behaviour changes impact.
Commit to sending drivers on a driver efficiency course, track monitor and evaluate data for specific pinch points such as engine idling speed. Create buy-in opportunities with workforce initiatives and competition.
# Trees Planted
In order to avert a climate catastrophe, research shows we must take CO2e out of the atmosphere. Inventors around the world are working on big machines to suck carbon out of the air and capture it underground. Meanwhile, nature already built those machines for us: They’re called trees, and they are a crucial part of protecting our climate.
Let’s face it, our fossil fuel-based system needs an upgrade. Instead of spewing CO2e until we run out of dead dinosaurs to burn, let’s go all-in on renewable technology now. That’s why solar is so important: it can bring electricity to millions while keeping fossil fuels in the ground.
Nearly half of the world still cooks over open fires, which is bad for the planet and bad for human lives. Air pollution from inefficient wood-burning stoves contributes to millions of deaths each year. These clean cook stoves, developed with the community, burn efficiently with less fuel, protecting people and the planet. | <urn:uuid:b97c9b85-9a5e-4304-80d7-9021c919e0b9> | CC-MAIN-2023-06 | https://positiveplanet.uk/company-dashboards/centurion-traffic/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-06/segments/1674764500094.26/warc/CC-MAIN-20230204044030-20230204074030-00048.warc.gz | en | 0.86726 | 471 | 2.546875 | 3 |
Dolní Věstonice (archaeology)
Dolní Věstonice (often without diacritics as Dolni Vestonice) refers to an Upper Paleolithic archaeological site near the village of Dolní Věstonice, Moravia in the Czech Republic,on the base of Děvín Mountain 549 metres (1,801 ft), dating to approximately 26,000 BP, as supported by radiocarbon dating. The site is unique in that it has been a particularly abundant source of prehistoric artifacts (especially art) dating from the Gravettian period, which spanned roughly 27,000 to 20,000 B.C. In addition to the abundance of art, this site also includes carved representations of men, women, and animals, along with personal ornaments, human burials and enigmatic engravings.
Soon after excavations of this site began in 1924, the significance of Dolni Vestonice became apparent. Thousands of ceramic artifacts, many of which depicted animals, were found associated with the site. The animals molded in the clay include lions, rhinoceroses, and mammoths. These figurines have been interpreted to have been of some ceremonial significance to the ancient occupants of the site. In addition to these artifacts, two figurines depicting women were found. One of the figurines, known as the Black Venus, was found on a hillside amongst charred mammoth bones; the other depicted a woman with a deformed face. Speculation regarding the relation of the second Venus figurine with a woman buried at the site, who had a deformation on the same side of the face, may imply a connection between the two. This woman’s skeleton was found buried under the scapula of a mammoth, with a fox pelt and red ochre. Such a burial is attributed to the relative importance of this individual to the people who occupied this site. Contrary to popular beliefs regarding the hunting practices of people living in the Upper Pleistocene, the inhabitants of this site did not solely chase mammoths with spears. Indentations of netting on the clay floors of the huts found at the site were preserved in the archaeological record when the structures burned down, hardening the clay. These indentations strongly suggest that these people were using nets to catch smaller prey in addition to hunting mammoths with spears. Finally, shells found at the site have been shown to originate from the Mediterranean, suggesting these people either traveled to collect them or were trade partners with other groups nearby.
Organization of living space
Dolni Vestonice is an open-air site located along a stream. Its people hunted mammoths and other herd animals, saving mammoth and other bones that could be used to construct a fence-like boundary, separating the living space into a distinct inside and outside. In this way, the perimeter of the site would be easily distinguishable. At the center of the enclosure was a large bonfire and huts were grouped together within the barrier of the bone fence.
At an isolated site 80 meters upstream lies a lean-to shelter dug into an embankment. An estimated 2,300 clay figurines of various animals were found in and around the remains of a kiln. It may be one of the first instances of a covered oven, hot enough to fire clay. Most of the figurines were broken and found in fragments. General consensus agrees that they were likely intentionally and perhaps ritualistically broken, but offers no conclusive reason. One hypothesis posits that these figurines had magical significance, and were intentionally fashioned from wet clay so that they would explode when fired.
The Dolní Vestonice artifacts also include some of the earliest examples of fired clay sculptures, including the Venus of Dolní Věstonice, and date back to 26,000 B.P. The Venus figurine is a ceramic statuette depiction of an obese, nude female. This figurine is similar to other Venuses found throughout the area at nearby archaeological sites such as Willendorf and Grimaldi[disambiguation needed]. In 2004, a tomograph scan of the figurine showed a fingerprint of a child who must have handled it before it was fired. A majority of the clay figurines at Dolni Vestonice were found around either the dugout or the central fire pit located within the site.
Carved ivory figure of young man
Particularly striking is a sculpture which may represent the first example of portraiture (i.e., representation of a specific person). This contrasts with the more highly abstracted and exaggerated styles of representation which were nearly universal until the dawn of high civilization; the majority of anthropomorphic figures on this site bear no distinct facial features, but this figure, carved in mammoth ivory, is roughly three inches high. The subject appears to be a young man with heavy bone structure, thick, long hair reaching past his shoulders, and possibly traces of a beard. Originally found in 1891, there was concern that the finding might be a hoax. However, particle spectrometry analysis conducted at the University of Kansas Space Technology Center placed the date of the carving (as opposed to the age of the mammoth ivory itself) at around 29,000 years ago.
Carved ivory figure of elder
A carved ivory figure in the shape of a female head was discovered near the huts. The left side of the figure’s face was distorted.
Description of elder's burial
One of the burials, located near the huts, revealed a human female skeleton aged to 40+ years old, ritualistically placed beneath a pair of mammoth scapulae, one leaning against the other. Surprisingly, the left side of the skull was disfigured in the same manner as the aforementioned carved ivory figure, indicating that the figure was an intentional depiction of this specific individual. The bones and the earth surrounding the body contained traces of red ocher, a flint spearhead had been placed near the skull, and one hand held the body of a fox. This evidence suggests that this was the burial site of a shaman. This is the oldest site not only of ceramic figurines and artistic portraiture, but also of evidence of female shamans.
Burial of three individuals
During an excavation at the site in 1986, a well-preserved triple burial was unearthed. The site is dated to be 28 kya. The remains of three individuals, one female and two males, were found. The bodies were lying in an extended supine position, covered by burnt spruce logs and branches. The female in the middle was placed first, being partially covered by the other two. The two males were laid beside the female in different positions. One was faced down and the other on his side with hands reaching the pubic region of the female. The heads of all three were covered with red ochre, the female also having red ochre around her pubis. All three individuals are, interestingly, theorized to be related based on three rare traits: unilateral absence of the frontal sinus, specific auditory exostoses, and impaction of the upper wisdom teeth. Each individual is believed to be about 16-25 years old at the time of death. The central female suffers from a genetic pathology resulting in the curved form of her legs. Red ocher, a pigment commonly used for rituals, was found over the pelvis.
A burial of an approximately forty-year-old woman was found at Dolni Vestonice in an elaborate burial setting. Various items found with the woman have had a profound impact on the interpretation of the social hierarchy of the people at the site, as well as indicating an increased lifespan for these inhabitants. The remains were covered in red ochre, a compound known to have religious significance, indicating that this woman’s burial was ceremonial in nature. Also, the inclusion of a mammoth scapula and a fox are indicative of a high-status burial.
In the Upper Paleolithic, anatomically modern humans began living longer, often reaching middle age, by today’s standards. Rachel Caspari argues in “Human Origins: the Evolution of Grandparents,” that life expectancy increased during the Upper Paleolithic in Europe (Caspari 2011). She also describes why elderly people were highly influential in society. Grandparents assisted in childcare, perpetuated cultural transmission, and contributed to the increased complexity of stone tools (Caspari 2011). The woman found at Dolni Vestonice was old enough to have been a grandparent. Although human lifespans were increasing, elderly individuals in Upper Paleolithic societies were still relatively rare. Because of this, it is possible that the woman was attributed with great importance and wisdom, and revered because of her age. Because of her advanced age, it is also possible she had a decreased ability to care for herself, instead relying on her family group to care for her, which indicates strong social connections.
Furthermore, a female figurine was found at the site and is believed to be associated with the aged woman, because of remarkably similar facial characteristics. The woman was found to have deformities on the left side of her face. The special importance accorded with her burial, in addition to her facial deformity, makes it possible that she was a shaman in this time period, where it was “not uncommon that people with disabilities, either mental or physical, are thought to have unusual supernatural powers” (Pringle 2010).
In 1981, Patricia Rice studied a multitude of female clay figurines found at Dolni Vestonice, believed to represent fertility in this society. She challenged this assumption by analyzing all the figurines and found that, “it is womanhood, rather than motherhood that is symbolically recognized or honored” (Rice 1981: 402). This discovery challenged the widely held assumption that all prehistoric female figurines were created to honor fertility. The fact is that we have no idea why these figurines proliferated nor of their purpose or usage.
- Dolni Vestonice I - the Kiln and Encampment. Don's Maps- Paleolithic European, Russian and Australian Archaeology. Ed. Don Hitchcock.
- Formicola, V., Pontrandolif, A., and Svoboda, J. 2001: The Upper Paleolithic Triple Burial of Dolni Vestonice: Pathology and Funerary Behavior. American Journal of Physical Anthropology 115:372-374.
- Jelínek, J., Pictorial Encyclopedia of the Evolution of Man, Prague: Hamlyn (1975).
- National Geographic Magazine, The National Geographic Society, October 1988.
- Price, T. D., and G. M. Feinman. Images of the past. New York: McGraw-Hill Higher Education, 2010. Print.
- Pringle, Heather. "Ice Age Communities May Be Earliest Known Net Hunters." Science Magazine 277.5300 (1997): 1203-204. Science. Web. Trinkaus, Erik, Svoboda, Jiří. Early Modern Human Evolution in Central Europe: the People of Dolní Věstonice and Pavlov. Oxford: Oxford UP, 2006. Google Books. Web.
- Shreeve, James, The Neandertal Enigma: Solving the Mystery of Modern Human Origins, New York: William Morrow and Company (1995).
- Tedlock, Barbara, "The Woman in the Shaman's Body; Reclaiming the feminine in religion and medicine", New York: Bantam Dell, 2005.
- The Origins of Ceramic Technology at Dolni Věstonice, Czechoslovakia. Vandiver, Pamela B, Klima, Bohuslav, Svoboda, Jiři, Soffer, Olga. Science. Vol. 246 Issue 4933. | <urn:uuid:3895aabd-48ab-4674-8790-8c819c09a333> | CC-MAIN-2015-22 | http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doln%C3%AD_V%C4%9Bstonice_(archaeology) | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2015-22/segments/1432207929176.79/warc/CC-MAIN-20150521113209-00030-ip-10-180-206-219.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.962016 | 2,437 | 3.453125 | 3 |
This week we are exploring shapes in quilting, specifically in modern quilting. Since we can only show seven quilts this week we will concentrate on the most popular shapes in modern quilts: squares, circles, triangles, and hexagons.
Squares are oftentimes overlooked in their importance in quilting because they are well, square. But, since many quilts rely on a block structure, squares are very key component of many quilts. Some even allow the square to take center stage with that being the only shape in the quilt. These quilts generally rely on color and arrangement and can result in very interesting and quite dynamic quilts.
Second only to squares, triangles are definitely a cornerstone shape in quilting and modern quilting is no different. They can be put together in an infinite number of combinations to create unique, fun and modern quilts. They come in many dimensions and orientations and when put together can create a variety of shapes and designs. To quilters they are called HST’s (Half Square Triangles), QST’s (Quarter Square Triangles), Equilateral Triangles, Flying Geese or just triangles.
There is very little more intimidating to a new quilter than circles. But, if used properly there can be very little more satisfying than a quilt effectively executed with circles. Modern quilters have been playing around with circles and coming up with some great results. Effective use of color and negative space are two keys to creating a striking modern circle quilt and many new techniques make circles in quilts more attainable.
Aside from squares and triangles, hexagons are the only other regular shape that tessellates. This just means that it is the only other regular pattern of shapes that fits snugly together with no space in between. This results in the opportunity to create wonderful paper pieced 1” hexagon quilts as well as much larger machine pieced hexies. But, modern quilters aren’t stopping there. They are taking the hexagon to greater heights, floating them on solid backgrounds and making them out of a million tiny pieces.
This week you will see seven quilts that illustrate the versatility and beauty of modern quilts based off of shapes. Oftentimes, it is the most basic shape that makes for the most striking quilt.
This Week of Shapes – Intro post was written by Latifah Saafir | <urn:uuid:56b4bf74-6999-4d2d-9a20-0c15df8f80d7> | CC-MAIN-2018-39 | https://themodernquiltguild.wordpress.com/2012/01/02/100-days-week-of-shapes-intro/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-39/segments/1537267160754.91/warc/CC-MAIN-20180924205029-20180924225429-00299.warc.gz | en | 0.957979 | 503 | 2.90625 | 3 |
A few months ago, I wrote a short post on urban forests in China based on research conducted in Shenyang. The question of green spaces in Chinese cities is one which draws the focus of many scholars. An interesting article was published recently in “Urban forestry & urban greening”. In this article, the authors Yang Jun, Huang Conghong, Zhang Zhiyong and Wang Le1 analysed the evolution of urban green coverage in Chinese cities. They based their reasearch on satellite images of 30 Chinese cities. According to their finding, Chinese cities, unlike European and North American cities, have become greener over the last twenty years. However their results also show that original green areas have not been preserved. Changes in green coverage are even more acute since 2000, and are caused by several factors including economic growth, climate change and greening policies.
According to their research, in the case of urban areas, both older and newly developed districts have become greener. But the overall urbanisation has caused a loss of vegetation coverage: large areas of agricultural lands have been transformed into more urban areas.
The authors also point an important turn-over of green areas. Because Chinese cities have been through constant and intensive redevelopment, the vegetation has not had enough time to grow: older trees were cut, and during the last twenty years, parks have been redesigned, redeveloped several times. So the usual benefits of vegetation in cities, such as pollution prevention and health have been limited. Authorities have favoured quantity over quality. The authors plead for the introduction of more green areas preservation policies at city level and propose that future research on green urban areas should make a distinction between already existing and new green spaces.
- Yang Jun, Huang Conghong, Zhang Zhiyong & Wang Le (2014). The temporal trend of urban green coverage in major Chinese cities between 1990 and 2010. Urban forestry & urban greening, Vol.13 No.1, pp.19-27 | <urn:uuid:82614d6c-b48a-4b49-b109-421072e49443> | CC-MAIN-2022-21 | https://urbachina.hypotheses.org/9734 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-21/segments/1652662627464.60/warc/CC-MAIN-20220526224902-20220527014902-00373.warc.gz | en | 0.972631 | 399 | 2.734375 | 3 |
The latest news about environmental and green
technologies – renewables, energy savings, fuel cells
Posted: Oct 23, 2012
Scientists retrieve important ocean acidification data from antarctic waters (w/video)
(Nanowerk News) A research team led by a scientist from UC Santa Barbara and supported by the National Science Foundation (NSF) has retrieved data from a sensor in Antarctic waters that survived the harsh polar winter. The information it gathered will provide critical baseline data on the changes in chemistry, or acidification, of those remote seas.
An all-woman team of graduate and undergraduate students and a postdoctoral fellow 末 led by Gretchen Hofmann, a professor of ecology, evolution, and marine biology at UCSB 末 retrieved the sensor intact earlier this month near McMurdo Station, NSF's logistics hub in Antarctica.
Hofmann's team includes Pauline Yu who works in Hoffman's lab at UCSB's EEMB and is an NSF-funded postdoctoral research fellow with UCSB's Marine Science Institute; Amanda Kelley, a graduate student at Portland State University; Lydia Kapsenberg, a Ph.D. student with EEMB at UCSB; and Olivia Turnross, an undergraduate in UCSB's College of Creative Studies.
SeaFET sensor just before
it was retrieved from under the sea ice.
Deployed by divers under the sea ice and left in place at the end of the 2011-12 Antarctic research season, the sensor gathered data through the month of June, which is the height of winter in the Southern Hemisphere. Data gathering ended when the instrument's battery failed in the frigid waters.
The successful recovery will provide the first data of its kind about the relative acidity 末 expressed as the pH 末 of the waters in McMurdo Sound. While ship-borne sensors in Antarctic waters have made some pH measurements, the data logged by this instrument is the first continuous record of pH in a coastal region under sea ice in the winter 末 data that, combined with the data collected in the summer, provides a fuller picture of seasonal variations in pH.
The acidification of the oceans is a global concern to scientists, as increasing amounts of atmospheric carbon find their way into the seas, changing the water chemistry. Estimates are that 30-40 percent of the carbon dioxide (CO2) released into the atmosphere dissolves into the world's oceans, rivers, and lakes, changing the chemical balance of the water.
This change in ocean chemistry, driven by increases of CO2 in the atmosphere, will have effects on marine life, making it difficult for some creatures to make protective shells, to reproduce, and to grow. These impacts on individual species may then cascade to alter food chains and how species interact with one another, potentially altering entire ecosystems.
While Hofmann's Antarctic work was funded by NSF's Office of Polar Programs independently from the agency's Ocean Acidificiation program, numerous individual research projects such as hers led the scientific community to understand the need to measure scope and effect of the acidification phenomenon globally, and provided the impetus for the agency's broader support for acidification research.
This video shows the SeaFet ocean pH sensor in McMurdo Sound:
Acquiring the data on Antarctic pH is crucial to understanding the current state of the ecosystem in order to place future measurements of the pH of the region's oceans in context, Hofmann noted.
Having a pH baseline will provide an important benchmark for scientists to begin to test whether certain species have the physiological and genetic characteristics to adapt to projected change.
"One of our central research challenges is to forecast whether species will be able to adapt to a rapidly changing environment," Hofmann said. "It is critical to obtain current measurements of pH to help understand the environment that organisms will face in the future."
The team was successful in gathering the data during the winter by deploying an ocean pH sensor called a SeaFET, which was developed through an NSF award from the Division of Ocean Sciences to Todd Martz, of the Scripps Institution of Oceanography at the University of California, San Diego. SeaFET development was also supported by funding from the David and Lucile Packard Foundation to Kenneth Johnson, of the Monterey Bay Aquarium Research Institute (MBARI).
"Returning the first pH time series from such a remote and harsh environment is a true victory for all of the scientists involved; it represents a great example of technology developed through one NSF program (OTIC) enabling the research of another (OPP)," said Martz.
Source: UC Santa Barbara
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Check out these other trending stories on Nanowerk: | <urn:uuid:8e2b3514-cc3b-44ef-8fb2-dad099d55e67> | CC-MAIN-2014-41 | http://www.nanowerk.com/news2/green/newsid=27241.php | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2014-41/segments/1410657120446.62/warc/CC-MAIN-20140914011200-00289-ip-10-196-40-205.us-west-1.compute.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.922075 | 976 | 2.765625 | 3 |
What is lipreading?
Communication is so important to all of us and encompasses all areas of our lives, whether it is in our working lives, our social lives or just the everyday, simple interactions with other people.
Those of us who have a hearing loss often feel very left out when our family and friends are in conversation because we are unable to follow accurately what they say.
Sometimes we can become frustrated and depressed and even reluctant to join the group or to go out to events where we know it’s going to be difficult for us.
This self-imposed isolation doesn’t help us as it escalates, and our bad feelings get worse. We can feel miserable.
So, what can we do? First, we have to try to be (and look) positive – people will want to be with us if we are friendly and open. Secondly, we need to find a way of communicating better and this will depend on our own personal circumstances.
For many of us lipreading can help. Whilst it is not a magic wand, lipreading can help us to better understand what we see and hear, enabling us to take a more active part in conversations.
What is lipreading?
An interesting question – some people think of lipreading as a set of skills, whilst others believe it is an art.
It has been said that lipreading is not precise because some sounds and words look very similar and because it relies so much on the lipreader’s own background knowledge of language and on the quality of speech of the speaker.
This may be true but for many of us lipreading has enabled us to function, much more effectively, in the hearing world.
We consider lipreading as a way of using your skills, knowledge and general awareness – using any clues to help you make sense of what you are hearing, or if you have no hearing, to understand and follow what another person says – to enable you to take part in the conversation.
This is not always easy, because however good at lipreading you are, there are some situations that are difficult to work in (lipreading is especially difficult in large, noisy groups and meetings and where you are listening to speakers with no loop system in place).
Overall though, lipreading can be a lifeline, enabling you to be more confident and to take an active part in many large and small group situations. For most of us using sign language is not an option because we live in the hearing world where very few people know how to sign.
Tips to help you lipread
Learning to lipread never ends. There are different formations to learn, different dialects, and every face is different, dealing in its own way with words. However, the more you learn, the more your confidence will grow, enhancing and strengthening your communication ability.
- Remember to ask people to look at you and speak clearly.
- Ask them not to cover their mouth and to speak a little slower and clearly but with normal rhythm and intonation.
- If possible ask them to face you and keep still.
- If possible find a quiet place to have your conversation – soft furnishings, carpets and curtains all help to absorb noise and make it easier to lipread.
- Make sure the room is well lit and the light is on the other persons face.
- If possible be at the same height and not too far away from the speaker.
- If you can tell people what is best for you – where you need to sit for different situations
- If you cannot understand, ask them to rephrase, repeat or write it down. Keep a pen and paper with you at all times, or use a small, portable writing tablet.
- Wear one of our lipreading badges or lipreading wristbands to make people aware of your communication needs.
Don’t be surprised if you feel tired. Lipreading requires deep concentration, and you will need to give yourself frequent breaks, especially at first. When you get the chance, close your eyes and relax for a few minutes. Take time out!
Free online lipreading exercises
Lipreading Practice is a free website with lipreading videos and exercises to try at home. Visit the Lipreading Practice website.
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Construction and Robotics: Problems and Solutionsby Amarjit Singh,
Document Type: Proceeding Paper
Part of: Preparing for Construction in the 21st Century
Abstract: The role of robotics in construction, and the role played by construction engineers (CE's) is placed in perspective. Robot development, like machine manufacture, has always been a domain of industrial, electrical and mechanical (IEM) engineers. CE's engaged in robotic R&D are generally ill-equipped to undertake anything more than knowledge structuring. For the construction manager (CM), the robot is seldom anything more than another equipment item requiring prosaic investment and maintenance. Only through effective team-work between IEM engineers, CE's and researchers can construction robotics be successfully implemented. Construction robot development must focus on end-product manufacture to attract financial investments. This paper defines robots, and mentions areas of robot design. But it must be realized that robots in construction are not an end panacea in themselves: they must fit into the construction management scheme of things, as do other pieces of equipment. Robots must also fit into the larger aspect of computer-integrated construction (CIC), for proper effectiveness of co-ordination and control interpretation. Though robots promote the cause of automation and Al, there are other avenues as well of attaining to construction automation and general intelligence.
Subject Headings: Robotics | Construction management | Construction equipment | Automation | Investments | Electrical equipment
Services: Buy this book/Buy this article
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Democracy Requires Fair Elections and Full Representation
Rulers Boss the Citizens
Below is the text of a radio broadcast.
Are you satisfied that you really have sufficient control over the actions of governments, or do you feel, as so many other thoughtful people do, that governments tend to control us, rather than we to control them? Don't you feel that the accent is perhaps rather too much on "government OF the people" and too little on "government BY the people," and very little "FOR the people?"
If this is so, it's a pretty fair indication that democracy isn't functioning properly. After all, it is we, the ordinary people, who have to pay the bill, and it is we who have to suffer for the government's mistakes. When bad or foolish policies, for instance, lead the country into war, it is the ordinary man and woman who must suffer. So it IS important that we should be able to keep a fairly tight rein on our government, irrespective of what party label it may wear at any time.
Well, let us see how much control we really have. Once each few years it is our privilege to vote at an election, and in theory at any rate, can elect a government to carry out our wishes. Normally we each have two, or perhaps three, candidates to choose between. Not any of them may really represent your views, but one will be elected. Perhaps the lucky person will be the one you placed at the bottom of the ballot -- you voted most emphatically against him. Although he will work against the things you believe in, he is supposed to be your representative. Can you feel in that case that you are really represented?
Yet in every election, this is the position of nearly half the voters; nearly half the votes are cast for defeated candidates. (And in some cases more than half voted for candidates other than the winner.) Such voters are not only UNrepresented, they are MISrepresented by members who oppose what these voters want.
The trouble is, of course, that our method of election is faulty. When, for electoral purposes, we divide the country up into a lot of districts that each choose ONE representative, obviously the people must be divided into those whose votes elect a member, and those whose votes are wasted. The remedy is to have only a few very large electorates, and to let each choose several members. And since more than one member is to be selected, a candidate does not need just over half the votes to be successful, but he needs only a QUOTA, which can be very much less than half.
This is the well-tried method of Proportional Representation, used for forty years for Tasmanian elections, as well as in many other parts of the world. Proportional Representation means that nearly all voters usually elect their first choice, and because there must be a bigger, wider choice of candidates, we can elect better members. We can elect the candidate with whose policy we agree on quite a number of points, and not merely some pre-selected party yes-man, as frequently happens today.
This is a way to restore control of parliament to the people. It is an important part of the policy of the Justice Party. For we really believe in democracy, and know that it is wise to have all substantial points of view represented in our legislatures, in proportion as those views prevail amongst the people. Of course, we believe that our own views on economic matters are correct, and because we do, we shall try to convert as many as possible to our way of thinking. It is an essential part of democracy that groups must be free to attract others, and perhaps become in turn, the majority. If a free world is to prevail against the evil forces opposing it, it is essential that effective control of government must be given to the people; Proportional Representation is the necessary first step.
--- Harcourt Bell
For further explanation and information, see
- our classic Fair Elections and Full Representation and
- Norman Thomas on Two-Party Monopoly and the Need for Electoral Reform and
- John Anderson Calls for Instant Runoff Voting and Proportional Representation
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The effect of potato variety mixtures on epidemics of late blight, in relation to plot size and level of resistance
Phillips, S.L., Shaw, M.W. and Wolfe, M.S. (2005) The effect of potato variety mixtures on epidemics of late blight, in relation to plot size and level of resistance. Annals of Applied Biology, 147 (3). pp. 245-252. ISSN 0003-4746
Full text not archived in this repository.
To link to this item DOI: 10.1111/j.1744-7348.2005.00027.x
Potatoes of a number of varieties of contrasting levels of resistance were planted in pure or mixed stands in four experiments over 3 years. Three experiments compared the late blight severity and progress in mixtures with that in pure stands. Disease on susceptible or moderately resistant varieties typical of those in commercial use was similar in mixtures and pure stands. In 2 of 3 years, there were slight reductions on cv. Sante, which is moderately susceptible, in mixture with cv. Cara, which is moderately resistant. Cara was unaffected by this mixture. Mixtures of an immune or near-immune partner with Cara or Sante substantially reduced disease on the latter. The effect of the size of plots of individual varieties or mixtures on blight severity was compared in two experiments. Larger plots had a greater area under the disease progress curve, but the average rate of disease progress was greater in smaller plots; this may be because most disease progress took place later, under more favourable conditions, in the smaller plots. In one experiment, two planting densities were used. Density had no effect on disease and did not interact with mixture effects. The overall conclusion is that, while mixtures of potato varieties may be desirable for other reasons, they do not offer any improvement on the average of the disease resistance of the components. | <urn:uuid:19a49254-3207-4861-8139-9fb9d1e813d9> | CC-MAIN-2017-17 | http://centaur.reading.ac.uk/10377/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-17/segments/1492917121267.21/warc/CC-MAIN-20170423031201-00257-ip-10-145-167-34.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.953234 | 394 | 2.53125 | 3 |
Egyptian Feminism in a nationalist century
By Margot Badran
The 20th century has been one full of national and social challenges. Margot Badran maps Egyptian women’s struggle for liberation
Feminism had already been born in Egypt when the twentieth century dawned, but it was still an unnamed infant. Its mothers were women whose lives spanned the nineteenth and twentieth centuries —women of the middle- and upper-classes who realised that the benefits of modernity and the possibilities for new lives that it held were not the same for them as for men of similar circumstances. As the twentieth century unfolded, a new awareness about what it meant to be "female" took root.
The state granted women the right to vote and run for parliament in 1956. Here, Rawya Attiya, in military garb, canvassing the support that would make her Egypt’s first female parliamentarian (1957)
Huda Sha’rawi meeting with women from various Arab countries. The Egyptian Feminist Union also promoted the cause of Arab women
Huda Sha’rawi, right, with Saiza Nabarawi at a women’s conference in Rome after they had removed their veils
The story of Egyptian feminism is the story of feminism in a nationalist century. How could it be otherwise? The first half of the century was marked by a fierce anticolonial struggle; the second half in constructing a new, more independent nation. During the course of the century, women have given shape to a newer, modern identity —a new way of thinking, a new mode of analysis and a new guide for everyday and collective political activism. Women articulated feminism within the discourses of both Islamic modernism and secular nationalism. Feminist foremothers, like Aisha El-Taimuriya, Warda El-Yaziji and Zainab Fawwaz, gave expression to the emergent "feminist consciousness" in their poetry, essays and tales. Aisha El-Taimuriya wrote in 1894: "Oh, men of our homelands, Oh you who control our affairs, why have you left women behind?"
Women’s feminism gained its initial entry into public space legitimised largely as a vital nationalist force. The first two decades of the century saw a discrete social feminism, but in the next three decades, feminism grew into a forceful political movement.
After the 1952 Revolution, feminism was silenced as an independent public discourse while the state undertook to determine citizens’ rights within the framework of Arab socialism. In the 1970s a second feminist wave emerged, becoming a vibrant force in the 80s, as public space reopened to plural voices. By the 1990s, women of a new generation were shaping a third feminist wave and beginning to rethink the feminist turath and where feminism might be taken in the future.
The opening years of this century constituted a moment of discreet public feminist activism as women of the upper- and middle-classes began to exit the confines of domestically-centered life. From the turn of the century until the end of the second decade, women judiciously entered the public space to collectively engage in various modes of social feminism, either as individual pioneers or as women engaged in collective pursuits.
The year 1909 was a landmark in Egyptian feminism, witnessing a number of firsts. The field of education was marked by two important advances: First, Nabawiya Musa sat for the state secondary school examination and passed with flying colors —the first girl to do so and the last allowed to by the colonial education authorities until after Egypt’s quasi-independence in 1922. Second, in answer to demands from women, special lectures were held by and for women at the new Egyptian University. Newly educated middle-class women, such as Nabawiya Musa, Malak Hifni Nasif, Mai Ziyada, and Labiba Hashim were the speakers. In other sectors, women founded the first secular philanthropic association, the Mabarrat Muhammad Ali, to bring health and medical services to poor women and children. Malak Hifni Nasif, under the pseudonym Bahithat Al-Badiya, published a collection of her essays, articles, and public speeches in a book called Al-Nisa’iyat (Feminist Texts), which examined the challenges and potentials for women as they entered into national life and public space.
As they were staking out new lives for themselves in society, women began to formulate a coherent agenda for their advancement. At the Nationalist Congress that convened in Heliopolis in 1911, Malak Hifni Nasif seized the opportunity to issue the first set of feminist demands. These included women’s right to all forms and levels of education, the right to work in the occupations and professions of their choice and the right to participate in congregational prayer in mosques.
Women’s nationalist militancy in the period from 1919 to 1922 became the bridge from what was a mainly invisible social feminism to a highly public and organised collective feminism. Women went out in public protest for the first time when they mounted a demonstration on 16 March 1919, joining the entire nation in decrying the continued British colonial occupation and demanding national independence. While upper-class women went out in organised demonstrations, women of the popular classes joined the more spontaneous public protests. It was women "of the people" who became martyrs to the cause, like Hamida Khalil, who was shot by colonial police in front of the Al-Hussein Mosque.
Nabawiya Musa exhibited a different defiance. As the director of the Wardiyan Women Teachers’ Training School in Alexandria (a first for an Egyptian woman), she refrained from participating in street demonstrations in order not to risk the closure of her school. She answered back in 1920 when she published a bold feminist nationalist treatise, Al-Mar’a wal-’Amal (The Woman and Work), insisting that "directing women towards education and work is the best service we can render this country we are ready to die for."
Malak Hifni Nasif
During the period of intensified nationalist militancy to end British occupation, men welcomed the participation of women in the nationalist movement. The Wafdist Women’s Central Committee helped widen the base of support throughout the country and rendered vital services. However, after quasi-independence was declared in 1922, women were treated as second-class citizens. Although the Constitution of 1923 declared all Egyptians equal, a new electoral law subsequently granted the right to vote to men only.
Women saw that they would have to organise their own liberation movement at this crucial moment, when the new nation was itself being shaped. Huda Sha’rawi led women in founding the first explicitly feminist organisation, Al-Ittihad Al-Nisa’i Al-Misri (the Egyptian Feminist Union). The Egyptian Feminist Union (EFU), in conjunction with the Wafdist Women’s Central Committee, produced a comprehensive list of demands, including women’s full political rights, women’s educational and work rights and reform of the Muslim Personal Status Law. Girls from the New Woman Society workshop placarded the demands at the gates of the new parliament when it opened in 1924.
The EFU founded the journal l’Egyptienne in 1925 under the editorship of Saiza Nabarawi and 12 years later, Al-Misriya, first under the editorship of Fatma Ni’mat Rashid and later Eva Habib El-Masri. Endeavouring to reach out to a new generation of feminists, the EFU organised a junior group called the Shaqiqat in 1933. Among its members were Hawwa Idris, a niece of Huda Sha’rawi, who would later become a long-time EFU activist and set up a daycare center for working mothers. Other junior feminists included Amina El-Said, who would become a pioneering journalist at Dar Al-Hilal, and Suhair El-Qalamawi, who would break ground as a university professor. Zainab El-Ghazali, a future Islamist leader, joined the EFU in 1935, but left a year later to form the Muslim Women’s Society, intent to struggle for women’s liberation and national liberation within an Islamic framework.
The era between 1920 and 1950 witnessed many feminist achievements. The first state secondary school for girls, the Shubra School, with a curriculum equal to that of the boys’ schools was opened in 1925. Women gained entry to the university in Egypt in 1929. Suhair El-Qalamawi became the first woman to earn a Ph.D. in Egypt in 1941 and went on to teach in the Department of Arabic Literature at Fuad I University. Duriya Shafiq became the first Egyptian woman to receive a doctorat d’état from the Sorbonne. Hilana Sidarus, who had been among the first group of Egyptian women to be sent on scholarship abroad to study medicine, became the first Egyptian director of the Kitchner Memorial Hospital and later established a long and successful private practice. Na’ima El-’Ayyubi, the first woman to graduate in law from Fuad I University, later became the first Inspector of Women’s Work in the new Labor Office.
Although women could claim many successes, the largest disappointment to feminists was the failure to win significant reform in the Muslim Personal Status Law, especially regarding the curbing of polygamy, control of men’s easy access to divorce, and enabling women to initiate the dissolution of marriage. No amount of Islamic reformist arguments could win the day for them. Throughout the twentieth century, reform of the Personal Status Law would be the most contentious issue in Egyptian feminism.
In the 1930s and 40s, the Egyptian Feminist Union reached other Arab women. At the height of the Arab Revolution of the 1930s in Palestine, the EFU overcame great obstacles put in the way by colonial authorities to convene the Conference for the Defence of Palestine; once again demonstrating the tight mesh of nationalism and feminism. Faika Muddaris from Syria insisted: "In order to achieve our nationalist task, we should not rely only on kings, presidents and other male leaders, but likewise upon women." Zainab El-Ghazali, who joined forces with the feminists, declared: "In past time, as today, the woman has called for peace and has raised the banner of right to defend the land and its dignity."
Anticipating a postwar world, the EFU spearheaded the Arab Feminist Conference in 1944. The liberation of Palestine and the liberation of women were at the top of the agenda, as was the cause of Arab unity. Later, when the Arab League was formed and there were no women among the delegations, Arab Feminist Conference President Huda Sha’rawi told the men: "You have widened the gap between yourselves and your women by deciding to build your new glory alone. The League is but half a league —a league of half the Arab people." The Arab Feminist Conference gave birth to pan-Arab feminism, creating the Arab Feminist Union that still exists today.
In the 1940s, women moved to widen the societal base of feminist activism, giving birth to a new populist feminism. Feminist organisations and organisers proliferated. Fatima Ni’mat Rashid, Duriya Shafiq, and Inji Aflatun appeared on the scene as leaders of three different strands of this new populism. Fatma Ni’mat Rashid created the first women’s political party called Al-Hizb Al-Nisa’i Al-Watani (The National Feminist Party), in 1941. Establishing close links with the Workers and Peasants Parties, the NFP adopted a broad agenda of economic and social reforms. However, its main purpose was to accelerate the campaign for women’s political rights. The NFP did not survive more than a year.
Duriya Shafiq undertook a more dynamic feminist initiative. She created Ittihad Bint Al-Nil (the Daughter of the Nile Union) in 1948, having paved the way by the three journals she had previously founded. The Bint Al-Nil movement was the first feminist movement to establish a broad base throughout the country. It opened literacy centres and hygiene programmes for poor women in numerous provincial towns. It also placed the vote for women at the forefront of the activist agenda.
Duriya Shafiq became Egypt’s most militant suffragist and the leader in the final round of the battle for women’s political rights. When she saw that forceful argumentation alone (of the kind the liberal feminists made) did not carry the weight necessary, she resorted to more radical tactics. In 1951 she led a women’s march to the Parliament and a three-hour sit-in. She later conducted a hunger strike in a final push for women’s political rights and also engaged in debates with the Islamic establishment, objecting to fatwas saying that women should not vote.
In this postwar period, with the international rise of the Left and the mounting anti-imperialist struggles as countries of Africa and Asia fought to gain national independence, a more radical strand of populist feminism was in the making in Egypt. Young socialist feminist Inji Aflatun helped found Rabitat Fatayat Al-Jam’ia wal-Ma’ahid (The League of Young Women of the University and Institutes) in 1945, which student leader Latifa El-Zaiyat joined. Later, when the League was closed down in a drive to suppress the Left, socialist feminists created the Jam’iya Al-Nisa’iya Al-Wataniya Al-Mu’aqqata (The Provisional Feminist Association). Inji Aflatun was the first woman from within the Egyptian Left, which accorded no space to discuss women’s liberation, to link class and women’s oppression and to connect the two to imperialist exploitation. She elaborated her arguments in two books: Thamanun Milyun Imra’a Ma’na (Eighty Million Women with Us) and Nahnu Al-Nisa’ Al-Misriyat (We Egyptian Women), published in 1948 and 1949 respectively.
The women’s peace movement became a major site for the expansion of populist feminism as women came together in a broad coalition to fight for the final expulsion of British troops from Egypt. In 1950, veteran EFU feminist Saiza Nabarawi (then moving to the left, a lone example of the radical future of liberal feminism) and younger feminists, including Inji Aflatun and Widad Mitri, formed the Harakat Ansar Al-Salam (the Friends of Peace Movement). When violence broke out in the Canal zone in 1952, women across the political and ideological spectrum from socialist feminist Inji Aflatun to liberal feminist Hawwa Idris to Islamist Zainab El-Ghazali, joined ranks to form the Al-Lajna Al-Nisa’iya lil-Muqawama Al-Shabiya (the Women’s Committee for Popular Resistance).
With the 1952 Revolution, women’s independent public militancy was about to come to an end. The new state granted women the vote in 1956, 32 years after feminists had made their first demands for suffrage. The same year the government forced the closure of the Egyptian Feminist Union (as it did all independent organisations). It was allowed to reconstitute itself as a social service organisation under a new name, the Huda Sha’rawi Association.
The major exception to the rule of the public silencing of feminists was Amina El-Said, who had come of age during the time of the EFU-led movement. While still a student she used to write and give speeches in Arabic for the feminist organisation. In 1954 El-Said founded a mass circulation magazine for women called Hawwa (Eve) published by Dar Al-Hilal. She became a member of the board of the Press Syndicate and later, vice-president. El-Said tried to integrate the liberal feminist vision into the socialist state’s "gender-neutral" project for the mobilisation of citizens. She deplored the inequities of the Muslim Personal Status Code. She decried the double burden put on women who had taken up new jobs provided by the state, only to realise how the state had failed to help these working women meet their childcare needs. The socialist state’s extension of educational and work opportunities across lines of class and gender would later lead to unintended consequences.
In the 1970s, with the start of the era of infitah (open-door) capitalism and the announcement of democratic "pluralism," feminists and other suppressed groups once again surfaced. Women who had been the beneficiaries of the socialist programmes of the previous state emerged on the scene to create a new feminist wave. At the forefront of the new feminist resurgence was Nawal El-Saadawi, who had graduated as a medical doctor in 1955. Through her medical practice she observed women’s physical and psychological problems and connected them with oppressive cultural practices. She also linked patriarchal oppression, class oppression and imperialist oppression. In 1972 she published Al-Mar’a wa Al-Jins (Woman and Sex), confronting and contextualising various aggressions perpetrated against women’s bodies, including female circumcision. The book, which became a foundational text of second-wave feminism, cost her her job in the Ministry of Health.
The 1980s saw the consolidation of various associations and groupings. Nawal El-Saadawi led women in founding the Jam’iyat Tadamun lil-Mar’a Al-’Arabiya (the Arab Women’s Solidarity Association) in 1985. AWSA provided a forum for debating gender issues and organised several international conferences. In 1982 women who had joined forces in Mansura to protest the Israeli invasion of southern Lebanon went on to publish a feminist journal called Majallat Bint Al-Ard (Daughter of the Earth Magazine). The group coalescing around the new journal also began to work with women in surrounding villages to help them better their everyday lives. In 1986 a group formed around the Majallat Al-Mar’a Al-Jadida (The New Woman Magazine) and began to help ordinary women deal with health issues and legal aid and to assist them in income-generating projects.
Feminists also began organising themselves around human rights and legal literacy. In 1987 a group of women and men founded Rabitat Al-Mar’a Al-Arabiya (the Alliance for Arab Women), headed by women’s development specialist Huda Badran. The organisation focuses on women’s political and legal rights. Other professional women also brought their experience to bear in the service of women’s legal needs. Prominent lawyers, journalists, government officials, and NGO leaders, including Mervat El-Tellawi, Magda El-Mufti, ’Aziza Hussein, Inji Rushdi, Saniya Salih, Awatif Wali and Muna Zulfiqar formed the Communication Group for the Enhancement of the Status of Women. To help women take advantage of the existing laws in their favour, they published a pamphlet called Legal Rights of the Egyptian Woman: Theory and Practice in 1988.
In 1985 when the revised Muslim Personal Status Law of 1979 (the first major revision since 1929) was revoked, feminists formed a broad coalition constituting the Lajnat Al-Difa’ ’an Huquq Al-Mar’a wal-Usra (the Committee for the Defence of the Rights of the Woman and the Family), which successfully fought for the reinstatement of the law (albeit in a slightly modified form). Although the rescinding of the law was part of a larger political battle that transcended issues of personal status, the regulation of family life would prove the most contentious and least satisfactorily settled feminist issue during the century.
Feminists paid renewed attention to issues of women’s health and sexuality when Cairo hosted the International Conference on Population and Development in 1994. Although female circumcision, now called female genital mutilation, had been a feminist issue in the 1970s, there was now an intensification of the campaign against this continued, and even rising, practice. Veteran activist Marie Assad headed the Quwwat Al-’Amal lil-Munahaddat li Khitan Al-Banat (the Task Force to Fight the Circumcision of Girls) composed of a broad base of professional and activist women of different generations.
As the twentieth century draws to a close, feminism is taking multiple shapes. Feminist activism is dispersed throughout civil society. This de-centered feminism is being expressed in the context of a massive proliferation of NGOs and at a moment when the pragmatic takes precedence over the ideological. Nationalist feminism, as an ideology, seems to have run its course. Feminists are now operating in local and global spaces as the two increasingly intersect, challenging and redefining each other. As we bid farewell to feminism in the nationalist century and mark the achievements of its leaders and pioneers, it seems that feminism in a new paradigm will appear with the new millennium.
Font: Al-Ahram Weekly
30 Dec. 1999 - 5 Jan. 2000
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For release: 02/10/04
Release #: 04-016
As the desegregation movement swept across the South in 1969, Linda Yarbrough was at the heart of it. She played a role in that history when she and four other students became the first African Americans to integrate classes at a private business college in Huntsville. Today, having earned two business degrees from two colleges, Yarbrough is helping NASA make world history as a program analyst for the International Space Station, planning key project budgets for the research laboratory orbiting 240 miles above Earth.Photo:As a program analyst at NASA's Marshall Space Flight Center in Huntsville, Ala., Linda Yarbrough works in the budget office tracking money for projects for the International Space Station — the most sophisticated, world-class research laboratory ever placed in orbit. Yarbrough was one of five African Americans to integrate a private business college in Huntsville in 1969, participants in the broad civil rights movement of the 1960s that opened new, equal education opportunities for all Americans. (NASA/MSFC/Emmett Given)
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Writing with cell phones and computers.
Writing about bodily functions and war.
Writing multigenre digital media projects.
This is how Fulton Middle School language arts teacher Jeremy Hyler gets 7th and 8th grade boys to enjoy reading and writing in his classroom.
According to Hyler, successfully motivating boys to write means giving them plenty of choices.
“Young adolescent boys are not given enough choices when it comes to reading and writing. I allow my boy students to write about murder, burping, farting, war, etc. I also give them different media to express their ideas, too, such as Wikispaces, Google Docs, Edmodo, Cel.ly, Glogster, Animoto, Toondoo and other 21st century tools” explains Hyler.
“If you don’t allow them to use technology, you will lose boys rather quickly. There are few adolescent boys who actually want to put a pencil in their hand and write on a piece of paper.”
Hyler describes reading as an important companion to writing, especially for boys, and allows his students ample opportunities to read and write about activities they are interested in.
To increase motivation, Hyler also focuses on his students’ writing as a whole, rather than just in terms of structure or surface errors. “I really focus on the positives in their writing to make them confident,” he says.
He also gives students plenty of opportunity to write every day using technology as way to further student engagement in more traditional literacy practices. For example, Hyler’s students use Glogster to create multimedia posters based on themes and characters from novels. They log in to Celly and Google Docs to create daily journal entries, store writing portfolios, and draft essays for peer and teacher review. Students complete multigenre research projects on topics of their choice using a wide range of technological tools. This year Hyler is adding two new technology tools to his students’ digital literacy repertoire: Animoto for digital storytelling and Edmodo for discussion posts.
But technology should not be used for its own sake, notes Hyler: “First and foremost, my students write every day in my classroom, and I write with them. I journal with my students and share with them what my mental process is as I write. They need to see how my writing process works as a model.”
For teachers who would like to learn more about using digital technology in their classrooms, Hyler suggests the National Writing Project’s web source Digital Is. The site contains collections of digital resources, created and posted by teachers, which can be adapted for classroom use, including Hyler’s own resource site on using multimedia and multigenre writing.
“As educators, we need to be open to different types of writing and be willing to call text messages, Facebook comments, tweets, blogs and comic strips writing,” says Hyler, who is currently writing his own adolescent fiction novel.
For teachers interested in learning more about how to motivate reluctant writers, Hyler suggests Ralph Fletcher’s book Boy Writer: Reclaiming Their Voices. This year, Hyler is forming a lunchtime writing club for boys, which he hopes will motivate more of his students to enjoy writing.
“Boys, in general, aren’t always comfortable sharing their writing with their classmates,” he explains.
“Bottom line—it is about giving the boys choices, and making them feel comfortable and confident in their writing.”
This article was authored by Karen Horwath. | <urn:uuid:0f588203-5c49-47ab-8a4e-416d14018fd5> | CC-MAIN-2020-40 | http://chippewariverwp.org/2011/12/17/crwp-teacher-explores-multigenremultimedia-writing/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-40/segments/1600402127075.68/warc/CC-MAIN-20200930141310-20200930171310-00658.warc.gz | en | 0.953727 | 745 | 3.328125 | 3 |
Young students can be the most motivated and energetic classes you teach, but they may also loose interest easily. Carefully structuring classes for younger students to combat short attention spans is a must!
Sometimes young students get bored of one topic if you focus on it for too long. Because of this, it is best to create lessons that are structured and focused but also dynamic. Try turning practicing dance moves into a game or set aside time for the students to choose what they work on. This gives them something to look forward to and engages their competitive nature.
While younger students may seem to understand instruction at first, they may need to repeat a dance move multiple times before they can securely add it to their inventory of skills. Because of this, finding ways to incorporate repetition in fun ways is key to keeping their attention and reinforcing what you are teaching. To keep repetitive actions interesting describe the actions in fun ways. For instance, when encouraging them to leap tell them to “fly” or otherwise personify the movement with non-studio imagery.
Give Feedback at Every Opportunity
Young students love to be praised, and encouraging them is the best way to keep them wanting to achieve more to further impress their instructors. Pay close attention to your students’ achievements and reward them no matter how small they may be. You don’t have to give them a huge reward every time they do something, though. Sometimes a “good job” is enough to leave a student beaming. | <urn:uuid:748b384d-c20e-4f94-926c-2cfb6565a8c5> | CC-MAIN-2023-14 | https://showstopper.vip/keeping-attention-younger-students/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-14/segments/1679296945376.29/warc/CC-MAIN-20230325222822-20230326012822-00638.warc.gz | en | 0.951162 | 307 | 2.75 | 3 |
1. While International Women's Day (IWD) is now largely aimed at inspiring women across the world and celebrating their achievements, its roots are in movements campaigning for better pay and voting rights.
2. IWD is also an official holiday in 15 countries including China, Ukraine and Vietnam.
3. The United States now designates the whole month of March as 'Women's History Month'. | <urn:uuid:7d716062-c77b-4711-be16-a19371c12173> | CC-MAIN-2017-26 | http://myemail.constantcontact.com/International-Women-s-Day.html?soid=1102733645046&aid=gQrPSueinas | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-26/segments/1498128320679.64/warc/CC-MAIN-20170626050425-20170626070425-00176.warc.gz | en | 0.960495 | 80 | 2.546875 | 3 |
A project to recreate one of Britain’s pioneering computers has reached a key milestone.The first recreated parts of the re-built Edsac machine have been switched on at The National Museum of Computing.
The Electronic Delay Storage Automatic Calculator first ran in 1949 and was created to serve scientists at Cambridge University.
Few parts and plans were left of the original which has made the job of recreating the machine a difficult one.
“We don’t have blueprints to follow, so to create an authentic Edsac we have to adopt a 1940s mindset to re-engineer and redesign the machine,” said Andrew Herbert, leader of the recreation effort.
Students who worked with Edsac’s creators have been helping to guide the project, said Mr Herbert.
“We face the same challenges as those remarkable pioneers who succeeded in building a machine that transformed computing.”
Designed by Sir Maurice Wilkes, Edsac was the first computer specifically designed to be a computational workhorse. As well as aiding scientists, the machine was copied by cake maker Lyons to create the Leo – which was one of the first widely-used business computers.
The original machine used 3,000 valves arranged in a series of racks to crunch numbers, and fills a floor space 20 metres square.
The machine is being re-built in public at TNMOC and today saw the official opening of the Edsac exhibit and the switch on of the machine’s “clock” that will keep all of Edsac’s parts working in harmony. Other computational units of the machine will be added and switched on as work progresses.
One element that will not be duplicated in the modern replica is the system Edsac used as its memory store.
The original used long tubes of mercury to hold data but modern-day health and safety rules do not permit these to be used in the museum. Instead, the recreators are using a memory system based on nickel that was used in many machines that came after Edsac.
The work on the recreated Edsac is due to be finished in late 2015. Once finished, TNMOC said children visiting the museum will be able to write programs to run on the venerable machine.
The project began in 2011 and initially its 20-strong team of volunteers only had photographs of the original to work from.
However, in June this year plans of the original were discovered that are now being used to check and guide the work of the Edsac rebuild team. | <urn:uuid:6c047555-aa30-4c66-a601-84e70e361e5d> | CC-MAIN-2017-43 | http://www.amiranews.com/technology/museum-switches-on-historic-computer/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-43/segments/1508187824293.62/warc/CC-MAIN-20171020173404-20171020193404-00534.warc.gz | en | 0.967125 | 517 | 3.109375 | 3 |
In class, I am asked often from students, "How can I get more Vitamin D into my diet?" I have read a lot of reports lately that we are not getting enough Vitamin D in our daily diets.
This indeed is true; many recent research studies are suggesting "we" are not getting the recommended daily doses of Vitamin D. This suggestion may be more true for people who do not get out into the sun often or live in places where there is less natural sunlight. These studies also suggest the RDI (Recommended Daily Intake) of Vitamin D was originally set too low.
A study conducted by The New England Journal of Medicine reported a group of people who had risk factors for Vitamin D deficiency, 57% were found below normal levels of Vitamin D. 67% of those reported below the RDI had deficiencies characterized as moderate to severe.
Vitamin D is a fat soluble vitamin that acts as both a vitamin and a hormone. Vitamin D is required for calcium and phosphorus absorption and utilization. This is necessary for proper growth and development of bones and teeth in children. Vitamin D protects against muscle weakness and regulation of the heartbeat.
- Helps to prevent osteoporosis, osteoarthritis and hypocalcemia
- Involved in prevention and treatment of breast and colon cancers
- Enhances immunity
- Necessary for thyroid function
- Necessary for normal blood clotting
- Vitamin D2 (ergocalciferol) * Comes from food sources
- Vitamin D3 (cholecalciferol) *Synthesized from ultraviolet rays (sunshine)
- Vitamin D5 (synthetic form) *Identified as synthetic
Severe deficiencies of Vitamin D can lead to rickets in children and osteomalacia in adults (a similar disease). Lesser symptoms of Vitamin D deficiency include loss of appetite, burning sensation around the mouth or throat, diarrhea, insomnia, visual problems, and weight loss.
Sources of Vitamin D include:
- Fish liver oils
- Fatty saltwater fish (especially mackerel)
- Dairy products
- Cod liver oil
- Dandelion greens
- Egg yolks
- Shiitake and Chanterelle mushrooms
- Sweet potatoes
- Vegetable oils
- Some herbs
Adults under 50 = 200 IU per day (international units)
Adults over 50 = 400 IU per day
**Scientists are recommending 2,000 IU per day **
This has been studied to be effective and still within the range of safe upper limits. It is important to note that Vitamin D when taken in excess can be toxic to the body.
Angela Hattaway is a Nutritionist and Personal Trainer with over 15 years experience. She got her BS in Nutrition and Dietetics from Stephen F. Austin State University and she also has a Master's Degree in Business with an emphasis on Healthcare. Angela is experienced in working with both children and adults and loves working with clients to help them set realistic goals and expectations. She is passionate about nutrition and fitness and feels this comes through when she works with people. Angela loves giving clients the tools, motivation and encouragement they need to be successful throughout their lives. Visit her blog at blog.ultimatenutritionnfitness.com. She can be reached via email at at [email protected]. | <urn:uuid:0d56300b-87bf-497c-8424-bd722ed0916a> | CC-MAIN-2016-18 | http://www.fitday.com/fitness-articles/fitness/everything-you-need-to-know-about-vitamin-d.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-18/segments/1461860113553.63/warc/CC-MAIN-20160428161513-00218-ip-10-239-7-51.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.933495 | 692 | 3.125 | 3 |
Forest, land-use and development planning in New Guinea
At the intersection of development and conservation
WWF’s work in spatial planning is based on a glaring realization: often, plans are short-sighted and seek to bring quick financial benefits, sacrificing natural resources and traditional rights in the process.
But alternatives exist. For WWF, it’s all about keeping the focus on long-term sustainable development while ensuring economic needs are met.
It all starts with a visionWWF is commited to develop 'visions' that map out a region's development for the decades ahead. One such 'vision' we are developing is in New Guinea's Bird's Head Peninsula (Indonesia), where we are assessing peoples' environmental, social and cultural conservation priorities.
As part of this effort, we are also engaging with the local district so that it includes biodiversity conservation in its spatial planning efforts.
What is catchment management all about?
‘Big-picture’ conservationWWF is looking at the big picture in the TransFly, a vast ecoregion of grasslands and other habitats in southcentral New Guinea. This area spans Papua New Guinea and Indonesia across 10 million ha.
Our blueprint for long-term planning and conservation here is called the Biodiversity Vision (or Biovision) for the TransFly, a strategy to help define which areas are important from a biological and cultural perspective.
The TransFly Ecoregion Programme is developing approaches to conservation that embrace both biodiversity and the range of cultures of the TransFly. While our wildlife surveys help us identify conservation priorities, it is the socio-cultural factors that will determine the success or failure of conservation efforts.
The TransFly: A community VisionThere are over 60 cultural groups, whose lives, customs, languages and knowledge are linked inextricably with the landscapes of the TransFly.
WWF consulted widely with communities, government, NGOs and donors to socialise the biodiversity vision approach, seek input on the process and identify additional priorities that need to be considered in the final vision.
Community groups have already identified that they would like to see their ancestor routes and important cultural places also included in the biodiversity vision. These areas have been locked into the vision.
Out & about
From biovision to action planIn May 2006, the result of more than 3 years of arduous work in the TransFly came to a head. Some 75 people - including NGO representatives, landowners, and government agencies - from Indonesia and PNG met to bring together the community visions and the biological vision and develop a strategy for conservation action across the TransFly for the next 50 years.
Special consideration for important habitatsSome very encouraging commitments were made. Both countries agreed that all critical habitat types, such as grasslands, beach ridges, permanently inundated wetlands and mudflats should be included in the TransFly landscape. Also, all riverine land-systems and at least 60% of all monsoon forest should receive special management. And finally, all cultural sites mapped on the Indonesian side of the ecoregion were to be excluded from development plans.
It was also agreed that district planners in Papua Province will work with WWF to incorporate the vision results into the formal spatial plan for Merauke – an encouraging commitment for the area’s sustainable development.
The Managing Director of PNG’s Forest Authority affirmed the Authority’s commitment to the vision process and that the vision map will provide the basis for making informed decisions on resource management in the area. | <urn:uuid:f436c2bb-cffd-4064-8990-7634f1580ecd> | CC-MAIN-2015-22 | http://wwf.panda.org/what_we_do/where_we_work/new_guinea_forests/conservation_new_guinea_forests/protection_forests_new_guinea/regional_planning/?src=footer | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2015-22/segments/1432207928076.40/warc/CC-MAIN-20150521113208-00076-ip-10-180-206-219.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.923797 | 722 | 2.78125 | 3 |
Create an Anglo-saxon model, £4.99
Sir Henry Ellis before a Parliamentary Committee, a caricature
England, AD 1833
From McLeans monthly sheet of caricatures (no. 41)
In 1833 the Trustees asked for the usual annual sum of money from the British Parliament for the running of the British Museum. The sum requested was £16,000.
Richard Cobbett, Member of Parliament for Oldham in Lancashire, was enraged. He argued that the money should be spent instead in helping the Lancashire cotton-weavers, who were living in great poverty. He was especially angry about the sum of £1,000 which had been set aside to buy 'cases of dead insects' for the Museum.
Cobbett believed that British Museum officials gave jobs at the Museum to members of their families. Finally, he demanded to know whether the maids at the Museum were 'daughters of the heads of the establishment'. These remarks led a cartoonist to draw this imaginary scene. In it the Principal Librarian of the Museum, Sir Henry Ellis, appears before a Parliamentary Committee to answer Cobbett's accusations. Behind him are the elderly (and very disapproving) Museum maids.
Sir Henry Ellis, Principal Librarian (1827-1856), was an easy man to draw. He was short and plump and wore round spectacles. His views on access to the Museum were old-fashioned. He once wrote to a newspaper stating that the British Museum had many purposes, among which '... the merely popular one of ... amusement and instruction is by no means the chief'. | <urn:uuid:db309433-15b2-4080-9960-3caabc20924b> | CC-MAIN-2015-18 | http://www.britishmuseum.org/explore/highlights/highlight_objects/archives/s/sir_henry_ellis_before_a_parli.aspx | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2015-18/segments/1429246640124.22/warc/CC-MAIN-20150417045720-00145-ip-10-235-10-82.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.977884 | 334 | 2.84375 | 3 |
Could Neanderthals speak? The answer may depend on whether they used make-up.
Francesco d'Errico, an archaeologist from the University of Bordeaux, France, has found crafted lumps of pigment – essentially crayons – left behind by Neanderthals across Europe.
He says that Neanderthals, who most likely had pale skin, used these dark pigments to mark their own as well as animal skins. And, since body art is a form of communication, this implies that the Neanderthals could speak, d'Errico says.
Working with Marie Soressi of the Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology in Leipzig, Germany, d'Errico has recovered hundreds of blocks of black manganese pigment from two neighbouring sites at Pech de l'Azé in France, which were occupied by Neanderthals. These add to evidence of pigment among Neanderthal from some 39 other sites.
The pigments were not just smeared onto the body like camouflage, d'Errico says, but fashioned into drawing tools.
"The flat, elongated surfaces on the archaeological specimens are consistent, as confirmed experimentally, with producing clearly visible straight black lines, perhaps arranged to produce abstract designs," says d'Errico, who presented his work on 15 March at the Seventh Evolution of Language Conference in Barcelona, Spain.
Body painting, argues d'Errico, is a "material proxy" for symbolic communication. What's more, he says, the techniques for making the symbols, and the meaning they carry, would have to be transmitted through language.
And body painting isn't the only proxy associated with Neanderthal remains. Neanderthals adorned their bodies with ornamentation, such as necklaces made from shell beads.
The sorts of beads used by modern humans, and the ornaments they fashioned from them, vary geographically. This is often interpreted as a sign of ethnic and cultural diversity among humans, and a means of symbolically binding groups and differentiating them from others. D'Errico suggests that the same holds true for Neanderthals.
Other researchers agree, and point to a double standard of some researchers in interpreting the archaeological record, including evidence of burials, care of the infirm and social cooperation.
"Some archaeologists are happy to associate these same features with language if they occur with modern humans, but are not willing to associate them with language among the Neanderthals," says anthropologist Erik Trinkaus of Washington University in St Louis, US.
"The double standard doesn't work - if they reflect language in one, they must reflect in it both."
However, even if Neanderthals had language capabilities, that does not mean they spoke in the same way as humans.
"The archaeological record does not show that they ever attained the cultural level of the humans who could talk as we do," says Phillip Lieberman, a linguist at Brown University, Rhode Island, US.
"Neanderthals possessed language, but their linguistic and cognitive ability was inferior to the humans who replaced them," he says. | <urn:uuid:94d1517d-8ad0-46ce-9758-fe8ed7a0fd60> | CC-MAIN-2014-41 | http://abcnews.go.com/Technology/story?id=4537206&page=1 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2014-41/segments/1410657127222.34/warc/CC-MAIN-20140914011207-00229-ip-10-196-40-205.us-west-1.compute.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.962856 | 644 | 3.65625 | 4 |
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