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PowerLift: Lifting Techniques For A Healthy Back
Find Out More
Forklifts are rugged and effective tools that can move materials around the workplace quickly and efficiently. The most common types of forklifts are the "industrial counterbalance lift trucks." They are the ones employees are most likely to use on their jobs, but the power and strength of forklifts can make them dangerous. In fact, more than 100 workers are killed and thousands severely injured in forklift accidents every year.
To help prevent these accidents and injuries, OSHA's Powered Industrial Truck Standard requires that forklift operators receive training about their machines' cababilities and limitations, as well as how to maintain and use them safely in their workplace.
This program reminds employees of the capabilities and limitations of forklifts, and presents fundamental information on specific safe operating and maintenance procedures they should use. | <urn:uuid:01d2410d-f776-40ec-bcb3-84f92843394a> | CC-MAIN-2017-51 | https://www.erisafetyvideos.com/videos/forklift-safety-industrial-counterbalance-lift-trucks | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-51/segments/1512948523222.39/warc/CC-MAIN-20171213123757-20171213143757-00168.warc.gz | en | 0.957034 | 177 | 2.96875 | 3 |
Polymeric material designed for self-healing smartphones and soft robotics
Researchers at the University of California are currently tweaking the covalent bonds within the polymer to get the material ready for real-world applications.0
Self-healing materials are no longer something that we just see in a sci-fi film. Researchers are working towards developing a self-healing polymeric material to enable electronics and soft robotics to can repair themselves.
The key to this stretchable, transparent self-healing materials is in the chemical boning. A University of California team explored different kinds of bonds and discovered that non-covalent bonds called an ion-dipole interaction—a force between charged ions and polar molecules—could be used to enable the “self-healing” mechanism of the material.
“Most self-healing polymers form hydrogen bonds or metal-ligand coordination, but these aren’t suitable for ionic conductors,” says Chao Wang, Ph.D.
“Ion-dipole interactions have never been used for designing a self-healing polymer, but it turns out that they’re particularly suitable for ionic conductors,” Wang exlains.
The team designed the material using a polar, stretchable polymer, poly (vinylidene fluoride-co-hexafluoropropylene), plus a mobile, ionic salt. The polymer chains are linked to each other by ion-dipole interactions between the polar groups in the polymer and the ionic salt. This enables the resulting material to stretch up to 50 times its size. And after being torn in two pieces, the material automatically stitched itself back together completely in one day.
Wang and the team tested the material by generating an “artificial muscle” by placing a non-conductive membrane between two layers of the ionic conductor. The material responded to electrical signals, bringing motion to the artificial muscle.
The team is taking their research one step further by altering the polymer to improve its properties.
“Previous self-healing polymers haven’t worked well in high humidity,” Wang says. “Water gets in there and messes things up. It can change the mechanical properties. We are currently tweaking the covalent bonds within the polymer itself to get these materials ready for real-world applications.”
Once fully vetted, the applications for this material are endless. The team hopes that it could possibly be used in smartphones to regenerate and put themselves back together when dropped.
“When I was young, my idol was Wolverine from the X-Men,” Chao Wang, Ph.D., says. “He could save the world, but only because he could heal himself. A self-healing material, when carved into two parts, can go back together like nothing has happened, just like our human skin. I’ve been researching making a self-healing lithium ion battery, so when you drop your cell phone, it could fix itself and last much longer.”
The research was presented at a meeting of the American Chemical Society. | <urn:uuid:03b95a4f-2be2-4421-aad3-3fdb1d5ed08a> | CC-MAIN-2018-47 | https://www.design-engineering.com/self-healing-polymer-1004026313-1004026313/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-47/segments/1542039744561.78/warc/CC-MAIN-20181118180446-20181118202446-00388.warc.gz | en | 0.926779 | 653 | 3.1875 | 3 |
Bin-picking, random picking, pick and place, pick and drop, palletization, depalletization—these are all part of the same project. You want a fully automated process that grabs the desired sample from one position and moves it somewhere else. Before you choose the right solution for your project, you should think about how the objects are arranged. There are three picking solutions: structured, semi-structured, and random.
As you can imagine, the basic differences between these solutions are in their complexity and their approach. The distribution and arrangement of the samples to be picked will set the requirements for a solution. Let’s have a look at the options:
From a technical point of view, this is the easiest type of picking application. Samples are well organized and very often in a single layer. Arranging the pieces in a highly organized way requires high-level preparation of the samples and more storage space to hold the pieces individually. Because the samples are in a single layer or are layered at a defined height, a traditional 2-dimensional camera is more than sufficient. There are even cases where the vision system isn’t necessary at all and can be replaced by a smart sensor or another type of sensor. Typical robot systems use SCARA or Delta models, which ensure maximum speed and a short cycle time.
Greater flexibility in robotization is necessary since semi-structured bin picking requires some predictability in sample placement. A six-axis robot is used in most cases, and the demands on its grippers are more complex. However, it depends on the gripping requirements of the samples themselves. It is rarely sufficient to use a classic 2D area scan camera, and a 3D camera is required instead. Many picking applications also require a vision inspection step, which burdens the system and slows down the entire cycle time.
Samples are randomly loaded in a carrier or pallet. On the one hand, this requires minimal preparation of samples for picking, but on the other hand, it significantly increases the demands on the process that will make a 3D vision system a requirement. You need to consider that there are very often collisions between selected samples. This is a factor not only when looking for the right gripper but also for the approach of the whole picking process.
Compared to structured picking, the cycle time is extended due to scanning evaluation, robot trajectory, and mounting accuracy. Some applications require the deployment of two picking stations to meet the required cycle time. It is often necessary to limit the gripping points used by the robot, which increases the demands on 3D image quality, grippers, and robot track guidance planning and can also require an intermediate step to place the same in the exact position needed for gripping.
In the end, the complexity of the picking solution is set primarily by the way the samples are arranged. The less structured their arrangement, the more complicated the system must be to meet the project’s demands. By considering how samples are organized before they are picked, as well as the picking process, you can design an overall process that meets your requirements the best. | <urn:uuid:102bd8db-80ba-4bad-b332-80119d201c8e> | CC-MAIN-2023-14 | https://automation-insights.blog/tag/vision/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-14/segments/1679296950030.57/warc/CC-MAIN-20230401125552-20230401155552-00626.warc.gz | en | 0.947937 | 645 | 2.640625 | 3 |
What Are Neurobics?
Neurobics is what you get when you combine neurology with aerobics. Neurobics are mental exercises you can perform to enhance the endurance and power of your brain.
The term “neurobics” was coined by Lawrence Katz in a 1998 book called Keep Your Brain alive. Katz was an investigator at the Howard Hughes Medical Institute, where he worked as a neurobiologist. Keep Your Brain Alive described dozens of exercises anyone could use to keep their brain strong and healthy – even as they aged.
How Do Neurobics Work?
Neurobics is based on the idea that unusual sensory stimulation encourages healthy brain activity.
When our bodies perform “non-routine” actions and think non-routine thoughts, it encourages the brain to produce more neurochemicals. These chemicals encourage the growth of new dendrites and neurons in the brain, which ultimately slows the effect of aging.
Essentially, you’re opening new “neural pathways” and stimulating the production of natural cognitive growth hormones called neurotrophins. Supporters of neurobics say this is like “doing a mental sit-up”.
An example of a neurobics exercise would be brushing your teeth with your non-dominant hand or trying to perform tasks with your eyes closed.
These activities are suggested to stimulate brain activity because they require more effect than routine actions and thoughts. When our bodies perform the same actions and think the same thoughts every day, these processes become automatic. Eventually, they become so automatic that the brain unconsciously performs them, which ultimately leads to greater cognitive decline.
Limited Scientific Evidence
Katz claims that his neurobics were backed by real science. However, modern neuroscience has disputed many of the claims.
To date, there have been no scientific peer-reviewed studies on the effectiveness of Katz’s neurobics exercises.
Despite the lack of concrete scientific evidence, some neurobiologists echo Katz’s argument and claim that neurobics are an effective way to reduce the effects of mental aging in the brain.
If the lack of scientific evidence doesn’t dissuade you, then keep reading.
Popular Neurobics Exercises
Neurobics exercises vary widely in terms of complexity. Some neurobics exercises are as simple as eating outside or driving to a grocery store in a different part of town. Here are some of the most popular neurobics practiced today:
— Start A New Hobby: Take up knitting. Build a model. Play chess against a challenging computer. Go horseback riding, hiking, or try something you’ve never done before.
— Read A New Newspaper Or Magazine: Changing up your daily reading can give you a new perspective on life and force your brain to adapt to new ideas and concepts.
— Shop At A New Store: Drive to the other side of town and shop at a different supermarket. Your brain will have to remember new routines, new parking lots, new aisles, and other new stimuli.
— Listen To Different Music: After listening to the same songs for a while, our brains begin to automatically process that aural information. Switch it up by listening to a new band, new songs, or best of all, a new genre of music.
— Get Rid Of Your GPS: Do you rely on your satellite navigation system when you drive? Turn it off to stimulate your neural activity.
— Mentally Rotate An Item In Your Brain: The next time you see an item, mentally rotate that item around your brain. This is a crucial spatial skill humans need when reading maps and engaging in other activities.
You can find neurobics-style games online today. The popular cognitive training website Lumosity, for example, is based on ideas similar to neurobics.
Conclusion: Who Should Try Neurobics?
Neurobics isn’t some type of plan you join or subscribe to. Instead, it’s a philosophy on life: by mentally stimulating yourself every day and performing new activities, you may be able to boost brain activity and reduce cognitive decline.
Despite the lack of scientific evidence, many people around the world love the idea of “working out” their brains by performing the basic cognitive exercises known as neurobics. | <urn:uuid:28b547ea-52cf-4f4b-b56a-f69c095a4619> | CC-MAIN-2021-49 | https://supplementpolice.com/neurobics/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-49/segments/1637964362589.37/warc/CC-MAIN-20211203030522-20211203060522-00210.warc.gz | en | 0.94068 | 895 | 3.296875 | 3 |
Common Constipation Treatments
Published on the 07 May 2015
Published on the 07 May 2015
Constipation is a common complaint seen in many different patient populations. It occurs most commonly in the elderly, but even young patients can be constipated, especially if they are on chronic opiod therapy. The pathophysiology of this condition may be due to many factors. One potential cause is dehydration, causing hard stools. Another is neurological defects in the colon. Side effects from medication are yet another possibility for the slowing of faeces in transit through the large intestine.
Laxatives and other preparations are among the most common over the counter remedies used by the public. However, the treatment of constipation is often more complex than simply using a laxative. In addition, the overuse of these pharmacological treatments can lead to a sluggish bowel that refuses to be stimulated to motility without outside help. As a nurse, you should try several different treatments for constipation before immediately resorting to medications. It is important to educate patients and caregivers alike on the many ways to treat this common condition.
Toileting behaviors and training are a big issue in treating constipation. Often, elderly patients have weak abdominal muscles, and this makes it difficult to expel faeces. In addition, most people are lying flat which does not make defecating any easier. You should encourage your patient to get into a position that is going to help them move their bowels. The best position for this is a squat, but it can be challenging to get your patient into this position.
If the patient is able to ambulate to the bathroom, do what you can to bend their knees and assist them in leaning forward with supervision. Although privacy is a large part of moving ones bowels, it would be unsafe to leave a patient in this position due to fall risks. Even if your patient is on a bedpan, you can still facilitate this position. Sit the head of the bed up, helping the patient to get comfortable on the pan with the change in angle. Encourage them to bend their knees toward their chest or help them to get into a squatting position by arranging their legs yourself. It may feel awkward, but this position will help the patient activate the muscles needed for defecation.
Diet and exercise are going to vary widely depending on who your patient is. If you are talking to someone with occasional constipation that is not in a health facility, it helps to suggest a high fibre diet, particularly foods like bran, prune juice, and whole grain breads. You should also encourage them to drink more fluids, particularly water, to help with transit of the stool through the large intestine. Fortunately, there are many dietary products on the market that can help with constipation. There are high fibre bars that can easily provide patients their recommended daily intake (RDI) of fibre. In addition, soluble fibre is available in a solution that completely dissolves, helping make it more palatable for the average irregular user.
Patients and residents of health facilities still need to focus on diet and exercise to increase their ability to move stool. The meals they are fed should be high in fibre and whole grains. Again, it helps to make the fibre more palatable to encourage patients to get their RDI. One potential problem with nursing home residents in particular is poor hydration. It is very easy for a patient to become dehydrated unless they are offered liquids on a regular basis. Some patients may not realise they are thirsty, while others may not ask. Liquid is important for preventing constipation, and policies should be in place to encourage drinking.
Pharmacological intervention should only be used as a last resort if toilet training and diet does not work. The most common medication used for constipation in nursing homes is stool softener, which pulls water and fat into the stools for easier transit through the colon. This is not fast acting and usually helps when taken over a period of time. Bulk forming laxatives (soluble fibre supplements) were touched on briefly above. If the patient is not able to get fibre in their diet, then these can help to make up for the fibre missing in the diet.
Osmotic laxatives are commonly used medications; for instance low-dose polyethylene glycol or saline solutions. Like stool softeners, these laxatives help to pull water into the colon and are not absorbed while they are in the intestine. They tend to work more quickly than stool softeners, but not as quickly as stimulant laxatives. Stimulant laxatives are the type that most people think about when considering how to move their bowels. They irritate the bowel to promote the transit of stool, but they can be addictive.
Lynda is a registered nurse with three years experience on a busy surgical floor in a city hospital. She graduated with an Associates degree in Nursing from Mercyhurst College Northeast in 2007 and lives in Erie, Pennsylvania in the United States. In her work, she took care of patients post operatively from open heart surgery, immediately post-operatively from gastric bypass, gastric banding surgery and post abdominal surgery. She also dealt with patient populations that experienced active chest pain, congestive heart failure, end stage renal disease, uncontrolled diabetes and a variety of other chronic, mental and surgical conditions. | <urn:uuid:f2641ee6-1da6-4cfb-8793-9fea7768ee6c> | CC-MAIN-2019-35 | https://www.ausmed.co.nz/cpd/articles/common-constipation-treatments | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-35/segments/1566027330800.17/warc/CC-MAIN-20190825194252-20190825220252-00266.warc.gz | en | 0.963081 | 1,087 | 2.515625 | 3 |
This is an article I wrote for the Research Horizons magazine in Cambridge. I thought it might be interesting as a bit of a review of some of the areas of research underway at the moment among members of the consortium. It was written for a Darwin special issue – hence the quote at the start.
On the wings of a butterfly
Since Darwin’s time, Amazonian butterflies have fascinated evolutionary biologists as examples of evolution in action.
On reading Henry Walter Bates’ 1862 account of his travels in the Amazon, Charles Darwin was captivated not only by Bates’ description of the stunning diversity of butterfly species and wing patterns found in the Amazonian jungle, but also by the impressive mimicry between unrelated species. He wrote: ‘It is hardly an exaggeration to say, that whilst reading and reflecting on the various facts given in this Memoir, we feel to be as near witnesses, as we can ever hope to be, of the creation of a new species on this earth.’1
Bates hypothesised that mimicry evolved to confuse predators. Edible butterflies, for instance, copied the wing patterns of toxic species so that predators would avoid eating them. He also described what looked like evolution in action: he observed a continuum, from variable species, in which different wing patterns were found together in the same locality, through to related species with different wing patterns. Now, 150 years later, modern science has taken this to another level, with new research that attempts to uncover the genetic predictability of evolution by identifying the genetic basis of wing pattern mimicry.
The importance of pattern
We now recognise that not only do edible species mimic nasty ones (today called Batesian mimicry), but that several nasty species can also benefit from mimicking one another (Müllerian mimicry) – bees and wasps being a familiar example. Many of the Amazonian butterflies described by Bates are in fact Müllerian mimics, and the best-studied group are the genus Heliconius, the passion vine butterflies. Recent work has focused on the Heliconius butterflies as a case study in evolutionary biology.
Studies of Heliconius wing patterns in the wild have confirmed Bates’ hunch: changes in wing pattern play a big role in determining how successful the butterflies are in both mating and avoiding being eaten. Using flapping models with different patterns, the researchers have shown that the butterflies choose to mate with individuals that look the same as themselves; because of this, over time, different patterns are likely to split into new species. In addition, hybrids between populations with different patterns have intermediate patterns that are not recognised by predators as harmful and therefore suffer disproportionately from attacks, reinforcing the split into new species.
This dual role of wing patterns in signalling both to predators and to potential mates makes pattern a ‘key trait’ for speciation. As Bates suggested, shifts in wing patterns do indeed lead to the evolution of new species.
Signatures of selection
One of the current hot topics in evolutionary biology is to what extent we can predict the path of evolution. One particular Heliconius species (Heliconius melpomene) is an ideal system in which to address this question because it has many geographic populations with very different colour patterns. A major collaborative project focusing on the genetic basis of wing patterns is underway with funding from the Biotechnology and Biological Sciences Research Council (BBSRC), Royal Society, Leverhulme Trust and Natural Environment Research Council (NERC).
Over the past decade, the researchers have been collecting different forms of H. melpomene from around South America, carrying out genetic crosses at a field station in Panama. These crosses have shown that dramatic differences in colour pattern are controlled by just a handful of genes, and that these genes are clustered together on four out of the 21 Heliconius chromosomes. The genes act as wing pattern ‘switches’, turning on and off the presence of major pattern elements, such as a large red forewing band. The challenge is to find out precisely what these genes are and how they work.
In collaboration with the Welcome Trust Sanger Institute, regions of the butterfly genome are being sequenced to try and identify the specific nature of the pattern switches. The expectation was that the switches would correspond to well-known genes, perhaps controlling wing development or colour pigments. In fact the two genomic regions studied so far each contain around 20 genes none of which is known for its involvement in these processes. This is in itself exciting as it implies that novel mechanisms of pattern determination are operating; current research is focused on determining which, of all these genes, are having an effect in the butterfly.
Genetics of mimicry
What attracted Darwin and others to mimicry as a case study in evolution is its repeatability – the same patterns evolve in distantly related species. A key question for an evolutionary geneticist is therefore whether the patterns are generated by the same genetic mechanisms, or different ones. Again, Heliconius butterflies are a good system to study this.
Heliconius melpomene co-mimics another species, Heliconius erato, all over the neotropics – in any location you care to look you will find that the two species have evolved identical patterns. Recently, in collaboration with research groups in the USA, it has been shown that pattern switches in the two species are controlled by the same regions of DNA, such that genes at identical locations in the genome code for either a red forewing band or a yellow hindwing bar. This implies that evolution of the same mimicry patterns in the two species has been made easier by a shared genetic system. While predation against abnormal wing patterns drives the evolution of mimicry through Darwinian natural selection, a shared developmental system may bias the raw materials in favour of certain kinds of patterns.
Of course, the link between wing pattern adaptation and speciation requires changes in behaviour. The mating preferences of divergent populations need to evolve in order to match their wing patterns. Remarkably, crossing experiments currently being carried out in Panama show that the genes underlying these changes in behaviour are closely associated with colour pattern genes. It seems that there are ‘hotspots’ in the genome for evolutionary change, influencing traits as diverse as wing patterns and mating preference.
An enduring example
It is an exciting time to be studying butterfly mimicry. The combination of population genetic, developmental and behavioural approaches is starting to answer the issues Darwin and Bates themselves debated; questions which were posed at the very dawn of evolutionary biology. Over the last 150 years, Heliconius butterflies have persisted as an example of evolution in action. With the imminent sequencing of the Heliconius melpomene genome, they will no doubt continue to be so for some time yet. Charles Darwin would surely have approved.
1[Darwin, C.R.] 1863. [Review of] Contributions to an insect fauna of the Amazon Valley. By Henry Walter Bates, Esq. Transact. Linnean Soc. Vol. XXIII. 1862, p. 495. Natural History Review 3: 219–224.
Thanks to those in my lab who helped with the text, Laura Ferguson in particular. If anyone is interested in reading more about the idea of genomic ‘hotpots’ for evolution, there is a nice recent review of the evidence in Heliconius by Riccardo Papa and others, and a more general overview in Science magazine. | <urn:uuid:e3bf0acd-cc72-4fd1-8ab1-d6d63b65fb04> | CC-MAIN-2018-05 | http://www.heliconius.org/2009/hotspots-for-evolution/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-05/segments/1516084891546.92/warc/CC-MAIN-20180122232843-20180123012843-00107.warc.gz | en | 0.944612 | 1,520 | 2.921875 | 3 |
Economics play a very important role in the development of any country. The general economical condition of the people, indicate that total development. There are many national and international factors, which affect the economic conditions. Some terms are important in this regard like inflation, recession and great depression. They are commonly used in terms of economic conditions of any country; here we are discussing the differences between them.
When prices of goods and service increase on general level over a period of time, it is called as inflation. Inflation leads to the reduction in purchasing power of the people. People can buy fewer goods and services in the same amount of money, for which they were, use to get more. Excessive money supply leads to higher rates of inflation. Inflation has both negative and positive effects on the economy of any country.
When general economic activity of any country slows down, this condition is called as recession. It is a business cycle in which many changes occur, like rate of unemployment increase, GDP, household incomes and business profits all reduce. Macroeconomic policies are a good way to break the cycle of recession.
Great depression is remembered in the history of the world as the worst economic decline. It was started from United States in 1929. The main reason was crash of stock exchange but it rapidly engulfed almost all the countries of the world. It lasted for many years and took the world on the verge of economic destruction.
Inflation vs Recession vs Great depression
Inflation is the gradual increase in the prices of goods and services, while recession is the slowing down of economic activity. They both are different terms, yet closely related with each other. They both affect the life of a common man, as in case of recession rate of unemployment increase while inflation reduces the buying power of a common man. On the other hand, great depression is a sad economic incident in the history of the world, when whole world was facing the economic crisis.
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- What is the Difference between Bookkeeping Economics Accounting and Finance | <urn:uuid:d303bf9f-3caf-4811-9391-23aba9effb60> | CC-MAIN-2014-41 | http://www.whatisdifferencebetween.com/business/what-is-the-difference-between-inflation-recession-and-great-depression.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2014-41/segments/1410657119220.53/warc/CC-MAIN-20140914011159-00210-ip-10-196-40-205.us-west-1.compute.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.963243 | 537 | 3.421875 | 3 |
1 September 1868|
|Died||4 February 1954
|Occupation||Atheist and secularist writer and lecturer|
|Parents||Enoch Cohen and Deborah Barnett|
Chapman Cohen (1 September 1868 – 4 February 1954) was a leading English atheist and secularist writer and lecturer.
Chapman Cohen was the elder son of Enoch Cohen, a Jewish confectioner, and his wife, Deborah (née Barnett). He attended a local elementary school but was otherwise self-educated. He had read Spinoza, Locke, Hume, Berkeley, and Plato by the time he was eighteen.
Cohen recalled that he had "little religion at home and none at school", as he was withdrawn from Religious Instruction classes.
Cohen and his wife had two children; a son (who entered the medical profession) and a daughter, who died at the age of 29.
On his death, The Times printed a short obituary of Cohen, which said:
Cohen moved to London in 1889, and soon became involved in the secularist movement. Cohen commented that,
My introduction to the platform of the National Secular Society was quite accidental. I had heard none of its speakers, read none of its publications, except an occasional glance at Bradlaugh's National Reformer. I knew there was a Freethought movement afoot, but that was about all.
Cohen (1940, p. 61) relates that in the Summer of 1889 he was walking in Victoria Park when he came across a crowd listening to a Christian speaker:
the speaker was opposed by an old gentleman – at least he seemed old to me – who suffered from an impediment in his speech. The lecturer in replying spent part of his time in mimicking the old gentleman's speech. After he had "replied," the lecturer asked for more opposition. Mainly because of his treatment of the old man I accepted the invitation.
He spoke against the same lecturer – at their invitation – a few weeks later. Shortly afterwards he was invited to speak the local branch of the National Secular Society. After a year of lecturing for the freethought cause, he joined the NSS.
He was a popular lecturer for the Society, at his peak delivering over 200 lectures a year. He was elected a vice-president of the NSS in 1895.
In 1897 Cohen began contributing weekly articles to G. W. Foote's Freethinker, having previously written accounts of his lecture tours. In 1898 he became assistant editor of The Freethinker, and after Foote's death in 1915 he was appointed editor. Cohen had written for other freethought journals before joining The Freethinker, and had edited The Truthseeker, owned by J.W. Gott. Cohen also succeeded Foote as President of the National Secular Society.
According to Edward Royle (2004), "as an organizer Cohen did much to build up the resources of secularism in the inter-war years, but by 1949, when he was persuaded to resign as president, many members felt he had stayed on too long."
In 1940, summarising his own contribution to the Secularist movement, Cohen wrote:
For about forty-four years I have been busy in the interests of Freethought with my pen as well as with my tongue, and for about forty-two years I have been a regular writer for one of the oldest Freethought journals in Europe, and with a single exception, the oldest in the world. For twenty-four years I have been the official editor of that journal, and for the same period, President of the National Secular Society, the only organization for the propagation of militant Freethought in the British Isles.
My career as a lecturer – continuously lecturing – is a record in the history of the Freethought movement.
Cohen remained editor of The Freethinker until 1951, when he retired and was replaced by F.A. Ridley.
Cohen criticised what he saw as mystical tendencies in the writings of some physicists, such as Arthur Eddington. Matthew Stanley interprets Cohen's materialism in Marxist terms, describing him as a "highly visible contemporary spokesman for socialist materialism", but noting that "It is unclear whether Cohen was a Marxist in a formal sense: he was a materialist, determinist socialist but he apparently never explicitly used dialectical reasoning or similar ideological resources... It seems likely that his anti-authoritarian attitudes prevented him from declaring formal allegiance to any system of thought, including Marxism."
- Royle (2004). Said Cohen, "in common fairness I object to being called "self-education," as though I did everything myself." (1940, p.93).
- "I am afraid that if I said how many authors I read and the number of books I read, between the ages of thirteen and eighteen many would think I was romancing. But I can definitely date the fact that before I was eighteen I was familiar with Spinoza, Locke, Hume, and Berkeley, besides having revelled in the Platonic dialogues..." (Cohen, 1940, p.43)
- Cohen (1940, p.93).
- Cohen (1940, p.12).
- The Times, 6 February 1954, p.8.
- Cohen (1940, p.60)
- Cohen (1940, p.63).
- Cohen (1940, p.66).
- Cohen (1940, pp.7–8)
- Stanley (2008, p.189).
- Pamphlets for the People: Nos 1-18. London: Pioneer Press, 1916.
- Almost an autobiography: confessions of a freethinker. London: Pioneer Press, 1940.
- Essays in freethinking: first series. London: Pioneer Press, 1923.
- Essays in freethinking: second series. London: Pioneer Press, 1927.
- Essays in freethinking: third series. London: Pioneer Press, 1928.
- Essays in freethinking: fourth series. London: Pioneer Press, 1938.
- Essays in freethinking: fifth series. London: Pioneer Press, 1939.
- Essays in freethinking: volume one. Reprint of Essays in freethinking, first and second series. Revised edition. Austin, Texas: American Atheist Press, 1987.
- Essays in freethinking: volume two. Reprint of Essays in freethinking, third and fourth series. Revised edition. Austin, Texas: American Atheist Press, 1987.
- God and the universe: Eddington, Jeans, Huxley and Einstein. London: Pioneer Press, 1931.
- A grammar of freethought. London: Pioneer Press, 1921.
- Materialism restated. London: Pioneer Press, 1927 (3rd edition 1943).
- Materialism : Has it been Exploded ?, London : Watts & Co., 1928. Verbatim Report of Debate between Chapman Cohen and C.E.M. Joad.
- Opinions, random reflections and wayside sayings. London: Pioneer Press, 1931.
- Religion and sex: studies in the pathology of religious development. London/Edinburgh: TN Foulis, 1919. Reprint, New York: AMS Press, 1975.
- Theism or atheism: the great alternative. London: Pioneer Press, 1921.
- The Other Side of Death: A Critical Examination of the Belief in a Future Life, with a Study of Spiritualism. London: Pioneer Press, 1922.
- War, civilization and the churches. London: Pioneer Press, 1930.
- Determinism Or Free Will?, 1919.
- Cohen, Chapman (1940). Almost an autobiography: the confessions of a freethinker. London: Pioneer Press.
- Royle, Edward (2004). "Cohen, Chapman (1868–1954)", Oxford Dictionary of National Biography, Oxford University Press, accessed 23 July 2009.
- Stanley, Matthew (2008). "Mysticism and Marxism: A.S. Eddington, Chapman Cohen, and political engagement through science popularization." Minerva, Vol. 46 (2), June, pp. 181–194. Online
|Wikiquote has a collection of quotations related to: Chapman Cohen| | <urn:uuid:1c5deb77-cb07-4f92-99be-03a6c473f13c> | CC-MAIN-2014-23 | http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chapman_Cohen | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2014-23/segments/1405997892806.35/warc/CC-MAIN-20140722025812-00227-ip-10-33-131-23.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.9446 | 1,741 | 2.53125 | 3 |
What Is the Dairy Pride Act and What Legal Issues Could It Face?
“Only actual milk should be called milk in order to avoid misleading consumers.” “It should not be called milk because it is not milk.” This is the basic premise behind a bill (S. 130) pending before the United States Senate titled the “Defending Against Imitations and Replacements of Yogurt, Milk, and Cheese To Promote Regular Intake of Dairy Everyday Act” or abbreviated as the “DAIRY PRIDE Act.”
This bill was introduced by Senator Tammy Baldwin, a Democrat from Wisconsin. [Read full text here.] Citing findings of the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services and the U.S. Department of Agriculture regarding the importance of milk and other dairy products in people’s diets, and claiming that “imitation dairy products” such as plant-based products derived from rice, nuts, soybeans, and other foods do not contain the same nutritional values, this bill aims to prevent “imitation dairy products” from being labeled as such. The Bill claims that such labeling is misleading to consumers of the products.
In light of this, the Bill would allow food to utilize a “market name” for a dairy product such as “milk” or “ice cream” or “cheese” only if “contains as a primary ingredient, or is derived from, the lacteal secretion, practically free from colostrum, obtained by the complete milking of one or more hooved animals.” This definition is not new, it actually is from current FDA regulations.
Products that violate these proposed requirements would be deemed “misbranded” under federal law, and violators could be subject to monetary fines and potential jail time.
Proponents of the bill argue that it prevents consumer confusion regarding dairy products. Dairy farmers supporting the bill believe that, particularly given difficult economic times facing the industry, it is unfair for plant-based products to compare themselves to dairy products, especially given their lack of they key nutritional benefits of milk.
On the other hand, opponents of the bill say that consumers are not mislead by labels like “soy milk,” but know exactly what they are purchasing. Rather than looking at the contents of a product to define the proper label, at least one group argues, it should be the use of the product that is paramount. Thus, if soy milk is utilized in the same way as cow’s milk, both should be free to call the products milk.
If the bill passes, it will almost certainly face legal challenge. Free speech challenges are already being discussed in relation to the DAIRY PRIDE Act. The Good Food Institute, for example, has stated on its website that if the bill passes, they will challenge it in court. Specifically, they allege, the bill would violate the First Amendment by improperly restricting commercial speech.
Under current law, the First Amendment is applicable to commercial speech, but it is less protected than other forms. For example, if commercial speech is deemed false or misleading, it is not entitled to any First Amendment protection. This means that if a court were to find that labeling a plant-based product as soy milk was misleading, the Constitution would offer no protection to the soy company. If, however, a court were to find the use of milk was not misleading, then constitutional protections would apply.
If the constitutional protections did apply, content based restrictions on commercial speech—such as prohibiting the use of the word “milk” for plant-based products—is allowed if it is based on an important government interest and the means are substantially related to that interest. It would be left to a court to determine whether the government has an important interest inn prohibiting the use of “milk” when plant-based products are involved and whether the prohibition on such use is substantially related to that important interest.
For now, the dairy industry will have to wait and see whether the bill makes its way through Congress and, if so, is signed by President Trump. But even if those hurdles are successfully navigated, it is likely that the courthouse will be the next step in the journey.
Tiffany Dowell grew up on her family farm and ranch in Northeastern New Mexico and is currently an Assistant Professor and Extension Specialist in Ag law with Texas A&M Agrilife Extension. This information is for educational purposes only, does not create an attorney-client relationship, and is not a substitute for the advice of a licensed attorney. | <urn:uuid:847c01dc-66e3-485d-b18e-1c8d6be487c2> | CC-MAIN-2018-05 | https://austincountynewsonline.com/dairy-pride-act-legal-issues-face/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-05/segments/1516084886397.2/warc/CC-MAIN-20180116090056-20180116110056-00239.warc.gz | en | 0.96195 | 951 | 3 | 3 |
In his writings, Bernard Mandeville (1670-1733) brought forth an idea that greatly influenced society. It was the idea of spontaneous order and that society was not formed by design, but rather by human action. He maintained that people’s’ selfish actions were what shaped society instead of God. Mandeville proposed that whatever good or evil befell society, it was the result of random, thoughtless actions. This went against established Christian thought. Christians believed that God set down certain laws and rules over the universe, society, families, and individuals. These rules were intended to give stability, predictability and prosperity to the governed. Even now the universe obeys God’s laws, and it is still running well. Humans, on the other hand, have shown what happens when God’s laws are rejected. Our society is brought down by the lawlessness of humans, humans who do not believe in the consequences of their actions. However, the laws of God make it impossible for actions to produce random results. God’s laws are not dependent upon a society enforcing them, the day of reckoning will come sooner or later.
As to the idea that laws come from spontaneous order, I would suggest that we take a look into the First Law of Thermodynamics. This law states that all things tend to disorder. For example, imagine that a farmer planted a garden and then left it alone. If systems are capable of regulating themselves without outside involvement, why then does a garden left to itself not prosper? An untended garden will not grow and reap produce by itself, but rather it will deteriorate and go to ruin. It should be easy to conclude from this simple example that outside involvement is necessary for a system to function properly. Without God’s help we will succeed as little as a garden left to itself.
Not only did Mandeville eat away at the Christian foundation, but he also built the foundation for Darwinism. By saying that economic order comes from individual spontaneous actions, Mandeville gave Charles Darwin the idea that life came about by random processes. Darwin tried to explain that life came from nothing, and that nothing produced something capable of creating its own laws of nature. Because both Mandeville and Darwin did not want to acknowledge that God existed, nor did they want to be accountable to Him, they came up with the idea that society and life in general can function without God. By undermining God’s involvement and purposeful design, Mandeville and Darwin caused generations of people to believe in random processes, in other words, chaos. | <urn:uuid:ea06ab61-9687-4812-b028-ff30b4b3fe2b> | CC-MAIN-2019-47 | https://ohshenandoahro.wordpress.com/2015/12/19/chaos-vs-gods-orderly-design/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-47/segments/1573496668561.61/warc/CC-MAIN-20191115015509-20191115043509-00548.warc.gz | en | 0.962444 | 528 | 3.390625 | 3 |
Prozac or its generic Fluoxetine is increasingly being prescribed by veterinarians across the country to treat behavioral problems in dogs like fear aggression and separation anxiety. This practice of prescribing human medications for dogs has created a lot of controversy because many dogs don’t respond to this type of medication and will experience intense side effects.
Unfortunately, behavioral problems are one of the main reasons dogs are euthanized in animal shelters or surrendered to dog rescue groups by their owners.
Prozac, or Fluoxetine, is an antidepressant that increases serotonin levels in the brain. It is frequently administered to dogs for treating separation anxiety, aggression, and other anxiety-related issues.
Prozac is usually prescribed in combination with a behavior modification program. Once the anxiety or fear levels diminish, dogs are able to learn the necessary skills to help them cope with the object or situation that is triggering their anxiety. For this reason Prozac is often prescribed for a short period of time until the behavior modification program takes hold.
Veterinarians will start a dog on a small dose of Prozac that is less than the dog needs and then gradually increase the dosage. Increases in dosage need to be done cautiously because any sudden increase or decrease in the dosage of Prozac can cause severe behavior changes in a dog.
Prozac has some serious side effects for dogs and cannot be given to a dog taking any of the following medications: monoamine oxidase inhibitors, diazepam, phenylbutazone, digoxine, or buspirone (a generic of Buspar, a psychoactive drug used to treat anxiety disorders such as severe anxiety separation issues).
Any dog who has a history of seizures should never be given Prozac and dogs on Prozac for a long period of time will need to have their liver and kidney enzymes checked regularly as long-term use can cause damage to these vital organs.
The most common side effects that dogs experience on Prozac are changes in appetite, weight gain or loss, lethargy, weakness in the limbs, or diarrhea. Unwelcome behavioral side effects include anxiety, panic attacks, hostility and aggression, restlessness, irritability, hyperactivity, trouble sleeping, or increased depression.
Some additional serious side effects that require a veterinarian exam are tremors, muscle twitching or stiffness, problems with balance or coordination, confusion, or a very rapid heartbeat. Some dogs also develop allergic reactions that cause a skin rash or hives, difficulty breathing, or a swelling of the dog’s face, lips, tongue or throat. Any of these side effects necessitate immediate discontinuance of the Prozac.
Treatment with Prozac can sometimes be beneficial in improving problematic behavior in a dog, but any dog being treated with this medication is always at risk of numerous side effects and must be watched carefully for any indications of a problem. | <urn:uuid:98f035c6-32de-436e-8f34-87450ef9dbf7> | CC-MAIN-2015-40 | http://dogshealth.com/blog/prozac-for-dogs/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2015-40/segments/1443737958671.93/warc/CC-MAIN-20151001221918-00077-ip-10-137-6-227.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.925039 | 580 | 2.5625 | 3 |
This article relies largely or entirely on a single source. (August 2014)
|The Six Wives of Henry VIII|
Naomi Capon |
|Country of origin||United Kingdom|
|No. of series||1|
|No. of episodes||6|
Ronald Travers |
|Running time||85 minutes|
|Original network||BBC 2|
|Original release||1 January - 5 February 1970|
|Related shows||Elizabeth R|
The Six Wives of Henry VIII is a series of six television plays produced by the BBC and first transmitted between 1 January and 5 February 1970. The series was later aired in the United States on CBS from 1 August to 5 September 1971 with narration added by Anthony Quayle. The series was rebroadcast in the United States without commercials on PBS as part of its Masterpiece Theatre series.
Each of the six plays focuses on a single wife, often from their perspective and was written by a different dramatist. The series was produced by Mark Shivas and Ronald Travers and directed by Naomi Capon and John Glenister.
Catherine's marriage to Arthur, Prince of Wales, ends with his early death. Over the next few years, Catherine faces money trouble and arrangements for her to marry Prince Henry are unclear. When Henry VII dies, Henry VIII chooses Catherine as his wife, as his dying father requested. After a short scene of Catherine's son's death (her second pregnancy, after a stillbirth), and her weeping in Henry's arms, the programme cuts to her older days where Henry falls in love with Anne Boleyn. Henry wants a male heir and after several pregnancies only one child of Catherine's and Henry's has survived, the princess Mary (the future Queen Mary I). Catherine is heartbroken when Henry tells her he wants a divorce. There are several court scenes discussing the annulment. Cardinal Thomas Wolsey does all he can to accomplish Henry's desire for a divorce from Catherine, but ultimately fails (and later dies en route to the Tower of London). Henry attempts to have a Papal Trial in England, to call into question the validity of his marriage to Catherine. But when Rome and the Pope revoke this attempt, Henry begins his break with the Catholic Church and starts to sow the seeds of the eventual English Reformation. Catherine is eventually told her marriage to Henry has been annulled, and that Henry has married Anne. Catherine is moved to Wolsey's house until she dies, with María de Salinas (her most faithful servant) by her side. While there, they receive the news that Anne has had her child, the future queen Elizabeth I. The episode ends with Catherine dying in her bed, María de Salinas beside her and Henry reading a loving final letter from Catherine. Henry crushes the letter callously, and walks dominatingly towards the camera, resembling the Hans Holbein portrait.
Having seen Anne's rise in the preceding episode, this episode focuses primarily on her downfall, documenting the disintegration of her marriage in the face of two miscarriages and the king's infidelities. Anne's brother, Sir George Boleyn (with whom she was accused of having incest), is shown anxiously trying to advise and counsel her to be more prudent and cautious in her conduct with the King. But Anne continues to berate Henry for his infidelities, which elicits not-so-veiled threats from him in return. Anne's final failure to give Henry a son seals her doom. The storyline was heavily influenced by academic theories that believed Anne was the victim of a factional and political plot, concocted by her many enemies (among them, Thomas Cromwell and Lady Rochford, Anne's treacherous sister-in-law), who capitalised on the king's disillusionment with her. As with most media treatments of Anne's destruction, the episode followed the historical research, which has all but proved her innocence. The scriptwriter used Anne's final confession of her sins (a burden that Archbishop Thomas Cranmer would have to bear to the end of his days), to suggest her total innocence on charges of adultery, incest, treason and witchcraft.
Jane gives birth to Prince Edward, (the future Edward VI). When she is taken to her child's christening, she is in pain and is near death; while lying in her sickbed, the events of her life flash before her in a fever dream. She remembers how Henry fell in love with her, and how her relatives (and certain of Henry's councillors like Thomas Cromwell, Bishop Stephen Gardiner, and others), schemed to bring about the downfall of Anne Boleyn and the subsequent rise of Jane. Directly after Anne is executed, Henry and Jane are married. During her short time as queen, Jane tries with some success to reconcile the Princess Mary with Henry. Her pregnancy is a guilt-filled one. She is tormented by the fact that her predecessor was innocent; the victim of false witness. After Jane gives birth to the prince, she falls ill; this brings the episode full circle. Jane dies, and the last images we see here are her body lying in state, arrayed like a queen and Henry weeping by Jane's funeral bier.
With three dead wives behind him, Henry is urged by his counselors to marry again and further secure the succession. Thomas Cromwell encourages him in an alliance with Protestant Germany, so he considers one of the Duke of Cleves' sisters, Anne or Amelia. He sends artist Hans Holbein, who paints both girls. Based on this portrait and good reports of her, Henry chooses Anne and she is sent to marry the king. When she reaches England, Henry wishes to surprise her, so he goes to see her for the first time in disguise. He arrives unannounced, and Anne is horrified when she learns the obese and bawdy "messenger" is really her betrothed. Henry, rattled by her reaction, declares her ugly and attempts to nullify the marriage contract, but the marriage proceeds with two unwilling participants. When the time comes to consummate their union, Anne sees a possible escape from the marriage by stalling the already unenthusiastic king.
In the weeks that follow, Anne and Henry live separate lives at court, although Anne is shown as being close to his children, especially little Elizabeth. Politics then take centre stage as Thomas Howard, Duke of Norfolk, plans Cromwell's downfall by playing on Henry's infatuation with his young niece, Catherine Howard. The reasons for the German alliance have also shifted, making the marriage to Anne politically inconvenient. Cromwell, the architect of the alliance, knows he is doomed and warns Anne, who plans an exit from the marriage rather than risk a worse fate. Archbishop Thomas Cranmer offers Anne advice and sympathy; they both regret Cromwell's and Robert Barnes' downfall. Encouraging Henry to think it is his own idea, Anne tells Henry that she understands his demands for an annulment, and suggests that he give her a household of her own, and continued contact with Henry's children, of whom she is fond. She points out that if they both agree that the marriage was never consummated, it should be easy to have it annulled. Given a graceful exit from a marriage and wife he has no interest in, Henry gradually agrees, saying "Good night, my dear sister." The episode ends on Anne's bittersweet but relieved expression. The portrayal of Anne of Cleves is based largely on the writer's interpretation of obscure historical events. She is shown to have a strong grasp of politics, which is historically unlikely, although it provides an interesting interpretation to the facts of the annulment and the even more unlikely fact that Anne of Cleves survived her marriage to Henry.
The Duke of Norfolk visits his elderly mother to see if one of his nieces would be a likely enticement for the king. His ambition is clear: he wants a Howard on the throne of England. We meet Catherine Howard, a pretty and foolhardy teenager, who confides in her cousin Anne Carey that she had sexual relations with a young man named Francis Dereham the previous summer. She is taken by her governess, Lady Rochford (the former sister-in-law of the late queen Anne Boleyn), to her uncle, who informs her that she is to be the next Queen of England. She states her concerns because of what happened to Anne but Norfolk assures her if she listens to him all will be well, and stresses that she must not show fear or timidity when addressing the king. Norfolk is unaware of his niece's sexually active past, and Catherine lies about it, telling him that she is untouched. She is taken to meet the king. Henry, long ill with an ulcer on his leg, is immediately taken with the pretty young girl. She nurses and flirts with him and Norfolk's dream seems closer. The king decides to take her as his wife but on their wedding night Henry's impotence is an obstacle. Another obstacle comes when the young Dereham comes to visit the queen and blackmails her regarding their prior romance. She gives him the job of Private Secretary to her, to keep him quiet. To secure her future, Norfolk insists she produce a male heir, in any way possible. Catherine (with the help of Lady Rochford as a go-between) begins a desperate affair with Thomas Culpeper, Henry's young and dashing personal aide, who is already overwhelmingly smitten with her. But months pass with no sign of a child, and the court begins to know about the affair; as well the rampant rumours concerning Catherine's past indiscretions with both Dereham and a music teacher named Henry Mannox. With disclosure threatened, Norfolk betrays his niece to the king before his enemies can. Culpeper and Dereham are taken to the Tower, tortured, and later executed. There is then a dramatic scene where Norfolk and the king's guards come to arrest Catherine and the Lady Rochford. Catherine demands to see the king, but is denied. She is taken to the Tower where she rehearses the speech she will give at her execution. The episode ends with the king preparing for an operation on his ulcerated leg and banishing Norfolk, who is now very violently out of favour. Henry tells him that if he ever looks on him again, it will be only on his head.
Catherine Parr, the recently widowed Lady Latimer, is called to an audience with the King. Henry, looking old in his fifties, corpulent, sick and lonely, takes to the mature twice-widowed lady; her honesty and calmness entice him. She turns down his offer of marriage, however, only to be persuaded by the ambitious Seymour brothers, Edward and Thomas (brothers of the late queen Jane Seymour) to accept Henry's proposal. Thomas, even though he and Catherine have romantic feelings for each other, is especially eager to have Catherine marry Henry. Archbishop Thomas Cranmer also encourages the devoutly Protestant Catherine to marry the King. Catherine soon becomes Queen of England; her natural maternal instinct is put into practice with the king's children, Mary, Elizabeth and Edward. However, Catholic Bishop Gardiner takes a dislike to Catherine's religious views. He plots her downfall, and questions her ladies. Gardiner even has one woman, Anne Askew (not one of Catherine's ladies, but a notable religious writer and speaker whose works Catherine had read), on the rack. Catherine is horrified by Askew's story and confronts her husband and Gardiner. Henry is angered by her liberal opinions and angrily rejects her. Soon, a warrant for the queen to be arrested and "examined" (which is practically a death sentence), is made out. Catherine is terrified, but Archbishop Cranmer advises her to assume a modest, humble, apologetic pose to the king, and Henry forgives her. Soon after, Henry suddenly collapses, obviously near death. After a long wait, the King dies, and Thomas Seymour asks Catherine to marry him. Still in her mourning clothes, Catherine berates him for trying to take the king's place, but accepts.
The series won a Prix Italia award in Italy, several BAFTA awards in England and several Emmy Awards in the US, and was adapted by Ian Thorne into the 1972 film Henry VIII and His Six Wives. It spawned a successful sequel, Elizabeth R, starring Glenda Jackson, and a prequel The Shadow of the Tower starring James Maxwell and Norma West as Henry's parents, Henry VII and Elizabeth of York.
Also nominated for:
Also nominated for: | <urn:uuid:13a7afa2-8df8-45cc-9cc7-6d3a06aba356> | CC-MAIN-2018-34 | http://www.like2do.com/learn?s=The_Six_Wives_of_Henry_VIII_(BBC_TV_series) | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-34/segments/1534221215261.83/warc/CC-MAIN-20180819165038-20180819185038-00401.warc.gz | en | 0.974152 | 2,600 | 2.546875 | 3 |
The focus of education has shifted dramatically in the last few months due to the closure of face to face instruction. This unprecedented time has been deemed trauma-informed teaching. In order to prevail through the situation, many educators have turned to virtual education and video chats. The issue with video chatting is that there are limited ways to engage students through a screen. Below are several recommendations for amping up video chats in order to help educators finish the school year strong (source).
- Invite a guest speaker – think book authors or experts in your field. You never know if someone will say yes until you ask.
- Take your class on a virtual field trip – there are numerous options for virtual field trips right now so utilize your host screen and take your students on a journey. Click here to view a list of current virtual tours.
- Connect your students to another class – create an environment of global curiosity and connect your class with another class in another state or country. Students in both classes can work on projects together while both teachers co-teach. Twitter is a great place to find educators with similar passions to yours.
- Create a design thinking project that engages students both on screen and off screen. Future Design School created a Facebook group that includes at home design thinking resources.
All other sourced information is hyperlinked as applicable above. | <urn:uuid:bfc02419-863b-4f7d-9234-1fc24c356965> | CC-MAIN-2021-31 | https://www.teacherlingo.com/finish-the-year-strong/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-31/segments/1627046153966.60/warc/CC-MAIN-20210730122926-20210730152926-00384.warc.gz | en | 0.942839 | 270 | 2.640625 | 3 |
The substantial costs of insect-associated viruses, ranging from honey bee decline to human, animal and plant disease, have driven investment in molecular research toward mitigation. Interest in insect viruses extends beyond these negative impacts however with biotechnological insect virus-based tools used to produce recombinant proteins, for gene therapy, vaccine production, and virus-induced gene silencing.
Insect Molecular Virology opens with a description of the insect virome and the explosion in discovery of new viral taxa. The following four chapters focus on anti-viral immunity including endogenous viral elements some of which may provide the molecular basis for long-term anti-viral immunity, the discovery of new viral suppressors of RNA interference, the role of new classes of small RNA molecules in dictating infection outcomes, and the Drosophila-dicistrovirus model as a powerful resource for insect molecular virology. The application of omics tools to insect-vectored plant viral disease, recent advances in tetravirus, polydnavirus, and baculovirus research are then described. The final chapters review progress in baculovirus expression vector and surface display technologies for use in laboratory and therapeutic applications.
Written by leading experts, Insect Molecular Virology is essential reading for students and scholars of insect virology and immunology and provides a valuable resource for users of baculovirus-derived tools.
1. The Insect Virome: Opportunities and Challenges / Bryony C. Bonning Pages: 1-12
2. The Widespread Occurrence and Potential Biological Roles of Endogenous Viral Elements in Insect Genomes / Carol D. Blair, Ken E. Olson and Mariangela Bonizzoni Pages: 13-30
3. Sensing Viral Infections in Insects: A Dearth of Pathway Receptors / Loïc Talide and Jean-Luc Imler and Carine Meignin Pages: 31-60
4. miRNA Modulation of Insect Virus Replication / Verna Monsanto-Hearne and Karyn N. Johnson Pages: 61-82
5. Dicistrovirus-Host Molecular Interactions / Reid Warsaba, Jibin Sadasivan and Eric Jan Pages: 83-112
6. Looking Through the Lens of 'Omics Technologies: Insights Into the Transmission of Insect Vector-borne Plant Viruses / Jennifer R. Wilson, Stacy L. DeBlasio, Mariko M. Alexander and Michelle Heck Pages: 113-144
7. Advances in Tetravirus Research: New Insight Into the Infectious Virus Lifecycle and an Expanding Host Range / Rosemary Ann Dorrington, Meesbah Jiwaji, Janet Awino Awando and Mart-Mari de Bruyn Pages: 145-162
8. Polydnaviruses: Evolution and Function / Michael R. Strand and Gaelen R. Burke Pages: 163-182
9. Advances in Molecular Biology of Baculoviruses / Manli Wang and Zhihong Hu Pages: 183-214
10. Recent Developments in the Use of Baculovirus Expression Vectors / Robert D. Possee, Adam C. Chambers, Leo P. Graves, Mine Aksular and Linda A. King Pages: 215-230
11. Baculovirus as Versatile Vectors for Protein Display and Biotechnological Applications / Chih-Hsuan Tsai, Sung-Chan Wei, Huei-Ru Lo and Yu-Chan Chao Pages: 231-256 | <urn:uuid:2bb3ad46-250d-49bc-beed-9066ae8ad7c3> | CC-MAIN-2023-14 | https://www.nhbs.com/insect-molecular-virology-book | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-14/segments/1679296943749.68/warc/CC-MAIN-20230322020215-20230322050215-00569.warc.gz | en | 0.797541 | 730 | 3.03125 | 3 |
Published on in Children's Doctor
For all parents, preparing a child for adulthood can seem daunting and at times improbable. For families raising a child with special needs, like autism spectrum disorder (ASD), the thought of leaving their trusted pediatric providers is often accompanied by anxiety or dread.
Talking about transition early
Pediatric primary care providers play vital roles in coordinating the care of specialists. However, this level of coordination is rarely seen in adult primary care. This can be especially challenging for patients who have autism, a condition often associated with a broad range of medical and behavioral issues that don’t end when a child becomes an adult. In addition to needing care from one or more specialists highly qualified in their field, these patients need the support of a provider who understand the unique characteristics of autism.
The reality is that all patients spend most of their lives as adults; so one of the most important things pediatricians can do for their adolescent patients — and particularly those with special needs — is to begin preparing them for transition to ensure they don’t “fall off the cliff.” Around age 13 or 14, physicians should start the conversation about the need to transition to adult providers by age 18 to 25. Make transition a part of every office visit to help families acclimate and begin to plan. Adolescents should be involved in this process as much as they are able to. This may seem outrageously premature to begin preparing, but all one needs to do is look to the health outcomes data for motivation.
Health outcomes data
Until recently, there was very little data on the health outcomes for adults with ASD, but studies done in the past few years are revealing some sobering trends. Compared to adults without autism, those with ASD have:
- Significantly higher rates of diabetes, gastrointestinal disorders, epilepsy, sleep disorders, cholesterol problems, high blood pressure, and obesity
- A higher rate of chronic heart failure, even though smoking and alcohol use are less common in this population
- Significantly higher rates of depression, anxiety, eating disorders, and bipolar disorder (adults with ASD are 5 times more likely to attempt suicide than those without ASD)
- Higher rates of injuries from falls
- Higher rates of vision and hearing problems
Some problems are more common in women with ASD than men, with higher rates of asthma, allergy, and autoimmune disorders than those without autism. Men with ASD are more likely to struggle with alcohol and drug addiction than women. This is particularly striking since adults with ASD as a whole are less likely to drink than adults who don't have autism, and there are nearly 5 times more males with ASD than females.
Resources are not “built into” the adult healthcare system the way they are with pediatric care. Talking about transition with patients and families early and often gives them the opportunity to start thinking about what medical specialists they will need to see as adults and what skills they need to learn to manage their own care. Remind parents that when children turn 18, they are legally adults. Parents cannot manage or discuss their children’s medical care, when they turn 18, without the child’s permission, unless the parents have legal guardianship.
CHOP-tested guidelines to ease transition
Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia has established supports and guidelines in place to help patients and families with special healthcare needs through this transition. Some of the most important steps pediatricians can take in shepherding the transition process include:
- Talk directly to your patients, beginning when they are preteens or even earlier, to teach them about their condition so they understand what ASD is, common related procedures, and the reasons for certain treatments or recommendations.
- Ask families to keep a comprehensive care binder so they can organize their children’s medical history in a single place. Encourage patients to record information about their appointments in the binder with increasing independence.
- Develop a plan that outlines the roles of pediatricians, patients and adult healthcare providers. Keep it in the care binder and update it annually or as needed and share it with the adult primary care physician when it is time to “hand off” care.
- This might include a list of problems to be addressed, such as insomnia, seizure control, self-care, and eligibility for adult services.
- Discuss important “touchstones” that parents can work on with their child in order to prepare for the transition to adult care. For instance:
- Can they tell a doctor what medicines they take or what allergies they have?
- Do they take medicine by themselves?
- Do they know when their next appointment is?
- Can they communicate physical and/or emotional well-being or problems?
- Encourage the family to include IEP goals geared toward increasing independence as a support to involvement in medical and health care.
- Discuss planning for the appropriate supports if the patient is not able to do certain things independently.
- Discuss with families the importance of planning social opportunities as a support to overall health. Social isolation is a major problem once pediatric patients with ASD age out of the school system.
Starting the dialogue early and continuing the conversation is a tremendous step in the right direction, considering that multiple studies indicate this is a conversation that rarely occurs before age 21. For patients on the autism spectrum for whom planning and routine are crucial, a major and complicated transition can take years. However, when done gradually and in partnership with engaged parents, the potential for vastly improved health outcomes throughout adulthood are well within reach.
References and further readings
Croen LA, Zerbo O, Qian Y, et al. Psychiatric and medical conditions among adults with ASD. Atlanta, Georgia. International Meeting for Autism Research; 2014. Accessed June 5, 2017.
Bruder MB, Kerins G, Mazzarella C, et al. Brief report: the medical care of adults with autism spectrum disorders: identifying the needs. J Autism Dev Disord. 2012;42(11):2498-2504.
Croen LA. Adults with autism suffer high rates of most major disorders. Atlanta, Georgia. International Meeting for Autism Research; 2014. Accessed June 5, 1017.
Cheak-Zamora NC, Yang X, Farmer JE, e al. Disparities in transition planning for youth with autism spectrum disorder. Pediatrics. 2013;131(3):447-454.
Kuhlthau KA, Warfield ME, Hurson J, et al. Pediatric provider's perspectives on the transition to adult health care for youth with autism spectrum disorder: Current strategies and promising new directions. Autism. 2015;19(3):262-271.
The transition team at CHOP has developed a comprehensive toolkit that physicians can share with families. Accessed June 5, 2017.
The CAR Autism RoadmapTM website from CHOP’s Center for Autism Research offers a section on guidance for parents and families on Adulthood Transition. Accessed June 5, 2017.
AASPIRE Healthcare Toolkit. A variety of resources written for and with adults on the spectrum. It includes information on staying healthy, healthcare, and healthcare rights along with valuable checklists and worksheets. This site also provides a toolkit for healthcare providers. Accessed June 5, 2017.
Vanderbilt Kennedy Center. Health Care for Adults with Intellectual and Developmental Disabilities: Online toolkit for providers. Accessed June 5, 2017.
Vanderbilt Kennedy Center. Health Watch Table for Autism. Accessed June 5, 2017.
Center for Health Care Transition. Got Transition aims to improve transition from pediatric to adult health care through the use of new and innovative strategies for health professionals and youth and families. gottransition.org. Accessed June 5, 2017.
Contributed by: Susannah Horner, LCSW | <urn:uuid:4ede5846-9ca6-42a7-8ab2-d7311f5d6a06> | CC-MAIN-2020-45 | https://www.chop.edu/news/adolescents-spectrum-physicians-need-help-pave-way-adulthood | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-45/segments/1603107876500.43/warc/CC-MAIN-20201021122208-20201021152208-00634.warc.gz | en | 0.948053 | 1,602 | 2.8125 | 3 |
look in description box
1. False imprisonment is different from kidnapping partly because their is no asportation in false imprisonment. There are other conditions. Define "false imprisonment" and "kidnapping" and generally discuss so that each are understood ...... and what each entails that make them different. Conclude with examples that relate to each offense.
2. Samaha discusses "stalking" and mentions that it is an ancient practice but only a modern crime..... and he then fully explains this crime. Define, generally discuss to make understood, and provide examples of the crime of stalking and the stalking laws. Be sure to include how stalking first became a crime, the mens rea and actus reus of stalking and how stalking statutes vary from jurisdictions.
3. As early as the year 800, "rape" was a capital offense in Angle-Saxton England. The laws regarding the offense of rape have evolved over time and especially in the 1970s and 1980s. Comment in general on the offense of rape to make this criminal law key term word understood. How has the law of rape and rape prosecutions changed over the years. Be sure to explain the difference between"extrinsic" and "intrinsic" force regarding the offense and relate to the actus reus and mens rea. Comment on the "rape shield statutes" and the positive impact these laws have had regarding victims.
- Defining Social Justice
- kim woods-hist0ry
- Organizational Development Intervention
- Spreadsheet applications
- Internal Control
- business 350 principles of finance M5 quiz
- A worker was electrocuted when he drilled through a wall and the drill bit contacted an electrical wire inside the wall by cutting through its insulation. The ground pin of the electric plug for the drill was broken off.
- 4 Questions
- stats simple question
- humanities writing assignment | <urn:uuid:8f3c9e0a-9d2b-4a39-84ef-0373b1f4a80b> | CC-MAIN-2019-26 | https://www.homeworkmarket.com/content/look-description-box-2912327-2 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-26/segments/1560627999948.3/warc/CC-MAIN-20190625213113-20190625235113-00547.warc.gz | en | 0.950341 | 387 | 2.96875 | 3 |
A pain in the buttocks can be more than a pain -- it can be a debilitating symptom that makes walking, sitting or normal exercise difficult. Compression of the sciatic nerve often causes pain that runs through the buttocks and down to the foot. The piriformis muscle, which connects the femur, the large bone in your leg, to the base of the spine, can compress the sciatic nerve, causing pain and disability. Simple stretching exercises, massage and rest can help treat piriformis syndrome severe enough to interfere with daily activities such as walking.
The piriformis muscle runs very close to the sciatic nerve. In between 15 and 20 percent of cases, the sciatic nerve actually runs through the piriformis muscle, according to the Irwin Army Community Hospital. Sciatica occurs when the nerve becomes compressed. This often occurs because of abnormalities within the spinal cord, but any compression can cause sciatica pain. Strain in the piriformis muscle and swelling from overuse, muscle spasms or tightness in the muscle from sitting for long periods of time can all lead to sciatic nerve compression. Compensation for other mechanical foot or leg problems such as pronation or having one leg shorter than the other can also cause piriformis syndrome.
Symptoms of piriformis syndrome can vary, depending on the severity of the compression of the sciatic nerve. You might feel minor aching in your buttock or down your thigh, heaviness or weakness in the leg or pain like an electric shock when you move. Your foot could feel numb or tingling, with a pins-and-needles feeling, making walking extremely difficult. One part of your leg could feel numb and another part painful. Sitting for long periods can worsen the pain, but walking for long periods of time or walking up hill or running can also make it worse.
The first treatment for piriformis syndrome is to rest the muscle so that spasms decrease or swelling goes down. This takes the compression off the sciatic nerve. Decrease your running or strenuous walking activities for two to three weeks, podiatrist and sports medicine specialist Stephen Pribut recommends. Stretching exercises can also help relax the muscle and keep it from tightening up on the sciatic nerve. To stretch, pull your knee up and toward the opposite shoulder. Grasp your knee with your hand and pull gently back, holding for 30 seconds. Repeat three times twice a day. You can also pull both your knee and foot upward at the same time until you feel a stretch in the hip. Hold for 30 seconds and repeat three times twice a day. Massage might help, but the muscle is hard to reach, Pruit states.
Many cases of piriformis syndrome will heal spontaneously within two to six weeks. To prevent a recurrence, always stretch and warm up before starting any strenuous activity such as a long walk or run. If you notice symptoms returning, decrease your activity level and continue stretching exercises. If symptoms interfere with walking by causing numbness or weakness in your leg or foot, see your doctor. In rare cases, surgery might become necessary. | <urn:uuid:80c3cb8a-eac2-4860-a76e-32941aae1b20> | CC-MAIN-2017-04 | http://www.livestrong.com/article/557096-piriformis-syndrome-and-walking/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-04/segments/1484560280133.2/warc/CC-MAIN-20170116095120-00336-ip-10-171-10-70.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.92659 | 636 | 2.75 | 3 |
This course will focus on American history from its colonial foundations to the Civil War and Reconstruction. It provides students with knowledge and understanding of the major political, social, and economic movements, as well as leading historical figures in American history up to 1877.
Notes: This course is an approved Survey Course in United States History for teacher certification in Connecticut. This course duplicates the CLEP exam and/or a course in U.S. History 1.
Student Learning Outcomes (SLOs)
Upon completion of this course, the student will be able to:
- Describe pre-Colombian societies and the clash of cultures between the Native-Americans and Europeans.
- Trace the evolution of the English settlements from “transplantations” to “middle grounds.”
- Examine the society and culture of Provincial America.
- Analyze the causes of the tension between the colonies and Great Britain prior to American Revolution.
- Describe how and why the thirteen colonies won the Revolutionary War and what problems faced the newly independent republic.
- Discuss the making of the US Constitution and the political battle between federalists and anti-federalists.
- Describe the political, economic, and social characteristics of America during the Jeffersonian Era.
- Explain the conflict between sectionalism and nationalism and the nature of economic growth during this period.
- Examine the political, economic, and social characteristics of America during the Jacksonian Era.
- Analyze the causes and impact of American economic growth in the 1830s and 1840s.
- Describe the economic and social characteristics of the “Old South.”
- Examine the various antebellum reform movements.
- Define the idea of “Manifest Destiny” and its impact on Americans; explain how the issue of slavery increased sectional tensions and reshaped the American political party system.
- Analyze how and why the North won the Civil War.
- Describe the goals of Reconstruction and evaluate how well they were met.
General Education Outcomes (GEOs)
Course Activities and Grading
Discussions (Weeks 1-8)
Quizzes (Weeks 1-8)
Final Exam (Week 8)
Available through Charter Oak State College's online bookstore
- Brinkley, Alan. American History: Survey, Volume I. 15th ed. McGraw-Hill Publishing, 2015. ISBN-13: 978-0-07-777683-1 (Looseleaf Edition)
Readings and Exercises
Topics: The Collision of Cultures & Transportations and Borderlands
Topics: Society and Culture in Provincial America & The Empire in Transition
Topics: The American Revolution & The Constitution and the New Republic & The Jeffersonian Era
Topics: American Nationalism & Jacksonian America
Topic: America’s Economic Revolution & Cotton, Slavery and the Old South
Topic: Antebellum Culture and Reform & The Impending Crisis
Topic: The Civil War
COSC Accessibility Statement
Charter Oak State College encourages students with disabilities, including non-visible disabilities such as chronic diseases, learning disabilities, head injury, attention deficit/hyperactive disorder, or psychiatric disabilities, to discuss appropriate accommodations with the Office of Accessibility Services at [email protected].
COSC Policies, Course Policies, Academic Support Services and Resources
Students are responsible for knowing all Charter Oak State College (COSC) institutional policies, course-specific policies, procedures, and available academic support services and resources. Please see COSC Policies for COSC institutional policies, and see also specific policies related to this course. See COSC Resources for information regarding available academic support services and resources. | <urn:uuid:71582657-81e8-471e-a2c5-23b71a2eb7f8> | CC-MAIN-2020-50 | https://www.charteroak.edu/bb/syllabi/his/his_101_syllabus_8wk.php | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-50/segments/1606141740670.93/warc/CC-MAIN-20201204162500-20201204192500-00653.warc.gz | en | 0.870598 | 776 | 3.828125 | 4 |
In 1964, President Lyndon Johnson launched his famed War on Poverty, declaring: “This Administration, here and now, declares unconditional war on poverty.” From the time that Johnson made this declaration, the federal government has spent an estimated $22 trillion on anti-poverty programs — and the level of success of these programs is highly debatable.
Certainly, Johnson’s war had a major effect on senior citizens, as the poverty rate for the elderly declined nearly 18 percent between 1964 and 2015. However, total poverty rates declined less than three percent between 1964 and 2015. Today, 14.5 percent of Americans (nearly 47 million people) live below the poverty line, while the youth poverty rate has reached a stunning 20 percent.
What these numbers do not tell is the story behind America’s poor. Recently, the Department of Health and Human Services published a report that stated that those in impoverished urban areas are more likely to be exposed to and involved with violent crime and drug use. Similarly, the Wall Street Journal reported that impoverished rural areas are currently experiencing a massive spike in the use of heroin and other deadly drugs. But beyond drugs and crime, studies have consistently found that those in poor communities — whether rural or urban — are less likely to go to college, find long-term employment and remain involved stable nuclear family structures.
Some claim that the dark picture of American poverty needs to be fixed by more government intervention and spending. However, according to the Peterson Institute for International Economics, the United States currently spends 29 percent of its GDP (when accounted for taxes) on anti-poverty programs — that’s currently the second largest percentage of any country in the developed world (we are only behind France, which stands at 31 percent). Furthermore, when adjusted for inflation, federal spending per person in poverty increased 600 percent between 1970 and 2014. Yet despite the fact that this country spends more than almost every nation on welfare programs and has drastically increased its anti-poverty expenditures, the United States has achieved only marginal success in combating national poverty rates.
In fact, it seems as if even Congress has realized its big-government, big-spending approach to fighting poverty hasn’t worked. A recent study by the House Budget Committee stated: “Congress… has expanded programs and created new ones with little regard to how these changes fit into the larger effort. Rather than provide a roadmap out of poverty, Washington has created a complex web of programs that are often difficult to navigate.”
I firmly believe that if we are to truly tackle poverty, we must wage a new war — a war with radically different tactics and a consciousness of budgetary constraints. For too long we have thought that we can simply spend our way out of poverty — yet the facts tell a drastically different story. I propose that we fight a three front war on poverty: we must reform our broken education system, encourage economic growth and strengthen family structures.
Personally, I believe that a transformation of our education system is the most important step in combating this issue. According to a study by the General Accounting Office, inner city schools, when adjusted for factors such as necessary classroom resources, often spend far less per pupil than suburban schools. At the same time, the study also found that “inner city schools generally [have] higher percentages of first-year teachers, higher enrollments, fewer library resources and less in-school parental involvement.”
The issues that inner city schools face show why the war on poverty isn’t being won — poor students do not have access to the same resources as their wealthier counterparts. Here is where the Department of Education must make drastic changes. Instead of wasting precious tax dollars on massive bureaucratic projects such as No Child Left Behind and Race to the Top, federal educational agencies should direct funding to low income areas. These funds should be used to build pre-college and vocational training initiatives, improve math and reading programs and encourage teacher retention.
Though education is key, economic reforms are also essential. A recent Congressional study discovered that job creation — not increased federal spending — is the most effective tool in combatting poverty. Reforms such as increasing the Earned Income Tax Credit, reducing burdensome economic regulations and simplifying the overly complicated tax code would help to grow small and medium-sized businesses and provide good paying jobs in impoverished areas.
Finally, we as a society must do everything we can to help strengthen families in our poorest communities. In 1965, the Johnson Administration issued a report that stated that a central cause of poverty is the crumbling of family structures. In fact, a 2014 study discovered that families headed by a single female were 21 percent more likely to be below the poverty line than two parent households. Thus, society must do all that it can to encourage the strengthening of families.
Of course, the economic benefits of fighting poverty are innumerable. As our rural areas and inner-cities become stronger, our nation’s economy as a whole will grow stronger as well. However, I firmly believe that there is an inherent moral component to combating poverty. All Americans deserve access to economic opportunity and good education. But let me stress this: we cannot fight poverty with the same wasted effort and energy of the past 50 years. Instead of simply aggrandizing government power and wealth, we must provide the basic opportunity for all Americans to achieve economic mobility.
Michael Glanzel is a junior in the College of Arts and Sciences. He can be reached at [email protected]. Cornell Shrugged appears alternate Thursdays this semester. | <urn:uuid:05b6d484-1009-402c-bfba-1530088735ea> | CC-MAIN-2023-50 | https://cornellsun.com/2016/09/07/glanzel-a-new-war-on-poverty/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-50/segments/1700679100535.26/warc/CC-MAIN-20231204214708-20231205004708-00407.warc.gz | en | 0.957005 | 1,124 | 2.75 | 3 |
The Mold Factor
Molds or fungi can cause both a significant quality reduction and economic loss due to contamination of grains used for food and feed. Common grain molds fall into two categories: field molds, like Fusarium, and storage molds, such as Penicillium, Aspergillus and Mucor. Under the right conditions, molds can flourish during harvest or storage time, robbing corn of valuable energy and nutrients – vitamins and amino acids – which your animals rely on to maintain health and grow.
When it comes to molds, nutrient losses in feedstuffs can become concerning when mold counts reach more than 100,000 colony forming units (CFUs). And, when mold counts reach above 10 million CFUs, the mold will become visible to the naked eye. Overall, estimated losses of metabolizable energy in corn due to mold growth range from 5% to 25% depending on the mold species involved.2,3
The Low-Level Mycotoxin Threat
Mycotoxins – toxic metabolites produced by molds – pose a constant threat to livestock and poultry efficiency. Feeding high levels of mycotoxins often cause overt physical symptoms, like oral lesions in poultry or vomiting in pigs, which are easy to identify and address. However, the chronic effects of continuously feeding grains with low levels of toxins (e.g. damage to the intestinal barrier) are much more difficult – in many cases, impossible – to pinpoint as a source of performance drag.
Alone or in combination, low-level mycotoxins may reduce intestinal integrity and cause immune suppression, thereby increasing an animal’s susceptibility to disease.4 Further, loss in intestinal barrier integrity caused by mycotoxins may lead to nutrient malabsorption and poor body weight gain. Testing incoming grains to understand mycotoxins risks is key to ensure your herd or flock is set up for success.
The Lipid Variability Challenge
Not only are fats and oils the most concentrated sources of energy for diet formulation, but they also represent one of the most expensive ingredients in a diet. Unfortunately, lipids are often traded based on name alone rather than by assessing their quality and nutritional value. Inconsistency in the properties of lipids – such as their moisture (M), insoluble (I) and unsaponifiable (U) content – can influence a lipid’s apparent metabolizable energy (AME) and/or digestibility, thereby deviating from published values which are commonly used by nutritionists for diet formulation.5
Further, despite the fact that feeding peroxided lipids negatively influences animal growth and performance, oxidative status is also often overlooked when purchasing fats and oils.6 Oxidation of supplemental dietary fat can reduce dietary energy, lead to oxidative stress and cause vitamin degradation, thereby depleting feed of essential nutrients needed to maintain the health and efficiency of livestock and poultry.
Not all feed ingredients are created equal. In times of rising feed costs, managing feed quality – especially limiting profit-robbers like molds, mycotoxins, and oxidation in feed – is critical not only to optimizing your animal’s efficiency but also to your operation’s bottom-line.
To help customers manage these profit-robbers in feed, Kemin offers a specialized Customer Laboratory Services (CLS) team dedicated to helping customers clean up their feed and maximize its nutritional value in order to support optimal feed efficiency. Whether it’s researching potential suppliers, evaluating current ingredient quality, recommending a solution, or checking product application rates, Kemin CLS is available to help answer each of our customer’s unique needs.
To learn more about Kemin CLS services, ask your Kemin Sales Representative or contact us online.
1Patience, J.F., et al. 2015. A review of feed efficiency in swine: biology and application. Journal of Animal Science and Biotechnology, 6(33): https://doi.org/10.1186/s40104-015-0031-2.
2Bartov, I., N. Paster and N. Lisker. 1982. The Nutritional Value of Mouldy Grains for Broiler Chicks. Poultry Science, 61:2247-2254.
3Tindall, W. 1983. Moulds and Feeding Livestock. Animal Nutrition and Health, July/August. p.5.
4Romero, A., et al. 2016. Mycotoxins modify the barrier function of Caco-2 cells through differential gene expression of specific claudin isoforms: Protective effect of illite mineral clay. Toxicology, 353-354: 21-33.
5Wealleans, A.L., et al. 2021. Assessment of the quality, oxidative status and dietary energy value of lipids used in non-ruminant animal nutrition. Journal of The Science of Food and Agriculture, (wileyonlinelibrary.com) DOI 10.1002/jsfa.11066.
6Shurson, J. and B. Kerr. Fat, oxidation and the swine diet. National Hog Farmer, July 19, 2018. | <urn:uuid:8d2bf601-229a-4333-8b0a-3ae0d9b6ae36> | CC-MAIN-2022-27 | https://www.kemin.com/na/en-us/markets/animal/feed-quality/managing-feed-quality-is-key-for-optimizing-feed-efficiency | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-27/segments/1656103360935.27/warc/CC-MAIN-20220628081102-20220628111102-00454.warc.gz | en | 0.895404 | 1,067 | 3.296875 | 3 |
Black Abolitionist Archive
Subtitle: The Importance of Our Paper.
Speaker or author: editor
Newspaper or publication: Colored American (1837 - 1842)
The writer stresses the importance of the newspaper and the African American press not only as a way of communicating on important subjects, keeping informed about national events, and educating the community, but as a means of strengthening the social bond among members of an oppressed race.
Description of file(s): one scanned, two columned, newspaper page | <urn:uuid:ece30378-cb50-4a3e-bb3b-990375be230c> | CC-MAIN-2016-44 | http://research.udmercy.edu/find/special_collections/digital/baa/item.php?record_id=2640&collectionCode=baa | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-44/segments/1476988720972.46/warc/CC-MAIN-20161020183840-00210-ip-10-171-6-4.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.935424 | 109 | 3.625 | 4 |
Last name: Insull
This unusual name is an example of a "lost" village, a common phenomenon in England, where the original location here a place called "Insoll" in Elmley Lovett, Worcestershire, has now completely vanished. It is well recorded from the 12th to the 17th centuries, first as "Inerdeshell" in 1275 and last as "Insoll" in 1642, which suggests that of the usual reasons for the disappearance of a place - plague, sheep enclosures and war - the last mentioned could account for the loss of "Insoll" since 1642 was at the height of the Civil War (1641-1649). The place name is of Old English pre 7th century origin and means "the dweller at the huts". In the modern idiom the name can be found as "Insall", "Insull", "Insoll", "Inseal", "Insole" and "Hinsull", the first modern recording being that of Philip Insoll (1603 Worcestershire). The first recorded spelling of the family name is shown to be that of Richard de Inneshal. which was dated 1327, in the "Subsidy Rolls", Worcestershire. during the reign of King Edward 11, known as "Edward of Caernafon" 1307 - 1327. Surnames became necessary when governments introduced personal taxation. In England this was known as Poll Tax. Throughout the centuries, surnames in every country have continued to "develop" often leading to astonishing variants of the original spelling.
© Copyright: Name Origin Research www.surnamedb.com 1980 - 2014 | <urn:uuid:55c62163-4391-4d20-8987-d166407f5ac6> | CC-MAIN-2014-23 | http://www.surnamedb.com/Surname/Insull | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2014-23/segments/1405997862121.60/warc/CC-MAIN-20140722025742-00162-ip-10-33-131-23.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.96797 | 352 | 2.828125 | 3 |
Anti-virus software is a necessity, now more than ever
Using a computer and going online, no matter how safe the websites you use seem to be, can be very risky if done without a good anti-virus program.
Even now, when you can get Windows with two most important tools to fight of any kind of attacks, Windows Firewall and Windows Defender, it is still very unwise not to protect your data and your computer with every resource that is available to you. These programs are an essential part of the OS and Microsoft is very attentive to frequent and good quality updates that happen without interrupting your work or taking too much space.
Anti-virus programs have become very advanced, but only because there was no choice. Users and their resources were becoming more and more at risk from potential attackers who were also developing new and improved means of causing trouble or trying to gain any kind of advantage with these illegal actions. They include viruses, worms, Trojan horses and many other intruders that can cause a lot of damage to your computer.
They can delete irreplaceable files or access personal data and even more dangerous, they can use your computer to attack other computers, without ever being identified. In order for the anti-virus programs to be effective, both the program and the virus signature files must be updated regularly and from a good trustworthy source.
In conclusion, using an antivirus software is a must, but there is one major difference. Today you do not have to go and find a good quality anti-virus software on your own but in Windows 10 everything is right there for you to use as it comes as a part of your system. Very discreet, convenient and what is most important, very protective of your PC and your data. | <urn:uuid:58ca0e70-6625-4da2-92e7-02439f5bec68> | CC-MAIN-2023-50 | https://www.wincert.net/security/anti-virus-software-is-a-necessity-now-more-than-ever/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-50/segments/1700679102469.83/warc/CC-MAIN-20231210123756-20231210153756-00030.warc.gz | en | 0.970922 | 359 | 2.71875 | 3 |
Duties of a Home Care Aide
Duties of a Home Health Aide
The Consumer Directed Personal Assistance Program (CDPAP) allows qualifying Medicaid recipients to hire a friend or family member as a personal care assistant. Personal care assistants help with the necessary daily tasks that allow a person to continue living independently rather than in an assisted living facility. Traditionally, these duties would be performed by either a paid aide assigned through an agency or a (usually unpaid) friend or family member.
Home care agencies provide four distinct types of aide for different levels of care: homemaker, personal care aide, home health aide, and nurse. Homemakers and personal care aides are restricted from doing most routine medical procedures. These types of aides can only perform “unskilled” tasks. Meanwhile, a home health aide may do certain things considered “semi-skilled,” while only a nurse can performed any required “skilled” tasks. To be legally able to perform semi-skilled and skilled tasks, home health aides and nurses must go through special training that homemakers and personal care aides do not.
In contrast to the traditional home care agency model, CDPAP has a single designation of “personal assistant.” Personal assistants are legally permitted to perform skilled and semi-skilled duties when the patient (or designated representative) assumes responsibility for training and supervision. Like family members, CDPAP assistants are exempt from regulations to which agency aides must adhere.
If you are considering becoming an aide for a loved one through CDPAP or if you need help yourself, you may be curious about which tasks a home health aide is expected to perform.
What does a home health aide do?
Traditional home health aides assist with the “activities of daily living,” which are defined as mobility, hygiene, and nutrition. The exact tasks vary and will depend on the patient’s particular needs and preferences. CDPAP aides especially focus on individualized care, paying close attention to the patient’s requests. For example, a visually impaired person may ask an aide to arrange items a certain way on the table when dining, while someone with mobility issues may just need the meal to be prepared.
A home health aide is responsible for some or all of the following tasks:
- Cooking is one of the most common things a home health aide is requested to do. Even relatively ambulatory patients may not be able to stand long enough to safely prepare a healthy balanced meal. Depending on preference, the patient may guide a home care aide through a recipe step by step.
- A patient may need assistance eating, which ranges from cutting the food up into manageable pieces to bringing an eating utensil up to the person’s mouth.
- Personal hygiene is another routine duty for home health aides. If necessary, aides will assist with bathing, using the toilet, and changing wound care dressings that don’t require medication.
- A patient may need help with different aspects of dressing, which can range from laying out outfits to physically putting garments on.
- A person who either has impaired mobility or cannot drive may ask an aide to go shopping and perform other errands like banking.
- An aide may assist with walking outside the home. Someone who can otherwise walk with a mobility aide may need additional assistance to navigate the front steps. Even those with the ability to go out may be reluctant to walk alone in case of a fall or other accident.
- A major responsibility of a home health aide is doing household chores. Cleaning and laundry are common tasks.
- An aide can remind a patient of when to take medications or help with pills but only if they’ve already been sorted into a medication box.
What can a CDPAP aide do that an agency aide can’t?
With traditional agency-directed home care, multiple personnel are necessary to carry out routine tasks. This can at times lead to dangerous miscommunications. CDPAP personal assistants streamline home care by taking on additional responsibilities, which include:
- Checking vital signs, such as pulse, temperature, respiratory rate, and blood pressure
- Administering medications, including insulin, topical treatments, and inhalation therapy
- Setting up and using medical equipment like ventilators and tracheotomy suctioning machines
- Assisting with tube feeding, including changing and irrigating G-tubes
- Sterile wound dressing of injuries that are either infected or at risk of infection
- Monitoring complex modified diets for patients with special dietary needs
Who provides aide training?
An important part of CDPAP places the burden of training on the consumer. While this allows for greater independence and cuts down on regulatory red tape, It can also be confusing if you don’t know where to start. We at FreedomCare make this process easier by working with patients and their designated representatives to design effective training plans. If you or a loved one is considering participating in CDPAP, contact us today for more information. | <urn:uuid:5c602200-464b-40c4-9f20-fc2a3ffa2577> | CC-MAIN-2021-04 | https://www.freedomcareny.com/posts/duties-of-a-home-care-aide | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-04/segments/1610703538741.56/warc/CC-MAIN-20210123222657-20210124012657-00557.warc.gz | en | 0.925589 | 1,031 | 2.5625 | 3 |
Top 10 FAQs About Getting an IEP for Your Child
Be prepared and confident for your child's IEP meeting
1. What is an IEP?
An IEP is an individualized education plan/program for a public-school student who cannot access general education without the supports and services of special education. The IEP is a legal written statement detailing how those supports and services will look.
2. How do I get an IEP?
Each state has defined criteria for disability categories based on IDEA (Individuals with Disabilities Education Act—the law that provides educational rights for students with disabilities). Having a disability label does not mean a student automatically gets an IEP. The disability has to substantially impact a student’s ability to access general-education curriculum.
3. Who is on the IEP team?
The team comprises people who know the students and/or have expertise in the student’s area of disability. It must include parents; a special-education teacher; at least one general-education teacher; specialists, as needed; and a school-district representative (can be a school administrator). Parents can invite family members, private therapists, or an advocate. (Always bring someone to the IEP meeting, especially if you are a Solo Mom!
4. What is my role on the IEP team?
You are the expert on your child. Your input and perspective are critical and as important as (if not more important than) assessments and professional opinions.
5. What information is in an IEP?
IDEA lays out specific information that starts with present levels of academic achievement and functional performance. Once the present levels are well documented, goals should address the deficit areas. The goals must be specific, measurable, appropriate, realistic, and connect to the general-education curriculum and standards. There is a page for accommodations and/or modifications, including during standardized testing.
The IEP will also have statements about how many minutes per week the child will receive special-education supports and services, and if those will be provided in or out of the general-education classroom. There is a section for parent input in the IEP; all parents should write up their input statement and provide it to the case manager (usually the special-education teacher) before the IEP meeting.
Every year, you will have an annual review of goals and progress, provide input, and create new goals. Every three years, your child will be assessed to determine if he or she continues to be eligible for special-education services.
The IEP should make sense to someone who does not know the child and there should be a direct line between present levels, goals, and service delivery. Parents also get regular progress reports on the goals (the timing of the reports varies by district but usually coincides with when grades are given).
6. How do I prepare for the IEP meeting?
Create a “parent report” that includes what is working and what is not (from your perspective and the child’s), your child’s strengths, and what your priorities are for the coming year. Priorities can include academics but may also include social-emotional needs. Write down your questions so you remember to ask them! Request a copy of the draft IEP at least five days before the meeting. It is not a legal requirement, but it is a recommended practice.
7. What happens in an IEP meeting?
After scheduling a time that works for you (and not just for the school team), there should be an agenda so everyone knows what to expect. Typically, present levels are discussed first (including any formal or informal assessments) along with progress on goals and then the team decides new goals, who is working on those goals, and when and where they will be worked on.
8. What are related services?
They are specialized services or supports that reduce barriers/limitations that arise from the disability; these include speech therapy, assistive technology tools, physical therapy, behavioral supports, transportation, or mental health services.
9. Can my child’s IEP be changed?
Yes. It will change every year at the annual review meeting, and parents can ask for an IEP meeting at any time. If you feel your child is not making progress or there are new issues, request a meeting. Write down your concerns, and provide any documentation you have (homework log, tutor notes, a psychologist report, etc.) with your request.
10. What does “placement” mean?
Sometimes a student’s needs require specialized supports, training, or expertise. District options vary but can include regular classes, special-education-only classes, special schools, hospitals, institutions, or even home. The level of support and time needed to provide that support are usually the main factors in deciding placement. The majority of students who have IEPs (about 10% of all public-school students) are served in a regular school accessing regular education.
IEP meetings have a reputation for being contentious and stressful. Yours doesn’t have to be. Ask team members to talk about your child’s strengths and gifts, not just his or her areas of weakness. The team is there to support your child. Keep asking questions to get everyone on the same page so your child is successful.
Image credit: Shutterstock.com
Anna Stewart is ESME’s Kids with Special Needs Resource Guide and the Solo Mom of a daughter and two sons on the brink of adulthood. She’s a champion for the rights of people living with disabilities and those who love them.
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Published on Jun 9, 2009
Ah, I put it off for a long time. Its not perfect, but enjoy.
Giganotosaurus was a large carnivorous dinosaur that has been found all over Argentina and South America. The largest specimens grow up to 47 feet in length and can weigh over 7 tonnes. Giganotosaurus had the longest head of any Dinosaur, at 6.3 feet in length. It probably hunted in packs and preyed on the huge Sauropod Argentinosaurus. | <urn:uuid:38f6b200-1e0c-4089-a389-6c2a8ba2c990> | CC-MAIN-2017-39 | https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=C7PhnTw0bqQ&feature=related | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-39/segments/1505818687582.7/warc/CC-MAIN-20170920232245-20170921012245-00318.warc.gz | en | 0.958272 | 127 | 2.71875 | 3 |
Fixed-wing aircraft, popularly called aeroplanes, airplanes or just planes may be built with many wing configurations.
This page provides a breakdown of types, allowing a full description of any aircraft's wing configuration. For example the Spitfire wing may be classified as a conventional low wing cantilever monoplane with straight elliptical wings of moderate aspect ratio and slight dihedral.
Sometimes the distinction between types is blurred, for example the wings of many modern combat aircraft may be described either as cropped compound deltas with (forwards or backwards) swept trailing edge, or as sharply tapered swept wings with large "Leading Edge Root Extension" (or LERX).
All the configurations described have flown (if only very briefly) on full-size aircraft, except as noted.
Some variants may be duplicated under more than one heading, due to their complex nature. This is particularly so for variable geometry and combined (closed) wing types.
- Note on terminology
- Most fixed-wing aircraft have left hand (port) and right hand (starboard) wings in a symmetrical arrangement. Strictly, such a pair of wings is called a wing plane or just plane. However in certain situations it is common to refer to a plane as a wing, as in "a biplane has two wings", or to refer to the whole thing as a wing, as in "a biplane wing has two planes". Where the meaning is clear, this article follows common usage, only being more precise where needed to avoid real ambiguity or incorrectness.
Read more about Wing Configuration: Number and Position of Main-planes, Wing Support, Wing Planform, Tailplanes and Foreplanes, Dihedral and Anhedral, Wings Vs. Bodies, Variable Geometry, Minor Aerodynamic Surfaces, Minor Surface Features
Other articles related to "wing configuration, wing, wings":
... Vortex generators, root fillet, flap, anti-shock body and wing fence Additional minor features may be applied to an existing aerodynamic surface such as ... through the slot is deflected by the slat to flow over the wing, allowing the aircraft to fly at lower air speeds ... Flap - trailing-edge (or leading-edge) wing section which may be angled downwards for low-speed flight, especially when landing ...
... The number and shape of the wings varies widely on different types ... A given wing plane may be full-span or divided by a central fuselage into port (left) and starboard (right) wings ... Occasionally even more wings have been used, with the three-winged triplane achieving some fame in WWI ...
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A swollen magpie in a fitful sun,
Half black half white
Nor knowstou wing from tail
Pull down thy vanity
How mean thy hates”
—Ezra Pound (18851972) | <urn:uuid:2099564b-edfb-4499-9759-08d7929c4e8d> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://www.primidi.com/wing_configuration | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882573242.55/warc/CC-MAIN-20220818154820-20220818184820-00669.warc.gz | en | 0.932455 | 612 | 3.484375 | 3 |
The Canadian Radio-television and Telecommunications Commission (CRTC) defines new media as, “Any digital media production that is interactive and digitally distributed.” They make the distinction between “new” media and media on the basis of it’s accessibility and transmission and its interactive nature, which will be the most defining feature for future new media development. They also suggest there is an increase in use of internet, and an emphasis of integration of text, pictures, sound and video. Pierre Lévy argues in his book "L'idéographie dynamique" that this integration of different mediums of thought representation has created the new language of dynamic ideography; an interactive, kinetic, computer-facilitated and memory-capable language employed in New Media .
While the term New Media is disputed - the technologies involved are now up to 25 years old, and therefore not new in the sense of recent innovations - Manovich has argued forcefully against the alternative term digital media in The Language of New Media (2001). Manovich contends that a digital process is one which is based on sampling a continuous (analog) one from the real world in order to re-present it. While computer based media fit into this description, as data is converted into binary code, so too does cinema - which functions by sampling time into a series of discrete images which are then played in rapid succession. Consequently, the term digital media signifies too broad a range of technologies for Manovich to consider it to be of any value within academic discourse.
Andrew L. Shapiro (1999) argues that the "emergence of new, digital technologies signals "a potentially radical shift of who is in control of information, experience and resources" (Shapiro cited in Croteau and Hoynes 2003: 322). W. Russell Neuman (1991) suggests that whilst the "new media" have technical capabilities to pull in one direction, economic and social forces pull back in the opposite direction. According to Neuman, "We are witnessing the evolution of a universal interconnected network of audio, video, and electronic text communications that will blur the distinction between interpersonal and mass communication and between public and private communication" (Neuman cited in Croteau and Hoynes 2003: 322). Neuman argues that New Media:
Consequently it has been the contention of scholars such as Douglas Kellner and James Bohman that new media, and particularly the Internet, provides the potential for a democratic postmodern public sphere, in which citizens can participate in well informed, non-hierarchical debate pertaining to their social structures. Contradicting these positive appraisals of the potential social impacts of new media are scholars such as Ed Herman and Robert McChesney who have suggested that the transition to new media has seen a handful of powerful transnational telecommunications corporations who own the majority achieve a level of global influence which was hitherto unimaginable.
Recent contributions to the field such as Lister et al (2003) and Friedman (2005) have highlighted both the positive and negative potential and actual implications of new media technologies, suggesting that some of the early work into new media studies was guilty of technological determinism - whereby the effects of media were determined by the technology themselves, rather than through tracing the complex social networks which governed the development, funding, implementation and future development of any technology.
To define new media is impossible since it is always changing. New media can not be defined because of the constant changing in technology. What ever is new today is old tomorrow. And trying to define the limits of change is a futile effort since it’s nature is change.
However, the changes in the new media environment create a series of tensions in the concept of “ public sphere”. According to Ingrid Volkmer, “ public sphere” is defined as a process through which public communication becomes restructured and partly disembedded from national political and cultural institutions. This trend of the globalized public sphere is not only as a geographical expansion form a nation to worldwide, but also changes the relationship between the public, the media and state (Volkmer, 1999:123).
"Virtual communities" are being established online and transcend geographical boundaries, eliminating social restrictions. Howard Rheingold (2000) describes these globalised societies as self-defined networks, which resemble what we do in real life. "People in virtual communities use words on screens to exchange pleasantries and argue, engage in intellectual discourse, conduct commerce, make plans, brainstorm, gossip, feud, fall in love, create a little high art and a lot of idle talk" (Rheingold cited in Slevin 2000: 91). For Sherry Turkle "making the computer into a second self, finding a soul in the machine, can substitute for human relationships" (Holmes 2005: 184). New media has the ability to connect like-minded others worldwide.
While this perspective suggests that the technology drives - and therefore is a determining factor - in the process of globalisation, arguments involving technological determinism are generally frowned upon by mainstream media studies. Instead academics focus on the multiplicity of processes by which technology is funded, researched and produced, forming a feedback loop when the technologies are used and often transformed by their users, which then feeds into the process of guiding their future development.
While commentators such as Castells espouse a 'soft determinism' whereby they contend that 'Technology does not determine society. Nor does society script the course of technological change, since many factors, including individual inventiveness and entrpreneurialism, intervene in the process of scientific discovery, technical innovation and social applications, so the final outcome depends on a complex pattern of interaction. Indeed the dilemma of technological determinism is probably a false problem, since technology is society and society cannot be understood without its technological tools.' (Castells 1996:5) This however is still distinct from stating that societal changes are instigated by technological develoment, which recalls the theses of Marshall McLuhan
Manovich and Castells have argued that whereas mass media 'corresponded to the logic of industrial mass society, which values conformity over individuality,' (Manovich 2001:41) new media follows the logic of the postindustrial or globalised society whereby 'every citizen can construct her own custom lifestyle and select her idology from a large number of choices. Rather than pushing the same objects to a mass audience, marketing now tries to target each individual separately.' (Manovich 2001:42).
New Media has also found a use with less radical social movements such as the Free Hugs Campaign. Using websites, blogs, and online videos to demonstrate the effectiveness of the movement itself. Along with this example the use of high volume blogs has allowed numerous views and practices to be more wide-spread and gain more public attention. Another example is the on-going Free Tibet Campaign, which has been seen on numerous websites as well as having a slight tie-in with the band Gorillaz in their Gorillaz Bitez clip featuring the lead singer 2D sitting with protesters at a Free Tibet protest. Another social change seen coming from New Media is trends in fashion and the emergence of subcultures such as Text Speak, Cyberpunk, and various others.
When we think of interactivity and its meaning, we assume that it is only prominent in the conversational dynamics of individuals who are face-to-face. This restriction of opinion does not allow us to see it's existence in mediated communication forums. Interactivity is present in some programming work, such as video games. It's also viable in the operation of traditional media. Other settings of interactivity include radio and television talk shows, letters to the editor, listener participation in such programs, and computer and technological programming.
Interactivity can be considered as a central concept in understanding new media, but different media forms possess different degree of interactivity , even some forms of digitized and converged media are not in fact interactive at all. Tony Feldman considers digital satellite television as an example of a new media technology that uses digital compression to dramatically increase the number of television channels that can be delivered, and which changes the nature of what can be offered through the service, but does not transform the experience of television from the user’s point of view, as it lacks a more fully interactive dimension. It remains the case that interactivity is not an inherent characteristic of all new media technologies, unlike digitization and convergence.
Terry Flew (2005) argues that "the global interactive games industry is large and growing, and is at the forefront of many of the most significant innovations in new media" (Flew 2005: 101). Interactivity is prominent in these online computer games such as World of Warcraft and The Sims. These games, developments of "new media", allow for users to establish relationships and experience a sense of belonging, despite temporal and spatial boundaries. These games can be used as an escape or to act out a desired life. Will Wright, creator of The Sims, "is fascinated by the way gamers have become so attached to his invention-with some even living their lives through it" . New media have created virtual realities that are becoming mere extensions of the world we live in.
New Media changes continuously due to the fact that it is constantly modified and redefined by the interaction between the creative use of the masses, emerging technology, cultural changes, etc. | <urn:uuid:8c0f2ba9-ebc8-47de-9787-1c2ac0fb256c> | CC-MAIN-2014-52 | http://www.reference.com/browse/new+media | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2014-52/segments/1418802769305.158/warc/CC-MAIN-20141217075249-00109-ip-10-231-17-201.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.940749 | 1,916 | 2.84375 | 3 |
If you’ve ever looked up at the stars and wondered how they got there, a group of galactic archeologists on campus might have some answers for you. Research assistant professor of astrophysics Daniela Carollo said her group looks at “ancient stars.” “First of all, what we do in the galactic archeology group is we observe, study and analyze ancient stars in the Milky Way,” Carollo said. “By ancient stars, I mean stars that formed while the galaxy was being assembled, and even before.” Carollo said these ancient stars are the “fossils” of our galaxy — hence the name galactic archeology. Research assistant professor Vinicius Placco, another member of the galactic archeology group, said the group has two goals: to identify the chemical composition of ancient stars and to understand how they move in the galaxy.“We couple the chemistry with the movement of the star, and then we try to come up with explanations of how the stars move the way they do and why,” Placco said.In the group’s most recent paper, the researches created an age map that dated 4,700 stars in the Milky Way’s stellar halo, Carollo said. “The Milky Way is a complex system — there is this disc where most of the stars are concentrated, and there is this very extended stellar halo that surrounds all the other structures. … This halo is where the fossils reside,” she said. She said the fossils can be 12 or 13 billion years old. “So the universe started 13.8 billion years ago, with the big bang,” she said. “There was a point of high density and high temperature which started to expand very fast, and time and space began in that particular moment.” Carollo said the first stars were formed two to three hundred million years after the big bang, but they were massive and quickly exploded in supernova. The elements and gasses released by these supernova formed the next generation of stars, and those with low mass became our stellar fossils. Smaller stars burn their hydrogen fuel slower, which is why we still see them in our galaxy 13 billion years after they were born. However, she said, not all fossil stars are the same age — they can differ by two to three billion years. Examining the age of fossil stars and where they are located allows researchers to make guesses on when and how the ancient stars assembled into the galaxy, and ultimately why the Milky Way looks the way it does.Placco described the method researchers use to estimate the age of stars. “We have to use a very specific type of star, that’s called blue horizontal branch star — it just means that the star is burning helium in the core,” he said. “And with those particular stars we can turn colors into age estimates. So for this particular map, we selected stars from the SLOAN Digital Sky Survey. We were just measuring fluxes with different filters, so we can just get those magnitudes and colors.” Once they had those colors, the researchers correlated them with an age and created the first map of the Milky Way halo system. According to Placco, the researchers found a sphere of very ancient halo stars in the center of the galaxy and increasingly younger stars towards the outer edges. “People have been doing simulations of how the galaxy formed and how it evolved, and why does it look like the way it does today, for many many years,” Placco said. “In these simulations the old stars are [predicted to be] concentrated towards the center of the galaxy. Our work demonstrates this important property for the first time.” Carollo said the younger groups of stars on the edges are also significant — they tell us when certain groups of stars merged into the galaxy at later times. “For example, if the galaxy started to assemble one billion years after the big bang, then this younger [group of stars] merged into the galaxy something like five years to ten billion years after the big bang,” she said. But for Carollo, the most significant part of the paper is the discovery that stars near the galactic center are very ancient. “It’s the first time we have demonstrated that the center of the galaxy is very old,” she said.Tags: galactic archaeology, milky way galaxy, stellar halo
View Comments We are officially hitched. @colindonnell http://t.co/pLU54D8vB2 pic.twitter.com/Eynop03kSV— Patti Murin (@PattiMurin) June 20, 2015 Here’s a quick roundup of stories you may have missed today and over the weekend. Downton Abbey Creators Eyeing Stage AdaptationDownton Abbey may be heading to the stage! According to Billboard, School of Rock’s Julian Fellowes, who created the hit series, and the show’s composer John Lunn, are in negotiation for a touring event that would feature Downton’s cast and music. As long as they bring Broadway alum cousin Matthew back and have the Tony-winning Dowager Countess of Grantham on board, we could absolutely dig this! The final season of the drama will air on PBS in January, 2016.Premiere Date Set for NPH’s Best Time EverMissing Neil Patrick Harris? We now have a date for the Tony winner’s return to the small screen. His previously reported new NBC series, Best Time Ever with Neil Patrick Harris, will premiere on September 15. Based on popular U.K. show, Ant and Dec’s Saturday Night Takeaway, Best Time Ever will feature comedy sketches, musical numbers, mini game shows, hidden camera pranks on celebrities and appearances by A-list stars.Sutton Foster to Emcee the Jimmy AwardsTwo-time Tony winner Sutton Foster is set to remind herself of her younger self (sorry, couldn’t resist) and host this year’s National High School Musical Theatre Awards. 52 high school students from across America will compete in the talent showcase for the Jimmy Award for Best Performance by an Actor and Actress. The event is scheduled to take place on June 29 at the Minskoff Theatre.Jamie Raven Tapped for London’s The IllusionistsJamie Raven, who was recently seen on Britain’s Got Talent, is joining the cast of the previously reported The Illusionists—Witness the Impossible in London’s West End. The production will play the Shaftesbury Theatre November 14 through January 3, 2016, with opening night set for November 16.Colin Donnell & Patti Murin Get HitchedColin Donnell and Patti Murin tied the knot over the weekend in front of other Broadway faves including Laura Benanti and Andrew Rannells. The lovebirds, who starred together in the Public Theater’s Shakespeare in the Park production of Love’s Labour’s Lost in 2013, got engaged last year. Congratulations to the happy couple!
September and October provide ideal temperatures to get perennial plants off to a good start. “Prices may actually be lower as nurseries make room for Christmas trees or reduce inventory for the slower winter months,” he said. “The day lilies won’t be blooming and the hosta may look tired, but rest assured that their half-price tag makes up for their temporary lack of beauty.” “Dead limbs you see now are truly dead and won’t be coming back,” Reeves said. “It’s guaranteed never to be leafy again, so go ahead and prune and remove it.” “There are several reasons why it’s better to plant in fall,” he said. “The most important reason is soil temperature. Roots grow best when the soil is warm, between 55 and 75 degrees Fahrenheit.” Reeves also says it’s almost time to fertilize the lawn. “Winterizer lawn fertilizers are best applied six weeks before frost,” he said. “Georgia’s annual first frost is generally mid-November, so winterizer fertilizer should go out between the middle of September to the first of October.” By Faith PeppersUniversity of Georgia Cool fall days are still a few weeks away, but there’s much to do in the garden to get ready for the change of seasons.”Fall is fabulous for most plants,” said Georgia gardening guru Walter Reeves, a retired University of Georgia Cooperative Extension agent and an author and radio and television show host. “Spring planting is usually successful,” Reeves said. “But root growth is limited by cold soil. In years with a long, cool spring, like the one just past, the soil didn’t warm to 55 degrees until May. If we had a dry summer, the inadequate root system of spring-planted shrubs and trees might have led to their death.” Fall-planted trees, shrubs or perennials get several weeks of vigorous root growth to be ready for winter and for years of healthy growth. However, if you plan to plant evergreens, Reeves says, get busy. “Early fall is a great time to put in evergreens like Leyland Cypress and hollies,” he said. “It’s better to plant them early rather than late. Their foliage is tossed about by winter winds, and if they don’t have good root development, they get too dried out. If there’s a class of woody plants that needs planting early in fall rather than later, it’s the evergreens.”Put in perennials Fall is also a good time to divide day lilies and irises. “If you can remember where your daffodils were and you can find them,” he said, “now is a good time to move them.”Clean and fertilizeSome fall cleaning may be in order, too. “Nurseries have plants that have been growing in the same containers all season. The plants will be bigger and will make a more immediate visual impact,” Reeves said. As the days cool, it’s not only fun to garden, but cheaper, too.
By Dialogo April 11, 2011 Representatives from more than one hundred countries agreed on 7 April, at a public ceremony in Cancún, to create a common front against organized crime and to set up regional operational groups to carry out coordinated actions against drug traffickers’ growing power. “Our adversaries don’t respect borders, they don’t pay attention to our laws, and they believe that they can divide and undermine us; in order to be able to succeed, we have to remain united in trust and commitment,” Marie Leonhart, the administrator of the U.S. Drug Enforcement Agency (DEA), said in an address. On the last working day of the Twenty-Eighth International Drug Enforcement Conference in Cancún, in eastern Mexico, the U.S. official specified that in order to make cooperation more effective, tasks will be divided according to regional groups with common aims. In Latin America, one of the regional groups will be made up of Guatemala, El Salvador, Honduras, Nicaragua, and Costa Rica and will receive collaboration from the United States, Mexico, and Colombia in order to curb the expansion of the cartels. Another front is composed of seventy-five African and European countries through which emerging drug-trafficking routes run by way of the African continent, Leonhart indicated. Another group will also be created by Asian countries and will focus on combating the route between Afghanistan and Europe, among others. The new “challenges posed by the criminal organizations create the need to make global operations a reality,” Leonhart added. For his part, Mexican Secretary of Public Safety Genaro García Luna said that the declaration signed at the end of the conference includes the proposal to promote coordinated operations “against transnational organized crime, taking advantage of the exchange of information in real time.” García Luna added that intelligence exchange mechanisms will likewise be designed that will make it possible to combat illegal arms trafficking, strengthen the fight against money laundering, and prevent the financing of terrorism. The Mexican official indicated that progress in the application of these mechanisms will be evaluated within a year’s time, at the next International Drug Enforcement Conference, which will be held in Indonesia. At the ceremony, the head of the National Antinarcotics Council and general commissioner of the Indonesian Police, Gories Mere, was elected president pro tempore in charge of organizing the event. The event was brought to a close by Mexican President Felipe Calderón, who indicated that despite criticism of his administration’s strategy of confronting drug trafficking with military force, he will continue insisting on that strategy “so long as no alternatives appear that are more beneficial or less costly for society and individuals.”
My father grew up in Latrobe, which is about 30 minutes outside of Pittsburgh and he earned his degree from Duquesne University in Da Burgh.Growing up, I had no choice but to root for the Pittsburgh Steelers. And it wasn’t hard. In the 70’s, they were dominant. They won 4 Super Bowls. They were “the” team.My father had a collection of beer steins that commemorated each championship. I used to look at those steins as a kid – they had all the scores of each game during the season. In my mind, I’d play the season, going game by game.But one thing always confused me.The 1979 mug. Pittsburgh won the Super Bowl that year, but one score seemed off from the back of the mug.My Dad no longer has this mug. But I found another one via my Google Machine.San Diego 35, Pittsburgh 7.How could the greatest team ever, lose a game like that? If San Diego was so good, why didn’t they win the Super Bowl?This really got under my skin. Seriously, I’m 45, and I’m still thinking about it. But it gets worse. The box score from that game shows that the Steelers were crushed.Bradshaw threw 5 picks! Franco Harris was stopped, cold. The Super Steelers were slaughtered.But fast forward to the end of the season, and they were champions.Here are a few thoughts…Even in the best of times, we’ll hit rough patches. Some really rough ones. I think the good organizations get up off the ground, dust themselves off, and start grinding again.There is no such thing as perfection. The Steelers were champs. But they lost 4 times that year. Mistakes will happen. Learn from them, move on, and start the grind again.It is best not to judge someone week by week. It is better to just long-term. There will be ups, and downs. But take a step back and see how you are progressing. That can humble you when things seem to be perfect, and gets you to keep your chin up when times are down. 15SHARESShareShareSharePrintMailGooglePinterestDiggRedditStumbleuponDeliciousBufferTumblr,Anthony Demangone Anthony Demangone is executive vice president and chief operating officer at the National Association of Federal Credit Unions (NAFCU). Demangone oversees day-to-day operations and manages the association’s education, membership, … Web: https://www.cuinsight.com/partner/nafcu Details
continue reading » I love automation and streamlining and efficiencies and…well, I could go on and on. Anyone who knows me knows this is true. Oh, and I love commas. But that’s a whole different topic.I love cutting out the unnecessary anything. The world is saturated with line extensions (like 472 different flavors in the toothpaste aisle), visual clutter, and an endless array of stuff. Not that long ago, I reached a point in my life where I wanted to clear the clutter. My minimalist efforts started with the crap all over my desk at work. After that clean sweep, I quickly moved to my home, where I conducted an extensive purge of things that hadn’t been touched in years. (Thank you, Williams Sonoma, for the part-time job and the 39 pieces of French ceramic bakeware). I ran out of physical items to eliminate. Next up? Wasted time. It needed to go.How could I do away with unproductive time, particularly in the workday? For many of us, our task saturated days are as overwhelming as the options in the toothpaste aisle mentioned above. When we really examine our to-do lists, we realize many of our daily tasks are redundant. There is so much squandered time to reclaim. Luckily, my manic self loves creating efficiencies! I get a high from finding ways to make things run more smoothly. But while streamlining has done wonders for my productivity, experience has shown me that there’s a danger in trying to automate everything. Some things require more personalized attention.Take credit unions, for example. Every credit union wants member growth. And while some do an excellent job of onboarding their new people, most aren’t doing anything exceptional. They stick with the same methodical process year after year—an approach I find maddening. Same old same old exhausts me. So many of the things that we are conditioned to do as credit union marketers frustrate me. ShareShareSharePrintMailGooglePinterestDiggRedditStumbleuponDeliciousBufferTumblr
#ScotlandIsNow #ScotlandiIsOpen The campaign was created because of the information the tourist board received from European tour operators and travel agencies regarding the lack of information. Although Brexit attracted a lot of media attention, “potential visitors can’t catch them absolutely all“, Said Judy Mariëns, Senior Market Director of VisitScotland. “The Scottish tourism industry makes an important contribution to the Scottish economy by supporting more than 200 jobs. We will provide a package of support to the tourism sector to reduce the regulatory burden, support the growth of a skilled, professional and inclusive workforce, and to help the industry provide a high quality experience to visitors.”, The document reads. RELATED NEWS: The Scottish Government has devised a detailed tourism strategy that will deal with the details of how to support the industry. However, public opinion on certain decisions is quite divided. The latest tourism data illustrate the difficulties Scotland is facing. Overall international numbers have been on the rise since 2012, but recent quarterly results show a sharp decline. Consumption by European tourists fell by 59 percent and arrivals by 45 percent. Brexit will not stop tourists from visiting Scotland or other parts of the UK, but its repercussions have the potential to create or destroy the sector. The problem is that the euphoria around cheap travel has gradually diminished. This may not be the case with London, which records thousands of flights a day, but other parts of the UK are feeling weak in tourist arrivals. Tourism spending in Scotland during 2018 “We are noticing a decrease in arrivals from Europe, potentially due to the fact that continental Europe, due to Brexit, has a negative view of the United Kingdom. Scotland has a strong, resilient tourism industry committed to national growth, but the challenges we face at the moment, which are related to Brexit, make our industry very fragile”, Explained Marc Crothall, CEO of the Scottish Tourist Board. International tourist arrivals by regions of the United Kingdom in 2018 The non-profit European Tour Operators Association, which conducted research on tourism taxes across Europe, welcomed the decision to implement “a detailed review of whether local authorities should be empowered to enforce taxes”. Initially, the depreciation of the pound triggered a smaller “boom” in tourism, as 2017 became a record year in the tourism sector, but since then the numbers have been gradually declining, showing that growth, linked to broader geopolitical and economic issues, is not guaranteed. . For example, Scottish tourist numbers account for a relatively small proportion of the UK’s total figures, and its tourist board is trying to counter “uncertainty and misinformation about Brexit“A new campaign aimed at European visitors. Earlier this month, the Scottish government established its plan for next year, and the tourism sector is the most prominent in it. Scottish Tourist Board VisitScotland recorded a series of videos covering some of the most frequently asked questions about traveling to the country, showing the essential changes in cases where the United Kingdom leaves the European Union or does not leave it. Videos with #ScotlandIsNow are available in multiple languages. Source / photo: Shift; Pixabay But not everything is fabulous. The Scottish Tourism Association highlighted a recently published World Economic Forum tourism competitiveness scale that shows the UK dropped from fifth to sixth place overall and ranked last out of 140 countries when it comes to prices. Plans for the future Tourist taxes occur all over the world and are a potential solution for mass tourism. Edinburgh politicians have already declared their intentions to implement the tax, but will have to wait until the Scottish Parliament passes the necessary legislation. At the moment, visitors to the European Union make up a small piece of Scotland’s total “tourist cake”, but they have still contributed a total of 1,4 billion euros to the Scottish economy in 2018. The decision of the Scottish government that attracts the most interest is certainly the one on the introduction of the tourist tax. According to the government’s plan, the tax will, among other things, enable “discretionary power to local authorities to apply the overnight tax”And provide”a way of responding to certain local pressures that tourism can bring, and at the same time will enable an increase in local tourist offers”. Since the United Kingdom voted to leave the European Union more than three years ago, the country has great difficulties about the future of its tourism sector, Skift reports. SCOTLAND LAUNCHES TV CAMPAIGN AIMED TO ATTRACT MORE BRITISH TOURISTS
Lime, which has agreed to take over the Uber Jump scooters and bikes, said it has seen “exponential” growth in cities such as Paris, Washington, Tel Aviv, Oklahoma City and Zurich, among others,Spin recently unveiled plans to launch its shared e-scooters in Cologne and other German cities, and will expand in US cities including Atlanta.Spin said it had seen weekly usage increases of some 30 percent since April with people using scooters for longer periods.The scooters “are being used now more than ever as a utility rather than for leisurely activities,” said Euwyn Poon, president and cofounder of Spin.Global scooter operator Bird also said business is looking up, with North American ridership more than double pre-pandemic levels.”Around the world, an increasing number of people are trying micromobility for the first time,” Bird said in a blog post. Electric bikes and scooters, dismissed before the pandemic as a curiosity or nuisance, are getting fresh traction in cities seeking new transportation options as they emerge from lockdowns.Some “micromobility” operators which cut back or shut down during the coronavirus lockdowns are now expanding to meet growing demands.Shared mobility operators Lime, Bird and Ford-owned Spin report robust growth in cities worldwide, despite a near-shutdown of tourism, as people turn to scooters and e-bikes for commuting or errands. Finding an economic model Harriet Tregoning, director of the Numo Alliance, a nonprofit group focused on urban mobility, said the economic model for shared micromobility firms remains murky.Venture-funded firms which cater to tourists and college campuses may only marginally help with post-COVID transportation needs, she said.These services have more value if integrated into transportation systems, Tregoning said.This could be done in coordination with transit agencies to help reach underserved areas, with the possibility of public or employer subsidies for “bundled” subscriptions.Tregoning said micromobility can become a more important element if cities invest and coordinate with transportation agencies.”Cities need to invest in bikesharing and create a strategic relationship to transit,” she said.Technology analyst Richard Windsor said e-bikes “are a good replacement for public transportation because the motor assistance makes the commute much easier for those that are less fit or do not want to arrive at the office drenched in sweat.”But Windsor writes on his Radio Free Mobile blog that the trend “points towards a user preference towards ownership and away from sharing.” Topics : Shifting gears In the months before the pandemic, some local officials were decrying dockless bikes and scooters as nuisances creating sidewalk “clutter.”But the pandemic has changed the outlook, with fear of crowds cutting transit ridership by 70 to 90 percent.”The pandemic has certainly changed the way communities view micromobility,” said Susan Shaheen, co-director of the Transportation Sustainability Research Center at the University of California at Berkeley.”Anecdotal evidence suggests that a lot of communities are considering micromobility as an important strategy to maintain social/physical distancing as the economy reopens.”Traditional bicycling is also experiencing a revival in many urban areas, spurred by new protected lanes which may be used by the small electric vehicles as well.The pandemic disruption “has created fertile ground” for micromobility, said Annie Chang, head of new mobility for the engineering association SAE International and author of a report on COVID’s impact on transportation.”I think people have begun to see the value of tiny vehicles and that value will increase as the technology improves.”Without new options, she noted, many cities could see a rise in auto traffic and congestion. “People are desperate for open air transportation where they can maintain social distancing,” said David Spielfogel, chief policy officer at Lime, which has relaunched in most of its 100-plus cities.Spielfogel said city officials have warmed to the idea of micromobility despite a cool attitude just months earlier.”There has been a sea change in the attitude of cities from seeing micromobility as novelty primarily used by tourists to seeing bikes and scooters as a core piece of the transportation system that will thrive in the post-pandemic period,” he said.”Cities are afraid that people will return to cars, so they see this as a good option.”
“The court’s action [of granting acquittals to graft suspects] has rendered antigraft efforts by law enforcement agencies futile,” said Kurnia Ramadhana of Indonesia Corruption Watch (ICW).Supreme Court spokesperson Andi Samsan Nganro declined to comment, saying only that the court’s decision to reject the KPK’s appeal against Sofyan’s acquittal was based on evidence presented in the trial. “Everything was based on the facts,” Andi said.Kurnia claimed on Thursday that the decision to clear Sofyan of the charges only served to exacerbate the lack of commitment to the fight against corruption, confirming an ICW report finding.The April report on court ruling trends recorded that Indonesia’s lower and higher courts handed down not-guilty verdicts on 41 graft suspects in 2019, almost double the 2018 figure.The antigraft watchdog also found that the courts had “let off” 13 defendants, meaning that they were guilty of wrongdoing but the act that they were accused of could not be considered criminal.“Expect fewer successful corruption cases in the future if the court keeps granting acquittals, because graft offenders will find it easy to dodge charges laid against them,” he told The Jakarta Post.Indonesia had been gradually improving its standing in the fight against corruption, but the tables have turned since efforts to defang the antigraft body began last year.Indonesia scored 40 out of 100 in Transparency International’s 2019 Corruption Perception Index, its highest since 2012, but a score below 50 is still an indicator of serious corruption.Zaenur Rohman, a researcher at Gadjah Mada University’s Center for Anticorruption Studies (Pukat UGM), said that while the public must respect every decision the courts make, the growing number of acquittals had begun to form a trend, leading him to question the integrity of court judges.For Transparency International Indonesia researcher Wawan Suyatmiko, the increase in acquittals has already crushed public faith in the court system as a partner of the KPK in the war against corruption.Wawan said there was a need for more court justices like Artidjo Alkostar to restore the public’s faith in the courts.Artidjo, now a member of the KPK’s oversight body, was a former Supreme Court justice known for his no-nonsense demeanor and clean track record.He made graft convicts think twice before lodging an appeal, as he would often give them harsher sentences than their initial verdicts.Previously, activists have suggested that the court arrange a set of guidelines for judges to follow when handling corruption cases, so as to restore trust in the court system.KPK spokesman Ali Fikri said the antigraft body would respect all rulings issued by a court, even though they appeared to undermine its anticorruption efforts.“We always promptly review every court ruling, hoping that there will be leeway for us to legally challenge them. That’s how law enforcement works in the country,” Ali said.Topics : While the KPK claimed that the supporting evidence gathered was sufficient to prove Sofyan’s involvement, the court insisted that the Jakarta Corruption Court’s prior decision was the correct one.Activists have lambasted the court ruling, saying it poses a new threat to anticorruption efforts, given that it was not the first time that a major graft suspect had been cleared of wrongdoing by the courts.Last year, the Supreme Court acquitted former Indonesian Bank Restructuring Agency (IBRA) chairman Syafruddin Arsyad Temenggung, the man at the center of the Bank Indonesia Liquidity Support (BLBI) scandal, of corruption charges.At the time, the court granted an appeal filed by Syafruddin to overturn a lower court’s decision to sentence him to 15 years in prison with a fine of Rp 1 billion (US$70,736) for his role in the multimillion-dollar graft case. The Corruption Eradication Commission (KPK) has once again hit a wall in its fight against corruption after the Supreme Court upheld the acquittal of the former head of state-run electricity company PLN, Sofyan Basir, the latest graft suspect to evade conviction.His acquittal was formalized in a court ruling dated June 16, in which the Supreme Court rejected the KPK’s appeal against a not-guilty verdict handed down by the Jakarta Corruption Court last year.Previously, KPK investigators detained the former PLN president director for allegedly receiving bribes in relation to a coal-fired power plant (PLTU) project in Riau province.
26 Ford St, ClayfieldA POST-WAR home set on a 799sq m corner block has been causing a bit of a stir because of its strong “renovate or detonate” potential.The four bedroom, one bathroom, two car garage home at 26 Ford St, Clayfield, is among inner city properties that have the allure of being built after 1945, meaning that they could be demolished subject to Brisbane City Council approval.26 Ford St, ClayfieldNot that the current property is anything to sniff at. Surrounded by established gardens, with an expansive entry patio, it has strong renovation potential for the person who wants to modernise the property.It has a large living room that’s currently carpeted with an enclosed veranda to one side.A red-painted rumpus room with a built-in cupboard and ceiling fan is also located off the living space.Towards the rear of the home was the kitchen with long timber bench tops, ample cabinetry and quality appliances.More from newsMould, age, not enough to stop 17 bidders fighting for this home5 hours agoBuyers ‘crazy’ not to take govt freebies, says 28-yr-old investor5 hours ago26 Ford St, ClayfieldAlongside the cooking space is a dining room with a built-in cupboard and antique lighting that then connects to three more bedrooms.Each of the bedrooms is carpeted and enjoys ample natural light and distinct colour schemes, with a quaint bathroom with a combined shower and bath tub servicing them.Classic features, such as polished timber floors, decorative cornices, casement windows and brightly-coloured walls and carpet, give the house old-world elegance, with airconditioning throughout ensuring modern comfort.From the dining room, stairs descend to a large back yard bordered by trees for plenty of privacy, with the property also including a single carport and under-house storage space.26 Ford St, ClayfieldAgent Dwight Ferguson of Ray White Ascot said the light-filled and breezy house was ready to reward its next owners regardless of which development path they chose.“This neat and tidy abode delivers you the opportunity to move straight in while you carefully plan the exciting future of this sought-after address,” Ferguson said.“The double block offers exceptional space for expanding on the current property and creating a modern family haven.”26 Ford St, Clayfield“Alternatively, buyers have the option to start from a completely blank canvas where they are only limited by their imagination.”Inspections are by appointment with Ferguson, with the home to be auctioned on site at noon on May 13. | <urn:uuid:e5132fdf-c0ee-4a01-8d3b-d150775f8370> | CC-MAIN-2021-10 | http://kmxmsm.cn/gipga | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-10/segments/1614178360107.7/warc/CC-MAIN-20210228024418-20210228054418-00208.warc.gz | en | 0.955624 | 7,119 | 4.03125 | 4 |
It’s week six and your little sweet pea is the size of…a sweet pea. Still tadpole (or prawn) shaped, that baby shrimp won’t be a shrimp much longer…in fact, he or she is growing quickly, measuring one-sixth of an inch from crown to rump this week.
Why do we measure from head to tail? Right now, your baby’s body is curved over into a C-shape, and eventually, when those tiny legs start to form, your little one’s knees will be bent and tucked up under the chin. And that makes it tough to measure the head to toe length of the body. Instead, doctors measure from cute crown to just-as-cute rump until baby hits the 27-week mark, when a head-to-toe measurement takes over.
Incredibly, your baby is starting to gain those features that hint at the adorable little one to come — you know, human stuff like a head and the beginnings of the facial features you’ll soon cover with kisses — the mouth, eyes, jaw, and chin. See those little indentations where you think those pinchable cheeks will be? Nope, those aren't dimples — they’re ear buds.
Talking about budding buds, check out the limb buds that are starting to sprout from the trunk. They’ll grow into arms and legs. And very soon, nodules will develop at the ends of these limb buds and eventually become small hands and tiny feet.
And that’s just what’s happening on the outside. There’s plenty of activity on the inside as well. Major organs are taking shape, including the kidneys, liver, and lungs. And that brand new heart is already beating an impressive 80 to 100 times per minute, a rate that’s rising every day.
Fueling all this growth is the yolk sac — a balloon-like structure attached to the embryo. But the early placenta — known as the chorionic villi — has started to develop and form blood vessels, gearing up to take over and bring nutrition to the fetus when the yolk sac disappears by the end of the first trimester.
Learn what to expect during week 7 of pregnancy. | <urn:uuid:015e7b35-2854-4f5d-967f-5c496d6e3c72> | CC-MAIN-2016-36 | http://www.whattoexpect.com/pregnancy/video/pregnancy-week-6.aspx | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-36/segments/1471982958896.58/warc/CC-MAIN-20160823200918-00185-ip-10-153-172-175.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.945092 | 475 | 2.5625 | 3 |
One of the things standing in the way of consumer robotics is durability. Amazon's drone delivery program, for instance, won't get very far if all the drones keep breaking after colliding with a tree. Fortunately, MIT's Computer Science and Artificial Intelligence Laboratory has developed a novel technique for manufacturing more durable materials to use in robotics.
The MIT team developed what they called "programmable viscoelastic materials." Essentially, the team developed a way to 3D-print material with a customizable level of stiffness and elasticity. The person doing the printing can choose a hard material, a soft material, or anything in between.
The technique involves embedding different levels of solid and liquid in order to customize the elasticity. Adding more liquid makes the material softer and more elastic. This technique allows the printer to exactly customize the elasticity of the print, and even of different areas within the print.
These programmable materials can help reduce wear and tear on moving parts by damping shocks and reducing vibrations. They can also help make robots easier to control by making movements more precise. This method could even have other applications such as in shock-absorbing running shoes and headgear.
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Isn’t it enough that poor dental health can cause tooth loss, pain, bleeding gums and bad breath? Now Health Canada tells us that the state of our mouths is also linked with diabetes, respiratory disease, delivering premature or low-birth-weight babies, and, yes, even cardiovascular disease.
Researchers at the University of Minnesota agree. Their report in the journal Circulation suggests that chronic infections, including periodontal (gum) infections, may predispose us to cardiovascular disease.
How strong is this link? The Canadian Journal of Dental Hygiene reports a low-to-moderate association between periodontal disease and heart disease, and a moderate association between periodontal disease and stroke.
One likely explanation for this is that periodontal disease allows bacteria to travel throughout the body via the bloodstream. People who suffer from gum disease are more susceptible to bleeding gums, creating an open pathway for bacteria to be released to the body. Once the bacteria are in our arteries, they can contribute to blood clot formations, obstructing normal blood flow and heart functioning, and increasing the risk for heart disease.
But the effects on women may be even more dangerous, because of ongoing changes in our oral health due to fluctuating hormone levels throughout puberty, menstruation, pregnancy and menopause. The use of oral contraceptives can also contribute to these changes. And women produce less saliva than men; saliva is helpful in removing food residue from the teeth, and has anti-microbial properties that help maintain good teeth and gum health. A study published in The Journal of Periodontology reports that one quarter of women under age 55 have periodontitis (an advanced state of periodontal disease). And, almost half of women age 55 to 90 (who still have their teeth!) have periodontitis. Here’s more on improving your oral hygiene from the Canadian Dental Association.
A European study recently reported that there may also be a genetic link between periodontal disease and heart disease.
Despite men’s natural saliva and hormone advantages, the oral hygiene habits and standards of men lag far behind us, say those finger-wagging nags at the American Dental Association. For example, men are far less likely to schedule regular appointments to see the dentist. Men also tend to skimp on their basic brushing and flossing routines, such as:
- Over 85% of women brush their teeth two or more times each day compared to just 66% of men
- Over 55% of women floss their teeth at least once a day, versus 41% of men
- Women replace their toothbrushes more frequently than men, typically using a toothbrush for three months before tossing it in the trash, compared with every 5-6 months for men
NEWS UPDATE, April 18, 2012: “No Proof That Gum Disease Causes Heart Disease or Stroke“ – Despite popular belief, gum disease has not been proven to cause atherosclerotic heart disease or stroke, and treating gum disease hasn’t been proven to prevent heart disease or stroke, according to a new scientific statement published in Circulation, an American Heart Association journal.
Correlation does not equal causation. | <urn:uuid:02011578-7fce-483c-9720-64f29a3dd305> | CC-MAIN-2021-31 | https://myheartsisters.org/2009/06/22/flossing-brushing/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-31/segments/1627046155925.8/warc/CC-MAIN-20210805130514-20210805160514-00493.warc.gz | en | 0.91471 | 654 | 3.203125 | 3 |
Iconic Images Of The 1990s: Fall Of KGB Statue, 1991
In August 1991, hardliners in the Communist Party demanded the removal of Soviet President Mikhail Gorbachev, who wanted to sign a treaty that would lead to the disintegration of the Soviet Union. They did this by placing him under house arrest and reinstating censorship. However, they were met by mass civil resistance–particularly in Moscow. Even with the aid of the KGB, the feared secret police, hardliners couldn’t win support and their coup toppled in three days.
Two AP photographers, Olga Shalygin and Alexander Zemlianichenko, snapped this iconic image of Moscow civilians destroying the large, reviled statue of feared KGB founder, Feliks Edmundovich Dzerzhinsky. It won the Pulitzer Prize for AP the next year and became of symbol of the beginning of the end of the Soviet Union and one of the lasting and iconic images of the 1990s.
The Most Iconic Images Of The 1990s: Starving Child In Sudan, 1993
The Pulitzer Prize winning photo by Kevin Carter depicts a vulture stalking a starving, dying child, probably awaiting its death. It was a horrific image that brought home the plight of Sudanese children as well as plenty of criticism toward Carter for taking the photo instead of helping the child.
Nelson Mandela Freed, 1991
After a 27-year jail sentence for his revolutionary part in the anti-apartheid movement in Africa, Nelson Mandela was finally freed in 1991. This iconic image shows the jubilant Mandela being release after his wrongful incarceration. | <urn:uuid:17035a1e-ad4d-4d23-9b35-7e41bb9cc628> | CC-MAIN-2021-04 | https://allthatsinteresting.com/iconic-images-1990s | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-04/segments/1610703499999.6/warc/CC-MAIN-20210116014637-20210116044637-00506.warc.gz | en | 0.966114 | 326 | 2.859375 | 3 |
This Day in History: Silas Talbot, a captain of Old Ironsides, passes away
On this day in 1813, a former captain of the Continental Navy passes away. Silas Talbot also served in the United States Navy as the captain of Old Ironsides!
Talbot worked his way up from poor beginnings in Massachusetts and was living in Providence when the Revolution began. After the battles of Lexington and Concord, he joined the Continental Army and served at the siege of Boston. However, when soldiers were later loaned out to the new Continental Navy, Talbot was ready to go!
He might have been an army soldier, but his heart was with the navy.
One of his first exploits concerned the use of “fireships.” Old or inexpensive ships could be pre-rigged with flammable materials and used against the enemy. A fireship was moved as close as possible to a target ship; it could even be attached with grappling hooks. The crew started a fire in one part of the boat, but would then quickly flee the ship before an explosion hit. In 1776, Talbot volunteered for one of these missions, which was intended to destroy the 64-gun British ship-of-the-line Asia, then moving up the Hudson River toward George Washington’s army. Talbot held off on setting the fire for as long as possible, even as British cannonballs slammed into his fireship. Finally, the fire was set. Talbot sent his men overboard first and was the last to leave. Unfortunately, he waited too long, and he did not escape unscathed. Talbot was badly burned and temporarily blinded, barely escaping with his life.
The episode earned Talbot the admiration of Congress—and a promotion! Interestingly, Talbot received a promotion in the ARMY at this juncture. Can you believe that he still was not a commissioned officer in the Navy?
After his promotion, Talbot was wounded at Fort Mifflin, and he returned to Rhode Island. Once there, he obtained permission to outfit and man a little sloop, the Hawk. In this capacity, he captured the British schooner, Pigot, which was harassing the Rhode Island coast.
He earned another Army promotion. But he still was not a Navy officer!
Nevertheless, Talbot was given command of a private sloop, Argo, which was manned by about 60 volunteers from the army. As an “army privateer,” Talbot was effective! He captured multiple Tory ships, including the formidable brig King George, captained by the much-despised Loyalist Captain Stanton Hazard.
“Your Exploits,” one congressional member wrote in August 1779, “keep Congress constantly in remembrance of you.” Talbot finally received his commission as a captain in the Navy on September 17, 1779. The following summer, he was given a privateer, the George Washington, to captain.
Unfortunately, his luck finally ran out. Later that year, he was finally captured by a 74-gun man-of-war, HMS Culloden. Talbot was sent first to a British prison ship, then to England. He endured harsh prison conditions for more than a year before he was finally released. He began his journey home in 1782.
After the Revolution, Talbot was elected to the U.S. Congress, but maritime service still called to him. When the United States Navy was formed in 1794, he was named one of America’s first naval captains. However, he did not get his own vessel until 1799 when he was given command of the USS Constitution—Old Ironsides!
Talbot commanded that vessel during the Quasi-war with France —because his service during the Revolution hadn’t been enough?! Talbot finally resigned in 1801 and lived out the remainder of his days in New York. | <urn:uuid:82ca99c4-147b-49c6-93ba-777927426dc2> | CC-MAIN-2020-40 | https://www.taraross.com/post/tdih-silas-talbot | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-40/segments/1600400245109.69/warc/CC-MAIN-20200926200523-20200926230523-00472.warc.gz | en | 0.989698 | 808 | 2.625 | 3 |
What if Hitler and the Nazis won World War II? What if JFK had never been assassinated? What if the South won the Civil War? What would these alternate worlds be like? Alternative History looks at "what if" scenarios from some of history's most pivotal turning points and presents a completely different version based on science and fact. The series will use state of the art animation to present these alternative histories in a hyper-stylized manner. Each episode will culminate in an exploration of how the world today would look if these changes had occurred.
(Source: Spike TV) | <urn:uuid:dc939079-b2ca-4105-9bfe-73c498f5c0d6> | CC-MAIN-2020-05 | http://www.tvrage.com/alternative-history/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-05/segments/1579251705142.94/warc/CC-MAIN-20200127174507-20200127204507-00320.warc.gz | en | 0.954759 | 117 | 2.625 | 3 |
ACCORDING TO A wire report in the Globe last month, a proposed geothermal power plant in New Hampshire "would emit 35 times less carbon dioxide per kilowatt" than traditional coal-fueled plants.
But for Ed Farrell of Holyoke, that "35 times less" was not good news. "This makes no sense," he e-mailed, arguing that times implies multiplication and therefore can't result in shrinkage. "Perhaps one thirty-fifth (that is, dividing by 35) would have been closer to the mark?"
No doubt 1/35th is what the writer intended (and what most readers understood). But times less has tradition, if not logic, on its side; it was idiomatic English for at least two centuries before anyone claimed it was confusing, according to Merriam-Webster's Dictionary of English Usage.
Jonathan Swift, for instance, used it in 1711, writing "I am resolved to drink ten times less than before." It wasn't till the 20th century that language commentators - not mathematicians - came up with the notion that "three times closer" and "100 times slower" were illogical and confusing.
It's those commentators who are confused, say the Merriam-Webster editors. "Times has now been used in such constructions for about 300 years, and there is no evidence to suggest that it has ever been misunderstood."
They also dismiss the related idea, often invoked in newsrooms, that "five times more" isn't synonymous with "five times as much," but really means "six times as much": "It is, in fact, possible to misunderstand times more in this way, but it takes a good deal of effort."
I've heard people argue that threefold and its brothers are ambiguous, too, but I doubt it. The Oxford English Dictionary says threefold has meant "three times as much" since it was an Old English word; it seems perverse to keep looking for ways to make it mysterious.
This is not to say that journalists shouldn't be checking their math. When a fashion reporter says a designer's new pieces cost "300 percent less than her higher-priced line," it really is nonsense. To say that something "doubled the risk of death" means little unless you know if the increase was from 1 percent to 2 percent or from 35 percent to 70 percent.
As for "35 times less," it could be clearer, but I don't think the problem is the "times less" locution; rather, it's the awkwardness of the fraction 1/35. Most readers, I suspect, would have been more comfortable with a percentage: The new technology "would emit less than 3 percent" of the coal plant's carbon dioxide.
But let's not sweat 10 times less, five times more, or a threefold increase. Unless we're getting dumber by the decade, there's no reason we should boggle at these old familiar usages.
. . .
COME ON, COS: Newspaper slotman and style maven Bill Walsh has a beef with Bill Cosby. "So Much for That Ed.D.," he headlines his blog post on the title of Cosby's new book, "Come On People." Apparently the author, despite his graduate degree, "never learned about the comma of direct address," Walsh writes (at theslot.blogspot.com); it really should be "Come On, People."
Such minor goofs, some of them mistakes and others misguided design choices, are common enough in titles. Remember "The 40 Year-Old Virgin" and its missing hyphen? The short-lived sitcom "'Til Death," with its reversed apostrophe? And then there was "Two Weeks Notice," the title that spurred punctuation stickler Lynne Truss to tote a felt-tip marker around town, correcting posters wherever she could.
Editors often fix these little glitches when the titles appear in print, either to follow "house style" or because alternative versions are circulating, so when I saw Cosby's title in The
Cosby is riffing, of course, on "A word to the wise is sufficient," itself a translation of the Latin "verbum sapienti sat est." When the maxim was better known, it was often shortened to verb. sap. or verb. sat. In English, too, it often appears in truncated form: "a word to the wise," introducing a bit of advice, implies that the smart listener will take heed.
But here's what's weird: Cosby phrases his joke as if he were contradicting the original saying, when in fact he's echoing it. "A word to the wise" doesn't mean "ignore the dopes." It means "a hint is enough for a smart person; it's the stupid ones who need it spelled out."
As sins against literacy go, these are surely small ones. But given his shape-up message, you'd think Cosby might be minding his maxims and tracking his commas more carefully. | <urn:uuid:69c0c6bc-b41a-4554-9323-0fcb5cf5f692> | CC-MAIN-2016-44 | http://archive.boston.com/news/globe/ideas/articles/2007/10/21/do_the_math/?page=full | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-44/segments/1476988718423.28/warc/CC-MAIN-20161020183838-00340-ip-10-171-6-4.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.975899 | 1,035 | 2.75 | 3 |
"Image of the King at the Festival of Federation"
Having lived through a tumultuous year, Frances political leaders, new and old, perceived the need to foster a sense of unity among the people. The Kings more liberal ministers in particular hoped to prevent attempts to roll back the changes made since the spring of 1789 and to limit momentum for fartherreaching challenges to the monarchy. To this end, the Marquis de La Fayette organized a public pageant in Paris to celebrate the "federation" of the different regions and social groups of France. Here Louis XVI joins the construction site where the festival will take place on 14 July 1790.
Source: Cornell 4611, Box 184, #9 | <urn:uuid:87ac12ce-438b-4bfa-8b77-4250e2df04a2> | CC-MAIN-2015-14 | http://chnm.gmu.edu/revolution/d/213/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2015-14/segments/1427131309986.49/warc/CC-MAIN-20150323172149-00235-ip-10-168-14-71.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.91437 | 140 | 2.546875 | 3 |
This insect can be easily identified by the yellow markings on the thorax and some streaks on the base of its wings. It is generally brown in color, and the yellow markings are a good way to differentiate it from the American cockroach. It grows to a size of 35 mm and has antennas that are a bit bigger than its body.
It originated in Asia in spite of its name and can be found all over the world. It prefers warm climate and typically stays outdoors although, in cold weather, it seeks shelter indoors. It is quite flexible a quality that allows it to fit into any nook or crevice easily. Its growth cycle is spread over the span of a year. The female lays a maximum of 24 eggs in a sac, and at least three quarters of these survive.
Based on the fact that it prefers the outdoors this cockroach feeds on plants more than any other type of cockroach species. It is, therefore, dangerous should it find its way into a green house. However it can feed on anything as it is considered a scavenger. They have been known to eat clothing, and even books so the damage they can cause is not confined to health risks alone. Based on the fact that eggs can develop into young cockroaches in as little as forty days it is remarkably easy for this cockroach to infest an area in large numbers if the conditions favor it. | <urn:uuid:66fef081-dd64-467e-96fb-c8d267359ad4> | CC-MAIN-2017-30 | http://sspestcontrol.com.au/residential-services/cockroaches/australian-cockroach/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-30/segments/1500549424889.43/warc/CC-MAIN-20170724162257-20170724182257-00187.warc.gz | en | 0.972817 | 281 | 3.625 | 4 |
A fuel filter is an integral part of the fuel system. Fuel filter ensures that only clean fuel, bereft of dirt, debris, and other contaminants, is supplied to the engine. A fuel filter works through its life, protecting the critical parts of the engine, by filtering out foreign particles that can potentially damage a fuel injector. There is a complex mechanism which goes behind the filtration of fuel as there are a number of impurities to be tackled. The Most common contaminants are water and debris which can have disastrous effects on your engine. Here’s how:
The Impact of Impure Fuel on Your Engine
With a diesel engine, one of the easiest mistakes to make is negligence in the maintenance of fuel. Impure fuel can severely damage your engine, resulting in costly repairs in the long run. There is a multitude of contaminants which can occur in the fuel. The effects of some of them can be fathomed below:
- Effect of Water on Fuel
Water is one of the greatest enemies of any diesel-fueled equipment. All fuels contain some amount of water, but unlike others, diesel is less refined and will hold a much larger amount. Unless there’s a reliable diesel engine filter in place, it’s not possible to protect the engine fully. Fleetguard’s three-stage fuel filter provides excellent water removal over the life of the filter.
- Effect of Debris on Fuel
The presence of debris in fuel is notorious. Debris could be a result of rust or metals wearing off the components. The immediate effect is that they clog the fuel injectors, hence damaging the fuel pump. It is best to replace a fuel filter so that damage won’t be done to these expensive components of your fuel system.
The Important Role of a Fuel Filter
The fuel is adversely affected by a variety of impurities. If these substances are not removed before the fuel enters the system, they will cause rapid wear and tear of the fuel pump and injectors, due to the abrasive action of the particles. It then becomes necessary to filter the unpurified fuel and clear it off the existing contaminants. A fuel filter plays a vital role in today’s engine fuel systems such as:
1. Cooling – The fuel filter provides cooling by retaining the undesired heat in the infusion framework
2. Lubrication – It provides lubrication and avoids friction of the moving parts in the fuel bolster and infusion pumps. Thus, reducing the wear and tear of the components and ensuring smoothness in mobility.
3. Cleansing – This is the key function of the filter wherein the external contaminants are stopped from reaching the critical component of the system and avoid undue damage. This in turn increases the efficiency, improves the quality and potentially decreases your expenses by avoiding or deferring system failures.
A fuel filtration system provides the best defense for sensitive fuel system components while enhancing the engine performance. | <urn:uuid:da34ada4-7614-4df1-8bc0-c9a83140024e> | CC-MAIN-2021-21 | https://www.fleetguard-filtrum.com/tag/fuel-filter/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-21/segments/1620243991943.36/warc/CC-MAIN-20210513173321-20210513203321-00513.warc.gz | en | 0.92721 | 601 | 3.171875 | 3 |
A dental implant replaces the root structure of a missing tooth. You can’t see implants in someone’s mouth—an implant simply anchors a crown, denture, or partial denture to the mouth. Dental implants most often take the form of a screw-shaped titanium post.
Dental implants can replace one or more teeth while preserving the tooth-supporting bone. Implants have a documented success rate of over 95%, which is higher than any other tooth replacement option. Though the initial cost of a dental implant is slightly higher than other options, it is the most cost effective solution over time. An implant will never decay as long as it is taken care of properly.
Benefits of Dental Implants
Your options for replacing missing teeth include dentures/partials, a bridge, or dental implants. We believe dental implants are the most ideal solution for several reasons:
- Implants do not affect adjacent teeth. A bridge, however, requires shaving down perfectly healthy teeth to act as anchors for the bridge.
- Implants are more comfortable and aesthetic than full or partial dentures. Dental implants feel and look like real teeth, while dentures can feel uncomfortable and unnatural.
- Caring for dental implants is easy, because you clean them just like you would your real teeth. They also maintain the strength and health of your jawbone.
- Implants are a permanent solution to tooth loss if you care for them properly.
Tooth Replacement Options with Dental Implants
- Replace one tooth: A single implant can be inserted into the bone at the location of the missing tooth. After it is left in the bone to heal after a period of months, a final crown is attached.
- Replace multiple teeth: If you have more than one tooth missing, instead of placing an implant at each missing tooth location, implants can be used as supports for fixed bridgework.
- Replace all teeth: Implants can be used as anchors for dentures to prevent them from slipping while you eat and speak.
Am I A Candidate for Dental Implants?
Most people are ideal candidates for implants. However, people with certain uncontrolled chronic illnesses, or who have insufficient jawbone structure might not be ideal candidates. Mini-implants that support full or partial dentures are a good option for those with thin bones. Schedule an appointment with Dr. Strandburg today to see if dental implants are the best option for your smile.
Committed to Doing What’s Best for You
Dental implants are an investment, which means they might not be the perfect fit for you. At Mark A. Strandburg, DMD, our goal is to treat you the way we would like to be treated. Dr. Strandburg won’t pressure you into receiving unnecessary procedures that you are uncomfortable paying for. We promise to treat you with integrity and respect, just like we would treat our own family. | <urn:uuid:f27fe6fe-1e72-4fdf-91c6-8630f1604a1d> | CC-MAIN-2019-13 | https://www.warnerrobinsdental.com/services/dental-implants/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-13/segments/1552912202450.86/warc/CC-MAIN-20190320190324-20190320212324-00466.warc.gz | en | 0.923359 | 602 | 2.546875 | 3 |
A lot of people suffer from depression symptoms. With these tips you will be on your way to living a happier life and learn how to cope with depression in a healthy way.
It is important to get out in the sun for a short while each day. There have been studies done that have shown that if an individual does not spend enough time in the sunlight, their depression will actually get worse.
Try taking a bath whenever you start to feel your depression coming on. Soft music, a book, or even lighting candles can change an ordinary bath into a relaxing experience. Also the warmer the water, the more relaxed your muscles will become.
Get adequate exercise. Studies have shown that people who get approximately thirty minutes of exercise a day respond better to depression treatment. In truth, a good workout itself is just as good for you as a prescription drug. Just do little things like using stairs over elevators or parking farther away from store doors.
Diet can be a real factor in your depression. The wrong types of food can affect your mindset and lead you further into the depths of depression. Stay away from caffeine, foods with high fat content, and processed foods.
Catch up with some friends and family and just hang out and relax, or watch a movie with a bucket of popcorn. This will serve the purpose of providing you needed company, and may very well cheer you up at the same time.
Don’t dismiss the importance of getting proper sleep, exercise and eating a healthy diet. When you begin to feel depression setting in, try a quick walk or enjoyable swim. Cutting down on your junk food and sleeping eight hours should help.
If you’re suffering from clinical depression, this isn’t a condition that will go away overnight. You’ll have quite a battle in your life. You should work on getting prepared now so you can handle it when it occurs.
If you take medications, you ought to also participate in therapy. Talking to a trained professional will be able to help you understand your own thoughts much better than just thinking can do. Even if you have good friends, they cannot take the place of a counselor.
Often people misdiagnose temporary sadness or feeling a little blue with real and serious depression. Consult with a qualified professional to know if you are in fact, suffering from a condition that may require treatment.
Antidepressants can be very helpful in restoring the correct balance of neurochemicals in your brain. You should understand though, they only work when you use them along a good therapy and exercise regimen.
Take any prescriptions exactly as you were instructed by your doctor. Do not take more or less than what your doctor tells you to take, and do not stop taking the medication without consulting your doctor as this can be dangerous. Frequently it is necessary to slowly wean patients off of anti-depressants; stopping them suddenly can have negative consequences.
Never forget that there is hope. Folks suffering from depression often feel that things are never going to improve, so they abandon treatment. The key is to stay positive and exercise patience.
Depression has various causes, so you need to do your best and find what causes your personal depression. When you understand the causes that contribute to your feelings, you can handle the rough moments better.
Understand the level of your depression. Depression ranges in its severity depending on the person. Many people are affected with mild or moderate depression, but they don’t realize that they are. Mild depression is feeling somewhat down, moderate depression actually alters your life. It can also become so extreme that a person no longer wants to do anything. Share with your doctors to get treatment.
Understanding your depression is essential to defeating it. Depression affects people both physically and psychologically. When you have experienced anxiety and stress for an extended time, your brain’s serotonin levels can be depleted. A reduction in seratonin can cause your feelings of depression to increase dramatically. Anti-depressants can be used to combat this effect, by causing the brain to secrete more seratonin to compensate. You can, however, naturally increase serotonin levels. Minimize your use of caffeine and alcohol, be sure to get plenty of sleep, exercise regularly, and eat a proper diet.
You must limit stress if you are battling depression. Stress can make your depressed condition more severe. Look at your life and identify why you’re stressed. When you figure out what is causing your stress, you will then be able to eliminate the causes.
One great way to feel better about yourself and stop feeling depressed is to start dressing well. Get dressed up and hit the town. Not just to go to a formal event, but to feel good about yourself and to get away from your home. Many people find that spending a little extra time on their clothing and appearance can bust the blues.
Find activities that will distract you from your depression. It can be easy to fall victim to depression when you have nothing to look forward to. Hobbies and other interests will give your mind something else to focus on. These activities will help satisfy you and keep negatives out of your life.
If your depression is really severe, it might be best to avoid caffeine at that point. There are studies that show caffeine can make depression worse. If you drink a lot of soda or coffee, think about changing to a decaffeinated version of the drinks you enjoy.
Begin taking small steps and get further from your depression when you can. If you try to take steps that are too big it can make things work out worse for you which can worsen your depression. Take things gradually and you will start to see visible results.
If you are just starting to feel a little down because of something in your life, you may not have depression. If you are in doubt, consult a professional to get a firm diagnosis.
If you are dealing with depression, stay away from diet sodas and anything which contains artificial sweeteners. Artificial sweeteners can reduce your serotonin levels, make it difficult to sleep, and giving you headaches. Because of the fact that these are already symptoms of depression, it can be harmful. Avoid any foods that contain these products.
Millions of people suffer from depression. The suggestions in this article can give you some coping techniques to deal with depression.
You can listen to music to help with depression, and if possible, you can boost the effects by playing music yourself. Art as a whole is a great way to deal with stress, even if you are not very good at it. | <urn:uuid:1420ab73-7aa3-4019-a82f-c58f05d5f40b> | CC-MAIN-2022-49 | https://health-beauty-wellness.net/knowing-when-you-should-get-help-for-depression/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-49/segments/1669446710916.40/warc/CC-MAIN-20221202183117-20221202213117-00570.warc.gz | en | 0.952453 | 1,343 | 2.53125 | 3 |
Ovate Floating Leaves
Hair-like Structures on tops of leaves
Free floating aquatic
fern, made up of pairs of oval leaves, green to brown leaves up to 1 ½”
long, that are connected by a horizontal stem. The top of each leaf
has many tiny hair-like structures, that split then rejoin at the tips
to form an egg beater-like structure. Beneath the water at each node
is a dissected leaf which looks like and functions as a root.
Infertile, hairy,sporocarps about 1 mm in diameter hang below the roots
in long straight chains.
Return to Salvinia molesta page | <urn:uuid:6bb41765-1fc2-401a-a09a-1f3c2c534117> | CC-MAIN-2016-18 | http://ag.arizona.edu/azaqua/extension/ANS/Smid.htm | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-18/segments/1461860122902.86/warc/CC-MAIN-20160428161522-00013-ip-10-239-7-51.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.860716 | 144 | 2.5625 | 3 |
Free Medieval History Courses: "Several universities are putting complete courses online for free now. Visitors can peruse course materials and watch lectures even if they do not get any academic credit for it. MIT is probably the best known for this but some other schools are as well including Notre Dame and the University of Washington.
Here are three example courses dealing with medieval history:
Medieval Economic History in Comparative Perspective - This MIT course is from the fall of 2006. The course features an extensive list of readings and assignments. A list of useful Web sites is also available in the related resources section. This course also features archived syllabi from various semesters.
Europe's Awakening - This is an Open University course in the UK. The site notes, 'One of the most remarkable features of modern European history is the gradual emergence of that theoretical reasoning and experimental practice focused on the natural world that today we call science. In this unit we throw light on that eventual emergence of modern science in Europe by examining its beginnings in Greece and making comparisons with the early achievements of Chinese and Islamic science.You then return to medieval Europe in order to understand the intellectual and social origins of what has been called the 'scientific revolution'.'
The Dark Ages - This UMass course is from the Summer of 2008. Beginning with the decline of the Roman Empire, this course discusses German, Muslim, Viking and Magyar invasions, the development of Catholicism in Western Europe and of Eastern Orthodoxy in the Byzantine Empire, the Arabic contribution to mathematics, science, and philosophy and the institutions of feudalism and manorialism. The course concludes with the economic, demographic and urban revival which began around 1000 AD. | <urn:uuid:0539e3bc-b9e3-475f-9c8e-30dfc7cbbf43> | CC-MAIN-2018-13 | http://feijoorichmond.blogspot.com/2009_09_06_archive.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-13/segments/1521257646176.6/warc/CC-MAIN-20180318204522-20180318224522-00323.warc.gz | en | 0.932805 | 339 | 2.578125 | 3 |
Many aging Americans have a genuine respect for, and deep fear of, many degenerative diseases. An unfortunate side effect of many diseases is a high cost: medications and therapy put an enormous strain on our health care system. Taming or even curing some diseases could potentially make healthy aging the norm, and could lower the long-term burden on our heath care delivery system. The promise of stem cell research is, to a degree, limitless.
“Vital research cannot take place without federal funding,” B’nai B’rith International President Dennis W. Glick said. “Stem cell research is so specialized, and so expensive, that federal funding is imperative to moving forward. We commend NIH for opening up additional lines of stem cells for researchers who rely on federal funds.”
Embryonic stem cells can develop into all sorts of cells or tissues. A more open door policy will enable researchers to access more research material.
B’nai B’rith has long been a supporter of stem cell research. As a leading proponent, B’nai B’rith endeavors to teach the public about the promise of stem cell research. On Capitol Hill, B’nai B’rith has worked to reverse limits that had been placed on the use of federal funding on some stem cell lines. The long-awaited NIH announcement opens the field for original and ongoing research projects.
“We hope dedicated scientists can make quick use of these new stem cell lines,” Mark D. Olshan, B’nai B’rith associate executive vice president, said. “The potential and promise of stem cell research to help so many people with a wide variety of diseases and conditions is astounding. We look forward to dazzling advances in the field.” | <urn:uuid:356d05a6-0ac2-42f8-8561-5eb8ce3beecd> | CC-MAIN-2014-52 | http://www.bnaibrith.org/press-releases/bnai-brith-pleased-by-research-possibilities-on-stem-cell-lines | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2014-52/segments/1418802770747.108/warc/CC-MAIN-20141217075250-00141-ip-10-231-17-201.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.930643 | 374 | 2.515625 | 3 |
A peculiar tradition in the island nation of Madagascar has the world scratching their heads. Famadihana, literally “the turning of the bones,” is a ceremony performed by the Malagasy people, in which they dig up the dead bodies of loved ones, rewrap the corpses in fresh cloth, rewrite their names on the cloth, and then dance to live music while carrying the corpses over their heads. The bodies are then returned to the family tomb, where they will lay to rest forever.
Famadihana is a custom of unknown origin, though scholars believe that it originated not too long ago, sometime in the 17th century. It’s a chance for families across the country to join eachother, and remember their relative as they were, celebrating their life and saying goodbye one last time.
In the West, many will look at such a ceremony as primitive, unsanitary, and unnecessary. It’s best to let sleeping dogs lie, right?
But recently, our media has taken a page out of the books of the Malagasy people, and it’s become fashionable to dance with the dead.
We have decided that we are no longer going to let them rest, but instead, we are going to dig up their corpses and shame them for their wrongdoings.
The problem with dancing with the dead is that it can make you viciously ill. Reported cases of the plague on the island nation have consistently been higher than the global average, experiencing two outbreaks of bubonic and pneumonic plague in the 21st century. In 2014, 40 died, and in 2017, 221 died. Experts are suggesting that the Malagasy people have been spreading illness by dancing with dead bodies.
A ballet with bodies
What do Albert Einstein, Michael Jackson, and John Wayne all have in common? All three were beloved figures within their own fields during their time here on Earth. But recently, each of these 20th century icons has been publicly shamed, without them even being around the defend themselves.
Just last year, Albert Einstein underwent public shaming seemingly out of nowhere, as journals of the German-born genius were released onto the web. Private writings reached the hands of the wrong people, and were made public.
In the journals, Einstein goes on several tangeants where he heavily criticizes the Chinese people, writing that “Chinese [people] don’t sit on benches while eating, but squat like Europeans do when they relieve themselves out in the leafy woods.” He wrote that they were “herd-like,” and that “even the children are spiritless and look obtuse.”
Einstein, who had also said racism was “a disease of white people”, added “It would be a pity if these Chinese supplant all other races. For the likes of us the mere thought is unspeakably dreary.”
Why are we trying to cancel Albert Einstein? Why would we want to tarnish the reputation of the world’s most celebrated scientist? Thankfully, the cancellation of Albert Einstein didn’t come to fruition, because of widespread support of his statements. Who was supporting these heinous statements? Was it nazis? White supremacists foaming at the mouth, ready to defend all racist acts? Nope. The people who came to Einstein’s defence were Chinese people themselves.
“This is called insulting China? That’s ridiculous. Did the Chinese in that era look dirty? When I see the photos from then, they look dirty, Einstein depicted the true state of that era,” said one Weibo user.
The father of modern Chinese literature Lu Xun, who was known for his use of satire to depict early 20th century society, was used to contrast Einstein. “We praise Lu Xun because he pointed out our disadvantages. Why should we blame Einstein for this?”
The King of Pop, Michael Jackson, was an obvious target for trigger-happy shame mongers. The 2019 documentary Leaving Neverland filed through Jackson’s hotly disputed history at his Neverland ranch.
Jackson had made news countless times for his behaviour, including a 1993 sexual abuse accusation by a 13-year-old boy named Jordan Chandler. The police investigation was inconclusive and no charges were filed, though Jackson did settle out of court with the Chandler family for $22 million.
Jackson was again the centerpiece to assault accusations in 2004. According to Wikipedia, Jackson was indicted for four counts of molesting a minor, four counts of intoxicating a minor to molest him, one count of attempted child molestation, one count of conspiring to hold the boy and his family captive, and conspiring to commit extortion and child abduction. He pleaded not guilty to all counts. The trial spanned approximately 18 months, from Jackson’s arraignment on January 16, 2004 to June 13, 2005. The jury delivered a verdict of not guilty on all charges, including four lesser misdemeanour counts.
So with Jackson unable to defend himself on account of being dead, a hitjob on the king of pop would be all too easy. With kangaroo courts all the rage today, a guilty verdict was quickly assigned to Jackson, leaving his family to deal with the backlash. The Jackson estate has just today released a statement, claiming that the allegations in Leaving Neverland are false.
And lastly, there’s American film legend John Wayne. On February 19th, 2019, the mob came for Wayne, despite the fact that Wayne had been dead for 14,469 days (~40 years.)
So, what was Wayne guilty of? In a 1971 interview with Playboy Magazine, Wayne said some less-than-stellar things about race relations in the U.S.
With a lot of blacks, there’s quite a bit of resentment along with their dissent, and possibly rightfully so. But we can’t all of a sudden get down on our knees and turn everything over to the leadership of the blacks. I believe in white supremacy until the blacks are educated to a point of responsibility. I don’t believe in giving authority and positions of leadership and judgment to irresponsible people.
John Wayne was being snatched out of his coffin and danced around with. The Playboy interview resurfaced, which resulted in calls for John Wayne Airport to be renamed. John Wayne’s son Ethan defended him, stating, “It would be an injustice to judge someone based on an interview that’s being used out of context.”
What do we gain from hoisting the bodies of beloved 20th century icons? Dancing with the dead is a clear sign of a culture unaware of the harm they are doing to themselves. We are all getting sick from the actions of those who do not let the dead rest in peace.
What do you think? Let us know in the comments below.
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Remind me next month | <urn:uuid:026f811e-98a2-449c-b1b6-55b362b813bc> | CC-MAIN-2023-40 | https://thepostmillennial.com/dont-dance-with-the-dead-you-will-get-sick-and-die/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-40/segments/1695233506027.39/warc/CC-MAIN-20230921105806-20230921135806-00068.warc.gz | en | 0.972634 | 1,560 | 2.65625 | 3 |
Degenerative Myelopathy in Dogs
Degenerative myelopathy is the general medical term that refers to the disease of the dog's spinal cord or bone marrow. The condition does not have specific cause and may remain unidentified. While the disease can affect any breed and any age of dog, older animals are most often afflicted with the disease. Prognosis of this disease is not positive, as it is the degeneration of the animal's spinal cord, leading to loss of numerous bodily functions.
Symptoms and Types
This disease affects the central nervous system of the dog and can progress to affect the cervical and lumbar portions of the spinal cord in later stages. Lesions are often present on the spinal cord. Neurons in the brain stem may also be affected by the disease. Here are some common signs of this disease:
- Increased muscle atrophy and the inability to maintain posture
- Partial or full limb paralysis
- A loss of the ability to control defecation and urination
- Exaggerated spinal reflexes
- Loss of muscle mass
The cause for degenerative myelopathy is unknown. Although there does appear to be a genetic link, there is no clear evidence to support the presence of a genetic mutation and the probability of the disease affecting a dog. In some genetic studies that are underway, German Shepherds, Pembroke and Cardigan Welsh Corgi's, Chesapeake Bay Retrievers, Irish Setters, Boxers, Collies, Rhodesian Ridgebacks, and Poodles have shown an increased prevalence for the disease.
Initial lab tests are commonly used to rule out a variety of underlying diseases, including a culture and thyroid function test. Imaging is often performed to view potential spinal cord damage. Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and computed tomography (CT) can be used to look at various compressions and diseases that are possible within the spinal cord, such as a herniated disk, which can be treated. Also, spinal cord fluid can be examined for an inflammatory disease in the spinal cord. There are several different diagnoses that are possible, including:
- Type II intervertebral (between the vertebrae) disk disease
- Hip dysplasia (abnormal tissue or bone growth)
- Orthopedic disease (disorder of the skeletal and associated muscles and joints)
- Degenerative lumbosacral stenosis (abnormal narrowing of the lower back part of the spine or pelvic bone)
Supportive care is the only current treatment option. Exercise has shown some promise at delaying the atrophy of the spinal cord and other limbs. The animal's diet should be maintained, and weight gain should be avoided to prevent increased pressure to the spine and discomfort for the animal. There are currently no drugs that have been approved for this disease. Overall, the long-term prognosis is poor for animals who have been diagnosed with this disease, since it is degenerative in nature.
Living and Management
Paraplegia typically occurs within six to nine months of the initial diagnosis. Monitoring the condition should be ongoing, with neurological examinations and urine samples taken to treat infections that may come about. As the dog becomes increasingly unable to walk, a comfortable pad and frequent turning is recommended to prevent bed sores. It is also recommended that the dog's hair be kept short so that skin lesions are less likely to develop. Habilitation efforts for the dog can include harnessed carts to encourage independence and mobility for the dog.
There are currently no known preventive measures for this disease.
Help us make PetMD better
Was this article helpful? | <urn:uuid:e51e253a-9d58-4c20-907b-e3c7c34bb298> | CC-MAIN-2022-40 | https://www.petmd.com/dog/conditions/neurological/c_dg_degenerative_myelopathy | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-40/segments/1664030334591.19/warc/CC-MAIN-20220925162915-20220925192915-00600.warc.gz | en | 0.949348 | 756 | 3.15625 | 3 |
NAF’s Health Sciences curricula provide a rigorous and comprehensive program of study designed to prepare learners with the content knowledge and transferable competencies necessary for success in college and career.
Curated by the Howard Huges Medical Institute, this website provides a variety of classroom resources based on peer-reviewed science. From data-rich activities and case studies to high-quality videos and interactive media, our resources are designed to connect students to big ideas in biology, promote engagement with science practices, and instill awe and wonder about the living world.
In addition, the BioInteractive website provides educators with planning tools to build resource playlists and storylines, and professional learning materials and opportunities to deepen their scientific and pedagogical expertise.
Virtual Lab Demos
An extensive library of virtual educational resources dedicated to DNA and Genetics research
Profiles in Science Careers
This webinar from EconEdlink will allow teachers to engage with several resources that connect how Covid-19 impacted multiple businesses. It will show relevant media and strategies that can be used to connect content to the real world. It will focus on a Company Case Study that can be done to allow students to connect how a business was affected by Covid-19 and the future of that business.
Marketing Curriculum Modules
The Code is dentsu’s global creative marketing challenge for young people aged 14+. Students are partnered with mentors to create their own advertising campaign and put ideas ideas into action!
Wisc-Online is a repository of high-quality educational learning materials FREE to learners and educators. Topics cover Arts & Humanities, Career Clusters, Computer Science, Manufacturing and Engineering, Math, Science and Social Science.
Watch a video on the Anatomy of the Heart or try one of the other learning objects related to health science.
See What the Network is Saying | <urn:uuid:ec69ff7a-a3c4-4a29-bd1e-ea2f15209dea> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://ash.naf.org/public/learning/pathway/health-sciences | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882571989.67/warc/CC-MAIN-20220813232744-20220814022744-00194.warc.gz | en | 0.910069 | 420 | 2.703125 | 3 |
Organic Onion | Powdered
Allium cepa is the common onion, although it is usually thought of as a vegetable. Onions are perennials that are cultivated for food worldwide. There are many varieties. Bulbing onions have cylindrical, hollow leaves and an enlarged bulb that develops at ground level. The green stems and leaves can reach 3 ft (1 m) in height. The roots come off the bottom of the bulb. The flowers are produced in the second growing season (following a required "rest" period) in a rounded umbel (cluster with all flower stems originating from the same point) on a stalk 2-4 ft (0.6-1.2 m) tall. The umbels, about 2 in (5 cm) in diameter and consisting of many small purplish flowers, are quite showy. There are two main kinds of onions, based on the day length required for bulb formation. Short-day varieties start forming an enlarged bulb when days are 12 or 13 hours long; long-day varieties don't form a bulb until days are 14-16 hours long. For both types, bulb enlargement is arrested during hot, freezing or dry weather.
708 Allium cepa Cepa Group - Floridata, http://www.floridata.com/Plants/Liliaceae/Allium%20cepa%20Cepa%20Group/708 (accessed January 24, 2017).
Onion | DermNet New Zealand, http://www.dermnetnz.org/topics/onion/ (accessed January 24, 2017).
Organic powdered onion arrives ready-to-use in 4 ounce plastic shaker jars and 16 ounce Wilderness Family Naturals branded vapor-barrier, resealable packaging to maintain freshness. Packaging may include an oxygen absorber. | <urn:uuid:9ded6fbf-b064-46aa-a516-ab37d2f7f373> | CC-MAIN-2023-14 | https://wildlyorganic.com/collections/spices-and-seasonings/products/onion-powdered-certified-organic | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-14/segments/1679296943637.3/warc/CC-MAIN-20230321064400-20230321094400-00464.warc.gz | en | 0.923677 | 395 | 2.75 | 3 |
See below for update.
You may not have even noticed it, but hurricane season has officially started in the Eastern Pacific. That is because the official date of the start of season is May 15th, though the actual hurricanes rarely get the memo and start whenever they want, but usually after that date. Last year's Eastern Pacific season was much ore active than usual. The average numbers for named storms, hurricanes, and major (above Cat III) hurricanes for this basin are 15.4, 7.6, and 3.2. Last year's season was predicted to be pretty much average, but it turned out to be exceptional, with 22 named storms, 16 hurricanes, with 9 major. In addition, there were other notable features such as several storms forming early, two early storms reaching Cat 4 strength, and one storm being the strongest ever recorded in May in the region.
What about this year? The only prediction I've seen suggests a somewhat more than average season (19 named storms, 11 hurricanes, with 4 major). So far there are no named storms, but there is one disturbance that is likely enough to turn into one that I thought this would be a good moment to start paying attention, thus this post.
The stormy system is currently known as Disturbance #1, and it is sitting in the pacific south of Mexico. The National Weather Service calculatges a 20% chance of this disturbance becoming a tropical cyclone over the next 48 hours, but an 80% chance over the next 5 days.
If Disturbance #1 becomes a named storm, it will be christened "Andres," a previously unused name.
Fewer hurricanes that form in the Eastern Pacific hit land than for most other basins, and they very rarely hit the US or Mexico.
UPDATE (27 May 1:51 Central)
Disturbance 1 is developing. The National Weather Service says this disturbance has an 80% chance of forming a tropical cyclone over the next 48 hours, and a 90% of doing so over the next five days. Again, it will be named Andres if it becomes a named storm. Here's what the region looks like (The red X is Disturbance 1):
UPDATE (28 May 12.27 Central) | <urn:uuid:b4b52414-dbaf-4721-b85a-e876c951f418> | CC-MAIN-2020-10 | https://scienceblogs.com/gregladen/2015/05/26/hurricanes-in-the-eastern-pacific-2015 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-10/segments/1581875145859.65/warc/CC-MAIN-20200223215635-20200224005635-00387.warc.gz | en | 0.971114 | 462 | 2.546875 | 3 |
At which point of its elliptical orbit is a planet located at a given time? In 1609, Johannes Kepler could answer this question with the following simple law:
This law shall be illustrated by a computer simulation. On the top right of the panel there is a list where you can select one of the eight planets, the dwarf planet Pluto, or Halley's Comet. In addition, it is possible to determine the orbit of an imaginary celestial body by entering its semimajor axis and numerical eccentricity (don't forget to press the "Enter" key!). You can stop and start again the simulation of the planetary motion by using the button "Pause / Resume" or make it slower. If you choose the option "Sectors", the app will show two sectors of equal areas and two clocks from which you can read the time for passing these sectors (expressed by the orbital period T). The sectors can be enlarged or reduced with a slide control or twisted with pressed mouse button. The vector of the planet's or comet's velocity will be drawn as desired. On the bottom right of the panel the program gives informations about the distance from the Sun (in astronomical units; 1 AU = 1.49597870 × 1011 m) and the velocity (in km/s). | <urn:uuid:97eda199-d0c6-46da-a013-fcfcb64e9dc9> | CC-MAIN-2022-49 | https://moduldiscovery.org/html5phen/phen/keplerlaw2_en.htm | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-49/segments/1669446711001.28/warc/CC-MAIN-20221205000525-20221205030525-00816.warc.gz | en | 0.915135 | 263 | 3.765625 | 4 |
You will need to use the Firefox browser to access these sample tests. You can download Firefox for free here. Once downloaded, open Firefox and use the links below to view the tests.
Watch this tutorial before you start to help you understand what you need to do.
Check your answers as you do the test. Once the test has finished you will not be able to check them.
Use the answer keys below:
There is no answer key for Reading and Writing Part 9, but there are sample answers and examiner comments in the relevant pages of the A2 Key for Schools handbook.
Practise your English with our free online activities. We have activities for reading, writing, listening, grammar, pronunciation and vocabulary.
These videos will help your students understand what happens during a speaking test. You can also download examiner comments for each video.
This list gives teachers a guide to the vocabulary needed when preparing students for A2 Key and A2 Key for Schools .
A guide to the exam, with advice on preparing for the exam, tips for exam day and useful links.
All the important information you need to know when taking the exam.
Children can have fun learning English with our free games and activities.
Find information and tips to help encourage your children to have fun learning English. | <urn:uuid:3cba363d-7dfc-4863-956f-90a0724b21a3> | CC-MAIN-2020-40 | https://voiceskills.org/a2-key-for-schools-preparation | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-40/segments/1600401604940.65/warc/CC-MAIN-20200928171446-20200928201446-00368.warc.gz | en | 0.92603 | 264 | 3.171875 | 3 |
Yesterday the Canadian Food Inspection Agency (CFIA) confirmed the birthdate of the beef cow in Alberta detected with bovine spongiform encephalopathy (BSE). The affected animal was born in March 2009, 21 months after the July 2007 implementation of the enhanced feed ban in Canada.
It is not unprecedented to find a small number of additional cases of BSE following the implementation of enhanced feeding measures, as demonstrated by the UK and countries around the globe. Scientific study and the findings from on-farm investigations in the UK concluded that a small amount of residual feed produced prior to the implementation of enhanced control measures was the most likely reason for these cases, commonly referred to in the UK as Born After the Reinforced Ban (BARB) classical BSE cases.
As part of its ongoing investigation, the CFIA will determine the source of the feed used at the birth farm in 2009 and assess any potential risk factors in relation to the feeds used. CFIA inspectors will also review the records of the feed mills from which the feeds were sourced to verify compliance with the enhanced feed ban.
This information is key to pinpointing the source of transmission. The average incubation period for classical BSE is 4-7 years of age. Transmission usually occurs in the first year of an animal’s life, as that is when they are most susceptible; thus the exposure to any residual risk would have occurred years ago.
Canada’s beef industry takes BSE seriously and the detection of this case demonstrates that the national BSE surveillance system works.
Source: Canadian Cattlemen’s Association | <urn:uuid:833005f4-70f3-413a-bce9-20de2f19988c> | CC-MAIN-2019-30 | https://www.agweb.com/article/age-of-alberta-bse-case-confirmed-NAA-news-release | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-30/segments/1563195525829.33/warc/CC-MAIN-20190718211312-20190718233312-00200.warc.gz | en | 0.95888 | 325 | 2.953125 | 3 |
Leonan Samson - A double-edged sword
An enzyme key to DNA repair can worsen tissue damage caused by stroke and organ transplantation.
Anne Trafton | MIT News Office
October 27, 2014
When tissues are deprived of blood, as happens during a stroke or heart attack, the lack of oxygen can cause serious damage. After blood flow is restored, further damage occurs as the tissues become inflamed. This process, known as ischemia/reperfusion, also occurs during organ transplantation, and can induce widespread cell death.
A new study from MIT biological engineers shows that surprisingly, a DNA-repair enzyme called Aag actually makes this damage worse. Mice lacking this enzyme show much less tissue damage from ischemia/reperfusion than normal mice, suggesting that blocking this enzyme could be beneficial for patients who have strokes, heart attacks, or organ transplants.
“The exciting thing about this finding is that it is relevant to so many different diseases and conditions,” says Leona Samson, the Uncas and Helen Whitaker Professor in the departments of Biological Engineering and Biology, and a member of MIT’s Center for Environmental Health Sciences and Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research.
Samson is the senior author of a paper describing the findings in this week’s issue of the Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. The paper’s lead author is Mohammad Ebrahimkhani, a research scientist in MIT’s Department of Biological Engineering.
The two faces of Aag
Samson’s lab has studied Aag for several years, and previously found that it protects the colon from developing cancerous lesions following inflammation like that produced by Crohn’s disease and ulcerative colitis. She expected Aag would offer similar protection in other inflammatory environments, but unexpectedly found the opposite: In the liver, kidney, and brain, normal mice undergo much more tissue damage following ischemia/reperfusion than mice in which the Aag gene has been knocked out.
Ischemia/reperfusion sets off a complex chain of events that eventually leads to tissue death. When blood rushes into the tissues following oxygen deprivation, cells send out distress signals that set off an inflammatory response. This inflammation produces harmful molecules known as reactive oxygen and nitrogen species, which damage cells’ DNA.
“It’s a vicious cycle,” Samson says. “You have the DNA damage which damages the cell, then the cell secretes danger signals that bring in more immune cells and more inflammation, which produces more damage.”
This DNA damage activates Aag, which cuts out the damaged DNA bases, ultimately causing DNA strand breaks. This leads to hyperactivation of another enzyme called PARP, which ends up depleting the cells’ supply of energy-storing molecules called ATP and NAD. Without those molecules, the cells’ metabolic systems break down and they die.
The novelty of the study comes from the finding that not all tissues respond the same way to stress, says Robert Sobol, a professor of oncologic sciences at the University of South Alabama’s Mitchell Cancer Institute.
“Such studies can help answer some pivotal questions in biology, such as, ‘Why do some cancers or diseases affect only one organ and not all?’ The work in this paper, especially when put in context to previous findings, clearly shows that different organs respond in very different ways to the same stress,” says Sobol, who was not part of the research team.
Aag is one of several enzymes called glycosylases that are involved in DNA repair, but it appears to be the only one that has this two-faced personality.
“There’s something quite unique about this particular glycosylase, and we believe it’s because it’s acting on so many different substrates. Inflammation produces a panoply of damaged bases, and so when Aag is present it just overwhelms the system, whereas the other glycosylases are acting on a narrow range of damaged bases,” Samson says.
The findings suggest that inhibiting Aag could provide a good way to treat patients who have just had a stroke or heart attack, or who are about to undergo an organ transplant. Currently, drugs that inhibit PARP are in clinical trials for that same purpose. However, Samson believes it could be beneficial to try to turn off the damaging cascade before PARP even shows up, by turning off Aag.
“If you could block Aag, you might prevent the generation of all those DNA strand breaks,” she says. “It might be safer than allowing the generation of all those toxic intermediates and just blocking the PARP-mediated response to them.”
In future studies, the researchers hope to study whether Aag has the same effect in heart tissue following a heart attack. They are also trying to figure out in greater detail the mechanism of how the tissue damage occurs. “By understanding the mechanism at every level, I think one has a better chance of being able to target as many levels as possible to prevent the tissue damage,” Samson says.
The research was funded by the National Institutes of Health, the Ellison Medical Foundation, and the Heitman Foundation. The brain ischemia/reperfusion experiments were done in collaboration with Cenk Ayata’s lab at Massachusetts General Hospital. | <urn:uuid:0287ba56-5863-4eae-b51e-3b897339f0b8> | CC-MAIN-2018-05 | http://csbi.mit.edu/news_2014/2014_samson2.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-05/segments/1516084891539.71/warc/CC-MAIN-20180122193259-20180122213259-00097.warc.gz | en | 0.95516 | 1,131 | 2.71875 | 3 |
Office of Civil Defense United States Department of Agriculture 1968
From the Nation's bustling capitol to the gulf plains of Texas to the rugged mountains of Montana, facilities owned and operated by the federal government dot the American landscape. Employing millions of citizens, each of these buildings serves a specialized function and, as this film explains, many have also been constructed to provide shelter from radioactive fallout. A Day in September visits eight federal properties across the United States on a typical Monday morning and examines how their emergency management plans and procedures will aid in the aftermath of an enemy nuclear attack. The Social Security Administration Building just outside Washington D.C. offers fallout shelter to the civil servants who maintain its vast database. Additionally, a fire drill at the building highlights the cooperation between federal security personnel and local firemen. In a similar fashion, the specialized rescue crews at Dulles International Airport, shown fighting flames on a crashed jetliner, will offer their services in times of emergency. The airport itself contains a massive shelter in its parking garages. At the Pentagon, military and civilians inspect supplies for the 40,000 shelter spaces which will ensure continuity of the Department of Defense.
Released in 1968 by the Office of Civil Defense and the United States Department of Agriculture, A Day in September offers a colorfully vibrant tour of unconventional structures used as fallout shelters. The film's depiction of mundane government operations alongside emergency preparations, coupled with a calming narrator and relaxed musical score, gives it a fantastically serene quality. When the United States first
implemented a system of public fallout shelters in late 1961, officials within
the Office of Civil Defense began the arduous task of finding, marking, and
stocking buildings which met standards outlined by the Department of
Defense. Because architectural requirements often called for ample space
and solid construction materials like granite and masonry, many of the first
fallout shelters were located in government buildings. Obtaining a building owner's permission was also a requirement before a public shelter location could be finalized. The ease of instating a federal program in federal buildings also likely contributed to this trend. The underground shooting range in the Memphis, Tennessee federal building is the largest shelter in the city. It also has the capacity to be the temporary headquarters of sixteen federal agencies. In peacetime, the Waterloo, Iowa post office conducts all of the normal duties of the postal service and also acts as a civil defense education center. Post-attack, it will provide registration forms and shelter for displaced populations. Likewise, the Veteran's Affairs Hospital in Houston, Texas sees many patients on an average day. If needed, however, the 12,000 shelters spaces in the service tunnels and in-patient towers can function as a disaster hospital with a forty day supply of medicines and equipment to treat casualties.
The interior corridors of the massive Hungry Horse Dam in Kallisbelle County, Montana allow for technicians to service the hydro-electric components while staying safe from radioactive fallout along with forest rangers and tourists who may happen to be in the area. At the end of the day, an attack warning drill at Plattsburgh New York Strategic Air Command Base sends women, children and non-essential personnel into nearby fallout shelters. Teams of radiological monitors will conduct surveys in the surrounding county after a strike. The day winds down with a spectacular sunset over the base. A setting sun in an apt comparison to the state of the National Fallout Shelter Program in 1968. Just as the program began with federal buildings, by 1968, with enthusiasm and funding shrinking, federal buildings were some of the only properties still actively marked and stocked as shelters. With its high quality footage, A Day in September tries very hard to portray the shelter program as an expanding component of national defense. A similar effort would be made in 1971 with Environment for Education, a civil defense film showing how innovative architecture offers aesthetics and fallout shelters in new schools. Ultimately, history would show that, despite the optimistic outlook of these films, the public fallout shelter program was in an irreversible decline. Interestingly, though the shelter program would, for all practical purposes, cease to exist in the 1970's, A Day in September would last for many years. Whereas nearly every civil defense motion picture from the 1950's and 1960's would be declared obsolete and pulled from circulation, A Day in September, along with another film, About Fallout, would remain available to rent or purchase from official government catalogs until as recently as 1986.
A Day in September can be viewed, in its entirety, HERE. | <urn:uuid:b388f94e-fc78-4736-9d4a-c279ecaf560a> | CC-MAIN-2017-30 | http://www.atomictheater.com/adayinseptember.htm | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-30/segments/1500549436321.71/warc/CC-MAIN-20170728022449-20170728042449-00214.warc.gz | en | 0.954838 | 908 | 3.15625 | 3 |
As students and their families look at college options, the question of how to pay for it is on everyone’s mind. No one solution is going to work for all students. Think College National Coordinating Center has developed several resources that share information on the different funding options that students and families can explore, such as Vocational Rehabilitation, Medicaid, scholarships, federal student aid, Veteran’s benefits, and ABLE accounts. In these briefs, each funding sources is explained, and of the conditions under which that funding may be an option is described.
Paying for College: Exploring Funding Sources for an Inclusive Postsecondary Education Program Summarizes 10 different sources of funding for college for students with ID
Federal Financial Aid for Students with ID Explains how the Higher Education Act opened the door for federal financial aid for students attending approved Comprehensive Transition Programs
Federal Financial Aid for Students with ID (Plain language) Provides a plain language explanation of federal financial aid options for students with intellectual disability
Scholarships for Students with Intellectual Disabilities Updated annually, this guide provides information on 20 scholarships, with guidance on how to find others in your area.
Use of Medicaid Waivers to Support Students with Intellectual Disability in College An introduction to Medicaid HCBS waivers with a general explanation of how some states have used them to support students with ID in college, and the types of PSE services and supports that waivers can fund.
Medicaid HCBS Waiver Support for Students with Intellectual Disability Attending College Provides more information for those who want to explore waivers within their own state.
Students with ID Accessing VA Benefits (Chapter 35) Basic information and resources that students and programs can use to take advantage of VA funding opportunities. | <urn:uuid:e767cb05-f1b5-4ada-98c3-d460934128f3> | CC-MAIN-2023-23 | https://thinkcollege.net/think-college-news/paying-for-college-resources | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-23/segments/1685224655446.86/warc/CC-MAIN-20230609064417-20230609094417-00728.warc.gz | en | 0.932518 | 349 | 2.578125 | 3 |
Gout is a painful condition that occurs due to deposition of uric acid in the joints. Often thought to be a disease of the kings, gout has been attributed to rich diets and obesity. We trace the relationship between gout and food diet. What constitutes a good gout diet? Can you control gout with low purine diet? While following a gout diet does not mean you can go without medication, but it can help reduce the number and intensity of gout attacks. Limit your calorie, follow regular exercise and keep a watch on your weight!
Gout is a condition that typically affects men and post-menopausal women. Usually, gout affects the big toe. This condition is caused by deposition of urate crystals in the joints. Purines are the source of urates. These purines originate from body synthesis and also from the diet. Uric acid levels are elevated and the kidneys do not eliminate the excess effectively.
Dietary alteration with low purine food can help in treating gout and avoiding complications. An American study noted that alcohol consumption increased the instance of uric acid buildup. The body produced more uric acid and the elimination was not sufficient. Beer is considered particularly detrimental for gout patients.
Low purine diet and gout
Reducing purines in the diet was seen as a sensible way to tackle gout and lose weight too. Some food items containing very high purines are mussels, sardines, yeast and sweetbreads. Other high purine food items are anchovies, mutton, veal, bacon, salmon, pheasant and scallops. Low purine diet must not include organ meats such as liver, kidney and brains.
Foods that are low in purine are fruits, butter, cheese and eggs as well as green vegetables and tomatoes. Carbonated beverages, tea and coffee and low-fat skim milk are low in purines. It has been noticed that obesity is linked to high uric acid levels in the blood. Though peas, cauliflower, mushrooms and spinach are high in prunes, they are not considered risky for gout patients.
Gout diet food
A nutritionally balanced diet with reduced saturated fats is best for gout patients as it keeps weight and high cholesterol levels in check. Gout food diet that includes complex carbohydrates promotes a feeling of fullness and help in maintaining healthy body weight besides providing vitamins, minerals and fiber.
You can include foods like pasta, brown rice, broccoli and blackberries in your gout diet. Unsaturated fats may have a favorable effect on cholesterol and uric acid levels. These can be found in nuts, olive oil and avocados.
Including low-fat dairy products like yogurt and cottage cheese and skim milk can help. Diet food for gout must also include foods high in Vitamin C and bromelain. Pineapples are primary sources of bromelain, which can limit the synthesis of inflammatory substances in the body. Stock up on Vitamin C by consuming cabbage, strawberries, kiwi fruit, bell peppers, tangerines and oranges. Consuming about 500 mg Vitamin C supplements have shown relief for many gout patients. | <urn:uuid:fbbb7b27-aee1-4769-b709-ebe5ec592822> | CC-MAIN-2017-43 | http://www.targetwoman.com/articles/gout-diet.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-43/segments/1508187826114.69/warc/CC-MAIN-20171023145244-20171023165244-00274.warc.gz | en | 0.948636 | 655 | 2.640625 | 3 |
Whether you’re raising chickens, ducks, geese or other fowl for meat or eggs, knowing how to incubate and hatch various species of fowl is an incredibly useful skill to have. There are many benefits to incubating your own eggs, including the fact that you can hatch a far greater number of chicks in an incubator than you can under even the best of hens.
Being able to hatch more birds is especially advantageous in a post-SHTF or TEOTWAWKI (The End Of The World As We Know It) situation because those chicks will be valuable, potentially worth many times their weight in gold, in trade and barter.
Even if you don’t intend to hatch a large number of birds, knowing how to incubate and hatch your own fowl is still good because you can’t always rely on a broody hen to do the job. Some hens may go broody but then give up after a week or two, leaving their clutch to die as a result.Then there is the fact that many popular breeds, especially those used for egg laying, have been selectively bred for decades specifically to get rid of broody behavior since it decreases egg production, which again results in a lack of broody hens to hatch the next generation.
To ensure that your eggs are fertile, your laying hens should be left to roam with a suitable rooster. Most roosters can handle 6 – 8 hens for reliable fertilization of the eggs, while some breeds (like the bantams) can handle upwards of 10 – 12 hens, so stock your flock accordingly.
If you’re collecting eggs over the course of several days, you can store them in a cool, dry place away from direct sunlight or heat. In nature, hens often let their eggs sit for upwards of 7 – 10 days while they lay a full clutch. The eggs will remain in a dormant state until the temperature rises to 99 – 101 degrees Fahrenheit, with the best viability being within 4 – 8 days of being laid.
Preparing Your Eggs
The first step in preparing your eggs for the incubator is to ensure that they are all clean. Bacteria on the outer shell of your eggs can permeate through the pores of the shell to contaminate the egg. Such contamination can result in the death of developing embryos. Worse still, contaminated eggs can actually incubate the bacteria, causing toxic gas to build up within the egg until it explodes, in which case your whole clutch can wind up contaminated.
The best way to avoid contaminating your eggs is to keep the nests where your hens are laying clean and fresh, so that the eggs need little or no extra cleaning when you take them for incubation. If you must use eggs that have been dirty, then wash them thoroughly with warm water. Don’t use cold water to wash your eggs since the difference in temperature can cause the contents of the egg to contract and suck bacteria through the pores of the eggshell as a result.
Once your eggs are clean, you’ll want to label them; many people use a marker to label their eggs, but if you’re concerned about the ink permeating the eggshell you can use a pencil instead. Numbering your eggs for easy identification is highly recommended, but at the very least you should mark one side so that you can tell which way to rotate the eggs, especially if you intend to rotate them by hand instead of using an automatic egg turner.
Incubation Temperature & Humidity Levels
The ideal temperature for incubation is a nice solid 100 degrees Fahrenheit, while relative humidity should generally be kept at about 50% for the first 18 days. During the final 2 – 3 days you will need to increase humidity levels to 60 – 70%.
To maintain the proper humidity levels, simply follow the instructions that came with your incubator. Please note, though, that when you need to add additional water to maintain the humidity, you should preheat the water to 100 degrees in order to avoid causing any ambient cooling from the cold water.
Slight variations in temperature, while tolerable to a certain extent, should be avoided when at all possible. A degree or two lower will extend incubation times and may result in birth defects, while eggs that cool to even 95 degrees run the risk of killing the embryo. Temperatures above 100 degrees are, again, likely to result in birth defects or the death of the developing embryos.
For the purpose of candling your eggs, or if you need to turn them by hand, the incubator should be opened for as little time as possible and as infrequently as possible. Maintaining a constant temperature inside the incubator is one of the chief reasons why an automatic egg turner is such a good idea.
Automatic egg turners also relieve you of the responsibility of turning your eggs 3 – 4 times a day, a fact that is crucially important and all too easy to forget. Eggs that are not properly turned run the risk of birth defects, spontaneous death, or the chick becoming stuck to the shell.
Candling is an old technique that you can use to determine whether the eggs you are incubating are developing properly or not. A small flashlight is ideal for this process, but you can use just about any sufficiently bright light.
You can candle eggs starting as soon as 24 hours after you have begun incubating them, but for the best results it’s generally good to wait until the third or fourth day at least, if not the sixth or seventh.
To candle your eggs, darken the room and simply take the egg to be candled gently in your hand. Holding the egg horizontally between the thumb and forefinger of one hand, bring the flashlight to press flush against the fat side of the egg.
The light will shine through the shell of the egg, rendering it translucent and allowing you to observe what’s happening inside. Eggs with white or light-colored shells are easier to candle than darker brown eggs.
As a point of reference, especially if you’re new to incubating fowl, you can also candle your eggs prior to putting them in the incubator. This will give you something to compare to when you candle them at 4 – 7 days. When you’re ready to candle the incubating eggs, you’ll be looking for a network of blood vessels; you may also be able to see a dark spot, roughly the side of a pencil eraser or smaller depending on how early you candle, which is the developing eye.
If you see no development, or you’re not sure, you can leave the eggs in the incubator a while longer; some eggs simply take longer to start developing, so you can make a note of suspect eggs and candle them again at 12 – 14 days incubation.
If you see a blood ring within the egg while candling at any stage of development, then you can remove and discard it, as a blood ring indicates that the embryo has died. A blood ring is pretty easy to identify, and often looks like someone drew a ring on the inside of the eggshell with a marker.
Pipping & Hatching
Starting on the 18th day, you should remove your eggs from the egg turner if you used one. At this stage they can be left simply laying on the floor of the incubator, as the chicks will begin rotating within their eggs to poke their beaks into the air pocket inside the egg.
By the 19th day you’ll probably be seeing the eggs move, and you may also hear peeping from within the eggs. Then the chicks will start pipping, with the earliest hatchers emerging on the 19th day and everyone else coming out between the 20th – 22nd day.
When a chick is ready to hatch, it will start to break out of its shell by first breaking a small hole in the shell. This is called pipping, and in most cases the chick will complete the process of hatching within 8 – 12 hours of initially pipping.
After pipping, the chick will drill through its eggshell in a horizontal circle before busting out. Once a chick has begun pipping, pay attention to how much time has passed; most chicks will get out of their eggs just fine on their own, but occasionally you may need to help a chick.
If a chick has pipped for more than 24 – 36 hours, it’s time to consider lending a hand. You must be extraordinarily careful if you assist a chick, since it is very easy to hurt them at this stage. When helping a chick hatch, pay close attention to the inner membrane and use plenty of warm water to keep the egg and membrane moist. If there is any bleeding, stop immediately and wrap the egg back up in a moist paper towel and return it to the incubator.
Unlike mammals, chickens do not have an umbilical cord, instead they are attached to the network of blood vessels that line the membrane of their egg. These blood vessels are the last thing to be absorbed before hatching, and if you assist a chick in hatching before it has fully absorbed the blood vessels you run the risk of causing it to bleed to death. A few drops of blood often accompany the hatch, but more than that becomes dangerous for the chick.
Once your chicks have successfully hatched, you can remove the egg shells from the incubator, but leave your chicks inside until they have thoroughly dried out and fluffed up. After that, you’ll move them to their nursery location where they should have an adequate heat lamp to keep them warm in the absence of a mother hen.
Don’t Count Your Chickens…
Until They Hatch
When it comes to incubating your own eggs, it’s easy to get excited about your upcoming hatch, especially if you’ve candled your eggs and can see the little chicks developing.
Still, resist the temptation to tally up your chicks because that good old phrase is around for a reason. Spontaneous death of the developing chick(s) can and does happen.
Usually, if it’s going to happen, it will happen early during incubation, or by the 12 – 14 day mark, but some chicks die just a day or two before hatching, or they simply don’t make it out of their shells once they start.
Sad though this can be, it’s one of those things that happens, and you should be prepared for the possibility. So abide by the wisdom passed down from generations before you, and don’t count those chickens until they hatch.
- a short youtube video showing how to candle a few different types of eggs
Video first seen on Charlie Trevino
- UC Davis Department of Animal Science – a useful page with photos of several different egg types during candling, and photos of various non-viable eggs, blood rings, etc.
This article has been written by Gaia Rady for Survivopedia.
|This article is sponsored by “Building Chicken Coops Guide” - Know the essential tips on building a predator-proof chicken coop to let the chickens lay the eggs safely.|
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- Bug Out Vehicles & Locations - October 9, 2013 | <urn:uuid:ca6a89ac-992b-4d36-b93f-11e266bd0078> | CC-MAIN-2015-27 | http://www.survivopedia.com/how-to-incubate-and-hatch-eggs/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2015-27/segments/1435375097204.8/warc/CC-MAIN-20150627031817-00214-ip-10-179-60-89.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.940706 | 2,478 | 3.0625 | 3 |
This has been reposted from our lab tumblelog
The Immortal Jellyfish
While the humans have been looking for the elixir of life throughout every period of history, it appears that there is one species of jellyfish that are actually immortal. Turritopsis nutricula is able to transform its cells from mature state back to immaturity, in other words – back to youth. The medusa leads a regular cycle of life, but after maturing and mating, it reverts back to its initial state – a polyp colony.
The process is referred to as “transdifferentiation”, and it basically makes the jellyfish unable to die. The bell-shaped immortal jellyfish measures up to a maximum of about 4.5 millimeters (0.18 in) and is about the same in its length and width. Originating in the Caribbean, it has now spread worldwide, and the discovery of its unique ability has heated up many discussions among the scientists. Some claim that their mystery is soon to be solved and applied to humans, while others only expect it to improve the quality of life at our final stages.
(Image source: Takashi Murai)
via the Lab Tumblr: http://genefish.tumblr.com/post/44641418201 | <urn:uuid:6823499a-9d9a-4cfc-859f-78d07f5e7169> | CC-MAIN-2017-22 | http://faculty.washington.edu/sr320/?p=3282 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-22/segments/1495463607860.7/warc/CC-MAIN-20170524192431-20170524212431-00304.warc.gz | en | 0.955002 | 264 | 2.65625 | 3 |
Could texting become an integral part of healthcare in the future? Studies seem to be suggesting it should. First we found out that texting from medical staff could cut binge drinkers’ intake by up to 50%. Now new research has found that women who get text messages reminding them about an upcoming breast cancer screening were 20% more likely to attend.
A study funded by the Imperial College Healthcare Charity tested the effectiveness of texting with two groups of women invited to their first screening at London hospitals. Researchers texted the first group of 450 women to remind them of their appointments, but didn’t text another 435. They found that 72% of women who were sent a text message reminder attended their appointment, compared with 60% who weren’t.
The researchers looked at a range of variables and found that the difference was even more striking in women from deprived areas, who were 28% more likely to attend if they were sent a text. In addition, women who couldn’t make their appointments were three times more likely to cancel in advance (as opposed to just not showing up) if they were sent a reminder by text.
The findings were just published in the British Journal of Cancer. Lead author of the study Robert Kerrison says, ‘More trials are needed to confirm this, but texting could save valuable NHS resources.’ It could also potentially save lives. Ian Lush, the chief executive of Imperial College Healthcare Charity, says that for that reason, he hopes it can one day be expanded country-wide. | <urn:uuid:d38eef3d-fb99-4977-bcdf-480523ced2fb> | CC-MAIN-2021-43 | https://www.shinyshiny.tv/2015/03/text-messages-make-women-more-likely-to-attend-breast-cancer-screenings.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-43/segments/1634323585281.35/warc/CC-MAIN-20211019202148-20211019232148-00085.warc.gz | en | 0.986742 | 308 | 2.703125 | 3 |
New antibiotics need to be developed urgently to combat 12 families of bacteria, the World Health Organization says, describing these "priority pathogens" as the greatest threats to human health.
The United National health agency said many of these bacteria have already evolved into deadly superbugs that are resistant to many antibiotics.
The bugs "have built-in abilities to find new ways to resist treatment" the WHO said, and can also pass on genetic material that allows other bacteria to become drug-resistant.
Governments need to invest in research and development (R&D)if new drugs are to be found in time, because market forces cannot be relied upon to boost the funds needed to fight the bugs, it said.
"Antibiotic resistance is growing, and we are fast running out of treatment options," the WHO's assistant director-general for health systems and innovation, Marie-Paule Kieny, said.
"If we leave it to market forces alone, the new antibiotics we most urgently need are not going to be developed in time."
In recent decades, drug-resistant bacteria, such as Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) or Clostridium difficile, have become a global health threat, while superbug strains of infections such as tuberculosis and gonorrhoea are now untreatable.
The WHO has previously warned that many antibiotics could become totally redundant this century, leaving patients exposed to deadly infections and threatening the future of medicine.
The "priority pathogens" list published by the WHO on Monday has three rankings - critical, high and medium - according to how urgently new antibiotics are needed.
The critical group includes multidrug-resistant bacteria that pose a particular threat in hospitals, nursing homes, and other care facilities. These include Acinetobacter, Pseudomonas and various Enterobacteriaceae that can cause severe and often deadly infections such as pneumonia and septicaemia. The second and third tiers contain other increasingly drug-resistant bacteria that cause more common diseases such as gonorrhoea and food poisoning caused by salmonella.
The WHO said the list is intended to spur governments to put in place policies that incentivise basic and advanced R&D.
© RAW 2018 | <urn:uuid:c24d5ecd-b1f3-42f4-af1a-c9714d947f02> | CC-MAIN-2018-34 | https://www.9news.com.au/health/2017/02/28/02/19/drugs-urgently-needed-to-fight-superbugs | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-34/segments/1534221213693.23/warc/CC-MAIN-20180818173743-20180818193743-00657.warc.gz | en | 0.948661 | 459 | 3.09375 | 3 |
As infection control endeavours in hospitals and other health care options intensify, medical suppliers are turning to disposable medical items as a way of ensuring personnel and patient safety. Nosocomial infections are bacterial infections induced by therapy in a medical center or other healthcare device. Medical center-linked bacterial infections are a critical difficulty for patients and the health care market. The Facilities for Disease Handle and Prevention (CDC) approximate that there are one.7 million clinic-connected bacterial infections every single 12 months that trigger practically one hundred,000 deaths in the United States. Hospitals, clinics, and medical professionals offices are searching for approaches to lessen these tragic stats, and disposable health-related provides are an important element of increasing individual protection.
Just before disposable healthcare products had been commonly obtainable, healthcare suppliers relied on autoclaves to sterilize all gear. Autoclaves use substantial heat and intensive pressure to sterilize things. The autoclave has been utilized for above one hundred several years, and is usually extremely powerful. Autoclaves are essential items of gear in hospitals and numerous other medical options.
Regrettably, the autoclaving method is not usually best and medical goods might not, in truth, be sterile right after autoclaving. Some plastics are not able to be autoclaved simply because they would melt. In addition, while autoclave sterilization kills viruses, micro organism, and fungi, it is not powerful towards prions that lead to ailments such as Creutzfeldt-Jakob condition and Mad Cow Condition. Even when autoclave sterilization functions nicely, it takes time and effort to run the autoclave. Autoclaves are nevertheless used in hospitals, labs, and even tattoo parlors to sterilize gear that is not disposable. However, materials that are accessible in a disposable sort are certainly safer and less complicated to use.
When things this sort of as confront masks, syringes or scalpels are reused, they can unfold infections from one individual to one more. Numerous sufferers in hospitals have weakened immune systems, so the risk from cross-contamination is specifically wonderful. Hospital personnel members are also at risk of being exposed to bacterial infections when they handle or thoroughly clean used health care products.
Disposable medical materials are meant for one individual use, so they do not pose the risk of spreading infection. For illustration, if a client requirements an IV to replenish missing fluids, the procedure can be safely and securely carried out making use of only disposable health-related goods. All of the goods utilized, from the tourniquet, alcohol swab and gauze to the stylet, catheter, tubing and IV bag, are all disposable healthcare goods that pose no threat to the client or health care supplier of transmitting an infection from a diverse patient.
Sterile Disposable Health-related Items
Several disposable medi items are sterile and individually wrapped to supply the greatest client security. These disposable medical provides are especially crucial for clients with compromised immune programs. In these circumstances, when infection control is a prime precedence, overall health care companies ought to use sterile disposable healthcare items as much as achievable. For instance, if a nurse needs to just take a patient’s temperature, a sealed disposable thermometer is a greater alternative than an electric powered thermometer that has been employed with other individuals. Catheters, bandages, applicators, tubing, syringes and a lot more are all accessible as sterile disposable health care supplies.
Private Protecting Equipment
Well being care companies must just take excellent safety measures to safeguard their overall health. They may be exposed to numerous pathogens each and every working day, and suitable protective equipment is the ideal way for them to keep safe. Disposable medical supplies are crucial to keeping physicians, nurses, and EMTs risk-free from infections. A single of the most critical protection goods is the disposable glove. www.accumed.com/kn95-mask-for-sale-respirator-safety-mask-k1.html must often dress in gloves and alter them frequently. Disposable gloves are available in latex or non-latex and in a selection of colors and sizes. Other disposable health care products that are crucial for personalized security include face masks, protective eye goggles, respirators, robes, aprons and caps. | <urn:uuid:b3f0e561-0850-44b0-ad43-a6628717d5ec> | CC-MAIN-2021-31 | https://www.samrogroup.com/disposable-health-care-provides-promote-affected-person-together-with-supplier-safety/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-31/segments/1627046154432.2/warc/CC-MAIN-20210803061431-20210803091431-00177.warc.gz | en | 0.930503 | 881 | 2.828125 | 3 |
ARCHAEOLOGICAL SITE OF AKROTIRI
THE FRESCOES FROM AKROTIRI
The exceptional state of preservation of all artifactual categories buried deeply under meters of volcanic debris from the eruption of ca. 1500 B.C. has almost automatically made Akrotiri one of the two or three most important prehistoric sites in the Aegean. The study of perhaps no other category of artifact has been so deeply affected by the discoveries at Akrotiri as that of mural painting or frescoes. Not only are the Theran frescoes preserved in larger fragments than the more or less contemporary murals from other sites in the Cyclades (Ayia Irini, Phylakopi) and on Crete (Knossos, Tylissos, Ayia Triadha) but most of them can be assigned to specific positions on particular walls which are themselves extremely well preserved, so that the decoration of entire rooms can be reconstructed with a considerable degree of confidence. Most of the frescoes thus far published from Akrotiri are figured, but rarely occur in more than one or two rooms within what is identifiable structurally and functionally as an individual building unit. A whole series of fascinating iconographic problems has surfaced as the result of the recovery of these magnificent paintings. For example, what is the function of mural painting within a building (i.e. in what rooms/spaces does it appear, with what artifactual associations, and depicting what sorts of figures and/or scenes)? How are the different scenes within a given room, sometimes at different scales and at different levels on the walls, to be "read" as a unit? Indeed, are they necessarily to be viewed as closely connected thematically simply because they appear in the same room?
The major groups of frescoes from Akrotiri published thus far are:
1. West House:
(a) Room 5: Two life-sized nude fishermen in narrow panels below a frieze of variable width on the upper wall showing a fleet of ships moving between two towns (south wall; 40 cms. high), a riverine landscape (east wall; 20 cms. high), and a religious ceremony on a hill and warriors disembarking from their ships in two seemingly distinct scenes (north wall; 40 cms. high). The frieze ran along the west wall as well, but little of this portion of it has survived.
(b) Room 4: A series of life-sized stern cabins (ikria) on the north wall, a thin partition shared with Room 5 which bore the fleet scene on its other side; a life-sized "priestess" from the east jamb of the doorway connecting Rooms 4 and 5; flower pots with lilies on the two jambs of a window in the west wall, the sill and the lower jambs of the same window being painted to resemble veined stone such as marble or gypsum. The rest of the room was in the process of being plastered and painted when work was suddenly stopped and the site was abandoned.
2. Sector Beta, Room 6: Blue Monkey Fresco, closely comparable to a more fragmentary and stylistically somewhat earlier composition found in the palace at Knossos.
3. Sector Beta, Room 1: Pairs of gazelles on two or three walls juxtaposed with a single pair of boxing boys in one relatively narrow panel.
4. Sector Delta, Room 2: Springtime Fresco or Fresco of the Lilies.
5. House of the Ladies, Room 1: The west half of the room features life-sized clumps of papyrus, while in the east half two life-sized women dressed in a Cretan fashion wait on other figures who are largely missing.
6. Xeste 3, Room 3: The frescoes from this area of the building decorated the walls of both the ground floor and an upper storey. On the ground floor, the northeastern part of the room was occupied by a sunken "lustral basin" of Minoan type. At the level of the upper storey, young women on the north and east walls gather crocuses in a rocky landscape and bring them from both sides to a central "goddess" seated on a platform supported by altars on the north wall. Immediately flanking the "goddess" to left and right and in postures of worship/adoration are a monkey and a griffin respectively. On the north wall at the ground floor level, three more girls appear as follows: at the left, a girl walking right and holding out a necklace in one hand; in the center, a seated girl facing right and clutching her forehead in pain because she has hurt her foot, which is bleeding; and at the right, a girl walking left but facing right toward the door or altar on the east wall. The east wall is entirely occupied by what appears to be an ashlar wall with an elaborately decorated, closed door at its center, directly above which is a pair of "horns of consecration" dripping with a red substance which is likely to represent blood; the "wall", "door", and "horns of consecration" may all together constitute a large altar toward which the attention of all the girls on the north wall is directed. Other fragmentary figures, including more girls as well as at least one male figure, are considered to belong to the decoration of the west and south walls at both levels. | <urn:uuid:f335033a-a2e8-4aad-9a41-9d31698caaa2> | CC-MAIN-2021-21 | https://travel-to-santorini.com/page.php?page_id=4 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-21/segments/1620243988696.23/warc/CC-MAIN-20210505203909-20210505233909-00410.warc.gz | en | 0.958465 | 1,128 | 3.265625 | 3 |
Frequently Ask Questions Transfer Pricing
It means a transaction between two or more associated enterprises, either or both of whom non-residents by way of are transfer of tangible or intangible property or advancing of loans or providing services having a bearing on income or assets. Certain specified domestic transactions prone to price manipulations were also included. The scope of the term ‘international transactions’ was expanded by providing a clarificatory amendment to include various modes of transactions, particularly, relating to intangible property, capital financing, provision of technical, managerial or consultancy services and business restructuring.
When two or more associated companies (Associate Enterprises) enter into a mutual contract during an international transaction in order to apportion a particular cost incurred in relation with a benefit, service or facility offered by any one or all of the companies, such a cost shall be calculated considering the arm’s length price of the particular benefit, service, or facility, as applicable.
The relationship of associated enterprises (AEs) is defined by Section 92A of the Income Tax Act 1961, to cover direct/ indirect participation in the management, control or capital of an enterprise by another enterprise. It also covers situations in which the same person (directly or indirectly) participates in the management, control or capital of both the enterprises.
For the purposes of the above definition, certain specific parameters have been laid down based on which two enterprises would be deemed as AEs. These parameters include:
- Direct/indirect holding of 26% or more voting power in an enterprise by the other enterprise or in both the enterprises by the same person.
- Advancement of a loan, by an enterprise, that constitutes 51% or more of the total book value of the assets of the borrowing enterprise.
- Guarantee by an enterprise for 10% or more of total borrowings of the other enterprise.
- Appointment by an enterprise of more than 50% of the board of directors or one or more executive directors of the other enterprise or the appointment of specified directorships of both enterprises by the same person.
- Complete dependence of an enterprise (in carrying on its business) on the intellectual property licensed to it by the other enterprise.
- Substantial purchase of raw material/sale of manufactured goods by an enterprise from/to the other enterprise at prices and conditions influenced by the latter.
- The existence of any prescribed relationship of mutual interest.
Tax Authorities are often concerned about multinationals underpaying taxes through incorrect transfer prices.
- Transfer pricing audits can result in substantial tax and penalties on a global basis.
- Over 100 countries now see transfer pricing enforcement as a top return on investment in auditing resources.
- Transfer pricing impacts a company’s global effective tax rate.
- Transfer pricing also affects FDII, GILTI, and BEAT calculations under US tax reform. We find that many companies can optimize cash flow with a strategic review of transfer prices.
The term ‘arm’s-length price’ is defined in Section 92F of the Income Tax Act 1961 means a price that is applied or is proposed to be applied to transactions between persons other than AEs in uncontrolled conditions.
The following methods have been prescribed by Section 92C of the Act for the determination of the arm’s-length price:
- Comparable uncontrolled price (‘CUP’) method.
- Resale price method (‘RPM’).
- Cost plus method (‘CPM’).
- Profit split method (‘PSM’).
- Transactional net margin method (‘TNMM’).
- Such other methods as may be prescribed.
There are various other procedures that are prescribed by the Central Board of Direct Taxes, generally known as the Board.
Any person who is involved in an international transaction in the previous year shall submit the report in Form 3CEB through a Chartered Accountant, duly verified by him, on or before the date prescribed by the authority, furnishing all the required details.
The Due date of filing a form 3CEB i.e. accountant report is 31st October, 20xx in the relevant assessment year.
The burden of proving the arm’s-length nature of a transaction primarily lies with the taxpayer. If the tax authorities, during audit proceedings on the basis of material, information or documents in their possession, are of the opinion that the arm’s-length price was not applied to the transaction or that the taxpayer did not maintain/ produce adequate and correct documents/ information/ data, the total taxable income of the taxpayer may be recomputed after a hearing opportunity is granted to the taxpayer.
The following stringent penalties have been prescribed for noncompliance with the provisions of the transfer pricing code:
- For failure to maintain the prescribed information/document: 2% of transaction value.
- For failure to furnish information/documents during audit: 2% of transaction value.
- For failure to disclose any transaction in Accountant’s report: 2% of transaction value.
- For adjustment to taxpayer’s income: 100% to 300% of the total tax on the adjustment amount.
- For failure to furnish an accountant’s report: INR 100,000. Further, taxable income enhanced as a result of transfer pricing adjustments does not qualify for various tax concessions/holidays prescribed by the Act.
Subsidiaries that generate minimal profits or incur losses are regularly audited for transfer pricing.
- Tax authorities argue that subsidiaries operating at arm’s-length would not agree to transact with companies without earning reasonable returns.
- Auditors often reject the argument that poor market conditions, rather than incorrect transfer prices, are the cause of losses.
Conversely, tax auditors of parent companies raise concerns over subsidiary companies generating large profit margins.
- Tax authorities question why companies would effectively shift profits to offshore companies that have limited functions, assets, and risks.
An international transaction is one which takes place between a resident and a non-resident or between two residents with a non-resident associated concern as an intermediary. There is bound to be a tax impact for one or the other, so that transfer pricing become relevant, if not for the non- resident but at least for the resident associate. Transfer pricing is bound to be relevant in such cases. It stands to reason, when the transfer pricing has no relevance at all for either party to the transaction, the rules would have no application, because the requirement of ascertainment of transfer pricing would not arise in such a case.
Transfer pricing rules relate to transactions. It is therefore reasonable to presume that the transaction covered in the last quarter of the previous year alone could be covered. There is possible view, that since it is an associate concern at any time during the year, all the transactions for the year are covered. The definition of “associated enterprise” in section 92A(2) would indicate, that an enterprise becomes an associate enterprise , if it becomes so “at any time during the previous year”. It would, therefore, mean that the associate enterprise is an associate enterprise for the whole year, so that the transaction for the period for which it was not associate enterprise may also be covered. This would, however, be a less plausible interpretation.
Head office and branch are consider one and the same in law. They are not an associate enterprise within the meaning of transfer pricing rules. But a branch may constitute itself as a permanent establishment, where it is located, so that the authorities would require the income attributable to the operations of such permanent establishment in the host country to be calculated. The principles under the transfer pricing rules would have application in such a case in determination of the income. But the partners may well expect the taxpayer to explain the basis adopted for accounting purposes. To the extent, that the principles adopted will have relevance to the transfer pricing rules, they cannot be ignored.
Yes, The Indian Transfer Pricing regulation provide various option to the tax payer to avoid any future litigation from Tax authority such as:
- Advance Pricing Agreements (APAs)
- Safe Harbour Rules (‘SHR’)
- Mutual Agreement Procedure (‘MAP’) | <urn:uuid:06b2dcf3-5b79-44f8-851c-df7c700e85f2> | CC-MAIN-2022-27 | https://uja.in/faqs-transfer-pricing/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-27/segments/1656104506762.79/warc/CC-MAIN-20220704232527-20220705022527-00531.warc.gz | en | 0.9385 | 1,691 | 2.578125 | 3 |
New fluorescence microscopy system enables super-resolution imaging of single molecules across a 40x wider field of view.
Researchers at the University of Central Florida have invented a fluorescence microscope that provides better real-time imaging of single molecules than conventional fluorescence technologies such as HILO (highly inclined and laminated optical sheet) microscopy. By enabling a much higher signal-to-background-ratio and a wider field-of-view (FOV), the UCF Highly Inclined Swept Tile (HIST) microscope delivers thinner illumination with greater than 40x FOV; thus providing clearer visualization of single molecules across a >130µm x 130µm FOV. With such capabilities, the innovation can benefit applications such as super-resolution imaging, single-molecule tracking, and smFISH-based high-throughput gene expression profiling.
The UCF HIST technology is a fluorescence microscope that uses a highly inclined tile beam to scan over a biological sample object. The system spatially filters fluorescence emission from the sample through a programmable confocal slit into an sCMOS camera supporting a rolling shutter mode. The tile beam is synchronously swept with the readout of the camera to facilitate the rejection of background. The system provides for decoupling of the total imaging area from the beam thickness, which solely depends on the width of the tile beam, enabling a thinner illumination (high sectioning capability) and larger FOV for video-rate, live-cell imaging. The technology can be easily implemented onto a standard inverted microscope.
The research team is looking for partners to develop the technology further for commercialization.
Stage of Development
- Higher signal-to-background-ratio
- Wider FOV compared to current techniques
- Provides high contrast images, high resolution, fast imaging speed, single-molecule sensitivity
- High-resolution fluorescence microscopy for biomedical applications
- Single-molecule fluorescence imaging
- High-throughput transcriptomics
- Super-resolution fluorescence imaging | <urn:uuid:9d08c7b0-5998-4533-8d8d-dad7fd0040ff> | CC-MAIN-2022-05 | https://technologies.tt.research.ucf.edu/technologies/34127_highly-inclined-swept-tile-hist-microscope-for-advanced-real-time-single-molecule-imaging | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-05/segments/1642320303747.41/warc/CC-MAIN-20220122043216-20220122073216-00707.warc.gz | en | 0.851338 | 439 | 2.5625 | 3 |
Next up: Sympathetic Characters Part 2
- You generally want all your characters to be “sympathetic,” including your villains.
- Problems make a character sympathetic. IE Everyone loves an underdog
- Relatability (IE everyman qualities) makes a character sympathetic because we see ourselves in them.
- Expertness (IE superman qualities) makes a character sympathetic because we aspire to be like them.
- Niceness makes characters sympathetic. But remember, even though villains are not nice people (typically), they can still be sympathetic if they have other things going for them.
- Note: The Hero’s journey can be thought of as the journey from the everyman to the superman.
- Note: Remember that a “super power” needn’t be “super” in the comic book sense. IE in Oscar Wilde plays the characters are super humanly skilled socially, in LotR Samwise is super humanly loyal.
- Note: Characters must typically be more consistent in novels than people are in real life. If you do something out of character, you must foreshadow it somehow. | <urn:uuid:0e153570-27da-4ffd-bf5a-cd747440a82a> | CC-MAIN-2017-22 | http://www.writeaboutdragons.com/brandon_w2012/archives/lecture-4/sympathetic-characters-part-1/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-22/segments/1495463609610.87/warc/CC-MAIN-20170528082102-20170528102102-00049.warc.gz | en | 0.92296 | 238 | 2.609375 | 3 |
ORLANDO, Fla. (Ivanhoe Newswire) -- You spend one-third of your life
sleeping. Not getting the right amount or the right quality of rest can wreak
havoc on your health, but there are a lot of myths surrounding the crucial
habit. Here are seven misconceptions about sleep that may surprise you.
It's the way we rest, relax and recharge our bodies. How much do you need? Myth
number one -- more is always better.
"You'll find that they really need between seven and a half to eight and a half
hours [of sleep]," Robert Thornton, M.D., sleep medicine specialist and
co-medical director of the Florida Hospital Center for Sleep Disorders in
Orlando, Fla., told Ivanhoe.
Too much sleep has been linked to diabetes and depression. Some studies have
found people who sleep more than nine hours a night die younger -- but if you
don't get enough, can you make up sleep? While sleeping in one morning may seem
to help, it often makes it more difficult to fall asleep that night and each
night after that.
"If you're doing it on a chronic basis, it's going to catch up with you," Dr.
What about naps? It's a myth that naps are no good, but don't sleep longer than
an hour, and don't nap after 3 p.m.
Myth number four -- snoring is normal. Chronic snoring can put you at risk for
heart disease, sleep apnea, high blood pressure and diabetes. Another myth --
you need less sleep as you age.
"We need the same amount of sleep as we get older," Dr. Thornton said. "We don't
typically get quite as much deep sleep."
Myth number six -- waking up during the night means you didn't sleep well.
"That depends on how long it takes you to get back to sleep," Dr. Thornton said.
You're OK if you fall back asleep within a few minutes. The final myth --
insomnia is always caused by worry. While that's true for some, persistent
insomnia is often caused by depression, asthma, arthritis or other medical
Now that you know the facts, stop counting sheep, and start catching Zs.
FOR MORE INFORMATION, PLEASE CONTACT:
Lead Operations Supervisor
Florida Hospital Center for Sleep Disorders | <urn:uuid:06adc0d5-24f4-4ad4-a5ee-d644fc053fa6> | CC-MAIN-2015-14 | http://www.womenfitness.net/news/cardiovascular_health/7_sleep_myths.htm | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2015-14/segments/1427131300441.51/warc/CC-MAIN-20150323172140-00271-ip-10-168-14-71.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.937557 | 500 | 2.578125 | 3 |
July 12, 2011
Speech Gene Regulates Brain?
(Ivanhoe Newswire) -- Researchers have found the gene known as Foxp2 helps regulate the wiring of neurons in the brain.
In 2001, scientists discovered that mutations of Foxp2 cause a rare form of speech and language disorder. This finding prompted years of intense research into the human gene and corresponding versions found in other species.In this new study, investigators exploited Foxp2's role as a genetic dimmer switch, turning up or down the amount of product made by other genes. The research was conducted in mouse models since they can be used to analyze genetic networks in a way that is difficult to do in the human brain.
The investigators identified novel targets regulated by Foxp2 in their large-scale screening of embryonic brain tissue and found many of these targets were important for connectivity of the central nervous system. The scientists also found that changing Foxp2 levels in neurons impacted the length and branching of neuronal projections, which is a key route for modulating the wiring of the developing brain.
"Studies like this are crucial for building bridges between genes and complex aspects of brain function," Dr. Simon E. Fisher, from The Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, and director of a newly-established Language and Genetics department at the Max Planck Institute for Psycholinguistics, The Netherlands, was quoted as saying. "The current study provides the most thorough characterization of Foxp2 target pathways to date."
Dr. Fisher went on to say: "It offers a number of compelling new candidate genes that could be investigated in people with language problems."
SOURCE: PLos Genetics, July, 2011 | <urn:uuid:d5448dc7-341a-45ad-9e0a-878120a07da2> | CC-MAIN-2017-30 | http://www.redorbit.com/news/health/2077352/speech_gene_regulates_brain/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-30/segments/1500549448198.69/warc/CC-MAIN-20170728103510-20170728123510-00136.warc.gz | en | 0.959161 | 345 | 2.9375 | 3 |
ERIC Number: ED441344
Record Type: RIE
Publication Date: 1999
Reference Count: N/A
Second Language Teaching & Learning.
The purpose of this volume is to provide a contemporary portrait of second language learning and teaching, to identify major trends and issues, to show where these trends and issues have come from, and to illustrate ways teachers can incorporate these ideas in their own teaching practice. The book is a personal account, tracing the author's struggles with theoretical and conceptual issues and illustrating practical solutions. The book is intended for practicing teachers as well as future teachers. It is composed of ten chapters divided into three parts. Part one is a concept map for the rest of the book, covering the conceptual and empirical basis for second language learning and teaching. In part two, language is looked at in context, focusing on those aspects of language that can provide teachers with insights for developing materials and pedagogical procedures. The chapters focus on the learner and learning processes respectively. Part three focuses on thematic issues that arose in parts one and two. Chapters examining the "Cinderella skill," what it is that differentiates spoken from written language, key theoretical and empirical underpinnings of a reading program, and a discussion of a discourse-based approach to writing complete the book. A glossary, index, and extensive references, as well as many charts, tables, and diagrams are included. (KFT)
Descriptors: Classroom Techniques, Educational Trends, English (Second Language), Language Research, Language Skills, Learning Processes, Learning Strategies, Second Language Instruction, Second Language Learning, Teacher Education, Teaching Methods, Trend Analysis
Heinle & Heinle Publishers, 7625 Empire Dr., Florence, KY 41042-2978 ($24.95). Tel: 800-354-9706 (Toll Free).
Publication Type: Books; Guides - Non-Classroom
Education Level: N/A
Audience: Practitioners; Students; Teachers
Authoring Institution: N/A | <urn:uuid:29a173c3-21c1-4f7e-bb07-edf3f7bc49c4> | CC-MAIN-2016-44 | http://eric.ed.gov/?id=ED441344 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-44/segments/1476988722653.96/warc/CC-MAIN-20161020183842-00246-ip-10-171-6-4.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.916324 | 417 | 2.546875 | 3 |
I just finished reading "The Little Book That Still Beats The Market" - by Joel Greenblatt.
(1) Buying a share in a business means you are purchasing a portion (or percentage interest) of that business. You are then entitled to a portion of that business' future earnings.
(2) Figuring out what a business is worth involves estimating how much the business will earn in the future.
(3) The earnings from your share of the profits must give you more money that you would receive by placing that same amount of money in a risk-free 10-year U.S government bond (for US market).
(4) Stock prices move around wildly over very short periods of time. This does not mean that the values of the underlying companies have changed very much during that same period. In effect, the stock market acts very much like a crazy guy named Mr. Market.
(5) It is good idea to buy shares of a company at a big discount to your estimated value of those shares. Buying shares at a large discount to value will provide you with a large margin of safety and lead to safe and consistently profitable investments.
(6) Paying a bargain price when you purchase a share in a business is a good thing. One way to do this is to purchase a business that earns more relative to the price you are paying rather than less. In other words, a higher earnings yield is better than a lower one.
(7) Buying a share of a good business is better than buying a share of a bad business. One way to do this is to purchase a business that can invest its own money at high rates of return rather than purchasing a business that can only invest a lower ones. In other words, businesses that earn a high return on capital are better than businesses that earn a low return on capital.
(8) Combining points (6) & (7), buying good businesses at bargain prices is the secret to making lots of money.
(9) Most people and businesses can't find investments that will earn very high rates of return. A company that can earn a high return on capital is therefore very special.
(10) Companies that earn a high return on capital may also have the opportunity to invest some or all of their profits at a high rate of return. This opportunity is very valuable. It can contribute to a high rate of earnings growth.
(11) Companies that achieve a high return on capital are likely to have a special advantage of some kind. That special advantage keeps competitors from destroying the ability to earn above-average profits.
(12) Although over the short term Mr. Market may price stocks based on emotion, over the long term Mr. Market prices stocks based on their value.
(13) If you truly understand the business that you own and have a high degree of confidence in your normalized earnings estimates, owning five to eight bargain-priced stocks in different industries can be a safe and effective investment strategy. | <urn:uuid:d7b7f3eb-b979-41a7-b6e1-14008eb37065> | CC-MAIN-2019-04 | http://notbluechip.blogspot.com/2019/01/the-little-book-that-still-beats-market.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-04/segments/1547583795042.29/warc/CC-MAIN-20190121152218-20190121174218-00226.warc.gz | en | 0.968501 | 612 | 2.59375 | 3 |
Groups who say they face discrimination within their religions because of their ranking in society are gathering for a conference in London on the theme of "untouchability". But is the caste system still used as means of excluding people within some religious groups in Britain?
Caste consciousness is a feature of life for many Hindus and Sikhs
The first world conference on "untouchability" aims to draw together the experiences of people from as far afield as Nigeria, Britain, and Japan.
Such "untouchability" or social exclusion, based on membership of certain groups, is a continuing problem for sections of the population worldwide, say the conference organisers.
One of the most well-known forms is the caste system which is practised in the Indian sub-continent, but activists claim similar ways of organising people into higher and lower groups in society can be found throughout the world.
They say that up to 250 million people are affected by the issue, and children of immigrants who settle in different parts of the world are not immune.
Reena Jaisiah is a 29-year-old teacher and arts director from Coventry.
She was raised by parents from a Punjabi background who were not particularly religious, but were from the Dalit community, a group of people who are considered to be ritually unclean by Hindus.
In India, Dalits are often forced to take the worst kinds of jobs, and can live their lives in poverty because of a system that gives religious sanction to discrimination.
Reena's parents rejected the caste system, but did not tell her about her background - which led to questions from schoolmates and ultimately, bullying when they discovered that she was a Dalit.
"People with a strong religious feeling always want to know what caste you are", she says.
"My parents encouraged me to conceal my background, but I felt inferior to children from other castes."
Reena also encountered prejudice while at university and says she can still see the caste system at work today amongst Hindu schoolchildren, with pupils exhibiting a form of "caste consciousness" by treating others according to their perceived place in society.
The Indian government made caste discrimination unlawful in 1976, though it is still practised in some areas.
So why is the problem continuing, and will any Indian reform affect British communities?
Babu Gogineni is from the International Humanist and Ethical Association, one of the conference organisers.
He believes that political reform in India will not solve caste prejudice.
Reena Jaisiah has been questioned about her caste throughout her life
"There are Dalit politicians in India, but nothing has changed. The answer is to educate Dalits and empower them."
Mr Gogineni says that Dalits also discriminate amongst themselves; that there is in effect, a hierarchy even amongst the untouchables.
The National Secular Society however, does think that legislation can be used to tackle the problem in the UK.
The society's Keith Porteous-Wood wants the government to include a clause in the Equality Bill which is currently going through parliament, which would be enacted if subsequent research indicated that discrimination was apparent.
But the Hindu Forum of Britain says caste does not exist in the UK.
They maintain that the only remnant of the system is a tendency for like-minded people to seek each other out for social or marriage purposes.
Reena Jaisiah, however, is in no doubt that her Dalit origins still cast a shadow over her life.
"I own a shop in Coventry and there is one customer - who is from the higher Brahmin caste - who keeps asking me what caste I am.
"She still refuses to take the change from my hand when I serve her." | <urn:uuid:841b5143-f7ec-42ac-8198-df57ddda5e0f> | CC-MAIN-2015-22 | http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/uk_news/8089287.stm | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2015-22/segments/1432207929256.27/warc/CC-MAIN-20150521113209-00096-ip-10-180-206-219.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.971369 | 771 | 2.84375 | 3 |
In November, Take Action on Radon!
In Canada, November has been declared radon action month. Radon is a naturally occurring radioactive gas that you can’t see, smell or taste. It comes from the breakdown of uranium in soil, rock and water.
When this gas is released from the ground outside, it is not of concern. However, if a building has been built on soil that is rocky or contains uranium, radon can infiltrate through various openings (cracks in the walls, foundations, floors, etc.) and accumulate, thus becoming a health risk.
The only known risk associated with radon exposure is an increased risk of contracting lung cancer. In Canada, 16% of lung cancers are attributable to radon exposure.
Radon is present in all buildings. The only way to know its concentration in your home is to measure it. Radon detectors are easy to use and inexpensive. You can buy one by calling 613-946-6384 or on the web at [email protected]. The test can also be bought at some hardware stores.
Alternatively, you can use a radon measurement service provider certified by Health Canada. A list of certified professionals in Canada is available at the Canadian – National Radon Proficiency Program.
The month of November was not chosen randomly: Health Canada recommends a test period of at least three months, ideally in winter, in order to measure more representative radon levels.
Source: Health Canada. | <urn:uuid:c3829f14-2e99-4dc1-9e6e-56c6164f3370> | CC-MAIN-2019-18 | https://www.centris.ca/en/blog/miscellaneous/in-november-take-action-on-radon | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-18/segments/1555578656640.56/warc/CC-MAIN-20190424194348-20190424220348-00146.warc.gz | en | 0.957878 | 308 | 3.421875 | 3 |
For life on this planet, it seems certain that once the Sun continues to evolve into a slightly brighter star, the surface temperature of the Earth will increase by 20 - 50 degrees. More water will be evaporated from the oceans, thereby increasing the greenhouse heating of the Earth. This will become a runaway process, probably in another 500 - 700 million years and will convert the Earth into a twin of Venus. It will be inhospitable for life of any kind by this time. The final coupe de grace will be delivered some 5 billion years later when the Sun becomes a red giant star, and its surface swells to envelop the orbits of Mercury and then Venus. The Earth may well loose its atmosphere at this time.
More immediately, there are many asteroids that periodically cross the orbit of the Earth, and new ones are discovered every month. Many of these will probably impact the Earth, with the same force and consequences as the one that struck the Earth 65 million years ago and caused mass extinctions of the dinosaurs. We are actually overdue for such an impact on a statistical basis, but the known asteroids of the right size are so few in number that no such impact is likely within the next million years or so. Still, there are MANY, MANY known asteroids in the 100 meter to 500 meter size class that could deliver a major blow to the Earth's biosphere, possibly in the next 10 - 100,000 years. Millions of people might die from direct consequences of the impact such as coastal tidal waves. e | <urn:uuid:0505372b-5e1b-436c-9be9-4e607fe10161> | CC-MAIN-2015-14 | http://www.astronomycafe.net/qadir/q1886.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2015-14/segments/1427131298080.28/warc/CC-MAIN-20150323172138-00240-ip-10-168-14-71.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.945689 | 307 | 3.46875 | 3 |
A recent study by the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill found that crashes involving deer statewide have climbed steadily in recent years.
The North Carolina Department of Transportation says 19,300 animal-related crashes were reported each of the last three years, and 90 percent of those involved deer. Since 2007, the incidents have resulted in 3,353 injuries to people, of which 17 were fatal, and nearly $127 million in property damage.
Wake County ranks near the top statewide for the most animal crashes.
Fall is when deer are most likely to dart out in front of you because they're moving around more thanks to mating and hunting seasons. Crashes are most common from 5 p.m. to 7 a.m. when they're harder to see.
While your first instinct may be to swerve to avoiding hitting an animal, experts say that's often not the best thing to do.
"People need to also understand that often a worse crash occurs when a driver swerves to avoid the deer in the roadway," said NCDOT Director of Mobility and Safety Kevin Lacy in a news release. "This reaction can cause the driver to hit another car head-on or run off the road. It is better to hit the deer than to lose control of your vehicle and hit a tree or someone else head on."
NCDOT offers the following suggestions for motorists to avoid being in collision with a deer:
- Slow down in posted deer crossing areas and heavily wooded areas, especially during the late afternoon and evening.
- Statistics indicate most car-deer crashes occur near bridges or overpasses. Deer also follow railroad tracks, streams and ditches.
- Drive with high beams on, when possible, and watch out for eyes reflecting in the headlights.
- Remember that deer often travel in groups, so do not assume that the road is clear if one deer has already passed.
- Do not swerve to avoid contact with deer. This could cause the vehicle to flip or veer into oncoming traffic, causing a more serious crash. Swerving also can confuse the deer as to where to run.
- If you see a deer near or on the road, give your car horn one long blast. This sound gives the deer an audible signal to avoid.
- Increase the distance between your vehicle and other cars, especially at night. If the car ahead of you hits a deer, you may also become involved in the accident. | <urn:uuid:feeacebc-56a1-4658-8400-7d0c9361dd99> | CC-MAIN-2020-16 | https://abc11.com/archive/7719687/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-16/segments/1585371818008.97/warc/CC-MAIN-20200408135412-20200408165912-00281.warc.gz | en | 0.969044 | 500 | 2.84375 | 3 |
The outstanding character of raw Linden Honey
Linden trees are tall and beautiful trees that often live for centuries, with large leaves and clusters of small white flowers. Throughout history, lindens have been used to grace the gardens of the rich and famous of the day.
The Linden trees are referred to as the “bee tree” because they produce so much nectar during humid weather; the nectar can even be visible to the naked eye on linden blossoms if you look early in the morning.
In the right conditions, the linden is an extremely productive honey tree. It does have a high glucose-to-fructose content ratio so it will crystallise fairly quickly, but that won’t ruin the quality of the honey (which can be de-crystallised by placing the jar in a warm water bath).
Linden honey provides many more vitamins and minerals than most other varieties of honey. It’s rich in vitamin B, vitamin C, biotin and niacin, and its distribution of minerals like zinc, calcium, potassium and magnesium is almost identical to the distribution of those minerals in the human body, making them easily absorbable after being consumed.
Despite its sweetness and high glucose content, linden honey contains approximately the same amounts of carbohydrates and calories as other types of honey: 17 net carbs (almost all from sugar) and 68 calories. That means that despite its other nutritional benefits and its health benefits, it’s a food best enjoyed in moderation. Due to its qualities, raw Linden Honey is an alternative to Manuka honey.
RAW Linden honey is our Premium product collected from our own beehives in Bulgaria. The sweet taste of this natural raw honey will open your tastebuds for a unique experience. Our beehives are located deep in a remote forest of Lindens, far away from cities, pollution and even electricity. With over 70% pollen from Tilia, our lab analyse can speak for itself.
Botanical Name – Tilia ssp., Tilia americana, Tilia heterophylla, Tilia Cordata
Taste – The honey’s taste is relatively mild but stronger than you’d expect from its appearance. It’s extremely sweet, with many experts saying linden can compete with heather honey as the sweetest honey you can find. The flavour, however, also comes with woodsy and minty notes, along with a persistent aftertaste which is slightly bitter but definitely not objectionable.
Colour – green or clear with a green tint, but as it ages it takes on a more traditional yellow appearance with light amber the most prevalent colour.
Crystallisation – The honey crystallizes in a matter of months. The process not only makes it solid but also changes its colour, making it turn a paler yellow colour.
Best partnered – With its fresh minty taste, linden honey matches perfectly with hot beverages. It is enjoyable at any time of the day to sweeten tea or infusions.
Its sweetness makes it an ideal ingredient in baking and cooking, perfect for drizzling over bread, breakfast foods or eaten with yoghurt, ice cream or sherbet, or as sweeteners in tea or coffee.
Therefore, linden honey goes well with all varieties of cheeses and is amazing with fresh cucumbers. In addition, use it to accompany fresh lemons with lukewarm water for a soothing booster
- Linden helps with colds and flu
Throughout history the leaves of the linden tree have been used as a diaphoretic, inducing a patient with a cold or fever to “sweat it out.” Honey made from the tree’s nectar can be mixed with tea or lemon and used the same way, as a gentler treatment for colds and the flu as well as sore throats. Thanks to raw honey’s natural antiseptic and antibacterial properties, the same treatment is often used for bronchitis and rhinitis. You’ll notice that we specified “raw honey,” and that’s for a very good reason. The health and nutritional benefits we’ve mentioned are only experienced when consuming raw linden honey since pasteurisation and ultra-filtration used to produce honey for the grocery store remove the propolis (bee glue secreted by honey bees) and pollen responsible for its benefits. Heavily processed honey of any type loses most of the “good stuff” that makes it a healthy food; raw, natural honey is always a better alternative.
- Can help with Insomnia and stress
Linden honey also has some sedative properties, so it may help with insomnia or stress.
- It helps in wound healing
It is applied externally to help heal festering sores on the skin, eczema, and burns. Due to the content of vitamins B, C and E honey helps to restore cell rejuvenation.
- Good source of vitamins and antioxidants
Vitamin C, B, potassium, calcium, magnesium, manganese, phosphorus zinc, polyphenols, flavonoids, tannins, also some essential oils. Linden honey contains organic and inorganic acids: gluconic, citric, lactic, malic, tartaric acid, linolenic acid, oxalic acid, succinic acid, hydrochloric acid and phosphoric. Organic acids cause a pleasantly sour taste of lime honey, as well as its flavour and bactericidal properties. An important component of the product is the pollen of lime. It is the source of amino acids and proteins, required by the body.
- Useful for respiratory infections
Honey in general is a great natural remedy for cough and sore throat. Its viscous texture makes it great for throat soreness, soothing irritation and allowing the throat lining to heal. Its antibacterial action helps reduce bacterial load, contributing to improving the evolution of respiratory tract infections such as the common cold and the flu and their symptoms. It is recommended to either add honey to tea or take it as it is. Raw, unprocessed, unfiltered honey is best because it still contains all of its beneficial components.
Our Linden honey not only gives your taste buds a sweet little thrill, but it can also do your body a world of good. Order some today and find out what the buzz is all about! | <urn:uuid:e16dd189-3908-4958-aa29-8bca267bf2e7> | CC-MAIN-2022-49 | https://www.princessbee.eu/honeybenefits/linden-honey-benefits/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-49/segments/1669446710417.25/warc/CC-MAIN-20221127173917-20221127203917-00347.warc.gz | en | 0.927502 | 1,332 | 2.515625 | 3 |
|Materials and techniques|
Watercolour on vellum stuck to plain card
Portrait miniature of an unknown woman, a masquer in Ben Jonson's Masque of Queens, watercolour on vellum, painted by Isaac Oliver, 1609.
Portrait miniature, of a woman, half length, wearing an elaborate costume and headress of different colours adorned with pearls and other jewellery. In an oval frame with a loop at the top.
|Dimensions||Dimensions taken from: Strong, Roy. Artists of the Tudor Court: the Portrait Miniature Rediscovered 1520-1620.. London: The Victoria and Albert Museum, 1983.|
|Marks and inscriptions|
'IO' (Signed to the right in monogram)
- Treasures of the Royal Courts: Tudors, Stuarts and the Russian Tsars label text:
Unknown woman in masque costume
By Isaac Oliver
Watercolour on vellum stuck to plain card
Purchased by the Art Fund and presented in 1942; V&A P.3-1942
- Treasures of the Royal Court: Tudors, Stuarts and the Russian Tsars audioguide:
Use one of the magnifying glasses to look closely at this miniature painting of an unknown woman by Isaac Oliver. Miniatures were painted in delicate watercolour on vellum, the fine inner layer of animal skin. Examine the woman’s extravagant costume, captured by the artist in intricate detail. She is dressed for a theatrical masque, a court entertainment which combined music, dance and poetry. These required elaborate dress and stage designs and were a significant part of court culture under James I. Anne of Denmark, James’ wife, often played the leading role herself; her ladies also taking part.
Here, the anonymous court lady is playing one of the parts in The Masque of Queens. She is dressed as one of the masque’s twelve heroic and victorious queens. Her costume, with its heavy cloak pinned at the shoulder, resembles that worn by a classical Roman military leader. The ornament on her breast is like a cuirass, a piece of armour for the male chest. The piece was written by playwright Ben Jonson, designed by architect Inigo Jones, and performed at the palace at Whitehall in 1609.
The miniature artist, Isaac Oliver, was a French Protestant refugee who fled to London with his parents as a child, and grew up to become Anne of Denmark’s ‘limner’, or miniature painter. Miniature painting was known in England as limning - from the Latin luminare, meaning to give light. Portrait miniatures were very popular at the Stuart court; James I’s Queen, Anne, wore them often; in no.4 in this case she can be seen wearing a picture box, no doubt containing a miniature. Miniatures are often seen as an essentially private, intimate art form, but they could play a very public role at court; images of the monarch, especially miniatures, were given as diplomatic gifts, and miniatures often played a part in marriage negotiations. Interestingly, this miniature combines both private and public aspects of the art. It was probably intended primarily as a private token, perhaps for the unknown woman’s husband but the masque costume very publicly proclaims the sitter’s enviable intimacy with the queen.
COLLECTIONS: Part of the collection formed by Walter Francis, 5th Duke of Buccleuch (1806-1884); purchased from that collection by the N.A.C.F. and presented, 1942.
Throughout her life, Queen Elizabeth I's cousin, Mary, Queen of Scots, had threatened the English throne, to the point where Elizabeth was forced to execute her ambitious rival. But when Elizabeth died childless, it was Mary's son, James VI of Scotland, who inherited the English throne his mother had coveted. Thus the crowns of Scotland and England were united. The ageing Queen Elizabeth had communicated the splendour and power of her rule through public tournaments. James developed a very different, but equally dramatic, form of pageantry and propaganda to eulogise the new royal family: the court masque. This lady of the court, depicted in colourful theatrical costume, is ready to play her role in a masque, a sophisticated mix of verse, song, mime, dance and elaborate scenic and symbolic spectacle.
- Strong, Roy. Artists of the Tudor Court: the Portrait Miniature Rediscovered 1520-1620. London: The Victoria and Albert Museum, 1983. Cat. 227, pp. 140-141.
"Painted from life and a striking image of a lady in allegorical masque costume. This has always been referred to as a lady wearing a masque costume, probably after a design by Inigo Jones. Her hair is looped with pearls and ultramarine bows with a scrolled coronet from which a veil falls. The dress is pink with blue sleeves, again adorned with gold scrolling, and over which a green mantle lined with orange has been looped. All the masques from this period, c. 1610, are heavily documented and there is no doubt that this particular dress relates closely to the series of costumes designed for the Masque of Queens danced on February 2nd 1609 (for text and designs see S. Orgel and R. Strong, Inigo Jones. The Theatre of the Stuart Court, University of California Press, 1973, I, pp. 130-53). The masquers, led by Anne of Denmark, came as twelve heroic queens who had triumphed in war: Penthesileia, Camilla, Thomyris, Artemisia, Berenice, Hypsicratea, Candace, Boadicea, Zenobria, Amalasunta, Valasca and Bel-Arma. Designs for only seven costumes survive and one for Atalanta who did not appear, although Lady Arundel danced another role. No description of the costume is included in the text or who danced which role. The costume design for each masquer was different, all vaguely, as in the miniature, military and all with differing, complicated head-dresses. From the annotations on the Jones designs we probably know who danced eight of the queens, although the rejected Atalanta design means that there were changes. The four queens for whom designs do not survive are Hypiscratea, Boadicea, Amalasunta and Valasca and four ladies left to play these parts, Lady Arundel, Lady Huntingdon, Lady Essex and Lady Cranborne. It is not, however, as simple as that since other designs connected with Queens survive including a head-dress for Lady Blanche Somerset who, at one stage, was probably one of the masquers. Thus we have no guarantee either that the designs that are identifiable were actually those used or even that they were not modified or altered by the participants and their tailors as we know did take place. Most of the participants can be eliminated on portrait evidence, but not all. A connection with Queens ought to be correct.
- p. 196
Catharine MacLeod with Rab MacGibbon, Victoria Button, Katherine Coombs and Alan Derbyshire. Elizabethan treasures : miniatures by Hilliard and Oliver. London : National Portrait Gallery, 2019. ISBN: 9781855147027 | <urn:uuid:7112b337-ede9-4d54-9638-8367225124dd> | CC-MAIN-2023-23 | https://collections.vam.ac.uk/item/O16575 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-23/segments/1685224644817.32/warc/CC-MAIN-20230529074001-20230529104001-00185.warc.gz | en | 0.949859 | 1,623 | 2.625 | 3 |
Nineteenth-century painting by Philipp Foltz
depicting the Athenian politician
Pericles delivering his famous funeral oration
in front of the Assembly.
Athens is traditionally seen as the birthplace of democracy...
However, as we know, democracies are vulnerable to anti-democratic forces, such as populism and authoritarian movements. This was also the case with Athens.
For some eight months (404-403 BC) the city was controlled by a pro-Spartan oligarchy known as the 'Thirty Tyrants'.
These autocrats unleashed a wave of terror, and Athens was steeped in blood during their time in government.
However, in 431 BC, the Second Peloponnesian War broke out between the two most powerful city-states. This was a long and brutal conflict.
that had been in power in Athens were discredited and they were soon
removed from the government.
outside the walls of Athens.
19th century lithograph.
King Lysander dictated the peace terms to the Athenians who were almost totally defenseless. The Spartans did not want a return of the democracy which they despised.
They supported Athenians who were sympathetic to Sparta and who believed in government by an elite. With the support of the Spartans, they controlled the city.
They immediately stripped the ordinary citizens of political rights and ruled with a handpicked assembly of supporters.
Only 3000 supporters of
the tyrants had the right to bear arms.
sits across from
the Acropolis (left)
Anyone who was deemed to be a democrat or could potentially oppose their government was executed after a show trial. Countless innocent Athenian men were executed often by being forced to drink the poison hemlock.
The oligarchs, to win popular support, tried to implicate ordinary citizens in their crimes.
For example, Socrates was asked with others to bring an innocent man for execution. The philosopher bravely refused and just about escaped with his life.
This was resisted by Thermanes, but Critias had him executed. He was a very complex man, a poet and cultured man who is a character in the Platonic dialogue named after him.
He was also very cruel
and seemed to enjoy bloodshed.
ordering the execution of Theramenes,
a fellow member of the oligarchy
ruled Athens in 404–403 BCE.
The reign of the Thirty Tyrants can be likened to the 'Reign of Terror' in Revolutionary France, or the Purges of Stalin in the 1930s.
Many other Greek states did not want Athens controlled by a pro-Spartan group and they feared the growing power of Sparta. Thebes and others gave support to the many Athenian exiles and they formed military units to overthrow the tyrants and restore democracy.
Then he fortified a hill overlooking the port so that when the Thirty Tyrants came with their force to retake it, they were defeated.
This was a remarkable
victory, especially considering that the democrats were outnumbered
five to one.
Athenian soldier and statesman.
A drawing by Mary Evans Picture Library.
The Spartans intervened and inflicted a defeat on Thrasybulus, but at a high cost. They eventually negotiated a peace agreement between the democrats and the Thirty Tyrants.
The oligarchs had to leave the city and in return were given the right to govern the nearby town of Eleusis.
The restored democracy was much more moderate than the one established by Pericles in the 5th century BC. Socrates's reputation suffered greatly because, despite his principled stand against the tyrants, he had been the teacher of many of them, including Critias.
Many believe that this ultimately led to his trial and execution.
Jacques-Louis David, 1787.
Metropolitan Museum of Art,
The example of the
Tyrants shows that democracy is also at risk and should not be taken | <urn:uuid:38ebf3f1-2c5c-4bbe-bc09-f709b23dd6a6> | CC-MAIN-2022-27 | https://bibliotecapleyades.net/ciencia3/historia_humanidad228.htm | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-27/segments/1656104512702.80/warc/CC-MAIN-20220705022909-20220705052909-00643.warc.gz | en | 0.985201 | 831 | 4.0625 | 4 |
The semantic specificity hypothesis : when gestures do not depend upon the presence of a listener
Humans gesture even when their gestures can serve no communicative function (e.g., when the listener cannot see them). This study explores the intrapersonal function of gestures, and the semantic content of the speech they accompany. Sixty-eight adults participated in pairs, communicating on an object description task. Visibility of partner was manipulated; participants completed half the task behind a screen. Participants produced iconic gestures significantly more for praxic items (i.e., items with physically manipulable properties) than non-praxic items, regardless of visibility of partner. These findings support the semantic specificity hypothesis, whereby a gesture is integrally associated with the semantic properties of the word it accompanies. Where those semantic properties include a high motor component the likelihood of a gesture being produced is increased, irrespective of communication demands. | <urn:uuid:7d9935fe-14c9-43f0-adc7-2273722dfd1a> | CC-MAIN-2021-49 | https://uhra.herts.ac.uk/handle/2299/4920 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-49/segments/1637964363437.15/warc/CC-MAIN-20211208022710-20211208052710-00302.warc.gz | en | 0.856536 | 219 | 2.625 | 3 |
Judaism Start with Judaism, since it came first and established roots that carried into the other two.Jewish tradition teaches that there is one and only one God, creator of everything, and He established physical and moral laws.
Still, Pope Francis offered his "home" - the Vatican - as the perfect place to plea for some divine assistance, and Israeli President Shimon Peres and Palestinian Authority President Mahmoud Abbas dutifully agreed to attend.”) Tradition holds that there’s a World To Come after death where moral accounts will somehow be settled. Christianity The most obvious differences in the Christian God are the traditional teachings about the Trinity and Jesus. According to Christian tradition, God begets a son who is somehow also Him but not Him to atone for Original Sin.He sacrifices that son though a brutal death and thus achieves humanity's salvation. And that sacrifice redeems eternally all who accept and believe in it.Finally, for this God, much of the Jewish scriptures (which are all God’s word) are actually about foreshadowing Jesus. Islam The Muslim God is a bit more like the Jewish God. Jesus was a prophet, but no more divine than other prophets.God has never has had anything like physical attributes and has no gender. | <urn:uuid:392efe02-7e8f-4767-b4b7-88e56694cdd1> | CC-MAIN-2021-21 | https://alrgroup.ru/news/17959best-internet-dating-sites-for-christians.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-21/segments/1620243992514.37/warc/CC-MAIN-20210513204127-20210513234127-00604.warc.gz | en | 0.959485 | 257 | 3.328125 | 3 |
Dietary therapy is an important aspect of the management of intestinal disease in dogs. Therapeutic recommendations have classically focused on dietary rest followed by implementation of a highly digestible or "bland" diet. However, as our understanding of the pathophysiology of intestinal disease unfolds, it is clear that that no single diet is likely to be effective for every patient. The overall objectives of dietary modification are to enhance digestion and absorption of nutrients, support the mucosal barrier function, promote normal intestinal motility and function, decrease inflammation, and incorporate nutrients that have a positive effect on the small intestine and intestinal flora. In addition to these key objectives, dietary therapy for intestinal disease can be divided into four key strategies:
Diseases that respond to novel or hydrolyzed protein diets
Diseases that respond to high energy, high dietary fat
Diseases that respond to low levels of dietary fat
Diseases that respond to high levels of dietary fiber
Novel or Hydrolyzed Protein
Novel or Hydrolyzed protein diets are indicated for dogs with a diagnosis of dietary sensitivity or inflammatory bowel disease. Dietary sensitivity, an adverse reaction to food, is a term used to describe a clinically abnormal response to the ingestion of a particular food. The reason an immunological response against a specific protein (or food allergen) is mounted in certain individuals is not fully understood. Genetics, age, poor digestibility of proteins, a defective mucosal barrier, defective oral tolerance, and increased mucosal permeability are all predisposing factors for food allergy.
Highly digestible diets typically have digestibility values that exceed 85%. A highly digestible diet requires less gastric, pancreatic, biliary and intestinal secretions for digestion. This results in almost complete digestion and absorption in the upper small intestine so that minimal residue is presented to the lower bowel. Proteins that are incompletely digested have more potential to incite an immune response to the residual antigenic proteins and large polypeptides. Conversely, highly digestible proteins are completely digested to free amino acids and small peptides, which have less potential to elicit an allergic response. Therefore highly digestible protein should be selected for patients with intestinal disease.
Elimination diets and subsequent re-challenge with the original diet are the only way to confirm a diagnosis of food allergy in pets. The aim is to feed a complete and balanced diet while strictly feeding a protein and carbohydrate source to which the pet has never been previously exposed. Gluten sensitivity is a specific example of food hypersensitivity which has been documented in Irish Setters.
The antigenicity of dietary proteins can be minimized by enzymatic hydrolysis to produce low molecular weight protein hydrolysates. Decreasing the size of the proteins that are ingested reduces the chances of immunoglobulin cross-linking and subsequent mast cell degranulation. Hypoallergenic diets have been recommended for both the diagnosis and management of food hypersensitivity and inflammatory bowel disease in dogs. Dossin et al fed a soy isolate hydrolysate diet to eight dogs with biopsy confirmed inflammatory bowel disease. Within 4 weeks of feeding the diet, fecal scores improved in all 8 dogs, intestinal movements normalized in 6 of the 8 dogs, and the infiltration of the intestinal mucosa reduced in 2 of the 8 dogs.
Nelson et al reported that clinical signs resolved in 13 dogs with lymphocytic, plasmocytic idiopathic chronic colitis when they were fed a cottage cheese and rice diet. In 11 dogs, two commercial diets not previously fed to these dogs were successfully substituted for the initial test diet, without causing recurrence of signs. Only two of these 11 dogs subsequently tolerated a switch to diets that had been fed at the time of onset of signs of colitis. Patterson et al reported that 20 dogs that exhibited both a non-seasonal pruritus and gastrointestinal signs had either improvement or complete resolution when fed either a homemade fish and potato or commercial fish and soy based diet. Nineteen of the dogs were subsequently maintained successfully on the commercial food. Simpson et al evaluated the effect of a selected protein chicken and rice diet for the management of idiopathic chronic colitis. Within one month, clinical signs of straining, fecal blood, fecal mucus and fecal consistency were significantly improved. Within two months of dietary therapy, 90% of 11 dogs were stabilized and did not require drug therapy to control clinical signs of disease.
The selection of a diet with a high or low fat concentration depends on the origin of the intestinal disorder and the patient's clinical status. Fat is the most highly digestible of all the nutrients, with digestibility values exceeding 90%. High fat diets are energy dense, reducing the volume of food consumed at each feeding. Fat will slow gastric emptying and prolong digestion, which can be beneficial for some forms of intestinal disease. Twelve dogs with a confirmed diagnosis of chronic intestinal disease (exocrine pancreatic insufficiency, inflammatory bowel disease, bacterial overgrowth, acute or chronic gastritis) were fed a diet containing a high concentration of fat. The benefits of the high fat diet were readily apparent with improvements in appetite, weight gain, and resolution of clinical signs of vomiting and diarrhea noted at 15 and 30 days following institution of dietary therapy.
Of the energy-providing nutrients, fat digestion requires the interplay between the intestine, liver and pancreas. A deficiency of pancreatic enzymes impairs digestion and results in malabsorption of dietary nutrients. Bacteria in the intestinal tract can metabolize undigested fat to hydroxy-fatty acids which leads to secretory diarrhea in the large intestine. Bacteria also deconjugate bile acids further impairing fat digestion and absorption. For this reason, fat restriction is beneficial for conditions where fat may become available for microbial metabolism, for example in malabsorption syndrome, small intestinal bacterial overgrowth, or bile acid deficiency.
Unlike amino acids and monosaccharides which are absorbed directly into the blood stream, fat is discharged from enterocytes into lacteals and is transported to the systemic circulation via mesenteric lymph vessels and the thoracic duct. Lymphangiectasia, a disorder characterized by congestion and/or dilatation of lymphatic vessels, will impair fat transport. Therefore, restriction of dietary fat is clearly indicated for the management of some intestinal disorders.
A clinical study with 48 dogs with chronic diarrhea (exocrine pancreatic insufficiency, small intestinal bacterial overgrowth, malabsorption syndrome, colitis and idiopathic diarrhea) was conducted at the University of Edinburgh. All dogs had chronic diarrhea despite aggressive drug and dietary management. All dogs were transitioned to a low fat diet and 14 parameters of GI function were measured monthly for 5 months. A significant improvement in body weight, appetite, drinking habits, demeanor, coat condition, skin condition, fecal appearance, consistency and frequency of defecation, and a reduction in vomiting and copraphagia were reported.
Polyunsaturated fatty acids are essential for the maintenance of membrane integrity as constituents of membrane phospholipids and the provision of substrates for eicosanoid synthesis (prostaglandins, thromboxanes, and leukotrienes). Long chain ω fatty acids such as eicosapentaenoic acid and docosahexaenoic acid, directly compete with arachidonic acid for the lipoxygenase and cycloxygenase enzymes. Subsequent metabolism of eicosapentaenoic acid generates less inflammatory mediators such as LTB5, and PGE3 compared to the metabolism of arachidonic acid. In addition, the metabolism of eicosapentaenoic acid produces hydroxy-fatty acids that block the production of LTB4, a potent chemotactic factor, from arachidonic acid. Therefore, in general, ω fatty acids are anti-inflammatory compared with the derivatives of ω fatty acids. Fish oils have been suggested to improve the clinical status of human patients with ulcerative colitis and Crohn's disease. Indeed, many diets formulated for the management of gastrointestinal disease in pets have been enhanced with ω fatty acids.
Fiber, which is the non digestible carbohydrate of plants, can be classified according to solubility or fermentability. Soluble fibers form a gel in water which delays gastric emptying and inhibits absorption in the small intestine. Insoluble fibers such as cellulose and oat fiber increase fecal bulk, fecal water content, absorb toxins and normalize both segmental and propulsive motility. Both insoluble and soluble dietary fiber may be beneficial in the symptomatic treatment of certain large bowel diarrheas since fiber helps to normalize transit time and increase fecal water content. By normalizing intestinal transit time, insoluble fibers are often recommended for patients with constipation.
Fermentable fibers such as beet pulp, pectin, guar gum, gum arabic, and fructu-oligosaccharides may have a positive effective on the mucosal barrier by stimulating the growth of intestinal bacteria such as lactobacilli and bifidobacter. These bacterial species have been shown to be beneficial to intestinal health by decreasing the growth of pathogens such as Clostridia and E.coli. In addition, they produce the short chain fatty acids butyrate, acetate and propionate, which provide fuel for the colonocytes. Short chain fatty acids enhance sodium and water absorption, increase mucosal blood flow and increase gastrointestinal hormone release. These mechanisms contribute to the trophic role that short chain fatty acids have on the intestinal mucosa, stimulating enterocyte and colonocyte proliferation.
Leib et al reviewed the medical records of 37 dogs diagnosed with chronic idiopathic large-bowel diarrhea. Twenty three of 27 dogs were classified as having a very good to excellent response to a soluble fiber supplementation. Diarrhea returned in 6 of 11 dogs when fiber supplementation was withdrawn.
Additional Nutrients of Interest
Mucosal atrophy typically leads to a decreased availability of disaccharidases and carbohydrate malabsorption. Bacterial overgrowth and decreased transport of monosaccharides by malfunctioning enterocytes can also contribute to carbohydrate malabsorption. Regardless of the mechanism, malabsorption of carbohydrates contributes to osmotic diarrhea. Therefore, diets formulated for pets with intestinal disease should use reduced quantities of highly digestible carbohydrate. Rice has long been considered the ideal carbohydrate of intestinal disease. White rice is highly digestible, gluten free, and has rarely been implicated in food hypersensitivity.
Glutamine long considered a non-essential amino acid, has been suggested to be particularly beneficial for intestinal health. Glutamine preserves the intestinal barrier function, increases brush border enzyme activity, promotes protein synthesis and aids recovery from intestinal injury. Glutamine is the preferred fuel source for enterocytes. It is also used as a substrate for denovo synthesis of purine and pyrimidine nucleotides for DNA and RNA synthesis. GIT epithelial have very high turnover rate, therefore glutamine now appears to be conditionally essential nutrient for optimal GIT function in starvation and stress. Glutamine supplementation has been reported to improve nitrogen balance, decreased mucosal atrophy, decrease bacterial translocation, and stimulate the immune system in humans and laboratory species.
The gastrointestinal tract provides a home to a diverse population of bacterial. Recent research is focusing on methods to manipulate the gastrointestinal bacterial population to improve health. Prebiotics are dietary substances, such as fructooligosaccharides (FOS), mannanoligosaccharides (MOS), inulin, resistant starch, or arabinogalactans (AG) that promote the health of beneficial bacteria in the gut and deter the growth of pathogenic bacteria, such as E. coli, Salmonella and Campylobacter. Williard et al evaluated the effect of 1% fructooligosaccharides in 16 IgA-deficient German Shepherd Dogs with small intestinal bacterial overgrowth. FOS supplementation resulted in significantly lower aerobic/facultative anaerobic bacterial colony-forming unites in the small intestine. The results of this study indicated that FOS can affect the population of bacteria in the small intestine in dogs with small intestinal bacterial overgrowth. Swanson et al reported that supplemental fructooligosaccharides (FOS) and (or) mannanoligosaccharides (MOS) have beneficial effects on colonic health and immune status of dogs.
Probiotics are live microbial feed supplements that are administered to improve the microbiological balance in the intestine. Baillon et al reported the ability of a probiotic strain to survive transit through the canine intestinal tract. Potential health promoting effects of the probiotic noted included increased phagocytic capability of neutrophils, a substantial reduction in serum endotoxin levels, and a lowering of erythrocyte fragility indices. Furthermore there was a significant decrease in the number of Clostridia reflecting a change in the colonic microflora towards a healthier balance. These changes are indicative of beneficial changes in immune function and intestinal barrier integrity, suggesting the possibility that probiotics could play an important role in protecting from disease.
Zeolite, or sodium silico-aluminate, a tetrahedral clay, is capable of absorbing bacterial toxins, bile acids, and gases. By forming a protective film on the intestinal mucosa, zeolite helps to enhance the intestinal mucosal barrier. Grandjean et al reported that the addition of clays to food decreased the duration and the severity of diarrhea in sled dogs. Clays have also been shown by Fioramonti et al to reduce diarrhea induced by experimental cholera toxin, in dogs.
1. Baillon, M.-L., Z. Marshall Jones, et al. Lactobacillus acidophilus Ds 13241 Promotes Beneficial Gastrointestinal And Systemic Effects In Healthy Dogs. J Vet Intern Med 2003; 17: 417.
2. Benyacoub, J., G. L. Czarnecki-Maulden, et al. Supplementation of food with Enterococcus faecium (SF68) stimulates immune functions in young dogs. J Nutr 2003; 133(4): 1158-62.
3. Biourge, V., C. Vallet, et al. The use of probiotics in the diet of dogs. J Nutr 128; 1998: 2730S-2732S.
4. Fioramonti, J. and M. Droy-Lefaiz. Changes in gastrointestinal motility induced by cholera toxin and experimental osmotic diarrhea in dogs: effect of treatment with an argillaceous compound." Digestion 1987; 36: 230-237.
5. Granjean, D. and F. Crepin (1992). "Interet de la smectite dans les diarrhees aigues du cheine de traineau." Rec Med Vet 168(5): 323-329.
6. Leib, M. S. (2000). "Treatment of chronic idiopathic large-bowel diarrhea in dogs with a highly digestible diet and soluble fiber: a retrospective review of 37 cases." Journal of Veterinary Internal Medicine 14(1): 27-32.
7. Marks, S. L., D. P. Laflamme, et al. (2002). "Dietary trial using a commercial hypoallergenic diet containing hydrolyzed protein for dogs with inflammatory bowel disease." Vet Ther 3: 109-118.
8. Nelson, R. W., L. J. Stookey, et al. (1988). "Nutritional management of idiopathic chronic colitis in the dog." Journal of Veterinary Internal Medicine 2(3): 133-7.
9. Paterson, S. (1995). "Food hypersensitivity in 20 dogs with skin and gastrointestinal signs." J Small Anim Pract 36(12): 529-34.
10. Simpson, J. W., I. E. Maskell, et al. (1994). "Use of a restricted antigen diet in the management of idiopathic canine colitis." J Small Anim Pract 35: 233-238.
11. Swanson, K. S., C. M. Grieshop, et al. (2002). "Supplemental fructooligosaccharides and mannanoligosaccharides influence immune function, ileal and total tract nutrient digestibilities, microbial populations and concentrations of protein catabolites in the large bowel of dogs." J Nutr 132(5): 980-9.
12. Willard, M. D., R. B. Simpson, et al. Effects of dietary supplementation of fructo-oligosaccharides on small intestinal bacterial overgrowth in dogs. Am J Vet Res 1994; 55(5): 654-9.
13. Zentek, J., B. Marquart, et al. Intestinal effects of mannanoligosaccharides, transgalactooligosaccharides, lactose and lactulose in dogs. J Nutr 2000; 132: 1682S-4S | <urn:uuid:611560c8-e431-4b36-98f4-620ea4ebbcf4> | CC-MAIN-2023-23 | https://www.vin.com/apputil/project/defaultadv1.aspx?pId=11223&catId=31460&id=3859030 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-23/segments/1685224643585.23/warc/CC-MAIN-20230528051321-20230528081321-00661.warc.gz | en | 0.894418 | 3,574 | 2.703125 | 3 |
You’ve made the decision to make use of bead stringing wire since it suits the appearance you would like for the project and also you like the thought from the reliability of wire. Now, you need to discover which wire to make use of.
The beading wire you decide to string your beads on depends upon the kind of jewellery you’re making (and frequently simply on personal preference), but there’s a couple of fundamental guidelines concerning wire hardness, wire shape, and wire size that will help you make an educated selection:
Dead Soft Wire is very soft and versatile. It may be easily bent and it is good for making rounded shapes. It really works ideal for wire wrapping and sculpting projects. The disadvantage is it does not hold its shape when weight or pressure is used.
Half Hard wire is slightly stiffer. It’s good for making tight bends, to make loops, as well as for wrapping around itself. Maintain its shape under stress.
Hard Wire is extremely stiff, easily holds its shape, and it is good for clasps. It might be tough to use for intricate designs.
Jewellery wire is created in a number of shapes. The “shape” refers back to the form of the cut finish. Wire could be round, square, or half-round. Round wire is easily the most generally used, but square and half-round wire can be found. Half round wire could be wrapped around other bits of wire for connecting them. The corners of square wire are utilized to add visual interest square wire may also be twisted to produce pleasing effects.
Generally, always select the largest size wire which will fit with the hole within the beads you need to string. The dimensions or thickness of wire is measured in gauge or millimeters. Wire utilized in jewellery making varies from 10-gauge to 36-gauge. The smaller sized the gauge number, the thicker the wire is going to be.
Listed here are the most typical wire sizes:
14-16 gauge (1.65 mm-1.3 mm) Employed for clasps, napkin rings, or like a base for stiff bracelets,
18 gauge (1. mm) Employed for clasps, beads with large holes, lampwork, metal, or like a base.
20 gauge (.80 mm) Employed for findings for example earwires, jump rings, and headpins as well as for stringing sand.
22 gauge (.65 mm) A really helpful size since the wire is rather thick, but many beads still fit onto it.
24-26 gauge (.5 mm-.4 mm) Appropriate for wrapping really small beads as well as for stringing beads with small holes.
28-30 gauge (.32 mm-.26 mm) Employed for free-form wrapping of small beads (like seed beads) as well as for knitting and crocheting with wire.
Selecting the bead stringing wire that most closely fits any project is not hard if you are acquainted with the fundamentals of wire hardness, wire shape, and wire size. Have some fun and do not hesitate to experiment to offer the wired design you are dreaming about.
In case, you were searching for the right kind of wire suitable to your specific needs, your best bet would be kanthal af wire. The wire has been providing to your specific needs and requirements in the best manner possible. | <urn:uuid:84ab25d1-d5b1-4bd0-baeb-f6d477bb2d09> | CC-MAIN-2022-27 | https://www.noisettemarketing.com/beading-wire-a-bead-stringing-wire-overview.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-27/segments/1656103920118.49/warc/CC-MAIN-20220701034437-20220701064437-00544.warc.gz | en | 0.944277 | 721 | 2.625 | 3 |
Table of Contents
Cause of High Blood Pressure
One in three adults has hypertension, also known as high blood pressure. Often called “the silent killer,” high blood pressure tends to go undiagnosed because there are so few symptoms associated with it. Unless regular blood pressure checks are conducted by a doctor, many people who have high blood pressure only find out when other complications like heart failure, stroke, or kidney failure occur.
There are a number of factors that can be the cause of high blood pressure. Being aware of these causes can help to prevent high blood pressure completely or lower already elevated blood pressure.
Factors That Cause High Blood Pressure
There are certain traits and conditions called risk factors that can increase the risk for high blood pressure. The major risk factors are age, ethnicity, being overweight, and having unhealthy lifestyle practices.
Age: Blood pressure increases with age. Men who are older than forty five and women older than fifty five are at greater risk for high blood pressure.
Ethnicity: Although high blood pressure can affect anyone, it is more common in African-American adults that Hispanics or Caucasians. African-Americans often develop high blood pressure at a younger age, and are more likely to suffer from high blood pressure related illnesses (heart disease, kidney failure etc.). They have a more difficult time successfully treating high blood pressure.
Being overweight: Pre-hypertension is more likely to develop in people who are overweight. This is because the heart has to work harder to supply a greater volume of blood to the body. This puts added pressure on the heart and arteries, and can be the cause of high blood pressure.
Gender: Women are less likely to have high blood pressure than men. After age sixty, men and women are found to have the same rates of high blood pressure.
Unhealthy Lifestyle Practices:
Lifestyle practices that can raise blood pressure include:
- Too much sodium in the diet
- Drinking alcohol in excess (more than two drinks per day for men and one for women)
- Not getting enough potassium in the diet
When a blood pressure reading is taken, it falls into one of four categories:
- Normal Blood pressure – 120/80 mm Hg
- Pre-hypertension – between 120-139 and 80-89 mm Hg
- Stage 1 hypertension – between 140-159/90-99 mm Hg
- Stage 2 hypertension – over 160/100 mm Hg
Essential and Secondary Hypertension
About 95% of people diagnosed with high blood pressure can find no underlying cause for it. This is known as essential hypertension.
Secondary hypertension is diagnosed when a direct cause is identified. For example, tumours on the kidneys, birth control pills that contain estrogens and pregnancy can all cause secondary hypertension.
People with blood pressure readings that fall above the normal range will need to take steps to lower it. Pre-hypertensive patients may not need blood pressure medication, and can normally regulate their blood pressure with a healthy diet and exercise. If the cause of high blood pressure can be found, treatment can be tailored to the needs of the patient, and have greater success.
What Causes Low Blood Pressure
Some people may confuse low blood pressure with below-average blood pressure. The average blood pressure is 120/80, so anything below that is below average. That does not necessarily mean the person is unhealthy; in fact, it usually means the person exercises, has a good diet, and has good genetics.
Low blood pressure, or hypotension, is only a problem when the top number, or the systolic number, suddenly drops 20 points or more. This drop means that the blood and nutrients will not be able to travel to the vital organs that need it. Sometimes, low blood pressure is not very serious, but other times it can be life threatening. To help prevent hypotension, and to become more aware of this condition, we should first know what causes it.
There is no single cause for blood pressure, and sometimes it can be hard to pinpoint exactly what the causes are. One common way people experience low blood pressure is through orthostatic hypotension, which is a scary -sounding name for something that is usually not that serious.
Have you ever stood up after lying or sitting down for a long interval and felt dizzy or light-headed? This is orthostatic hypotension, during which the blood settles into the lower part of your body, and the heart must compensate for the blood suddenly missing from your top half. The orthostatic hypotension causes you to feel dizzy and light headed until your heart catches up.
Low blood pressure is usually an indication of an underlying condition. Low blood pressure may be a sign of any of several things, including heart problems, endocrine problems, dehydration, blood loss, severe infection, severe allergic reaction, lack of proper nutrients in a diet, or blood pressure-lowering medication.
There are many medications that list lower blood pressure as a side effect as well. A woman’s blood pressure is likely to drop in the first 24 weeks of pregnancy. This is normal, and it usually returns to pre-pregnancy blood pressure levels after those first 24 weeks. Blood pressure is something that should be closely monitored during your pregnancy though, because it can lead to severe complications.
If you think you are experiencing symptoms of low blood pressure you should talk to your doctor. Hypotension may be a sign of an underlying condition, and it can lead to some horrible health problems. Essentially, when your blood pressure drops rapidly, your body cannot get what it needs, which can do temporary or permanent damage to your vital organs. So if you think you are experiencing low blood pressure, don’t risk it, and see a doctor immediately.
By providing you with a wealth of quality information through helpful articles, recommendations, and expert advice, we hope to give you the knowledge you need to become thoroughly informed about what causes low blood pressure.
Causes of High Blood Pressure in Women – Effects Of High Blood Pressure
High blood pressure is the level of force that the heart pumps blood into one’s arteries and overall around one’s body. A high blood pressure increases the risk for a stroke, heart failure and kidney failure. Both men and women suffer from high blood pressure. Nevertheless, the causes of high blood pressure in women may be slightly different from the causes of high blood pressure in men.
The following highlights some unique causes of high blood pressure in women:
Oral contraceptives may pose a risk for high blood pressure. As a result, women who consume oral contraceptives should do so under the advice and guidance of a doctor.
If a woman who takes oral contraceptives, smokes, she significantly increases her risk of high blood pressure and eventually a stroke.
Unfortunately, when a woman naturally reaches menopause, the risk of high blood pressure and related complications significantly increases. Menopause causes hormonal changes in the female body. The various hormonal changes; for example, may lead to excess fat which in turn may negatively affect the way one’s body uses salt, thus increasing blood pressure.
When a woman gets a hysterectomy, she puts herself at risk for high blood pressure. A hysterectomy is a surgical operation to remove the woman’s uterus. A hysterectomy is linked to high blood pressure because the uterus releases chemicals that help to control blood pressure. When this is removed, naturally, there is a rise in blood pressure.
Some women develop high blood pressure during pregnancy; especially near the end of their pregnancy. This type of high blood pressure is called gestational hypertension.
Obesity, High Cholesterol, High Sodium Intake, Hereditary, Stress, Obesity, high cholesterol and high sodium intake are some of the causes of high blood pressure in women, because they can clog one’s arteries thus causing the heart to pump blood at a higher pressure.
Some people are naturally predisposed to high blood pressure because of the genes they inherited from their family.
Stress naturally increases heart beat and constant stress and heightened heart beat can develop high blood pressure.
A woman may develop high blood pressure because of underlying medical problems that put her at a greater risk of high blood pressure. Diseases such as chronic kidney disease and thyroid disease may cause high blood pressure. In addition, medications for asthma may cause high blood pressure.
Sometimes the cause(s) for high blood pressure cannot be determined. This type of blood pressure is referred to as essential hypertension. This type of hypertension can be very mysterious and difficult to handle. Nevertheless, one simply has to try and eradicate or control risk factors that can affect one’s blood pressure.
With essential hypertension, one can help the situation by eating a balanced diet as well as exercising regularly. People who are prone to hypertension tend to be salt sensitive. This means their body cannot deal with excess salt. They can only consume the minimum amount of salt required of their body. As a result, healthy dieting and lifestyle practices are important life preservers. | <urn:uuid:d9edf354-4124-4598-963a-0d92c189bb54> | CC-MAIN-2017-34 | https://www.lowbloodpressuretreatment.com/cause/causes-of-blood-pressure/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-34/segments/1502886105700.94/warc/CC-MAIN-20170819162833-20170819182833-00136.warc.gz | en | 0.935544 | 1,863 | 3.484375 | 3 |
Final Year Project Report2006-2007 Martin Gallagher 4th Year Electronic Engineer
Today'sReport • Initial Specification • Background • Development of Project - Software and Hardware • Development Issues • Results
Initial Specification • Purpose of project to investigate the development of a system for detecting the likelihood that the driver is about to fall asleep 1.1 Sound alarm should this occur
Initial Specification 2. System primarily based on a small camera based on the dashboard 2.1 It will be used to “track” drivers eyes 2.2 Attempt to determine if driver falls asleep
Initial Specification 3. Enhance reliability of the system by making use additional sensor devices. 4. Initial algorithm development will be carried out in MATLAB, with the intention of porting some of the functionality to a suitable embedded system.
Initial Proposal Using MATLAB as a development tool develop the basic functionality of the system with the Hough Transform as the basis for the detection of the eyes.
Description of Hough Transform It is a method used to detect shapes in a digital image. There are a number of versions used to detect different shapes but all follow the same core principals The circular version was used in this situation to detect the iris in the eye
Description of Hough Transform The Circular Hough Transform uses the intersection of right cones to accumulate votes at a point. This accumulation of votes corresponds to a centre point. From this circular objects can be extracted from images.
Software Using a transform available on the Mathworks website I have been able to detect circular areas of interest in pictures and test video
Problems with software • This picture shows both eyes being detected and are highlighted in blue. • Lighting plays a major role as shadow can causes error in the detection process
Eye Detection Algorithm Once the Hough transform has been applied there are usually a surplus of circles detected. Filtering out these surplus due to geometric characteristics of eyes yields an increased stability in performance
Pick Eyes Example Step 1. Capture Frame
Pick Eyes Example Step 2. Crop Frame
Pick Eyes Example Step 2. Crop Frame
Pick Eyes Example Step 3. Convert Frame to Grayscale
Pick Eyes Example Step 4. Adjust Frame to improve image for processing
Pick Eyes Example Step 5. Apply Hough Transform to frame
Pick Eyes Example Step 5. Apply Hough Transform to frame Circles are detected and shown in this image
Pick Eyes Example Step 6. Apply pickEyes function to frame
Pick Eyes Example Step 6.1 These are pixels close to the white end of the spectrum (255) Step 6.1 Remove points with high index values. As this is image is quite dark, with the highest index value of 75. No points are removed at this stage.
Pick Eyes Example Step 6.2 Match points of similar radius
Pick Eyes Example Step 6.3 Apply Distance Condition Remove sets that lie outside Maximum width and inside Minimum
Pick Eyes Example Step 6.4 Apply angle test to points Remove points that lie at a greater angle to the X axis than specified.
Pick Eyes Example Step 6.5 Remaining points should be: 1.Similar in Radius 2.Within specified distance limits 3.Within specified angle limits
Pick Eyes Example Step 6.6 Original Image highlighted Current Image frame Eyes Upper Threshold Lower Threshold Next Image frame
Hardware • Camera • Pressure Sensors 1. FSR’s 2. ADuC 8031 Development Board
Camera The camera used is a standard CMOS desktop web cam. The resolution of 640x480 pixels was chosen so as to get adequate images and allow for speedy computation.
Pressure Sensors These will be used to monitor the drivers grip on the steering wheel. The Force Sensitive Resistors consist of 2 flexible substrates, with printed electrodes and semiconductor material sandwiching in a spacer substrate. Diagram from FSRguide
Pressure Sensors The conductance is plotted vs. force (the inverse of resistance 1/r).This format allows interpretation on a linear scale. For reference, the corresponding resistance values are also included on the right vertical axis. Diagram from FSRguide
Pressure Sensor Circuit The FSR’s are arranged in a voltage divider circuit. This involved placing the FSR’s in series with a known resistance and measuring the voltage across it while the FSR’s vary with pressure.
ADuC 8031 • The Analog Devices product, the ADuC831 was chosen for this project as it provided the embedded system functionality described in the initial specification. Its core consists of an 8052 Microcontroller which provides the necessary processing power to compute the demands made on it by the requirements of this project.
ADuC 8031 • The ADuC 8031 is used to sample the data coming from the pressure sensors. The data is sampled and transferred to the PC via the serial port. • The signal is converted to 12bits . This is too sensitive so the data is adapted to give 25 levels, approximately 0-2.5v. The ASCII value of the levels is sent to MATLAB to determine Driver grip of the steering wheel
Results • Using the MATLAB environment to integrate the components of this project I have been able to develop a system that monitors both visual clues from the Driver and auxiliary data from pressure sensors. • The program processes a frame of image data and numerous pressure sensor readings per loop.
Results • This allows system to grade the data and trigger a response if the data values fall below defined threshold levels. | <urn:uuid:26c37bf2-afdc-441b-bf3c-ab9a31df297c> | CC-MAIN-2020-05 | https://www.slideserve.com/oya/final-year-project-report-2006-2007 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-05/segments/1579251694908.82/warc/CC-MAIN-20200127051112-20200127081112-00515.warc.gz | en | 0.850245 | 1,120 | 2.65625 | 3 |
Diving is, without a doubt, one of the most exciting activities in the world. However, we must not forget that the ocean can be a hostile environment and that we must always be on our guard. Therefore, it is not recommended to consume alcohol or other illicit substance before diving.
Alcohol can increase the risk of nitrogen narcosis, that is to say, deep intoxication due to excess nitrogen acting on the nervous system and resulting behavior. It can even intensify its effects. Alcohol consumption has a lot of consequences on the body. Have a look and examine the following list:
- The increase in peripheral blood flow and the absorption of nitrogen in the tissues.
- The increase in diuresis and the risk of dehydration.
- The increase in blood viscosity, especially in small blood vessels.
All of this can increase the risk of nitrogen retention during the dive - increasing the risk of bubbles and discomfort due to decompression as the diver moves up to the surface. Alcohol can also cause heat loss. The blood vessels of the skin dilate more than usual and the blood flow increases to fill the expanding vessels. This can produce hypothermia. Drinking right after the dive can also make it more difficult to warm up the body.
Alcohol can damage a part of the brain called anterior cingulate cortex, which detects errors and self-correcting to find a solution as soon as possible. This deterioration can begin after only 1 or 2 glasses. However, scuba diving requires great concentration and attention.
You must regularly check that your equipment is working properly and monitor the available oxygen level. Small errors in these areas can lead to major security risks. Alcohol also affects the skills required for any dive, such as reaction time, visual tracking, attention span, and judgment. During a dive, you must be able to navigate the currents and have an acute sense to manage the risks that may occur or to deal with emergencies such as injuries or property damage. Divers with alcohol effects are also more prone to nausea and vomiting during diving, which can easily cause asphyxiation.
Finally, the biggest risk of alcohol while diving is drowning. Drowning is one of the leading causes of unintentional death, especially among adult men. Alcohol intake is an important factor in 61% of non-boating drownings, and other studies have estimated that alcohol intake is a cause in 25-50% of drowning deaths. Since alcohol can affect a person's central nervous system and cognitive processes, it can have a negative impact on one's ability to survive in the water, especially if the diver is injured or lost.
If you still think it's a shame to spend a dive vacation without drinking alcohol and if you can not do without it, here are some tips and advice:
• The night before your dive, try to stop the consumption before 23h 30. If you cannot fall asleep before midnight, delay the morning dive and leave in the afternoon.
• Avoid alcohol at least 8 hours before diving.
• Limit your drinks to 2 or 3 the day before and take a non-alcoholic drink between each alcoholic drink.
• If you have been drinking the night before your dive, drink plenty of water or non-carbonated drinks even if you do not have a "hangover". This will ensure your hydration.
• Avoid drinking alcohol for at least an hour after diving and, even longer, diving at depths greater than 80 feet.
This is an inherently risky activity and associating it with alcohol is a very bad mix. What do you think? | <urn:uuid:727d0f04-7715-4349-8a82-294c39251100> | CC-MAIN-2019-43 | https://www.spotmydive.com/en/news/the-dangers-of-%20alcohol-when-diving | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-43/segments/1570986710773.68/warc/CC-MAIN-20191020132840-20191020160340-00102.warc.gz | en | 0.944355 | 725 | 3.140625 | 3 |
Big Ideas Math is a complete middle school math program developed with the Common Core Standards for Mathematical Content and Standards for Mathematical Practice as its foundation. It is the only program to offer multiple pathways through middle school mathematics. The Regular Pathway prepares students for Algebra 1 or Integrated 1 in 9th grade. The Compacted Pathway and Advanced Pathway are for accelerated learners who will progress on to Geometry or Integrated 2 in 9th grade.
Big Ideas Math has been systematically developed using learning and instructional theory to ensure the quality of instruction. Students gain a deeper understanding of math concepts by narrowing their focus to fewer topics at each grade level. Students master content through inductive reasoning opportunities, engaging activities that provide deeper understanding, concise stepped-out examples, rich thought-provoking exercises, and a continual building on what has been previously taught.
Big Ideas Math delivers a unique and revolutionary curriculum providing a balanced instructional approach of discovery and direct instruction. This approach opens doors to abstract thought, reasoning, and inquiry as students persevere to answer the Essential Questions that drive instruction. Clearly stepped-out examples complete the lesson and provide students with the precise language and structure necessary to build mathematical understanding and proficiency. The unique teaching edition provides teachers with complete instructional support from a master teacher.
This site contains links to websites created and controlled by other people and organizations. These links are provided for your convenience and are not intended as an endorsement. If you have concerns about a link to a third-party site, please contact the webmaster by clicking on the Feedback link at the bottom of any main District or building page. | <urn:uuid:dafb938a-cacf-4996-a605-e6f249c3c4b8> | CC-MAIN-2017-43 | http://www.nortonschools.org/Math.aspx | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-43/segments/1508187823168.74/warc/CC-MAIN-20171018233539-20171019013539-00188.warc.gz | en | 0.927947 | 323 | 3.453125 | 3 |
In addition to weeds and insects, there is yet another group of pests, some representatives of which may be found in every neighborhood. It is composed of rabbits, ground squirrels, prairie dogs, mice, and the like. They all possess long front teeth for gnawing, and constitute the Order of Rodents. Some species destroy fruit trees by gnawing away the bark near the ground, others attack the grain stacked in the field or stored in the granary. As these little sharp-eyed creatures are chiefly nocturnal in their habits, we seldom see them; we see only the ruin they have wrought. In some of the American ports incoming vessels are systematically fumigated to kill the rats for fear they may bring with them the bubonic plague. In April, 1898, while engaged in field natural history work in Hyde County, North Carolina, I found the farms along the north shore of Matamuskeet Lake were overrun by swarms of large brown rats that burrowed in the ground everywhere, and coming out at night wrought havoc and destruction on the farm lands. The whole country was up in arms and the farmers were appealing for State and Federal aid to help them rid the land of this terrible scourge. In short, the rodents, as a class, are regarded as decidedly detrimental to the interests of mankind.
The Terror That Flies by Night.Among the chief enemies of rodents in North America are the nineteen species of Owls, untold numbers of which are abroad every night searching through fields and forests for just such creatures as these. The digestive processes of Owls are such that the hard, indigestible portions of their food are disgorged in the form of balls and may often be found beneath their roosting places. One of our most odd-looking birds is the Barn Owl. Being nocturnal in its habits it is rarely seen unless one takes the trouble to climb into unfrequented church towers, the attics of abandoned buildings, or similar places which they seek out for roosting purposes. Some years ago the naturalist, Dr. A. K. Fisher, discovered that a pair of Barn Owls had taken up their abode in one of the towers of the Smithsonion Institution building. He found the floor thickly strewn with pellets composed of bones and fur which these birds and their young had disgorged. He collected two hundred of these and took them to his laboratory. A painstaking examination showed that they contained four hundred and fifty-three skulls. Here is his list made out at the time: two hundred and twenty-five meadow mice, two pine mice, twenty shrews, one star-nosed mole, and one Vesper Sparrow. It is plain to be seen that great good was accomplished in the community by this pair of Owls and their young, for the evil effects of the rodents in life must have far overbalanced the good service of the one useful Vesper Sparrow.
A Seldom Recognized Blessing.There are some large predatory birds which destroy the lives of many game birds and others of the weaker species. On game farms, therefore, an unpleasant but necessary task is the shooting or trapping of Hawks and Owls. At first thought it might seem best to wage a war of absolute extermination on these offenders, and some game-keepers urge that this should be done. Personally I am opposed to any such course of action, one reason being that this would not necessarily forward the best interests of the game birds it is desired to serve. So important and yet so unexpected is the ultimate effect of the activities of predatory creatures that in a state of nature I am convinced the supply of game birds is increased rather than decreased by being preyed upon. Like all other creatures, birds are subject to sickness and disease, but by the laws of nature it appears that they are not designed to suffer long. Their quick removal is advisable if they are to be pre-vented from spreading contagion among their fellows, or breeding and passing on their weakness to their offspring. Sometimes the Hawk, dashing at a covey of game birds, may capture one of its strongest and healthiest members, but the chances are that the afflicted member, which is not so quick on the rise or is a little slower on the wing, is the one to be taken. Just as some savages are said to put to death the incompetent and unfit, so do the laws operate which govern wild life. If, therefore, we should destroy all the Hawks, Owls, wild cats, foxes, skunks, snakes, and other predatory creatures, it is an open question whether in the long run our game birds would be the gainers thereby.
Some time ago I visited a large game farm in one of the Southern States, where for several years the owner had been engaged in raising English Ring-necked Pheasants. The gamekeeper stated that there were about six thousand of these brilliantly coloured birds on the preserve at that time. He also pointed with pride to an exhibit on the walls of a small house. An examination showed that the two sides and one end of this building were thickly deco-rated with the feet of Hawks, Crows, Owls, domestic cats, minks, weasels, and other creatures that :were supposed to be the enemies of Pheasants. Two men were employed on the place to shoot and trap at all seasons, and the evidences of their industry were nailed up, to let all men see that the owner of the big game farm meant to allow no wild bird or animal to fatten on his game birds.
A year later I again visited the same preserve and found great lamentation. More than five thousand Pheasants had been swept away by disease within a few weeks. Is it going too far to say that the gun-men and trappers had overdone their work? So few Hawks or Owls or foxes had been left to capture the birds first afflicted, that these had been permitted to associate with their kind and to pass on weakness and disease to their offspring until the general health tone of the whole Pheasant community had become lowered. In the end five-sixths of the birds had succumbed to the devastations of disease.
All birds have their part to play in the great economy of the earth, and it is a dangerous experiment to upset the balance of Nature. | <urn:uuid:ca90111b-c3b4-4f30-822c-236aa2df3c2c> | CC-MAIN-2016-18 | http://birds.yodelout.com/bird-study-dealing-with-the-rodent-pests/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-18/segments/1461860123840.94/warc/CC-MAIN-20160428161523-00125-ip-10-239-7-51.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.978953 | 1,301 | 3.0625 | 3 |
Leadership and The Contingency Theory
Leadership has always been discussed at length and the various theories compared for their strengths and weaknesses.
Ultimately, and going by the number of theories proposed, it is evident that there is no perfect theory which can be used to explain the best way of going about leadership.
One thing however is largely agreed upon, although still with some critics allowed to disagree. Leadership is not all about the leader in the sense that someone can be a perfect leader. The situation greatly influences his effectiveness.
In view of this, one of the theories of leadership is the contingency theory. Because you obviously know what leadership is, what of the contingency theory of leadership?
Contingency theories primarily focus on the context of leadership. They look at the effects of the situation on the success of a leader. Put differently, the propose that a leader’s effectiveness is heavily determined by the situation he is in.
This does not mean that they completely disregard the leader’s personality. They consider it but not as the most important factor determining the success of the leader.
There are various theories classified as contingency theories. These are discussed below.
Fiedler’s contingency theory
Fred Fiedler was an Austrian-born American psychologist who was involved in industrial and organizational psychology. From his research, he found that personalities alone could not effectively help pick a leader. He realized that the situation in which a leader was, greatly determined his success.
He referred to the leader’s personality as the ‘leadership style’ and the situation as the ‘situational favorableness.’ To identify a suitable leader for a given situation, these two aspects would have to be considered.
For the leadership style, Fiedler came up with a scale he called the Least Preferred Co-Worker (LPC) scale.
This scale considers several traits of co-workers a leader would not want to work with. As a leader, this is the person you feel would make it difficult to succeed if working with. An example of the scale is shown below.
|Unfriendly||1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8||Friendly|
|Unpleasant||1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8||Pleasant|
|Rejecting||1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8||Accepting|
|Tense||1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8||Relaxed|
|Cold||1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8||Warm|
|Boring||1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8||Interesting|
|Backbiting||1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8||Loyal|
|Uncooperative||1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8||Cooperative|
|Hostile||1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8||Supportive|
|Guarded||1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8||Open|
|Insincere||1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8||Sincere|
|Unkind||1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8||Kind|
|Inconsiderate||1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8||Considerate|
|Untrustworthy||1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8||Trustworthy|
|Gloomy||1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8||Cheerful|
|Quarrelsome||1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8||Harmonious|
Source: Table from “A Theory of Leadership Effectiveness” by Professor F.E. Fiedler. © 1967.
You would select the rating of how willing you would be to work with people who had the given traits. At the end of the exercise, all scores are added together. According to Fiedler, the total score could tell whether you are task oriented or people oriented.
If after this exercise you got a Low score (Low LPC), it means that you are more task-oriented. You would therefore perform very well in situations where it was critical that the job gets done. You rarely focus on building relationships but are good at organizing teams to tackle work problems quickly.
Higher scores (High LPC) mean that you are more people-oriented. You have a keen eye for building relationships and are good at maintaining harmony and dealing with complex situations.
When it comes to situational favorableness, there are three factors to be considered. These are:
1. Leader-Member Relations – this is a look at how well you are relating with your followers. If you are in good relation terms with them and they trust you, then the situation is favorable.
Watch the below video for insight on the importance of good leader-follower relations.
2. Task Structure – this is the structure and clarity of the task at hand. If the task is one that is well understood, then the situation is favorable. Otherwise, it is unlikely that you will be successful.
3. Leader’s Positional Power – this is the amount of power that you have over your followers. Power is all about your ability to provide reward or punishment. More power enables you to have significant influence over your followers. If you have more power, then things will work out in your favor. Your positional power is either strong or weak.
Having these two factors considered, they are put together to determine who would be best placed to lead a group at a certain time. Everything combines as per the table below.
|Leader-Member Relations||Task Structure||Leader’s Position Power||Most Effective Leader|
Breakdown of Most Effective Leader Style
Source: Table from “A Theory of Leadership Effectiveness” by Professor F.E. Fiedler. © 1967.
An example application would be the scenario of a new project where your team is supposed to design a machine. You have not worked with this team for more than two months and know that you aren’t normally open with them. The leader-member relations are therefore poor.
The amount of information you have about the requirements is not enough thus the task is unstructured. However, you have strong positional power which you can use to direct the team. In this scenario, you would be the best kind of leader if you are a High LPC leader.
Hersey-Blanchard situational leadership theory
This is also referred to as the situational leadership model. It is mainly determined by the level of maturity of your followers. The maturity level of your followers is determined by their task skills and motivation.
- Task skills – this is the ability for your followers to complete tasks using the skills they have. If their task skills are low, then you will have to impart some knowledge into them.
- Motivation – this is a measure of the amount of enthusiasm your followers have for finishing tasks. If their motivation is high, then you will not have much work trying to convince them of the importance of staying on course.
On the other hand, they could be less motivated towards working. In such situations, you will have to put in some effort in order to ensure the whole team flows in unity.
Motivation and Task skills are used to form four distinct levels of readiness for the work. These levels are also called the levels of maturity. They are:
- M1 – your team members lack the skills and motivation to complete the task.
- M2 – your team members have the motivation for the work but lack the necessary skills.
- M3 – team members have the required skills but lack the motivation to complete the task.
- M4 – team members are both skilled and highly motivated to complete the task.
Also to be considered are the leadership styles. These are defined as:
- Telling/Directing (S1) – under this leadership style, as the leader, you are mainly giving commands and instructions. There is little input from your followers as communication is usually one-way.
- Selling/Coaching (S2) – with selling, there is more interactions between you and your followers. The way in which you get involved in the work is by providing direction and guidance. This makes it easy for your followers to engage with your although you are still the one calling the shots.
- Participating/Supporting (S3) – this is a situation where you value relationships highly. As a result, you ensure that work is done in teams where interactions will be possible. As the leader, you will work together with the various teams, thus the name participating.
- Delegating (S4) – when you have complete trust in your followers whom you have trained, you can give them tasks to work on and be sure they will do a great job. As you trust them more and more, you give them responsibilities and delegate more tasks. This helps them become better.
The below illustration shows the maturity levels and the leadership style that is best for a given situation.
Source: Developing Potential
This theory looks at the leader’s style but puts emphasis on the results coming from the followers. The leader is viewed more like a source of inspiration who can influence his followers to complete the job. The theory was introduced by Martin G. Evans (1970) and further developed by Robert House (1971).
This theory is based on the expectancy theory by Victor Vroom (1964) which essentially states that people always act according to the reward expected. If they believe that what they are told to do will pay off, and the reward is something they value, then they will put in the effort.
As a leader using the path-goal model, you have the basic responsibility of motivating your followers and giving them an assurance of their expectations. You will need to analyze the needs of your followers and adjust accordingly so as to be in a position to effectively engage and motivate them.
The processes in this style of leadership are:
1. Determine the employee and environmental variables – these are the factors to be considered before deciding on which style of leadership to use. Obstacles which may arise in the course of the work may require your intervention if they are too big for your followers.
2. Select a leadership style – this is the main area of work for the leader as he is the real variable. Although the followers are being guided on the best way to succeed, you are the one expected to change your style accordingly. Four leadership styles have been proposed by this model:
- Directive – you give directions on what needs to be done, how it’s to be done and develop schedules for the work.
- Supportive – you provide support for your team to make their work less burdensome. Being supportive, you are approachable and ready to get involved in assisting where necessary.
- Participative – this requires you to engage your followers before making decisions on how best to proceed from one stage of the task to another.
- Achievement – you set goals for your team and express confidence in their abilities to perform and deliver the required results.
3. Focus on motivating your followers – motivating followers is at the heart of this model. As a leader, your eyes are definitely on the prize/goal. But that ultimate goal is being achieved through the effort of your followers. To ensure they stay on course, especially in a big project or difficult task, consistent motivation is needed.
Vroom–Yetton contingency model
This is also referred to as the decision-making model. Decision making is key in leadership and to a large extent, determines the relations between the leader and the followers. This relation has an impact on the leader’s success.
Leaders make decisions differently. Yet, being a contingency theory, situations still have a lot of influence over how a leader makes decisions.
This theory differentiates between five types of leadership styles. They are primarily three but two have two degrees to which they can be implemented.
- Autocratic (A1) – a completely autocratic style of leadership is used in making decisions. Whatever information you have becomes enough to make the decision and no further input from your team is required.
- Autocratic (A2) – this is still autocratic but not as extreme as the previous style. Some consultation is done with your team members so as to obtain more information as needed. Afterwards, you make the decision alone.
- Consultative (C1) – you consult with your team members individually so as to get their opinions. You then proceed top make the decision by yourself.
- Consultative (C2) – the consultations in this style of leadership are at a wider level. You organize for a meeting for all team members, or as many as possible, so as to discuss the situation. You get their suggestions but still make the decision yourself.
- Collaborative (G2) – this style is purely focused on reaching a consensus. You organize for a meeting to discuss the situation. You facilitate the discussion and urge everyone to give their suggestion. The decision is then made together based on the consensus of the team.
To make the decision, some factors also come up as important considerations. These are:
- Quality of the decision – the quality of the decision to be made is key in determining the process you will follow. For example, critical business decisions require a lot of information to be available. This could mean lots of consultations.
- Your team’s commitment – the degree of commitment your team has is also a major factor to consider. The more invested people are into you and your business, the more the decisions made will affect them.
As a result, it is wise to ensure you understand your team’s commitment level. If they are heavily invested in the team, then decisions are better made through a collaborative process. This makes them feel appreciated and are likely to be more loyal and supportive.
- Time constraints – time is always a crucial factor when decisions need to be made fast. You will not have the privilege of consulting widely or gathering a lot of information. As a result, collaborative processes may not be the best for such circumstances. In such cases, the autocratic style (A1) becomes almost necessary.
It is not an easy thing to make decisions quickly especially in the absence of crucial information. Watch the below video and learn how to go about it.
Vroom and Yetton developed a decision tree to help illustrate the process of decision making. The below image shows the Vroom-Yetton decision tree.
FACTORS DETERMINING THE STYLE OF LEADERSHIP
Given the different perspectives of the contingency theory, it is obvious that there are factors which make one more applicable than the other in a given situation. These are what you will first have to consider before deciding which one of the four styles to use.
Whereas you cannot preempt all factors beforehand, here are some of the most common ones.
Maturity level of the followers
Leaders and followers are never at the same level of thinking, understanding or acting. By and large, regardless of the leadership theory applied, this is one of the reasons the leader stands out as different from the followers.
The maturity level of your followers greatly determines how you interact with them. For example, highly mature followers understand responsibility. As such, you can rely on the job being done once the instructions are given.
On the other hand, less mature followers may not have grasped the importance of this. For this reason, they may not be very diligent in their work thus prone to produce low quality work. For optimum results, you may need to get involved in the work being done.
The organization’s culture
The organization’s culture dictates everything—from communication styles to individual behaviors. It is the leader’s responsibility to create a good culture at the workplace which will make the environment conducive for work.
However, an organization’s culture is also affected by the individuals working in it. People bring in their learned habits and influence the work environment. This is something which the leader has to consciously work on controlling.
For example, if the organization’s culture is one which encourages competition, team work may not be an easy thing to achieve. In such a situation, a leader who works well with teams may have a difficult time operating in this environment, thereby possibly being unsuccessful.
Amount of time available to complete the task
Some tasks have time constraints attached to them. This is especially so in competitive industries. When such tasks are before the organization, then the best way to handle them is to focus on them.
This makes a task-oriented leader very effective because he is mainly concerned in achieving goals. If there is an issue raised which does not directly affect the outcome of the work being done, then the issue may not receive much attention.
Amount of personal power held by the leader
Personal power is the ability to control the situations around you which can hinder you from achieving your goals. It is easily seen in the ability to change from bad habits to productive ones.
Having personal power gives you a good perspective of the situations around you. You are able to understand them in ways others are not. As a result, the kind of interaction you seek with your followers will rely on this insight which you have.
This influences the response you get from your followers when you ask them to do certain jobs. With personal power, you will have an easy time convincing people to do something. Being respectful towards your followers is part of this and helps achieve your goals.
Amount of positional power held by the leader
Positional power is the one exercised by someone by virtue of the position held. If he is a supervisor, he has power over those reporting to him directly.
Positional power can only be practiced depending on the amount of authority you have. A manager will have and exercise power over the employees directly reporting to him but a CEO will have power over all the employees in the organization.
When it comes to leadership however, things can go south if you abuse your authority. And as much as you may still be the manager (positional power), you may have lost the ability to influence and direct people after they lose their trust in you. Watch the below video to understand this.
Type of relationship between the leader and followers
The relationship which you have with your followers is key in determining how the situation will be handled. If the relationship is positive, then it becomes easy for you to get input from your followers.
It will also be easier to direct your followers when you have something that needs to be done. A positive relationship between a leader and his followers will provide a conducive environment for the leader’s success regardless of the situation arising.
Clarity of task at hand
Some tasks are simple while others are complex. If the task is easy enough, then you can use a style which focuses on delegation without much concern. If however it is complex, you may need to be more involved in the execution of the tasks.
This is also related to the technical expertise of your followers. If the followers are technically or intellectually skilled, then dealing with situations will be easier as opposed to when they lack these skills.
STRENGTHS OF CONTINGENCY THEORIES
The contingency theory of leadership gives much attention to the situations surrounding the leader. It gained much acceptance and was hailed for several reasons. Some of them are:
1. It has brought better understanding to the study of leadership – this theory does not attempt to explain leadership as something that can be handled using a particular style. In fact, there is no best style of leadership. With this theory, the situations determine the kind of leadership required.
As such, it recognizes that different situations bring about different demands which are the ones that determine whether a particular style of leadership will be effective or not.
2. It helps know what kind of leaders are needed for various situations – these theories give the understanding of how situations affect the success of a leader. In order to achieve success in a particular situation, an organization could easily check the leadership styles of various candidates then pick one for the position.
This gives the contingency theory the ability to predict who could become a suitable leader in certain situations. All that is needed is an understanding of the situation and the leadership styles of the candidates.
3. Can help organizations in human resource planning – this theory is based on a lot of research and as such, can provide organizations with a lot of information to help them build leadership profiles.
This is very helpful because as different situations occur, an organization will know who exactly to put in a position that can steer a project into success.
WEAKNESSES OF CONTINGENCY THEORIES
Like all other theories, the contingency theory is not without its fair share of criticism. The below considerations are some of the arguments by critics.
- It doesn’t account for the position of the leader – although this theory is a leadership theory, it focuses too much on the situation and does not consider the leader himself. This means that it doesn’t really look at what it’s meant to explain—the leader.
- Can be too rigid to practice – for example, the LPC scale proposed by Fiedler can be used to decide that a leader is not a good leader based on his LPC score. However, in some cases, it may actually be that the situation itself is what needs to change.
- It doesn’t offer opportunities to improve leaders – with no set traits to develop but only focusing on the situation, it becomes difficult to groom leaders. The theory primarily proposes specific types of styles which all leaders are supposed to fall under.
The contingency theory of leadership is concerned with the situations which leaders operate in. The theory suggests that these situations are what determine the effectiveness of the leader.
Although quite different from other theories, it still gives a unique perspective to be considered.
Plastic pollution is a problem that plagues not one, but all of the world’s oceans, killing sea life …
Whatever your dream was when you were little-become a movie star, a doctor, a famous sportsperson, … | <urn:uuid:7e2d5b7d-ad28-45db-8cbd-5ab1f557f404> | CC-MAIN-2020-50 | https://www.cleverism.com/leadership-and-the-contingency-theory/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-50/segments/1606141216175.53/warc/CC-MAIN-20201130130840-20201130160840-00681.warc.gz | en | 0.958902 | 4,543 | 3.0625 | 3 |
Webinar: Storing data in databases
|Starts:||15:00 25 Oct 2016|
|Ends:||16:00 25 Oct 2016|
|What is it:||Webinar|
|Organiser:||Cathie Marsh Institute for Social Research|
Storing small amounts of data may be feasible in a spreadsheet whereas very large datasets may require a Big Data ecosystem. However, intermediate datasets (5-15 Gb size) can be stored in a desktop-based database system.
There are many different, freely available database systems to choose from depending on your needs. The choice depends on how much data you have or plan to collect, the type of the data you are gathering and how you will need to query the data.
This introductory webinar will cover:
- a basic definition of a database and introduction to a variety of database types
- how data can be stored in relational databases and equally importantly how data can be retrieved from them by writing queries in SQL (Structured Query Language).
- how data can be stored in ‘NoSQL’ databases such as Document databases (MongoDB) and Graph databases (Neo4j). Each database has its own query language and set of commands to load and store the data. For comparison we will show how data can be stored and retrieved from different ‘NoSQL’ databases.
This introductory webinar is intended for researchers with no previous experience of programming or of using databases.
Travel and Contact Information | <urn:uuid:d6aa7f20-2b00-4a10-a5df-1e3ac9c4cf59> | CC-MAIN-2022-21 | https://events.manchester.ac.uk/event/event:m7c-ito1k80a-ad6ua0/webinar-storing-data-in-databases | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-21/segments/1652662509990.19/warc/CC-MAIN-20220516041337-20220516071337-00154.warc.gz | en | 0.842918 | 322 | 3.234375 | 3 |
Location: Sugarcane Research Unit
Title: Breeding for stem borer resistance in sugarcane Author
Submitted to: Meeting Abstract
Publication Type: Abstract Only
Publication Acceptance Date: July 30, 2013
Publication Date: N/A
Technical Abstract: Stem borers are arguably the most important group of insect pests of sugarcane. Stem borers primarily belong to the insect order Lepidoptera, although a few species belong to the order Coleoptera. The larvae of these insects bore into the sugarcane stalk and heavy infestations can cause severe losses in yield, both in sucrose and in tonnage (biomass). Integrated pest management of these pests is widely practiced around the world and employs a combination of control tactics including biological control, host plant resistance, insecticides, and cultural controls. Of these tactics, biological control is the most widely practiced along with insecticides, but plant resistance is also important. Host plant resistance has played a particularly prominent role in control of the sugarcane borer in Louisiana. Research has shown that planting borer resistant varieties can reduce insecticide treatments by 25%. Unfortunately for growers, sugarcane borer resistance is not a breeding objective. Therefore, the release of borer resistant varieties is left up to chance and their release to growers is sporadic. At this grower meeting, I will discuss what we have learned from several years of research in breeding for stem borer resistance and how developing borer resistant varieties can be obtained should farmers demand this trait in their sugarcane varieties. | <urn:uuid:1d0a523c-2b19-47af-a872-17c3ba8d6b2e> | CC-MAIN-2015-18 | http://ars.usda.gov/research/publications/publications.htm?SEQ_NO_115=296627 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2015-18/segments/1429246633512.41/warc/CC-MAIN-20150417045713-00192-ip-10-235-10-82.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.93647 | 322 | 2.671875 | 3 |
Posted On June 13th, 2011 | Topics! Topics! Topics!
The problem of children employment is burning in the modern world. There are different points of view on the issue and they may be easily discussed in child labour papers. The main fields that are connected to the child labour papers are law issues, conscience, the financial and moral issues as well as the problem of the necessity in some situations. Here are some ideas on the problem that may be discussed in the child labour papers.
10 great ideas on child labour papers
- Is it legal to employ children? What fines are implemented if it is not? Students should check the basic law of the country to answer this question.
- Compare and contrast the laws about child labour in different countries. Try to find those where law related to the problem is different.
- Child labour papers can be devoted to the employers’ conscious who use kids for private profit.
- International policies in the relation to child employment may be dwelled upon in child labour papers.
- What should be done if a child wants to work to feed him/her?
- Gender differences and age patterns may be discussed in child labour papers.
- Parents’ decision of working children may be considered in child labour papers.
- The financial side of the problem can be checked. Students may express personal opinion on why child labour is less paid. Is it fair?
- Child labour and poverty can be the focus of students’ discussion.
Thus, there are some ideas on what should be discussed in child labour papers. Students should use the chance to select one for their papers.
When purchasing a paper at Writing-Services.org you get completely free plagiarism report and topics ideas. Read our writing tips and buy a cheap custom written paper of top quality. Help yourself – purchase a paper from us: feel safe with your academic success!
You may pay with PayPal or other any other acceptable payment method convenient for you. When placing an order with us you get high quality service guaranteed. | <urn:uuid:02cbd53e-1251-43f4-b918-775f0056bea3> | CC-MAIN-2015-27 | http://writing-services.org/blog/2011/06/13/child-labour-paper-great-ideas-for-proficient-discussion/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2015-27/segments/1435375098464.55/warc/CC-MAIN-20150627031818-00109-ip-10-179-60-89.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.931769 | 413 | 2.8125 | 3 |
Here it comes! Another installation of Illustration Friday Kids Projects!
This lesson is taken straight from my book by Quarry publishers: Art Lab for Kids. Remember though – you are allowed to try this out too!
Sometimes it’s super fun to “draw” with something other than a pencil. I also find that tearing up paper in general is a very relaxing activity… don’t you?!
So for this adventure all you need to gather is:
• Assorted-colored tissue paper
• White glue thinned with water
• A soft paintbrush
• A piece of card stock to glue your “drawing” to
• Pencil (if desired!)
To get started:
1. Using a mirror or a photograph of yourself — take a good look at the shape of your face. Is it round-ish? Square-ish? You decide!
2. Start by drawing a light outline of the shape of your face. Of course you don’t have to use the pencil at all — you can just start gluing the paper in the shape that you observed. Below the artist used a pencil and started gluing the background first, but you choose. You are the artist!
3. Give yourself a neck too!
4. Tear some paper and glue it down. Make sure to brush the glue ON TOP of the paper to really stick it down.
(Tip: Keep the paper in a pile or a box away from the glue so it doesn’t get too sticky.)
5. Layers of tissue paper make it appear darker, so try layering the papers as you go to darken shadow areas.
6. Keep tearing the paper to make your picture. Glue down all stray corners!
7. Make sure to glue down colorful tissue papers to make your skin color, eye color and other facial features, too!
This post is brought you by Illustration Friday Contributor Susan Schwake. Susan is co-owner and curator of Artstream LLC and though the gallery runs an independent art school serving people of all ages and abilities. She is also the author of Art Lab for Kids: 52 projects in Drawing, Painting, Printmaking, Paper and Mixed Media by Quarry Books. | <urn:uuid:d9cf05cc-471a-46d7-9ba2-27ecdd561dfc> | CC-MAIN-2017-13 | http://illustrationfriday.com/2012/09/if-kids-project-tissue-paper-drawings/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-13/segments/1490218190236.99/warc/CC-MAIN-20170322212950-00487-ip-10-233-31-227.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.930482 | 467 | 2.6875 | 3 |
In about 1880, a group of Kwakiutl (left) posed for a photograph with three visiting officers (standing in uniform) from the Royal Navy gunship HMS .Many of the Kwakiutl are seen sitting on the ground, wrapped in HBC blankets, a primary object of trade.World attention did nothing to prevent the Canadian government from engaging in ever more restrictive and retaliatory measures against the natives in their homelands, such as the notorious "Fisheries Act" of 1888 which prohibited aboriginal access to the salmon
Walas Kwakiutl (Lakwilala), Kwakiutl (Kwágu7lh), Komkiutis, Kweeha (Komoyoi) and are known collectively as the Kwakiutl: "We have been called the Kwakiutl ever since 1849, when the white people came to stay in our territories.
It was a term then applied to all the Kwakw'wakw - that is, all of the people who speak the language Kwakwala" (Kwakiutl Indian Band).
See: Franz Boas, Houses of the Kwakiutl Indians (1888).
According to the influential British Association for the Advancement of Science, British Columbia was the best place in North America to conduct research in ethnography and anthropology: "[here] the tribes have suffered less displacement and change from foreign influences than those of any other region.
During the 1950s, the 32 remaining Nawhitti at Geologist George M. Employed by the Canadian Geological Survey, in 1884 Dawson produced the first linguistic First Nations map of BC and he published: Customs and Arts of the Kwakiool (1887).
Dawson's photo (right) of a Kwakiutl house at Tsais in 1885 shows a traditional structure made of huge cedar planks on which is painted a circular thunderbird motif.
Raven mask collected at mdzidi died tragically at sea with other Nahwitti warriors when their canoe was attacked by a killer whale they had wounded.
Chief Humchitt is a fisherman and logger who follows traditional practices when possible, but on occasion wistfully remarks that he was born a hundred years too late.
Blankets were an important potlatch gift for determining wealth and prestige. Boas: The Social Organization and the Secret Societies of the Kwakiutl Indians (1895). The Kwakiutl of Vancouver Island, 1906lis in 1899 (right).
Between 1899 and his death in 1924, Nowell was the assistant to Charles F. | <urn:uuid:fe140f70-3d18-4216-9ec0-4d46376f8e5b> | CC-MAIN-2020-40 | https://lobnya-holod.ru/dating-sites-vancouver-british-columbia-917.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-40/segments/1600402124756.81/warc/CC-MAIN-20201001062039-20201001092039-00154.warc.gz | en | 0.951895 | 542 | 3.59375 | 4 |
A typographic illustration is a trendy design you may see on all sort of places. Prints, shirts, you name it! In this tutorial I will show you how to quickly make one by using the pen tool, a handwritten font and an image all in Adobe Illustrator.
Let’s Get Started!
You’ll need an image with an object and Adobe Illustrator. I am using an image from Unsplash.com which is a totally free hi-res image site to use in anything you want! I am using this Squirrel from there!
Open up your image in Adobe Illustrator. Now take your Pen Tool (P) and start making points to start outlining your object. If you’re not familiar with the pen tool it will take a little bit of trial and error to get the points and curves just right.
If you have a fill color you’ll may notice at some point it will be difficult to see the image behind. Just make your fill transparent. I personally like to have a color for the stroke so I can see my area better.
Once you get around the whole outline go ahead and remove the image by Deleting. This will leave you with the outlined vector shape. Now is a good time to put a fill back in the shape.
Now find a good handwritten font to stick in the inside of the object. For this font I am using Marguaritas which is found on Dafont. Make your font a color that will stand out against the filled object. Type out your phrase using the Type Tool (T).
You’ll notice it’s all uniform and doesn’t fill in the space very well. This is where we start we start filling out the object. Select the text area and make it an Outline (CTRL/CMD + Shift + O). This will allow you to start filling things out better. Double click your phrase area you’ll notice when clicking on the words it only selects the letter. Use the Selection Tool (V) and select all of the letters in the word and Group them (CTRL/CMD + G). This will allow you to do effects to the words in a group and make it look less strange as opposed to doing it one letter at a time.
Depending on the object you are creating will vary on this step. You are going to want to Warp (EFFECT->WARP) your words.
Play around with the warp options until you get the overall shape you think will work best for your text. There you have it! A quick way to create a simple trendy design! | <urn:uuid:b5c4251a-b58d-4693-a4c7-361a0dbd41f1> | CC-MAIN-2018-09 | http://www.lindsayisawesome.com/blog/create-typographic-illustration/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-09/segments/1518891808539.63/warc/CC-MAIN-20180217224905-20180218004905-00735.warc.gz | en | 0.902775 | 540 | 2.796875 | 3 |
Jamaica needs to be better insured against natural disasters, says economist Errol Gregory.
Natural disasters occur regularly in the Caribbean region and have massive impacts on persons and the economy, the University of Technology, Jamaica (UTech) lecturer said. He pointed out that the impact of these disasters could be tempered through the improved use of insurance.
His comment found resonance with Chris Hind, general manager of JN General Insurance Company (JNGI), who declared that “the country needs to improve its level of insurance coverage, as major segments of the population have no effective coverage in the event of natural disasters”.
He pointed out that home insurance coverage is relatively low and frequently tied to the need for a mortgage loan to protect the lender. And, where it is not mandatory, insurance coverage is not only low but in some areas, such as agriculture, coverage has actually declined over the years.
“This poses a challenge, given that insurance transfers the cost of potential loss to entities prepared to bear it,” Hinds explained. “Without the insurance mechanism, persons and organisations are forced to bear the cost of their loss on their own.” | <urn:uuid:d3e261c2-454a-4d48-9b94-51272651c3c5> | CC-MAIN-2020-16 | https://www.iaj-online.com/secure/2017/01/05/jamaica-needs-improved-disaster-insurance/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-16/segments/1585370508367.57/warc/CC-MAIN-20200402204908-20200402234908-00535.warc.gz | en | 0.966778 | 238 | 2.59375 | 3 |
Hypoglycemia is also called low blood glucose or low blood sugar. Hypoglycemia occurs when blood sugar concentrations fall below a level necessary to properly support the body's need for energy and stability throughout its cells.The symptoms of Hypoglycemia include pale skin, skin tingling, loss of consciousness, anxiety, heart palpitations, rapid heartbeat, sudden mood changes, irritability.
Hypoglycemia can be treated by taking quick steps to get your blood sugar level back into a normal range, i.e., about 70 to 110 milligrams per deciliter either with high-sugar foods or medications. Long-term treatment requires identifying and treating the underlying cause of hypoglycemia.
The present study has observed that nearly 1 in 14 people with insulin-treated diabetes experiences one or more episodes of severe hypoglycemia annually that requires the urgent therapeutic intervention of health service personnel. | <urn:uuid:559c53f7-f40a-4686-aed5-de87c0e442b0> | CC-MAIN-2018-13 | https://www.omicsonline.org/united-kingdom/hypoglycemia-peer-reviewed-pdf-ppt-articles/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-13/segments/1521257650730.61/warc/CC-MAIN-20180324151847-20180324171847-00321.warc.gz | en | 0.894108 | 187 | 3.390625 | 3 |
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A summary of this ICTV Report chapter has been published as an ICTV Virus Taxonomy Profile article in the Journal of General Virology, and should be cited when referencing this online chapter as follows:
Delmas, D., Attoui, H., Ghosh, S., Malik, Y.S., Mundt, E., Vakharia, V.N., and ICTV Report Consortium, ICTV Virus Taxonomy Profile: Birnaviridae, Journal of General Virology, (In Press).
Birnaviridae is a family of viruses with bisegmented dsRNA genomes with a total of about 6 kbp forming icosahedral, non-enveloped virions. The family includes four genera, members of three of which (Aquabirnavirus, Avibirnavirus and Blosnavirus) infect vertebrates (excluding mammals), whereas members of the fourth genus (Entomobirnavirus) infect insects. Each genus includes 1–3 species. Infectious pancreatic necrosis virus of salmonids and infectious bursal disease virus are two economically important birnaviruses.
Table 1.Birnaviridae. Characteristics of the family Birnaviridae.
infectious bursal disease virus P2 (A: X84034; B:X84035), species Infectious bursal disease virus, genus Avibirnavirus
Non-enveloped, icosahedral virion with internal ribonucleoprotein complexes
Two double-stranded RNA segments (2.9 to 3.6 kbp) with the RNA-dependent RNA-polymerase covalently linked to the 5′-end of the genomic positive-strand
Capped mRNAs, which lack poly(A) tracts, are translated by the cellular translation machinery
Vertebrates (excluding mammals); invertebrates
Four genera: Aquabirnavirus, Avibirnavirus, Blosnavirus and Entomobirnavirus, each including one to three species
Virus particles are non-enveloped, single-shelled particles with a diameter of about 65 nm (Figure 1.Birnaviridae). The capsid follows a T=13 laevo icosahedral geometry and is made up of a single capsid protein, VP2, clustered in trimers and forming 260 projections of about 4 nm at the surface of the particle (Coulibaly et al., 2005). Two ribonucleoprotein complexes made by the genome segments associated to multiple copies of a ribonucleoprotein (VP3) and several molecules of the RNA-dependent RNA polymerase (RdRP, VP1) are packaged inside each particle (Hjalmarsson et al., 1999).
Virion buoyant density in CsCl is 1.33 g cm-3. Viruses are stable at pH 3–9, resistant to heat (60°C, 1 h), ether and 1% SDS at 20°C, pH 7.5 for 30 min.
The genome of birnaviruses comprises two linear double-stranded RNA genomic segments (A and B) that together constitute 8–10% of virus particles by weight. Virions can package more than one complete copy of each segment (Luque et al., 2009). The larger segment (A) is 3.1–3.6 kbp, and the smaller segment (B) is 2.8 to 3.3 kbp, depending on the virus. The genome RNA sequences have a nucleotide composition of 53–58% G+C, with the exception of those of rotifer birnavirus (RBV, an unclassified birnavirus) and Drosophila X virus (DXV), which are 44–47% G+C. The dsRNA segments are completely base-paired, and the positive-sense strand of each segment is covalently linked to a viral protein at its 5′-terminus, but has neither a polyadenylation signal nor a terminal poly-A tail at its 3′-end (Calvert et al., 1991). Segment B encodes VP1 and segment A encodes the polyprotein preVP2-VP4-VP3. An alternative small open reading frame is often present in segment A, and in some cases overlaps the initiation codon of the polyprotein ORF.
The polyprotein encoded by the large ORF of segment A is first processed during translation to generate preVP2, VP4 (the viral protease), and VP3 (Birghan et al., 2000). Further processing of preVP2 occurs at its C-terminal domain to generate the mature capsid protein (VP2) and three to four peptides (ranging from 7 to about 50 aa) that remain in the particles (Da Costa et al., 2002). In the case of infectious bursal disease virus (IBDV), these peptides comprise 46, 7, 7, and 11 aa. The capsid is formed by trimers of VP2 (417–442 aa). VP2 possesses a unique structural fold that is composed of two beta-barrels with a jelly-roll topology, with the beta-strands oriented tangentially and radially to the virus particle (Coulibaly et al., 2005). Inside the capsid, VP3 (238–309 aa) and the genomic RNA form thread-like ribonucleoprotein complexes that do not follow the icosahedral symmetry of the capsid particle (Hjalmarsson et al., 1999). Different ratios of VP3 over VP2 have been reported in virions from members of different species.
The RdRP VP1 (844–1045 aa) is found free in the viral particle and also covalently associated to the 5′-end of the positive-sense strand of the genomic dsRNA through its N-terminal serine (as shown for infectious pancreatic necrosis virus (IPNV); (Graham et al., 2011). The 2.5 Å resolution structure of IBDV and IPNV VP1 further reveals a characteristic rearrangement of motifs, from A–B–C to C–A–B, in the RNA polymerase catalytic palm domain, which is not found in viral RdRPs from other dsRNA viruses (Graham et al., 2011, Gorbalenya et al., 2002, Pan et al., 2007). VP1 can guanylylate itself to produce VP1-pG and VP1-pGpG independently from its RNA polymerase activity. VP1 possesses viral mRNA 5′-guanylyl transferase and capping activities (Dobos 1993).
The viral protease VP4 (also called NS in IPNV, 212–244 aa) cleaves its own N- and C-termini in the polyprotein and further processes preVP2 to generate VP2 and peptides arising from the C-terminal domain of preVP2 (Birghan et al., 2000). Its catalytic site comprises a serine-lysine dyad. The VP4 catalytic domain is structurally similar to the protease domain of bacterial ATP-dependent Lon proteases.
A nonstructural, positively-charged polypeptide encoded by the small ORF of segment A has been designated VP5 (17 kDa in IBDV and 15 kDa in IPNV). This protein is nonessential for replication of IBDV and IPNV. A second ORF, encoding an arginine-rich protein, has also been identified in genome segment A of DXV, blotched snakehead virus (BSNV), and Tellina virus 1 (TV-1), an unclassified birnavirus (Nobiron et al., 2008).
No carbohydrate has been observed in the structures of any of the birnavirus proteins that have been determined by X-ray crystallography.
Segment A generally contains two ORFs: ORF2 encoding a large polyprotein of about 105–120 kDa, and an overlapping (IPNV, IBDV, and Drosophila B birnavirus (DBV - unclassified, (Wu et al., 2010)) or internal (DXV, BSNV, and TV-1) ORF1, which encodes a protein of 15–27 kDa (Figure 2.Birnaviridae). Positions of the polyprotein cleavage sites to generate preVP2, VP4, and VP3 during translation have been determined experimentally for IBDV, IPNV, BSNV, DXV, and TV-1 (Figure 2.Birnaviridae). For BSNV and TV-1, an additional polypeptide, named X, is encoded between the preVP2 and the VP4 domains. The proteolytic processing of preVP2 to generate VP2 and the structural peptides, which occurs during particle assembly, has been characterized for IBDV, IPNV, BSNV, and TV-1.
A single cycle of replication takes about 18–22 h for IPNV and 4–8 h for IBDV. The mode of entry of viruses into cells is not well understood. For IBDV binding at the cell surface, proteins such as heat shock protein 90 and α4β2 integrin have been proposed to serve as functional receptors in various types of chicken cells. One of the small structural IBDV peptides, pep46 (a 46 aa amphiphilic peptide), and its homologs in other birnaviruses, are able to induce pores in target membranes, suggesting a role in virus entry. Endosomal acidification is not a prerequisite for virus internalization in IPNV-infected cells. After delivery into the cytoplasm, the viral RdRP becomes activated and produces two genome-length (24S) mRNA molecules from each of the 14S dsRNA genome segments. These mRNAs are capped, but they lack 3′-polyA sequences. Replicative intermediates have been identified in infected cells. Virus RNA is transcribed by a semi-conservative strand displacement mechanism in vitro. There is no information on negative-strand RNA synthesis. The two mRNAs can be detected in infected cells by 3–4 h post-infection (p.i.) and are synthesized in the same relative proportions throughout the replicative cycle (i.e., about twice as many A as B mRNA molecules). Virus-specific polypeptides can be detected at 4–5 h p.i. and are present in the same relative proportions until the end of the replication cycle. There are no specific early or late proteins.
Segment A mRNA is translated to yield a 105 kDa polyprotein precursor that comprises the preVP2, VP4 (NS), and VP3 polypeptides (Figure 2.Birnaviridae). The VP4 protease co-translationally cleaves the polyprotein to generate the three (or four in BSNV and TV-1) polypeptides (Figure 3.Birnaviridae). PreVP2 is later processed during virus assembly by a slow maturation cleavage to produce the mature VP2 and small peptides that remain associated to the virus particles. This cleavage can be incomplete since traces of preVP2 are found in purified virus particles, although the mature VP2 predominates. Virus assembly and maturation of the capsid protein preVP2/VP2 are concomitant and interdependent. In addition to VP4, the preVP2 processing requires the presence of VP3 and VP1. This requirement acts in favor of the existence of a large quaternary maturation complex formed by preVP2, VP4, VP3, and VP1. During infection, rigid tubes 55 nm in diameter are formed by preVP2. In the case of IBDV, additional tubules 25 nm in diameter, made of VP4, appear in late steps of the virus replication cycle. The translation product of the 17 or 15 kDa ORF has been detected in IBDV- or IPNV-infected cells, respectively.
Segment B mRNA is translated to a 94 kDa polypeptide that represents the viral RdRP (VP1, Figure 3.Birnaviridae). VP1 is found in virions in both a “free” and a genome-linked form. Virus particles assemble and accumulate in the cytoplasm. Encapsidation of the RdRP VP1 is mediated by its interaction with genome-associated protein VP3. The mechanism of virus release is unknown. In tissue culture, about half of the progeny virions remain cell-associated, and, depending on the multiplicity of infection, defective interfering particles are also formed.
Reverse genetics systems have been established for IBDV and IPNV (Mundt and Vakharia 1996, Santi et al., 2005). In vitro transcribed capped viral cRNAs of segment A and B were found to be infectious, facilitating studies of birnavirus replication and virulence.
The capsid protein VP2 is the type-specific antigen and forms the virus-neutralizing epitopes. Anti-VP3 antibodies do not neutralize virus infectivity. There are no serological cross-reactions between the fish, avian, and insect birnaviruses, or between the aquatic birnaviruses IPNV, BSNV, TV-1, and RBV.
While salmonid fish were first recognized as natural hosts of IPNV, viruses antigenically-related to IPNV have been isolated from other freshwater and marine fishes, as well as from bivalve molluscs (Tellina virus 2 (TV-2)). IPNV is transmitted both vertically and horizontally, and there are no known vectors. The geographic distribution is world-wide. IPNV can cause epizootics resulting in high mortality in hatchery-reared salmonid fry and fingerlings. The virus causes necrotic lesions in the pancreas and is also found, without lesions, in other organs such as kidneys, gonads, intestine and brain. It is believed that infected adult fish become lifelong carriers without exhibiting overt signs of infection.
The natural hosts of IBDV are chickens and turkeys. Rarely, IBDV has been isolated from ducks and other domestic fowl. The mode of transmission is horizontal, and there are no known vectors. IBDV has a worldwide distribution. The virus affects the bursa of Fabricius in young chicks, causing B lymphocyte depletion. Genes involved in B cell activation and signalling are down-regulated following infection (Dulwich et al., 2017). Death can occur between 3 and 10 weeks of age, and is then associated with inflammation in the bursa of Fabricius, formation of immune complexes, depletion of complement, clotting abnormalities, and subsequent severe immunosuppression.
Populations of common fruit flies (Drosophila melanogaster) are the natural host of DXV. The mode of transmission is horizontal and there are no known vectors. The geographic distribution is unknown. Infected fruit flies become sensitive to CO2. The target organs and histopathology are not known. DXV has also been isolated from populations of biting midges (Culicoides spp.). BSNV was isolated from a cell line developed from the tropical blotched snakehead fish (Channa lucius), whereas TV-1 was identified in thin tellins (bivalve mollusc of the species Tellina tenuis). Rotifer birnavirus (RBV, an unclassified birnavirus) was isolated from a population collapse of a euryhaline rotifer (Brachionus plicatilis), which is cultivated for feeding the fry of marine fish in hatcheries. DBV was identified by sequencing of the small RNAs present in a cultured common fruit fly (Drosophila melanogaster) cell line. Eridge virus was isolated from another common fruit fly (Drosophila immigrans). Espírito Santo virus was recovered in a sample of a virulent strain of dengue virus 2 (Flaviviridae: Flavivirus) and found to be dependent upon co-infection with this virus. Culex Y virus was isolated from Culex pipiens mosquitoes and mosquito X virus was identified from Anopheles sinensis mosquitoes. Culicine-associated Z virus was sequenced from a pool of adult female Ochlerotatus caspius and Oc. detritus mosquitoes from a rice field.
Birnaviridae includes four genera, members of three of which (Aquabirnavirus, Avibirnavirus, and Blosnavirus) infect vertebrates, while members of the fourth genus (Entomobirnavirus) infect insects. Members of the Avibirnavirus genus exclusively infect birds. Members of the Aquabirnavirus and Blosnavirus genera, both defined by viruses infecting fish, reveal less than 60% amino acid identity between their respective RdRP proteins, and also between their respective capsid proteins. More generally, pairwise alignments between members of the four genera are always 30 to 60% identical in their RdRP and capsid protein amino acid sequences.
The phylogeny of birnaviruses correlates well with their hosts at the host phylum rank, but less so below that rank (Gibrat et al., 2013). Phylogenetic relationships within the family are shown in Figure 4.Birnaviridae.
Birnaviruses share no nucleic acid sequence similarity with other taxa, and the birnavirus capsid protein VP2 has no sequence similarities with corresponding capsid proteins of any other virus family. However, the crystal structures of IBDV and IPNV VP2 shows that VP2 is folded into three distinct domains (base, shell, and projection) disposed radially in the virus particle, the base and shell domains displaying high structural similarities with the capsid proteins of viruses belonging to the families Nodaviridae and Tetraviridae, which are positive-sense ssRNA viruses. The VP4 protease has sequence and structural homologies with the Ser-Lys catalytic protease domain of bacterial ATP-dependent Lon proteases. Interestingly, the A-B-C to C-A-B motif rearrangement in the VP1 RdRPs of birnaviruses is also shared by the RdRPs of of Thosea asigna virus and Euprosterna elaeasa virus (genus Alphapermutotetravirus, family Permutotetraviridae), insect viruses that have positive-sense ssRNA genomes, but not by RdRPs of other dsRNA viruses. These unusual RdRPs form a minor and deeply separated cluster in the viral RdRP phylogenetic tree. The structural relationships among the capsid proteins and the RdRPs of birnaviruses and viruses belonging to the Tetraviridae and Permutotetraviridae families suggest evolutionary links between positive-sense ssRNA and dsRNA viruses.
Aquabirnavirus: from Latin aqua, “water”.
Avibirnavirus: from Latin avis, “bird”.
Birnaviridae: from Latin prefix bi, “two”, signifying the bisegmented nature of the viral genome as well as the presence of dsRNA; and rna from ribo nucleic acid, indicating the nature of the viral genome.
Entomobirnavirus: from Greek entomon, “insect”.
Blosnavirus: from blotched snakehead virus.
A: FM995220; B: FM995221
Tellina virus 1
A: AJ920335; B: AJ920336
Drosophila B birnavirus
A: GQ342962; B: GQ342963
Wēnlǐng jack macherels birnavirus
Wēnlǐng Japanese topeshark birnavirus
chicken proventricular necrosis virus
Support for preparation of the Online Report and Report Summaries has been provided by: | <urn:uuid:5b4ad362-db9a-4f37-b9ec-042d8a23c973> | CC-MAIN-2019-04 | https://talk.ictvonline.org/ictv-reports/ictv_online_report/dsrna-viruses/w/birnaviridae/1008/defaultwikipage/revision/17 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-04/segments/1547583660020.5/warc/CC-MAIN-20190118090507-20190118112507-00310.warc.gz | en | 0.906636 | 4,242 | 2.734375 | 3 |
Industry News: Foodborne illnesses continue downward trend
For the first time, cases of E. coli O157 infections, one of the most severe foodborne diseases, are below the national Healthy People 2010 health goal. From 1996-2004, the incidence of E. coli O157 infections decreased 42 percent. Campylobacter infections decreased 31 percent, Cryptosporidium dropped 40 percent, and Yersinia decreased 45 percent.
Overall, Salmonella infections dropped 8 percent, but only one of the five most common strains declined significantly. Different Salmonella strains are found in a variety of animal hosts and in different geographic locations. Further efforts are needed to better understand why some Salmonella strains tend to contaminate produce during production and harvest. FDA has recently developed a plan to decrease foodborne illnesses associated with fresh produce. To better control foodborne pathogens in animals and plants, prevention efforts should be implemented across the farm to table continuum.
"This report is good news for Americans and underscores the importance of investments in food safety. Our efforts are working and we're making progress in reducing foodborne illnesses," said CDC Director Dr. Julie Gerberding. "However, foodborne disease is still a significant cause of illness in the United States and further efforts are needed to sustain and extend these important declines and to improve prevention of foodborne illnesses."
"The continued reduction in illnesses from E. coli O157 is a tremendous success story and we are committed to continuing this positive trend in the future," said USDA Secretary Mike Johanns. "These results demonstrate that through innovative policies and strong and consistent enforcement of inspection laws, we are protecting the public's health through a safer food supply."
Several factors have contributed to the decline in foodborne illnesses. USDA's Food Safety and Inspection Service implemented a series of new recommendations beginning in 2002 to combat E. coli O157 in ground beef and Listeria in ready-to-eat products. In response, most establishments have significantly enhanced their food safety systems. Many have applied new technologies to reduce or eliminate pathogens and have increased their testing to ensure the effectiveness of control measures. Furthermore, these improvements likely reflect industry efforts to reduce E. coli O157 in live cattle and during slaughter.
The reduction in Campylobacter infections may be due to greater consumer awareness of safe poultry handling and cooking methods. Food safety education efforts targeted to specific foodborne hazards as well as general consumer tips, such as the public-private Fight Bac campaign, have helped consumers become more aware and knowledgeable of food safety hazards and how to prevent them.
The incidence of Shigella, which is found in a wide variety of foods, did not change significantly from 1996 through 2004. Vibrio infections increased 47 percent. Vibrio infections, which are primarily associated with consumption of certain types of raw shellfish, can be prevented by thoroughly cooking seafood, especially oysters.
In 1996, the FoodNet surveillance system began collecting valuable information to quantify, monitor, and track the incidence of laboratory confirmed cases of foodborne illnesses caused by Campylobacter, Cryptosporidium, Cyclospora, E. coli O157, Listeria, Shigella, Yersinia and Vibrio. Since its inception, FoodNet has grown to include ten states and 44 million people, about 15 percent of the American population.
The full report, "Preliminary FoodNet Data on the Incidence of Infections with Pathogens Transmitted Commonly Through Food - Selected Sites, United States, 2004" appears in this week's Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report (April 15, 2005) and is available online at www.cdc.gov/mmwr. To learn more about FoodNet please visit www.cdc.gov/foodnet. To learn more about various foodborne pathogens, visit http://www.onlinenursingprograms.com/resources/medical-glossary | <urn:uuid:3e8c6353-22be-4c75-9166-e9c37819ae7a> | CC-MAIN-2014-35 | http://www.foodprocessing.com/industrynews/2005/8/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2014-35/segments/1408500831565.57/warc/CC-MAIN-20140820021351-00244-ip-10-180-136-8.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.944229 | 798 | 2.6875 | 3 |
Basic information about the Morgan County
The Morgan County is located in the state of Kentucky. This county occupies 385 square miles, with 3 square miles being water areas. There are 13.923 inhabitants living in the county according to the 2010 Census. As for the racial makeup of Morgan County citizens, the 3 largest groups are White (94.26%), followed by Black or African American (4.31%) and Two or More races (0.73%). There are 4.860 households in the county, while 71,95% of them are family households and 28,05% represent non family households. There are 2 cities and towns in Morgan County. The most populated city is West Liberty city and the smallest town or village is Ezel CDP. | <urn:uuid:1b03a615-d5fa-4ca7-8b9f-034610effaa7> | CC-MAIN-2017-17 | http://mail.placesofusa.com/kentucky/morgan-county/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-17/segments/1492917121893.62/warc/CC-MAIN-20170423031201-00582-ip-10-145-167-34.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.966809 | 152 | 2.796875 | 3 |
This course is designed to develop students’ knowledge and understanding of business management theories, as well as their ability to apply a range of tools and techniques. Students learn to analyse, discuss and evaluate business activities at local, national and international levels. A range of organisations from different sectors are covered in the course, as well as the socio-cultural and economic contexts in which they operate.
The course covers the key characteristics of how a business is organised and its environment - including the business functions of human resource management, finance and accounts, marketing and operations management. Through the exploration of six underpinning concepts (change, culture, ethics, globalisation, innovation and strategy), the course allows students to develop a holistic understanding of today’s complex and dynamic business environment. The conceptual learning is firmly anchored in business management theories, tools and techniques and placed in the context of real world examples and case studies.
The course encourages the appreciation of ethical concerns at both a local and global level. It aims to develop relevant and transferable skills, including the ability to: think critically; make ethically sound and well-informed decisions; appreciate the pace, nature and significance of change; think strategically; and undertake long term planning, analysis and evaluation. The course also develops useful subject-specific skills, such as financial analysis.
The aims of the business management course at Higher Level and Standard Levelinclude:
- Encourage a holistic view of the world of business.
- Empower students to think critically and strategically about individual and organizational behaviour.
- Promote the importance of exploring business issues from different cultural perspectives.
- Enable students to appreciate the nature and significance of change in a local, regional and global context.
- Promote awareness of the importance of environmental, social and ethical factors in the actions of individuals and organisations.
- Understanding the importance of innovation in a business environment. | <urn:uuid:0048d1a8-58f1-4ce8-9c67-5251f3a522ed> | CC-MAIN-2019-39 | https://www.stleonards-fife.org/senior-school/subjects/business-management | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-39/segments/1568514573832.23/warc/CC-MAIN-20190920050858-20190920072858-00224.warc.gz | en | 0.927688 | 380 | 2.6875 | 3 |
In October of last year, ABC reported that the incidence of Valley Fever, the disease caused by the fungus coccidioides, is on the rise in certain parts of the United States.
Coccidioides is native to the dry, southwestern US; it resides in the desert soils of California, Arizona, New Mexico, Nevada, Utah, and parts of Texas. When the soil gets disturbed, whether through construction or burrowing animals, the spores of this fungus can be released. If you inhale them, you can develop a respiratory infection that often resolves on its own; however, in some cases, this fungus can cause an infection that can affect the skin, joints, heart, brain, and spinal cord.
Cases have been up in California in recent years, tripling between 2014 and 2018, and in 2019, cases reached over 9,000. While this is relatively few cases compared to other infectious diseases, scientists are alarmed at the increase. Researchers blame climate change and warn that this steady increase in cases of Valley Fever could be a trend in coming years.
It is interesting to hear researchers acknowledge the presence and increase of fungal problems, but many practitioners have been warning about the presence of problems caused by yeast and fungi in the body for quite some time with little acknowledgement from the medical establishment. Despite the fact that fungus is rarely pinpointed as a cause of serious health problems, fungus has been linked from everything to allergies and asthma, all the way to cancer and other diseases. In The Fungus link book series, this intimate relationship between fungus and common health problems has been laid out for many years now.
The fact is, most Americans’ lifestyles likely set them up for a fungal infection. Many of us eat a diet rich in grains, simple carbohydrates, and sugar. Many people consume alcohol regularly and rarely exercise. If you combine this with the tendency of many foods to be contaminated with mold and mold poisons, and the regular course of antibiotics during cold season, you might be paving the way for an overgrowth of yeast in the gut, from where it could easily proliferate and cause health problems in other parts of the body.
The prevalence of Valley Fever also underscores and often overlooked way by which we are infected with fungi––through the air we breathe. When was the last time you tested the air quality in your home or office? Do you live next to a construction zone or have you spent time in moldy buildings? Were there health problems that followed? Fungi can infect us in insidious ways, and the health problems that follow can be difficult to diagnose, because often doctors are not looking for the presence of fungus.
Thankfully, there are some simple solutions to see if your health problems are related to fungus or yeast exposure.
Many people who go on The Kaufmann Anti-fungal diet find relief from symptoms that have plagued them for years. Many people effortlessly lose weight, experience relief from malaise and brain fog, and many experience their best health in years after a period of time. The diet, combined with a simple anti-fungal supplement regimen and some sensible exercise, may take the mystery out of the origin of health problems you may be experiencing. | <urn:uuid:62da96a0-4d22-41fd-80c4-66d29c3fa743> | CC-MAIN-2023-06 | https://knowthecause.com/is-fungal-disease-on-the-rise/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-06/segments/1674764500041.18/warc/CC-MAIN-20230202200542-20230202230542-00477.warc.gz | en | 0.961684 | 654 | 3.328125 | 3 |
Nurses are the backbone of the health care industry. According to the National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine, nursing is the single largest profession in the entire U.S. health care workforce. Without registered nurses, the health care system would collapse.
Nationally, the Health Resources and Services Administration (HRSA) projects:
- A shortage of 78,610 full-time equivalent (FTE) RNs in 2025
- A shortage of 63,720 FTE RNs in 2030
- An excess supply of approximately 16,180 FTE RNs in 2035
Whereas there is an overall projected surplus of RNs by 2035, several states are still expecting shortages. The 10 states with the largest projected shortages in 2035 and their projected supply deficiencies are:
- Washington, 26%
- Georgia, 21%
- California, 18%
- Oregon, 16%
- Michigan, 15%
- Idaho, 15%
- Louisiana, 13%
- North Carolina, 13%
- New Jersey, 12%
- South Carolina, 11%
To adequately address nursing employment needs, the health care industry must recognize and address challenges.
What's Affecting the Nursing Shortage in the U.S.?
Just like any industry, many factors impact the supply and demand in the health care sector.
Aging of the Baby Boomers
According to the United States Census Bureau, as of December 2019, there were 73 million baby boomers — those born between 1946 and 1964 — in this country.
As the baby boomers age, they increasingly require health care services. The sheer size of the generation’s aging population could be a considerable burden on the health care system if the nursing shortage isn’t solved.
Retiring Baby Boomer Nurses
Baby boomer nurses are retiring in large numbers, creating a lack of nurses in the U.S.:
Increased Prevalence of Chronic Diseases
Chronic diseases have grown among individuals in the U.S. According to the U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 60% of Americans suffer from at least one chronic disease, and this number is steadily growing. Cancer, heart disease, diabetes, stroke, respiratory diseases, hypertension, obesity, and arthritis are all chronic diseases that can lead to hospitalization and long-term disability. This steady growth in chronic diseases increases the need for health care services, especially from nurses.
What Can States Do to Combat Shortfalls?
Each state’s health care industry leadership and government needs to take a close look at how to attract more nurses. Some recommendations industry professionals and legislators have discussed include:
- Granting nurses more authority by changing state laws
- Increasing access to more qualified nurses at the state level by joining the Enhanced Nursing Licensure Compact (eNLC)
- Providing more flexibility in scheduling and more career advancement opportunities at facilities
- Becoming a Magnet-recognized hospital
Additionally, national foundations, other health care industry players, and educational institutions have a role to play in the form of:
- Providing more access to grants and scholarships
- Fully staffing educational institutions to ensure qualified applicants don’t get wait-listed
- Encouraging more people to consider nursing as a career
Opportunities for Nurses and Nursing Students
In an effort to recruit and retain nurses, employers across the country are offering substantial financial and non-financial perks and incentives. According to numerous reports, such as this article from the Houston Chronicle, some incentives include:
- Signing bonuses
- Referral bonuses
- Relocation allowances
- Free housing
- Retention bonuses
- School loan forgiveness programs
- Mortgage down payment assistance programs
- College tuition for employees and their children
Nurses — and those considering becoming a nurse — can secure some considerable benefits as a result of the nursing shortage.
Earn a Nursing Degree Online With Purdue Global
Nursing is a rewarding profession that fulfills a passion to serve and care for others. To explore the field of nursing or to advance your nursing career, learn more about earning a nursing degree online with Purdue Global or request more information. | <urn:uuid:0e739d4e-0214-4cfa-a93c-6bd62828e379> | CC-MAIN-2023-40 | https://www.purdueglobal.edu/blog/nursing/us-nursing-shortage/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-40/segments/1695233510387.77/warc/CC-MAIN-20230928095004-20230928125004-00158.warc.gz | en | 0.940606 | 854 | 2.75 | 3 |
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