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Hope Partners works to promotes long-term solutions to eradicate poverty & injustice!
The Poor – Food
Measuring poverty at the country level
A common method used to measure poverty is based on incomes or consumption levels. A person is considered poor if his or her consumption or income level falls below some minimum level necessary to meet basic needs. This minimum level is usually called the “poverty line”. What is necessary to satisfy basic needs varies across time and societies. Therefore, poverty lines vary in time and place, and each country uses lines which are appropriate to its level of development, societal norms and values.
When estimating poverty worldwide, the same reference poverty line has to be used, and expressed in a common unit across countries. Therefore, for the purpose of global aggregation and comparison, the World Bank uses reference lines set at $1.25 and $2 per day (2005 Purchasing Power Parity terms).
What the Poor Say: Poverty is pain; it feels like a disease. It attacks a person not only materially but also morally. It eats away one’s dignity and drives one into total despair- a poor woman, Moldova.
The pattern of findings from across countries is similar and striking. Poor people describe repeatedly and in distressing detail what has only been glimpsed before, the psychological experience and impact of poverty. The trends are sobering. The large majority of poor who are poor people said they are worse off now, have fewer economic opportunities, and live with greater insecurity than in the past. Poor peoples experiences with government institutions in Costa Rica is limited. An overwhelming need with Costa Rican Nationals who really have never walked in a slum at anytime in their lives. The presence of NGOs in the slums of Costa Rica is inconsistent and where present they are vital.
The Good Life and the Bad Life
Being well means not to worry about your children, to know that they have settled down; to have a house and livestock and not to wake up at night when the dog starts barking; to know that you can sell your output; to sit and chat with friends and neighbors. A middle aged man in Bulgaria.
A better life for me is to be healthy, peaceful and to live in love without hunger. Love is more than anything. Money has no value in the absence of love. A poor older woman in Ethiopia. | <urn:uuid:6bdd0f35-c18d-47fa-aef5-4ecc5735c5e9> | CC-MAIN-2018-39 | http://hopepartnersministries.com/hunger-solutions/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-39/segments/1537267160233.82/warc/CC-MAIN-20180924070508-20180924090908-00200.warc.gz | en | 0.95444 | 479 | 3.234375 | 3 |
This is the May
2 May 2021
It’s the merry month of May, and that means another newsletter. Whether you celebrate Cinco de Mayo or the Revenge of the Fifth, there is plenty of science news to go around.
The Great Beyond
Cosmology has been a big topic this month. The extended Baryon Oscillation Spectroscopic Survey (eBOSS) released its first results. The study looks at the distribution of galaxies to measure cosmic expansion, and confirmed the existence of dark energy to a stunning 11𝜎. Another study used the light of distant quasars to measure cosmic expansion. The work is still in its early stages but could teach us how cosmic expansion has changed over time. Good news for dark energy, but bad news for dark matter. A study of fast-rotating black holes has shown that if dark matter exists, it can’t be made of light boson particles. It seems that we’re running out of options as to what dark matter could be.
Under the Lens
Black holes are another popular topic. A team released a wonderful simulation of how light is gravitationally warped by a binary black hole system. It turns out to be quite complex. Another team used gravitationally lensed light from a quasar to confirm the mass of an intermediate-mass black hole. These rare objects are larger than a stellar-mass black hole, but not nearly as large as the supermassive black holes in the centers of galaxies. A third team might have discovered the smallest black hole ever, with a mass of only 3 Suns. If confirmed, it will also be the closest known black hole, only 1,500 light-years from Earth.
This Alien World
Over the years we’ve discovered thousands of exoplanets. We’re now at the point where we’re learning about how they form and behave. Recently several worlds were found that spin incredibly fast. A day on these Jupiter-size planets is just an hour long. If they rotated any faster, they would likely tear themselves apart. A new study of asteroids looked at how planets start to form. Based on this work, it seems early protoplanets grow in size rather quickly. Of course, when we talk about exoplanets, folks wonder whether there might be life on some alien worlds. Astronomers are looking for evidence, particularly in the atmospheres of these planets. For example, if we find a world with an oxygen atmosphere like Earth’s, would that mean there’s life? As a new study shows, not necessarily. So the search for life will be a bit more difficult than we once thought.
Warp Engines Engage
Several years ago a team of engineers built an engine they believed could take us to the stars. Known as the EM Drive, it was claimed to create a thrust without a corresponding counter-thrust. It would be cool if it worked, but it would also violate Newton’s third law of motion. Well, a new study has shown the EM Drive doesn’t work. That’s pretty much what we expected, but it’s disappointing that we won’t have warp drive yet. Maybe by the 23rd century we’ll get it figured out.
Once again, thanks for subscribing and reading. I’ll be back next month with lots more to share. Until then, May the Fourth be with you. | <urn:uuid:a4b1c62d-eb6d-405b-885e-3b93bb2f57c4> | CC-MAIN-2023-14 | https://briankoberlein.com/newsletter/2021-05-02/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-14/segments/1679296943562.70/warc/CC-MAIN-20230320211022-20230321001022-00456.warc.gz | en | 0.943938 | 713 | 3.265625 | 3 |
Beef Cattle Browsing is an electronic newsletter published by Texas A&M AgriLife Extension, Department of Animal Science at Texas A&M University. This newsletter is a free service and is available to anyone interested in beef cattle. Media, feel free to use this information as needed and cite Texas A&M University Beef Cattle Browsing Newsletter, Dr. Steve Hammack.
WHERE DOES E-COLI COME FROM?
According to the tv, internet, newspapers, magazines and other “usually reliable” sources, it comes from cows. However, USDA researchers at the U. S. Salinity Laboratory in Riverside, California, report “People blame cows for so many things” but “pathogens that end up in local waterways are more often carried there via runoff from urban areas, not from animal production facilities.” But it’s much easier to blame “factory farming” for all problems than to address other sources, which may require more changes in how the public operates than how agriculture does. (http://www.ars.usda.gov/ downloaded 12/7/2012)
EFFECT OF STOCKING RATE AND METHOD ON COW-CALF PERFORMANCE
Mixed common bermudagrass-dallisgrass pastures were overseeded with annual ryegrass. Pastures were continuously stocked for three years with spring-calving Brangus cows and calves at 2 acres/cow (CL), 1.6 acres/cow (CM), or 1.1 acres/cow (CH) or rotational stocked at the high rate of 1.1 acres/cow (RH). Pastures for the rotation treatment were divided into 8 paddocks. Compared to the 30-year-average, annual precipitation was about average for the first year of the study, below average for the second year, and above average for the third year.
As expected, forage mass increased as stocking rate decreased. Forage quality was higher for CH in early spring and summer. Reproductive performance was similar except for RH being lower. As stocking rate increased, weaning weight decreased but pounds of calf weaned per acre increased. Weaning weight and weight per acre were similar for continuous or rotation stocking at the high rate. In a separate analysis, economics favored CM and CH, so the authors concluded that, under conditions of this study, moderate to high continuous stocking was indicated. (Prof. Anim. Sci. 28:417; Louisiana St. Univ., Oklahoma St. Univ.)
ECONOMICS OF ESTROUS SYNCHRONIZATION AND TIMED AI
A total of 582 suckled beef cows at 8 locations in 2 regions were synchronized using the CO-Synch + CIDR protocol followed by timed artificial insemination. At the same locations, 615 cows were exposed to natural service without synchronization to serve as controls. Cows were of British, Continental, or British-Continental background. Both groups were exposed to bulls, 12 hours after the last cow from the treatment group had been AIed, for periods of 42 to 69 days depending on the location.
Calf crop percentage (calves weaned/cow exposed to breeding) averaged 84% for the AIed group and 78% for controls. Average calf weaning weight was 38 lb heavier for the AIed group. (The authors presumed this was at least partly due to higher genetics for weaning weight for the AI sires, but no data were available.) Costs for the AIed group were lower due to fewer bulls required for cleanup, compared to bulls needed for the control group. Calves were valued at $121/cwt. Overall, the AIed group returned $49.14 more per exposed cow. (J. Animal Sci. 90:4055; Univ. of Minnesota, Mississippi St. Univ., Univ. of Florida, North Dakota St. Univ.)
TENDERNESS CAN NOW BE CERTIFIED BY USDA
After five years of study, the USDA-Agricultural Marketing Service has implemented a program where tenderness of beef can now be legally claimed, and marketed. The program uses third-party verification of testing procedures under the American Society for Testing and Materials. Samples must be prepared and cooked according to protocol of the American Meat Science Association. Verification can be obtained for “tender” (Warner-Bratzler shear force value no higher than 9.7 lb) or “very tender” (no higher than 8.6 lb). Time will tell if this program will be implemented by meat processors and, if so, what effects might result back down the production cycle. (www.ams.usda.gov/AMSv1.0/TendernessMarketingClaim)
EFFECTS OF DELAYED GROWTH IMPLANTS ON HIGH-RISK FINISHED STEERS
Most finished cattle receive a growth implant. A study was designed to assess effects of delayed growth implanting in high-risk calves. A total of 1601calves averaging 602 lb was procured in several southeastern auction barns and shipped to a central Kansas feedyard. Calves were implanted with Revalor-XS either during processing at arrival or 45 days later. Delayed implanting tended to reduce sickness and significantly reduced early harvest due to nonresponsive chronic respiratory treatment. But there was no significant difference in retreatment, death, lung lesions, pleural adhesions, ADG, feed conversion, hot carcass weight, USDA Quality or Yield Grade, cost of gain, or total carcass value . The authors concluded there appeared to be no advantage to handling high-risk cattle a second time to delay implanting. (J. Animal Sci. 90:4037; Kansas St. Univ.)
EFFECTS OF ZILMAX® AND CALCIUM CHLORIDE INJECTIONS ON PALATABILITY
Zilpaterol hydrochloride (Zilmax®, ZH) has generally been shown to improve feedlot performance and retail yield, but often with some reduction in meat tenderness. Calcium chloride injection has been shown to improve tenderness in some cases. USDA Select strip loins were obtained from cattle fed ZH and from untreated controls. One-half of each group was injected with calcium chloride 72 hours post mortem. At 7 days post mortem steaks were cut, vacuum packaged, and aged for another 0, 7, 14, or 21 days, at which times Warner-Bratzler shear force tests were conducted.
At each period, ZH steaks had lower tenderness and injected steaks had higher tenderness. Tenderness was improved for both as aging increased. The authors concluded that injecting calcium chloride reduced tenderness variation in ZH-fed cattle as it does in non ZH-fed. (J. Animal Sci. 90:3584; Texas Tech Univ., Merck Animal Health)
IMPACT OF COOL ON CONSUMERS
Mandatory country of origin labeling (COOL) has been in effect since March, 2009. Proponents of COOL had maintained that consumers had a right to know country of origin and that labeling would increase price paid for US product. Opponents maintained that the program would increase cost to the industry without increasing price enough to offset cost. A study was designed to assess the impact of MCOOL on consumer behavior. Important findings were:
- demand has not increased for meat covered under COOL,
- typical consumers are unaware of COOL and do not look for labels, and
- consumers say they value information on origin, but don’t pay extra for it.
The authors concluded that an economic loss has accrued to the industry as a result of COOL. NOTE: the World Trade Organization has recently ruled COOL to be unfair to Canada and Mexico; the U. S. government is currently evaluating whether to change COOL in order to comply, stop the program, or take no action and accept what penalties might result. (www.agmanager.info; Kansas State University) | <urn:uuid:0f006564-8229-48dc-bfe5-2b2c49469c27> | CC-MAIN-2017-17 | https://animalscience.tamu.edu/2013/01/24/beef-cattle-browsing-january-2013/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-17/segments/1492917122720.81/warc/CC-MAIN-20170423031202-00305-ip-10-145-167-34.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.94887 | 1,672 | 2.53125 | 3 |
- Flower nameChabo ayame
- Scientific nameIris sanguinea ‘pumira’
- Alias矮鶏菖蒲, 三寸あやめ, Chabo ayame
- Place of originhorticultural variety
- Place of flowering
- Flowering seasonApril, May
What is Chabo ayame
Chabo ayame ( Scientific name: Iris sanguinea cv. Pumira) is a horticultural variety of the cold-tolerant, perennial perennial herb "Iris" of the family Iridaceae. As it is a kind of iris, it can be grown in a dry place. It is a dwarf iris and has a plant height of about 10 to 20 cm. It takes out several swordlike leaves from the rhizome. In spring, flower stems are released between the leaves, and flowers bloom at a position higher than the leaves. The flower consists of six tepals, three petals and three sepals. Tepal color is purple or white. At the base of the sepals, a yellow grain pattern unique to the iris family enters.
General name: Chabo ayame, Scientific name: Iris sanguinea cv. pumira, Origin: Horticulture variety (iris is Turkey , Mediterranean coast such as Bulgaria), life style: cold-resistant perennial herb, plant height: 10 - 20 cm, leaf length: 7 cm, leaf shape: sword, flowering period: April to May, flower diameter: 6 to 8 cm, flower color: dark purple or white, usage: garden plant, pot plant. | <urn:uuid:ff0d44e8-f91f-460b-b88b-3e4fa65835dc> | CC-MAIN-2022-27 | https://www.flower-db.com/en/flowers/iris-sanguinea-pumira | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-27/segments/1656103984681.57/warc/CC-MAIN-20220702040603-20220702070603-00574.warc.gz | en | 0.839547 | 346 | 2.859375 | 3 |
Ebola’s Long-Term Impacts On West African Economies, Agriculture Becoming Apparent As Disease Spread Slows
The Atlantic: Ebola’s Hidden Costs
“…Even as Ebola infection rates appear to be leveling off in [Sierra Leone], the disease’s less visible but long-term impacts on communities and the economy are taking shape. … In other words, the number of people in Sierra Leone who have died from Ebola — just over 3,000, to date — will be only a fraction of the number who will go hungry from it…” (Hamilton, 1/14).
VOA News: Ebola Brings West Africa Economic Development to Screeching Halt
“A new study by the United Nations Development Program finds the Ebola epidemic is dramatically setting back prospects for economic development in Liberia, Sierra Leone, and Guinea. The study urges recovery plans for West Africa’s three Ebola-affected countries to begin now and not to wait until the deadly disease is contained…” (Schlein, 1/14). | <urn:uuid:a1a21d7f-c3b9-45e5-aeeb-e872f5d27402> | CC-MAIN-2019-43 | https://www.kff.org/news-summary/ebolas-long-term-impacts-on-west-african-economies-agriculture-becoming-apparent-as-disease-spread-slows/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-43/segments/1570986660231.30/warc/CC-MAIN-20191015182235-20191015205735-00543.warc.gz | en | 0.862609 | 220 | 2.78125 | 3 |
The human ankle joint, also known as the talocrural joint, connects the tibia and fibula bones of the leg with the talus bone in the foot. The deltoid ligament, also known as the medial ligament of the talocrural joint, holds the joint in place. The deltoid ligament is composed of four ligaments, one of which is the posterior tibiotalar ligament.
The posterior tibiotalar ligament is classified as a superficial fiber. It attaches to the inside of the talus and the medial malleolus. These ligaments are extremely durable such that they can support the weight of the body and the typical range of motion of the ankle joint.
Injuries to the ankle joint can injure the ligaments. The deltoid ligaments are at risk of being torn as a result of an ankle sprain. The posterior tibiotalar ligament is most easily visualized for the purpose diagnosis with conventional coronal plane imaging. The primary methods of treating an injury to the posterior tibiotalar ligament include rest, staying off of the injured foot, and elevating it as much as possible. It can take as long as four weeks to heal. | <urn:uuid:dbe7c246-8c1f-4f7a-9edb-ed937d9d4169> | CC-MAIN-2023-50 | https://www.healthline.com/human-body-maps/posterior-tibiotalar-ligament/male | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-50/segments/1700679100399.81/warc/CC-MAIN-20231202105028-20231202135028-00503.warc.gz | en | 0.949746 | 251 | 3.21875 | 3 |
The darkest time of night is midnight. This is the point exactly halfway between dusk and dawn, or sunset and sunrise, when the sun is at exactly 180 degrees to the observer's position.Continue Reading
Of course, other factors must be taken into consideration as well, including moon phase and position. A full moon at extreme perigee, which is the closest orbital distance to the Earth, will naturally be brighter than a new moon, or a moon at extreme apogee, which is the furthest orbital distance from the Earth.
The idea that night is darkest just before dawn is, false. It comes from a well-known quote by the theologian Thomas Fuller (1608-1661): 'It is always darkest just before the day dawneth.' This quote is also often wrongly attributed to the Bible.Learn more about Hours, Minutes, & Seconds | <urn:uuid:bb39f297-4bd4-43b7-9044-af25870b675b> | CC-MAIN-2017-09 | https://www.reference.com/science/darkest-time-night-2865bae48f3c81f1 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-09/segments/1487501170569.99/warc/CC-MAIN-20170219104610-00210-ip-10-171-10-108.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.9298 | 175 | 3.484375 | 3 |
Marina Silva, Brazilian Minister of Environment is calling for a
definitive ruling on transgenetic
crops. The minister says that
her position is one of caution since Brazil is a member of the
Biodiversity Convention and the Brazilian Congress is
examining ratification of the Cartagena agreement.
Minister of Environment, Marina Silva, saying that she is concerned that a temporary measure (MP) on transgenetic
crops may be limited to the state of Rio Grande do Sul, declared that there should be broader, more definitive legislation on
the issue. She cited a study now underway by various ministries which will be sent to congress in the future.
Silva called for a responsible discussion of the issue within the government, bearing in mind that whatever is done
must have a legal basis. She added that her ministry’s position is one of caution on the issue, pointing out that Brazil is a
member of the Biodiversity Convention and congress is examining ratification of the Cartagena agreement. "Over the last eight
years there has been patchwork legislation that did not resolve the problem. We need a long lasting solution," she declared.
The Minister cited the decree signed by President Lula making labeling of transgenetic food mandatory. The
Brazilian law is similar to European legislation, requiring that food that is one percent transgenetic be labeled as such.
"Consumers deserve reliable information on the food they purchase," she said.
Silva said that one idea being examined was the distribution of conventional soybean seed by the Brazilian Farm
Research Corporation (Embrapa), which has developed a first-class seed.
The Minister declared that her ministry’s position is not political-ideological against scientific or technological
knowledge, but one of caution regarding the use of such knowledge. "This is not something it is easy to resolve. If it were we
would not be doing all this work," said Silva. She concluded by saying that the presidential Chief of Staff, José Dirceu, was
working together with the ministries involved to find a solution.
On September 4, President Luiz Inácio Lula da Silva received a report containing the results of the discussions in
the Interministerial Work Group, and, based on this document, he should examine the conclusions and then announce
the Administration’s official position on this question. Lula received the document during a meeting with 13 ministers who
are involved in the discussions about transgenics.
The pressures are intense. Agricultural sectors defend the cultivation, but environmentalists are fearful of the
consequences for human health and the environment. In the midst of the discussions, technical impasses also delay a decision. One of
the items that is still pending is related to whether the mandate of the National Biosecurity Technical Commission
(CNTBio) empowers it to conduct the environmental impact studies required prior to authorizing the cultivation of genetically
modified food crops in the country.
Moreover, the composition of the organ itself has still not been defined. "After receiving the report prepared by
the Interministerial Work Group on transgenics, the President will examine its conclusions and then make a decision on this
matter," summed up Presidential spokesman, André Singer.
Brazil is on the eve of the soybean planting season (it officially begins on October 1). In Rio Grande do Sul farmers
say they will be planting a genetically modified (GM) strain known as "Roundup Ready" Further complicating the situation,
the multinational Monsanto, which developed the Roundup Ready seeds, has placed ads in local newspapers warning that it
will demand royalty payments when the crop is sold.
In response, the president of the Rio Grande do Sul Agricultural Federation, Ezidio Pinheiro, declared that GM soybean
seeds have been planted in the state for five years and there is no reason for farmers to pay Monsanto anything. The only
payments Monsanto has a right to, says Pinheiro, are for seed purchases.
Brazilian agrobusiness achieved a record surplus of US$ 16.15 billion between January and August of this year, with
exports of US$ 19.25 billion and imports of US$ 3.1 billion. This represents a 38.4 percent improvement over the performance
of the sector during the same period last year.
Between January and August, 2002, exports totaled US$ 14.7 billion, and imports, US$ 3 billion, earning the
country US$ 11.7 billion. The soy complex (beans, meal, and oil) was responsible for 23 percent of this activity. These data
were released by the Brazilian Confederation of Agriculture and Livestock (CNA).
Export revenues in general grew 31.2 percent over these eight months, which means that agrobusiness plays an
increasingly important part in Brazil’s trade balance. Foreign sales of agricultural goods increased from 39.7 percent to 42.3
percent of overall exports, when the January-August periods of 2002 and 2003 are compared.
According to CNA technical adviser, Paulo Mustafaga, agrobusiness is expected to export US$ 27 billion and
import US$ 4 billion this year, producing a surplus of US$ 23 billion. The growth in the trade surplus was stimulated by the soy
complex, with total exports of US$ 5.43 billion in the January-August period, 73.6 percent more than the US$ 3.13 billion
registered during the same period in 2002.
The performance of the sector, according to the CNA, is due to a set of favorable factors, such as the new record
harvest, estimated at 52 million tons, improvement in the exchange rate, and the increase in world prices, as a result of the
expansion in global consumption, which should attain 174 million tons this year.
Soybean prices rose 18 percent, from an average of US$ 179.6 per ton, in the January-August period in 2002, to
US$ 211.7 per ton, in the same period in 2003. The increase amounted to 33.6 percent.
Meat also performed well during these first eight months. Sales attained US$ 2.;44 billion, 29.7 percent more than
export proceeds during the same period last year (US$ 1.88 billion).
Imports, although far less expressive than exports, also experienced a slight evolution, of 3.2 percent, during these
eight months, compared with the same period last year. The items that had the greatest weight were wheat, cotton, and rice.
The material for this article was supplied by Agência Brasil (AB), the official press agency of the Brazilian
government. Comments are welcome at [email protected] | <urn:uuid:1af6f5fe-2270-4286-ae20-1d28e359d8e6> | CC-MAIN-2023-40 | https://www.brazzil.com/14194-brazil-can-t-make-its-mind-on-transgenics/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-40/segments/1695233506423.70/warc/CC-MAIN-20230922202444-20230922232444-00473.warc.gz | en | 0.952577 | 1,417 | 2.671875 | 3 |
The study of learner-external factors in SLA is primarily concerned with the question: How do learners get information about the target language? Study has focused on the effects of different kinds of input, and on the impact of the social context.
The process of language learning can be very stressful, and the impact of positive or negative attitudes from the surrounding society can be critical. One aspect that has received particular attention is the relationship of gender roles to language achievement. Studies across numerous cultures have shown that women, on the whole, enjoy an advantage over men. Some have proposed that this is linked to gender roles. Doman (2006) notes in a journal devoted to issues of Cultural affects on SLA, "Questions abound about what defines SLA, how far its borders extend, and what the attributions and contributions of its research are. Thus, there is a great amount of heterogeneity in the entire conceptualization of SLA. Some researchers tend to ignore certain aspects of the field, while others scrutinize those same aspects piece by piece."
Community attitudes toward the language being learned can also have a profound impact on SLA. Where the community has a broadly negative view of the target language and its speakers, or a negative view of its relation to them, learning is typically much more difficult. This finding has been confirmed by research in numerous contexts. A widely-cited example is the difficulty faced by Navajo children in learning English as a second language.
Other common social factors include the attitude of parents toward language study, and the nature of group dynamics in the language classroom. Additionally, early attitudes may strengthen motivation and facility with language in general, particularly with early exposure to the language.
Input and intake
Learners' most direct source of information about the target language is the target language itself. When they come into direct contact with the target language, this is referred to as "input." When learners process that language in a way that can contribute to learning, this is referred to as "intake."
Generally speaking, the amount of input learners take in is one of the most important factors affecting their learning. However, it must be at a level that is comprehensible to them. In his Monitor Theory, Krashen advanced the concept that language input should be at the "i+1" level, just beyond what the learner can fully understand; this input is comprehensible, but contains structures that are not yet fully understood. This has been criticized on the basis that there is no clear definition of i+1, and that factors other than structural difficulty (such as interest or presentation) can affect whether input is actually turned into intake. The concept has been quantified, however, in vocabulary acquisition research; Nation (2001) reviews various studies which indicate that about 98% of the words in running text should be previously known in order for extensive reading to be effective.
A great deal of research has taken place on input enhancement, the ways in which input may be altered so as to direct learners' attention to linguistically important areas. Input enhancement might include bold-faced vocabulary words or marginal glosses in a reading text. Research here is closely linked to research on pedagogical effects, and comparably diverse.
Long's interaction hypothesis proposes that language acquisition is strongly facilitated by the use of the target language in interaction. In particular, the negotiation of meaning has been shown to contribute greatly to the acquisition of vocabulary (Long, 1990). In a review of the substantial literature on this topic, Nation (2000) relates the value of negotiation to the generative use of words: the use of words in new contexts which stimulate a deeper understanding of their meaning.
In the 1980s, Canadian SLA researcher Merrill Swain advanced the output hypothesis, that meaningful output is as necessary to language learning as meaningful input. However, most studies have shown little if any correlation between learning and quantity of output. Today, most scholars contend that small amounts of meaningful output are important to language learning, but primarily because the experience of producing language leads to more effective processing of input.
The study of the effects of teaching on second language acquisition seeks to systematically measure or evaluate the effectiveness of language teaching practices. Such studies have been undertaken for every level of language, from phonetics to pragmatics, and for almost every current teaching methodology. It is therefore impossible to summarize their findings here. However, some more general issues have been addressed.
Research has indicated that many traditional language-teaching techniques are extremely inefficient. (P Lightbrown, 1990) However, today a broad consensus of SLA scholars acknowledge that formal instruction can help in language learning.
Another important issue is the effectiveness of explicit teaching: can language teaching have a constructive effect beyond providing learners with enhanced input? Because explicit instruction must usually take place in the learner's first language, some have argued that it simply starves learners of input and opportunities for practice. Research on this at different levels of language has produced quite different results. Traditional areas of explicit teaching, such as phonology, grammar and vocabulary, have had decidedly mixed results. The positive effect of explicit instruction at this level seems to be limited to helping students notice important aspects of input. Interestingly, the higher-level aspects of language such as sociopragmatic and discourse competence have shown the most consistently strong effects from explicit instruction. Research has also shown a distinct effect of age on the effectiveness of explicit instruction: the younger learners are, the less benefit they show.
However, research has again and again shown that early exposure to a second language increases a child's capacity to learn language, even their first language. | <urn:uuid:f3ab14ab-9fd9-4d94-ac1b-e3e3f553e2bc> | CC-MAIN-2016-30 | http://motivationtionallearning.blogspot.com/2008/06/learner-external-factors.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-30/segments/1469257836397.31/warc/CC-MAIN-20160723071036-00139-ip-10-185-27-174.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.954488 | 1,133 | 3.703125 | 4 |
Reading: Students are currently reading The BFG by Roald Dahl. Students have a reading assignment each night and may also have questions and a journal assignment. The questions and journal assignments can be found in their Reader's Response notebooks and are checked for completeness correctness in class. Students will receive a homework grade for these assignments. At the end of the novel, students will be assigned a project. Parents are welcome to help students read The BFG and complete the homework and project.
Math: Students are currently in Chapter 10: Decimals and Fractions. You can find the homework assignments listed below. Students should also study the following words: | <urn:uuid:cb6d73ee-3b52-4439-8c83-8f0354f9d1b4> | CC-MAIN-2019-04 | http://lindseymobley.weebly.com/homework.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-04/segments/1547584519382.88/warc/CC-MAIN-20190124055924-20190124081924-00464.warc.gz | en | 0.955682 | 130 | 3.203125 | 3 |
This course is only available for students in the BA International Studies programme.
Limited places are also open for exchange students.
Please note: this course takes place in The Hague. Traveling between University buildings from Leiden to The Hague may take about 45 minutes.
Culture plays an important role in how social groups (societies, communities, regions) and individuals understand themselves and the world; more specifically, culture is understood as the practices and activities through which people give meaning to the world, their community and themselves. So how can we understand and analyse these practices and activities? How can we gauge their relation to other social and individual domains and activities such as politics, economics and technological changes? And how has the emergence of a globalized world impacted the way we understand culture, cultural transference and the specificity of culture?
Cultural Studies offers students an overview of the most important theoretical and historical approaches to studying culture, cultural transference and cultural representation. During the course students will come to understand that culture is never monolithic and is always in flux: studying the difference between elite and mass culture, between high art and lowbrow entertainment, you will learn how you can study both high and low, both elite and mass culture to understand a society and its specificity. The course focuses on the present situation. Special emphasis will be on the relation of culture to economics, politics and technology.
By the end of the course:
students can recognize and recall the most important discussions on the nature and impact of culture;
students can accurately explain in their own words how culture relates to economics, politics or to technology according to the major theories in the field of cultural studies;
students can correctly define the most important methods and concepts within the field of Cultural Studies; and
they can apply these concepts and methods to describe the interaction between culture, politics, technology and economics in a cultural object of their own choosing.
The timetables are available through My Timetable.
Mode of instruction
Lectures are held every week, with the exception of the midterm exam week. Weekly lectures will cover issues both inside and outside the readings.
Tutorials are held once every two weeks, with the exception of the midterm exam week. Attending all tutorial sessions is compulsory. If you are unable to attend a session, please inform your tutor in advance. Being absent at more than two of the tutorial sessions will result in a lowering of your tutorial grade (40% of the end grade) with 1 point for each session missed after the first two sessions. Please note that being absent at any tutorial session may have a negative impact on the grade of the assignment due for that particular tutorial session. This is at the discretion of the tutor.
Written assignment (web-post of 500 words, 10% margin), chairing a student discussion, and participation in the tutorials (see tutorial guidelines for details).
Written examination with short open questions and (up to) 50% multiple choice questions.
To successfully complete the course, please take note of the following:
The end grade of the course is established by determining the weighted average of Tutorial grade and Final Exam grade.
The Final Exam grade needs to be 5.5 or higher.
This means that failing Exam grades cannot be compensated with a high Tutorial grade.
If the end grade is insufficient (lower than a 6.0), or the Final Exam grade is lower than 5.5, there is a possibility of retaking the full 60% of the exam material, replacing the Final Exam grade. No resit for the tutorial is possible.
Please note that if the Resit Exam grade is lower than 5.5, you will not pass the course, regardless of the tutorial grade.
Retaking a passing grade
Please consult the Course and Examination Regulations 2022 – 2023.
Exam review and feedback
How and when an exam review will take place will be disclosed together with the publication of the exam results at the latest. If a student requests a review within 30 days after publication of the exam results, an exam review will have to be organised.
To be announced.
- Enrolment through My Studymap is mandatory.
The programme’s administration office will register all first year students for the first semester courses in uSis, the registration system of Leiden University.
For substantive questions, contact the lecturer listed in the right information bar.
For questions about enrolment, admission, etc, contact the Education Administration Office: Student Affairs Office for BA International Studies
All other information. | <urn:uuid:9fd9575d-de1f-4bc4-8909-efdf7b59aa13> | CC-MAIN-2023-23 | https://studiegids.universiteitleiden.nl/en/courses/112476/cultural-studies | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-23/segments/1685224650201.19/warc/CC-MAIN-20230604161111-20230604191111-00083.warc.gz | en | 0.917934 | 1,011 | 2.5625 | 3 |
Published at Thursday, May 11th 2017. by Macy Laly in Worksheets.
There are many opportunities to teach your child how to count. You probably already have books with numbers and pictures, and you can count things with your child all the time. There are counting games and blocks with numbers on them, wall charts and a wide variety of tools to help you teach your child the basic principles of math. Mathematics worksheets can help you take that initial learning further to introduce the basic principles of math to your child, at a stage in their lives where they are eager to learn and able to absorb new information quickly and easily.
2. Monthly Financial Report Worksheet – After you have tracked you spending you are now ready to fill out a monthly financial report worksheet for that 30 day period. On this worksheet you will record you income for the month along with your spending in each expense category. After you have subtracted your total expenses from your net spendable income, you will see if you have an excess or if you where short for that month. 3. Monthly Budget Worksheet – Once you complete the monthly financial report for the past month, you are ready to create your monthly budget for next month using a monthly budget worksheet. On this worksheet you will record all your monthly bills, including the amounts and the due dates. You will also allow a certain amount of money for all other expense categories based on your previous monthly financial report. If you operated last month in the red, you will want to look at where you can cut your spending this month so you have a balanced budget with a little excess at the end of the month. So, as you can see, creating a monthly budget is pretty simple if you use these three must-have budget worksheets. It takes some time and work but living within your means is such a great feeling.
The writing of the worksheets can also be categorized based on the focus of the study of a student. The worksheet writing activity helps the students to come up with better and polished sentences. It also helps them to organize the sentence and used much better words in their sentences. It also helps them to increase their vocabulary and it automatically makes them to use better words in their sentences while writing a document. A student can begin his worksheet writing exercises anytime in his student life but first he has to learn how to pronounce the consonants and vowels properly.
1st grade worksheets are used for helping kids learning in the first grade in primary schools. These worksheets are offered by many charitable & commercial organizations through their internet portals. The worksheets provide study materials to kids in a funky & innovative way, to magnetize them towards learning. These worksheets are provided for all subjects present in a 1st grade school curriculum covering English, math, science & many others. Worksheets are also provided for developing & nurturing the thinking skills of a student too in the form of crossword puzzle & thinking skill worksheets. Moreover, many 1st grade worksheet providers as well provide time counting & calendar worksheets as well to test the IQ of the kids.
When your children have their addition facts memorized, they make fewer mistakes. One of the most common comments made by homeschooling mothers is how many math problems their children miss on a daily basis. One way to put a stop to this is by having your children memorize these facts. Having to stop and calculate basic facts on each and every math problem makes for a very long math lesson with many mistakes. This is frustrating to both the parent and the child.
A step-by-step set of preschool worksheets will introduce new challenges to your child – skills and concepts they have not yet learnt. With your support and encouragement, your child will learn these new skills, achieve their goals, and gain confidence that will be vital when they start kindergarten or school. Starting ’big school’ brings a lot of changes into a child’s life, and your child needs to believe that he or she can face new challenges and cope well. Physical activity is not only important for your child’s health – it will help them cope with the sheer physicality of interacting with twenty children on the playground. Bumps and shoves are inevitable, so make sure your child has lots of physical play to develop gross motor skills too. Your attitude towards starting school will greatly influence that of your child. If you are enthusiastic and excited about school, your child will be to. Regardless of your experiences at school, it is vital that you be positive and teach your child that learning is important – and it can be fun!
3. It will help if the worksheets are well-illustrated. Use of cartoon characters would make it more interesting for a child. Encapsulating common situations encountered at home, school, in the market place etc and using common objects known to children would make the worksheets more relevant. 4. Try to supplement each worksheet with a real-life activity. For example after a worksheet on counting, you can ask the child to pick out 3 biscuits and 2 carrots from many. 5. Remember, a child is learning many new things at once. A child of this age has an amazing capacity to learn many new things fast. He can also forget them equally fast. Doing many interesting worksheets with cartoons etc would be fun for him and would help continually reinforce what is learnt. 6. Give positive feedback and encourage a child. His finer motor skills are just developing. Do not expect or try for perfection. Do not give any writing exercise too early i.e until he is fully comfortable with holding a pencil. Spend sufficient time and continually reinforce the learning in day-to-day situations. Most importantly, it should be fun for the teacher and the taught!
Any content, trademark’s, or other material that might be found on the Johnpdaviscollection website that is not Johnpdaviscollection’s property remains the copyright of its respective owner/s. In no way does Johnpdaviscollection claim ownership or responsibility for such items, and you should seek legal consent for any use of such materials from its owner.
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About Eagle River
Eagle River was the site of the first permanent Indian settlement in the Wisconsin Northwood’s, located on the shores of Watersmeet Lake where the Wisconsin River and Chain 0′ Lakes meet. These early Indians were called Old Copper Indians and were succeeded by the Woodland Indians from 2,600 B.C. to 800 A.D. These Indians were probably the ancestors of the Chippewa, Potawatomi and Menominee. | <urn:uuid:591452da-7964-4c77-b720-a34012c83df2> | CC-MAIN-2023-40 | https://eagleriver.org/about/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-40/segments/1695233510967.73/warc/CC-MAIN-20231002033129-20231002063129-00235.warc.gz | en | 0.979889 | 97 | 2.96875 | 3 |
Century eggs or thousand year eggs are a great Chinese delicacy. Traditionally the eggs were pickled in brine, and then buried in a mixture of coals, chalk, mud and alkaline clay. Although no recipes keep the eggs for a hundred or even a thousand years, the curing salts do mean that the egg is preserved for many months, without need for refrigeration. The century eggs have a translucent, jelly-like, greenish-black egg-white, and a deep blue yolk, with a slightly cheesy, fermented flavour. The outside of the white sometimes develops a stunning pattern, reminiscent of snowflakes or the branches of a pine tree, which gives rise to one of the egg's Chinese names - songhua dan, or pine-patterned egg.
The century egg is ready to eat - just peel and slice to serve. They are traditionally served as an appetiser along with pickled ginger, or - most popular - with the congee (a thin soup or porridge of rice and water) for breakfast. Other condiments served along with congee include preserved bean curd, pickled vegetable, spring onions, and tofu.
Ingredients: Duck eggs, preserving salts
|Standard UK Delivery ?||£3.50 or free when you spend £35|
|Express Delivery ?||£6.95 or free when you spend £75|
|Next day by 12pm ?||£9.95| | <urn:uuid:4160afc3-ec01-483d-88ea-d1d67408b49b> | CC-MAIN-2018-39 | https://www.souschef.co.uk/products/century-eggs | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-39/segments/1537267158609.70/warc/CC-MAIN-20180922162437-20180922182837-00548.warc.gz | en | 0.926225 | 297 | 2.5625 | 3 |
Dental erosion is the loss of the surface of your teeth due to acids you eat or drink, or acids coming up from your stomach. These acids can dissolve the crystals that make up your teeth, leading to tooth surface loss. These acids can also soften the tooth surface, making it easier for them to be worn away by abrasion or tooth grinding. This is known as acid wear.
Stomach acids can cause dental erosion
The stomach contains many strong acids that are used to digest food. Vomiting and reflux can cause these stomach acids to enter your mouth.
Stomach acids are very strong and can cause substantial damage to the teeth. For example, people with bulimia, morning sickness or reflux (which can sometimes occur without you knowing) may experience this problem.
Dietary sources of acid can cause dental erosion
Many things that we eat and drink are acidic. One of the reasons for this is that acidic things taste nice. Common foods and drinks that contain high levels of acid, include:
- soft drinks (sugar-free and sugar-containing)
- energy drinks
- citrus fruits (lemons, limes, oranges)
- lemon-flavoured drinks or teas
- fruit-flavoured lollies
- most fruit juices
- most cordials
- vitamin waters
- vitamin C tablets
- pre-mixed alcoholic drinks.
Food acids are often added to processed foods and drinks. If you check the ingredient list of foods and drinks, you can see if food acids have been added. The ingredients are listed in order of their amount in the food, with the most being listed first. The closer any food acids are to the start of the list, the more acid the product will have in it.
In particular, watch out for food acids 330 (citric acid), 331 (sodium citrate), and 338 (phosphoric acid) which are especially bad for teeth. For further information speak to your dental professional.
Symptoms of dental erosion
One sign of dental erosion is the loss of the surface of the tooth, leading to a smooth, shiny appearance. Dental erosion can also make any exposed tooth root (dentine) sensitive to hot, cold or sweet foods and drinks.
When there is advanced dental erosion, the enamel may wear away to reveal the underlying dentine; these areas look like yellow depressions on the tooth surface (see below). Fillings may start to become more prominent if the surrounding tooth surface is dissolving away due to erosion.
Photo: Dr Nathan Cochrane
Complications of dental erosion
Dental erosion, if untreated, can lead to the progressive loss of the surface of the tooth. The loss of tooth structure can require complex and lengthy dental treatment involving fillings, veneers, crowns and potentially root canal treatment.
When the signs of dental erosion are detected, it is very important to determine the cause and modify it.
Preventing dental erosion
Dental erosion can be prevented by limiting contact of acids with the teeth. Some tips include:
- Eat a healthy, well-balanced diet.
- Drink fluoridated water rather than soft drink or juice.
- Eat fruit rather than drinking fruit juice.
- Eat fruit at meal times rather than between meals.
- Reduce how often you eat or drink anything acidic and reduce the time it is in your mouth.
- Seek medical treatment for management of reflux or vomiting.
- Do not chew vitamin C tablets. If necessary, take vitamin C supplements that are swallowed whole.
- Use sugar-free chewing gum after meals to promote saliva flow. Saliva is very important for protecting your teeth from erosion.
- Consider using dental products containing ‘stannous fluoride’ [tin (II) fluoride]. Recent studies suggest stannous fluoride is effective in reducing tooth erosion.
Following exposure to strong acids, you can help to neutralise the acid by:
- rinsing your mouth with water or a fluoride mouth rinse
- rinsing your mouth with a sodium bicarbonate (baking soda) mouth rinse (one teaspoon of baking soda in a glass of water)
- consuming dairy products.
Tips to minimise tooth wear include:
- Use a soft-bristled tooth brush with fluoridated toothpaste.
- Avoid using abrasive toothpastes (some whitening toothpastes and charcoal-based toothpastes are more abrasive).
- Make sure you have neutralised any acid (described above) before brushing your teeth.
- Wear a custom made dental splint if you grind your teeth at night.
Saliva can help reduce dental erosion
Saliva is a powerful natural defence against erosion. Saliva can wash acids out of your mouth into the stomach, it can neutralise acid, and it can repair the early stages of tooth softening by repairing tooth mineral. However, it cannot restore the lost tooth surface. A reduced flow of saliva (dry mouth) can increase your risk of dental erosion.
Stay well hydrated, as this improves your saliva. Remember that dehydration can reduce the amount of saliva you make, so drink lots of fluoridated water.
If you have a constant dry mouth, you may be at increased risk of dental erosion. Talk to your dental professional to identify the cause.
Causes of reduced saliva
Causes of reduced saliva (or dry mouth syndrome) may include:
- medications – some can affect your salivary glands and reduce the amount of saliva that they can make, leading to a dry mouth
- dehydration – working in a dry environment and not rehydrating often enough can lead to a decrease in saliva production. Also, excessive intake of caffeine found in coffee, tea, chocolate and cola drinks can reduce fluid levels in the body and reduce saliva
- some specific diseases or conditions can affect the saliva glands, such as Sjogren's syndrome.
Treatment for dental erosion
If your teeth have eroded, the lost surface of the tooth may need to be replaced with filling materials or crowns. It is important to visit your dental professional regularly so that they can identify dental erosion early, determine the cause, and then work with you to develop strategies to prevent further dental erosion and tooth wear.
Where to get help
This page has been produced in consultation with and approved by:
Australian Dental Association Victorian Branch
Content on this website is provided for information purposes only. Information about a therapy, service, product or treatment does not in any way endorse or support such therapy, service, product or treatment and is not intended to replace advice from your doctor or other registered health professional. The information and materials contained on this website are not intended to constitute a comprehensive guide concerning all aspects of the therapy, product or treatment described on the website. All users are urged to always seek advice from a registered health care professional for diagnosis and answers to their medical questions and to ascertain whether the particular therapy, service, product or treatment described on the website is suitable in their circumstances. The State of Victoria and the Department of Health & Human Services shall not bear any liability for reliance by any user on the materials contained on this website. | <urn:uuid:a839626e-fd7d-4ee7-88a4-236a93a15135> | CC-MAIN-2019-09 | https://www.betterhealth.vic.gov.au/health/conditionsandtreatments/dental-erosion | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-09/segments/1550247489343.24/warc/CC-MAIN-20190219041222-20190219063222-00514.warc.gz | en | 0.92699 | 1,478 | 3.8125 | 4 |
Strong communities depend on the personal relationships between their members, and the most basic relation between people outside the family connection is that of friendship. … The Buddha placed special emphasis on one’s choice of friends, which he saw as having a profound influence on one’s individual development as well as on the creation of a harmonious and ethically upright community. Good friendship is essential not only because it benefits us in times of trouble, satisfies our social instincts, and enlarges our sphere of concern from the self to others. It is critical because good friendship plants in us the sense of discretion, the ability to distinguish between good and bad, right and wrong, and to choose the honorable over the expedient.
— from the introduction to chapter “Good Friendships” in The Buddha’s Teachings on Social and Communal Harmony by Bhikkhu Bodhi
What choices do we have regarding friendships? We have relationships with family members, co-workers, fellow students, neighbors, members of our various communities, and others with whom we come into contact, but only a subset of these relationships develop into friendships.
There’s no magic formula for making and keeping friends. Some essential ingredients are: a desire for connection, regularly giving our time to our friends, listening and attending to what they say and do, avoiding comparing them with ourselves, overlooking small flaws, and wishing them well. If we find a friendship rewarding, we look past habits that we don’t like because the overall package is so worthwhile. When we are annoyed with someone we generally like, it pays to remember their favorable qualities. Someone who is generous, kind, and thoughtful might be a sloppy eater or housekeeper. So what? Someone who is honest and humble may be a very slow walker – again, so what? We can ask ourselves, what’s important here? And as a friend once advised me: “Go with the love.” When given the choice of criticizing or loving, we can choose to go with the love.
In the suttas, there are examples in which monks get along well with each other and when asked how they live harmoniously they describe the specific ways in which they defer to each other, make way for each other, clean up after each other, and prepare things for each other. Just as the people who cared for us when we were newborn did, we can care for those in our immediate world. With friends, this is a reciprocal process and only grows more rewarding with practice.
In the previous post, Sumi Loudon Kim used the word “attunement” to describe how parents empathetically observe their children, and suggested that this is a skill we can develop and (eventually) apply to all of our relationships. May it be so. | <urn:uuid:eb31d333-2bbf-4ace-8242-e686cb62514b> | CC-MAIN-2018-05 | https://buddhasadvice.wordpress.com/2017/06/14/friendships-and-communities/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-05/segments/1516084891105.83/warc/CC-MAIN-20180122054202-20180122074202-00286.warc.gz | en | 0.961323 | 574 | 2.578125 | 3 |
12 Mar 2014, Saptarshi Chaudhuri, BioSpectrum
Dr Marc Van Montagu, who won the 2013 World Food Prize, is considered to be the Father of GM technology by many. He is credited with the discovery of the Ti-plasmid, which not only acts as a vector to transport the required genetic traits but also initiates the process of formation of tumors in the GM plant.
During the late 1960s, Dr Montagu and his fellow researcher Dr Jeff Schell (1935-2003) started working with the plant disease known as crown gall. In 1974, they became the first to discover that Agrobacterium tumefaciens, the plant tumor-inducing soil microbe, carries a rather large circular molecule of DNA, which they named "Ti plasmid." Dr Montagu went on to found two biotechnology companies including, Plant Genetic Systems and Crop Design. While the former is best known for its early work on insect-resistant and herbicide-tolerant crops; the latter is focused on the genetic engineering of agronomic traits for the global commercial corn and rice seed markets. Also, in 2000, he founded the Institute of Plant Biotechnology Outreach with the mission to assist developing countries in gaining access to the latest plant biotechnology developments and to stimulate their research institutions to become independent and competitive.
Dr Montagu speaks exclusively to BioSpectrum on a wide variety of topics ranging from Super Weeds to MNC monopoly, from the future of GM technology to the attitude of today's scientists. Excerpts are as follows:
What do you think the future is going to be for Genetically Modified (GM) crops in the next 10 years?
First of all let me tell you that GM crops are not dangerous. It is not bad for the environment, and scientists have explained that. In fact, in the future, most of the solutions related to problems linked to the environment would be solved by using Green Energy, which will in turn be fuelled by GM crops or agriculture. If we want to keep the domain of agriculture and green industry pollution-free, then we will need to develop a variety of Genetically Modified (GM) plants.
We will not survive without GM crops. People need to understand, believe and start thinking about GM crops, instead of just disgracing it. Individuals need to now understand that the society is ready to accept GM crops. If not anything, just imaging the kind of pressure and challenges the agricultural sector will face when the population of India, which was 250 million a decade back have today become 1 billion and 250 million
Do we need to regulate patents more stringently in order to prevent the monopoly of MNCs?
Regulations should make sense. Regulations can be a dangerous thing. However, why would you want to regulate something that is not dangerous? I have seen people spread fear with respect to GM crops and this is criminal. Over regulation is killing the science and economic development. If we don't reap the benefits of GM technology, somebody else will take advantage of it.
How do we solve the problem of ‘Super Weeds'?
We can solve any problem using science. We need to use different chemicals and make different herbicides in order to handle weeds. You can also use several mechanical methods while practicing agriculture to deal with weeds. What one should keep in mind is that the techniques should not be expensive. However, with the present prevalence of over regulation, keeping techniques affordable has become difficult. Thus the industry is utilizing the available tools at hand to get maximum returns.
How does Dr Montagu describe science?
Like how all scientists would describe science. Observe; have a discussion on what you observe; propose a solution to the problem and describe the solution by publishing the experimental results. Try executing the solution and see how it goes. It is an eternal learning process. You need to be aware that in science, it will take several little steps in order to do something big. | <urn:uuid:cee8512c-5db0-41a6-a7b7-c93036cd3af7> | CC-MAIN-2015-18 | http://www.biospectrumasia.com/print_article/biospectrum/influencers/210650/world-food-laureate-over-regulation-killing-science | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2015-18/segments/1429246660493.3/warc/CC-MAIN-20150417045740-00017-ip-10-235-10-82.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.958698 | 811 | 2.953125 | 3 |
- freely available
Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2013, 10(7), 3052-3071; doi:10.3390/ijerph10073052
Abstract: The Canadian prairie provinces of Manitoba, Saskatchewan, and Alberta have reported the highest human incidence of clinical cases of West Nile virus (WNV) infection in Canada. The primary vector for WVN in this region is the mosquito Culex tarsalis. This study used constructed models and biological thresholds to predict the spatial and temporal distribution of Cx. tarsalis and WNV infection rate in the prairie provinces under a range of potential future climate and habitat conditions. We selected one median and two extreme outcome scenarios to represent future climate conditions in the 2020 (2010–2039), 2050 (2040–2069) and 2080 (2070–2099) time slices. In currently endemic regions, the projected WNV infection rate under the median outcome scenario in 2050 raised 17.91 times (ranged from 1.29-27.45 times for all scenarios and time slices) comparing to current climate conditions. Seasonal availability of Cx. tarsalis infected with WNV extended from June to August to include May and September. Moreover, our models predicted northward range expansion for Cx. tarsalis (1.06–2.56 times the current geographic area) and WNV (1.08–2.34 times the current geographic area). These findings predict future public and animal health risk of WNV in the Canadian prairie provinces.
Climate conditions, such as temperature and precipitation, are among many important factors that determine the spatial and temporal distribution of vectors and vector-borne diseases. Changes in climate influence the occurrence of vector-borne diseases in the following three major ways: (a) reproduction, development, and survival of vectors, which in turn drive the distribution and abundance of vectors; (b) blood seeking activity of vectors; and c) rates of pathogen amplification, through development, multiplication, and survival within vectors [1,2]. In addition, climate conditions may affect the distribution, abundance, behavior, phenology of reproduction, and migration of vertebrate hosts [3,4]. Therefore, climate change will drive dramatic alterations in the spatial and temporal distribution and overall incidence of vector-borne diseases. Besides these direct effects of climate change on vector-borne diseases, climate change can also lead to substantial alterations in landscape, which in turn influence the distribution and abundance of hosts, vectors, and vector-borne pathogens [1,5]. Without taking these ecological effects of climate change and their interactions into consideration, projections of the potential effects of climate change on vector-borne diseases will remain inaccurate [1,5].
West Nile virus (WNV) from the family Flaviviridae, genus Flavivirus was introduced into the Western Hemisphere in 1999 . Since that time the Canadian prairies, grassland ecozone in the southern parts of the provinces of Manitoba, Saskatchewan, and Alberta (Figure 1), have generally had the highest human incidence of clinical cases of WNV infection in Canada. During the 2007 epidemic season, a total of 2,215 confirmed clinical cases of WNV infection were reported in Canadians, of which 98% occurred in the prairie provinces, including 1,285 in Saskatchewan, 578 in Manitoba, and 318 in Alberta . As a newly introduced vector-borne disease affecting a wide range of vertebrate hosts, WNV remains a significant concern for public health and wildlife conservation in the Canadian prairies.
In the Canadian prairies, the mosquito species Culex tarsalis Coquillett is the principal vector for WNV [8,9] This mosquito species is one of the most competent WNV vectors evaluated to date in laboratory studies and is the predominant potential vector species in the Canadian prairies during the summer WNV season . The southern boundary of the boreal forest transition zone is identified as the northernmost limit of WNV distribution in western North America , although Cx. tarsalis has been recorded further north . Climate, particularly temperature and precipitation, and habitat preference determine the distribution of Cx. tarsalis in western North America . Grassland and agriculture area are the preferred land cover type for Cx. tarsalis in the Canadian prairies [8,9,13] and other regions of the Great Plains [12,14]. Stagnant water bodies with high organic content are favored sites for oviposition by Cx. tarsalis [8,15]. In the Canadian prairies, larvae of Cx. tarsalis are commonly found in many temporary water bodies, such as artificial containers, water-filled hoof prints, and weedy roadside ditches [8,12]. Furthermore, large water bodies and running water are not suitable for larval development due to the disturbance and lower nutrition concentration . Studies have found that the percentage of wetland is not associated with the abundance of Cx. tarsalis and WNV risk in the Canadian prairies and northern Great Plains [13,14,17,18].
Several biological features of Cx. tarsalis facilitate the transmission of WNV including its capacity to: vertically transmit WNV to its offspring ; produce multiple generations per season; and take multiple blood meals during each generation . Because it feeds on both avian and mammalian hosts, Cx. tarsalis plays the role of a “bridging vector” transmitting WNV from its enzootic cycle to humans and other mammalian species [20,21,22]. Besides WNV, Cx. tarsalis is the primary competent vector for the St. Louis and Western Equine Encephalitis viruses in North America [8,23,24].
Changes in future climate will not only influence the distribution of vectors and pathogens, but also the habitat suitability for vectors . Therefore, the assessment of possible effects of climate change on grassland distribution is critical for predicting the occurrence of Cx. tarsalis and WNV under future climate change. In a warmer and possibly drier future climate, current grassland habitat in the Canadian prairie ecozone might be replaced by the grassland flora found in the United States, and the boreal forest in the northern prairie provinces might be replaced by aspen parkland and grassland [26,27,28]. The southern boundary of the boreal forest fits very closely with the zero isoline of the annual climate moisture index, estimated by mean annual precipitation minus potential evapotranspiration (PET) .
In the present study, we integrated empirically derived, biologically-relevant temperature thresholds for Cx. tarsalis survival and WNV development, and statistical models in order to predict the effects of climate change on the distribution and abundance of Cx. tarsalis and WNV in the Canadian prairies, one of the most highly endemic regions in North America. Furthermore, we took into account potential changes in landscape as a result of climate change, including predicting the distribution of grassland habitat under future climate changes [26,27]. Our objectives were to assess and predict the potential effects of climate change on the abundance of Cx. tarsalis and infection rate of WNV in Cx. tarsalis in the Canadian prairie ecozone, under the assumption that competent avian amplifying hosts will continue to persist in this region. In addition, we explored the possibility of northward expansion of Cx. tarsalis and WNV out of their current distribution area in the Canadian prairie ecozone.
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Selection of Three Climate Change Outcome Scenarios
Monthly climatology data between 1961and 1990 were downloaded from the CRU Global climate data set (IPCC Data Distribution Centre; http://www.ipcc-data.org/; accessed in December, 2012) to represent the 30-year baseline climate conditions of the prairie provinces . For creating outcome scenarios representing a wide array of future climate conditions in the prairie provinces, we considered a total of 142 experiments in three future emission scenarios (SRA2, SRA1B, SRB1) constructed using 24 general circulation models (GCMs) (Table 1). These were selected on criteria of plausibility and best international standards of practice at the time. Experiments of each emission scenario represent results of simulations that assume a forcing of 1% per year in equivalent CO2 concentration, radiative forcing and variably include aerosol effects. Future emission scenarios of greenhouse gases and aerosols in the atmosphere depend on factors such as population and economic growth and energy use .
Average changes with respect to 1961–1990 were calculated for the 30 year periods centered on the 2020s (2010–2039), 2050s (2040–2069) and 2080s (2070–2099) for each of the 142 experiments. In order to select three outcome scenarios, representing cool and wet, median, and warm and dry climate conditions in the prairie provinces, scatter plots of changes in mean temperature and precipitation associated with 142 experiments were created for the study area. The 2050s time slice was used to select the three outcome scenarios; by the 2080s, the magnitude of uncertainty in results increased substantially. The selection of representative outcome scenarios (median and range) followed the guidelines put forward by the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change Task Group on Data and Scenario Support for Impact and Climate Assessment .
|General circulation models||SRA2||SRA1B||SRB1||Resolution Latitude (°)||Resolution Longitude (°)|
|GISS-ER (run number) 1||1 (1)||2 (2, 4)||1 (1)||4.0||5.0|
|MIROC3.2-medres||3||3||3 (run 2)||2.8||2.8|
|NCAR-CCSM (run numbers)||4 (1–4)||7 (1–3, 5–7, 9)||8 (1–7, 9)||1.4||1.4|
|NCAR-PCM||4||4||3 (run 2)||2.8||2.8|
1 Run number of the experiments used in the current study. Bold text indicates the experiments selected as median and extreme climate outcome scenarios in the current study.
Future climate for each variable, such as monthly mean temperature and monthly total precipitation, was computed by combining baseline climate condition and predicted changes for each of the three outcome scenarios and the three time slices.
2.2. Models for Cx. tarsalis Abundance and WNV Infection Rate
Recorded data on abundance of Cx. tarsalis and WNV infection rate were obtained from mosquito trapping in the prairie provinces from May to September for 2005 to 2008 from the Public Health Agency of Canada, Alberta Environment, Manitoba Public Health and Healthy Living, and Saskatchewan Ministry of Health. Counts of Cx. tarsalis per trap site per night were transformed by ln(y+1) to normalize the data distribution prior to analysis . Culex tarsalis infection rate (defined as the number of mosquitoes infected with WNV in 1000 pooled mosquitoes) was computed using PooledInfRate (version 3.0), a Microsoft® Excel plug-in by Maximum Likelihood (ML-IR) and minimum infection rate (MIR) methods [33,34].
Two models using temperature and precipitation as the primary explanatory variables were constructed to predict the abundance of Cx. tarsalis and WNV infection rate in Cx. tarsalis in the Canadian prairies (Statistical Analysis System, version 9.2, Cary, NC, USA), details of which are published in Chen et al. (in review). Briefly, a linear mixed model (PROC MIXED, SAS Institute 2008) was used to predict abundance of Cx. tarsalis. Parameters were estimated by the restricted maximum likelihood method. We then adopted a generalized linear mixed model, with a log link function (PROC GLIMMIX, SAS Institute 2008) for prediction of Cx. tarsalis infection rate. A negative binomial distribution was chosen in the Cx. tarsalis infection rate model based on a preliminary analysis where the formula ‘Pearson Chi-Square divided by degrees of freedom (DF)’ value was close to one and the lowest Akaike information criterion (AIC) value. A summary of the final Cx. tarsalis abundance model and the WNV infection rate model, as well as parameter coefficients, are shown in Table 2.
|Variables (unit)||Cx. tarsalis abundance||WNV infection rate|
|Coefficient||95% CI||Coefficient||95% CI|
|Intercept||−3.48||−4.05 to −2.91||−2.26||−4.47 to −0.05|
|Cx. tarsalis abundance (log(y+1))||0.55||0.31 to 0.79|
|Monthly mean temperature (1 °C)||0.22||0.2 to 0.25|
|1 month lagged temperature (1 °C)||0.07||0.05 to 0.09||0.32||0.22 to 0.41|
|3 months total of monthly mean degree days (dd)||−0.10||−0.2 to −0.01|
|Monthly total precipitation (1 mm)||0.0033||0.002 to 0.005|
|1 month lagged precipitation (1 mm)||0.0042||0.003 to 0.005||−0.27||−0.36 to −0.18|
|2 month lagged precipitation (1 mm)||0.0033||0.002 to 0.004|
|3 months total precipitation (1 mm)||−0.05||−0.08 to −0.02|
CI: confidence interval.
2.3. Modeling Grassland Distribution
We used models constructed by Hogg and simplified Penman-Monteith method to predict the future boundaries of the boreal forest and grassland in the prairie provinces . The predicted distribution of grassland habitat was used as a criterion for the occurrence of Cx. tarsalis under the three selected future outcome scenarios. To estimate the PET, a series of conditions and corresponding equations simplified from the Penman-Monteith method were derived as follows:
For Tmean > 10 °C: PET = 93 D exp(A/9300)
For 10 °C ≥ Tmean > –5 °C: PET = (6.2Tmean + 31) D exp(A/9300)
For Tmean ≤ –5 °C: PET = 0
Tmean = mean monthly temperature (unit: °C)
D = vapour pressure deficit (unit: KPa)
A = altitude (unit: meter)
The vapour pressure deficit (D) was calculated using this formula:
D = 0.5 (eTmax + eTmin) – eTdew
eTmax = saturated vapor pressure at the maximum monthly mean temperature
eTmin = saturated vapor pressure at the minimum monthly mean temperature
eTdew = saturated vapor pressure at the dew point temperature.
The eTdew was set as equal to the saturation vapour pressure at a temperature of 2.5 °C lower than mean minimum temperature .
2.4. Maps of Current and Future Distribution
Using these models and the baseline and projected climate conditions in the prairie provinces, we used ArcGIS version 10 (Environmental System Research Institute, Redlands, CA, USA) to create maps of current and future abundance of Cx. tarsalis and WNV infection rate.
2.4.1. Maps of Cx. tarsalis Abundance
According to the thermal tolerance limits and habitat requirements for Cx. tarsalis, the occurrence of Cx. tarsalis was set as zero when the monthly mean temperature was lower than 14 °C or higher than 35 °C , or the habitat was not grassland. The constructed Cx. tarsalis abundance model (Table 2) was then populated with current and future climate conditions under the three outcome scenarios to map the monthly abundance and distribution of Cx. tarsalis in the Canadian prairie provinces.
2.4.2. Maps of WNV Infection Rate in Cx. tarsalis
In the WNV infection rate model, WNV transmission was considered possible when the following criteria were met: (a) the primary vector, Cx. tarsalis, was present; (b) the temperature was higher than 14.3 °C, the minimum temperature for WNV amplification to occur in Cx. tarsalis ; and (c) at least 82 degree days were accumulated in a 12 day feeding period of the life cycle for a female Cx. tarsalis. This represents the minimum amount of warming needed to complete the extrinsic incubation period of the virus in the mosquito [38,39]. The WNV infection rate model was then populated with current and future climate conditions under the three outcome scenarios to predict distribution and rates of WNV infection in Cx. tarsalis in the study region.
3.1. Selection of Three Climate Change Outcome Scenarios
Based on predicted changes in mean temperature and precipitation in the 2050s, three outcome scenarios representing three GCMs and two emissions scenarios were selected to represent future of cool and wet, median, and warm and dry climate conditions in the Canadian prairie provinces (Table 3). Average temperature was predicted to increase by 1–7 °C for all months in all selected outcome scenarios and time slices (Table 3). Although average annual total precipitation was projected to increase (by 21–46 mm) in all selected outcome scenarios and time slices, changes in precipitation varied among different months and areas in the prairie provinces. Under the warm and dry outcome scenario, the largest decreases in monthly precipitation occurred in July and August, with decreases by over 50% in some areas.
|Experiments and time slices||Emissions Scenarios||Outcome Scenarios||Change in annual total precipitation (SD); mm||Change in mean annual temperature (SD); °C|
|NCAR-PCM run 2||B1||Cool, wet||22.4 (8.9)||1.14 (0.27)|
|MIMR||B1||Median||25.8 (16.3)||1.63 (0.18)|
|UKMO-HadGEM1 run 1||A2||Warm, dry||44.2 (16.9)||1.65 (0.40)|
|NCAR-PCM run 2||B1||Cool, wet||41.1 (12.8)||1.77 (0.28)|
|MIMR||B1||Median||37.9 (28.1)||3.04 (0.11)|
|UKMO-HadGEM1 run 1||A2||Warm, dry||21.3 (22.9)||4.03 (0.39)|
|NCAR-PCM run 2||B1||Cool, wet||52.3 (12.6)||2.42 (0.33)|
|MIMR||B1||Median||46.4 (31.2)||4.24 (0.19)|
|UKMO-HadGEM1 run 1||A2||Warm, dry||29.4 (31.4)||6.80 (0.50)|
SD: standard deviation.
3.2. Grassland Distribution
Prediction of grassland distribution showed two main areas where climate would be appropriate for grassland under current and proximal future climate scenarios. Under current conditions, the principal area of grassland habitat was the Canadian prairie ecozone, and a second, smaller patch was located in northern Alberta (Figure 1). Under the cool and wet future outcome scenario, the overall area of grassland habitat decreased by 23,004 km2and 7,762 km2 in the 2020s and 2050s, respectively, with an expansion of 57,132 km2 in the 2080s (Table 4, Figure 2). In the median and warm, dry scenarios, grassland habitat expanded in all time slices (298,683 km2 expansion for the median scenario in 2050s, range 17,765–842,110 km2), and furthermore, the two regions of grassland habitats merged into a large grassland by the 2050s (Table 4, Figure 2).
3.3. Culex tarsalis Abundance and Distribution
Increases in the following factors were associated with an increase in abundance of Cx. tarsalis in the model: mean temperature, one month lagged mean temperature, monthly total precipitation, and one and two months lagged total precipitation. The predicted warmest mean temperature for all of the selected outcome scenarios and time slices was lower than the upper threshold (35 °C) for survival of adult female Cx. tarsalis. The temporal distribution of Cx. tarsalis under current climate conditions was restricted to a period from June to August, with highest abundance in July and August (Table 5). Under future climate conditions, the temporal occurrence of Cx. tarsalis was extended between May and September for all selected outcome scenarios by the 2080s, and for all but the cool wet scenario by the 2050s. Furthermore, abundance of Cx. tarsalis was predicted to increase 1.4 times under the median outcome scenario in the 2050s (1.1 times under the cool, wet scenario in the 2020s, and 2 times under the warm, dry scenario in the 2080s) in the Canadian prairie ecozone compared to baseline climate conditions (Table 5, Figure 2).
Projected spatial distribution showed that the highest abundance of Cx. tarsalis occurred in the southern part of the Canadian prairies under baseline climate conditions and all selected future outcome scenarios (Figure 2). Except for the cool and wet scenario in the 2020s, the distribution of Cx. tarsalis expanded northward under the future outcome scenarios and time slices. The expansion of geographical distribution of Cx. tarsalis was 33,195 km2 (1.60 fold increase) under the median scenario in the 2050s (no change under the cool, wet scenario in the 2020s and a 3 fold increase under the warm, dry outcome scenario in the 2080s) (Table 4, Figure 2). Climate conditions in the northern parts of the prairie provinces (up to 60° N latitude, currently parkland and boreal forest habitats) were suitable for Cx tarsalis under current and future climate scenarios and therefore, the northward expansion of Cx. tarsalis will be primarily restricted by the absence of suitable grassland habitat (Figure 2).
3.4. WNV Distribution and Infection Rate in Cx. tarsalis
Under baseline climate conditions, the current temporal distribution and transmission season of WNV was limited to a period between June and August in the Canadian prairies. August was the month with the highest mean WNV infection rate of Cx. tarsalis (Table 6). The temporal occurrence of WNV in the Canadian prairie ecozone was extended from the current months of June to August to include May and September in all selected future outcome scenarios by the 2080s, and all but the cool and wet outcome scenario in the 2050s (Table 6). Compared to baseline, the August infection rate for the median scenario in the 2050s increased 18 fold (1.3 fold change under the cool, wet scenario in the 2020s and 27 fold change under the warm, dry scenario in the 2080s) (Table 6).
The projected future WNV distribution showed a decrease in distribution area of 23,258 km2 in the cool and wet outcome scenario in the 2020s, due to decreased area of grassland habitat. However, in all other future outcome scenarios and time slices, the northward expansion of WNV was projected. The expansion of WNV under the median scenario in the 2050s was 332,460 km2, representing a 1.6 fold increase from baseline conditions (no change under the cool, wet scenario in the 2020s, and a two fold increase under the warm, dry outcome scenario in the 2080s) (Table 4, Figure 3). WNV infection rate in the southern half of the Canadian prairies was generally higher than that in the north. Furthermore, most predicted areas of high WNV activity were located in the predicted grassland habitat for all selected outcome scenarios and time periods (Figure 3).
|Outcome scenarios and time slices||Distribution area 2||Area expansion 3||Fold change 4|
|Grassland||Cx. tarsalis||WNV||Grassland||Cx. tarsalis||WNV||Grassland||Cx. tarsalis||WNV|
1 The current distribution area of Cx. tarsalis and WNV are in the Canadian prairie ecozone based on the 1961–1990 climate condition. 2 To estimate the distribution area of outcome scenarios, the availability of grassland habitat is set as a criterion for Cx. tarsalis in the prairie provinces. 3 Area expansion = future distribution area (based on outcome scenarios) minus current distribution area. 4 Fold change = future distribution area (based on outcome scenarios) divided by the current distribution area.
|Abun (SD)||Abun (SD)||Fold change 1||Abun (SD)||Fold change||Abun (SD)||Fold change||Abun (SD)|
|Current||None||1.22 (0.33)||2.26 (0.32)||2.20 (0.32)||None|
|Cool, wet||None||1.48 (0.32)||1.21||2.56 (0.29)||1.13||2.43 (0.31)||1.10||None|
|Median||None||1.57 (0.31)||1.29||2.68 (0.32)||1.19||2.75 (0.30)||1.25||0.28 (0.60)|
|Warm, dry||None||1.71 (0.31)||1.40||2.62 (0.28)||1.16||2.65 (0.30)||1.20||0.08 (0.33)|
|Cool, wet||None||1.57 (0.29)||1.29||2.66 (0.26)||1.18||2.54 (0.31)||1.15||0.05 (0.28)|
|Median||0.05 (0.16)||1.97 (0.26)||1.61||3.03 (0.29)||1.34||3.02 (0.27)||1.37||1.11 (0.76)|
|Warm, dry||0.37 (0.39)||2.30 (0.32)||1.89||3.34 (0.34)||1.48||3.49 (0.32)||1.59||1.90 (0.50)|
|Cool, wet||0.02 (0.09)||1.72 (0.33)||1.41||2.75 (0.28)||1.22||2.69 (0.30)||1.22||0.28 (0.63)|
|Median||0.49 (0.36)||2.26 (0.27)||1.85||3.32 (0.32)||1.47||3.39 (0.33)||1.54||1.83 (0.36)|
|Warm, dry||1.18 (0.27)||3.04 (0.31)||2.49||4.27 (0.32)||1.89||4.33 (0.31)||1.97||2.87 (0.26)|
Abun: abundance of Cx. tarsalis; SD: standard deviation; None: no occurrence of Cx. tarsalis.1 Fold change = future abundance (based on outcome scenarios) divided by the current abundance of Cx. tarsalis.
|IR(SD)||IR (SD)||Fold change 1||IR (SD)||Fold change||IR (SD)||Fold change||IR (SD)|
|Current||None||0.54 (0.25)||1.33 (0.45)||2.23 (0.94)||None|
|Cool, wet||None||0.51 (0.16)||0.94||1.14 (0.42)||0.86||2.88 (1.27)||1.29||None|
|Median||None||0.86 (0.25)||1.59||2.02 (0.96)||1.52||5.17 (2.64)||2.32||0.44 (1.32)|
|Warm, dry||None||0.67 (0.22)||1.24||1.67 (0.71)||1.26||2.84 (1.42)||1.27||0.40 (0.99)|
|Cool, wet||None||0.72 (0.23)||1.33||1.62 (0.66)||1.22||3.20 (1.47)||1.43||0.06 (0.41)|
|Median||0.02 (0.09)||1.91 (0.71)||3.54||4.87 (1.91)||3.66||17.91 (10.0)||8.03||4.32 (4.63)|
|Warm, dry||0.17 (0.21)||1.37 (0.46)||2.54||5.91 (3.08)||4.44||18.08 (9.98)||8.11||10.18 (6.93)|
|Cool, wet||0.004 (0.03)||1.01 (0.31)||1.87||1.91 (0.87)||1.44||3.74 (1.76)||1.68||0.28 (0.87)|
|Median||0.001 (0.001)||1.79 (0.64)||3.31||5.53 (2.57)||4.16||19.95 (11.81)||8.95||9.44 (7.06)|
|Warm, dry||0.61 (0.22)||2.70 (0.93)||5.00||17.55 (6.70)||13.20||61.21 (27.78)||27.45||30.89 (11.66)|
IR: WNV infection rate in Cx. tarsalis; SD: standard deviation; None: absence of WNV in the Cx. tarsalis.1 Fold change = future WNV infection rate (based on outcome scenarios) divided by the current infection rate in Cx. tarsalis.
Climate change is expected to influence the distribution of both vectors and vector borne pathogens, and contribute to the expansion or shifting of endemic regions [25,40,41]. This study demonstrates the potential for substantial expansion of the transmission season and geographic distribution of a recently introduced vector-borne disease in a highly endemic region of North America as a result of rapid climate and landscape change.
We constructed models for predicting abundance of the primary mosquito vector Cx. tarsalis and WNV infection rate, and populated these with data from baseline and selected future climate scenarios to assess the effects of climate and landscape change on WNV in the Canadian prairie ecozone. Under even the most optimistic of scenarios, WNV will undergo northern range expansion and extension of the transmission season by the 2050s. Based on a middle-of-the-road scenario, approximately half to two/thirds of the northern portion of the prairie provinces will have a climate newly suitable for WNV transmission by the 2050s. Under the most extreme warming conditions, peak mosquito infection rates could be 30 times that of baseline, representing a substantial increase in infection pressure for people and animals alike.
Although higher temperatures may lead to increased mosquito mortality and thus represent a natural check on viral amplification, our results suggest that mean monthly temperatures will not exceed the upper threshold for survival of adult female Cx. tarsalis. In addition, mosquitoes may select cooler microhabitats if temperatures exceed tolerances. Therefore, the observed temporal and spatial distribution of WNV in the Canadian prairies will remain primarily determined by the lower temperature limitation for WNV amplification in Cx. tarsalis (estimated to be 14.3 °C) . Laboratory experiments demonstrate that the temperature threshold for survival of Cx. tarsalis is generally between 14 °C and 35 °C, and within this range, temperature is positively correlated with development rate of vector [36,42]. Therefore, climate change will lead to higher development rates for vector without a compensatory increase in mosquito mortality. Moreover, increased temperatures will also increase the infection rate of WNV in Cx. tarsalis, especially in the southern part of the Canadian prairies.
Many factors besides climate are important determinants of the distribution and incidence of vector borne diseases, such as habitat suitability for competent vectors . Changes in future climate could also induce shifts in habitat distribution and affect habitat suitability for vectors [25,40]. In the current study, we used the constructed model to predict the distribution of grassland habitat under current and selected future outcome scenarios. Northward expansion of grassland has been predicted in Western Canada in a future of climate change, with boreal forest replaced by aspen parkland and grassland, and current Canadian grassland types replaced by those found in the U.S. Great Plains [26,27,28]. These latitudinal shifts in vegetation zones will create more suitable habitat for Cx. tarsalis in the northern part of the prairie provinces, while maintaining suitable habitat in the current Canadian prairie ecozone. However, the spatial expansion of Cx. tarsalis and WNV distribution in the prairie provinces will lag behind the shifts of vegetation zones.
The predicted distribution of grassland revealed another smaller area located in northern Alberta where the climate is appropriate for grassland habitat (Figure 1, Figure 2). Isolated grasslands resembling mixed prairie communities of the northern Great Plains are observed in this area [44,45,46]. In addition, recent studies have also revealed Cx. tarsalis in the region of these grassland remnants, which extend into the southern Northwest Territories, although no WNV was detected . These empirical observations validated our prediction that if grassland habitat is available, Cx. tarsalis can already establish in the northern regions of the prairie provinces under current and projected future climate conditions; however, the activity of WNV remains low or nonexistent in these regions under current climate conditions. Moreover, the Canadian prairie represents the northernmost edge of WNV distribution in the western hemisphere. As Cx. tarsalis, WNV, and other arboviruses expand northward out of their current endemic area into regions where humans, domestic livestock, and wildlife lack immunity, these vector-borne diseases may emerge in these newly vulnerable populations [47,48].
Temperature increases and the ecological impact of climate change are predicted to be greater in temperate and polar regions than in tropical regions [47,49,50]. Increasing environmental temperature shortens the maturation time required for Cx. tarsalis and the extrinsic incubation period of West Nile virus. Furthermore, it also accelerates the mosquito gonadotrophic cycle and affects mosquito survival. Although beyond the scope of the current study, these relationships will influence virus transmission by increasing the contact rate between Cx. tarsalis and competent vertebrate hosts [37,51].
Although we have demonstrated that changing climate and habitat will drastically alter the current distribution and abundance of a newly-introduced vector-borne disease, a number of other factors will also affect the ecology of WNV, and will in turn be affected by climate conditions. These factors include ability of hosts to migrate, disperse and adapt to changing local environments, host resistance to disease, biotic interactions, evolutionary change, other anthropogenic alternations of environment, and efforts of disease control [25,52]. Future models addressing how these factors will affect the ecology of WNV are critically needed. In addition, climate change predictions are themselves subject to uncertainty in terms of the magnitude and scale of physical and socioeconomic drivers, which will need to be addressed to more accurately predict changes in the ecology of vectors and vector-borne diseases. Finally, the precise lag time of habitat change (i.e., from boreal forest to grassland) and subsequent dispersal of vectors and hosts to newly suitable habitat remain unclear. Therefore, in order to validate our predictions and improve the predictive ability of these models, further monitoring of distribution and abundance of Cx. tarsalis and WNV is recommended, especially in regions that we have identified as vulnerable to range expansion and enhanced endemic amplification within the next 20–100 years.
The present study evaluated the potential effects of future climate and landscape change on the increased distribution and abundance of a newly-introduced vector-borne disease (WNV) and its primary vector (Cx. tarsalis) in a highly endemic region of North America. Studies like this one that use predictive models based on recorded data, known biological thresholds, and the best available climate scenarios covering the full range of outcomes provide vital information for public health professionals and policy makers to set priorities for mitigation and adaptation in the near future.
We thank the Pilot Infectious Disease Impact and Response System (PIDIRS)/program of Public Health Agency of Canada (PHAC) for their funding support, and Environment Canada (climate) and Public Health Division of Manitoba Health (mosquito) for providing data.
Conflict of Interest
The authors declare no conflict of interests.
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© 2013 by the authors; licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/). | <urn:uuid:9cfddbb2-dc1e-4c56-a3c2-590edef1d3b6> | CC-MAIN-2016-44 | http://mdpi.com/1660-4601/10/7/3052/htm | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-44/segments/1476988721278.88/warc/CC-MAIN-20161020183841-00266-ip-10-171-6-4.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.829079 | 11,710 | 2.609375 | 3 |
Fairfield University to remember the six million who perished during the Holocaust
While the number of Holocaust survivors dwindles as the years pass, it becomes increasingly important to hear their stories. Toward that end, the annual Holocaust Remembrance Service at Fairfield University, taking place Monday, April 23 at 4:30 p.m., will feature Sol Rosenkranz, who survived Treblinka, Buchenwald and other concentration campus in Poland.
Co-sponsored by Fairfield University's Bennett Center for Judaic Studies and Campus Ministry, the event, free and open to the public, will be held in the Egan Chapel of St. Ignatius Loyola, on the Fairfield campus.
"This annual event is vital to help students understand the scope of this tragic era, while serving as a reminder of the six million individuals who were murdered at the hands of the Nazis," said Ellen M. Umansky, Ph.D., director of the Bennett Center for Judaic Studies. "It's one of the most moving events at the University and I'm especially pleased that Sol Rosenkranz, who I've been privileged to hear before, will be with us."
Born in Grabow, Poland, Mr. Rosenkranz, 94, will share his tragic history of how his family perished after being sent to the camps. His older, married brother was set to go to a concentration camp, but another brother volunteered to go in his place so that the older brother could remain with his wife and child. Ultimately, Rosenkranz's mother, brother, two sisters and a sister-in-law died. Despite being shuttled to different camps, Rosenkranz survived, as did one brother. They never learned the fate of their father who was taken by Nazi soldiers.
Speaking of returning to the concentration camp Treblinka years later, Rosenkranz told CNN.com: "I would never have gone but for my children. I wanted them to see where I came from, what I saw with my own eyes. I saw people going to their deaths. I lost my family. It was just impossible."
He will also recount how he rebuilt his life after World War II ended. Now living in New York City, he serves as a gallery educator at the Museum of Jewish Heritage.
The service at Fairfield will include the recitation of the Kaddish, the Jewish mourning prayer, followed by a candle lighting ceremony known as a Yahrzeit.
Dr. Umansky is also involved in the planning of the annual Holocaust Commemoration organized by the Fairfield Holocaust Commemoration Committee, of which she is a member. The event will take place on Wednesday, April 25 at 7:30 p.m. at First Church Congregational, 148 Beach Road, in Fairfield. This year's speaker will be Harry Weichsel, a Bridgeport resident who survived the 1938 Kristallnacht program in Nazi Germany.
Media Contact: Meg McCaffrey, (203) 254-4000, ext. 2726, [email protected]
Posted on April 10, 2012
Vol. 44, No. 260 | <urn:uuid:9d30573a-9b81-4598-bc17-1a142516d737> | CC-MAIN-2015-06 | http://www.fairfield.edu/lassochannel/press/pr_index/index.lasso?id=3415 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2015-06/segments/1422115863063.84/warc/CC-MAIN-20150124161103-00088-ip-10-180-212-252.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.973699 | 653 | 2.640625 | 3 |
By Mike Appleton, Guest Blogger
I first heard of John Prather sometime in 1957. We were living outside of La Luz, New Mexico, a village near Alamogordo. My father was working on a guided missile project at Holloman Air Force Base at the time. Prather was a cattle rancher and I followed his story over the next few years with a mixture of boyish awe and admiration.
Prather was born in east Texas in 1873, and moved with his family by covered wagon to New Mexico ten years later. He took up ranching in the 1890s, raising both cattle and mules, supplying the latter to the army during both world wars and acquiring the nickname “Mule King.” By the 1950s, Prather had accumulated 4,000 acres stretching from the foothills and fertile mesas of the Sacramento Mountains into the arid desert of the Tularosa Basin, and held grazing leases from the government on another 20,000 acres. Rough-edged, but gentle, he built his ranch house by hand and grew pecan trees. Prather was one of the last pioneer settlers in New Mexico Territory and looked forward to passing on what he had created to his children. But the government had different ideas.
The Tularosa Basin lies between the San Andres Mountains on the west and the Sacramentos on the east. White Sands runs down the middle of the basin, just south of the prehistoric lava pits known as the Malpais. It is stark, arid, rugged and beautiful. Only a few miles away from the Malpais is the Trinity Site, where the first atomic bomb was detonated on July 16, 1945. In the years following World War II, the White Sands Proving Ground, as it was then known, was gradually expanded. By the early 1950s, America had embarked on the Cold War and the earnest development of guided missile systems. The proving ground was transformed into the White Sands Missile Range, necessitating even further expansion. The nearby McGregor Missile Range was also expanding and by 1956, hundreds of thousands of additional acres of the Tularosa Basin had been set aside for the development and testing of missile systems.
A number of ranchers were affected by the expansion. Most of them negotiated purchase prices with the government and moved on. A few battled condemnation proceedings and eventually settled. And then there was John Prather. He had no desire to sell under any circumstances and made his views clear. When asked about his plans, he replied, “I am going to die at home.” Although he was unwilling to give up his land, he did offer to lease it to the army for $2.00 per year, so that he “could go on raising beef for the army to eat and paying taxes for them generals’ salaries.” But a sale was out of the question. “If they come after me,” he said, “they better bring a box.”
With negotiations going nowhere, the army began formal condemnation proceedings. The U.S. attorney’s office deposited $341,425.00 as compensation for the Prather ranch and the federal court in Albuquerque issued an order of taking requiring him to move his livestock and vacate his ranch by March 30, 1957. When that deadline passed, federal district judge Waldo Rogers issued a writ of assistance on August 6, 1957. Three U.S. marshals were dispatched the next day to serve the writ. Prather still refused to budge and reportedly said, “I will kill the first man that steps into the door of my house.” The army posted the land and sent armed soldiers to convince him to leave, but by this time the affair had attracted widespread media interest. This was, after all, an 82 year-old man standing firmly against the might of the military. The soldiers were withdrawn.
During the course of the next three years, John Prather became an unwilling folk hero. He received a personal visit from the commander of Fort Bliss. The State of New Mexico intervened. Sen. Clinton Anderson publicly denounced the army’s efforts. Congressional hearings were held on the federal “land grab.” And through it all Prather remained, unfazed and adamant. “I never did take to killing, even of animals,” he said. “I figure each time you kill a thing, you take a little joy out of the world. But a man does what he has to, and if he has to kill to protect his ranch and his home …well, that’s his God-given right.”
In the end, John Prather didn’t move. The army agreed to allow him to remain on his ranch and retain fifteen surrounding acres for as long as he lived. When he died in 1965, at the age of 91, his body was buried next to his ranch house. And true to his word, he never accepted the money set aside for his land.
When the controversy erupted over gun control recently, and I listened to the dire predictions of the NRA and the alarmist condemnations from the right, I thought about John Prather for the first time in many years. Throughout his battle with the army, not a single shot was fired. He didn’t barricade himself and amass stores of ammunition. He didn’t attend armed rallies discussing Second Amendment “remedies.” He didn’t hate his government or the soldiers he confronted. He served them coffee and explained his position in simple and direct language. He prevailed because his humility and integrity commanded respect. He understood what “stand your ground” ought to mean. He won by moral force rather than force of arms.
Following Prather’s death, of course, the army took possession of the remainder of his land. And a year later, deciding that not all of the land was immediately needed, it began leasing portions of the Prather ranch-for cattle grazing.
Sources: C.L. Sonnichsen, “Tularosa, Last of the Frontier West,” (University of New Mexico press, 2002); Calvin A. Roberts, “Our New Mexico: A Twentieth Century History,” (University of New Mexico Press, 2005); Marc Simmons, “New Mexico: An Interpretive History,” (W.W. Norton & Company, 1977); John A. Hamilton, “Blazing Skies: Air Defense Artillery on Fort Bliss, Texas, 1940-2009,”(GPO, 2009). | <urn:uuid:80b2ff41-c552-4500-b8a7-aa1c92f80a5d> | CC-MAIN-2021-17 | https://jonathanturley.org/2013/05/06/the-second-amendment-and-john-albert-prather-2/comment-page-5/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-17/segments/1618038098638.52/warc/CC-MAIN-20210417011815-20210417041815-00031.warc.gz | en | 0.984072 | 1,359 | 2.640625 | 3 |
In a living donor kidney transplant, surgeons remove one kidney from a living donor and transplant it into the recipient. Living donors are typically a family member or close friend but in some cases a living donor may give to a person they have never met.
The first living donor kidney transplant in the United States was performed in 1954 between identical twins. Since then, advancements in modern medicine have allowed living donor transplants to become increasingly prevalent.
In the case of kidney donations, there are the following types:
In directed donation transplants, the donor names the specific recipient who will receive the organ. The donor and recipient may or may not be related and do not have to have matching blood types, but are usually compatible for the transplant.
Non-directed donation occurs when the organ donor does not name the specific person to get the transplant. The match is arranged by the transplant hospital based on medical compatibility with a patient in need. The donor and recipient may or may not ever choose to meet each other.
Paired exchange donation
When a donor and recipient are not directly compatible for transplant, paired exchange donation allows two or more recipients to “trade” donors, allowing everyone to receive a kidney that is compatible with them.
The greatest advantages of living kidney donation are a shorter waiting time for the person needing the transplant and that the kidney tends to have more immediate function and lasts longer than a kidney from a deceased donor. More than 98 percent of transplanted kidneys from living donors are still working one year after transplant.
For the recipient of a living donor kidney transplant, this may mean:
- Dramatic improvements in the person’s quality of life, including less time on dialysis
- The ability to schedule the surgery for the optimal health of the recipient and donor
- A significant decrease in the amount of time the recipient is waiting for a transplant
- The opportunity for the living organ donor to make an immediate difference by helping to save a life
To be a living kidney donor at Scripps, you must be at least 18 years old and in good physical and mental health. Some medical conditions could potentially prevent someone from donating. Medical conditions that may prevent a living kidney donation include:
- Uncontrolled high blood pressure
- Acute infections
- Psychiatric conditions requiring treatment
As a potential donor, we ask that you share all of your health information with us and you will need to undergo a series of tests to ensure that it is safe for you to donate and that it will be safe for the potential recipient to receive your kidney.
Extensive medical testing and psychiatric evaluations are an early part of the process because there are risks associated with every surgery, including kidney donation surgery. The Scripps Living Donor team will also make sure that the person considering living donation is well-informed of the risks, benefits and potential outcomes for the donor and recipient, and is freely willing to donate.
If you are thinking about being a living kidney donor, our transplant team, our transplant team hospital staff can help find living donors who would be happy to share their experience with you. Organizations like the National Kidney Foundation and John Brockington Foundation can also put you in touch with someone who has been there. Some living organ donors and transplant recipients have shared their “Stories of Hope” with United Network for Organ Sharing (UNOS).
After completing the initial screening process, a physician from the Living Donor team will discuss the donation process with the potential donor at length before any procedures are planned or performed.
The evaluation process for a potential donor could take several weeks or even months to complete. Thorough health evaluations including blood work, imaging, and emotional and behavioral evaluations require potential donors to schedule several examinations and appointments.
In especially urgent cases, when a potential donor is highly motivated, these exams may be scheduled in close succession. In rare cases, the evaluation timeline may be condensed into as few as three or four weeks, depending on the donor’s health.
In addition to the information provided by members of our Living Donor team, potential donors also receive educational materials and access to support resources, including an Independent Living Donor Advocate.
The Independent Living Donor Advocate is not involved in the care of the potential transplant recipient; their main job is to look out for you and your interests during the donation process. The advocate supports your rights, including ensuring you have the time and information to decide whether living organ donation is right for you. They also make sure you have information regarding the consent and evaluation process; medical, financial and psychosocial risks; surgery; and recovery.
If you are approved for living organ donation, the surgery will be scheduled with the donor’s and recipient’s schedule in mind. Your organ transplant team will discuss your surgery and post-surgical care with you.
Many kidney donation surgeries are done laparoscopically, a minimally invasive technique which can provide patients with less discomfort and reduced risk of complications. While laparoscopic procedures are known to be safe, as in any surgical procedure, there are potential risks and complications, including infection, bleeding, tissue/organ injury and hernia. Your transplant team will discuss the risks and expected outcomes of your surgery.
Typically, a living kidney transplant donor spends two or three days in the hospital after surgery. As with any surgery, you will experience some pain and discomfort during recovery, which can be treated with prescribed or over-the-counter pain medication. Although recovery times vary, most donors can return to normal activity within four weeks after surgery and return to work in about six weeks, depending on the physical demands of their daily living and work tasks. You may not be able to drive for up to two weeks and may have lifting restrictions for at least six weeks.
To make sure that you continue to do well after donation, you will need follow-up tests to monitor your health. You will be asked to commit to this testing for up to two years after you donate. The Scientific Registry of Transplant Recipients national database contains statistics for every US transplant program, including outcomes data, types of transplants performed and number of transplants performed yearly.
The transplant recipient's health insurance generally covers the living organ donor’s medical expenses, which includes the donor’s evaluation, tests and surgery.
The transplant candidate’s insurance is not likely to cover other costs, such as:
- Medical care if your evaluation shows that you have a disease that you need to treat
- Long-term medical care if the donation causes you problems
- Follow-up health care for the rest of your life
- Lost income from the time the donor takes off from work to complete the evaluation, tests and surgery
Every health insurance policy is different when it comes to covering the medical expenses of donation. Be sure to ask questions about what medical costs might come up that may not be covered by insurance. Also, private and public funding resources may help cover your non-medical expenses. The Scripps Living Donor team will help you determine if you might qualify for these.
We recognize that becoming a donor is a big decision and we will help make sure you are comfortable moving forward and don't feel pressured to donate. Living kidney donation is a highly personal decision, and Scripps understands, respects and protects the health and rights of every potential donor. | <urn:uuid:9e55fc51-f77d-4caf-9969-00427222922b> | CC-MAIN-2018-51 | https://www.scripps.org/services/transplant-services/living-organ-donation | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-51/segments/1544376828697.80/warc/CC-MAIN-20181217161704-20181217183704-00526.warc.gz | en | 0.952046 | 1,497 | 2.875 | 3 |
Dont Spank! Reward Children for Good Behavior!
5 years ago
The case involving professional football player Adrian Peterson has sparked a lot of conversations on what is appropriate when it comes to disciplining your kids.
Even though corporal punishment is legal in this country, one expert says the physical force may not be the best way to get children to change their behaviors.
Child psychologists advise parents to reward their children for what they are doing right instead of punishing them for what they are doing wrong.
In other words, catching your kids for doing something good instead of when they are making mistakes. Some parents said a little spanking along the way and it is necessary.
Stacy Thornton said raising two children is not always easy and she admits to spanking them as punishment growing up.
"I tried the time out. It doesn't work. It doesn't work with every kid," Thornton said.
Thornton is not alone. Delilah King also believes spanking is okay if it doesn't get extreme.
"Of course we have to discipline with love, even at 2 years old, he knows if it is love or is it abuse," King said.
Pictures of the scars on NFL's Adrian Peterson's 4-year-old son, who authorities say was hit with a thin tree branch, is raising questions about whether corporal punishment is appropriate.
Doctor Michelle Fontenelle-Gilmer is a child psychiatrist. She says studies show that teaching good behaviors becomes more effective when parents reward what kids did right rather than punish them for their mistakes.
"Overall children who had more positive reinforcements, they are able to more internalize what's right and wrong," Dr. Fontenelle-Gilmer said.
She said there can be long term impact on kids from physical punishment, ranging from post traumatic stress to depression.
"You want your child-parent relationship to be one of love and guidance instead of fear," Dr. Fontenelle-Gilmer said.
For Stacy Thornton, she says in her experience spanking may work but it is not always the answer, especially on her teenage daughter.
"Spanking doesn't impact her, while taking the cell phone impacts her a lot more than spanking," Thornton said.
Fontenelle-Gilmer suggests using a sticker chart for small children to monitor their good behaviors.
For older kids they can earn things like more time on their cell phones and computers. | <urn:uuid:6cef886b-9c96-42c8-8ab4-6426fe6b42d4> | CC-MAIN-2019-43 | http://www.lifebridgekids.com/life-bridge-journal/post/dont-spank-reward-children-for-good-behavior | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-43/segments/1570986653247.25/warc/CC-MAIN-20191014124230-20191014151730-00344.warc.gz | en | 0.969281 | 499 | 2.65625 | 3 |
LONDON, March 13 /PRNewswire/ -- Two-thirds of veterinary professionals believe that pet obesity is the single biggest health issue facing domestic animals throughout Europe, with 96 per cent of those questioned identifying early death as the most serious consequence of the condition.(1)
These are just some of the shocking results from research carried out by pet food manufacturer, Hill's Pet Nutrition, which also revealed that the problem mirrored the spiralling human obesity epidemic. Indeed, 78 per cent of those questioned thought that obese pets tended to have obese owners with 80 per cent of vets reluctant to mention the condition to overweight owners for fear of offending them.
Nearly 50 per cent of pets are obese or overweight(2) and central to solving the problem of pet obesity is encouraging owners to accept that a pet has an ideal weight and to commit to a weight reduction programme. Eighty nine per cent of veterinary professionals thought that pets should be weighed every time they visit veterinary practices, with 86 per cent of those questioned believing that vets should have an open door policy when it comes to weight checks.
With this in mind, vets throughout Europe are being encouraged to adopt an open-door policy where owners can bring their pet in at any time to be weighed free of charge. They would be told the ideal weight the pet should be, along with the amount of food and exercise the pet would need to lose weight and remain healthy. Nick Blayney, president of the British Veterinary Association, says: "Weight loss programmes are doomed to fail if owners don't know the correct weight their pet should be. Once they know this, vets need to explain the correct nutritional and exercise requirements of the pet. Data from the PPET study(3) confirms that if an owner and pet go on a diet and exercise programme together they both benefit."
"We'd recommend that vet practices carry out weight checks as a matter of course during consultations to help educate pet owners on their pets' ideal weight and put in place diet and exercise programmes should animals be overweight," comments Libby Sheridan, veterinary affairs manager at Hill's Pet Nutrition.
Furthermore, health services should investigate the possibility of local doctors working with vets to help combat the obesity problem in both humans and pets and develop a dual package for weight loss and exercise.
Obesity carries a heavy price for any animal and, unfortunately, 55 per cent of veterinary professionals knew of cases where a pet had to be euthanised due to developing certain diseases associated with obesity. Studies also show that the life of an overweight dog is shortened by at least two years. In human terms, this would mean a life expectancy shortfall of 15 years.
A Pet Obesity Task Force has been launched to help tackle the number of obese and overweight pets and put in place strategies to help overcome the condition. Featuring leading specialists in both human and animal obesity such as vets, vet nurses, nutritionists, behaviourists, GPs and charities, the Task Force will raise awareness of the growing health implications of obese and overweight pets.
Mark Evans, chief veterinary adviser at the RSPCA, who will be sitting on the board, comments: "We've been trying to treat and prevent pet obesity for 20 years, but the problem hasn't gone away. In fact it seems to have got worse despite everyone's efforts. It's incredibly frustrating. So, is there any point in fighting on in the same old way if we're not winning the battle?
"Let's take a step back, review our knowledge, re-evaluate our approaches, think outside the box and innovate. What could we learn from social scientists, human psychologists and others engaged in trying to tackle the very same problem in people - especially children?"
1. Accessed 13 Feb 2008. http://www.rspca.org.uk/servlet/Satellite?pagename=RSPCA/RSPCARedirect&p...
2. Data taken from a poll of 120 delegates at the Hill's European Weight Management Conference. 28 February 2008, Wellcome Trust, London
3. The PPET Study: People and Pets Exercising Together Robert F. Kushner(i), Dawn Jackson, Blatner(i), Dennis E. Jewell(ii), Kimberly Rudloff (i)Wellness Institute, Northwestern Memorial Hospital, Chicago, IL, and (ii)Hill's Pet Nutrition, Inc, Topeka, KS.
For further information please contact: Jessica Henman or Karen Dickinson, Blue Zebra PR, The Power House, High Street, Ardington, Oxfordshire, OX12 8PS; Tel: +44(0)1235-833005, Fax: +44(0)1235-833006, Email:[email protected] or [email protected]. | <urn:uuid:4da745e9-4592-40d7-9e70-6c8f20d7ae76> | CC-MAIN-2017-04 | http://www.science20.com/newswire/pet_obesity_is_europes_biggest_animal_health_issue | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-04/segments/1484560281426.63/warc/CC-MAIN-20170116095121-00327-ip-10-171-10-70.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.941827 | 987 | 2.984375 | 3 |
What is Fluorine
Denoted by the chemical symbol F, fluorine (pronounced as FLU-eh-reen) is a highly reactive nonmetal existing naturally in the state of gas. When it gains an electron from another atom in a reaction, it forms fluoride whose ion symbol is F– .It belongs to the family of halogens, reacting with almost all metals, having a lesser electron affinity than chlorine. It exists as a diatomic molecule, represented by the molecular formula F2.
What are its Common Isotopes
It has 11 isotopes with mass numbers ranging from 15 to 25 of which only F-19 has a stable life.
Where is the Element Commonly Found
The thirteenth most abundant element in earth’s crust, it is associated with several mineral sources like fluorspar, cryolite, and fluorite present in the mining areas of Mexico, China, and Western Europe .
Origin of its Name: Its name is derived from the Latin word ‘flure’ that means to flow.
Who Discovered it: Henri Moissan
When, Where, and How was the Element Discovered
Many chemists had speculated the presence of an unknown element having properties similar to chlorine in metal fluorides. In fact, Humphry Davy, a Cornish chemist, while trying to isolate it from hydrochloric acid, fell ill.
In 1869, the British chemist George Gore passed an electric current through liquid hydrogen fluoride (HF) and produced a highly reactive gas. Despite knowing it to be the suspected element, he could not prove it. It was only in 1886 when Moissan extracted it through electrolysis of potassium bifluoride dissolved in liquid HF and became the founder.
|Atomic number||9 |
|CAS number||7782-41-4 |
|Position in the periodic table ||Group||Period||Block|
Classification, Properties and Characteristics of Fluorine
|Relative/Average atomic mass||18.998 |
|Atomic mass/weight||18.998 atomic mass units |
|Molar mass/Molecular weight||37.9968064± 0.0000010 g/mol |
|Color/physical appearance||Pale yellow-green |
|Melting point/freezing point||-219.67°C (363.41°F) |
|Boiling point||-188.11°C (306.6°F) |
|Density||0.001553 g/cm3 |
|Standard/Physical state of matter at room temperature (solid/liquid/gas)||Gas |
|Solubility||Highly soluble in water |
|Electrical conductivity||Unknown |
|Thermal conductivity||0.0277 Wm-1K-1 |
|Oxidation states (numbers)||-1 |
Atomic Data of Fluorine (Element 19)
|Valence electrons||7 |
|Electron configuration (noble gas configuration)||[He] 2s22p5|
|Atomic structure |
|– Number of Electrons||9|
|– Number of Neutrons||10|
|– Number of Protons||9|
|Radius of atom|
|– Atomic radius||1.47 Å |
|– Covalent radius||0.60 Å |
|Ion charge||+7 |
|Ionization energy
What is it Commonly Used for
- It is useful in the preparation of uranium hexafluoride to separate uranium isotopes in nuclear power plants.
- The diatomic gas is added to poly(tetrafluoroethene) and high-temperature plastics required in the making of cable insulations, water bottles, plumber’s tape, frying pans, and water-proof fabric membranes for shoes and clothing.
- It condenses into a bright yellow liquid that is used as a cryogenic agent .
- Fluorine is the most important ingredient in toothpastes and mouthwashes as it helps in removing dental plaques and preventing cavity formation. It is also added to public drinking water in many countries for the same reason .
- Rubbers with high fluorine content have a greater strength and resistance to wear and tear that make them effective as sealing components in engines of aircrafts, cars, and rockets .
- Polymers of F-containing monomers added to resin paints and coatings are applied on surfaces of steel plates, pots, kettles, and some heat-resistant machine parts .
- Lithium-fluorine batteries are useful for their higher durability .
- Fluorine doped tin oxide coated glass slides find application in the manufacture of optic fibers and electronics.
- Its use in absorption dating aids in detecting the amount of time an object has been lying underground such as ancient fossils .
- F-containing compounds are effective markers in magnetic resonance imaging applications to detect any abnormality in the body .
Does the Element Have Any Toxic Hazards
Prolonged exposure to the skin and eyes can cause burns and irritation. When accidentally inhaled, it can affect the lungs. Repeated exposure may have severe health effects like diarrhea, constipation, nosebleeds, and kidney and liver damage .
- It is one of the few elements to form a layer on diamonds .
- F is the most reactive and electronegative of all elements .
Pure fluorine is priced somewhere between $190 and $200 per 100 grams. | <urn:uuid:04ac6635-9f28-41be-bc9f-8c381eb395ba> | CC-MAIN-2018-51 | http://www.chemistrylearner.com/fluorine.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-51/segments/1544376824180.12/warc/CC-MAIN-20181212225044-20181213010544-00132.warc.gz | en | 0.819245 | 1,161 | 3.796875 | 4 |
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Flower Anatomy Science Friday
How Does The Anatomy Of A Flower Support The Process Of Pollination Tell Students That They Will Dissect A Flower To Investigate The Function Of Each Part Of The Flower And How Each Part Helps The Process Of Pollination 2 Hand Out A Blank White Sheet Of Paper And A Pencil To Each Student Tell Students That Throughout The Dissection They Will Tape Onto This Sheet And Then Label The Parts Of The Flower Students Also Should Write Down Their Hypothesis Of The Function Of Each Part Of The
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Flower Anatomy Worksheet. Try to remember, you always have to care for your child with amazing care, compassion and affection to be able to help him learn. You may also ask your kid's teacher for extra worksheets. Your son or daughter is not going to just learn a different sort of font but in addition learn how to write elegantly because cursive writing is quite beautiful to check out. As a result, if a kid is already suffering from ADHD his handwriting will definitely be affected. Accordingly, to be able to accomplish this, if children are taught to form different shapes in a suitable fashion, it is going to enable them to compose the letters in a really smooth and easy method. Although it can be cute every time a youngster says he runned on the playground, students want to understand how to use past tense so as to speak and write correctly. Let say, you would like to boost your son's or daughter's handwriting, it is but obvious that you want to give your son or daughter plenty of practice, as they say, practice makes perfect.
Without phonics skills, it's almost impossible, especially for kids, to learn how to read new words. Techniques to Handle Attention Issues It is extremely essential that should you discover your kid is inattentive to his learning especially when it has to do with reading and writing issues you must begin working on various ways and to improve it. Use a student's name in every sentence so there's a single sentence for each kid. Because he or she learns at his own rate, there is some variability in the age when a child is ready to learn to read. Teaching your kid to form the alphabets is quite a complicated practice. | <urn:uuid:03178821-07b6-4885-ab25-383aaf1d20da> | CC-MAIN-2020-45 | http://61.16.58.thewaygookeffect.com/flower-anatomy-worksheet/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-45/segments/1603107884755.46/warc/CC-MAIN-20201024194049-20201024224049-00704.warc.gz | en | 0.875943 | 1,841 | 3.703125 | 4 |
Elder Perry, I think you must be the youngest 90-year-old in the whole Church. You noticed how he jumped out of his chair.
My beloved brothers and sisters, each time I enjoy a fresh, vine-ripened tomato or eat a juicy peach right off the tree, my thoughts go back 60 years to when my father owned a small peach orchard in Holladay, Utah. He kept beehives there to pollinate the peach blossoms that would eventually grow into very large, delicious peaches.
Father loved his gentle honeybees and marveled at the way thousands of them working together transformed the nectar gathered from his peach blossoms into sweet, golden honey—one of nature’s most beneficial foods. In fact, nutritionists tell us it is one of the foods that includes all the substances—enzymes, vitamins, minerals, and water—necessary to sustain life.
My father always tried to involve me in his work with his hives, but I was very happy to let him tend to his bees. However, since those days, I have learned more about the highly organized beehive—a colony of about 60,000 bees.
Honeybees are driven to pollinate, gather nectar, and condense the nectar into honey. It is their magnificent obsession imprinted into their genetic makeup by our Creator. It is estimated that to produce just one pound (0.45 kg) of honey, the average hive of 20,000 to 60,000 bees must collectively visit millions of flowers and travel the equivalent of two times around the world. Over its short lifetime of just a few weeks to four months, a single honeybee’s contribution of honey to its hive is a mere one-twelfth of one teaspoon.
Though seemingly insignificant when compared to the total, each bee’s one-twelfth of a teaspoon of honey is vital to the life of the hive. The bees depend on each other. Work that would be overwhelming for a few bees to do becomes lighter because all of the bees faithfully do their part.
The beehive has always been an important symbol in our Church history. We learn in the Book of Mormon that the Jaredites carried honeybees with them (see Ether 2:3) when they journeyed to the Americas thousands of years ago. Brigham Young chose the beehive as a symbol to encourage and inspire the cooperative energy necessary among the pioneers to transform the barren desert wasteland surrounding the Great Salt Lake into the fertile valleys we have today. We are the beneficiaries of their collective vision and industry.
The beehive symbol is found in both the interiors and exteriors of many of our temples. This podium where I stand is made from the wood of a walnut tree grown in President Gordon B. Hinckley’s backyard and is adorned with carved beehive images.
All of this symbolism attests to one fact: great things are brought about and burdens are lightened through the efforts of many hands “anxiously engaged in a good cause” (D&C 58:27). Imagine what the millions of Latter-day Saints could accomplish in the world if we functioned like a beehive in our focused, concentrated commitment to the teachings of the Lord Jesus Christ.
The Savior taught that the first and great commandment is:
“Thou shalt love the Lord thy God with all thy heart, and with all thy soul, and with all thy mind. …
“And the second is like unto it, Thou shalt love thy neighbour as thyself.
“On these two commandments hang all the law and the prophets” (Matthew 22:37, 39–40).
The Savior’s words are simple, yet their meaning is profound and deeply significant. We are to love God and to love and care for our neighbors as ourselves. Imagine what good we can do in the world if we all join together, united as followers of Christ, anxiously and busily responding to the needs of others and serving those around us—our families, our friends, our neighbors, our fellow citizens.
As the Epistle of James notes, service is the very definition of pure religion (see James 1:27).
We read of the service Church members provide around the world and especially the humanitarian service given in times of crisis—fires and floods and hurricanes and tornadoes. These much-needed and much-appreciated emergency responses should certainly continue as a way of bearing one another’s burdens. But what about our everyday lives? What would be the cumulative effect of millions of small, compassionate acts performed daily by us because of our heartfelt Christian love for others? Over time this would have a transformative effect upon all of our Heavenly Father’s children through the extension of His love to them through us. Our troubled world needs this love of Christ today more than ever, and it will need it even more in the years ahead.
These simple, daily acts of service may not seem like much in and of themselves, but when considered collectively they become just like the one-twelfth teaspoon of honey contributed by a single bee to the hive. There is power in our love for God and for His children, and when that love is tangibly manifest in millions of acts of Christian kindness, it will sweeten and nourish the world with the life-sustaining nectar of faith, hope, and charity.
What do we need to do to become like the dedicated honeybees and have that dedication become part of our nature? Many of us are dutiful in attending our Church meetings. We work hard in our callings and especially on Sundays. That is surely to be commended. But are our minds and our hearts just as anxiously engaged in good things during the rest of the week? Do we just go through the motions, or are we truly converted to the gospel of Jesus Christ? How do we take the seed of faith that has been nurtured in our minds and plant it deep in the fertile soil of our souls? How do we make the mighty change of heart that Alma says is essential for our eternal happiness and peace? (see Alma 5:12–21).
Remember, honey contains all of the substances necessary to sustain mortal life. And the doctrine and gospel of Christ is the only way to obtain eternal life. Only when our testimony transcends what is in our mind and burrows deep into our heart will our motivation to love and to serve become like unto the Savior’s. It is then, and only then, that we become deeply converted disciples of Christ empowered by the Spirit to reach the hearts of our fellowmen.
When our hearts are no longer set upon the things of this world, we will no longer aspire to the honors of men or seek only to gratify our pride (see D&C 121:35–37). Rather, we take on the Christlike qualities that Jesus taught:
We are gentle and meek and long-suffering (see D&C 121:41).
We are kind, without hypocrisy or guile (see D&C 121:42).
We feel charity toward all men (see D&C 121:45).
Our thoughts are always virtuous (see D&C 121:45).
We no longer desire to do evil (see Mosiah 5:2).
Now, brothers and sisters, I’m not encouraging religious zealotry or fanaticism. Quite the contrary! I’m simply suggesting that we take the next logical step in our complete conversion to the gospel of Christ by assimilating its doctrines deep within our hearts and our souls so we will act and live consistently—and with integrity—what we profess to believe.
This integrity simplifies our lives and amplifies our sensitivities to the Spirit and to the needs of others. It brings joy into our lives and peace to our souls—the kind of joy and peace that comes to us as we repent of our sins and follow the Savior by keeping His commandments.
How do we make this change? How do we ingrain this love of Christ into our hearts? There is one simple daily practice that can make a difference for every member of the Church, including you boys and girls, you young men and you young women, you single adults, and you fathers and mothers.
That simple practice is: In your morning prayer each new day, ask Heavenly Father to guide you to recognize an opportunity to serve one of His precious children. Then go throughout the day with your heart full of faith and love, looking for someone to help. Stay focused, just like the honeybees focus on the flowers from which to gather nectar and pollen. If you do this, your spiritual sensitivities will be enlarged and you will discover opportunities to serve that you never before realized were possible.
President Thomas S. Monson has taught that in many instances Heavenly Father answers another person’s prayers through us—through you and me—through our kind words and deeds, through our simple acts of service and love.
And President Spencer W. Kimball said: “God does notice us, and he watches over us. But it is usually through another person that he meets our needs. Therefore, it is vital that we serve each other” (Teachings of Presidents of the Church: Spencer W. Kimball , 82).
I know that if you do this—at home, at school, at work, and at church—the Spirit will guide you, and you will be able to discern those in need of a particular service that only you may be able to give. You will be prompted by the Spirit and magnificently motivated to help pollinate the world with the pure love of Christ and His gospel.
And remember, like the little honeybee’s one-twelfth teaspoon of honey provided to the hive, if we multiply our efforts by tens of thousands, even millions of prayerful efforts to share God’s love for His children through Christian service, there will be a compounding effect of good that will bring the Light of Christ to this ever-darkening world. Bound together, we will bring love and compassion to our own family and to the lonely, the poor, the broken, and to those of our Heavenly Father’s children who are searching for truth and peace.
It is my humble prayer, brothers and sisters, that we will ask in our daily prayers for the inspiration to find someone for whom we can provide some meaningful service, including the service of sharing the gospel truths and our testimonies. At the end of each day, may we be able to say yes to the questions: “Have I done any good in the world today? Have I helped anyone in need?” (Hymns, no. 223).
This is God’s work. May we be about it as faithfully as the dedicated little honeybees go about theirs, I humbly pray in the name of Jesus Christ, amen. | <urn:uuid:1a8936cd-053d-4840-820f-6740aca0d2ce> | CC-MAIN-2017-43 | https://www.lds.org/liahona/2012/11/be-anxiously-engaged?lang=eng&country=ca | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-43/segments/1508187825473.61/warc/CC-MAIN-20171022222745-20171023002745-00818.warc.gz | en | 0.951896 | 2,257 | 2.59375 | 3 |
In the past few weeks, I've introduced you to some of the planet’s most weird and wonderful creatures and provided tips on where to spot them in their natural habitat.
So far, we’ve looked into several different families that wander and roam the lands and seas of this world including big cats, great apes and cetaceans to name a few.
In this edition, we delve into the giants of the natural world. From megafauna roaming Africa’s vast savannas to the critters that lurk the forest undergrowth, discover more about the Goliaths of each taxonomic class and learn where to best locate them.
Largest Land Mammal: African Bush Elephant
The African Elephant has been classified into two subspecies, namely the African Bush Elephant and the African Forest Elephant. The former is the largest terrestrial animal on earth with the latter in third - after the Asian Elephant. With an average height of 3.3 metres and a mass of 6 tonnes, the African Bush Elephant towers over all others in the family. The largest elephant ever recorded was a bull (male) in Angola. He weighed in at 11 tonnes, and was nearly a meter taller than the average elephant. Due to illegal poaching for their ivory, habitat destruction, and human-wildlife conflict, elephant numbers have dwindled over the past few centuries making them vulnerable to extinction. Among the best places to witness the African Bush Elephant in its natural habitat are the Okavanga Delta, Botswana and the Addo Elephant Park in South Africa.
Largest Marine Mammal: Blue Whale
Not just the largest of all marine mammals, but claiming the title of largest creature ever to inhabit the Earth, the Blue Whale can grow to lengths of up to 30 metres and weigh up to 180 tonnes. Comparable in size to a small car, they have the largest heart of any animal and possess tongues that can weigh more than an elephant! Due to commercial whaling, their numbers depleted significantly throughout the 19th and 20th centuries, but their population has steadily increased since being protected worldwide from 1966. The IUCN estimates the Blue Whale population at between 10,000 – 25,000 individuals with the best chances of observing these colossal beasts off the coast of Dondra Point in Sri Lanka.
Largest Bird: Ostrich
The largest of all birds by some distance, the Ostrich can grow up to 2.8 metres in height and weigh close to 145kg (that’s the weight of two average adult humans!). To add to its repertoire, they also boast the fastest land speed of any bird – reaching speeds of up to 70 km/h – and lay the largest eggs of any living bird. Furthermore, along with the largest squids in the ocean, they have the biggest eyes in the entire animal kingdom. Females tend to be about 2/3 the size of males and sport a brown/grey plumage with the males exhibiting black and white feathers. It is thought to be a camouflage technique to evade predators during breeding season whereby the female will sit on the eggs during the day, with the male taking on the responsibility at night. For the best chances of spotting them in the natural environment, head to Oudtshoorn, South Africa which has been aptly named the Ostrich capital of the world.
Largest Reptile: Saltwater Crocodile
The Saltwater Crocodile is a prehistoric looking reptile that is also known as the estuarine crocodile, sea crocodile, and more informally, saltie. The males grow up to sizes that far exceed that of females, typically reaching up to around 5-6 metres in length and weighing nearly a tonne. Owing to their ability to dwell in a wide range of habitats, these menacing characters have the broadest distribution of any extant crocodile species. In fact, their range spans from the eastern coast of India through to northern Australia. Well known Saltwater Crocodile hotspots include Daintree River in Far North Queensland, and Cahills Crossing, Kakadu National Park, Northern Territory – both located in Australia. Always practice extreme caution when heading out to spot these highly aggressive critters.
Largest Bony Fish: Mola Mola
The largest of all fishes is actually the cartilaginous whale shark, but since we’ve already covered this species in the Fantastic Beasts series, we decided to shed some spotlight on the largest of the bony fish – the Mola Mola, or, Ocean Sunfish. These odd looking marine animals are often as tall as they are long, with specimens growing up to 3.2 metres in height! The weight of mature Mola Mola can differ greatly, ranging between 250kg to a tonne. Due to the high levels of bycatch observed in many fisheries around the world, Mola Mola has been listed as vulnerable on the IUCN Red List. Their range is circumglobal and there are many operators that offer the chance to dive with Mola Mola, including those based in the Nusa Penida, Indonesia and Oban, Scotland. The Galapagos Islands are also well known for spectacular diving experiences with these gigantic ocean dwellers, among other aquatic animals.
Largest Amphibian: Chinese Giant Salamander
The most vulnerable to extinction of all animals in this article and the largest of all amphibians, the Chinese Giant Salamander is considered “a living fossil”. Endemic to rocky mountain streams and lakes in China, their numbers have fallen by as much as 80% since the 1950s due to pollution, habitat loss, and use in traditional Chinese medicine. As most Chinese Giant Salamander stop feeding at water temperatures exceeding 20 °C, the species is also highly vulnerable to the effects of global warming. While they rarely reach such lengths in the present day, the Chinese Giant Salamander has been known to grow to as long as 1.8 metres and reach up to 50kg! Spotting them in the wild is a tall order, but doing so would likely happen in the basins of the Yangtze, Yellow and Pearl Rivers within China.
Largest Insect: Wētāpunga
Unless you’re a diehard entomologist, you probably won’t be planning a trip to spot the world’s largest insect, the wētāpunga any time soon. Endemic to the arboreal forests situated on Little Barrier Island off the coast of New Zealand, these giant crickets can reach lengths up to 7.5 cm and weigh more than a small sparrow! They are heavily predated on by birds (especially saddlebacks) and kiore rats, and in tandem with their restricted distribution this has led them to become listed as a vulnerable species on the IUCN Red List. Note that the heaviest insect in the world is the Goliath Beetle.
Largest Arachnid: Goliath Birdeater
The Goliath Birdeater is the thing of nightmares for any sufferer or arachnophobia. These enormous blond tarantulas are largest arachnids both by size and weight but second to Laos’ giant huntsman spider by leg-span. The Goliath Birdeater boasts a body length of up to 11.9 cm and can weigh as much as 175g. Their fangs are long enough to penetrate human skin, but seldom do they attack people and when they do, it is almost always in self defence. Further, despite carrying venom it is relatively harmless to humans, comparable to that of a wasp sting. Their diet consists mainly of large arthropods, worms and amphibians, but they have been known to prey on rodents, lizards, snakes, and, as their name suggests, birds! The Goliath Birdeater lives in deep burrows found in marshy and swampy areas of the Amazon Rainforest in northern Brazil and southern Venezuela. However, you’re more likely to find this nocturnal critter dead and served as part of the local cuisine!
Largest Crustacean: Japanese Spider Crab
Not just the largest of all crustaceans but the biggest arthropod (insects, arachnids, myriapods, and crustaceans) that scuttles the planet, the Japanese Spider Crab can reach up to 5.5 meters from claw to claw and weigh as much as 19kg. Adults are found at depths between 50-600 meters below the water surfaces off the southern coasts of the Japanese island of Honshū, making the species very difficult to observe in the wild. In fact, the only chance you’re ever likely to encounter them in the wild is when they are unrecognizable – shortly after hatching. You may well have brushed past thousands of Japanase Spider Crabs without even knowing it if you’ve ever gone swimming in the waters off the coast of Japan!
Other Natural World Giants
- Tallest animal: Maasai Giraffe (5.5 metres/1.2 tonnes)
- Largest land carnivore: Polar Bear/Kodiak Bear (3 metres/450kg)
- Largest marine carnivore: Sperm Whale (12 metres/57 tonnes)
- Largest fish: Whale shark (12.5 metres/21.5 tonnes)
- Largest mollusk/invertebrate: Colossal Squid (14 metres/495kg)
- Largest wingspan: Wandering Albatross (3.65 metres)
- Heaviest flying bird: Kori Bustard (18kg)
- Longest marine animal: Lion’s Mane Jellyfish (55 metres)
- Longest land animal: Reticulated Python (7.67 metres)
All photos Shutterstock. Graphics by Leigh Woods | <urn:uuid:626544c4-7ec8-44d4-93f1-6b2460731f71> | CC-MAIN-2019-26 | https://wildlifewoods.net/blog/tag/Reptiles | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-26/segments/1560628000575.75/warc/CC-MAIN-20190626214837-20190627000837-00522.warc.gz | en | 0.946588 | 2,034 | 3.234375 | 3 |
As the drought in California stretches for the third year in a row, the state’s agricultural industry is suffering billions in associated losses, a new study found.
The report estimates the direct impact on agricultural activity this year at $1.2 billion — up from $810 million in 2021.
However, according to the University of California report, Merced’s Water Systems Management Lab, the effects of the drought in 2022 went well beyond that $1.2 billion sum.
Effects on the food processing industry, which depends on agricultural products, amounted to around $845 million in 2022 — up from $590 million in the previous year.
“Drought is no stranger to California, but this current drought has hit some of the typically water-rich parts of the state that are essential to the entire state water supply very hard,” said co-author John Abatzoglou, professor of climatology at UC Merced, in a statement.
Overall, the direct and indirect consequences of the drought have led to added value losses of around 2 billion US dollars this year alone, according to the researchers.
These losses amount to a decline of 5.9 percent compared to those in 2019 and, according to the study, also led to a reduction of 19,420 jobs.
California agriculture not only suffered from the effects of the drought, but also suffered from supply chain disruptions, including the ability to ship plants outside the state, the authors explained.
According to the study, such delays could lead to an increase in inventories and affect some of the prices for specialty crops in California.
While researchers acknowledged the adverse effects of the drought on agriculture, they found that it could have been worse.
According to lead author Josué Medellín-Azuara, associate professor of environmental engineering at UC Merced, techniques to curb the effects of droughts — such as land idling and increased groundwater pumping and water trafficking — reduced potential economic losses.
In the meantime, some parts of California were much more affected than others.
“The Sacramento Valley and its communities were zero during this drought,” Alvar Escriva-Bou, a senior fellow at the Public Policy Institute of California, said in a statement.
Statewide fallow land grew by 750,000 acres in 2022 compared to 2019 — more than half of these farms were in the Sacramento region, according to the study.
Given that the region is generally much wetter, Escriva-Bou recommended investing more in basin replenishment and pumping infrastructure to strengthen the region’s drought resistance.
“We need to invest more in strengthening the climate resilience of our rural, agriculture-dependent communities, as they are at the forefront of the impact of climate change on their economic base,” added co-author Joshua Viers, UC Merced Deputy Dean of Research.
“We can only expect prolonged dry periods, interrupted for a short time by periods of heavy humidity — which, in addition to many challenges, will further impact access to clean drinking water and stable employment,” said Viers. | <urn:uuid:2922a6be-4b28-445b-934d-b499a4c91792> | CC-MAIN-2022-49 | https://cnnbreakingnews.net/prolonged-drought-increases-californian-agricultural-losses-by-billions-study/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-49/segments/1669446710916.40/warc/CC-MAIN-20221202183117-20221202213117-00054.warc.gz | en | 0.960987 | 640 | 2.96875 | 3 |
Helichrysum Plant is one of the most valuable plant species with many different benefits. In addition to its therapeutic properties in many diseases, it can also be preferred as a preservative, one of the plants whose value has been understood in recent years.
In our country, altındet, which can be grown easily in many different regions, can also be described as a wild plant with its simplest form. Helichrysum plant, whose length can reach up to 60 centimeters on average, is also yellow and its flowers are small collections above the stems and look like an umbrella.
The helichrysum plant, which continues to preserve its unique yellow color when dried, is therefore evaluated in many different sectors for ornamentation purposes.
In addition to its pleasant appearance, it is one of Nature’s most important healing sources, which of course shows us why this herb is so preferred today.
In this context, those who wonder about the benefits of the helichrysum plant are good for the diseases that can be consumed after the information about how they can be given information about.
What Are The Benefits Of Helichrysum Plant?
In recent years, it is possible to reach the benefits of helichrysum plant, also known as sunflower and helichrysum plant:
- 1.) In the treatment of hemorrhoids can be preferred as relieving swelling.
- 2.) It is a diuretic and it is responsible for cleansing the urinary tracts.
- 3.) Increases the secretion of the pancreas and gallbladder.
- 4.) Can be preferred in rheumatic pain and calcification problems
- 5.) The skin-firming feature is very effective on wrinkles due to aging.
- 6.) Urinary tract infections (UTIs) are a common cause of urinary tract infections.
- 7.) Slimming effects can be preferred by many people during the diet period.
- 8.) It makes it easier to lose weight by providing a feeling of fullness.
- 9.) It is good for heartburn problems like gastritis.
- 10.) Improves varicose veins and prevents the formation of new varicose veins.
- 11.) When consumed after meals, digestion is known for facilitating effects.
- 12.) It can be applied directly to body wounds similar to eczema or warts.
- 13.) It can be preferred as a natural skin moisturizer.
- 14.) Opens pores of the skin and cleanse the skin in depth.
- 15.) It helps people struggling with digestive problems.
How To Use Helichrysum Plant?
When talking about the benefits of the helichrysum plant, some information can be made to those who do not know how to use it.
In most cases, it can be expressed that the helichrysum herb, that can be consumed by preparing in the form of tea can be prepared by mixing it with rosehip or Linden-derived plants as simple as the tea form. Especially when consumed in the form of tea according to doctors can show its effects in a real sense.
How To Made Helichrysum Plant Tea?
- 1 tablespoon crushed helichrysum.
- Half a liter of boiled water.
- Dried rosehip or Linden.
- • First, half a liter of water is boiled and found hot and 1 tablespoon chopped helichrysum is added into it.
- • Then it is left to be brewed for about 10 minutes and, if desired, it is made ready by adding Linden or rosehip.
- • This herbal drink should be consumed hot three times a day if you drink before meals in about 2 weeks can start to show the positive effects.
What Are The Side Effects Of Helichrysum?
• Because, the helichrysum grown in many regions in our country and sent to factories by gathering, in some places improper collection, drying or storage techniques when consumed because of the benefit of the body can damage.
• For this reason, people who want to consume the helichrysum plant necessarily know and trust the transfer or local district markets are advised to shop.
• Also, breastfeeding mothers or pregnant women do not start to consume a helichrysum plant without consulting a specialist doctor is very important for themselves and their babies. | <urn:uuid:b0cb6158-6b48-4ffc-9373-19765bf46ede> | CC-MAIN-2021-31 | https://vipcodon.net/health-benefits-of-helichrysum-plant/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-31/segments/1627046152236.64/warc/CC-MAIN-20210727041254-20210727071254-00012.warc.gz | en | 0.92003 | 895 | 2.765625 | 3 |
Youth employment and unemployment in Pakistan - an overview of 1990's
Productive utilization of youth is of critical importance for variety of reasons. Youth being the new entrants in the labour force offer an opportunity as well as a venue to elevate the employment structure to achieve higher levels of productivity. A prolonged spell of youth unemployment results into shortening of average working life besides rendering youth unemployable and embodied human capital suffers from obsolescence. In the developing country like Pakistan, productive utilization of youth ensures the accrual of benefits from educational investments often disproportionally made in youth. In addition in the absence of old-age benefits youth unemployment has serious repercussion for household welfare because of the parental dependance on children for old age support. In this paper an attempt is made to document the experience of Pakistani youth in the labour market with particular focus on the recent period. Youth focused research efforts admittedly have to encounter number of difficulties. Neither is there any official definition of youth nor majority data sources permit youth specific analysis simply because the information on age-distribution is not readily available. In the context of youth specific analysis pertaining to labour market there are, however, some redeeming features. With the possible exception of data on emigration and technical/vocational training most of the available information can be tailored to infer youth related labour market aspects. In addition, youth, arbitrarily defined to be falling in the age cohort of 15-24 years, account for overwhelming promotion of incremental labour force, student body and unemployed. This makes the governmental policies envisaged to promote employment or education/training more relevant for youth. Since generation of employment to a large extent depends upon the growth of the economy, first section of this paper briefly describes the performance of Pakistan's economy during 1990's. In addition to growth of the economy, poverty profile and income distribution is also discussed. Employment and unemployment as yielded by the latest Labour Force Survey (1996-97) finds its discussion in the second section of the paper. Supply side factors such as population growth and recent emigration trends are contained in the third section. Current education and training programmes with focus upon youth participation are described in section four. Employment and private sector initiatives in the field of technical and vocational education are detailed in the fifth section. While section six contains a brief description of the impact of the Structural Adjustment Programmes on labour market, concluding remarks are provided in the final section.
|Date of creation:||2000|
|Contact details of provider:|| Postal: Ludwigstraße 33, D-80539 Munich, Germany|
Web page: https://mpra.ub.uni-muenchen.de
More information through EDIRC
Please report citation or reference errors to , or , if you are the registered author of the cited work, log in to your RePEc Author Service profile, click on "citations" and make appropriate adjustments.:
- Mohammad, Irfan & Amjad, Rashid, 1994. "Poverty in rural Pakistan," MPRA Paper 38335, University Library of Munich, Germany.
- Rashid Amjad & A.R. Kemal, 1997. "Macroeconomic Policies and their Impact on Poverty Alleviation in Pakistan," The Pakistan Development Review, Pakistan Institute of Development Economics, vol. 36(1), pages 39-68.
- A.R. Kemal, 1994. "Structural Adjustment, Employment, Income Distribution and Poverty," The Pakistan Development Review, Pakistan Institute of Development Economics, vol. 33(4), pages 901-914.
- Zafar Mueen Nasir, 2000. "Earnings Differential between Public and Private Sectors in Pakistan," The Pakistan Development Review, Pakistan Institute of Development Economics, vol. 39(2), pages 111-130.
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If references are entirely missing, you can add them using this form. | <urn:uuid:04d4b96a-9d9a-4ab9-8d2f-44d2313fc70a> | CC-MAIN-2017-09 | https://ideas.repec.org/p/pra/mprapa/38154.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-09/segments/1487501170425.26/warc/CC-MAIN-20170219104610-00639-ip-10-171-10-108.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.88655 | 857 | 2.609375 | 3 |
“For the dead and the living, we must bear witness.” Eli Wiesel’s words stress the very importance of remembering those events we might rather forget, of paying attention to what might be more pleasantly ignored. Events take place throughout the year to commemorate victims of war and genocide, and International Holocaust Remembrance Day is just one example of attempts to honour those lost, comfort those left behind and, perhaps most importantly, keep such tragedy in mind in the hope we may be educated against letting it happen again. With remembrance so important, however, we are inevitably drawn to question how one should remember, how we can ensure a respectful and dignified means of educating and honouring without offending or causing even more pain.
The very existence of an international day of remembrance illustrates that efforts to commemorate in a “proper” or “correct” way remain at the forefront of many minds. In 2005, the UN general assembly marked the 60th anniversary of the liberation of Nazi concentration camps toward the end of the Second World War. It was decided that rather than having national days of remembrance, which are still observed from country to country, there would be an international day of memorial in which every country could partake, or every nation within the UN at the very least. January 27th, the liberation date of Auschwitz-Birkenau, the largest camp, was chosen to mark the occasion.
Since 2006, events marking International Holocaust Remembrance Day across the UN have included the unveiling of a mobile exhibit at the UN headquarters, New York, organised by “Yad Vashem”, a Jewish group who document and commemorate the holocaust. The exhibit was entitled “No Child’s Play… Remembrance and Beyond” and focused on the experience of child victims of the holocaust, showing their toys, pictures, diaries and other examples of what their lives would have been like. Showing of course has a much bigger impact than telling, and exhibitions such as this would have stayed with visitors forever. In addition, the designation of a special “day” to be put aside would continue to remind the public and those in power of the impact of genocide on people of all ages. According to then UN Secretary-General, Kofi Annan, it served as “an important reminder of the universal lessons of the Holocaust, a unique evil which cannot simply be forgotten.”
The importance, therefore, of taking time and effort to commemorate events such as the Holocaust which took the lives of an estimated 6 million Jewish people among millions more from other groups, while countless lives were left irreparably devastated, is fairly easy to understand. Problems, however, can often lie in the manner by which we choose to remember. With any atrocity, this can be a contentious and potentially explosive issue. For example, as most of us do not need to be reminded, in November 2015 terror attacks in Paris took the lives of 130 people, left over 300 injured and an entire city shattered and devastated. How to commemorate it? Facebook gave its users the opportunity to change their profile pictures temporarily to include a filter of the tricolour. While the intent was undoubtedly good, and many people felt this showed support to victims of terrorism and assured the world that the events would not go unnoticed or quickly forgotten, many took a different stance. The action was labelled “slacktivism”, and those who had chosen to use the filter were accused of doing so for attention, or mistakenly “thinking they were helping.” People’s intent in commemorating events such as this can often be misconstrued, and this can lead to a lot of distress caused by something which, like the Facebook filter, was only originally meant as a show of support. It was argued that the flag idea wrongly singled out France as the only affected nation, and also that people might take the attitude that they had “done their bit” by simply clicking a Facebook link, which of course would not be enough to combat terrorism or provide any real assistance to its victims across the globe.
When it comes to a globally-recognised issue such as Holocaust memorial, much more is done than simply clicking a button on social media, and one can’t help but feel that adding a star of David or similar symbol to our Facebook or Twitter pages would result in more injury and insult than anything else–not least because it would ignore so many other victims outside the Jewish community. How best to remember, then?
Regarding the holocaust, an overrunning theme tends to be unity: an emphasis is placed upon the fact that everyone was and is affected, everyone should be angered by what happened, and everyone should take time to remember. Last year, at the 70th anniversary celebrations of the liberation of Auschwitz, Prince Charles described the genocide as “an unparalleled human tragedy,” and “a warning and a lesson to all of us, to all faiths in all times.” The emphasis on the Holocaust as something relating to humanity as a whole, and not just to any one facet, is something which must be remembered and can easily be overtaken by a tendency in our minds to imagine two very definite sides against one another: “the Nazis” and “the Jews”, as if it were only a lesson to be learned in Germany, or only in Europe, or only in the West. The reality, as always, is much more complicated.
The commercialisation of the Holocaust has also caused issues for some. Locations such as Auschwitz have been labelled places of “dark tourism”, the description connoting that perhaps people take an unhealthy enjoyment or interest in visiting places were murderous or torturous acts have taken place. But surely visiting such places is better than ignoring them or denying their significance? Furthermore, anyone who has visited a concentration camp, where it is no exaggeration to say that an atmosphere, right down to a certain smell of death and devastation, lingers, will realise that this is not a pleasurable activity. It is a poignant one, frightening yes, but with none of the attached “thrill”. It is simply a place we can stand, look, touch, and try to get our heads around the fact that this was real. It actually happened, and not hundreds of years ago, either. Regardless of initial reasons for visiting such locations, the impact of such an experience cannot be disputed.
You go through all this, however, this touching and emotional experience, to exit via a café and a gift shop. Something about this feels a little wrong, but what historical site does not include these things? There is also the argument that without these elements, the trappings of tourism and history, a visit to a place like Auschwitz may prove simply too much to bear. And as many have stated, as long as the profits are going toward an appropriate cause, such as charities to support Holocaust survivors or research into the holocaust, then a shop selling informative material (rarely souvenirs) should not cause huge problems.
The idea of making profits from holocaust-related items came to the forefront last year, when Anne Frank Fonds who own the copyright (and therefore a share in profits) of The Diary of a Young Girl by Anne Frank tried to name Anne’s father, Otto, the co-author, along with translator Mirjam Pressler. This was to stop material entering into the public domain to be read freely, which should happen according to most European Law 70 years after the death of the author. To name Otto would extend the copyright owned by the foundation, prevent the diaries being published and viewed by anyone for free, and thus retain some profit from the 30 million copied sold for Anne Frank Fonds. A counter=argument put forward by French academic Olivier Ertzscheid, who published the Dutch language version of the diary online, is that “[the diary] belongs to everyone. And it is up to each one of us to weigh its importance”. Perhaps the diary should then be available for all. However, it must also be noted that Anne Frank Fonds uses these proceeds, according to their website, for “charitable and educational projects worldwide.” For the most part, the sale of books about the Holocaust and the profits made by historical sites such as the Anne Frank house and various concentration camps are not simply going into the pockets of evil corporations.
The only conclusion we may be able to come to for several years is that, no matter how you choose to remember, it is important that you do, and that you take time to do so. Whether we need a specific day to remind us, whether we make trips to see evidence of what happened, or whether we choose to purchase a book which will give us an insight into the human side of such tragedy, we must always remember. Most of us do not claim to be “helping”: we don’t know how. The important thing is that we recognise the importance of not allowing history to be repeated. | <urn:uuid:0cba3bb6-1d3a-443e-971c-b97ca7d0035e> | CC-MAIN-2021-49 | https://www.concrete-online.co.uk/how-to-bear-witness-international-holocaust-remembrance-day/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-49/segments/1637964362999.66/warc/CC-MAIN-20211204154554-20211204184554-00198.warc.gz | en | 0.971042 | 1,851 | 3.90625 | 4 |
National Grammar Day 2022: When & How to Celebrate?
National Grammar Day 2022 – Friday, March 4! All of us find joy in expressing our solidarity in celebration of National Grammar Day on March 4 since we are blessed with the scope to bring out the inner nerd in us to surface without shame or cowardice! Martha Brockenbrough, the founder of the Society for the Promotion of Good Grammar, founded the fun day during the year 2008.
“It’s not just a day, it’s an absolute necessity: March forward on March 4 to communicate effectively, document well, as well as encourage others would do the same!” says the day’s slogan. We find solid ground to be sure of our responsibility sincerely, therefore on National Grammar Day, we’re examining frequent grammar errors, editing our mail, and applauding our editors!
When is National Grammar Day 2022 USA?
Friday, March 4 is the official celebration date of Happy National Grammar Day 2022 in the United States.
History of National Grammar Day
In the fifth century B.C., Sanskrit had a type of grammar, although traditional grammar, as well as the alphabetic method, were invented considerably later, throughout the 1st century B.C., by the early Greeks. Grammar, according to Dionysius Thrax, is in a manner that enables an individual to speak fluently and its elements in connection to one another. Grammar experiences a significant transformation in the 1950s as a result of the introduction of alternative findings, especially by Noam Chomsky. Grammarly was founded in 2009 by Max Lytvyn, Alex Shevchenko, and Dmytro Lider.
How to Celebrate National Grammar Day 2022?
- Learn A New Grammatical Rule
There are some grammar principles that you constantly experience the need to double-check? Consider National Grammatical Day as an opportunity to learn that nagging grammar rule! There’s one we’re constantly glancing at: lying vs. lying! How do you recall it? We need to find engaging ways to remember tricky words like this!
- Bring Your Red Pen Out.
Newspapers and periodicals go through numerous stages of copyediting, yet errors almost always get by. Celebrate National Grammar Day by admitting that no one, including experts, is particularly conducive when it comes to the matter of grammar. Study your preferred book or magazine with your grammatical ear to the ground and a marker pen fully prepared to spot any errors. And what should you do if you come upon one? There was nothing more than a large red circle and a smirk.
- Throw A Grammar Bash.
Bring your buddies over for a night of grammatical fun! Perform pinning the apostrophe upon the “it’s,” hand out instances of the most amusing grammatical errors from the Online platform, and hold an argument on one of the most contentious issues in the English language: yea or nay for the Oxford comma?
- Don’t Be Afraid to Assist with Grammar
You understand more when you teach, as the expression goes. Assist fellow humans to navigate the difficult routes of grammar to embrace your delight in grammar! Who knows, you might one day get to be a globally famous grammar expert! You could provide teaching services to children or people who want to learn but don’t have the resources or guidance on how to continue!
- Share your love of grammar on social media!
Since it is National Grammar Day, so share some grammar-related posts! To make studying grammar an enjoyable experience, you may share your satirical take on grammar errors, or upload instructive articles or clips. If you enjoy learning, don’t be afraid to tell us regarding the finest grammar books you’ve come across! Use the hashtags #NationalGrammarDay and #GrammarDay in your posts on social media!
Why We Love to Celebrate National Grammar Day
When we share our opinions, grammar allows us to be completely clear. Grammar helps us to make clear distinctions. Proofreading is a pleasurable experience. It’s hugely gratifying to discover a misspelling, misspelled term, or misusage of there, there, or they’re. It’s even possible to call it a day-maker! Mastering the grammatical rules and applying them in daily situations soothes and itching that causes us to feel fantastic, whether it’s proofreading your personal work, correcting a mate’s cover letter with a red pen, or scanning The New York Times for an erroneous comma.
Since we acquired so many grammatical rules as kids, they are firmly imprinted in our minds! It’s entertaining to review grammatical rules and recall the memory strategies, rhymes, and animations that first introduced us to the principles as children. Grammar has a lot of amazing experiences for us, from Schoolhouse Rock to Sesame Street.
National Grammar Day Wishes, Quotes, Messages, Greetings, Sayings, Status, Captions 2022
-Grammar is the soul of any language and therefore, it must be respected and followed. Warm wishes on the occasion of National Grammar Day.
-The occasion of National Grammar Day reminds us all of the importance of grammar. Let us follow it and use it in our language every day.
-Any language is incomplete without its grammar and therefore, we must follow it to use the language right. Happy National Grammar Day.
-Wish a very Happy National Grammar Day to everyone. Ignoring the grammar of a language is like disrespecting the language.
-On the occasion of National Grammar Day, let us promise that we are always going to follow the rules of grammar while using the language.
-The day you will learn to differentiate between you are, and yours is the day you can win any war without a fight.
-Don’t get attacked by the grammar Nazi, follow the rules, and be a grammar Nazi.
-I am personally wishing all the grammar nazis around the world a happy grammar day. For them, one punctuation can change the meaning.
-Grammar is the easiest and a hard thing globally; it all depends on how you use it.
-Grammar is what makes you classic; happy national grammar day.
-Grammar is like sarcasm. Not everyone gets it right in the first attempt.
-Want to be a hero, be a grammar Nazi. Happy national grammar day.
-Do Want to offend someone, speak incorrect grammar? Happy national grammar day.
-If you know how to use, where to use, and when to use correct grammar. Then trust me, you smart from than 90% of people.
-Those who know the correct way to use than and then, here and there, you’re, and you should be declared god gifted.
What is the celebration date of National Grammar Day?
General Disclaimer: Every year, the United States celebrated over 1,600 National Days. So, Don’t miss a single Celebration Day. Chill, Enjoy and Celebrate Every Day with National Day Time! | <urn:uuid:10b44fc0-a490-4ac2-8294-a1a622c7abd1> | CC-MAIN-2023-14 | https://nationaldaytime.com/national-grammar-day/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-14/segments/1679296948684.19/warc/CC-MAIN-20230327185741-20230327215741-00479.warc.gz | en | 0.901918 | 1,566 | 2.625 | 3 |
As the world marks International Women’s Day, a new report finds females globally wield little political power, hampering efforts to bring about positive social and economic change for women.
The Inter-Parliamentary Union's release of its "Women in Parliament 2015: The Year in Review" report here showed women’s participation in parliament has plateaued for the second year in a row. Last year, the number of female parliamentarians increased by a low 0.5 percent in 58 national elections, to reach 22.6 percent globally.
At this snail’s pace, IPU Director of Programs Kareen Jabre said, women will not reach the 2030 target for equality as set out in the Sustainable Development Goals. In contrast, she said, more progress has been made concerning women parliamentary leaders, with nearly 18 percent of parliaments today being led by women speakers.
Jabre cited the three most recent countries to choose women speakers: Nepal, Namibia and the United Arab Emirates. Nepal "is quite emblematic after the adoption of the constitution in the country," she said. She also noted the UAE "is the first Arab country to have a woman speaker of Parliament."
The report finds Latin America, with more than 27 percent of women in parliament, has made the most progress, with sub-Saharan Africa not far behind. Though a number of African countries' elections have been marred by violence and conflict, the IPU says women members of parliament have increased their numbers by 0.7 percent to reach 23.2 percent.
Jabre said the most progress has been made in Ethiopia and Tanzania due to quotas and other political incentives.
She cited "another interesting initiative" in Africa: "In Benin, we have noticed a very innovative campaign to encourage young women’s political participation through social media.”
As in previous years, Rwanda has the highest proportion of female parliamentarians, with 65 percent of seats held by women.
Overall, quotas remain among the main tools for achieving progress in boosting the number of women MPs, the IPU says, adding they must be quotas with teeth. It says sanctions must be applied and enforced where quota provisions are ignored. Otherwise, it warns, women will not be elected in large numbers. | <urn:uuid:40aef7c7-4475-4ad0-b29f-67f3f3bd3241> | CC-MAIN-2017-30 | https://www.voanews.com/a/ipu-women-wield-too-little-political-power/3225401.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-30/segments/1500549436316.91/warc/CC-MAIN-20170728002503-20170728022503-00040.warc.gz | en | 0.961349 | 460 | 2.75 | 3 |
Moyamoya disease is a progressive disorder in which the large arteries inside the skull (vessels that carry blood to the brain) narrow and often completely close off. Small branches of these arteries enlarge to bypass the blockage, probably as a response to this narrowing. The cause of the narrowing is unknown.
These small branches that grow larger (and maybe more numerous) give the disorder its name. "Moyamoya" is a Japanese term, meaning “puff of smoke,” that is used to describe the hazy appearance of these small vessels on an angiogram.
This disorder is common in Asia, where it most frequently affects children. In North America, it is much less common and generally affects women in their 3rd, 4th and 5th decades of life, frequently causing stroke.
Untreated, moyamoya disease can cause headaches, speech problems, and progressive cognitive and learning impairment. It can result in strokes, during which blood flow to the brain stops, resulting in weakness or numbness of limbs, speech difficulties, visual or walking problems. People with moyamoya disease also may have transient ischemic attacks (TIA), often referred to as “mini-strokes,” with temporary stroke-like symptoms.
Drugs have proven ineffective in the treatment of moyamoya disease. In adults, a surgical revascularization procedure that directly bypasses blocked arteries is most commonly recommended, when feasible. This procedure offers an immediate improvement in blood supply to the brain. Indirect revascularization – in which an artery or muscle is laid directly on the surface of the brain – can also improve blood flow to the brain over a longer period (6-8 weeks). Indirect procedures are more frequently used in children.
Without treatment, some people with moyamoya will experience mental decline and multiple strokes, and may die from the disease. Surgery may help these patients to live active and full lives with reduced risk of stroke. Other patients may do well with no treatment. The center's research is aimed at helping to figure out how to identify patients at risk for future stroke and those likely to do well with no treatment.
1. NINDS Moyamoya Disease Information Page. National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke website. Accessed 2/16/2012.
Recent Publications of the Moyamoya Center at Washington University:
Ashley WW Jr, Zipfel GJ, Moran CJ, Zheng J, Derdeyn CP. Moyamoya phenomenon secondary to intracranial atherosclerotic disease: diagnosis by 3T magnetic resonance imaging. J Neuroimaging. 2009 Oct;19(4):381-4.
Hallemeier CL, Rich KM, Grubb TL, Jr., Chicoine MR, Moran CJ, Cross DT III, Zipfel GJ, Dacey RG Jr, Derdeyn CP. Outcome in North American adults with Moyamoya phenomenon. Stroke 2006; 37:1490-1496.
For a referral to a Washington University neurologist or neurosurgeon at Barnes-Jewish Hospital, call [Dynamic_Phone_Number]. | <urn:uuid:6aff5f22-40a9-4baf-ab27-55248289c9b5> | CC-MAIN-2016-40 | http://www.barnesjewish.org/Medical-Services/Neurology-Neurosurgery/Moyamoya-Disease/What-is-Moyamoya-Disease | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-40/segments/1474738659512.19/warc/CC-MAIN-20160924173739-00097-ip-10-143-35-109.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.925515 | 646 | 3.484375 | 3 |
When a male chicken wants to mate with a hen, he will do a little dance around her. Usally hens are not interested and just walk off. If a rooster feels like he just has to mate with a stubborn hen, he will chase her down. If he is fast enough to catch her, he will grab on to some feathers just below her comb and climb on. When the male bird is threading the hen he will grip her back with his claws and her head with his beak. This behaviour continues typically only during the breeding season (spring and early summer).
Roosters do not have penises. They have a sperm glob on their vent and will try to put it on the vent of the hen. Sometimes it works sometimes it does not. If you want eggs for hatching, put a rooster with no more then 6 hens together. As a rule, the more aggressive the male birds are, the greater the chance that their fertility levels will be high.
The sperm live inside the female reproductive system and each time an ovulation occurs (every 24-26 hours in good egg producers) the egg can become fertile. This process continues and matings at 7 - 10 day intervals are necessary to maintain fertility. After fertilization occurs the egg albumen, shell membranes, and shell are added to complete the egg formation process. The chicken usually lays the egg about 24 hours after ovulation. | <urn:uuid:e7ce2fcb-a404-4fa5-8cb0-9ab2698074e1> | CC-MAIN-2015-14 | http://www.ruleworks.co.uk/poultry/reproduction.asp | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2015-14/segments/1427131309986.40/warc/CC-MAIN-20150323172149-00249-ip-10-168-14-71.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.96124 | 289 | 2.78125 | 3 |
Are you looking to apply for business graduate school? If you have already looked into any business school requirements for application, you may have come across the GRE score requirement. If so, we have put together this Guide to the GRE for you. In it, you will read about what this exam is all about, why it is essential, different aspects of the test, how to prepare and succeed at it, and some other insights and resources along the way.
What is GRE?
The Graduate Record Examination is administered through the ETS. According to ETS, the GRE is the most widely used and accepted exam for graduate admission. Graduate schools and business schools often use it to determine whether to grant acceptance to an applicant. The GRE is a multiple-choice standardized test administered on a computer. It helps assess graduate-level readiness to see whether a student will manage a rigorous course load. Higher scores increase the chances of both being accepted and performing well academically.
Graduate school applicants have different backgrounds and educational experiences, so general test and subject area tests can identify common knowledge amongst applicants. There are GRE subject tests in addition to the General GRE test. The GRE subject tests are chemistry, mathematics, physics, and psychology. The other disciplines, biology and literature in English, were discontinued in May of 2021.
The General GRE Exam, used for graduate business schools, assesses students’ aptitude in math, data analysis, and vocabulary. The GRE has three sections: analytical writing, quantitative reasoning, and verbal reasoning. The verbal reasoning section specifically tests whether students have college-level reading comprehension skills and vocabulary. The quantitative reasoning section assesses students’ ability to solve problems using their math skills: basic arithmetic, algebra, and geometry. The analytical writing skills portion assesses whether students can write an evidence-based essay. The evaluators pay close attention to correct capitalization, grammar, punctuation, and spelling.
Why is the GRE Important?
One of the items graduate schools look at for acceptance into their programs is the Graduate Record Exam, GRE. Another use for GRE scores is to help applicants land merit-based fellowships. There are hundreds of fellowship sponsors in and outside of the United States. Merit-based fellowships are helpful for students applying to programs that do not guarantee to fund. Several master’s and doctoral programs accept GRE scores, and specifically about 1,200 graduate business programs. These scores provide a way for graduate schools to compare applicants beyond letters of recommendation, personal statements, or grade point averages. GRE scores provide more objectivity.
Taking the GRE is essential for applicants applying to schools that require the scores, of course. Without the scores, admission is not a probability. But it is also crucial for applicants applying to schools that highly recommend GRE score submission or for students who need to cover up a weakness on their application, like low-grade point averages or subpar letters of recommendation. Providing good scores only adds to the application and makes the applicant more desirable.
Students that have recently graduated from their undergraduate program or will graduate soon and desire to attend graduate school should consider taking the GRE within five years. For one, GRE scores are valid for five years. Secondly, early completion of the GRE can give students insight on areas of improvement in advance. Thirdly, it creates time to study and retake the exam to increase scores.
However, it is not suggested to take the GRE if students have no intention of pursuing graduate school. The fees and time for preparation and the examination are costly. Additionally, students applying to schools that do not require the GRE are encouraged to consider whether preparing for and taking the GRE would be the best use of their time or if enhancing other areas of their application would be more helpful.
What is the Make-up of the GRE?
According to Kaplan, the test has 80 questions and two writing parts. The first section involves writing, where students are asked to write an essay on both an argument and an issue. The order continues with the verbal section, followed by the quantitative. Some examinees are given research or experimental questions on their test days. That section adds 20 questions to the student’s assessment; however, it does not affect their overall score. While these scores are relevant and measure a student’s skills, quantitative reasoning and verbal reasoning hold more weight.
The exam is designed to determine whether students can think critically, effectively analyze and evaluate the content, and problem solve. The writing sections are scored on a scale of zero to six. The average score is four. As for the verbal and quantitative sections, scores range between 130-170. The mean scores are around 150.
The Issue Essay
Students are assessed on whether they can follow the instructions and present a well-articulated argument on the issue essay. Students should include:
- A strong introduction
- Three-body paragraphs that list the strongest point
- A solid conclusion that summarizes the opinions and reflects the introduction
Additional encouragement is to choose a clear side and try not to deviate from it. Writing relevant and specific content is essential, in addition to using strong, clear statements with reasoning. Lastly, examinees should consider introducing the opposing opinion and their conclusion and then refuting it with solid points that reinforce their thesis.
The Argument Essay
For the argument essay, the students read what someone else wrote for their argument “issue” essay. Then the examinee must disprove the person’s stance by pointing to the argument’s flaws. More specifically, the writer should write against the view, name ways to improve the idea, and conclude why the argument is unconvincing and not strong enough to stand. This essay should also be about five or six paragraphs.
Students should again pay close attention to the instructions they are given for the argument essay. The suggested framework is to write an introduction including a thesis and a paragraph on each: how the arguments lack evidence, the weak evidence, vague language, how to strengthen the view, and finally, a brief conclusion. The final suggestions are to expose the argument using broad statements, point to the assumptions, use third-person language, and express strong, clear messages.
Each of the two verbal sections of the GRE comprises three types of questions: text completion, reading comprehension, and sentence equivalence. There are six text completion questions. A question in this section can have one to three blanks, where the test taker must choose the appropriate words for the sentence. The sentence equivalence portion makes up four questions. Two words need to be selected to complete one sentence so that with each word, the meaning in the sentence remains the same. Both types of questions assess vocabulary and the ability to use context clues.
Reading Comprehension Section
Lastly, two formats of questions make up the reading comprehension section, and this section has ten questions. These questions contain short and long passages, ranging from one to three paragraphs in length. There are about five passages in total. This section assesses students’ ability to read and understand the text as they answer the questions. A reading strategy like paraphrasing is helpful. The questions in the verbal section should take one minute each, but the passages in the reading comprehension section allow for an additional minute or two.
The quantitative section is the math portion, including problem-solving, comparison, and data interpretation questions. There are twenty questions in total. Seven or eight questions are quantitative comparisons that focus on the relationship between two numbers. The key to quickly solving them is to compare rather than calculate. The other questions are split between problem-solving and dating interpreting. The problem-solving multiple-choice questions are the most common in this section. The data interpreting questions are similar but include graphs.
The GRE is an adaptive exam. The difficulty level of the exam questions changes while the examinee is taking the exam. It begins with a medium-level question; however, if the student does not get the question correctly, the following question will be more straightforward. Additionally, if the question is answered right, the student will continue to get questions at the same level. Similarly, if a student progresses through the first section of the exam and does well, they will then have a more challenging second section.
GRE vs. GMAT
Many business schools accept the GRE and the Graduate Management Admission Test (GMAT). Often, the applicant gets to choose which exam they want to take or which scores they would like to submit. Students with test anxiety may prefer the GRE to the GMAT. The GRE has the option for students to skip questions within a section and return to them later. But students that like a quicker and solid structure may prefer the GMAT. They do not have the flexibility to jump around but rather move forward only.
There are official practice exams for both the GRE and the GMAT. The unofficial practice exams are not suggested as the best test preparation for either test because they do not predict the level of difficulty or the test patterns. Lastly, from a student preference standpoint, any GMAT scores that a student earns will be reported to schools unless they cancel the score after receiving it. With the GRE, a student can choose the score they want to submit. This consideration is for students that may need to take a standardized test more than once. The GRE may be preferred in this instance.
The GRE and GMAT have different goals. The goal of the GMAT is to measure skills for business schools, and the GRE measures one’s ability to succeed in any graduate degree. With that said, a GRE score could be used to determine that an applicant has strength in areas outside of business, which makes them a stand-out applicant. Many synchronous programs want a diverse make-up of their business cohort. Students should research their programs to see if both exams are accepted or if one is preferred over the other.
Careers beyond business school are good to factor in as well. Some full-time jobs may request that applicants submit their GMAT scores. An October 2020 report from U.S. News and World Report showed that about 96% of 96 programs allowed applicants to submit GRE scores as an option over GMAT scores. In this article, different pieces of advice were offered regarding taking the GRE or GMAT. One of the directors from the Wharton School suggests that students should take the test that best suits their academic strength, though the scores seem to be comparable.
The structure of each exam differs. One can complete the GRE in about three hours and 45 minutes, while the GMAT takes three hours and seven minutes. For the GRE, each writing portion is 30 minutes long. There are two 35-minute quantitative reasoning sections, two 30-minute sections of verbal reasoning, and the unscored section.
In contrast, the GMAT has one 30-minute writing segment, one 30-minute section for integrated reasoning, one 62-minute quantitative reasoning section, and one 65-minute verbal reasoning section. U.S. News and World Report show the GMAT is slightly more costly. Both exams are adaptive, so the exam gets progressively more difficult when questions are answered correctly.
The scores for the GMAT are 200 to 800. The GMAT subscores include:
- Analytical writing is scored from zero to six.
- Integrated reasoning is scored from zero to eight.
- Quantitative and verbal scores are scored from six to 51.
The GRE is simply scored 130-170, and the analytical writing portion is scored zero to six. In addition to scores, students receive their percentile rank or performance in comparison to the larger population.
U.S. News and World Report analyzes math and language assessment areas for both tests. According to their experts, the quantitative reasoning section of the GMAT is more challenging than the quantitative reasoning section of the GRE. Taking the GMAT presents an opportunity to display exceptional math skills, particularly appreciated by business programs that value these abilities. The GMAT has more logic problems, and the GRE has more geometry problems. So, a preference for either could help one determine which test would be a better fit. Additionally, the GRE has a more difficult verbal reasoning section for the language portion, as it intentionally uses more advanced vocabulary.
When Do I Take the GRE?
Experts at Kaplan have a couple of suggestions for when to take the GRE. One thought is to take the GRE at the beginning of a student’s undergraduate career. Because the test is very similar to exams students have recently taken, like the SAT, they may already be prepared to do well. With GRE scores being valid for five years, the timeline works for students entering graduate school immediately after earning their bachelor’s degree.
The second suggestion, and a more suitable option for working professionals, is to take the GRE one or two years before submitting their graduate school application. That allows for time to study and to retake it if necessary. However, because the GRE is offered regularly, there is no logistical reason to register for the exam in advance. The best time to take the exam is in a less busy season of life so that there is time to prepare and take the test with low stress.
Some business schools admit applicants three or four times a year; others admit students in the fall. Being mindful of the business school’s dates and deadlines is most important. Students can take the GRE Test up to five times within a calendar year but must wait for a minimum of 21 days between tests.
Currently, the GRE can be taken at home through ETS. It is suitable for students that prefer not to go to a testing center because of COVID-19 or otherwise. The online GRE test is exactly like the test offered in person at the testing center. It is provided through ProctorU. The system allows someone to monitor the test while students take it through modern technology. The home test is very accessible, and availability is not a barrier, as the test can be taken seven days a week.
How Do I Prepare for the GRE?
Students are encouraged to practice writing for the essay portions of the exam. Kaplan suggests writing two or three essays within the allotted time before testing day. They also indicate that students spend three months studying for the GRE, allowing 10 hours a week for focused study time. Creating a study plan is the number one recommendation for preparing for the GRE. The plan should include how and when to study, practice, and review. When practicing, it is helpful to read through the explanations of the questions. The key here is not to learn to answer questions quickly but to master the concepts and skills. Being proficient in the fundamentals matters more.
Different organizations offer GRE preparation courses to help students prepare for the GRE. Practice videos, tests, books, and services are provided on the ETS website. The Khan Academy has free instructional videos. The Princeton Review has a preparatory course that guarantees students earn at least a 162 on the verbal and quantitative sections. The program is costly, but while the average score is 153 on the quantitative and 150 on the verbal, the average for students admitted into the top business schools is 161. This program provides 45 hours of live instruction, 20 hours of supplemental support on specific topics, thousands of practice questions, eight full-length practice tests, and a personalized study manager.
How Do I Succeed at Taking the GRE?
Kaplan encourages students to prepare well for the GRE because college aptitude is tested through vocabulary as students analyze arguments and mathematical knowledge. Additionally, critical thinking skills must be honed to perform well. Good preparation is possible because standardized exams are predictable. Through practice tests and other resources, students can learn how to master the reasoning tasks and learn the testing material.
Kaplan also suggests taking the GRE to know the starting place score and researching business programs to learn the recommended scores. Once students know their acceptable or competitive scores and where they are presently scoring, they will move forward efficiently and successfully. Much preparation may not be needed if students are already scoring where they would like to on the GRE. Suppose there is a disparity between the required and realistic scores a student earns; much practice can help increase the scores in each section of the GRE.
Do Online MBA Programs Need the GRE?
Throughout the U.S. and internationally, hundreds of schools accept GRE scores. For an exhaustive list, check out the ETS website. In January 2021, U.S. News and World Report named that 125 of 259 online MBA programs required either GRE or GMAT scores. Programs either accept both, do not require either, or simply require GMAT scores. Many MBA programs are waiving the GRE requirements due to COVID.
Additionally, many programs are waiving the requirement for test scores altogether. Standardized testing is starting to get a negative reputation for not viewing applicants holistically. Many schools are beginning to take into higher consideration an applicant’s high-grade point average, coursework, professional work experience, motivations, hard-working attributes, and professional certifications. Some programs think that GRE and GMAT scores limit diversity in their programs because of the costs and hoping to waive scores in the future. Many programs are even offering test waivers for this current year. Three-fourths of the schools ranking 50 to 100 offer waivers. Higher-ranking schools, however, want to continue to request standardized test scores. Make sure you check to see if your desired program requires a GRE test.
There are many steps prospective graduate students can take in researching the GRE, deciding to take the exam, and preparing for it.
- Make a list of preferred business schools you would be interested in attending.
- Prepare a timeline that creates an action plan for studying, taking it, and applying to the business school.
- Research ideal scores for your program.
- Take a sample exam, and once completed, set some goals for increasing your scores if necessary.
- Find extra preparatory resources if you need tutoring or a class or which resources you should purchase.
- Devise a study plan that allows two to three months of weekly studying.
- Decide when and where to take the GRE, whether you want to take it at a testing site or home.
- Before test day, you should get good sleep, bring valid identification, and leave personal items at home.
As you are making your personal action plans to take and ace the GRE, remember to make smart goals! Make them specific, measurable, and put them on a timeline. With the proper preparation and effort, you will be well on your way to your Online MBA. | <urn:uuid:54fce10b-33d3-4ec3-b32e-fd2ebbd23a0c> | CC-MAIN-2023-40 | https://www.onlinembacoach.com/apply/gre-guide/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-40/segments/1695233506029.42/warc/CC-MAIN-20230921174008-20230921204008-00723.warc.gz | en | 0.947065 | 3,800 | 2.78125 | 3 |
Defra’s statistics show a 0.7 per cent drop in England’s recycling rate in 2015
Provisional data published by the Department for Environment, Food & Rural Affairs (Defra) suggests that England’s recycling rate fell in 2015 for the first time in over 10 years.
The provisional data was released on March 22 and shows that recycling dropped by 0.7 per cent in 2015. This is the first year that recycling rates have fallen in England since 2000/01. In 2014, municipal waste recycling reached 45 per cent, but the rate for 2015 fell to 44.3 per cent.
The amount of waste produced by households in England increased by 0.6 per cent, but overall waste production in England fell by 0.6 per cent compared to 2014.
According to Defra the decrease in recycling can be attributed to a dramatic decrease in the recycling of ‘other organics recycling’ in 2014 compared to 2015; this recycling stream dropped by 5.7 per cent. Defra claims that this was because of dire weather conditions at the beginning of 2014 resulting in more garden recycling at the end of the year.
The overall 0.7 per cent decrease in recycling is the first dip recorded since 2000/01. In this year, England recycled only 11.4 per cent of the waste it generated; by 2010/11 this had risen to 41.5 per cent.
However, in the last four years, the country’s recycling rate has risen by tiny amounts, resulting in fears that England will not be able to meet EU’s 2020 recycling target, which has been set at 50 per cent.
To learn more about Biggreen.co.uk ‘s waste management services, please click here. | <urn:uuid:11764e50-b6d6-402a-9a20-b7fc2aeffc8f> | CC-MAIN-2019-35 | http://biggreen.co.uk/tag/defra/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-35/segments/1566027314641.41/warc/CC-MAIN-20190819032136-20190819054136-00145.warc.gz | en | 0.955497 | 360 | 2.9375 | 3 |
Skip to comments.Astronomy Picture of the Day -- Comet PANSTARRS and the Andromeda Galaxy
Posted on 04/03/2013 3:59:42 PM PDT by SunkenCiv
Explanation: Currently, comet PANSTARRS is passing nearly in front of the galaxy Andromeda. Coincidentally, both comet and galaxy appear now to be just about the same angular size. In physical size, even though Comet PANSTARRS is currently the largest object in the Solar System with a tail spanning about 15 times the diameter of the Sun, it is still about 70 billion times smaller than the Andromeda galaxy (M31). The above image was captured on March 30, near Syktyvkar, Russia. As C/2011 L4 (PANSTARRS) on the lower left recedes from the Sun and dims, it is returning to the northerly direction whence it came. When the comet will return is currently unknown, although humans may have merged with computers by then.
(Excerpt) Read more at 18.104.22.168 ...
[Credit & Copyright: Pavel Smilyk]
Gallery: Comet PANSTARRS
*sigh* I’ve been looking but haven’t seen it. I watched some video from Norway and Sweden last night of this comet. Would have much rather seen it for myself. Maybe I’m just being petulant.
Disclaimer: Opinions posted on Free Republic are those of the individual posters and do not necessarily represent the opinion of Free Republic or its management. All materials posted herein are protected by copyright law and the exemption for fair use of copyrighted works. | <urn:uuid:f74bca20-0fb0-413e-9b4c-1ca7d09eae10> | CC-MAIN-2014-49 | http://freerepublic.com/focus/f-chat/3003869/posts | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2014-49/segments/1416931010166.36/warc/CC-MAIN-20141125155650-00153-ip-10-235-23-156.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.917075 | 340 | 2.625 | 3 |
T. S. Eliot
born on 26/9/1888 in St. Louis, MO, United States
died on 4/1/1965 in London, England, United Kingdom
T. S. Eliot
|T. S. Eliot|
T. S. Eliot, 1934
|Born||September 26 1888
St. Louis, Missouri
|Died||January 4 1965 (aged 76)
|Occupation||Poet, dramatist, literary critic, and editor|
|Spouse||Vivienne Haigh-Wood (1915–1947); Esmé Valerie Fletcher (1957death)|
|Influences||Dante Alighieri, Matthew Arnold, William Shakespeare, Jules Laforgue, John Donne, T. E. Hulme, Ezra Pound, Charles Maurras, Charles Baudelaire|
|Influenced||Ezra Pound, Hart Crane, Allen Tate, Ted Hughes, Geoffrey Hill, Máirtín Ó Direáin, Seán Ó Ríordáin, Seamus Heaney, Russell Kirk|
Thomas Stearns Eliot OM (September 26, 1888 – January 4, 1965) was an American publisher, playwright, literary and social critic and "one of the twentieth century's major poets." Born in the United States, he moved to the United Kingdom in 1914 (at age 25) and was naturalised as a British subject in 1927 at age 39.
Eliot attracted widespread attention for his poem The Love Song of J. Alfred Prufrock (1915), which is seen as a masterpiece of the Modernist movement. It was followed by some of the best-known poems in the English language, including The Waste Land (1922), The Hollow Men (1925), Ash Wednesday (1930) and Four Quartets (1945). He is also known for his seven plays, particularly Murder in the Cathedral (1935). He was awarded the Nobel Prize in Literature in 1948, "for his outstanding, pioneer contribution to present-day poetry".
Early life and education
Eliot was born into the Eliot family, a middle class family originally from New England, who had moved to St. Louis, Missouri. His father Henry Ware Eliot (1843-1919) was a successful businessman, president and treasurer of the Hydraulic-Press Brick Company in St. Louis; his mother Charlotte Champe Stearns (1843-1929) wrote poetry and was a social worker, a new profession in the early twentieth century. Eliot was the last of six surviving children; his parents were both 44 years old when he was born. His four sisters were between eleven and nineteen years older; his brother was eight years older. Known to family and friends as Tom, he was the namesake of his maternal grandfather Thomas Stearns.
Several factors are responsible for Eliot's infatuation with literature during his childhood. First, Eliot had to overcome physical limitations as a child. Struggling from a congenital double inguinal hernia, a condition in which one's intestines jut through the bowel wall and cause an abdominal rupture, Eliot could not participate in many physical activities and thus was prevented from interacting socially with his peers. As Eliot was often isolated, his love of literature developed. Once he learned to read, the young boy immediately became obsessed with books and was completely absorbed in tales depicting savages, the Wild West, or Mark Twain's thrill-seeking Tom Sawyer. In his memoir of T.S. Eliot, Eliot's friend Robert Sencourt comments that young Eliot "would often curl up in the window-seat behind an enormous book, setting the drug of dreams against the pain of living". Secondly, Eliot also credited his hometown with fueling his literary vision: "It is self-evident that St. Louis affected me more deeply than any other environment has ever done. I feel that there is something in having passed one's childhood beside the big river, which is incommunicable to those people who have not. I consider myself fortunate to have been born here, rather than in Boston, or New York, or London." Thus, from the onset, literature was an essential part of Eliot's childhood and both his disability and location influenced him.
From 1898 to 1905, Eliot attended Smith Academy, where his studies included Latin, Ancient Greek, French, and German. He began to write poetry when he was fourteen under the influence of Edward Fitzgerald's Rubaiyat of Omar Khayyam, a translation of the poetry of Omar Khayyam. He said the results were gloomy and despairing, and he destroyed them. His first published poem, "A Fable For Feasters", was written as a school exercise and was published in the Smith Academy Record in February 1905. Also published there in April 1905 was his oldest surviving poem in manuscript, an untitled lyric, later revised and reprinted as "Song" in The Harvard Advocate, Harvard University's student magazine. He also published three short stories in 1905, "Birds of Prey", "A Tale of a Whale" and "The Man Who Was King". The last mentioned story significantly reflects his exploration of Igorot Village while visiting the 1904 World's Fair of St. Louis. Such a link with primitive people importantly antedates his anthropological studies at Harvard.
Following graduation, Eliot attended Milton Academy in Massachusetts for a preparatory year, where he met Scofield Thayer, who would later publish The Waste Land. He studied philosophy at Harvard College from 1906 to 1909, earning his bachelor's degree after three years, instead of the usual four. Frank Kermode writes that the most important moment of Eliot's undergraduate career was in 1908, when he discovered Arthur Symons's The Symbolist Movement in Literature (1899). This introduced him to Jules Laforgue, Arthur Rimbaud, and Paul Verlaine. Without Verlaine, Eliot wrote, he might never have heard of Tristan Corbière and his book Les amours jaunes, a work that affected the course of Eliot's life. The Harvard Advocate published some of his poems, and he became lifelong friends with Conrad Aiken, the American novelist.
After working as a philosophy assistant at Harvard from 1909 to 1910, Eliot moved to Paris, where from 1910 to 1911, he studied philosophy at the Sorbonne. He attended lectures by Henri Bergson and read poetry with Alain-Fournier. From 1911 to 1914, he was back at Harvard studying Indian philosophy and Sanskrit. Eliot was awarded a scholarship to Merton College, Oxford in 1914. He first visited Marburg, Germany, where he planned to take a summer program, but when the First World War broke out, he went to Oxford instead. At the time, so many American students attended Merton that the Junior Common Room proposed a motion "that this society abhors the Americanization of Oxford". It was defeated by two votes, after Eliot reminded the students how much they owed American culture.
Eliot wrote to Conrad Aiken on New Year's Eve 1914: "I hate university towns and university people, who are the same everywhere, with pregnant wives, sprawling children, many books and hideous pictures on the walls ... Oxford is very pretty, but I don't like to be dead." Escaping Oxford, Eliot actually spent much of his time in London. This city had a monumental and life-altering impact on Eliot for multiple reasons, the most significant of which was his introduction to the acclaimed literary figure Ezra Pound. A connection through Aiken resulted in an arranged meeting and on September 22, 1914, Eliot paid a visit to Pound's flat. Pound instantly deemed Eliot "worth watching" and was imperative to Eliot's beginning career as a poet as he is credited with promoting Eliot through social events and literary gatherings. Thus, according to biographer John Worthen, during his time in England Eliot "was seeing as little of Oxford as possible". He was instead spending long periods of time in London, in the company of Ezra Pound and "some of the modern artists whom the war has so far spared... It was Pound who helped most, introducing him everywhere." In the end, Eliot did not settle at Merton, and left after a year. In 1915 he taught English at Birkbeck, University of London.
- See also: Tom and Viv
In a letter to Aiken late in December, 1914, Eliot, aged 26, wrote, "I am very dependent upon women (I mean female society)." Less than four months later, Thayer introduced Eliot to Vivienne Haigh-Wood, a Cambridge governess. They were married at Hampstead Register Office on June 26, 1915.
After a short visit alone to his family in the United States, Eliot returned to London and took several teaching jobs, such as lecturing at Birkbeck College, University of London. The philosopher Bertrand Russell took an interest in Vivienne while the newlyweds stayed in his flat. Some scholars have suggested that she and Russell had an affair, but the allegations were never confirmed.
The marriage was markedly unhappy, in part because of Vivienne's health issues. In a letter addressed to Ezra Pound, she covers an extensive list of her symptoms, which included a habitually high temperature, fatigue, insomnia, migraines, and colitis. This, coupled with apparent mental instability, meant that she was often sent away by Eliot and her doctors for extended periods of time in the hope of improving her health, and as time went on, he became increasingly more detached from her. Their relationship became the subject of a 1984 play Tom and Viv, which in 1994 was adapted as a film.
In a private paper written in his sixties, Eliot confessed: "I came to persuade myself that I was in love with Vivienne simply because I wanted to burn my boats and commit myself to staying in England. And she persuaded herself (also under the influence of [Ezra] Pound) that she would save the poet by keeping him in England. To her, the marriage brought no happiness. To me, it brought the state of mind out of which came The Waste Land."
Teaching, Lloyds, Faber and Faber
After leaving Merton, Eliot worked as a schoolteacher, most notably at Highgate School, a private school in London, where he taught French and Latin—his students included the young John Betjeman. Later he taught at the Royal Grammar School, High Wycombe, a state school in Buckinghamshire. To earn extra money, he wrote book reviews and lectured at evening extension courses. In 1917, he took a position at Lloyd's Bank in London, working on foreign accounts. On a trip to Paris in August 1920 with the artist Wyndham Lewis, he met the writer James Joyce. Eliot said he found Joyce arrogant—Joyce doubted Eliot's ability as a poet at the time—but the two soon became friends, with Eliot visiting Joyce whenever he was in Paris. Eliot and Wyndham Lewis also maintained a close friendship, leading to Lewis's later making his well-known portrait painting of Eliot in 1938.
In 1925, Eliot left Lloyds to join the publishing firm Faber and Gwyer, later Faber and Faber, where he remained for the rest of his career, eventually becoming a director. At Faber and Faber, he was responsible for publishing important English poets like W.H. Auden, Stephen Spender, and Ted Hughes.
Conversion to Anglicanism and British citizenship
On June 29, 1927, Eliot converted to Anglicanism from Unitarianism, and in November that year he took British citizenship. He became a warden of his parish church, Saint Stephen's, Gloucester Road, London, and a life member of the Society of King Charles the Martyr. He specifically identified as Anglo-Catholic, proclaiming himself "classicist in literature, royalist in politics, and anglo-catholic [sic] in religion". About thirty years later Eliot commented on his religious views that he combined "a Catholic cast of mind, a Calvinist heritage, and a Puritanical temperament".
One of Eliot's biographers, Peter Ackroyd, commented that "the purposes of [Eliot's conversion] were two-fold. One: the Church of England offered Eliot some hope for himself, and I think Eliot needed some resting place. But secondly, it attached Eliot to the English community and English culture."
Separation and remarriage
By 1932, Eliot had been contemplating a separation from his wife for some time. When Harvard offered him the Charles Eliot Norton professorship for the 1932-1933 academic year, he accepted and left Vivienne in England. Upon his return, he arranged for a formal separation from her, avoiding all but one meeting with her between his leaving for America in 1932 and her death in 1947. Vivienne was committed to the Northumberland House mental hospital, Stoke Newington, in 1938, and remained there until she died. Although Eliot was still legally her husband, he never visited her. From 1938-1957 Eliot's public companion was Mary Trevelyan of London University, who wanted to marry him, and left a detailed memoir.
From 1946 to 1957, Eliot shared a flat with his friend John Davy Hayward, who collected and managed Eliot's papers, styling himself "Keeper of the Eliot Archive". Hayward also collected Eliot's pre-Prufrock verse, commercially published after Eliot's death as Poems Written in Early Youth. When Eliot and Hayward separated their household in 1957, Hayward retained his collection of Eliot's papers, which he bequeathed to King's College, Cambridge, in 1965.
On January 10, 1957, Eliot at the age of 68, married Esmé Valerie Fletcher, who was 30. In contrast to his first marriage, Eliot knew Fletcher well, as she had been his secretary at Faber and Faber since August, 1949. They kept their wedding secret; the ceremony was held in a church at 6:15 A.M., with virtually no one in attendance other than his wife's parents. After Eliot's death, Valerie dedicated her time to preserving his legacy; she edited and annotated The Letters of T. S. Eliot and a facsimile of the draft of The Waste Land. Eliot never had children with either of his wives. In the early 1960s, by then in failing health, Valerie Eliot worked as an editor for the Wesleyan University Press, seeking new poets in Europe for publication. She died on November 9, 2012 at her home in London.
Death and honours
Eliot died of emphysema in London on January 4, 1965. For many years he had had health problems caused by his heavy smoking, and had often been laid low with bronchitis or tachycardia. He was cremated at Golders Green Crematorium. In accordance with Eliot's wishes, his ashes were taken to St. Michael's Church in East Coker, the village from which his ancestors had emigrated to America.
- A wall plaque commemorates him with a quotation from his poem "East Coker", "In my beginning is my end. In my end is my beginning."
- In 1967, on the second anniversary of his death, Eliot was commemorated by the installation of a large stone in the floor of Poets' Corner in London's Westminster Abbey. The stone, cut by designer Reynolds Stone, is inscribed with his life dates, his Order of Merit, and a quotation from his poem "Little Gidding", "the communication / of the dead is tongued with fire beyond / the language of the living."
For a poet of his stature, Eliot produced a relatively small amount of poetry and he was aware of this early in his career. He wrote to J.H. Woods, one of his former Harvard professors, "My reputation in London is built upon one small volume of verse, and is kept up by printing two or three more poems in a year. The only thing that matters is that these should be perfect in their kind, so that each should be an event."
Typically, Eliot first published his poems individually in periodicals or in small books or pamphlets, and then collected them in books. His first collection was Prufrock and Other Observations (1917). In 1920, he published more poems in Ara Vos Prec (London) and Poems: 1920 (New York). These had the same poems (in a different order) except that "Ode" in the British edition was replaced with "Hysteria" in the American edition. In 1925, he collected The Waste Land and the poems in Prufrock and Poems into one volume and added The Hollow Men to form Poems: 1909-1925. From then on, he updated this work as Collected Poems. Exceptions are Old Possum's Book of Practical Cats (1939), a collection of light verse; Poems Written in Early Youth, posthumously published in 1967 and consisting mainly of poems published between 1907 and 1910 in The Harvard Advocate, and Inventions of the March Hare: Poems 1909-1917, material Eliot never intended to have published, which appeared posthumously in 1997.
During an interview in 1959, Eliot said of his nationality and its role in his work: "I'd say that my poetry has obviously more in common with my distinguished contemporaries in America than with anything written in my generation in England. That I'm sure of. ... It wouldn't be what it is, and I imagine it wouldn't be so good; putting it as modestly as I can, it wouldn't be what it is if I'd been born in England, and it wouldn't be what it is if I'd stayed in America. It's a combination of things. But in its sources, in its emotional springs, it comes from America."
The Love Song of J. Alfred Prufrock
- Main article: The Love Song of J. Alfred Prufrock
In 1915, Ezra Pound, overseas editor of Poetry magazine, recommended to Harriet Monroe, the magazine's founder, that she publish "The Love Song of J. Alfred Prufrock". Although the character Prufrock seems to be middle-aged, Eliot wrote most of the poem when he was only twenty-two. Its now-famous opening lines, comparing the evening sky to "a patient etherised upon a table", were considered shocking and offensive, especially at a time when Georgian Poetry was hailed for its derivations of the nineteenth century Romantic Poets.
The poem follows the conscious experience of a man, Prufrock (relayed in the "stream of consciousness" form characteristic of the Modernists), lamenting his physical and intellectual inertia, the lost opportunities in his life and lack of spiritual progress, with the recurrent theme of carnal love unattained. Critical opinion is divided as to whether the narrator leaves his residence during the course of the narration. The locations described can be interpreted either as actual physical experiences, mental recollections, or as symbolic images from the unconscious mind, as, for example, in the refrain "In the room the women come and go".
The poem's structure was heavily influenced by Eliot's extensive reading of Dante Alighieri and refers to a number of literary works, including Hamlet and those of the French Symbolists. Its reception in London can be gauged from an unsigned review in The Times Literary Supplement on June 21, 1917. "The fact that these things occurred to the mind of Mr. Eliot is surely of the very smallest importance to anyone, even to himself. They certainly have no relation to poetry."
The Waste Land
- Main article: The Waste Land
In October, 1922, Eliot published The Waste Land in The Criterion. Eliot's dedication to il miglior fabbro ("the better craftsman") refers to Ezra Pound's significant hand in editing and reshaping the poem from a longer Eliot manuscript to the shortened version that appears in publication.
It was composed during a period of personal difficulty for Eliot—his marriage was failing, and both he and Vivienne were suffering from nervous disorders. The poem is often read as a representation of the disillusionment of the post-war generation. Before the poem's publication as a book in December, 1922, Eliot distanced himself from its vision of despair. On November 15, 1922, he wrote to Richard Aldington, saying, "As for The Waste Land, that is a thing of the past so far as I am concerned and I am now feeling toward a new form and style."
The poem is known for its obscure nature—its slippage between satire and prophecy; its abrupt changes of speaker, location, and time. Despite this, it has become a touchstone of modern literature, a poetic counterpart to a novel published in the same year, James Joyce's Ulysses.
Among its best-known phrases are "April is the cruellest month", "I will show you fear in a handful of dust" and "Shantih shantih shantih". The Sanskrit mantra ends the poem.
The Hollow Men
- Main article: The Hollow Men
The Hollow Men appeared in 1925. For the critic Edmund Wilson, it marked "The nadir of the phase of despair and desolation given such effective expression in The Waste Land." It is Eliot's major poem of the late 1920s. Similar to other work, its themes are overlapping and fragmentary. Post-war Europe under the Treaty of Versailles (which Eliot despised), the difficulty of hope and religious conversion, Eliot's failed marriage.Allen Tate perceived a shift in Eliot's method, writing that, "The mythologies disappear altogether in The Hollow Men." This is a striking claim for a poem as indebted to Dante as anything else in Eliot's early work, to say little of the modern English mythology—the "Old Guy Fawkes" of the Gunpowder Plot—or the colonial and agrarian mythos of Joseph Conrad and James George Frazer, which, at least for reasons of textual history, echo in The Waste Land. The "continuous parallel between contemporaneity and antiquity" that is so characteristic of his mythical method remained in fine form. The Hollow Men contains some of Eliot's most famous lines, notably its conclusion:
This is the way the world ends
Not with a bang but a whimper.
- Main article: Ash Wednesday (poem)
Ash Wednesday is the first long poem written by Eliot after his 1927 conversion to Anglicanism. Published in 1930, it deals with the struggle that ensues when one who has lacked faith acquires it. Sometimes referred to as Eliot's "conversion poem", it is richly but ambiguously allusive, and deals with the aspiration to move from spiritual barrenness to hope for human salvation. Eliot's style of writing in Ash Wednesday showed a marked shift from the poetry he had written prior to his 1927 conversion, and his post-conversion style would continue in a similar vein. His style was to become less ironic, and the poems would no longer be populated by multiple characters in dialogue. His subject matter would also become more focused on Eliot's spiritual concerns and his Christian faith.
Many critics were particularly enthusiastic about Ash Wednesday. Edwin Muir maintained that it is one of the most moving poems Eliot wrote, and perhaps the "most perfect", though it was not well received by everyone. The poem's groundwork of orthodox Christianity discomfited many of the more secular literati.
Old Possum's Book of Practical Cats
- Main article: Old Possum's Book of Practical Cats
In 1939, Eliot published a book of light verse, Old Possum's Book of Practical Cats ("Old Possum" was Ezra Pound's nickname for him). This first edition had an illustration of the author on the cover. In 1954, the composer Alan Rawsthorne set six of the poems for speaker and orchestra, in a work entitled Practical Cats. After Eliot's death, the book was adapted as the basis of the musical, Cats, by Andrew Lloyd Webber, first produced in London's West End in 1981 and opening on Broadway the following year.
- Main article: Four Quartets
Eliot regarded Four Quartets as his masterpiece, and it is the work that led to his being awarded the Nobel Prize in Literature. It consists of four long poems, each first published separately: Burnt Norton (1936), East Coker (1940), The Dry Salvages (1941) and Little Gidding (1942). Each has five sections. Although they resist easy characterization, each poem includes meditations on the nature of time in some important respect—theological, historical, physical—and its relation to the human condition. Each poem is associated with one of the four classical elements: air, earth, water, and fire.
Burnt Norton is a meditative poem that begins with the narrator trying to focus on the present moment while walking through a garden, focusing on images and sounds like the bird, the roses, clouds, and an empty pool. The narrator's meditation leads him/her to reach "the still point" in which he doesn't try to get anywhere or to experience place and/or time, instead experiencing "a grace of sense". In the final section, the narrator contemplates the arts ("Words" and "music") as they relate to time. The narrator focuses particularly on the poet's art of manipulating "Words [which] strain, / Crack and sometimes break, under the burden [of time], under the tension, slip, slide, perish, decay with imprecision, [and] will not stay in place, / Will not stay still." By comparison, the narrator concludes that "Love is itself unmoving, / Only the cause and end of movement, / Timeless, and undesiring."
East Coker continues the examination of time and meaning, focusing in a famous passage on the nature of language and poetry. Out of darkness, Eliot offers a solution: "I said to my soul, be still, and wait without hope."
The Dry Salvages treats the element of water, via images of river and sea. It strives to contain opposites: "The past and future / Are conquered, and reconciled."
Little Gidding (the element of fire) is the most anthologized of the Quartets. Eliot's experiences as an air raid warden in The Blitz power the poem, and he imagines meeting Dante during the German bombing. The beginning of the Quartets ("Houses / Are removed, destroyed") had become a violent everyday experience; this creates an animation, where for the first time he talks of Love as the driving force behind all experience. From this background, the Quartets end with an affirmation of Julian of Norwich: "All shall be well and / All manner of thing shall be well."
The Four Quartets cannot be understood without reference to Christian thought, traditions, and history. Eliot draws upon the theology, art, symbolism and language of such figures as Dante, and mystics St. John of the Cross and Julian of Norwich. The "deeper communion" sought in East Coker, the "hints and whispers of children, the sickness that must grow worse in order to find healing", and the exploration which inevitably leads us home all point to the pilgrim's path along the road of sanctification.
- Main article: Sweeney Agonistes
With the important exception of Four Quartets, Eliot directed much of his creative energies after Ash Wednesday to writing plays in verse, mostly comedies or plays with redemptive endings. He was long a critic and admirer of Elizabethan and Jacobean verse drama; witness his allusions to Webster, Thomas Middleton, William Shakespeare and Thomas Kyd in The Waste Land. In a 1933 lecture he said "Every poet would like, I fancy, to be able to think that he had some direct social utility . . . . He would like to be something of a popular entertainer, and be able to think his own thoughts behind a tragic or a comic mask. He would like to convey the pleasures of poetry, not only to a larger audience, but to larger groups of people collectively; and the theatre is the best place in which to do it."
After The Waste Land (1922), he wrote that he was "now feeling toward a new form and style". One project he had in mind was writing a play in verse, using some of the rhythms of early jazz. The play featured "Sweeney", a character who had appeared in a number of his poems. Although Eliot did not finish the play, he did publish two scenes from the piece. These scenes, titled Fragment of a Prologue (1926) and Fragment of an Agon (1927), were published together in 1932 as Sweeney Agonistes. Although Eliot noted that this was not intended to be a one-act play, it is sometimes performed as one.
A pageant play by Eliot called The Rock was performed in 1934 for the benefit of churches in the Diocese of London. Much of it was a collaborative effort; Eliot accepted credit only for the authorship of one scene and the choruses. George Bell, the Bishop of Chichester, had been instrumental in connecting Eliot with producer E. Martin Browne for the production of The Rock, and later commissioned Eliot to write another play for the Canterbury Festival in 1935. This one, Murder in the Cathedral, concerning the death of the martyr, Thomas Becket, was more under Eliot's control. Eliot biographer Peter Ackroyd comments that "for [Eliot], Murder in the Cathedral and succeeding verse plays offered a double advantage; it allowed him to practice poetry but it also offered a convenient home for his religious sensibility." After this, he worked on more "commercial" plays for more general audiences: The Family Reunion (1939), The Cocktail Party (1949), The Confidential Clerk, (1953) and The Elder Statesman (1958). The Broadway production in New York of The Cocktail Party received the 1950 Tony Award for Best Play.
Regarding his method of playwriting, Eliot explained, "If I set out to write a play, I start by an act of choice. I settle upon a particular emotional situation, out of which characters and a plot will emerge. And then lines of poetry may come into being: not from the original impulse but from a secondary stimulation of the unconscious mind."
Eliot also made significant contributions to the field of literary criticism, strongly influencing the school of New Criticism. While somewhat self-deprecating and minimizing of his work—he once said his criticism was merely a "by-product" of his "private poetry-workshop"—Eliot is considered by some to be one of the greatest literary critics of the twentieth century. The critic William Empson once said, "I do not know for certain how much of my own mind [Eliot] invented, let alone how much of it is a reaction against him or indeed a consequence of misreading him. He is a very penetrating influence, perhaps not unlike the east wind."
In his critical essay "Tradition and the Individual Talent", Eliot argues that art must be understood not in a vacuum, but in the context of previous pieces of art. "In a peculiar sense [an artist or poet] ... must inevitably be judged by the standards of the past." This essay was an important influence over the New Criticism by introducing the idea that the value of a work of art must be viewed in the context of the artist's previous works, a "simultaneous order" of works (i.e., "tradition"). Eliot himself employed this concept on many of his works, especially on his long-poem The Waste Land.
Also important to New Criticism was the ideaas articulated in Eliot's essay "Hamlet and His Problems"of an "objective correlative", which posits a connection among the words of the text and events, states of mind, and experiences. This notion concedes that a poem means what it says, but suggests that there can be a non-subjective judgment based on different readers' differentbut perhaps corollaryinterpretations of a work.
More generally, New Critics took a cue from Eliot in regard to his "'classical' ideals and his religious thought; his attention to the poetry and drama of the early seventeenth century; his deprecation of the Romantics, especially Shelley; his proposition that good poems constitute 'not a turning loose of emotion but an escape from emotion'; and his insistence that 'poets... at present must be difficult'."
Eliot's essays were a major factor in the revival of interest in the metaphysical poets. Eliot particularly praised the metaphysical poets' ability to show experience as both psychological and sensual, while at the same time infusing this portrayal within Eliot's viewwit and uniqueness. Eliot's essay "The Metaphysical Poets", along with giving new significance and attention to metaphysical poetry, introduced his now well-known definition of "unified sensibility", which is considered by some to mean the same thing as the term "metaphysical".
His 1922 poem The Waste Land also can be better understood in light of his work as a critic. He had argued that a poet must write "programmatic criticism", that is, a poet should write to advance his own interests rather than to advance "historical scholarship". Viewed from Eliot's critical lens, The Waste Land likely shows his personal despair about World War I rather than an objective historical understanding of it.
Late in his career, Eliot focused much of his creative energy on writing for the theater, and some of his critical writing, in essays like "Poetry and Drama," "Hamlet and his Problems," and "The Possibility of a Poetic Drama," focused on the aesthetics of writing drama in verse.
Responses to his poetry
The writer Ronald Bush notes that Eliot's early poems like "The Love Song of J. Alfred Prufrock", "Portrait of a Lady", "La Figlia Che Piange", "Preludes", and "Rhapsody on a Windy Night" had "[an] effect [that] was both unique and compelling, and their assurance staggered [Eliot's] contemporaries who were privileged to read them in manuscript. [Conrad] Aiken, for example, marveled at 'how sharp and complete and sui generis the whole thing was, from the outset. The wholeness is there, from the very beginning.'"
The initial critical response to Eliot's "The Waste Land" was mixed. Ronald Bush notes that "'The Waste Land' was at first correctly perceived as a work of jazzlike syncopation--and, like 1920s jazz, essentially iconoclastic." Some critics, like Edmund Wilson, Conrad Aiken, and Gilbert Seldes thought it was the best poetry being written in the English language while others thought it was esoteric and wilfully difficult. Edmund Wilson, being one of the critics who praised Eliot, called him "one of our only authentic poets". Wilson also pointed out some of Eliot's weaknesses as a poet. In regard to "The Waste Land", Wilson admits its flaws ("its lack of structural unity"), but concluded, "I doubt whether there is a single other poem of equal length by a contemporary American which displays so high and so varied a mastery of English verse."
Charles Powell was negative in his criticism of Eliot, calling his poems incomprehensible. And the writers of Time magazine were similarly baffled by a challenging poem like "The Waste Land". John Crowe Ransom wrote negative criticisms of Eliot's work but also had positive things to say. For instance, though Ransom negatively criticised "The Waste Land" for its "extreme disconnection", Ransom was not completely condemnatory of Eliot's work and admitted that Eliot was a talented poet.
Addressing some of the common criticisms directed against "The Waste Land" at the time, Gilbert Seldes stated, "It seems at first sight remarkably disconnected and confused... [however] a closer view of the poem does more than illuminate the difficulties; it reveals the hidden form of the work, [and] indicates how each thing falls into place."Following the publication of The Four Quartets, Eliot's reputation as a poet, as well as his influence in the academy, was at its peak. In an essay on Eliot published in 1989, the writer Cynthia Ozick refers to this peak of influence (from the 1940s through the early 1960s) as "the Age of Eliot" when Eliot "seemed pure zenith, a colossus, nothing less than a permanent luminary, fixed in the firmament like the sun and the moon". But during this post-war period, others, like Ronald Bush, observed that this time also marked the beginning of the decline in Eliot's literary influence:
As Eliot's conservative religious and political convictions began to seem less congenial in the postwar world, other readers reacted with suspicion to his assertions of authority, obvious in Four Quartets and implicit in the earlier poetry. The result, fueled by intermittent rediscovery of Eliot's occasional anti-Semitic rhetoric, has been a progressive downward revision of his once towering reputation.Bush also notes that Eliot's reputation "slipped" significantly further after his death. He writes, "Sometimes regarded as too academic (William Carlos Williams's view), Eliot was also frequently criticized for a deadening neoclassicism (as he himself--perhaps just as unfairly--had criticized Milton). However, the multivarious tributes from practicing poets of many schools published during his centenary in 1988 was a strong indication of the intimidating continued presence of his poetic voice."
Although Eliot's poetry is not as influential as it once was, notable literary scholars, like Harold Bloom and Stephen Greenblatt, still acknowledge that Eliot's poetry is central to the literary English canon. For instance, the editors of The Norton Anthology of English Literature write, "There is no disagreement on [Eliot's] importance as one of the great renovators of the English poetry dialect, whose influence on a whole generation of poets, critics, and intellectuals generally was enormous. [However] his range as a poet [was] limited, and his interest in the great middle ground of human experience (as distinct from the extremes of saint and sinner) [was] deficient." Despite this criticism, these scholars also acknowledge "[Eliot's] poetic cunning, his fine craftsmanship, his original accent, his historical and representative importance as the poet of the modern symbolist-Metaphysical tradition".
Allegations of anti-Semitism
The depiction of Jews in some of Eliot's poems has led several critics to accuse him of anti-Semitism. This case has been presented most forcefully in a study by Anthony Julius: T. S. Eliot, Anti-Semitism, and Literary Form (1996). In "Gerontion", Eliot writes, in the voice of the poem's elderly narrator, "And the Jew squats on the window sill, the owner [of my building] / Spawned in some estaminet of Antwerp." Another well-known example appears in the poem, "Burbank with a Baedeker: Bleistein with a Cigar". In this poem, Eliot wrote, "The rats are underneath the piles. / The Jew is underneath the lot. / Money in furs." Interpreting the line as an indirect comparison of Jews to rats, Julius writes, "The anti-Semitism is unmistakable. It reaches out like a clear signal to the reader." Julius's viewpoint has been supported by literary critics such as Harold Bloom, Christopher Ricks, George Steiner, Tom Paulin and James Fenton.
In a series of lectures delivered at the University of Virginia in 1933, published under the title After Strange Gods: A Primer of Modern Heresy (1934), Eliot wrote of societal tradition and coherence, "What is still more important [than cultural homogeneity] is unity of religious background, and reasons of race and religion combine to make any large number of free-thinking Jews undesirable." Eliot never re-published this book nor the lecture.
Craig Raine, in his books In Defence of T. S. Eliot (2001) and T. S. Eliot (2006), has sought to defend Eliot from the charge of anti-Semitism. Reviewing Raine's 2006 book, Paul Dean stated that he was not convinced by Raine's argument though he concluded, "Ultimately, as both Raine and, to do him justice, Julius insist, however much Eliot may have been compromised as a person, as we all are in our several ways, his greatness as a poet remains." In another review of Raine's 2006 book, the literary critic Terry Eagleton also questioned the validity of Raine's defense of Eliot's character flaws as well as the entire basis for Raine's book, writing, "Why do critics feel a need to defend the authors they write on, like doting parents deaf to all criticism of their obnoxious children? Eliot's well-earned reputation [as a poet] is established beyond all doubt, and making him out to be as unflawed as the Archangel Gabriel does him no favours."
- Further information: Cultural depictions of T. S. Eliot
- Order of Merit (awarded by King George VI (United Kingdom), 1948)
- Nobel Prize in Literature "for his outstanding, pioneer contribution to present-day poetry" (Stockholm, 1948)
- Officier de la Legion d'Honneur (1951)
- Hanseatic Goethe Prize (Hamburg, 1955)
- Dante Medal (Florence, 1959)
- Commandeur de l'Ordre des Arts et des Lettres (1960)
- Presidential Medal of Freedom (1964)
- Thirteen honorary doctorates (including Oxford, Cambridge, the Sorbonne, and Harvard)
- Tony Award in 1950 for Best Play: The Broadway production of The Cocktail Party
- Two posthumous Tony Awards (1983) for his poems used in the musical Cats
- Eliot College of the University of Kent, England, named after him
- Celebrated on commemorative postage stamps
- A star on the St. Louis Walk of Fame
- Main article: T. S. Eliot bibliography
- "A Fable for Feasters" (1905)
- "[A Lyric:]'If Time and Space as Sages say'" (1905)
- "[At Graduation 1905]" (1905)
- "Song:'If space and time,as sages say'" (1907)
- "Before Morning" (1908)
- "Circe's Palace" (1908)
- "Song: 'When we came home across the hill'" (1909)
- "On a Portrait" (1909)
- "Nocturne" (1909)
- "Humoresque" (1910)
- "Spleen" (1910)
- "[Class]Ode" (1910)
- Prufrock and Other Observations (1917)
- The Love Song of J. Alfred Prufrock
- Portrait of a Lady (poem)
- Aunt Helen
- Poems (1920)
- Sweeney Among the Nightingales
- "The Hippopotamus"
- "Whispers of Immortality"
- "Mr. Eliot's Sunday Morning Service"
- "A Cooking Egg"
- The Waste Land (1922)
- The Hollow Men (1925)
- Ariel Poems (1927-1954)
- The Journey of the Magi (1927)
- Ash Wednesday (1930)
- Coriolan (1931)
- Old Possum's Book of Practical Cats (1939)
- The Marching Song of the Pollicle Dogs and Billy M'Caw: The Remarkable Parrot (1939) in The Queen's Book of the Red Cross
- Four Quartets (1945)
- Sweeney Agonistes (published in 1926, first performed in 1934)
- The Rock (1934)
- Murder in the Cathedral (1935)
- The Family Reunion (1939)
- The Cocktail Party (1949)
- The Confidential Clerk (1953)
- The Elder Statesman (first performed in 1958, published in 1959)
- Christianity & Culture (1939, 1948)
- The Second-Order Mind (1920)
- Tradition and the Individual Talent (1920)
- The Sacred Wood: Essays on Poetry and Criticism (1920)
- "Hamlet and His Problems"
- Homage to John Dryden (1924)
- Shakespeare and the Stoicism of Seneca (1928)
- For Lancelot Andrewes (1928)
- Dante (1929)
- Selected Essays, 1917-1932 (1932)
- The Use of Poetry and the Use of Criticism (1933)
- After Strange Gods (1934)
- Elizabethan Essays (1934)
- Essays Ancient and Modern (1936)
- The Idea of a Christian Society (1939)
- A Choice of Kipling's Verse (1941) made by Eliot, with an essay on Rudyard Kipling, London, Faber and Faber.
- Notes Towards the Definition of Culture (1948)
- Poetry and Drama (1951)
- The Three Voices of Poetry (1954)
- The Frontiers of Criticism (1956)
- On Poetry and Poets (1957)
- To Criticize the Critic (1965)
- The Waste Land: Facsimile Edition (1974)
- Inventions of the March Hare: Poems 1909-1917 (1996)
- Collected Poems, 1909-1962 (1963) online edition; also excerpt and text search
- Old Possum's Book of Practical Cats, Illustrated Edition (1982) excerpt and text search
- Selected Prose of T.S. Eliot edited by Frank Kermode (1975) excerpt and text search
- The Waste Land (Norton Critical Editions) edited by Michael North (2000) excerpt and text search
- Selected essays (1932); enlarged (1960)
- The letters of T. S. Eliot, edited by Valerie Eliot and Hugh Haughton, Volume 1: 1898-1922 (1988)
- The letters of T. S. Eliot, edited by Valerie Eliot and Hugh Haughton, Volume 2: 1923-1925 (2009)
- The letters of T. S. Eliot, edited by Valerie Eliot and Hugh Haughton, Volume 3: 1926-1927 (2012)
- The letters of T. S. Eliot, edited by Valerie Eliot and John Haffenden, Volume 4: 1928-1929 (2013)
- Hart Crane (1899-1932)
- Influences by Seamus Heaney, Bostonreview.net, accessed August 3, 2009.
- Bush, Ronald. "T.S. Eliot's Life and Career." American National Biography. Ed. John A Garraty and Mark C. Carnes. New York: Oxford University Press, 1999.
- 4.0 4.1 4.2 4.3 4.4 4.5 4.6 4.7 4.8 Thomas Stearns Eliot, Encyclopaedia Britannica, accessed November 7, 2009.
- The Nobel Prize in Literature 1948. Nobelprize.org. Nobel Media. Retrieved on 26 April 2013.
- 6.0 6.1 "The Nobel Prize in Literature 1948 - T.S. Eliot", Nobelprize.org, taken from Frenz, Horst (ed). Nobel Lectures, Literature 1901-1967. Elsevier Publishing Company, Amsterdam, 1969, accessed 6 March 2012.
- Ronald Bush, T.S. Eliot: the modernist in history, (New York, 1991), p. 72
- Worthen, John (2009). T.S. Eliot: A Short Biography, p. 9, London: Haus Publishing.
- Sencourt, Robert (1971). T.S. Eliot, A Memoir, p. 18, London: Garnstone Limited.
- Letter to Marquis Childs quoted in St. Louis Post Dispatch (15 October 1930) and in the address "American Literature and the American Language" delivered at Washington University in St. Louis (9 June 1953), published in Washington University Studies, New Series: Literature and Language, no. 23 (St. Louis: Washington University Press, 1953), p. 6.
- Hall, Donald. The Art of Poetry No. 1, The Paris Review, Issue 21, SpringSummer 1959, accessed November 29, 2011.
- 12.0 12.1 12.2 Gallup, Donald. T. S. Eliot: A Bibliography (A Revised and Extended Edition), Harcourt, Brace & World, New York, 1969.
- Eliot, T.S. Poems Written in Early Youth, John Davy Hayward, ed. Farrar, Straus and Giroux, New York, 1967
- Narita, Tatsushi,'The Young T. S. Eliot and Alien Cultures: His Philippine Interactions', The Review of English Studies, New Series, vol. 45, no. 180, 1994, pp. 523-525
- Narita, Tatsush, T. S. Eliot, The World Fair of St. Louis and "Autonomy", Nagoya: Kougaku Shuppan (2013), pp.9-104.
- Bush, Ronald, "The Presence of the Past: Ethnographic Thinking/ Literary Politics". In Prehistories of the Future, ed. Elzar Barkan and Ronald Bush, Stanford University Press,(1995), pp. 3-5; 25-31.
- Marsh, Alex and Elizabeth Daumer, "Pound and T. S. Eliot", American Literary Scholarship, 2005, 182.
- 18.0 18.1 Kermode, Frank. "Introduction" to The Waste Land and Other Poems, Penguin Classics, 2003.
- Perl, Jeffry M. and Andrew P. Tuck. "The Hidden Advantage of Tradition: On the Significance of T. S. Eliot's Indic Studies", Philosophy East & West V. 35 No. 2, April 1985, pp. 116–131.
- 20.0 20.1 Seymour-Jones, Carole. Painted Shadow: The Life of Vivienne Eliot, First Wife of T. S. Eliot, Knopf Publishing Group, p. 1.
- Worthen, John (2009). T.S. Eliot: A Short Biography, p. 3436, London: Haus Publishing.
- For a reading of the dissertation, see Brazeal, Gregory (Fall 2007). "The Alleged Pragmatism of T.S. Eliot". Philosophy & Literature 31 (1): 248264.
- Eliot, T. S. The Letters of T. S. Eliot, Volume 1, 1898-1922. p. 75.
- Richardson, John, Sacred Monsters, Sacred Masters. Random House, 2001, p. 20.
- Seymour-Jones, Carole. Painted Shadow: A Life of Vivienne Eliot. Knopf Publishing Group, 2001, p. 17.
- (1988) The Letters of T.S. Eliot: Volume 1, 1898-1922, p. 533, London: Faber and Faber.
- Eliot, T. S. The Letters of T. S. Eliot, Volume 1, 1898-192, p. xvii.
- Ellmann, Richard. James Joyce. pp. 492–495
- 29.0 29.1 29.2 29.3 T.S. Eliot. Voices and Visions Series. New York Center of Visual History: PBS, 1988.
- plaque on interior wall of Saint Stephen's
- obituary notice in Church and King, Vol. XVII, No. 4, February 28, 1965, p. 3.
- Specific quote is "The general point of view [of the essays] may be described as classicist in literature, royalist in politics, and anglo-catholic [sic] in religion", in preface by T.S. Eliot to For Lancelot Andrewes: essays on style and order, (1929)
- Books: Royalist, Classicist, Anglo-Catholic, May 25, 1936, Time
- Eliot, T.S. (1986). On Poetry and Poets, London: Faber & Faber.
- Seymour-Jones, Carole. Painted Shadow: A Life of Vivienne Eliot. Constable 2001, p. 561.
- Ronald Bush T. S. Eliot: The Modernist in History 1991 - Page 11 "Mary Trevelyan, then aged forty, was less important for Eliot's writing. Where Emily Hale and Vivienne were part of Eliot's private phantasmagoria, Mary Trevelyan played her part in what was essentially a public friendship. She was Eliot's escort for nearly twenty years until his second marriage in 1957. A brainy woman, with the bracing organizational energy of a Florence Nightingale, she propped the outer structure of Eliot's life, but for him she, too, represented .."
- Leon Surette The Modern Dilemma: Wallace Stevens, T.S. Eliot, and Humanism 2008 Page 343 "Later, sensible, efficient Mary Trevelyan served her long stint as support during the years of penitence. For her their friendship was a commitment; for Eliot quite peripheral. His passion for immortality was so commanding that it allowed him to ..."
- Santwana Haldar T.S. Eliot - A Twenty-first Century View 2005 Page xv "Details of Eliot's friendship with Emily Hale, who was very close to him in his Boston days and with Mary Trevelyan, who wanted to marry him and left a riveting memoir of Eliot's most inscrutable years of fame, shed new light on this period in ..."
- Gordon, Lyndall. T. S. Eliot: An Imperfect Life. Norton 1998, p. 455.
- Gordon, Jane. The University of Verse, The New York Times, October 16, 2005; Wesleyan University Press timeline, 1957
- Lawless, Jill (11 November 2012). T.S. Eliot's widow Valerie Eliot dies at 86. Associated Press via Yahoo News. Retrieved on 12 November 2012.
- Eliot, T. S. "Letter to J. H. Woods, April 21, 1919." The Letters of T. S. Eliot, vol. I. Valerie Eliot, ed. New York: Harcourt Brace, 1988, p. 285.
- ''T. S. Eliot: The Harvard Advocate Poems''. Retrieved 5 February 2007. Theworld.com. Retrieved on 2009-08-03.
- Hall, Donald (Spring-Summer 1959). The Art of Poetry No. 1. The Paris Review. Retrieved on November 7, 2009.
- Waugh, Arthur. The New Poetry, Quarterly Review, October 1916, citing the Times Literary Supplement June 21, 1917, no. 805, 299; Wagner, Erica (2001) "An eruption of fury", The Guardian, letters to the editor, September 4, 2001. Wagner omits the word "very" from the quote.
- Miller, James H., Jr. (2005). T. S. Eliot: the making of an American poet, 1888-1922, p. 387388, University Park, PA: Pennsylvania State University Press.
- The letters of T. S. Eliot, Vol. 1, p. 596
- MacCabe, Colin. T. S. Eliot. Tavistock: Northcote House, 2006.
- Wilson, Edmund. "Review of Ash Wednesday", New Republic, August 20, 1930.
- See, for instance, the biographically oriented work of one of Eliot's editors and major critics, Ronald Schuchard.
- Grant, Michael (ed.). T. S. Eliot: the Critical Heritage. Routledge & Kegan Paul, 1982.
- " 'Ulysses', Order, and Myth", Selected Essays T. S. Eliot (orig 1923).
- Untermeyer, Louis. Modern American Poetry. Hartcourt Brace, 1950, pp. 395-396.
- Eliot, T. S. The Use of Poetry and the Use of Criticism, Harvard University Press, 1933 (penultimate paragraph)
- 56.0 56.1 Tradition and the Individual Talent. Eliot, T. S. 1920. ''The Sacred Wood''. Bartleby.com. Retrieved on 2009-08-03.
- quoted in Roger Kimball, "A Craving for Reality", The New Criterion Vol. 18, 1999
- Dirk Weidmann: And I Tiresias have foresuffered all.... In: LITERATURA 51 (3), 2009, pp.98-108.
- Hamlet and His Problems. Eliot, T. S. 1920. ''The Sacred Wood''. Bartleby.com. Retrieved on 2009-08-03.
- Burt, Steven and Lewin, Jennifer. "Poetry and the New Criticism". A Companion to Twentieth-Century Poetry, Neil Roberts, ed. Malden, Massachusetts: Blackwell Publishers, 2001. p. 154
- Project MUSE. Muse.jhu.edu. Retrieved on 2009-08-03.
- A. E. Malloch, "The Unified Sensibility and Metaphysical Poetry", College English, Vol. 15, No. 2 (Nov., 1953), pp. 95-101
- Eliot, T. S. 1922. ''The Waste Land''. Bartleby.com. Retrieved on 2009-08-03.
- T. S. Eliot :: The Waste Land and criticism - ''Britannica Online Encyclopedia''. Britannica.com (1965-01-04). Retrieved on 2009-08-03.
- 65.0 65.1 65.2 65.3 Bush, Ronald. "T.S. Eliot". American National Biography. Ed. John A Garraty and Mark C. Carnes. New York: Oxford University Press, 1999..
- 66.0 66.1 Wilson, Edmund. "The Poetry of Drouth". The Dial 73. December 1922. 611-16.
- Powell, Charles. "So Much Waste Paper". Manchester Guardian. October 31, 1923.
- Time. March 3, 1923, 12.
- Ransom, John Crowe. "Waste Lands". New York Evening Post Literary Review. July 14, 1923. 825-26.
- Seldes, Gilbert. "T. S. Eliot". Nation. 6 December 1922. 614-616.
- Ozick, Cynthia. T.S. Eliot at 100. The New Yorker: November 20, 1989
- Bloom, Harold. The Western Canon: Books and Schools of the Ages. NY: Riverhead, 1995.
- Eds. Stephen Greenblatt, et al. The Norton Anthology of English Literature, Volume 2. "T.S. Eliot". W.W. Norton & Co.: NY, NY, 2000.
- The Norton Anthology of English Literature, Volume 2. "T.S. Eliot". W.W. Norton & Co.: NY, NY, 2000.
- Gross, John. Was T.S. Eliot a Scoundrel?, Commentary magazine, November 1996
- Anthony, Julius. T.S. Eliot, Anti-Semitism, and Literary Form. Cambridge University Press, 1996 ISBN 0-521-58673-9
- Eliot, T.S. "Gerontion". Collected Poems. Harcourt, 1963.
- Eliot, T.S. "Burbank with a Baedeker: Bleistein with a Cigar". Collected Poems. Harcourt, 1963.
- Bloom, Harold (May 7, 2010). The Jewish Question: British Anti-Semitism. The New York Times. Retrieved on April 9, 2012.
- 80.0 80.1 80.2 80.3 80.4 Dean, Paul (April 2007). Academimic: on Craig Raine's T.S. Eliot. The New Criterion. Retrieved on 7 June 2011.
- London Review of Books, 9 May 1996
- Kirk, Russell. "T. S. Eliot on Literary Morals: On T. S. Eliot's After Strange Gods", Touchstone Magazine, volume 10, issue 4, Fall 1997.
- Eagleton, Terry. "Raine's Sterile Thunder". The Prospect Magazine. March 22, 2007.
- Poet T.S. Eliot Dies in London. This Day in History. Retrieved on 16 February 2012.
- The three short stories published in the Smith Academy Record (1905) have never been recollected in any form and have virtually been neglected.
- As for a comparative study of this short story and Rudyard Kipling's "The Man Who Would Be King", see Tatsushi Narita, T. S. Eliot and his Youth as "A Literary Columbus" (Nagoya: Kougaku Shuppan, 2011), 21-30.
- Ackroyd, Peter. T. S. Eliot: A Life. (1984)
- Ali, Ahmed. Mr. Eliot's Penny World of Dreams: An Essay in the Interpretation of T.S. Eliot's Poetry, Published for the Lucknow University by New Book Co., Bombay, P.S. King & Staples Ltd., Westminster, London, 1942, pages 138.
- Asher, Kenneth T. S. Eliot and Ideology (1995)
- Brand, Clinton A. "The Voice of This Calling: The Enduring Legacy of T. S. Eliot", Modern Age Volume 45, Number 4; Fall 2003 online edition, conservative perspective
- Brown, Alec. The Lyrical Impulse in Eliot's Poetry, Scrutinies vol. 2.
- Bush, Ronald. T. S. Eliot: A Study in Character and Style. (1984)
- Bush, Ronald, 'The Presence of the Past: Ethnographic Thinking/ Literary Politics'. In Prehistories of the Future, ed. Elzar Barkan and Ronald Bush, Stanford University Press. (1995).
- Crawford, Robert. The Savage and the City in the Work of T. S. Eliot. (1987).
- Christensen, Karen. "Dear Mrs. Eliot", The Guardian Review. (29 January 2005).
- Dawson, J.L., P.D. Holland & D.J. McKitterick, A Concordance to 'The Complete Poems and Plays of T.S. Eliot'. Ithaca & London: Cornell University Press, 1995.
- Forster, E. M. Essay on T. S. Eliot, in Life and Letters, June 1929.
- Gardner, Helen. The Art of T. S. Eliot. (1949)
- Gordon, Lyndall. T. S. Eliot: An Imperfect Life. (1998)
- Harding, W. D. T. S. Eliot, 1925-1935, Scrutiny, September 1936: A Review.
- Hargrove, Nancy Duvall. Landscape as Symbol in the Poetry of T. S. Eliot. University Press of Mississippi (1978).
- ---. T. S. Eliot's Parisian Year. University Press of Florida (2009).
- Julius, Anthony. T. S. Eliot, Anti-Semitism, and Literary Form. Cambridge University Press (1995)
- Kenner, Hugh. The Invisible Poet: T. S. Eliot. (1969)
- ---, editor, T. S. Eliot: A Collection of Critical Essays, Prentice-Hall. (1962)
- Kirk, Russell Eliot and His Age: T. S, Eliot's Moral Imagination in the Twentieth Century. (Introduction by Benjamin G. Lockerd Jr.). Wilmington: Intercollegiate Studies Institute, Republication of the revised second edition, 2008.
- Lal, P. (Editor), T. S. Eliot: Homage from India: A Commemoration Volume of 55 Essays & Elegies, Writer's Workshop Calcutta, 1965.
- The Letters of T. S. Eliot. Ed. by Valerie Eliot. Vol. I, 1898-1922. San Diego [etc.] 1988. Vol. 2, 1923-1925. Edited by Valerie Eliot and Hugh Haughton, London, Faber, 2009. ISBN 978-0-571-14081-7
- Levy, William Turner and Victor Scherle. Affectionately, T. S. Eliot: The Story of a Friendship: 1947-1965. (1968).
- Matthews, T. S. Great Tom: Notes Towards the Definition of T. S. Eliot. (1973)
- Maxwell, D. E. S. The Poetry of T. S. Eliot, Routledge and Keagan Paul. (1960).
- Miller, James E., Jr. T. S. Eliot. The Making of an American Poet, 1888-1922. The Pennsylvania State University Press. 2005.
- North, Michael (ed.) The Waste Land (Norton Critical Editions). New York: W.W. Norton, 2000.
- Raine, Craig. T. S. Eliot. Oxford University Press (2006).
- Ricks, Christopher.T. S. Eliot and Prejudice. (1988).
- Robinson, Ian "The English Prophets", The Brynmill Press Ltd (2001)
- Schuchard, Ronald. Eliot's Dark Angel: Intersections of Life and Art. (1999).
- Scofield, Dr. Martin, "T.S. Eliot: The Poems", Cambridge University Press. (1988).
- Seferis, George. "Introduction to T. S. Eliot" in Modernism/modernity 16:1 ( January 2009), 146-60.
- Sencourt, Robert. T. S. Eliot: A Memoir. (1971)
- Seymour-Jones, Carole. Painted Shadow: A Life of Vivienne Eliot. (2001).
- Sinha, Arun Kumar and Vikram, Kumar. T. S. Eliot: An Intensive Study of Selected Poems, Spectrum Books Pvt. Ltd, New Delhi, (2005).
- Spender, Stephen. T. S. Eliot. (1975)
- Spurr, Barry, Anglo-Catholic in Religion: T. S. Eliot and Christianity, The Lutterworth Press (2009)
- Tate, Allen, editor. T. S. Eliot: The Man and His Work, First published in 1966 - republished by Penguin 1971.
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|T. S. Eliot|
E. Martin Browne · Valerie Eliot · Vivienne Haigh-Wood Eliot · Ezra Pound · Jean Jules Verdenal · William Butler Yeats
Ariel Poems ("The Journey of the Magi") · "Gerontion" · "The Hollow Men" · "The Love Song of J. Alfred Prufrock" · "Portrait of a Lady" · "Preludes" · The Waste Land
Ash Wednesday · Four Quartets ("Burnt Norton" · "East Coker" · "The Dry Salvages" · "Little Gidding") · Old Possum's Book of Practical Cats ("Bustopher Jones" · "Gus: The Theatre Cat" · "Growltiger's Last Stand")
The Cocktail Party · The Confidential Clerk · The Elder Statesman · The Family Reunion · Murder in the Cathedral · The Rock · Sweeney Agonistes
"The Frontiers of Criticism" · "Hamlet and His Problems" · The Sacred Wood · "Tradition and the Individual Talent"
The Criterion · Faber and Faber | <urn:uuid:43ea3b0d-c640-4b8c-a501-8a43d9d76e8f> | CC-MAIN-2019-30 | http://www.radioswissclassic.ch/en/music-database/musician/240526ba27fe7e1beac14c02ece5cc8fad34b/biography | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-30/segments/1563195525046.5/warc/CC-MAIN-20190717041500-20190717063500-00386.warc.gz | en | 0.943619 | 14,643 | 2.875 | 3 |
In 1876, Twain published one of his most popular works of fiction--The Adventures of Tom Sawyer. The villain of the novel, Injun Joe, is unequivocally evil--there is little to stimulate the reader to sympathize with Joe's plight or understand his actions. However, Injun Joe acts out of more than just an evil nature--he is evil because of his "Indian blood," a fact which the novel's characters reiterate repeatedly.
Injun Joe's "evil Indian nature" is made more ominous by the culture of violence that Twain attributes to Native Americans. Joe is not satisfied to merely rob or humiliate the Widow Douglas; instead, he plans on torturing her in ways that he imagines are most excruciating for women. He says to , "When you get revenge on a woman you don't kill her--bosh! you go for her looks. You slit her nostrils--you notch her ears, like a sow's!" (208)
Injun Joe's torture fantasy is not developed without motivation; Joe explains that he wants revenge (another stereotype of American Indian behavior is the Indian's insatiable desire for revenge for any slight, no matter how small, done to them). He announces:"I tell you again, as I've told you before, I don't care for her swag--you may have it. But her husband was rough on me--many times he was rough on me--and mainly he was the justice of the peace that jugged me for a vagrant. And that ain't all. It ain't the millionth part of it! He had me horsewhipped!--horsewhipped in front of the jail, like a nigger!--with all the town looking on! HORSEWHIPPED!--do you understand? He took advantage of me and died. But I'll take it out on her."
Joe's reason for revenge is resonant of Magua's motivation revenge in Last of the Mohicans. Magua, a Huron Indian, transgressed a rule of the British army which stated that no Indian should drink alcohol and then enter a soldier's tent. Magua protests his punishment by claiming, "Magua was not himself; it was the fire-water that spoke and acted for him! but Munro did not believe it. The Huron chief was tied up before all the pale-faced warriors, and whipped like a dog " (Cooper 116).
Both Injun Joe and Magua defied public law and received the mandated punishment. Neither one was punished unjustly in the context of the narrative, and while both feel justifiable humiliation for the publicity of their punishment, neither experience engenders sympathy from the reader.
In The Adventures of Tom Sawyer, Injun Joe must be excised from the narrative as part of its eventual triumph. This is visible in the final chapters when first Tom and Becky, and then Injun Joe, are trapped in the cave. After Tom and Becky escape from the cave, Judge Thatcher places an iron door over the mouth of the cave to prevent any stragglers from similarly getting lost. In terms of the narrative structure, Injun Joe must die so that Tom can live.
Even more devastating than his death is the exploitation of Injun Joe's demise. During his fatal captivity in McDougal's cave, Injun Joe had used a cup to catch the precious drips of water from a stalactite; after his death, this cup assumed symbolic significance. "It is many and many a year since the hapless half-breed scooped out the stone to catch the priceless drops, but to this day the tourist stares longest at that pathetic stone and that slow dropping water when he comes to see the wonders of McDougal's cave. Injun Joe's Cup stands first in the list of the cavern's marvels; even "Aladdin's Place" cannot rival it" (240).
The success of Injun Joe's Cup in Twain's narrative implies many things about Twain's ideology concerning American Indians at this time. Primary among those things is the suggestion that American Indians have no place in American culture other than as relics exhibited as tourist attractions, or as beggars, living off of the government dole. The cup is a duplicitous symbol because it can imply either of these.
Back to Twain's Indians | <urn:uuid:0c7c0f85-414e-46e0-9344-3c1751c4fb42> | CC-MAIN-2020-24 | https://twain.lib.virginia.edu/projects/rissetto/joe.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-24/segments/1590348504341.78/warc/CC-MAIN-20200605205507-20200605235507-00016.warc.gz | en | 0.966705 | 883 | 2.84375 | 3 |
The issue of how to increase and broaden participation in engineering is long-established and widely recognised.
A range of initiatives have been active for years and have certainly inspired some children and young people to consider pursuing engineering. The main focus of such programmes – like many in the engineering industry – has been to inspire interest and excitement.
While there is nothing inherently wrong with those goals, they have not led to large-scale changes in patterns of participation in engineering. A large body of research highlights that interest is simply not enough and such programmes may primarily serve to attract people very similar to the current engineering workforce.
The ASPIRES project, which has examined and tracked young people’s aspirations from Years 6 through 13, has consistently found what we termed the ‘doing-being’ divide. That is, although the vast majority of young people enjoyed and valued science, and had high regard for scientists, very few aspired to become scientists themselves (Archer & DeWitt, 2017).
Likewise, children who do not see engineers as people ‘like them’ or as engineering as being ‘for them’ – who can’t imagine a future for themselves in engineering – are highly unlikely to take the educational paths required to pursue a career in engineering (even if they attend a fun engineering inspiration event).
Children who do not see engineers as people ‘like them’ are unlikely to take the educational paths required to pursue a career in engineering
In analysing our data, we found that the concept of ‘science capital’ could help explain why some students feel that science is ‘not for me’, while others develop and maintain aspirations in science – and make the educational choices necessary to pursue it. Science capital refers to an individual’s science-related resources. It includes what you know about science, how you think about it (attitudes), as well as who you know and what you do connected to science.
Our research has shown that the more science capital a young person has, the more likely they are to feel that science is ‘for me’ and to participate in it – in and outside of the classroom, as well as after it is no longer compulsory. It is likely that similar factors are at play in engineering aspirations – which may even be exacerbated because of engineering’s status in (or absence from) much of the national curriculum.
So, what can we do?
In the Enterprising Science project, we have been developing the science capital teaching approach, with positive evidence of its effectiveness. The approach aims to broaden ‘what counts’ in the science classroom and focuses on building connections between science and students’ lives. While this approach was developed with and for classroom teachers, it has implications for initiatives that aim to engage young people with engineering.
Initiatives such as ‘I’m an Engineer, Get me out of here!’ aim to put children in contact with practicing engineers,
For instance, the approach involves ‘personalising and localising’ – going beyond contextualising science content, in order to make science more relevant and personally meaningful to individual students. In an engineering context, questions to consider would be: When developing or delivering engineering activities, could they be modified to relate directly to a particular local community and school? And while perhaps it’s true that ‘everyone finds explosions exciting’, can a programme connect to an aspect of the audience’s personal experience and neighbourhood? How can we connect engineering to something that is personal and meaningful for each student? Do we know students and communities well enough to do this? If not, how can we understand them better?
Some engineering initiatives such as ‘I’m an Engineer, Get me out of here!’ aim to put children in contact with practicing engineers, who might serve as potential role models. In this context, our approach would urge participating engineers to do what they can to find out about the students they’re interacting with – asking questions about their interests and experiences and showing that they are valuable and valid. When developing initiatives, organisations could consider different dimensions of (science) capital, such as recognising the engineering in a range of jobs (not just STEM jobs) – do they invite individuals who use engineering skills in their work but are not necessarily ‘engineers’? Programmes could also aim to foster engagement with a range of accessible out-of-school experiences – could they encourage young people to talk with family members or watch related YouTube videos?
While our teaching approach was designed for secondary science teachers, we think it has some ideas that a range of professionals engaging with students would find useful – and a variety of resources that could be utilised. We look forward to hearing from you!
Although the ASPIRES project focused mainly on science, many of the findings are applicable to engineering.
Jennifer DeWitt is a Senior Research Associate at UCL Institute of Education, focusing on the development of children’s interests and aspirations in STEM, as well as the implications of research on science capital for practice in schools and informal settings. | <urn:uuid:39db78d9-8ce8-4738-9dcd-202d51b67d10> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://www.theengineer.co.uk/content/opinion/how-the-personal-touch-could-supercharge-stem-engagement | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882572908.71/warc/CC-MAIN-20220817122626-20220817152626-00454.warc.gz | en | 0.973719 | 1,055 | 3.515625 | 4 |
People often keep close watch on their glucose numbers. But how many of us know our insulin level? Dr. Joseph Mercola says fasting insulin is “the number that may best predict your sudden death.” Sounds important. But what does it mean?
Our bodies need some circulating insulin at all times, even when we don’t eat. Otherwise, our livers keep making glucose and dumping it into the blood. Livers do this to prevent blood glucose from going too low.
So a fasting insulin level should never be 0, which it might be in a person with untreated Type 1. It shouldn’t go below 3. But a high insulin level is just as problematic. A high insulin level is a sign of insulin resistance or prediabetes. It can also signify early-stage Type 2.
According to Dr. Mercola, too much insulin promotes weight gain by storing fat. It promotes insulin resistance, lowers magnesium levels, and increases inflammation. It also tends to lower HDL (“good”) cholesterol and raise levels of LDL (“bad”) cholesterol.
All of these increase the risk of diabetes and heart disease. It may be that high insulin levels come before insulin resistance and help cause it.
If you already have diabetes, why should you know your insulin level? Mainly, it helps diagnose what is happening with you. Your blood glucose may be high, but how much of the problem is too little insulin? How much is insulin resistance?
A fasting insulin level test is valuable in several situations:
• Diagnosing prediabetes and metabolic syndrome. “Prediabetes” is one result of insulin resistance (IR). IR causes high cholesterol, high glucose, and high blood pressure. A high level of fasting insulin indicates IR and can encourage a person to make changes to lower it.
• Separating Type 2 from LADA (latent autoimmune diabetes of adults). A person with Type 2 might have a normal or even high fasting insulin level. A person with LADA is typically low.
Why does it matter? A person with LADA is more likely to benefit from insulin injections. He may be able to avoid years of oral medications that don’t help him much.
• Seeing if a person diagnosed with Type 1 is still making some insulin. A recent study from the UK found that about three quarters of adults with Type 1 actually produce small amounts of insulin. Knowing you have some good beta cells can affect therapy and give some hope of improvement. So an insulin level test could show you if you have some.
This finding also calls for more research. Why do some beta cells survive and function normally when most have been destroyed?
What should your numbers be?
Insulin is measured in “microunits per milliliter” (mcU/ml or mIU/ml). Unfortunately, there isn’t much agreement on what level is ideal. The Web site Health Central says 10–20. Dr. Mercola says less than 5.
A study in Arizona found that women with a fasting insulin level around 8.0 had twice the risk of prediabetes as did women with a level around 5.0. Women with a fasting insulin of 25 or so had five times the risk of prediabetes.
University of Washington researcher Stephen Guyenet writes that
The average insulin level in the US is 8.8 mIU/ml for men and 8.4 for women. Given the degree of metabolic dysfunction in this country, I think it’s safe to say that the ideal level of fasting insulin is probably below 8.4 uIU/mL…[Best] would be 2–6.
How to lower insulin level
Lowering insulin levels seems pretty similar to lowering glucose. Authorities like Dr. Mercola say the key is to reduce intake of sugar and grains. Those foods stimulate insulin production. Refined grains and fructose-sweetened drinks are the worst, he says. Better to eat fats and proteins.
Writing on Livestrong.com, Andy Jackson has a somewhat different take. “Increase your intake of fresh fruits and vegetables, whole grains and lean proteins,” he says. “Avoid processed and fast foods, which are high in sugar, fat, and salt.”
Exercise also lowers insulin levels and insulin resistance.
So ultimately, testing for insulin levels isn’t an earthshaking idea. It’s mainly important for diagnosis, especially of LADA. It’s also a powerful screen for risk of Type 2.
Since most people with or without diabetes have never had the test, it may be worth asking for. You’ll get a better idea of what’s happening with you. But for day-to-day monitoring, glucose testing is just as good as insulin testing.
Interested in people who claim to visit heaven or nirvana and come back much better for the experience? Read about the possibilities of experiencing heaven on earth at my blog, Reasons to Live.
Want to learn more about diabetes lab test results? Read “Understanding Your Lab Test Results,” by Clinical Laboratory Scientist Judith Grout. | <urn:uuid:b9bd603d-5723-4568-b7e8-8a7504f70287> | CC-MAIN-2017-43 | https://www.diabetesselfmanagement.com/blog/do-you-know-your-insulin-level/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-43/segments/1508187823229.49/warc/CC-MAIN-20171019050401-20171019070401-00200.warc.gz | en | 0.931208 | 1,069 | 2.90625 | 3 |
Women in sub-Saharan Africa have a 1 in 36 lifetime chance of dying from pregnancy-related causes. That’s down 45 percent since 1990, due largely to advocacy campaigns and public-health initiatives urging pregnant women to give birth at village dispensaries, health centers, and hospitals—rather than at home. But the risks are still numerous, and this part of the world bears the largest burden of maternal deaths globally, by far.
In Tanzania, the government and numerous global health agencies are doing what they can to lower the death rate further. But they have a complex web of challenges to overcome. A recently published series on global maternal health in The Lancet highlights the difficulty. As some of the authors argue, even though spreadsheet statistics may indicate improvement, the situation on the ground is far less encouraging, and the one-size-fits-all approach laid out by many global nonprofits overlooks important local realities.
One such reality is that health care in Tanzania is underfunded and understaffed, and those providers that the country does have are stretched thin. I spent nearly two years conducting research on the maternity ward of the Sumbawanga Regional Hospital, in the Rukwa region of Tanzania. This hospital provides the highest level of care in the region, and it serves over 1.5 million people in one of Tanzania’s poorest and most geographically isolated areas. Most who live there survive on less than US$1 per day.
During the time I spent at the hospital, over the course of three trips between 2012 and 2015, it became abundantly clear that just getting a pregnant woman to a place of care isn’t enough to keep her and her baby safe. Under-resourced health facilities are as great a barrier to reducing the number of maternal deaths as lack of education and roads.
I found that poor working conditions in the hospital are the result of a range of factors, from poor communication and inexperienced leadership to a chronic shortage of funds. Despite a government mandate to provide free care for pregnant women, nurses and doctors sometimes must tell impoverished families to buy drugs, syringes, or catheters from private pharmacies. When hospital personnel fail to inform them that insufficient government funding is the reason they have to purchase their own supplies or medications, patients often suspect that the needed items have been stolen and sold by corrupt health care workers.
It’s a suspicion that has historical merit. In the past, health care providers’ low wages have led them to sell both legally and illegally obtained medical supplies and drugs to desperate patients. While the practice has largely been eradicated, many people remain wounded by memories of times when they lacked access to supplies and medicines that they were entitled to as citizens.
Suspicions permeate interactions between patients and nurses, resulting in mistrust and social tension. Providers themselves are hampered by low salaries, delayed promotions, a lack of transparency, and poor communication with administrators. This culminates in a difficult work environment—one that often causes tension between staff and patients and results in provider burnout. In the midst of such turmoil, women and their newborns too often slip through the cracks. | <urn:uuid:128a1b20-db69-4ed6-aeec-bb960531aa3b> | CC-MAIN-2021-31 | https://www.sapiens.org/culture/maternal-death-rate-tanzania/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-31/segments/1627046155458.35/warc/CC-MAIN-20210805063730-20210805093730-00224.warc.gz | en | 0.966652 | 634 | 2.765625 | 3 |
Welcome back to our Getting Started with Excel and Power BI Series.
In our previous blog posts we explored how to bring data into Excel through Power Query (Part I and Part II). In this blog post we will take that data and prepare it for analyzing and visualizing in Excel.
To follow this tutorial you will need:
In order for us to do this we need to load the data into the Excel Data Model. Loading data into the Excel Data Model allows you to use data in a way previously impossible in Excel. It allows you to create analytics and visualizations using multiple tables without writing a single VLOOKUP, load data that has more than 1.000.000 rows and add advanced business logic to your solution with Data Analysis Expressions (DAX) formulas.
To load the data into the Excel Data Model you have three different methods, to load any table from Power Query into the Data Model you can select “Load to Data Model” and this will bring the data into the model. Besides Power Query there are several other ways to add data to the Data Model, you can use Excel’s get external data features or even directly import in Power Pivot. All these methods end up with the same result: one or more tables in the Data Model. In many cases this is enough to get started with your first Excel PivotTable.
In this blog post we will take a look how to do analytics on top of some sales data that I loaded into the Data Model using Power Query. I imported invoice, date and a geography tables. To create my first PivotTable on top of this data I can get started immediately as Power Query already added my tables to the Data Model. Select Insert, PivotTable and selecting the Data Model as the connection. This creates a PivotTable with three tables in the Field list:
I now open the Invoice table and select the RevenueAmount field.
This will automatically add this field to the values area of the PivotTable and aggregate the values in the column in the PivotTable by using a SUM:
Just the Sum of RevenueAmount by itself is not very valuable, I want to see this value for each region so I again check the checkbox in front of Region field in the PoliticalGeography table. This automatically adds this fields to the PivotTable on Rows:
Unfortunately we see something is wrong here, the same value is repeated for each Region. Luckily Excel knows what is wrong and warns us in the Field list:
To related fields from two different tables I can create a relationship in the model. I click Create to create this relationship. I then select the two fields between the two tables that I can use to create the relationship:
This now automatically allows combine data from two different tables into a single PivotTable without having to do anything else (like writing a VLOOKUP to bring all the data together in a single table):
When relationship between tables are already defined in the underlying database relationships will automatically be created in the Excel Data Model during Import. Also when you are not sure how to create relationships Power Pivot you can use Power Pivot to detect and create relationships automatically.
In this blog post we created our first Excel data model, in part II of this blog post we will create additional relationships and start using DAX to add business logic to our Data Model. | <urn:uuid:dbfc3ab5-b2ad-4920-80be-53b61107681f> | CC-MAIN-2023-40 | https://powerbi.microsoft.com/ja-jp/blog/getting-started-with-power-pivot-part-i/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-40/segments/1695233511075.63/warc/CC-MAIN-20231003092549-20231003122549-00473.warc.gz | en | 0.875099 | 689 | 2.59375 | 3 |
"There is no more powerful force than a people steeped in their history. And there is no higher cause than honoring our struggle and ancestors by remembering."
- Lonnie G. Bunch
On this last day of National African American History Month, we share a speech by our colleague Lonnie Bunch, author, historian, lecturer, and director of the National Museum of African American History and Culture. Titled "Knowing the Past Opens the Door to the Future - The Continuing Importance of Black History Month," it considers the importance of African American history in looking to the future.
Knowing the Past Opens the Door to the Future
The Continuing Importance of Black History Month
Carter Woodson, father of , in his private library. Woodson recognized that knowing and understanding our past was the foundation to our future.
No one has played a greater role in helping all Americans know the black past than Carter G. Woodson, the individual who created Negro History Week in Washington, D.C., in February 1926. Woodson was the second black American to receive a PhD in history from Harvard—following W.E.B. DuBois by a few years. To Woodson, the black experience was too important simply to be left to aof academics. Woodson believed that his role was to use black history and culture as a weapon in the struggle for racial uplift. By 1916, Woodson had moved to DC and established the “Association for the Study of Negro Life and Culture,” an organization whose goal was to make black history accessible to a wider audience. Woodson was a strange and driven man whose only passion was history, and he expected everyone to share his passion.
This impatience led Woodson to create Negro History Week in 1926, to ensure that school children be exposed to black history. Woodson chose the second week of February in order to celebrate the birthday of Lincoln and Frederick Douglass. It is important to realize that Negro History Week was not born in a vacuum. The 1920s saw the rise in interest in African American culture that was represented by the Harlem Renaissance where writers like, Georgia Douglass Johnson, Claude McKay—wrote about the joys and sorrows of blackness, and musicians like Louie Armstrong, Duke Ellington, and Jimmy Lunceford captured the new rhythms of the cities created in part by the thousands of southern blacks who migrated to urban centers like Chicago. And artists like Aaron Douglass, Richard Barthe, and Lois Jones created images that celebrated blackness and provided more positive images of the African American experience.
Woodson hoped to build upon this creativity and further stimulate interest through Negro History Week. Woodson had two goals. One was to use history to prove to white America that blacks had played important roles in the creation of America and thereby deserve to be treated equally as citizens. In essence, Woodson—by celebrating heroic black figures—be they inventors, entertainers, or soldiers—hoped to prove our worth, and by proving our worth—he believed that equality would soon follow. His other goal was to increase the visibility of black life and history, at a time when few newspapers, books, and universities took notice of the black community, except to dwell upon the negative. Ultimately Woodson believed Negro History Week—which became Blackin 1976—would be a vehicle for racial transformation forever.
The question that faces us today is whether or not Black History Month is still relevant? Is it still a vehicle for change? Or has it simply become one more school assignment that has limited meaning for children. Has Black History Month become a time when television and the media stack their black material? Or is it a useful concept whose goals have been achieved? After all, few—except the most ardent rednecks - could deny the presence and importance of African Americans to American society or as my then-14 year old daughter Sarah put it, “I see Colin Powell everyday on TV, all my friends—black and white—are immersed in black culture through music and television. And America has changed dramatically since 1926—Is not it time to retire Black History Month as we have eliminated white and colored signs on drinking fountains?” I will spare you the three hour lesson I gave her.
I would like to suggest that despite the profound change in race relations that has occurred in our lives, Carter G. Woodson’s vision for black history as a means of transformation and change is still quite relevant and quite useful.month, with a bit of tweaking, is still a beacon of change and hope that is still surely needed in this world. The chains of slavery are gone—but we are all not yet free. The great diversity within the black community needs the glue of the African American past to remind us of not just how far we have traveled but lo, how far there is to go.
While there are many reasons and examples that I could point towards, let me raise five concerns or challenges that African Americans — in fact — all Americans — face that black history can help address:
- The Challenge of Forgetting: You can tell a great deal about a country and a people by what they deem important enough to remember, to create moments for — what they put in their museum and what they celebrate. In Scandinavia — there are monuments to the Vikings as a symbol of freedom and the spirit of exploration. In Germany during the 1930s and 1940s, the Nazis celebrated their supposed Aryan supremacy through monument and song. While America traditionally revels in either Civil War battles or founding fathers. Yet I would suggest that we learn even more about a country by what it chooses to forget — its mistakes, its disappointments, and its embarrassments. In some ways, African
Let’s take the example of one of the great unmentionable in American history — slavery. For nearly 250 years slavery not only existed but it was one of the dominant forces in American life. Political clout and economic fortune depended on the labor of slaves. And the presence of this peculiar institution generated an array of books, publications, and stories that demonstrate how deeply it touched America. And while we can discuss basic information such as the fact that in 1860 — 4 million blacks were enslaved, and that a prime field hand cost $1,000, while a female, with her childbearing capability, brought $1,500, we find few moments to discuss the impact, legacy, and contemporary meaning of slavery.
In 1988, the Smithsonian Institution, about to open an exhibition that included slavery, decided to survey 10,000 Americans. The results were fascinating — 92% of white respondents felt slavery had little meaning to them — these respondents often said “my family did not arrive until after the end of slavery.” Even more disturbing was the fact that 79% of African Americans expressed no interest or some embarrassment about slavery. It is my hope that with greater focus and collaboration Black History Month can stimulate discussion about a subject that both divides and embarrasses.
As a historian, I have always felt that slavery is an African American success story because we found ways to survive, to preserve our culture and our families. Slavery is also ripe with heroes, such as slaves who ran away or rebelled, like Harriet Tubman or Denmark Vessey, but equally important are the forgotten slave fathers and mothers who raised families and kept a people alive. I am not embarrassed by my slave ancestors; I am in awe of their strength and their humanity. I would love to see the African American community rethink its connection to our slave past. I also think of something told to me by a Mr. Johnson, who was a former sharecropper I interviewed in Georgetown, SC: “That though the slaves were bought they were also brave. Though they were sold, they were also strong.”
month is a clarion call to remember. Yet it is a call that is often unheeded.
- The Challenge of Confrontation and Perseverance: American revels in its greatness but often fails to confront or come to grips with the darker moments of American history. Exploring African American history could allow America to lance the boil of the past and move towards healing: Take the example of the mistreatment and brutalization of the African American male over the last 120 years. Despite rhetoric that celebrates the docile, childlike quality of black males, white America has always been afraid of them. Tom Jefferson once said the presence of African American males is like having a wolf by the ears, sooner or later it will get you. From 1881 until 1917, nearly 100 black men annually were lynched for crimes real or imagined. And generations of black men found themselves on chain gangs or in prisons.
Carter Woodson, father of Black History Month, was commemorated by the United States Postal Service with a stamp in his image on February 1, 1984
- The Challenge of Preserving a People’s Culture: While the African American community is no longer invisible, I am unsure that as a community we are taking the appropriate steps to ensure the preservation of African American cultural patrimony in appropriate institutions. Whether we like it or not, museums, archives, and libraries not only preserves culture they legitimize it. Therefore, it is incumbent of African Americans to work with cultural institutions to preserve their family photography, documents, and objects. While African Americans have few traditions of giving material to museums, it is crucial that more of the black past make it into American cultural repositories.
A good example is the Smithsonian, when the National Museum of American History wanted to mount an exhibition on slavery, it found it did not have any objects that described slavery. That is partially a response to a lack of giving by the African American Community. This lack of involvement also affects the preservation of black historic sites. Though there has been more attention paid to these sites, too much of our history has been paved over, gone through urban renewal, gentrified, or unidentified, or un-acknowledged. Hopefully a renewed Black History Month can focus attention on the importance of preserving African American culture.
- The Challenge of Maintaining a Community: As the African American Community diversifies and splinters, it is crucial to find mechanisms and opportunities to maintain our sense of community. As some families lose the connection with their southern roots, it is imperative that we understand our common heritage and history. The communal nature of black life has provided substance, guidance, and comfort for generations. And though our communities are quite diverse, it is our common heritage that continues to hold us together.
- The Power of Inspiration: One thing has not changed. That is the need to draw inspiration and guidance from the past. And through that inspiration, people will find tools and paths that will help them live their lives. Who could not help but be inspired by Martin Luther King’s oratory, commitment to racial justice, and his ultimate sacrifice. Or by the arguments of William and Ellen Craft or Henry “Box” Brown who used great guile to escape from slavery. Who could not draw substance from the creativity of Madame CJ Walker or the audacity and courage of prize fighter Jack Johnson. Or who could not continue to struggle after listening to the mother of Emmitt Till share her story of sadness and perseverance. I know that when life is tough, I take solace in the poetry of Paul Lawrence Dunbar, Langston Hughes, Nikki Giovanni, or Gwendolyn Brooks. And I find comfort in the rhythms of Louie Armstrong, Sam Cooke or Dinah Washington. And I draw inspiration from the anonymous slave who persevered so that the culture could continue.
“There is no more powerful force than a people steeped in their history. And there is no higher cause than honoring our struggle and ancestors by remembering.”
Let me conclude by re-emphasizing that Black History Month continues to serve us well. In part because Woodson’s creation is as much about today as it is about the past. Experiencing Black History Month every year reminds us that history is not dead or distant from our lives.
Lonnie G. Bunch
Rather, I see the African American past in the way my daughter’s laugh reminds me of my grandmother. I experience the African American past when I think of my grandfather choosing to leave the South rather than continue to experience share cropping and segregation. Or when I remember sitting in the back yard listening to old men tell stories. Ultimately, African American History — and its celebration throughout February — is just as vibrant today as it was when Woodson created it 85 years ago. Because it helps us to remember there is no more powerful force than a people steeped in their history. And there is no higher cause than honoring our struggle and ancestors by remembering. | <urn:uuid:26400407-a081-4921-9e81-e9fc41b4ff15> | CC-MAIN-2018-09 | http://salonsatstowe.blogspot.com/2014_02_01_archive.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-09/segments/1518891812855.47/warc/CC-MAIN-20180219231024-20180220011024-00426.warc.gz | en | 0.968222 | 2,613 | 4.0625 | 4 |
Architecture is an art of organizing the space not only functionally but beautifully. To me the Scope of Architecture is the entire built environment. It includes the designing of a whole city or its subdivisions. The scope of Architecture primarily lies in the parts explained under-
- Site Planning
- Building Design
(A) Site Planning -:
Site Planning deals with the basic layout of the site, its functional approach and correct orientation. In simple words, site planning is studying compatibility at the site level. It is broadly classified in further six parts –
Zoning is nothing but the segregation of various zones from each other. It is very essential to perform zoning before starting the actual problem. Usually, zoning is carried out as residential zone, commercial zone, recreational zone, private zone, public zone, service zone, etc.
Usually, road, pedestrian circulation along with the parking is studied at the site level. All this circulation is carried out on site outside the constructed area.
It is very essential to orient the property in an adequate manner. It is essential on the technical level. North mark is set on the site in order to get the cluster in proper orientation depending upon the sun’s orientation and climatic conditions of that place. Some of the best orientations are-
Bedroom – South East
Drawing Room – North
Living Room – South & South East
Kitchen – East
Toilets – West
In case of a composite climate, west sun is avoided to maximum extent and if possible, only dead parts of a building are placed on west.
4 Mass-Space Relationships:-
It is very essential to obtain the mass space relationship in order to set the height of the building. Basically, it is a relationship of the height of building to the width of the road i.e. width of the road should be 2/3rd of the height of the building.
Landscaping makes the site look more professional. Landscaping can be done using various features like green spaces, water bodies, land forms, street furniture.
- Green Spaces – These include all the plants and shrubs used.
- Water bodies – It constitutes of rivers, lakes, ponds, fountains, water falls present on the site or surrounding the site.
- Land Forms – Mounds, flat lands or contours constitute the land forms
- Street Furniture- Can vary poles, benches, kiosks or sheltered places.
This part of site planning covers the various facilities as drainage, water supply, sewage system, electrical communication.
(B) Building Design -:
The designing of the exact structure comes under building design. It is sub-divided into six parts-
1. Building Types:-
Under this heading we need to specify the type of building, whether it is residential, commercial, industrial, institutional, etc.
2. Internal Zoning:-
It is basically the functional relationship between the horizontal and vertical level. The zoning of interiors of a building is done by demarcating the public zones from private and service zones.
3. Internal Circulation;-
It is very important to keep in mind the placements of various components of circulation and their sizes while designing. Internal circulation is carried out in 2 levels-
Horizontal Circulation: It includes the features like corridors, lobby, veranda, porch, and balcony.
Vertical Circulation: It includes stair cases, ramps, elevators and elevators.
4. Building Materials:-
Selection of materials for each component has to be done after analyzing the usage and climatic conditions. Usually it depends upon the function of the space.
- Floor – terrazzo, marble, fiberboards, floor mats, wooden battens, etc.
- Wall – brick, stone, concrete blocks, wooden battens, etc.
- Roof – R.C.C, R.B.C, wood, slates, tiles, steel truss.
5. Furniture Layout:-
While designing a structure, its furniture setting should also be kept in mind. There is need to study the placement of furniture components, sizes and clearances between different components.
6. Architectural Expression:-
It is by the virtue of its form, structure or materials used on its external facade. For an instance, by seeing a cross plan it defines a church.
These all factors caters to the scope of architecture. | <urn:uuid:4e6956b7-7bc3-47f6-83fb-e5b6a0378529> | CC-MAIN-2018-09 | http://www.archistudent.net/scope-of-architecture/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-09/segments/1518891812579.21/warc/CC-MAIN-20180219091902-20180219111902-00015.warc.gz | en | 0.910344 | 906 | 3.421875 | 3 |
Nutritionists from the University of Maryland Medical System regularly contribute a guest post. The latest post is from dietetic intern Rebecca Smith.
Everyone needs an excuse to get outside this time of year, and what better way to enjoy the outdoors than to play in the dirt a little and produce your own food?
Seeing the connection between the garden and your dinner table is fun, but it doesn't mean you have to spend hours toiling in the sun pulling weeds. A first garden can be a couple of potted herbs on a porch. Gardening can provide you with nutrient-rich fruits, vegetables and herbs.
Make it fun
Life is busy and stressful, which can lead to some unhealthy eating habits. Taking a little time each week to get out in the sun, get your hands into the dirt and watch your plants grow is a great way to clear your head.
Get the family involved and teach children where their food is coming from. Gardening is a great way to teach kids about nutrition and learn more about it yourself in the process. The effort to plant, water, fertilize and weed a garden will foster an appreciation for food — something that can't be taught at the grocery store.
Digging, planting and weeding are great forms of low-impact exercise. The nutritional benefits of having your own garden are evident. Having fresh vegetables on hand in your backyard will be an incentive to eat more produce because they are readily available steps from your door.
The high cost and perishability of fresh produce are often a hindrance to buying fruits and vegetables at the store. The plants in your garden will keep producing all season long, providing inexpensive and nutritious food. The highest nutritional value will come from fruits and vegetables that are picked when they are ripe and consumed as close to the harvest date as possible. Aim for two cups daily of fruits and veggies and throw in some fresh herbs to improve taste without salt. Basil, parsley, dill and cilantro can be grown easily at home.
A few tips:
•Start small, so you will not be overwhelmed and will be able to give your plants the attention they need to flourish. It is amazing how much a 3-by-3-foot raised bed can produce. Check out the University of Maryland Extension website (extension.umd.edu/hgic) and the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (cdc.gov/features/gardeningtips/) for more gardening tips.
•Keep your garden close to your door. The closer the food is, the more you will use it.
•Go to your local nursery and find what grows best in your area. Support your local farmers and economy by buying your seedlings from Maryland nurseries and garden centers (marylandsbest.net/index.php).
•Go with plants that do not require much attention like peppers, tomatoes and Swiss chard, and herbs like mint, basil or oregano.
•Pay attention to the labels on your plants and make sure they are getting the required amount of sun each day.
•Don't forget to water. The hot summer months can require daily watering.
The recipe below is an example of how to use home-grown herbs and vegetables.
Tomato, baby lettuce, and olive bread salad
3 slices (about 3 ounces) olive or other rustic bread, toasted
6 tablespoons extra-virgin olive oil, divided
Coarse salt and freshly ground pepper
1 pound large ripe tomatoes, cut into 1-inch pieces
1 small zucchini, thinly sliced (about 1 cup)
1 head (about 2 ounces) baby lettuce, such as red oak leaf or Boston, leaves separated and torn if large
1/4 cup pitted Kalamata olives
1/2 cup packed fresh basil leaves
1/2 cup packed fresh mint leaves
1/4 teaspoon minced garlic
1 tablespoon champagne vinegar
1 tablespoon water
Brush toasted bread with 2 tablespoons oil; season with salt and pepper. Break into 1-inch pieces. Transfer to a large bowl and add tomatoes, zucchini, lettuce, and olives; season with salt and pepper.
Combine herbs, garlic, vinegar, water, and remaining 4 tablespoons oil in a food processor and pulse until smooth; season with salt and pepper. Drizzle salad with 1/4 cup dressing and toss. Serve with remaining dressing on the side.
Adapted from Martha Stewart Living, 2013 | <urn:uuid:175cbbdc-e5d2-4503-b1b5-29aa1376991d> | CC-MAIN-2017-04 | http://www.baltimoresun.com/health/blog/bs-fo-nutrition-gardening-20140610-story.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-04/segments/1484560281151.11/warc/CC-MAIN-20170116095121-00097-ip-10-171-10-70.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.928958 | 912 | 2.96875 | 3 |
When you are first learning about the benefits of a raw food diet, you will come across some terms that you may never have heard of before. Words like ‘phytonutrients’ and ‘food enzymes’ can be baffling and confusing. So this article will shed a little light and add some clarity so you can gain a better understanding of what they are and why they’re important.
Phytonutrients are organic compounds that are only found in plants – ‘phyto’ comes from a Green word that means ‘plant’. Scientists recognize that certain vitamins, minerals, fats and proteins are necessary to sustain life. And although they don’t consider phytonutrients to be in that group, research continues to uncover ways that phytonutrients contribute to and protect our health in a big way.
For example, flavenoids are found in fruits, tea, berries, wine and soybeans. Studies are showing that they may be effective anti oxidants and lower the risk of heart disease.
Carotenoids are found in carrots, broccoli, pumpkins, peaches, tomatoes, citrus and other fruits. And there is increasing evidence that they can protect against macular degeneration (an eye disease associated with aging) and some cancers.
Phytonutrients simply haven’t been directly studied by scientists the way that vitamins and minerals have. So research findings are still tentative. But the research is pointing to the evidence that phytonutrients play important roles in boosting our immune systems and helping vitamins and minerals do their jobs.
‘Food enzymes’ is another raw food term that may be new to you. Basically, our bodies use enzymes in every natural chemical reaction that occurs inside it. For example, enzymes are used to break down food during the digestive process. Other enzymes break down fats so they can be used for energy.
Raw foods contain their own enzymes which help them to break down to provide us with nutrients and fuel when we eat them. But cooking and processing destroy the enzymes that are naturally occurring in raw foods, so it’s harder for our bodies to digest and metabolize cooked foods. | <urn:uuid:0ae3a804-18d1-4095-a91e-54df56a47703> | CC-MAIN-2021-17 | https://treeliving.com/raw-food-diet-important-terms/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-17/segments/1618038075074.29/warc/CC-MAIN-20210413213655-20210414003655-00103.warc.gz | en | 0.947816 | 445 | 3.59375 | 4 |
Electric Fields Kill Tumors
A promising device uses electric fields to destroy cancer cells in the brain.
An Israeli company is conducting human tests for a device that uses weak electric fields to kill cancer cells but has no effect on normal cells. The device is in late-stage clinical trials in the United States and Europe for glioblastoma, a deadly brain cancer. It is also being tested in Europe for its effectiveness against breast cancer. In the lab and in animal testing, treatment with electric fields has killed cancer cells of every type tested.
The electric-field therapy was developed by Yoram Palti, a physiologist at the Technion-Israel Institute of Technology, in Haifa, who founded the company NovoCure to commercialize the treatment. Palti’s electric fields cause dividing cancer cells to explode while having no significant impact on normal tissues. The range of electric fields generated by the device harms only dividing cells. And since normal cells divide at a much slower rate than cancer cells, the electric fields target cancer cells. “An Achilles’ heel of cancer cells is that they have to divide,” says Herbert Engelhard, chief of neuro-oncology in the department of neurosurgery at the University of Illinois, Chicago.
Even after chemotherapy, radiation therapy, and surgery, about 85 to 90 percent of glioblastoma patients’ cancer still progresses, and their survival rates are low, says Engelhard. He has about 10 glioblastoma patients enrolled in the trial, which is testing the unusual treatment in patients for whom all other approaches have failed. Engelhard says that the results are encouraging but that it’s too early to comment on the treatment’s efficacy.
The electric fields’ different effects on normal and dividing cells mostly have to do with geometry. A dividing cell has what Palti calls “an hourglass shape rather than a round shape.” The electric field generated by the NovoCure device passes around and through round cells in a uniform fashion. But the narrow neck that pinches in at the center of a dividing cell acts like a lens, concentrating the electric field at this point. This non-uniform electric field wreaks havoc on dividing cells. The electric field tears apart important biological molecules, such as DNA and the structural proteins that pull the chromosomes into place during cell division. Dividing cells simply “disintegrate,” says Palti.
Palti, who for years has been studying the effect of electric fields on cancer and normal cells, says that he has verified this mechanism in computer models and experiments in the lab. “The physics are solid,” says David Cohen, associate professor of radiology at Harvard Medical School.
Patients in the glioblastoma clinical trial wear the device almost constantly, carrying necessary components in a briefcase. A wire emerging from the briefcase connects to adhesive electrodes covering the skull. Alternating electric fields pass through the scalp, into the skull, and on to the brain. The Food and Drug Administration approved the device for late-stage clinical trials for glioblastoma following promising results from a pilot study in 10 patients, one of whom had a complete recovery.
One exciting result from his studies, says Palti, is that there is “excellent synergy between electric-field treatment and chemotherapy.” In an unpublished lab study of several types of cancer, he says, adding electric-field treatment makes several chemotherapeutics more effective at lower doses. NovoCure is now conducting a pilot trial in Europe in which patients begin electric-field treatment in conjunction with chemotherapy when they are first diagnosed with glioblastoma. The results are preliminary, but, Palti says, “I strongly believe that the combination treatment will … enable one to reduce the chemo doses to levels where their side effects will be significantly reduced.”
Palti says that after more than 200 cumulative months of electric-field treatment in several patients, there have been no side effects beyond irritation of the scalp. “So far, toxicity seems to be low,” says Engelhard. This stands in stark contrast to chemotherapy and radiation, which cause many side effects, including nausea, hair loss, and fatigue.
One worry is that the electric-field treatment could affect healthy cells that are dividing. The electric fields emerging from the electrodes can’t be focused, says Cohen, and although they are primarily concentrated in the brain in the glioblastoma trial, they may also reach other parts of the body where cells are dividing. Cells in the bone marrow, for example, multiply at a great rate to create red blood cells and immune cells. But Palti says that the electric fields have no effect on blood-cell counts. The bone and muscle surrounding the marrow appear to protect the cells..
It’s unclear how long patients will need to wear the device. “We’re hesitant to stop treatment, because the consequences could be severe,” says Palti, although one patient whose cancer has disappeared has stopped wearing the device. Patients must go to the clinic twice a week to have their heads shaved so that their hair doesn’t interrupt contact between the scalp and the electrodes. The device itself costs only about $1,000 to manufacture, but replacing the electrodes twice a week is expensive.
Engelhard says that he got involved with the NovoCure clinical trial because the electric-field treatment is “radically different” from all existing cancer treatments. For patients with recurrent glioblastoma and other deadly forms of cancer, there are few options. “Researching and testing new therapies for this type of patient is very important,” says Engelhard. | <urn:uuid:af5b63cd-8767-43ec-8847-8767238e2fda> | CC-MAIN-2016-18 | https://www.technologyreview.com/s/408374/electric-fields-kill-tumors/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-18/segments/1461860114649.41/warc/CC-MAIN-20160428161514-00126-ip-10-239-7-51.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.951235 | 1,197 | 2.890625 | 3 |
Teeth whitening is more popular than ever these days. But what about the side effects and potential dangers of tooth whitening?
Is Whitening Teeth Safe?
Kits containing bleaching agents, such as hydrogen peroxide, use such small amounts that the risks involved are rather low.
Image Source: Trysnow
Only dentists use solutions based on hydrogen peroxide, which can damage teeth and require certain safety measures.
These products cannot be sold to the general public, nor used in over-the-counter whitening kits.
Even so, imported unregulated laundry kits often contain concentrated solutions, so it's best to make sure that the kit you buy has been produced in the United States and meets standards.
If you are unsure whether your purchase is compliant with standards, do not use it.
If you have used it before and have symptoms ranging from pain to a burning sensation, see your dentist or GP immediately, and never use this whitening treatment again.
Is it safe to have your teeth whitened by a professional?
Since dentists use a highly concentrated form of hydrogen peroxide, the risks are higher; however, the product is used in a controlled environment.
Thus, the dentist inserts a jugal retractor into the mouth to ensure that the gums are completely covered, and that the whitening agents do not come into contact with the gums or the lips.
The higher the doses of this whitening agent, the greater the risk of side effects (see below), but the procedure itself is still safe.
However, it should be performed by a professional dentist and not in a beauty salon
Many beauty salons offer this service, but lack of dental experience and lack of proper equipment can expose you to unsafe practices.
In the UK, a similar story led to a series of lawsuits against a salon that offered a bleaching service under questionable conditions and with high doses of bleaching agents.
There is not yet a regulatory framework on this subject in many countries, which means that it is the consumer's responsibility to make the right choice.
Side effects of bleaching
However, some sensitivity in the teeth is quite common in these cases. Even several hours or several days after the treatment, your teeth may be significantly more sensitive to heat and cold.
Consuming frozen drinks or simply breathing a breath of fresh air can cause tingling or tingling sensations.
If your teeth are still so sensitive after several days or you are worried about this, talk to your dentist.
Your oral and dental health comes before the whiteness of your teeth, don't forget that. | <urn:uuid:ac70af04-575b-40a8-8da5-a6b5bdedb45f> | CC-MAIN-2021-43 | https://trendlor.com/blogs/healthy-living/is-teeth-whitening-safe-pearly-white-or-long-term-fright | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-43/segments/1634323585768.3/warc/CC-MAIN-20211023193319-20211023223319-00712.warc.gz | en | 0.956241 | 535 | 2.6875 | 3 |
The U.S. Environmental Protection Agency has allocated nearly $900,000 to the Navajo Nation for the cleanup of abandoned uranium mines. KNAU’s Ryan Heinsius reports, it’s the latest effort to remediate hundreds of sites on the reservation.
The funds will allow the Navajo Nation Abandoned Mine Lands program to further inspect the uranium mines and assist the EPA with removing contaminated soil. It’ll also help train Navajo staff members on federal Superfund cleanup laws to tap additional federal resources.
According to EPA officials, funding is available to cleanup nearly half of the more than 500 abandoned mines. Many, however, have yet to be assessed and to date, only a handful have been fully cleaned up.
The EPA has awarded $1.2 million to the Navajo abandoned mines program since 2016. The tribe is also using money from legal settlements to fund the cleanup, which could take decades and exceed a billion dollars. | <urn:uuid:cc1ed8b5-b3b3-4248-bde1-177660d8bde1> | CC-MAIN-2020-34 | https://www.knau.org/post/epa-awards-navajo-nation-funds-abandoned-uranium-mine-cleanup | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-34/segments/1596439740733.1/warc/CC-MAIN-20200815065105-20200815095105-00264.warc.gz | en | 0.949478 | 192 | 2.921875 | 3 |
Professional language translation experts and agencies that work with language pairs involving Portuguese, or intend to work with the language have great opportunities lying ahead of them. At present Portuguese is ranked sixth among the most spoken languages of the world. It has around 210 million native speakers.
Portuguese has been designated as the official language of Portugal, Brazil, Angola, Guinea Bissau, Cape Verde, Sao Tome e Principe and Mozambique. It is also one of the official languages of East Timor, Equatorial Guinea and Macau. Furthermore, UNESCO has recognized Portuguese as the language which shows the fastest growing potential, as an international language in South America and Southern Africa. The International Portuguese Language Institute regulates the usage of Portuguese language all over the world.
It is important for English to Portuguese translation service providers and buyers to be aware of the following aspects of the language-
- Portuguese language has its roots in the Latin spoken by Romanized Celts who lived around northern Portugal and in the area of Galicia or Spain more than two thousand years ago. Thus it is categorized as a Romance language. It began as Proto-Portuguese which was a mix of a distinctive Portuguese language with a sprinkling of Latin phrases.
- The early years of Modern Portuguese saw the expansion of the language’s vocabulary with words taken from Greek and Classical Latin. In the recent decades, Portuguese language has also acquired words from other European languages like English, Italian, Spanish and French.
- Portuguese is called a pluricentric language. This means that it has two main groups of dialects. These dialects stem from European Portuguese and Brazilian Portuguese. They are different chiefly in pronunciation, vocabulary and syntax. However English to Portuguese translators should note that there are grammatical differences across colloquial forms of various Brazilian dialects.
- Though Portugal is a small country it has a wide variety of dialects with almost every city or town having its own dialect. In contrast, Brazilian Portuguese is relatively more consistent across Brazil. Still then the regional characteristics and traits of European Portuguese can be found in standard Brazilian Portuguese and also in the regional Brazilian dialects.
- Slangs and idioms are an important part of any language. They cannot be translated literally; however as an English to Portuguese translator you have to be aware of the local idioms and slangs which would make your documents as authentic as possible. It is interesting to note that many of the idioms and slangs of the language are derived from food. For example a handsome man is referred to as “pão” or bread and a beautiful woman is referred to as “uva” or grape. “Twist the cucumber”, on the other hand refers to disciplining a child. | <urn:uuid:ed5d6b1b-d1fc-427d-9a3a-13df136ef9cb> | CC-MAIN-2018-43 | https://www.novatiatranslations.com.ng/portuguese-translators-and-interpreters-in-lagos-abuja-port-harcourt-nigeria/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-43/segments/1539583514162.67/warc/CC-MAIN-20181021161035-20181021182535-00006.warc.gz | en | 0.958999 | 562 | 3.078125 | 3 |
The first 5 numbers in the sequence. (5, 8, 11, 14, 17)
The recursive formula and the first term. (an = an-1 + 3, a1 = 5)
The explicit formula. (an = 2 + 3n)
(The student will not be asked to find what he has been given.)
The first 5 numbers in the sequence.
The common difference.
The recursive formula.
The explicit formula.
The nth term.
The sum of the first n terms.
Which term is x.
Whether x is a term in the sequence.
Include Answer Key | <urn:uuid:84aad240-0d25-441f-b4bd-56ef503a6028> | CC-MAIN-2017-17 | http://themathworksheetsite.com/subscr/arithmetic_sequences.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-17/segments/1492917123484.45/warc/CC-MAIN-20170423031203-00400-ip-10-145-167-34.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.899888 | 131 | 3.84375 | 4 |
Our new Homework programme is coming soon... in the meantime, have a look at the ideas below - all great ideas to keep you busy!
February Half Term Homework Challenge – Cook Up Your Own Fairy Tales & Folk Tales
The latest campaign from the British Library focuses on children making their own books, filled with stories inspired by past tales.
The project will help children get familiar with much-loved stories and tell their own tales by remixing the recipes.
On 7 February, the British Library released a fantastic hub of new films and step-by-step tips to inspire children, including a new video from the fabulous Michael Rosen.
Why not have a look over Half Term, create your own book and bring it back to school on Monday 21st February for Mrs Ingrams to read. We will also share your books, in school, on World Book Day.
Fun Ideas from The National Trust
How many of these can you do this year?
50 Things to Do Before You're 11 3/4 - The National Trust | <urn:uuid:1077234d-8d9a-41c2-96bc-f3eba33bc8e2> | CC-MAIN-2023-50 | https://www.silloth.cumbria.sch.uk/curriculum/homework | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-50/segments/1700679100531.77/warc/CC-MAIN-20231204151108-20231204181108-00644.warc.gz | en | 0.944913 | 212 | 2.5625 | 3 |
In stormy weather, stack papers on the bottom of the bin. Place bins at the curb, or no further than 6 ft. from the street, so they can be easily seen by your collector.
Please no plastic bags, bulbs or ceramics in your recycling bin.
Only use recycling bins for recyclables. If there are other types of trash or garbage in your bins, we may have to leave them behind.
What is vegetative waste? Any cut limbs, palm fronds, branches, bushes, twigs, or grass clipping are considered "yard waste." Follow the basic preparations below to help dispose of your material properly. This service is available once a week.
Large branches and limbs
Branches, limbs and other cuttings should be bundled, tied and should not exceed 6 feet in length or weigh more than 50 pounds.
Grass clippings, leaves and small twigs or branches must be placed in sturdy clear plastic bags with tied tops or in containers (with lids) not to exceed 50 gallons or weigh more than 50 lbs.
Large Vegetative Waste Pile Collection
Vegetative waste piles up to eight cubic yards will be collected once a week, on the same days as your regular household garbage. Tip: Eight cubic yards of material is enough to fill a small dumpster, or 12'long x 4' wide x 4.5' tall.
Bulk Trash Collection for Single Family homes
What is bulk trash? Non vegetative items which cannot be containerized, bagged or bundled; including, but not limited to, inoperative and discarded refrigerators, ranges, toilets, washers, dryers, bath tubs, water heaters, sinks, bicycles, and other similar appliances, household goods, minor "do it yourself" projects construction debris, and furniture. Up to 4 cubic yards (size on pickup truck bed) of minor home repair debris can be picked up curbside. Bulk trash items are picked up once a week.
Minor home repair debris accepted include but are not limited to:
- Lumber - remove/bend nails for safety, no piece more than 6’ or 50 lbs,
- Fence/paneling – neatly stacked no piece more than 6’ or 50 lbs
- Drywall/tile place in container weigh no more than 50 lbs
- Carpet – roll up & secure no more than 4’ or 50 lbs each roll
ITEMS NOT PICKED UP BY WM
Car, boat, motorcycle parts/engines will not be picked up by WM. These items must be hauled by resident or refer to SWA
WM will remove all waste (C&D) from construction activity or clearance of vacant lots in residentially developed areas. | <urn:uuid:9261bcdf-2544-4222-89f5-9b32d80db20c> | CC-MAIN-2019-18 | http://www.wm.com/location/florida/martin-county/palm-beach-gardens/residential/index.jsp | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-18/segments/1555578841544.98/warc/CC-MAIN-20190426153423-20190426175423-00443.warc.gz | en | 0.90848 | 566 | 2.515625 | 3 |
You may ask yourself, who are you to tell me that I am overweight or obese since I don’t believe I am overweight? While every person has ultimate sovereignty over his or her own body, the actual facts state otherwise whether we accept it or not. So how is being overweight or obese determined and defined since you may believe that you are healthy person. The first step in weight loss through healthy living is to find out your Body Mass Index (BMI). The concept of being at given body weight arises from guidelines that researched into risk factors that contributed to heart disease, stroke, high blood pressure, high cholesterol, and other medical conditions conducted by National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute (NHLBI) in association with National Institute of Digestive and Kidney Diseases (NIDDK). These recent guideline updated from their preceding 2005, 2010 guidelines and later findings provide more accurate limits for ideal and non-ideal body weights.
These guidelines are product of evaluation and assessment of various risks in many medical conditions defined being overweight or obese in terms of Body Mass Index or BMI. Body Mass Index (BMI) is term that is familiar to many, especially anyone who has taken part in formal commercial diet program and the like, is based on person’s height and weight. The weight to height ratio is highly correlated with total body fat in person’s body. The higher the BMI number, the greater percentage of fat content within a person’s body. There is exception to this given rule, namely, in certain athletes and body builder who have high BMI, but less than normal fat percentage or disproportionately low fat content in their bodies for their given BMI. In other words, their high BMI does not arise from fat tissue, but from increased muscle mass and supporting tissues in their bodies.
In addition, the general BMI can be further categorized based on person’s bone structure or body frame to small, medium or large body frame. The rationale behind this division is quite simple in that larger-boned person or large body frame requires more muscle and connective tissues to support, sustain, and function compared to small-boned person or small body frame. Nonetheless, in most cases, these distinctions are readily addressed in using a standardized BMI formula. Body mass index can be determined by this simple formula with weight (either naked or by subtracting 1-1.5 lbs. for comfortable clothing worn indoors like pajamas) and height (without any footwear) using the below formula using either English or metric measurement system:
Weight (in pounds or lbs.) X 703 Divided By
Height (in inches) X Height (in inches)
Weight (in kilograms)
Height (in meter) X Height (in meter)
NOTE: Depending on what measurement system you use, the above general formula is basically your weight divided by square of your height (height2) that gives your approximate BMI.
These guidelines determined that unhealthy BMI, highly associated and significantly increased the risk factor for many medical conditions, was defined as above 25 for being overweight and above 30 for obese individuals. Moreover, individuals with body mass index above 40 are defined as morbidly obese and would require timely and prompt medical intervention to deal with serious medical issues and complications. Generally, BMI in range of 19-24 is considered in healthy range with minimal or no risk factor associated with various medical conditions. The most recent guideline has reduced the BMI defined as being overweight to 25 from previous guidelines that stated BMI of 28 and over as being overweight. Similarly, the BMI for being defined as obese has been reduced in the most recent guideline compared to its preceding guidelines. If your BMI is greater than 30, then you can be classified as being obese with increased risk factor for many health conditions. Hence, previous reports or data on overweight or obese population in U.S.A. may have underreported the actual extent of population with unhealthy weights.
Interestingly, the concept of BMI even though not set in formula as discussed above has been known and empirically used since ancient times in various civilizations to determine one’s longevity or types of health at certain weights based on height and constituents of body composition, most notably by ancient Greeks, traditional Chinese medicine, and East Indians with Aryuvedic medicine. Moreover, insurance companies routinely use basic data of height and weight along with other criteria to evaluate risks, for underwriting policies, and setting premiums for personal insurance needs of individuals and families. Thus, a person should determine and understand their current BMI number as objective piece of data to know if Weight Loss through Health Living is required course of action for them. | <urn:uuid:974456c1-32ae-4846-889b-5260549c05d1> | CC-MAIN-2020-50 | https://www.healthylifely.com/body-mass-index-as-one-health-indicator/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-50/segments/1606141171077.4/warc/CC-MAIN-20201124025131-20201124055131-00197.warc.gz | en | 0.948851 | 936 | 3.46875 | 3 |
Camelids such as llamas and alpacas can be a good addition to a farm or ranch—alpacas as an alternative livestock enterprise and llamas as guard animals or recreational animals. They fit well into a diversified farming operation. Marginal pastureland is suitable for raising llamas and alpacas, with some supplemental feeding under certain conditions.
Both llamas and alpacas are members of the Camelidae family. Modified ruminants with a three-compartment stomach, they have cloven hooves and chew a cud like sheep and cattle. The young of both llamas and alpacas are called crias. Although they were previously classified under the same genus as llamas, the alpaca genus was changed from lama to vicugna in 2001 following genetic analysis showing that the alpaca descends from the vicuña, not the guanaco. Other members of the family, guanaco and vicuña, are wild animals classed as endangered species and protected from hunting in South America.
The llama and alpaca have been domesticated in South America for many centuries. There the llama is used as a beast of burden, as a fiber source, and as a meat source. The alpaca is used primarily for fiber production but is also a meat source in South America. Llamas and alpacas are quiet, intelligent, easily trained animals that can provide fleece and potentially a variety of services to the owner. They are adaptable to different climates and terrains. Alpacas and llamas offer a comparatively low-impact livestock alternative. Their padded feet do not have the same effect on the ground as hooves. In addition, they have efficient digestive systems and tend to consolidate feces, helping to control parasites and ease manure collection.
Llamas were first domesticated 4,000 to 5,000 years ago in the Andean Highlands. Typical weight of adult llamas can range from about 250 to 450 pounds. Their height at the shoulder is 42 to 45 inches, and at the head from 5 1/2 to over 6 feet tall. Llamas can live 20 to 25 years. They come in a wide array of colors from white to black, with shades of grey, brown, and red in between. They range from one solid color to various patterns and spots. There are different types of llamas: the wooly llama, the classic llama, the suri llama, and the silky llama.
The alpaca was first imported to the United States in 1984. There are two types of alpacas, the huacaya and the suri. Huacaya is the most common variety of alpaca. The fiber of huacaya alpacas grows perpendicular to the body. It forms a lock structure that surrounds the body with fiber, giving the animal a fluffy, spongy appearance. Suri is a less-common variety of alpaca. The fiber of suri alpacas grows parallel to the body and hangs down the sides of the body in curly ringlets. Adult alpacas typically weigh between 130 and 200 pounds. Their height at the withers averages 36 inches. The alpaca’s lifespan is similar to a llama, averaging 15 to 25 years. There are 22 natural basic colors of alpacas ranging from black to white—including many different browns, grays, tans, and creams. Alpacas tend to be a single, uniform color, but occasionally will have white markings on the face, neck, or legs.
Llama and alpaca production practices are similar to those for sheep. Water needs to be accessible at all times. Llamas and alpacas are adaptive feeders, eating grasses, forbs, shrubs, and trees. They can be kept on a variety of pastures and hay. Approximately three to five llamas or five to 10 alpacas can be grazed per acre, depending on the quality of the pasture. A bale of hay will generally feed an adult llama for a week. Because of the animals’ high feed conversion, hays with high protein like alfalfa, are not recommended because the animals can easily become overweight.
During periods of stress, animals should receive supplemental feeds, such as small alfalfa pellets, oats, or blended feed pellets specially formulated for llamas and alpacas. Be careful if feeding straight pelleted feed because llamas frequently choke on the pellets. If pellets are fed, they should be mixed with a coarse feed or spread out in a large pan. The producer may also put smooth rocks in the pan to keep the llamas from gobbling the pellets too fast.
If a rich diet is continuously fed, llamas and alpacas will become fat, causing reproduction problems varying from poor conception to poor milk production.
Free access to salt, minerals (with selenium in a selenium-deficient area), and clean water is essential.
Because llamas and alpacas are from the dry, thin air in the high plains and mountains of South America, they are not acclimated to the high heat and humidity in many parts of the United States, and are in danger of heat stress. Use of the heat index is a common tool for determining when animals are at risk. The key to combating heat stress is prevention; there are many practices to protect llamas and alpacas. Providing shade is an easy step. Shade can be provided by either trees or shelters, but good ventilation of shade structures is essential. Proper husbandry is another preventative measure and includes working or handling animals during the coolest part of the day, and planning for crias to be born in the spring. Shearing helps animals lose heat effectively and is one of the most important aspects of heat-stress prevention. In addition, proper nutrition can increase the animals’ resistance to environmental extremes.
Access to fresh water also helps prevent heat stress. Water should be kept in the shade, and electrolytes may be added if necessary. Another consideration is providing water for llamas to wade in, whether in the form of a pond, stream, or baby pool. Sandpits or concrete floors will also suffice as cooling areas. Finally, of utmost importance is monitoring for signs of heat stress, which include nasal flaring, open-mouthed breathing, increased breathing rate, drooling, depression, and loss of appetite. If these signs are observed, the first step is to cool the animal down by hosing, removal to a cool area, or placement in shade or water, and then call a veterinarian.
Llamas and alpacas are vulnerable to common internal and external parasites. One of the most deadly is the meningeal worm, or Parelaphostrongylus tenuis (P. tenuis), which causes neurological disease characterized by lameness, lack of coordination, inability to get up, paralysis, circling, and blindness, and can result in death. Death may occur in just a few days, or ataxia may last for months or years.
White-tailed deer are a natural host for the parasite, so areas with high concentrations of deer are at higher risk of meningeal worm. Preventative measures include:
- exclusion of deer through the use of deer-proof fencing.
- removal of thick ground cover in pastures to control slugs and snails, which act as the intermediary host.
Regular deworming with Ivermectin is often suggested, but this is controversial given the concern about the development of resistant gastrointestinal nematode populations. A definitive diagnosis of meningeal worm can only be made postmortem, as it requires demonstration of P. tenius in the brain or spinal cord. The Baerman technique, which relies on detection of larvae in the feces, is the only antemortem diagnostic tool. However, this test is unreliable as hosts rarely shed larvae in their feces. Treatment of the parasite is difficult given the severity of the neurological symptoms, but Ivermectin and anti-inflammatory drugs are recommended. See Managing Internal Parasites in Sheep and Goats for more about internal parasites. Llamas and alpacas are affected by the same parasites as sheep and goats, and the principles of management are the same.
A physical assessment of each animal should be done at least twice a year and should include weight or body score, mucous membrane color check, condition of incisors, and fiber coat evaluation. A detailed health assessment, such as fecal or blood analysis, or a veterinary exam, may be necessary if weight loss, pale color, or clumped stool is observed. Conversely, a review of diet and activity is necessary in the event of excessive weight gain
Content SourceGegner, Lance and Hannah Sharp. 2012. Llamas and Alpacas on the Farm. National Center for Appropriate Technology. Retrieved from https://www.uaex.edu/farm-ranch/animals-forages/other-livestock/llamas-alpacas/llamaalpaca_attrapub.pdf
Camelid Biosecurity Resources
Llamas and Alpacas
From the Pennsylvania State University Extension. A website with information about raising llamas and alpacas including production, health care, manure and nutrition management and more.
Internal Parasites of Sheep and Goats
This information applies to llamas and alpacas also. A publication that covers new techniques to manage parasites and to prolong the efficacy of dewormers. A list of resources follows the narrative.
Llama and Alpaca Diseases
The Merck Manual may be more technical in descriptions of camelid diseases, but is comprehensive and useful for producers. Use as a first reference but consult a veterinarian for diagnosis and treatment. | <urn:uuid:56b59549-dc72-4f93-87a8-ef7028952a4b> | CC-MAIN-2021-43 | https://www.healthyagriculture.org/livestock/camelids/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-43/segments/1634323585201.94/warc/CC-MAIN-20211018093606-20211018123606-00074.warc.gz | en | 0.926907 | 2,040 | 3.59375 | 4 |
Controversial bill rushed through Michigan Lame Duck would result in loss of birding and wildlife ha
Updated: Jan 7
Water protection remains on the front lines in Michigan. SB 1211, the ‘Wetlands Destruction Bill’ is a threat to 500,000 acres of wetlands and 4,500 inland lakes. SB 1211 passed the Michigan Senate on December 4 and could be voted on in the House early the week of December 17.
This bill could result in a loss of about one-half of the wetlands in every Michigan county and would remove protections for wetlands under ten acres, placing about 70,000 wetlands across the state at risk of being filled, dredged, or paved without environmental review.
Urgent calls are needed now to state representatives to oppose SB 1211 (Find your state representative here: http://house.michigan.gov/mhrpublic/frmFindaRep.aspx). Call Governor Snyder’s office at 517.335.7858 to urge a veto.
SB 1211 was introduced in the pre-holiday 2018 Lame Duck session by (R) Senator Tom Casperson on November 27. (Find out how your state senator voted: https://www.michiganvotes.org/Legislation.aspx?ID=182530).
Michigan has already lost 4.2 million acres of wetlands since the 1800’s, according to a 2015 report by the Michigan Department of Environmental Quality (MDEQ). (https://www.mlive.com/news/index.ssf/2015/09/michigan_has_lost_about_42_mil.html). Michigan’s tourism and outdoor recreation—fishing, birding, canoeing, photography, hunting—is inherently tied to its lakes and wetlands. Over-development and fragmentation of habitat has placed an imminent priority to protect the fragile wetlands that still exist.
Wetlands of all acreage size support diverse species of birds, frogs, and toads including Michigan’s threatened Blanding’s turtle, eastern box turtle, Blanchard’s cricket frog, American bittern, black tern, and the short-eared owl. Wetlands support flood control and shoreline stability, two issues that climate change is exacerbating.
Organizations that oppose SB 1211 include Michigan Environmental Council, Ducks Unlimited, Michigan League of Conservation Voters, Michigan Audubon, National Wildlife Federation, MUCC, and Trout Unlimited.
USFWS East Lansing Field Office. Birds of Conservation Concern in Michigan. March 2014. https://www.fws.gov/midwest/eastlansing/cpa/pdf/MichiganBirdsOfConcernMarch2014.pdf
Garret Ellison. Where Michigan Has Lost 4.2 Million Wetland Acres in the Past 200 Years. mLive. September 15, 2015. https://www.mlive.com/news/index.ssf/2015/09/michigan_has_lost_about_42_mil.html | <urn:uuid:cc918a9f-680b-43ea-a08a-fa62c13e7829> | CC-MAIN-2020-29 | https://www.onewildlife.info/post/2018/12/16/controversial-bill-rushed-through-michigan-lame-duck-would-result-in-loss-of-birding-and | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-29/segments/1593655882634.5/warc/CC-MAIN-20200703153451-20200703183451-00321.warc.gz | en | 0.884842 | 630 | 2.515625 | 3 |
Fundamental Strategies to Prevent Urinary Tract Infection
Aside from respiratory illnesses like common colds, another common health problem that is the usual cause of consultation is urinary tract infection. Most cases occur in women because of anatomic differences. Compared to men, women have shorter urethra which makes it easier for bacteria to enter the urinary system. The most common signs and symptoms include fever, pain and burning sensation during urination and frequent urge to urinate.
It may not be considered as a serious problem, however, if the infection goes up to the kidney, it could be a serious problem that may result in permanent damage and even life-threatening conditions. Here are the necessary tips to avoid urinary tract infection.
Drink Sufficient Amount of Water
In order to flush out bacteria, it is necessary to drink water at least six to eight glasses per day. When we urinate frequently, microbes will also move out of the body thereby preventing infection to begin. Also, drinking enough water dilutes the urine which halts bacterial growth. However, if you have kidney disease, consult first with your Nephrologist to know if there are fluid restrictions.
Wipe from Front to Back
Wiping from back to front especially after a bowel movement will bring the bacteria from the rectum to the urinary tract. In fact, the most common cause of bladder infection is due to Escherichia Coli, the bacteria that is commonly found in the gastrointestinal tract. Also, infection of urethra also occurs due to gastrointestinal bacteria that are spread from the rectum to the vagina.
Choose the Right Clothing
It is advisable to wear clothes that are loose-fitting and are made up of cotton. This is to prevent excessive moisture. The breathability of cotton promotes evaporation and perspiration are absorbed. On the other hand, Nylon panties and tight jeans trap moisture which makes it an excellent area for bacterial reproduction.
Do Not Hold Your Urine
The habit of holding urine for too long has negative consequences. For one, the stasis of urine in the bladder promotes the growth of bacteria. This is because the fluid that stagnates becomes a good environment for bacteria to multiply thereby causing infection. It is suggested to pee at least every 4 to 6 hours or less if prone to UTI.
Select Contraceptives Wisely
For those who are prone to UTI, it is advisable to avoid spermicides. This type of contraceptives alters the pH level in the vagina which can result in bacterial overgrowth. Diaphragms can also cause problems because they restrict complete bladder emptying.
Consume Vitamin C-Rich Foods
Eating foods high in vitamin C are beneficial for our urinary tract health because it makes the urine more acidic. According to John Hopkins Medicine, an acidic environment prevents bacteria to grow. The same is true if Vitamin C supplements are taken. In addition, it boosts the immune system thereby protecting the body from diseases.
In a nutshell, to promote a healthy urinary tract, hygiene, diet, clothing, and bathroom habits must be given utmost importance. As mentioned, Vitamin C-rich foods help in the prevention of UTIs. Guyabano is known as an excellent source of Vitamin C. If you wanted to know more about this natural food, check out Organic and Kosher Certified Freeze Dried PURE Soursop - Graviola Capsules (also known as Graviola - Soursop - Guanabana and Guyabano).
These statements have not been evaluated by the FDA. These products are not intended to treat, diagnose, or cure any diseases. | <urn:uuid:6bd35a79-bb56-412d-988e-5ccdbc46f8e4> | CC-MAIN-2022-05 | https://amazonthunder.com/blogs/amazonthunder-blog/fundamental-strategies-to-prevent-urinary-tract-infection | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-05/segments/1642320305266.34/warc/CC-MAIN-20220127133107-20220127163107-00714.warc.gz | en | 0.934599 | 732 | 3.046875 | 3 |
SDG&E has been testing current energy storage technology in conjunction with a microgrid used to power the town of Borrego Springs in California.
For the area’s 3,400 residents, the charged batteries can meet roughly one-tenth of energy needs.
That represents a significant technical advance that might some day lower peak power demands that drive electricity prices higher and stoke the need for major power lines and power plants.
SDG&E’s test could be a look at what might become the norm in California after the October vote on a mandate requiring investor-owned utilities to add 1.3 gigawatts of energy storage capacity by 2020.
The proposed mandate, coming to a final vote as soon as Oct. 3, is akin to bottling the output of a large nuclear reactor.
The goal is to create a cost-effective market for energy storage that supports multiple technologies.
Approval would accelerate investment and development in a host of storage technologies, from flow batteries with nearly unlimited longevity to compressed-air storage that pressurizes underground caverns to later spin electrical turbines.
California’s goal is to implement technologies that can be deployed anywhere in order to improve the power grid’s stability. However, it is the utility customers that will be paying for these changes and improvements.
Utility customers, including SDG&E customers in San Diego and southern Orange counties, would pick up the tab, with rough estimates running as high as $3 billion for meeting the 2020 targets.
New storage capacity would be added gradually at first, raising the stakes incrementally as policy makers and the industry learn from experience.
“The proposal is designed to be aggressive but realistic,” wrote Public Utilities Commissioner Carla Peterman, the author of the plan.
By adding storage capabilities to the power grid incrementally, the investment from consumers can be minimal, while being able to store more and more energy and stabilizing the power grid.
Read more on California’s move to power storage at UT San Diego. | <urn:uuid:ce46b8b6-8295-4fa5-ad86-f93d9ce0995c> | CC-MAIN-2017-04 | https://www.nextekpower.com/blog/recommended-reading/investment-in-power-storage-tested-at-borrego-springs-site | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-04/segments/1484560280310.48/warc/CC-MAIN-20170116095120-00544-ip-10-171-10-70.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.944844 | 420 | 2.96875 | 3 |
This storyboard does not have a description.
In England, before United States formed the first 13 states, there was a kingdom
France also had kings too. 4 France kings and 4 England kings will be showcased.
William the Conqueror took firm control over lands. He was known to create the Domesday Book. It is known to have a manuscript record of "The Great Survey".
King John signed the Magna Carta, but he may be the cause of the Baron's first war.
King Edward was a powerful rule, strengthened the parliament, and he kept fighting the Scots but he exiled Jews from his kingdom.
The Rulers of England manage to hold their Kingdom, but what about France
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– Create Custom Nursery Art | <urn:uuid:9ec4a00b-fc04-495f-8e0d-486d1458ff02> | CC-MAIN-2018-09 | http://www.storyboardthat.com/storyboards/s641242/kings-comic | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-09/segments/1518891816647.80/warc/CC-MAIN-20180225150214-20180225170214-00674.warc.gz | en | 0.941042 | 201 | 3.890625 | 4 |
What Are Empty Calories?
Have you ever heard of the term, “empty calories?” Do you know what an empty calorie is? Is there such a thing as a full calorie?
In this article, we’ll answer these questions and more. We’ll help you understand what empty calories are, whether or not you should avoid them, and what foods have the most empty calories.
What Are Empty Calories
A calorie is a unit of heat that’s required to warm up a unit of water by 1-degree Celsius.
A calorie is also how we measure energy in the body or in food. In theory, food with a lot of calories can produce lots of energy if needed. And if someone exercises, the body is burning stored calories in the form of heat and energy. That’s why you get sweaty when you exercise because your stored calories are being released as excess body heat.
Unfortunately, most people do not exercise enough to use up a lot of high-calorie foods. In most instances, your body will store excess calories as body fat.
Both a gram of protein or carbs contain 4 calories respectively, while a gram of fat has 9 calories. Even though there are more calories in fat than your other macros, the calories are basically the same.
In other words, a calorie is a calorie.
So, if all calories are the same, what are empty calories?
Empty calories come from any food that is missing other important vitamins and nutrients.
The fact is, whether you need lots of calories or not, you still need the same amount of vitamins and minerals. The amount of Vitamin C you need doesn’t change just because your weight changes.
If you’re eating something that has a lot of calories, but not a lot of nutrition, those calories are considered “empty” because there isn’t much that your body can use other than the calories.
Are Empty Calories Bad
In the world of nutrition, there isn’t really such a thing as bad or good.
It’s more a matter of portion size, allergies, and nutritional needs.
For example, there is nothing wrong with having a cookie, but you probably don’t need five cookies.
Empty calories are no different. There’s nothing inherently wrong with eating something that has no nutritional value as long as you’re getting your nutrition from other foods and you’re not eating too many empty calories.
The problem is, most people aren’t getting the proper nutrition they need, and they’re eating too many empty calories, which is the opposite of what we should be doing.
Although empty calories aren’t inherently bad for you, you likely eat too many of them already. Most people do. Eating too many empty calories leads to nutritional deficiency and excess weight gain, both are massive problems for most people.
If you’re looking to lose weight and get healthy, one of the best things you can do is replace those empty calories with nutritious foods instead. That way you can eat fewer calories and get more of the nutrition you need.
What Foods Have Empty Calories
There are lots of foods out there that have empty calories. They include:
- Fast food
Basically, anything that has a large amount of sugar, fat, or alcohol is likely an empty calorie food. These are foods that are missing the essential vitamins, minerals, fiber, and protein that you need to go about your daily activities.
These foods are good if you need extra calories but that’s it.
What Are The Most Nutritious Foods
Nutritious foods are the opposite of empty calorie foods. They have plenty of vitamins, minerals, fiber, and protein.
Nutritious foods include:
- Fresh fruit
- Whole grains
- Lean protein
- Beans and lentils
- Low-fat dairy
You have to be careful. Not all foods that look nutritious are healthy. For example, fruit juice may have a lot of Vitamin C in it, but it also has a lot of extra sugar. Additionally, people who make fruit juice usually take out all of the fiber that’s naturally in fruit. In other words, your fruit juice may be better than soda because it has some vitamins, but that doesn’t mean it’s healthy. It probably has as many empty calories from the sugar mixed in it as your soda does.
IONutrition Has Nutritious Foods With No Empty Calories
IONutriton has ready-to-eat nutritious meals that are delivered to your front door. All you have to do is pick the meal you want to eat, warm it up, and enjoy. We even do all of the cooking for you.
We have protein, vegetarian and paleo options as well. All of our food is low-fat, gluten-free, dairy-free, organic, and nutritious. Our meals taste great too. If you’re looking for healthy, nutritious meals that are free of empty calories, IONutrition is for you.
Check out our menu to see all of the delicious options you could be enjoying right now. | <urn:uuid:1002e565-e6d8-43ec-9492-36fdccc54f6f> | CC-MAIN-2019-22 | https://www.ionutrition.com/what-are-empty-calories/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-22/segments/1558232257731.70/warc/CC-MAIN-20190524184553-20190524210553-00024.warc.gz | en | 0.947881 | 1,072 | 2.921875 | 3 |
Researchers have discovered the smallest dinosaur species on the continent to date. Their work is also helping re-draw the picture of North America’s ecosystem at the height of the dinosaur age 75 million years ago.
Nick Longrich and Philip Currie describe a new genus of carnivorous dinosaur that was smaller than a modern housecat and likely hunted insects, small mammals and other prey through the swamps and forests of the late Cretaceous period in southeastern Alberta, Canada.
Weighing approximately two kilograms and standing about 50 centimetres tall, Hesperonychus elizabethae resembled a miniature version of the famous bipedal predator Velociraptor, to which it was closely related. Hesperonychus ran about on two legs and had razor-like claws and an enlarged sickle-shaped claw on its second toe. It had a slender build and slender head with dagger-like teeth.
Fossilized remains of Hesperonychus, which means “western claw,” were collected in 1982 from several locations including Dinosaur Provincial Park. The most important specimen, a well-preserved pelvis (below), was recovered by late Alberta paleontologist Elizabeth (Betsy) Nicholls, after which the species is named.
“Hesperonychus is currently the smallest dinosaur known from North America. But its discovery just emphasizes how little we actually know, and it raises the possibility that there are even smaller ones out there, waiting to be found,” said Nick Longrich. | <urn:uuid:8ec3e084-990a-4cf4-a492-20605526fddf> | CC-MAIN-2017-13 | http://palaeoblog.blogspot.com/2009/03/hesperonychus-elizabethae-nas-smallest.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-13/segments/1490218191986.44/warc/CC-MAIN-20170322212951-00329-ip-10-233-31-227.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.954626 | 314 | 3.875 | 4 |
It may seem hard to imagine, but in the future, there’s likely to be even more traffic on the roads than today. Globally, vehicle volumes on roads are growing, and at the same time, many people are moving around more often: The International Transport Forum says by 2050 “passenger mobility” will be three to four times higher than it is currently.
How will we cope? According to a new report, we’ll apply a range of technologies, from wireless charging of electric vehicles to fully synchronized traffic signaling. The study, from the Arup engineering group, says roadways are set for a big-time overhaul:
Although vehicles and technology have advanced dramatically over the past 40 years, roadways have arguably failed to evolve at the same rapid pace, especially from the user perspective. This is changing, as new technologies have the potential to make radical changes to the construction, management and efficiency of road infrastructure.
You can see many of the ideas summarized in the graphic here. For example, Arup expects to see “road markings that glow in the dark” (like this glowing electric car charging highway being trialled in the Netherlands), self-healing road surfaces (several research groups are experimenting with bacteria in concrete to help seal up cracks), and road-side bioluminescent trees (like these). And, of course, we’ll also have drones that fly overhead (tracking traffic and predicting maintenance needs) and self-driving cars.
Aside from detailing incipient tech, the report offers some scenarios for how people will get around. For example, there’s the story of Thandi Ndebele, a fictitious financial analyst who gets to work on an autonomous electric bus. The vehicle charges while picking up passengers and has LCD displays on the outside giving information about routes, weather and local events. It travels in its own dedicated lanes (like cyclists) and passes through a greenway devoid of polluting cars.
Arup’s vision is both depressing and inspiring. On the one hand, there’s even more people to cater to than today, with all the implications for resources that entails, and surveillance is pervasive. On the other, the transport system is more integrated, intelligent and flexible, and car-carrying roads aren’t as central to cities as they are now. In the future, “motorized travel in cities will be required to fit into, rather than be at the center of, planning decisions,” the report says. | <urn:uuid:a86a2f9f-b01b-41b4-aec1-2df52e85e512> | CC-MAIN-2019-26 | https://www.fastcompany.com/3039344/the-highways-of-the-future-will-look-very-different-from-today | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-26/segments/1560627997508.21/warc/CC-MAIN-20190616002634-20190616024634-00452.warc.gz | en | 0.952366 | 519 | 3.03125 | 3 |
QuestionMusic for Young Children
My son seems to have interest in music. But what is the best way to know which instrument suits him?
What the Expert Says
Children are eager to explore new things. They need to experience different things to find out their inclinations and passion. I would recommend to expose the children to various instruments by attending concerts to hear the sounds of various instruments, followed by some trial lessons. This would give exposure to the child to various types of instruments, be it wood wind, string, keyboard or the harp.
Let the Child Choose their Own Instrument
Together, the parent and the child can find the best instrument for your child. I believe if the child chooses their own instrument, it is more likely that they would keep to it and enjoy the fun, as well as endure the challenging “practice” sessions in their learning journey. And hopefully find the passion for music and their instrument.
More Expert Opinions
I am thinking of bringing my one-year-old for travelling, but my husband and I were thinking if we can cope. How to travel with my baby and what are the things to look out?
Children's Health & Development
My three-year-old son looks plump. Is he overweight?
Music for Young Children
My son is showing interest in music. What is a good age for him to start learning musical instruments? | <urn:uuid:64f8aab2-c79d-4d79-882d-47f316b39955> | CC-MAIN-2023-06 | https://skoolopedia.com/expert-opinions/best-way-to-know-which-instrument-suits-my-child/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-06/segments/1674764499934.48/warc/CC-MAIN-20230201112816-20230201142816-00323.warc.gz | en | 0.969661 | 290 | 2.625 | 3 |
Tudor Phrases and Sayings
By Gary Martin
Kindle edition, published November 2011
A collection of the phrases that Shakespeare and Henry VIII used every day.
Did you ever wonder what a 'jot' or 'tittle' was, or a 'shrift' and why it is usually short? If your 'better half' tells you have 'gone to pot' and should 'spruce yourself up', despair not - with this book you can explain that you have 'fathomed out' where those phrases came from.
It was in the Tudor period that the English language emerged in the form that we know it today. There's much in common between the language Shakespeare understood and the phrases and sayings that we now use - after all, he coined many of them himself.
Proverbs, the Bible, Shakespeare and the common language of the streets and taverns all played a part in building the way we speak now. Tudor Phrases and Sayings explains the sources and meanings of the many everyday phrases that we still use.
Available for sale from: | <urn:uuid:a12d39d8-dda0-473c-b015-be7ea45ed898> | CC-MAIN-2017-43 | https://www.phrases.org.uk/meanings/tudor-phrases-and-sayings.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-43/segments/1508187825154.68/warc/CC-MAIN-20171022075310-20171022095310-00662.warc.gz | en | 0.954162 | 225 | 3.1875 | 3 |
This curriculum teaches the elementary principles of phase equilibria, a branch of chemical thermodynamics. This knowledge is useful to anyone dealing with chemical systems that may involve more than one phase, especially when there is also more than one component. This includes geologists, since rocks are generally multiphase systems (more than one mineral coexists), especially in igneous, metamorphic, and hydrothermal systems where fluid phases and high temperatures contribute to the achievement of thermodynamic equilibrium. It also includes all branches of materials engineering, including metallurgy, ceramics, composites, and chemical engineering; if a phase change (freezing, boiling, precipitation, recrystallization, etc.) occurs then the principles of phase equilibria are needed to understand it.
The approach of this curriculum emphasizes the use of geometric constructions that allow a visual interpretation of the rules of phase stability. The basic idea is to understand how we predict what phases will be stable in a system when we prescribe the temperature, pressure, and composition, and how those stability relations will change as the prescribed parameters are varied. If all the definitions, equations, and/or graphical representations ever start to make your head spin, come back and read this paragraph again to remind yourself what we are doing here.
In order to derive the equations underlying the graphical constructions and understand their meaning, we must go all the way back to the foundations of thermodynamics and build up some definitions and concepts.
The First and Second laws of thermodynamics allow us to define criteria for whether or not a chemical system is at equilibrium. For a closed system, the first law can be written
,where E is the internal energy of our system, q is heat entering the system, and w is work done on the system. See the notes on exact differentials to understand what is meant by dE. Considering only mechanical work associated with changes in the volume of the system, the work term may be written w = -PdV.
The Second Law is an equality if we consider only reversible processes but an inequality if we consider both reversible and spontaneous processes:
.Solving for q and substituting the second law into the first, we obtain what is sometimes called the fundamental equation of thermodymamics,
.Though fundamental, this equation is not very useful: it tells us that at constant entropy (dS = 0) and volume (dV = 0), the internal energy will decrease in any spontaneous process and will reach a minimum at equilibrium. But it is very hard to imagine a natural process or construct an experiment in which entropy and volume are controlled. We therefore perform a change of variables by introducing the Gibbs free energy, G = E + PV - TS. Now the total differential of G is
,from which we get a much more useful criterion for equilibrium:
.This equation shows why Gibbs free energy is so important: at constant temperature (dT = 0) and pressure (dP = 0), conditions which are easy to impose in the laboratory or to imagine in nature, it becomes dG < 0, where the less than sign applies to irreversible or spontaneous processes (it is inherited from the second law) and the equals sign applies to reversible processes or equilibrium states. In other words, if we control P and T, then the direction of approach to equilibrium is always a decrease in Gibbs free energy, until equilibrium is achieved when Gibbs free energy reaches a minimum. If there are no lower values of G accessible to the system (a global minimum), the equilibrium is stable; if a perturbation could bump the system out of a local minimum in G and allow it to evolve down to a lower minimum, then we were at a metastable equilibrium.
Though we will here explore only the common situation of constant T and P, wherein equilibrium is defined by minima in G, it is worth keeping always in mind that there are other situations where the equilibrium criterion is different. At constant temperature and volume, equilibrium is found at the minimum in Helmholtz free energy F = E - TS. At constant pressure and entropy, equilibrium is found at the minimum in enthalpy H = E + PV.
For a phase, the Gibbs free energy is a function of P, T, and composition. Like all energies in thermodynamics, G is expressed not in absolute terms but relative to a standard state, usually the energy difference relative to the elements at 1 bar and 298.15 K. If the enthalpy of formation and third law entropy are measured, then we get G from G = H - TS. If we know G at one temperature and pressure, then since it is an exact differential, we can see from the expression for dG above that for reversible paths
and ,which allows us to calculate G at any P and T from calorimetric and volumetric data.
The intensive Gibbs free energy of a phase, which we denote , is also, in general, a function of composition. All real phases have some range of variability in composition, though some are always nearly pure. Thermodynamically, that is to say that their free energy may increase very fast as one tries to add other components to such a phase. The extent to which a phase will vary in composition in equilibrium with other phases is apparent from a graph of its intensive Gibbs free energy vs. composition; for a binary system with one intensive compositional variable, X, this is a graph of (X).
For a binary phase to be stable, it is necessary that the (X) curve be concave-up. You can prove this to yourself by considering what happens if the curve is concave down: if a homogenous phase at composition X were to unmix at constant temperature, pressure, and bulk composition into two phases of composition X+e and X-e, then the Gibbs free energy would change from (X) to ((X+e) + (X-e))/2. But the second derivative is defined as the limit as e goes to zero of [((X+e) + (X-e)) - 2(X)]/e2, so if the second derivative is less than zero than the unixing lowers the Gibbs free energy. Hence the phase is unstable to decomposition by an infinitesimal perturbation where one region becomes slightly richer in one component and another slightly poorer. The situation of concave-down free energy surfaces does in fact arise; the boundary between a region where the free-energy surface is concave-up (stable) and concave-down (unstable) is called the spinodal and leads to the phenomenon of exsolution. At any pressure, there is generally a maximum temperature where the spinodal terminates, which is called a critical point. The family of critical points at various pressures forms a critical line.
In ternary and higher-order systems, there is more than one independent intensive compositional variable and the the simple criterion d2/dX2 > 0 is not sufficient to define stability. The criterion is still that the surface be concave-up, but to define this idea mathematically we must consider the matrix of second derivatives of , also called the Hessian matrix. If this matrix is positive definite (has all positive eigenvalues and a positive determinant), the surface is concave-up and the phase is stable at this point. If any of the eigenvalues are negative, the surface is either hyperbolic (concave-down along some directions) or concave-down and hence unstable. On the boundary between these regions, the spinodal, the determinant of the Hessian matrix is zero.
In multicomponent systems, where G depends on composition, we need to modify our equilibrium criterion so we can examine both the composition of the stable phases and how the stable phase assemblage varies with bulk composition. This requires introducing a quantity called the chemical potential, . Chemical potential has the important property that the chemical potential of each component is the same in all phases coexisting at equilibrium. It is easy to understand why: the definition of is the change in G that results from adding an increment of component mass to a phase at constant temperature, pressure, and masses of the other components. If for some component is higher in one phase than in another, it follows that we can lower the overall G of the system by moving a mass increment of that component from the high phase to the low phase. Hence G was not at a minimum. But being at a minimum of G is a criterion for equilibrium.
It can be shown that the intensive Gibbs free energy either of the system or of a phase is related to the sum of the mass fractions of the components times their partial specific Gibbs free energies or chemical potentials; for the binary case, there are two components (say, 1 and 2) and:
.Since the two mass fractions sum to unity in the binary case, however, let us define X = x2 = 1 - x1 and simplify the above to
,which is the equation of a line in -X space with intercept 1 and slope 2-1. In a plot of vs. X at constant T and P, this line is tangent to the (X) curve. Do not misinterpret the above equation as an expression that tells how varies with X: the chemical potentials of the components are themselves functions of X. Now, if two or more binary phases are in equilibrium, the chemical potential of both components must be the same in the coexisting phases (see previous paragraph), so their (X) curves must share a common tangent line, whose intercept and slope are given by the above equation. Furthermore, the compositions that coexist are given by the tangency points where this "chemical potential line" touches the free energy-composition curves. This is the basis of the visual construction that we use to find equilibria. This concept is easily extended to systems of more components, where it remains true that the chemical potentials of all components must be equal among all phases at equilibrium. In the ternary system, the tangent plane to a free-energy surface is defined by the chemical potentials and all coexisting phases must share a common tangent plane in (X1, X2) space.
Consider the -X diagram in Figure 1. This diagram always shows the properties of two
phases of a binary system as a function of composition (X) at contant temperature and
pressure. In Figure 1 we show the individual (X) curves for two phases. If we imagine
fixing P, T and total X of the system, how do we find the
equilibrium state of a system in which these are the only two possible phases, and how do we see the
changes in that state as a function of X? By state of the system we mean what phases are present, how much
of each, and the composition of each phase.
Recall what we said in the previous paragraph about chemical
potential: it is a necessary and sufficient condition for equilibrium between the two phases that
the chemical potential of the each component be equal between the phases, and this is shown graphically
by both curves sharing a common tangent line, as shown in Figure 2. The intercept of the tangent line
at X = 0 (remember X is the mass fraction of component 2) is 1 in phase A
and in phase B, and the intercept of the tangent line at X = 1 is 2 in
phase A and in phase B. These two points are sufficient to define a line, and the line is tangent to
both (X) curves. But there is more information here: not just any composition of
phase A can be in equilibrium with phase B. Only phase A with the composition marked XA(B),
which is the point where the tangent line touches the A(X) curve, has
the correct chemical potential. Likewise only if phase B has the composition marked XB(A),
where the tangent line touches the B(X) curve, can it be in equilibrium
with A under these conditions.
There is still more information on these diagrams. We have shown that there exists an equilibrium where A and B of particular phase composition will coexist. But how do we decide what the stable phase assemblage will be at given bulk composition X? Well, we need to find the configuration with minimum Gibbs free energy. There are two possibilities: either (1) the system will contain only one homogeneous phase whose phase composition equals the bulk composition, or (2) the system will contain a mechanical mixture of more than one phase which are all in equilibrium with each other and whose compositions add up to the bulk composition. In case (1), the intensive Gibbs free energy of the system is equal to the intensive Gibbs free energy of the single phase and we can read this directly off the diagram from the (X) curve for the phase. In case (2), begin by imagining there are two coexisting phases A and B, making up mass fractions fA and fB of the system, respectively, and having composition XA(B) and XB(A). Then the bulk composition of the system is X = fAXA(B) + fBXB(A), and the intensive Gibbs free energy of the system is (X) = fAA(XA(B)) + fBB(XB(A)). Now look again at Figure 2: these two equations define a line segment that connects the two points (XA(B), A(XA(B))) [when fA=1 and fB=0] and (XB(A), B(XB(A))) [when fA=0 and fB=1]. But this line segment is exactly the same as the segment between the points of tangency of the common tangent line defined by the chemical potentials of the coexisting phases. Let's call this part of the tangent line an "interior tangent segment". When two phases coexist, we can read the bulk (X) off the diagram by taking the where the tangent line between their curves crosses the bulk composition of interest. The part of the common tangent line exterior to the two tangency points is still useful for extrapolating to the chemical potentials at X=0 and X=1, but it does not represent a physically achievable free energy for the system, since one of the phase proportions would have to be negative to obtain a point along the line exterior to the tangency points.
Now we have what we need to read the stable phase assemblage off a binary -X diagram. Recall that the criterion for equilibrium at prescribed P, T and X is that be a minimum; graphically this means finding the lowest physically achievable state on the diagram for a given X (the diagram already represents prescribed P and T). A physically achievable state is either the entire system as a single phase or a mechanical mixture of phases that can coexist with one another. In the case of a single phase, the phase composition equals the bulk composition and the value of is given by the curve for that phase. So, on our plot, at any X, the lowest available is represented either by the (X) curve of a phase (these are colored red on the diagram) or by the interior segment of a tangent line connecting two such curves (this is colored green on the diagram). If a curve is lower than any interior tangent segment, then we are in a one-phase region in which the phase with the lowest (X) curve exists alone and the phase composition equals the bulk composition. On the other hand, if at some X an interior tangent segment is lower than any curve, then a mechanical mixture of the phase compositions at the two endpoints will have lower free energy than any single phase with composition X. Hence we will be in a two-phase region with the compositions of the two phases fixed at the endpoints of the interior tangent segment. The relative proportions of the two phases follow from the lever rule,
.In Figure 3, we have colored red the sections of the A(X) and B(X) curves where A and B are stable alone in one-phase regions, and green the interior tangent segment where A and B coexist. We have also labelled the sequence of stable phase assemblages (A, A+B, B) across the bottom and divided the X-axis into the three regions.
This sequence, and the points where the phase assemblage changes across the X-axis, contain the essential information derived from this diagram: once we have found the minimum Gibbs free energy assemblages we usually do not care any further about . Therefore, since it is easiest to make graphs in two dimensions, it is not an efficient use of graph paper (or computer screen) to show a whole plot which only describes the system at a single pressure and temperature. Instead, we make T-X (isobaric) or P-X (isothermal) diagrams that show a stack of the X-axis stability sequences derived from -X diagrams at a sequence of temperatures and equal pressure (T-X) or a sequence of pressures and equal temperature (P-X). The one-phase and two-phase intervals of these segments link up with those at adjacent T or P to form regions, bounded by the compositions of phases that coexist in two-phase regions. Note that with two phases whose (X) curves are everywhere concave-up, there are only a few possible sequences: either one (X) curve is lower than the other everywhere and one phase will be stable alone at all X; or the curves cross once, in which case the sequence will be like (A,A+B,B); or the curves cross twice, in which case the sequence will be (A,A+B,B,B+A,A).
Much of what we have discussed so far can be seen by exploring the old binary applet; just click on some random points in the P-T projection at upper left. The applet will bring up a -X diagram corresponding to the P-T point you clicked. There are four phases involved (or three in the simplified version), but if you do not click on a line or intersection of lines, you will see that no more than two phases ever share a common tangent, and the sequences of stability across the X-axis all follow the rules we have just developed. If you wish to continue with the old binary applet, proceed to Page 2 of the old tutorial. However, we recommend that instead you work through the series of examples below that make use of the new applet. When you finish with binary systems, you can proceed to ternary systems.
At this point we need to step aside a minute and consider the apparently unrelated issues of how many phases can coexist at equilibrium and how many variables need to be fixed to determine the state of the system. We have shown already that in a binary system we can have one-phase regions where the phase can have any composition at fixed P and T or two-phase regions where both phase compositions are fixed. This suggests that actually the number of phases and the number of free variables is related. This relationship is explicitly captured by the Gibbs Phase Rule, which relates the variance (f) of an assemblage to the number of phases , number of components c, and other restrictions imposed. The phase rule is best understood by thinking of the conditions of equilibrium as a set of simultaneous equations that nature must solve. We learn in elementary algebra that if we have the same number of unknowns (variables) and equations (constraints) then we should expect to find a unique solution, i.e. there are no remaining degrees of freedom in the unknown variables. On the other hand, if we have more unknowns than equations, there is usually a family of solutions, and the dimension of the solution space is the number of extra unknowns. Finally, if there are more equations than unknowns, then unless we are very lucky there will be no solution at all. In the case of the phase rule, the unknowns are P, T, and (c-1)* independent phase compositions. The constraints are the (-1)*c statements of equality of chemical potential among phases. Hence the dimension of the allowed solution space is f = 2 + (c-1)* - (-1)*c = c + 2 - . Once it is given that we have an equilibrium assemblage in a system of c components containing particular phases, the variance is the number of remaining variables we have to fix to determine the state of the system.
Consider, e.g., the one component system H2O. If one phase — say, liquid water — is present, then f = 1 + 2 - 1 = 2, and indeed we can freely vary both temperature and pressure within a two-dimensional but bounded stability region without change of phase. However, if we insist that water and ice are coexisting (so f = 1 + 2 - 2 = 1) and we fix one more variable say make the pressure 1 atm then the temperature becomes fixed (it must be 0 °C). Ice+liquid in the H2O system is an example of a univariant assemblage, which is restricted to a one-dimensional array (i.e., a line or curve) in P-T-X space. Furthermore, although it is slightly more remote from everyday experience, there is a single point in (P,T) space at P = 6 mbar, T = 0.01 °C where ice, liquid water, and water vapor (steam) can all coexist. This is called the triple point and is an example of an invariant condition f = 1 + 2 - 3 = 0 where merely declaring the number of phases and components has entirely determined the state.
There can be other constraints in the phase rule that lower the variance without adding more
phases. For example, if we require that two phases are equal in composition or that three phases
are collinear in a three-or-more component system, this takes away one degree of freedom. Hence in
the binary system if a solid phase coexists with a liquid of the same composition as the solid (a
congruent melting point) this assemblage is univariant: f = 2 + 2 - 2 - one extra
restriction = 1. Likewise, specifying that one of the phases is at its
reduces the variance by two extra restrictions. And there can be situations where some of the phases
are restricted to specific compositions or subspaces of the composition space; this leads to
degenerate equilibria where
the variance is actually higher than if the phases were free to vary in composition.
II. Binary systems
We now begin specifically applying the concepts we have learned so far to binary systems, with the help
of the binary visualization applet. We will work upwards in complexity from systems with one phase through
systems of four or more phases. In each case we will focus on the special situations that can arise as the
number of phases increase. Thus, when we get to two phases the possibility of the two phases coexisting with
equal composition arises, so we will look at
coincidences. When we get to three phases, we can have
univariant assemblages, so we will focus on such cases. Finally, when we get four phases we can have an
invariant point. We begin, however,
with one phase by itself, but already some interesting phenomena can arise.
A. One phase
1. The situation of a binary system with a single phase that contains a critical point is explored
using the new binary visualization applet on the Example 1 page.
B. Two phases
2. The simplest situation that can arise with two phases is a binary phase loop, with degenerate coincidences at the bounding pure systems, but only a divariant field in the binary. Go to the Example 2 page to learn more.
3. When the phases are not ideal solutions, the possibility can arise that they have a coincidence point or azeotrope in the binary system. We first look at the case where this coincidence point forms a minimum in temperature: Example 3.
4. Next comes the case where this coincidence point forms a maximum in temperature: Example 4.
5. Perhaps the most complicated situation that can arise involving only two phases occurs when the two-phase loop has a coincidence point as in example 3 and
furthermore one of the phases has a critical point and miscibility gap as in example 1. The intersection of these phenomena generates three new features: a univariant curve
involving two instances of the phase with a miscibility gap and one instance of the other phase; a critical end-point where the univariant line terminates against the critical line
and the critical line becomes metastable; and a singular point where the coincidence encounters the univariant, at which point the coincidence becomes metstable and the
unvariant changes from eutectic-type to peritectic-type. All this is visible in Example 5.
C. Three phases
6. Example 6. Explanation to come.
7. Example 7. Explanation to come.
D. Four phases
8. Example 8. Explanation to come.
9. Example 9. Explanation to come.
E. Degeneracy and final remarks
10. Example 10. Explanation to come.
III. Ternary systems
Send suggestions, whines, and flames to Paul Asimow. | <urn:uuid:bafad9bc-3f83-4dca-a5d7-d753e50fc6b5> | CC-MAIN-2022-21 | http://web.gps.caltech.edu/~asimow/newBinary/newBinaryCurriculum.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-21/segments/1652662627464.60/warc/CC-MAIN-20220526224902-20220527014902-00048.warc.gz | en | 0.922636 | 5,303 | 4.15625 | 4 |
As we celebrated this Memorial Day weekend, many of us enjoyed some time off — maybe a cookout or trip to the beach or just a relaxing day at home. But how many of us took time to celebrate what Memorial Day is truly about?
Three years after the Civil War ended, on May 5, 1868, the head of the Grand Army of the Republic (GAR) established Decoration Day as a time for the nation to decorate the graves of the war dead with flowers.
May 30 was chosen as the day for Decoration Day because flowers would be in bloom all over the country at that time and what would become known as Memorial Day was first celebrated on May 30, 1868. It was initially observed by placing flowers on the graves of Union and Confederate soldiers.
During that first celebration, Gen.and future President James A. Garfield made a speech at Arlington National Cemetery, after which around 5,000 participants helped to decorate the graves of the more than 20,000 Union and Confederate soldiers who were buried there.
In 1971, Memorial Day was declared a federal holiday and at 3 p.m. local time, Americans were encouraged to pause for a moment of silence or listen to “Taps.”
Red poppies are recognized as the Memorial Day flower, and in 1915, inspired by the poem “In Flanders Fields,” University of Georgia professor Moina Michael, who lived in Walton County, wrote her own poem:
We cherish too, the poppy red
That grows on fields where valor led
It seems to signal to the skies
That blood of heroes never dies.
Professor Michael conceived the idea of covering World War I battlefields with red poppies, and the Georgia General Assembly later named Highway 78 as the Moina Michael Highway in her honor.
Just as we sometimes forget the true meaning of Memorial Day, we often forget that our nation was founded on Judeo-Christian beliefs and a strong faith in God.
Recognizing this, the Georgia General Assembly in the recently completed session passed SB 293 requiring that all license plates, upon request, display the nation’s motto “In God We Trust.” This makes Georgia one of only 16 states that incorporate “In God We Trust” onto their license plates.
When Francis Scott Key wrote what would eventually become the American national anthem, “The Star Spangled Banner,” during the war of 1812, he wrote in the final stanza:
“And this be our motto: ‘In God is our trust.’ And the Star Spangled Banner in triumph shall wave o’er the land of the free and the home of the brave.”
Later the words were shortened to “In God we trust” and in 1956, Congress passed a joint resolution to certify the nation’s motto as “In God We Trust.” The resolution was signed into law on July 30, 1956, by President Eisenhower and first used on paper money in 1957, when it was added to the $1 silver certificate. By 1966, “In God We Trust” was added to all paper money, from $1 to $100 denominations.
Brazil is the only other nation in the world that legally requires its currency to signify God or faith. Its currency reads “God be Praised.”
License plates are not the only place that our national motto is used in the State of Georgia. When our new state flag was created in 2003, it featured a square blue canton in the upper left hand corner. In the center of the canton is a circle of 13 white stars, symbolizing Georgia and the other 12 original states that formed the United States of America. Within the circle of stars is Georgia’s coat of arms immediately above the words “In God We Trust.”
Whether it be on license plates or on our state flag, the Georgia General Assembly has recognized the importance of our national motto and the principles from which our state and nation were founded.
In Georgia, as we fly our state flag and drive our cars, let us always remember that “In God We Trust.”
Sen. Buddy Carter can be reached at (404) 656-5109. You can connect with him on Facebook at facebook.com/buddycarterga or follow him on Twitter @Buddy_Carter. | <urn:uuid:6692c9ff-8bda-4fe5-be5e-4723a8cf197f> | CC-MAIN-2020-16 | https://www.bryancountynews.com/opinion/always-remember-in-god-we-trust/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-16/segments/1585370494331.42/warc/CC-MAIN-20200329105248-20200329135248-00460.warc.gz | en | 0.962122 | 909 | 3.15625 | 3 |
Quick Page Edit
Learning Objectives - In this module, you will understand What is a Decision Tree and what are the benefits. What are the core objectives of Decision Tree modelling, How to understand the gains from the Decision Tree and How does one apply the same in business scenarios
Topics - Decision Tree modeling Objective, Anatomy of a Decision Tree, Gains from a decision tree (KS calculations), and Definitions related to objective segmentations
Learning Objectives - In this module, you will learn how to design the data for modelling
Topics - Historical window, Performance window, Decide performance window horizon using Vintage analysis, General precautions related to data design
Learning Objectives - In this module, you will learn how to ensure Data Sanity check and you will also learn to perform the necessary checks before modelling 
Topics - Data sanity check-Contents, View, Frequency Distribution, Means / Uni-variate, Categorical variable treatment, Missing value treatment guideline, capping guideline
Learning Objectives - In this module, you will learn to use R and the Algorithm to develop the Decision Tree. 
Topics - Preamble to data, Installing R package and R studio, Developing first Decision Tree in R studio, Find strength of the model, Algorithm behind Decision Tree, How is a Decision Tree developed?, First on Categorical dependent variable, GINI Method, Steps taken by software programs to learn the classification (develop the tree), Assignment on decision tree
Learning Objectives - In this module you will understand how Classification trees are Developed, Validated and Used in the industry 
Topics - Discussion on assignment, Find Strength of the model, Steps taken by software program to implement the learning on unseen data, learning more from practical point of view, Model Validation and Deployment.
Learning Objectives - In this module you will understand the Advance stopping criteria of a decision tree. You will also learn to develop Decision Trees for numerous outcomes.
Topics - Introduction to Pruning, Steps of Pruning, Logic of pruning, Understand K fold validation for model, Implement Auto Pruning using R, Develop Regression Tree, Interpret the output, How it is different from Linear Regression, Advantages and Disadvantages over Linear Regression, Another Regression Tree using R
Learning Objectives - In this module you will learn what is Chi square and CHAID and their working and also the difference between CHAID and CART etc.. 
Topics - Key features of CART, Chi square statistics, Implement Chi square for decision tree development, Syntax for CHAID using R, and CHAID vs CART.
Learning Objectives - In this module you will learn about ID3, Entropy, Random Forest and Random Forest using R 
Topics - Entropy in the context of decision tree, ID3, Random Forest Method and Using R for Random forest method, Project work  | <urn:uuid:db2737cb-6120-436b-8f5d-d0aa1023aff1> | CC-MAIN-2018-43 | http://proicttraining.com/certification/decision-tree-modeling-using-r-certification-training | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-43/segments/1539583512014.61/warc/CC-MAIN-20181018194005-20181018215505-00270.warc.gz | en | 0.83655 | 607 | 2.90625 | 3 |
HIST 210 African American History
3 credits, Fall (offered as needed)
Traces the struggles, accomplishments, and impact of African Americans through the course of United States history. This course explores the cultural heritage of African peoples, the impact of the slave trade, slavery, and the development of racism. It also traces the struggle for freedom and justice in America from the colonial period to the present.
Prerequisite(s): A grade of "C" or better in ENG 152 or equivalent
SEE Certified: HUM | <urn:uuid:85d524f0-930d-4c1e-a57c-8ace257a0a49> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | http://catalog.stevenson.edu/undergraduate/2366.htm | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882572908.71/warc/CC-MAIN-20220817122626-20220817152626-00502.warc.gz | en | 0.917606 | 110 | 2.75 | 3 |
The use and possession of chemical weapons is prohibited under international law. However, several nations continue to maintain active chemical weapons programs, despite a prevailing norm against the use of chemical weapons and international efforts to destroy existing stockpiles.
The following are basic answers to frequently asked questions regarding the different types of chemical weapons and delivery systems, the history of chemical weapons use, international legal regimes that seek to curb the use and stockpiling of chemical weapons, and current efforts to verifiably destroy chemical weapons arsenals.
I. What are chemical weapons?
II. How are chemical weapons delivered?
III. When have chemical weapons been used?
IV. Are chemical weapons prohibited?
V. Who has chemical weapons?
VI. How are chemical weapons destroyed?
A chemical weapon is any toxic chemical that can cause death, injury, incapacitation, and sensory irritation, deployed via a delivery system, such as an artillery shell, rocket, or ballistic missile. Chemical weapons are considered weapons of mass destruction and their use in armed conflict is a violation of international law.
Primary forms of chemical weapons include nerve agents, blister agents, choking agents, and blood agents. These agents are categorized based on how they affect the human body.
Nerve agents. Generally considered the most deadly of the different categories of chemical weapons, nerve agents – in liquid or gas form - can be inhaled or absorbed through the skin. Nerve agents inhibit the body’s respiratory and cardiovascular capability by causing severe damage to the central nervous system, and can result in death. The most common nerve agents include Sarin, Soman, and VX.
Blister agents. Blister agents can come in forms of gas, aerosol, or liquid and cause severe burns and blistering of the skin. They can also cause complications to the respiratory system if inhaled and digestive tract if ingested. Common forms of blister agents include Sulfur Mustard, Nitrogen Mustard, Lewisite and Phosgene Oximine.
Choking agents. Choking agents are chemical toxins that directly attack the body’s respiratory system when inhaled and cause respiratory failure. Common forms of choking agents include phosgene, chlorine, and chloropicrin.
Blood agents. Blood agents interfere with the body’s ability to use and transfer oxygen through the blood stream. Blood agents are generally inhaled and then absorbed into the blood stream. Common forms of blood agents include Hydrogen Chloride and Cyanogen Chloride.
Riot control agents, such as tear gas, are considered chemical weapons if used as a method of warfare. States can legitimately possess riot control agents and use them for domestic law enforcement purposes, but states that are members of the Chemical Weapons Convention must declare what type of riot agents they possess.
A chemical weapon attack occurs in two phases: delivery and dissemination. The delivery phase refers to the launching of the rocket, bomb, or artillery shell. The dissemination phase involves the dispersal of the chemical agent from the weapon.
Chemical weapons can be delivered via a variety of mechanisms including but not limited to; ballistic missiles, air dropped gravity bombs, rockets, artillery shells, aerosol canisters, land mines, and mortars.
Artillery shells are conventional shells that have been converted to disperse chemical weapons. The most traditional delivery vehicle of chemical agents, dispersion occurs through an explosive charge that expels the chemical agent laterally.
Air delivered systems can be deployed via gravity bombs, spray tank, or rockets. Ground detonated and airburst gravity bombs are generally delivered through fixed wing aircraft, while helicopters have been traditionally deployed with spray tanks and rockets.
Ballistic missiles carrying chemical weapons – via a fill tank or sub munitions - utilize an airburst to disperse chemical agents over a broad area. The use of sub munitions increases the area in which chemical agents can be dispersed. Compared to other delivery systems, ballistic missiles expand the range of targets that combatants can target with chemical weapons. However, the use of explosives to disperse the chemical agent reduces the potency of the weapon in combat situations.
Cruise missiles. Unlike ballistic missiles, which utilize explosives to discharge the agent, cruise missiles can disperse chemical agents in a gradual and controlled fashion.
Unmanned Aerial Vehicles or UAVs are another platform that combatants may utilize to disperse chemical agents. Like cruise missiles, UAVs are ideal platforms for slower dissemination due to controllable speeds, and dispersal over a wide area. UAVs can fly below radar detection and change directions, allowing them to be retargeted during flight.
Dissemination is the most critical phase of a chemical weapon and generally determines its effectiveness. Generally, dissemination has been done via explosives that expel the agent laterally. Other forms of dissemination include aerodynamic dissemination, a non-explosive delivery mechanism that deploys the chemical agent through dispersion lines.
The use of harmful chemicals in warfare, personal attacks, and assassinations dates back centuries, but the rise of industrial production of chemicals in the late 19th century opened the door to more massive use of chemical agents in combat. The first major use of chemicals on the battlefield was in World War I when Germany released chlorine gas from pressurized cylinders in April 1915 at Ypres, Belgium. Ironically, this attack did not technically violate the 1899 Hague Peace Conference Declaration, the first international attempt to limit chemical agents in warfare, which banned only “the use of projectiles the sole object of which is the diffusion of asphyxiating or deleterious gases.” Historians estimate that, with the introduction of mustard gases in 1917, chemical weapons and agents injured some one million soldiers and killed 100,000 during the 1914-1918 war.
The 1925 Geneva Protocol sought to ban the use of biological and chemical weapons, but many of its signers joined with major reservations. China, France, the Soviet Union, and the United Kingdom all joined in the 1920s, but Japan did not join until 1970 and the United States until 1975. Between the two world wars, there were a number of reports of use of chemical weapons in regional conflicts: Morocco in 1923-1926, Tripolitania (Libya) in 1930, Sinkiang (China) in 1934, Abyssinia (Ethiopia) in 1935-1940, and Manchuria (China) in 1937-1942. World War II saw no major use of chemical weapons on the battlefield, with the exception of the Sino-Japanese conflict, and both President Franklin Roosevelt and German leader Adolf Hitler had stated publicly that they were personally against the first use of chemical weapons. Germany, however, did use deadly chemicals in the gas chambers of the Holocaust.
Most of the major powers in World War II developed, produced, and stockpiled large amounts of chemical weapons during the war. Since the end of the war in 1945, there have been only sporadic reports of limited use of chemical weapons, including in the Yemen war of 1963-1967 when Egypt bombed Yemeni villages, killing some 1,500 people. The United States heavily used herbicides such as Agent Orange and tear gas in the Vietnam War in the 1960s; although such chemicals are not covered under the Chemical Weapons Convention (CWC), some observers saw this as chemical warfare. Iraq used chemical weapons in the 1980-1988 Iran-Iraq war and against the Kurds in Halabja in 1988. These two cases provoked widespread public opposition to the horrors and indiscriminate nature of deadly chemical agents and certainly helped advance CWC negotiations, which had begun in the early 1980s, to their conclusion in 1992.
For more on the history of chemical weapon use see “Abolishing Chemical Weapons: Progress, Challenges, and Opportunities” in November 2010 Arms Control Today.
The use of the nerve agent sarin by the Japanese terrorist group Aum Shinrikyo in June 1994 in Matsumoto, Japan, and again on March 20, 1995, in the Tokyo subway system, killing 19 people and injuring some 5,000, suddenly brought to light the potential threat of nonstate actors intent on using weapons of mass destruction. The first official on-site inspection by the United States of a Russian chemical weapons stockpile in the Kurgan Oblast along the border of Kazakhstan in July 1994 illustrated that Russian chemical weapons arsenals left much to be desired regarding security against theft, diversion, and terrorism.
Iraqi insurgents in recent years have combined tanks of chlorine gas with improvised explosive devices, but with little success. There were reports of the possible limited use of chemical agents by Taliban insurgents in Afghanistan and by Turkish troops against Kurdish rebels in eastern Turkey, but these allegations remain unproven. In public statements, Osama bin Laden and al Qaeda threatened to use nuclear, chemical, biological, and radiological weapons.
In Syria, intelligence reports by the United States, the United Kingdom, and France assess that the Assad regime has used chemical weapons against opposition forces on numerous occasions since 2012, including an August 2013 attack in Ghouta, outside of Damascus, that killed more than 1,400 people. The UN-OPCW Joint Investigative Mechanism (JIM) has found the Syrian government responsible for numerous chemical weapons attacks, including in April 2014, March 2015, March 2016 and April 2017 and the Islamic State responsible for chemical weapons attacks in August 2015 and September 2016. Reports of chemical weapons use in Syria continue to surface. For a complete timeline of Syrian chemical weapons use see Timeline of Syrian Chemical Weapons Activity, 2012-2018.
Kurdish and Iraqi military forces claim the Islamic State used chlorine gas in attacks in December 2014 and March 2015 in Iraq, but these accounts have not been verified by the OPCW.
In February 2017, North Korean agents used VX, a nerve agent, to assassinate Kim Jong-nam, the half-brother of North Korean leader Kim Jong-un in the airport in Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia.
In March 2018, the UK accused Russia of using a Novichok agent to assassinate a former Russian spy, Sergei Skripal, and his daughter, Yulia, in the UK.
Yes. The horrendous and widespread use of chemical weapons in World War I prompted international efforts to curb the use and production of chemical agents.
The two major protocols that target chemical weapons are the 1925 Geneva Protocol and the Chemical Weapons Convention (CWC). The former provides the initial international legal framework for controls on the use of chemical weapons, while the latter establishes comprehensive international standards that ban the development, production, acquisition, stockpiling, use, transfer, or retention of chemical weapons for all CWC state parties.
1925 Geneva Protocol: Signed in 1925, the Geneva Protocol was drafted and signed at the Conference for the Supervision of the International Trade in Arms and Ammunition, and prohibits the use of chemical and biological weapons in the field of conflict. While it prohibits the use of chemical weapons, the Geneva Protocol does not regulate the production, research or stockpiling of these weapons. It allows nations to reserve the right to retaliate with chemical weapons should it be subject to an adversarial chemical attack. It also does not regulate the use of chemical weapons for internal conflicts. However, over time, through customary international law, it is widely considered applicable to these conflicts as well. Interest in verifiable elimination of existing stockpiles of chemical weapons fueled the push for the more robust CWC in 1993.
Chemical Weapons Convention: The Chemical Weapons Convention is a multilateral treaty that bans the development, production, acquisition, stockpiling, transfer, and use of chemical weapons and requires all possessor states to destroy their stockpiles safely. Opened for signature in Paris on January 13, 1993, the CWC entered into force in April 29, 1997 and has 193 members, including Palestine. Currently one nation– Israel– has signed but not ratified the treaty, while three nations (Egypt, North Korea, and South Sudan) have neither signed nor acceded to the CWC.
The CWC requires universal adherence to its protocols, and establishes verification regimes that assure the destruction of member nations' chemical weapon stockpiles. The CWC requires member nations to declare all chemical weapons and chemical weapons sites, including research, development, and testing sites, to be subject to on-site inspection. According to Article VI of the treaty, destruction of a state party’s declared chemical weapons arsenal should begin no later than two years after the state joins the treaty and should finish no more than ten years after it has joined, although the treaty does allow a deadline extension of up to five years from that date. Verification is implemented through the Organization for the Prohibition of Chemical Weapons (OPCW), located in The Hague, Netherlands, and involves routine on-site inspections and reporting. The CWC also promotes multilateral cooperation on peaceful uses of chemistry and undertakes over 400 on-site inspections of the chemical industry annually.
For more information on the CWC, see Chemical Weapons Convention at a Glance.
Eight countries declared chemical weapons stockpiles when they joined the CWC: Albania, India, Iraq, Libya, Syria, the United States, Russia and an anonymous state widely believed to be South Korea. Of those eight countries, Albania, South Korea, India, Iraq, Syria, Libya and Russia have completed destruction of their declared arsenals. Syria, however, may not have declared its entire stockpile. The United States plans to complete the destruction of its chemical weapons by September 2023.
When Russia, the United States, and Libya declared that they would be unable to meet their final destruction deadlines in 2012, CWC state parties agreed to extend the deadlines with increased national reporting and transparency.
Russia declared the largest stockpile with approximately 40,000 metric tons at seven arsenals in six regions of Russia. The United States declared 28,577 metric tons at nine stockpiles in eight states and on Johnston Atoll west of Hawaii. Albania and Libya declared the smallest stockpiles, with 16 and 23 metric tons respectively. India and South Korea declared stockpiles in the 500-1,000 metric ton range but maintained a high degree of secrecy around the size, location, composition, and destruction of their weapons.
Syria admitted that it had chemical weapons in July 2012. It joined the CWC on September 12, 2013, declaring its chemical weapons stockpile and determining a plan for its elimination soon after. The OPCW announced that the entirety of Syria’s declared stockpile of 1,308 metric tons of sulfur mustard agent and precursor chemicals had been destroyed by January 2016. The destruction processes were carried out on board the US Merchant Marine ship, Cape Ray, and in four countries – Finland, Germany, the United Kingdom, and the United States. However, reports continue to surface of chemical weapon use in Syria, raising questions about the accuracy of its initial declaration.
North Korea, a non-signatory to the CWC, is widely reported to possess a large arsenal of chemical weapons, likely over 5,000 metric tons, including mustard, phosgene, and nerve agents. The use of VX nerve agent in the 2017 assassination in Kuala Lumpur strongly indicates that VX is part of North Korea’s chemical arsenal.
For more information, see Chemical and Biological Weapons Status at a Glance.
The United States: The United States began construction of its first prototype incinerator on Johnston Atoll in the 1980s. In 1990, it began burning 1,842 metric tons of chemical weapons, which had been secretly shipped from forward deployment in Germany and Okinawa many years earlier. When the CWC entered into force in 1997, the United States was already operating its first two incinerators on Johnston Atoll and in Tooele, Utah, which was the largest U.S. chemical weapons stockpile with 12,353 metric tons. The U.S. Army burned 1,436 metric tons, about 5 percent of the total chemical stockpile, at the two sites before the April 1997 entry into force.
The U.S. Army initially planned to construct three centralized incinerators to destroy the U.S. chemical weapons stockpile, and early schedules optimistically showed the United States completing operations in 1994. Congress subsequently banned transportation of chemical munitions on safety and security grounds, necessitating the current plan for a destruction facility at each of the nine U.S. sites at which chemical weapons are stored.
When the U.S. Senate finally approved the CWC, on April 25, 1997, after a long and contentious debate, the articles of ratification specified, among many other conditions, that the president place the highest priority on protection of public health and the environment and that the Army undertake the development and demonstration of nonincineration technologies for chemical weapons destruction.
Today the United States has constructed and operated five large incinerators: on Johnston Atoll and in Tooele, Utah, as previously noted; in Umatilla, Oregon; in Anniston, Alabama; and in Pine Bluff, Arkansas. The Johnston Atoll incinerator finished operations in 2000; the other four completed operations in 2012. In addition, neutralization facilities were built in Newport, Indiana, and Edgewood, Maryland; they chemically treated and destroyed bulk VX nerve agent and mustard agent. The remaining two chemical weapons stockpiles in Pueblo, Colorado, and Blue Grass, Kentucky, will each be destroyed by chemical neutralization, followed by second-stage treatments of bioremediation and super-critical water oxidation (SCWO). The Pueblo facility began operations in 2016, and Blue Grass is scheduled to open in 2020.
In the OPCW's annual report for 2017 it declared that the United States had destroyed approximately 90.6 percent - about 25,154 metric tons - of the chemical weapons stockpile it had declared as the CWC entered into force. The United States has destroyed all of Category 2 and Category 3 weapons. The United States is projected to complete destruction by September 2023.
Russia: Russian officials made it clear in 1997, when they ratified the CWC, that they would need technical and financial support from other CWC members to meet its treaty deadlines. During the 1994 U.S. visit to Russia, Russian military officials and the chairman of the Duma defense committee rejected a U.S. offer made by the assistant to the secretary of defense for nuclear, chemical, and biological defense programs to construct an incinerator at the Shchuch’ye chemical weapons stockpile. Russian officials wanted to determine their own technologies for demilitarization and were very wary of incineration as too complex, too expensive, too dangerous, and too politically contentious.
The first Russian chemical weapons demilitarization facility, built and funded as a prototype facility by Germany for neutralizing lewisite, an older, arsenic-based chemical agent, opened in 2002 at Gorny in the Saratov Oblast. Since then, Russia has been able to open five more destruction facilities, the last at Kizner in the Udmurt Republic.
Most of these facilities have been supported financially by the Global Partnership Against the Spread of Weapons and Materials of Mass Destruction, founded by the Group of Eight at its summit meeting in Kananaskis, Canada, in 2002. As of 2010, the United States through the Cooperative Threat Reduction (CTR or Nunn-Lugar) program committed more than $1 billion since the mid-1990s to the planning and construction of the neutralization facility at Shchuch’ye, while Germany has committed $475 million (340 million euros) to construction at Gorny, Kambarka, and Pochep. Canada and the United Kingdom have contributed some $82 million and $39 million, respectively, while at least another 10 additional countries have contributed some $25 million.
On September 27, 2017, the OPCW announced that Russia had completed destruction of its chemical weapons arsenal.
Libya: Libya joined the CWC in 2004 and, in its submittal at the time, declared 23 metric tons of mustard agent in bulk containers. In addition, it declared one inactivated chemical weapons production facility, two chemical weapons storage sites, 1,300 metric tons of precursor chemicals, and 3,563 unfilled aerial bombs. It first planned on eliminating its chemical agent stockpile by the 2007 deadline.
However, after aborted attempts at U.S. and Italian partnerships in its demilitarization program, it asked for several OPCW deadline extensions. Destruction of the stockpile was halted in February 2011 due to the armed uprising that resulted in the overthrow of the Gaddafi regime. At that time, 11.5 metric tons of chemical weapons remained in Libya’s declared stockpiles.
Libya subsequently declared an additional chemical weapons stockpile and completed the destruction of its Category 1 chemical weapons in January 2014. With assistance from the OPCW and other member states including Canada and Denmark, Libya removed all of the remaining precursor chemicals from its territory for destruction in August 2016. The Syria case, which set the precedent for destroying chemical weapons outside of the country of origin, paved the way for shipping the remaining chemicals out of Libya for destruction in Germany. Libya completed the destruction of all its chemical weapons in January 2018.
For more information on the destruction of Libya’s chemical weapons see Chronology of Libya’s Disarmament and Relations with the United States.
Iraq: Iraq joined the CWC in early 2009 and declared two large, sealed "Al Muthana" bunkers in the Fallujah region with chemical weapons and related equipment and debris from the 1991 Persian Gulf War. Because at least one of these bunkers had been hit by aerial bombs in the war, there is no final inventory of weapons and agents, nor a thorough evaluation of the possible risks of open agents or unexploded ordnance in the bunkers. The OPCW declared Iraq's destruction complete in March 2018.
Albania: Albania was the first possessor state to destroy its stockpile. Although it joined the CWC in 1994, it did not acknowledge its possession of 16 metric tons of mustard agent (as well as small quantities of lewisite and other chemicals) until 2003. The OPCW declared Albania’s destruction complete in July 2007.
South Korea: South Korea refused to acknowledge its stockpile in any public presentations, including the annual speeches by its ambassador to the OPCW, and has claimed full confidentiality (“highly protected information”) under the Confidentiality Annex of the CWC; all OPCW delegations and staff therefore refer to it as “A State Party” in reference to declared possessor states. South Korea completed the destruction of its chemical weapons in 2008.
India: India declared a stockpile of 1,044 tons of sulfur mustard in 1997 after ratifying the CWC in 1996. India completed the destruction of its entire chemical weapons stockpile in 2009.
-Research Assistance by Eric Wey | <urn:uuid:b7189eca-8643-4381-9f1e-aee2c774595b> | CC-MAIN-2020-16 | https://www.armscontrol.org/factsheets/Chemical-Weapons-Frequently-Asked-Questions | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-16/segments/1585370491857.4/warc/CC-MAIN-20200328104722-20200328134722-00546.warc.gz | en | 0.947172 | 4,656 | 3.4375 | 3 |
Tai National Park in the Ivory Coast is one of the last strongholds for the Pygmy Hippo and the ultimate aim of all of our Pygmy Hippo project work is to conserve this wonderful species. We are working in Tai National park to:
- Gather knowledge of the Pygmy Hippo species in its natural habitat
- Pass this knowledge on to the local scientific community by involving young Ivorian scientists in our work
- Stimulate local community awareness amongst young Africans about the forest, the unique animals that live within it and how their natural heritage can be nutured for the local economic and cultural good
- Encourage and support the adoption of forest conservation in local communities
Why Tai National Park requires close attention
Tai National Park, Ivory Coast is an ecological hotspot, with a great diversity of flora and fauna. The local extinction or population reduction of this species can trigger a series of adverse effects in the ecosystem, causing a breakdown of some key ecological processes, such as seed dispersal and predation, nutrient recycling etc. This will eventually jeopardize the ecosystem biodiversity and integrity in the long term.
We aim to decrease the hunting pressure on the Pygmy Hippopotamus by raising awareness at the local community level on how they can use alternative ventures such as ecotourism to derive a sustainable income from their natural heritage, as well as highlighting the perilous situation of the Pygmy Hippo and what the community can do to help.
In summary, our ultimate aims in this project are:
1. Improved education and capacity building.
A better supported and informed education opportunity for the local population, and by doing this learn at the same time more about the number of Pygmy Hippo’s residing in the park, as well about their biology. At present, conservation of the pygmy hippo is hampered by a basic lack of knowledge of its distribution, population status and ecology.
2. A more robust database
Current sightings of pygmy hippo are rare due to its cryptic, primarily nocturnal nature, and thus the need for setting up specialized monitoring systems, including camera trapping devices and radio collaring of individuals, is evident. This will allow the gathering of data which, combined with local community knowledge, will provide the needed information to define a conservation management plan for the species.
3. A mainstreamed awareness
In addition, the awareness raising campaign is aimed to develop a general attitude towards conserving the forest and the animals within, both at community, as well as national level. | <urn:uuid:5244ac2a-e446-444c-852b-a76a0c96924d> | CC-MAIN-2024-10 | https://ibream.org/background/our-pygmy-hippo-conservation-work-in-the-ivory-coast/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2024-10/segments/1707947474843.87/warc/CC-MAIN-20240229134901-20240229164901-00862.warc.gz | en | 0.922409 | 519 | 2.953125 | 3 |
Chance, Collage and the Study of Freud
Ernst: Chance, Collage and the Study of Freud
When one chooses to look at a piece of art from a Freudian viewpoint, most times the comparison is rather far flung and many times the work may have had nothing to do with Freud in the mind of the artist that wrote it; however, Max Ernst was a student of psychology in the early twentieth century and studied Freud. Many of the components of Ernst’s art can also be seen through modern science and psychology, such as theories of Freud: chance, the subconscious, condensation and juxtaposition and then these ideas can be applied to the evaluation of his works, Oedipus Rex and The Hat Makes the Man.
The first idea to be discussed is that of chance. Within Dada, chance played a major role, and for Ernst it was important as well. Chance can be said to be the act of employing random, accidental stimuli to awaken patterns within the subconscious of the artist and in turn the artist can record these patterns at the conscience level. Chance is a method of arriving at some sort of destination or conclusion without allowing oneself to color the work with the faults of human perception and taint it with quotidian ideas of what reality is and should be. He was trying to find a technique of representation beyond techniques of the time and this did not simply determine the tone of his work, but it became an in disposable part of the work. Ernst was trying to see the world with “closed eyes” , representing his wishes to tap into the underlying meanings behind the real: to dig into the subconscious and express that super reality, which to the Dadaists and even more so to the Surrealists, would be a higher vision of truth. This higher vision of truth was almost always seen to come from uncontrollable sources, such as the subconscious mind, desires, dreams and such, which are all very much a part of Freud.
The idea of chance is a key element in Ernst’s collages. The collage is an arrangement of found objects, found meaning randomly collected, and then are assembled in a sort of “chance meeting” often in a strange sort of association that tends to represent the subconscious, which was a key part of many of Freud’s works. Ernst was a student of abnormal psychology from 1910 to 1914 at the University of Bonn and he has been noted as reading many of Freud’s works in Bonn during this time and among the two most influential were Jokes and Their Relation to the Unconscious and The Interpretation of Dreams. Chance is actually a vehicle through which the unconscious mind can be explored and it also served as a way for the Ernst and other artists in the Dadaist and Surrealist movements to access forms and themes which would attempt to dissolve ties to the material, representative world of the old art.
A common theme running through Ernst’s works is that of a polarization of meanings and objects and a condensation of meaning, which occurs through that process or polarizing. It is the association between the constructive and the destructive, the rational and irrational, the beautiful and the ugly, the dead and alive, sight and not seeing which defines the experience of the juxtaposition of Ernst. The juxtaposition of disparate images has an intense visual presence and influence in many of the collages. The association between objects like birds and people have a connotation that is not easily understandable, but at the same time is related enough to evoke emotions such as terror, disbelief, and confusion. These images also evoke an idea of the dream and the subconscious mind.
Condensation is a mechanism proposed by Freud by which condenses multiple words most of his work. Using condensation, Ernst took images that did not expressly belong together and he forced them into strange associations and juxtaposed them to bring new meanings to the materials and images involved. This is much like Freud did when he proposed the idea of condensation, but he was using word associations. According to Freud, condensation is the pushing together of two or more words into a new word of phrase so that each original elements keeps its own nature while still playing off the others. A good example would be the word “alcoholidays”, which is an association between the holiday season and the secular drunkenness through which they are approached today. Ernst took this idea and used it to create intense images that interact in extraordinary ways.
The first work to be looked at is that of Ernst’s Oedipus Rex. This work is innately Freudian just in name, let alone in content. The Oedipus complex is one of the most well recognized components of Freudian theory and it is seen in this work names after it in many ways. The first is through the process of condensation. This can be seen as the bird headed man, which shows up in many of Ernst’s images: the association in this image between the man and the bird is the desire of man to be free from the inhibitions imposed upon him by society, and despite the fact that these two still retain their separate identities, they are consistent with Freud’s ideas. In the case of this work, the head is removed from the body, showing a detachment from true feeling and true understanding of life. Another Freudian idea is the use of the joke, which is seen in the treatment of several of the objects in this work. Such as the contrast and juxtaposition of the wall, the over-sized fingers, upside down eyes on the birds, and the balloon in the aft of the painted collage. Several other associations relating this work to Freud can be drawn as well.
This work has intense sexual undercurrents. The nut represents the female and the crack in the nut is a symbol for the vulva. The cracking of the nut by the hands of a male is a metaphor for sexual intercourse and also gender roles in traditional patriarchal cultures. The idea of the treatment of woman and of her place within society is also visible in another piece by Ernst, The Tottering Woman. In this piece, he addresses the constraints in which woman are held in the world and the patriarchy that she must deal with on a daily basis. It also touches upon the objectification of woman as well. Hoffman also theorizes that the squeezing of the nut has implications of sadomasochistic roles as the nut is being dominated and crushed, the spike is punishing the hand equally and finally, once forced open, the “nut” could always snap back shut, injuring the index finger and thereby is a signifier of neurotic sexual attachment. The bird head in towards the back of the picture plane is tethered by some sort of rope, which could be seen as societal restrictions on deviant sexuality and possibly is a reaction to the taboo associated with incest. Additionally, the arrow as it pierces the shell of the nut could be seen as a phallic signifier or also as a representation for the idea of love and then a refutation of the existence of love within the constraints of sexual desire and sexuality. The imagery in this piece by Ernst is intensely psychosexual in nature and content and can be seen mostly in those terms.
In defense of picking Oedipus Rex to write about in the context of collage, it is true that it is an oil painting, but its imagery was taken from print sources and then was transposed into the work by the act of painting them. The nut squeezing image was taken from an article entitled “Experience sur l’ elasticite, faite avec une noix,” from the popular 19th century French Magazine La Nature.
The second artwork, The Hat Makes the Man, is very much a discourse on the effects of socio-economic factors and sexuality. In terms of referring to socio-economic status, the hats pictured in the collage are represent of different classes of people. There are hats that are indicative of what a farmer would wear in the fields as sun protection, hats that resemble what a sailor would wear, hats that are casual wear from gentry, top hats for formal occasions, simple hats for poor industrial workers, and a hat for about every “type of man”. The stacked arrangement of these hats could be seen as a hierarchy of status and of the lack of freedom and social mobility that was being slowly destroyed during this time period.
The deeper psychological meaning of the hats is much more Freudian in nature. It is a discussion of the importance of fashion on sexuality. The brightly colored lines and columns are ironically sexual when put against the hats cut from a catalogue. The columns or tubes could also be seen as a representation of the vagina. A translation of the writing in the bottom corner of the work reveals an interesting meaning that Ernst envisioned for the collage. It reads, “the hat makes the man, the style is the tailor,” this simple saying can be seen as a suggestion of the phallic nature of man and how the hat functions in that sphere. Ernst sees modern man as a sexuality that is repressed and that this comes through his clothes no matter the circumstance. The phallic nature of the hat only serves to reinforce the idea of the completion of man is his sexuality and his penis. The hat is a signifier of man, while there are men’s hats and women’s hats; they serve as a differentiator of gender and sexual roles. The entire work is an interpretation of what Freud said about fashion as totem’s and the taboo of society. This conclusion supports the thesis of Ernst’s works being intensely psychological in their basis and content and supports the idea that Freudian psychology was a strong base for Ernst in his use of collage and of art in general.
It was this exploration by Ernst of sexuality in late Dada and Early Surrealism that would lead to some of the intensely perverse, deviant images created later, such as the mannequins of Man Ray and the doll’s Balmer along with so many of the paintings done by artists such as Dali. Ernst laid the basis for these later developments with his explorations in chance, the subconscious, and condensation joined with juxtaposition as well as with his use of sexuality and gender within a framework of Freud. His collages, which were his attempt at abandoning the traditionally artist creation and his work with found images, always working to keep their unique meaning would later be highly influential.
|Books on Max Ernst:
|Max Ernst Images on the Web|
|The Beautiful Season|
|The Entire City|
|The Eye of Silence|
|The Hat Makes the Man|
|The Hundred-headless Woman Opens her August Sleeve|
|Napoleon in the Wilderness|
|Approaching Puberty or The Pleiads|
|The Robing of the Bride|
|Le vent se repose jaune|
|The Virgin Spanking the Christ Child before Three Witnesses: Andre Breton, Paul Eluard, and the Painter|
|The Wavering Woman| | <urn:uuid:5ed8eca5-5d23-441c-867b-9094c68db156> | CC-MAIN-2016-40 | http://mama.indstate.edu/users/dada/Ernstmain.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-40/segments/1474738661781.17/warc/CC-MAIN-20160924173741-00112-ip-10-143-35-109.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.970257 | 2,273 | 2.875 | 3 |
NREL Research Honored With R&D 100 Awards
November 16, 2015
Laboratory also a finalist in category of Mechanical Devices/Materials
A technology developed at the Energy Department's National Renewable Energy Laboratory (NREL) has been honored by R&D Magazine as a winner of a coveted R&D 100 award as well as an Editor's Choice award.
Jianping Yu's research into using a strain of cyanobacteria to produce bioethylene won both awards in the category of Mechanical Devices/Materials. The magazine presents R&D 100 awards - considered to be the Oscars of innovation - in five categories. Only one Editor's Choice Award was given in each of the five R&D 100 award categories. The awards were presented November 13, in Las Vegas.
A senior scientist with NREL's Biosciences Center and the principal investigator for the research, Yu developed a method to make bioethylene without the traditional use of petroleum. Yu's research showed ethylene could be made directly and continuously from a genetically modified cyanobacterium using sunlight and carbon dioxide (CO2). Normally, these organisms convert CO2 during photosynthesis into biomass, oils or sugars that require sacrificing the culture to recover the product. Yu's method redirected the cyanobacterium to use a portion of the CO2 to produce ethylene, not only a valuable product, but a gas capable of migrating out of the cell walls and enabling continuous production.
The traditional method of producing ethylene produces as much as three tons of CO2 for every ton of ethylene. Jianping sees a greener future where ethylene production could actually help mitigate CO2 from the environment instead.
A second NREL-developed technology was a finalist in the same category. SunStop is a flexible film that can be affixed to the interior side of an existing window and connected wirelessly to a controller. Once activated, the technology reflects heat and light. A Colorado company formed by serial entrepreneur Loren Burnett, called e-Chromic Technologies Inc., has licensed the SunStop technology from NREL and intends to use it in offices, homes and automobiles.
NREL's Robert Tenent, a senior scientist in the Chemical and Materials Science Center, and Tim Snow, a research scientist in the center, developed the SunStop technology.
Another finalist for the R&D 100 in the category of Mechanical Devices/Materials, was tested at NREL for its developer, Maxim Integrated. The national laboratory served as a testing site for deployment of the company's Solar Cell Optimizer, and investigated possible applications for it. The Solar Cell Optimizer uses a new technology to overcome the power and energy loss that comes when a photovoltaic module is cast in shadow.
Chris Deline, an engineer with NREL's Materials Application & Performance Center, was principal investigator for the project.
NREL is the U.S. Department of Energy's primary national laboratory for renewable energy and energy efficiency research and development. NREL is operated for the Energy Department by The Alliance for Sustainable Energy, LLC. | <urn:uuid:8a50447f-3fa2-478e-9fca-159b2ed6cf97> | CC-MAIN-2023-14 | https://www.nrel.gov/news/program/2015/24757.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-14/segments/1679296944452.97/warc/CC-MAIN-20230322211955-20230323001955-00261.warc.gz | en | 0.936434 | 626 | 2.59375 | 3 |
People have known about the direct dangers of smoking since at least the 1960s. Only recently, however, has research confirmed that when you smoke in public, you put the health of others at risk. The dangers of secondhand smoking has been used to justify increasingly stringent restrictions on smoking in public places.
Types of Secondhand Smoke
Two types of secondhand smoke have been identified by the National Cancer Institute--sidestream smoke and mainstream smoke. Sidestream smoke is the smoke that is released from the burning end of a cigarette, and mainstream smoke is the smoke that is exhaled by the smoker. Both of these types of smoke contain not only tobacco smoke, but also residue from paper and chemicals used to treat the tobacco.
Secondhand smoke can be measured in the environment by looking for trace chemicals found in tobacco smoke, such as nicotine. It can be measured in the blood, saliva and urine of a secondhand smoker by looking for cotinine, a chemical that is produced when the body breaks down nicotine. Nicotine and carbon monoxide have also been found in the bodies of secondhand smokers.
Secondhand smoke damages the bodies of secondhand smokers in the same ways that it damages the bodies of smokers, according to the U.S. Surgeon General, although to a lesser degree. Thousands of cases of lung cancer and tens of thousands of cases of heart disease are attributed to secondhand smoking every year. The American Lung Association reports that secondhand smoke also causes at least 150,000 respiratory infections in infants each year in the U.S.
The U.S. federal government has banned smoking on all domestic flights and most foreign-bound flights originating from the U.S. Smoking is also prohibited on interstate buses and most passenger trains, federal buildings, and on the premises of organizations that provide federally-funded services to children. State and local governments vary in their restrictions. Many prohibit smoking in all public places, including nightclubs and bars.
Anti-smoking activists such as Stanton Glantz, Professor of Medicine at the University of California San Francisco, claim that even half an hour of exposure to secondhand smoke can significantly increase the risk of a heart attack. Dr. Michael Siegel, Professor of Community Health Services at the Boston University School of Public Health, disagrees. He claims that the effects of such short exposure are completely reversible and do not harden the arteries. He accuses extreme anti-smoking advocates of "stretching the truth." | <urn:uuid:800eea2d-7507-4b6d-999e-2c4b8c978e9c> | CC-MAIN-2016-50 | http://www.livestrong.com/article/219004-facts-about-smoking-in-public-places/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-50/segments/1480698542455.45/warc/CC-MAIN-20161202170902-00247-ip-10-31-129-80.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.960218 | 497 | 3.359375 | 3 |
October 18, 2021
DAY 289: JOURNEY THROGH THE BIBLE IN A YEAR
Today we begin our journey through Deuteronomy, the final book of law. This final book of Moses may seem familiar, for it is essentially a retelling of previous events. The word “Deuteronomy” means a second distribution. The old, unfaithful generation of Israelites had died off, and the new generation was preparing to enter the Promised Land. This second telling of events by Moses was to remind them of the importance of committing themselves fully to the Lord.
Before reading Deuteronomy 1-3, pray for understanding of today’s reading. Read Deuteronomy 1-3. Let’s journey!
Deuteronomy is the fifth and final book of the Jewish Torah and concludes the Books of Moses in the Christian Old Testament. As with the previous four, Moses wrote this book, which retells many of the events recorded in the previous books. Its purpose is the help guide the new generation that was preparing to enter the Promised Land. It is a reminder to the new generation to remain faithful to the covenant made between the Israelites and God.
Deuteronomy 1-3: This book begins with the Israelites about to enter the promised land. Moses reminds them of their history, how and why leaders were appointed, and why they had spent the last 40 years wandering in the desert. The Israelites are reminded of their many victories and how the land is to be divided. Moses acknowledges that Joshua will be the one to lead the Israelites into the Promised Land. (Deuteronomy 1:1-3:29)
After you finish today’s reading, take some time and consider the following: Why would Moses recount this part of the Israelite’s journey? What can be learned from it? Stop and reflect upon your personal journey. What lessons have you learned? What lessons do you need to remember?
For more information regarding how your financial support can help, please click here. | <urn:uuid:f6596f93-1599-4b0c-8640-4a17185bd3c4> | CC-MAIN-2022-27 | https://theforgivenessfoundation.org/2021/10/18/october-18-2021-day-289-journey-throgh-the-bible-in-a-year-deuteronomy-1-3/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-27/segments/1656104375714.75/warc/CC-MAIN-20220704111005-20220704141005-00607.warc.gz | en | 0.9568 | 438 | 3.28125 | 3 |
Protein is necessary for the processes of growth, maintaining energy levels, and repairing tissue. Strength in the muscles is directly proportional to success in athletic endeavors because muscles are composed of protein. It is a common misconception that all you must do in order to build muscle is consume a high quantity of protein. While it is true that athletes who engage in strength and conditioning training may require a little bit more protein, it is also a misconception that consuming a large amount of protein powder for men is sufficient to build muscle. The only way to develop muscle mass is through physical activity, not through dietary protein.
Table of Contents
How much protein do teen athletes need?
The quantity of protein that is necessary for adolescents to consume varies depending on where they are in their developmental process. In general, young people between the ages of 11 and 14 need 0.5 grams of protein per pound of body weight on a daily basis. This applies to both boys and girls. Therefore, a young teenager who weighs 110 pounds has a daily requirement of approximately 50 grams of protein powder for men to meet their demands. The recommended daily allowance (RDA) suffers a modest decrease between the ages of 15 and 18.
However, we have a responsibility to educate our children about the fact that muscles do not spontaneously materialize out of thin air. Even if they see a tonne of advertisements and photographs on Instagram informing them that if they go in on supplementation or a particular protein-packed diet, they won’t wake up the next morning with extra-large arms or six-pack abs. In order to create muscle, you need to put in the effort, and you also need to consume an adequate amount of protein.
Athletes between the ages of 13 and 19 who want to fulfill their daily protein needs can do so by eating protein-rich foods many times per day at regular intervals. Protein can come from a wide variety of different food sources, but the best quality protein can be found in animal products, including meat, chicken, fish, eggs, milk, and other dairy products, including soy protein. Other plant sources of protein include nuts, seeds, and legumes. These are the greatest sources of protein that adolescents can incorporate into their diets.
Why do they need protein powder?
According to a number of studies, young athletes consume a substantial amount of protein—even two or three times the amount that is considered healthy for their bodies. Increasing the amount of protein powder for men consume in their diets even further will not assist them in gaining additional muscle.
There is little evidence to suggest that taking whey protein powder for men’s supplements is necessary. If teenagers already consume a sufficient amount of meat, fish, eggs, and dairy items, then it’s quite unlikely that they require additional whey protein powder.
Is it safe for them to consume protein powder daily?
Protein powder for men might be something that teenagers wish to utilize if they desire to build muscle or even become stronger, tougher, and faster on the field. On the other hand, it’s highly unlikely that teenagers truly require it. Consuming an excessive amount of protein in excess of what is advised for a teen’s age group will not be beneficial and may even be damaging to their health.
Because whey protein is derived from milk, you should look for a dietary supplement that contains only whey protein powder for men and no other ingredients if you want to get the most out of it. If you buy whey in its natural condition from a reputable producer, there is a good chance that it won’t pose any significant health risks.
Athletes must make absolutely sure that carbs make up at least half of the food on their plates so that they can enjoy the best possible health and performance benefits from their training. This is particularly important for athletes who compete in multiple sports as well as those whose central emphasis is on endurance. On days when you are doing a lot of exercises, it is a good idea to fill about half of your plate with whole grains like rice, tortillas, bread, as well as oats. This is a good rule of thumb. The consumption of around 360-500 grams of carbohydrates on a daily basis is encouraged for high school athletes as a standard recommendation.
How can flavor help?
When it comes to producing products, one of the most significant differences between catering to adults and adolescents is flavor. Whenever it comes to appeasing the taste buds of adolescents, your company’s flavor experts may have to pull out all of the breaks in order to be successful. After all, teenagers not only have a greater number of taste buds than adults, yet each of those taste buds is more selective and sensitive.
Althogh there are several products available in the market to supplement your diet, protein powder for men is highly recommended for its profound use and effectiveness when it comes to body building. | <urn:uuid:ca36c8a3-231b-4fc4-9fce-547a48fb40f8> | CC-MAIN-2023-40 | https://www.tastefulspace.com/2022/11/10/protein-powder-and-teenage-athletes/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-40/segments/1695233510387.77/warc/CC-MAIN-20230928095004-20230928125004-00862.warc.gz | en | 0.961348 | 1,000 | 3.046875 | 3 |
Related Conditions, Part 2
Fifty percent of those diagnosed with ADHD will have so-called regulatory problems — difficulty regulating their emotions. Some might struggle with anxiety, possibly having panic attacks, while others may experience periods of depression. Other children may have trouble controlling their anger, while still others might have difficulty regulating their thoughts and behaviors, which can result in obsessive-compulsive disorder. Some kids have trouble controlling their motor behavior (tics are a common symptom).
Such problems are caused by faulty wiring in an area of the brain other than that involved in ADHD. If your child has any of these problems, and if they have been chronic and pervasive, it's essential that they be diagnosed.
Course of action: Speak to your family doctor and request a referral to a mental health professional. (Since medication may be needed, it would be efficient to see a child and adolescent psychiatrist, who, unlike a psychologist, can prescribe medication.) If your student has a regulatory problem, a selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor (SSRI) may help significantly.
Unlike regulatory problems, these behaviors aren't pervasive or chronic. They usually begin at a certain age — third grade or middle school — and seem to occur in certain settings, such as the classroom or when doing homework. They're often caused by frustrations and failures a child has experienced before his or her ADHD was diagnosed. Some kids deal with emotional pain by externalizing their problems. They blame others and take no responsibility for their behaviors. This syndrome is called oppositional defiant disorder or oppositional conduct disorder. Some children keep the pain inside and have a poor self-image. They might show clinical evidence of anxiety or depression.
Course of action: Seek a consultation with a mental health professional, preferably one who is familiar with ADHD. Treatment often requires that the child work with a therapist, along with his parents and siblings.
Social skills problems
If the child acted oddly or inappropriately with friends or schoolmates before he received treatment for ADHD, it's often hard for his peers to shake that image of him. The child might need help relearning social skills. For others, difficulty in relating to peers may have other causes, which should be both explored and diagnosed.
Course of action: Once again, seek a consultation with a mental health professional familiar with ADHD. Interventions might include counseling, group therapy, or participation in a group that focuses on teaching social skills. The school counselor can often play a significant role in these interventions.
Parents of a child with ADHD symptoms may be overwhelmed by managing their child's behavior or conflicted about a course of action. The stress often causes marital problems that may adversely affect a child.
Course of action: Seek a mental health professional who specializes in marital or family counseling. | <urn:uuid:c52a32bc-3458-4535-9184-d2a2f96c685d> | CC-MAIN-2015-22 | http://www.additudemag.com/adhd/article/787-2.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2015-22/segments/1432207929171.55/warc/CC-MAIN-20150521113209-00113-ip-10-180-206-219.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.968843 | 555 | 3.578125 | 4 |
The big statistic most of us hear about stroke is that our risk doubles every decade after age 55. But earlier this year, actor Luke Perry and director John Singleton died of stroke. Perry was 52, Singleton just 51.
Last year, Olympic sprinter Michael Johnson — once known as “the fastest man in the world”— survived a stroke at age 50. So, it appears waiting until age 55 to think about stroke could be deadly.
Are More Midlife Adults Having Strokes?
A 2017 study by researchers at the University of Michigan and the Veterans Affairs Healthcare System’s Department of Neurology in Ann Arbor, Mich., found that among people age 45 to 54, the rate of hospitalization for the most common type of stroke rose more than 20% from 2003 to 2012.
But the study’s finding doesn’t necessarily mean that more people are having strokes younger, says Dr. Koto Ishida, medical director at the New York University Langone’s Comprehensive Stroke Center. “Rates aren’t necessarily increasing, but awareness is,” she says.
About 80% of first-time stroke victims of any age have high blood pressure.
In 2003, the American Stroke Association launched a warning signs awareness campaign. With increased awareness, more potential stroke victims know to seek help sooner.
Also, Ishida says, diagnostic methods changed during the Michigan study’s time period, so some 2012 stroke victims might have been classified as something else in 2003.
One thing that does seem to be happening in people at younger ages: more risk factors for stroke, including obesity, high blood pressure, elevated cholesterol, coronary artery disease and diabetes. The Michigan study found that the number of stroke victims age 45 to 54 with three to five risk factors rose by more than 70%.
“We’re definitely seeing these risk factors younger,” says Ishida. “We call many of them ‘silent killers.’ A lot of people come to us in their forties and fifties believing they were healthy until now. But you could’ve had high blood pressure for ten years and not known it.” About 80% of first-time stroke victims of any age have high blood pressure.
Stroke Risk and Prevention
Because risk factors like high blood pressure or cholesterol don’t show symptoms until something like a stroke hits, an annual physical exam is the most important thing people can do to prevent one, Ishida says. That gives your doctor the chance to monitor you and help you lower elevated blood pressure or cholesterol to a less risky level.
There are some risk factors that you can’t change, however, like your family history. “Younger strokes and younger risk factors run in families,” Ishida says, adding that you should tell your doctor if younger people in your family have died of stroke, so they will know to start screening you sooner.
Race also matters when it comes to stroke: The risk of stroke among blacks is nearly twice as high as for whites, and blacks tend to have strokes younger.
Gender is another factor: The Michigan study found that among people age 45 to 54, nearly 30% more men than women were hospitalized for stroke.
But the good news is, up to 80% of strokes in the U.S. are preventable, according to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). These lifestyle changes can lower your risk of stroke:
- Quit smoking. Smokers are two to four times more likely than non-smokers to have a stroke.
- Lose weight. Obesity increases your risk for high blood pressure, diabetes and other key risk factors for stroke.
- Drink less alcohol. It can raise your blood pressure. The CDC recommends men have no more than two drinks a day, and women just one.
‘BE FAST’ Could Save a Life
Stroke is the fifth-leading cause of death in the U.S., but far more people survive stroke than die of it. As many as nine out of 10 survivors have some paralysis immediately after.
Thanks to medical advances in emergency treatment, recognizing a stroke immediately could make the difference between a full recovery and decades of living with a stroke-related disability. But for people under 55, stroke isn’t often top of mind.
“Every minute when you have complete blockage of blood flow to the brain, two million brain cells are irreversibly killed,” Ishida says. “If you wait and come in the next morning, it takes treatments off the table.”
The sudden onset of symptoms is a hallmark of stroke — there aren’t a lot of other things that happen so quickly, says Ishida. A sudden severe headache can be a symptom, but otherwise there usually isn’t much pain. “That’s a downside for us in the stroke world,” Ishida says. “Pain is a good motivator to get people to the ER.”
- Face: Try to smile. Is one side droopy?
- Arms: Lift both arms. Is one side weaker than the other?
- Speech: Are you having trouble getting words out, slurring or having difficulty understanding others?
- Time: Get treatment as quickly as possible. If the answer is Yes to any of the above questions, call 911 immediately.
While FAST is handy, it’s far from complete. Ishida likes to add the word BE before FAST to cover more possible signs:
- Balance: Are you feeling dizzy or struggling to keep your body steady?
- Eyes: Do you have a sudden problem with one or both eyes or double vision?
Whatever you do, don’t attempt to treat symptoms yourself. The two primary types of stroke have identical symptoms but do virtually opposite things to your brain.
The most common type, ischemic, happens when a blood clot cuts off blood flow to your brain.
Hemorrhagic strokes happen when a weakened blood vessel ruptures and blood floods into surrounding brain tissue. Since you don’t know what type of stroke you’re facing, guessing at treatment could be catastrophic.
Bottom line, says Ishida: “If you’re having sudden onset of one of those symptoms, stroke should be top of mind, no matter your age.”
Next Avenue Editors Also Recommend:
- Could It Be a Stroke?
- Atrial Fibrillation With No Symptoms Is a Silent Killer
- Understanding the Types of Rehab for Stroke Therapy
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Your generous donation will help us continue to bring you the information you care about. What story will you help make possible? | <urn:uuid:726ad327-c90d-4930-a06b-c4850b542f9d> | CC-MAIN-2019-47 | https://www.nextavenue.org/50s-understand-stroke-symptoms-risk/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-47/segments/1573496671411.14/warc/CC-MAIN-20191122171140-20191122200140-00137.warc.gz | en | 0.950144 | 1,465 | 2.765625 | 3 |
This blog post was originally published by EdSurge. Guest co-author Mary Jo Madda is an Associate Editor at EdSurge.
When Digital Promise and EdSurge considered which educator award categories to include in the 2014 Digital Innovation in Learning Awards, we wanted to highlight five areas where exemplary teachers around the world are using innovative strategies to engage and empower students.
Exemplary educators are breaking down boundaries, helping students to connect with diverse peers from other places and cultures to build their global competencies as citizens in an increasingly globalized world.
Kris Hupp, winner of the Busting Boundaries award, led his students in an ongoing series of deep virtual exchanges with international peers on contemporary topics that are relevant to the students’ lives. Watch his video to see how one student’s experience moved him to take action to improve clean water access for families in Somalia:
Exemplary educators are making learning relevant by engaging the whole community, connecting parents, community members, and local organizations to empower students to do real work that matters.
Millibeth Currie, winner of the Community Counts award, encourages her middle school girls to pursue STEM education opportunities in the local community, from scrubbing in with female surgeons to working with researchers to save an endangered local plant. Watch her video to learn more about her Women in Charge program:
Exemplary educators are leading students in multimedia projects, encouraging them to be producers and directors as they craft compelling, high-quality, relevant stories that are widely consumed by their peers and community.
Michael Hernandez, the Creative Director awardee, works with students in his journalism class to develop and produce media coverage for school and local community issues in multiple formats, empowering students to create authentic products. Watch how Michael’s students are motivated to do work not just for a grade, but for real-world use:
Exemplary educators are sharing their best and most useful resources both online and offline, using avenues like Twitter, EdCamps, and YouTube to share what they’ve learned and created with other educators.
One of two Sharing is Caring winners, Sarah Thomas, is a champion when it comes to helping educators create professional learning networks. She’s brought technology integration tools and techniques to other teachers through Google Hangouts on Air, conference presentations, EdCamps (she’s helped plan three of them in her home county), and more:
Rachel Iufer, also a Sharing is Caring winner, is the founder of the Teacher’s Pet YouTube channel, where she creates and uploads animated science videos for teachers to use in their classrooms or as homework. To achieve high quality, she has worked with teachers, artists and scientists to create a variety of these free inquiry lessons and videos:
Exemplary educators are devising and implementing their own innovative ideas that leverage education technology to spark action and student agency.
David Lowe, our Teacher Trailblazer winner, created a notetaking app called Confer after getting frustrated with cumbersome, static paper notetaking systems in his Seattle classroom. The app separates notes into custom fields like “Strength,” “Teaching Point” and “Next Step,” and has been downloaded by more than 20,000 educators and students worldwide:
We celebrate these six individuals, as well as all teachers around the world who are working every day to improve their practice and opportunities for their students. It’s hard work and there is always more to be done, but Teacher Trailblazer David Lowe offers some advice for focusing efforts:
“There will always be more gaps than you have the time or ability to take on. It’s the nature of being a reflective teacher. But you just identify which ones you care about the most, and which ones, if changed, are going to have the biggest impact on your students.” | <urn:uuid:b3878741-7163-4463-ba07-61b21077ad70> | CC-MAIN-2016-40 | http://digitalpromise.org/2014/11/07/meet-six-educators-we-all-can-learn-from/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-40/segments/1474738660887.60/warc/CC-MAIN-20160924173740-00047-ip-10-143-35-109.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.961133 | 796 | 2.625 | 3 |
As Winston Churchill once famously said, “Never let a good crisis go to waste”. While the COVID-19 pandemic is far from over, as school students return to their classrooms, there is an opportunity to capitalise on the gains from the period students and teachers have had to spend online.
This is not to belittle the losses and the hardships of many. On the contrary, the intent is to help minimise losses in a pessimistic future scenario where online learning needs to resume in the wake of a second wave of the pandemic. Ideally, in a more optimistic future, where learning can continue in the classroom for most, it would be wasteful not to integrate the gains for the benefit of all. This article considers the equity implications of on-line learning in a lockdown.
An important benefit of schools is that they can be great equalisers. Schools can reduce inequities that arise due to differences in resources, support and encouragement in the home. Therefore, if school gates shut, and if nothing is done, this equalising effect is lost.
Online learning is better than no learning
The implicit assumption of much media and expert commentaries that fast followed the closing of school gates across Australia was that the counterfactual to learning online in the home was that the gates remained open. That was not a realistic option in many parts of the country.
The counterfactual is “what if there was no online option to continue formal learning?”
Australia is a ‘lucky country’ in the sense that it was one of the ‘rich’ countries able to swiftly put in place some form of distance learning in response to the pandemic, whereas this has not been an option for three out of four ‘poor’ countries.
However imperfect the solutions implemented in Australia, they are generally better than nothing for most, but not all, students. Unfortunately, the loss of learning has been acute for some already vulnerable students.
Those with few resources in the home to support their health and wellbeing let alone their education, with parents lacking either the capacity and/or the capability to support the continuation of learning, have been separated by a widened digital divide.
The crisis has highlighted inequities and prioritised their redress
The crisis has highlighted existing inequities and prioritised their redress. For instance, the Commonwealth Government commissioned a suite of new research pieces from education and academic experts. While they vary in emphasis and coverage, the key message is consistent: if nothing is done, vulnerable student cohorts are likely to suffer from a greater loss of learning in an online environment than their peers.
When learning is moving online, ‘vulnerable students’ are students whose learning outcomes are at greatest risk of being compromised due to location, family characteristics or stage of learning.
While this article focuses more on the first two delineators, it is important not to lose sight of the third. That is, young children, who have not mastered the art of reading, if not well supported by parents, are also at risk. And, at the other end of the spectrum, are senior secondary school students who are at risk of faring less well in their final exams than previous school leavers due to disruptions to their learning.
Distinguished education researcher Professor Stephen Lamb hypothesises that vulnerable students are likely to suffer from a greater loss of learning in an online environment largely because of differences in home and digital resources, digital competencies and parental support.
The Australian Digital Inclusion Index (ADII) measures digital inclusion across three vital dimensions: affordability, access, and ability. Relating these dimensions to the learning environment, relevant is whether students: come from households that can afford sufficient digital resources so that they do not have to compete with mum, dad and their siblings for their use as each attempt to work and learn from home; have sufficient internet connectivity or data necessary to access learning online; and have the ability or support to make best use of the platforms and other technological tools used to facilitate learning online.
As is apparent from the table below, digital inclusion is worse on all fronts in rural locations, for poor families and in Indigenous households.
Professor Lamb estimates what differences in home and digital resources, digital competencies and parental support could mean for learning outcomes. He finds that if online learning were to persist for a term, Year 9 students from low socio-economic backgrounds would fall behind in their learning by 2.3 weeks in Reading and 3.3 weeks in Numeracy. And losses would continue to grow the longer online learning persists.
While these are not great numbers, bear in mind: most students have or will return to school soon; some steps were taken to bridge the digital divide; and more steps should follow provided this crisis is not wasted.
On the second point, initiatives included providing broadband connections, routers, dongles and loaning chromebooks or other digital devices to students with no or few devices in their household. In other words, while initiatives varied by system or school, they typically addressed issues of affordability and access. And, in a state of crisis, could only go so far. Connectivity continued to be an issue in the remote corners of Australia. And there is no such thing as a quick fix where it is digital abilities that are found wanting.
Which is not the same as saying there is no fix. These are not new issues. The Isolated Children’s Parents Association, for instance, sees that the silver lining of the current crisis is that issues of students in remote Australia are now on the agenda. In remote Australia issues of connectivity are the norm, as are associated issues of isolation and mental wellbeing.
When it comes to digital abilities, a good place to start is with teachers. Teachers not only have to be technically adept with the digital tools they are deploying, they need to know how to use them to best pedagogical effect and, importantly, guide students and parents in their use. No small task. Particularly when thrown into the deep end during a crisis situation.
The good news is that it is what teachers do that matters, not the medium for doing it. This is the finding of two separate syntheses of many studies – one close to home (refer advice of eminent education researcher, Professor John Hattie) and another from abroad (notably a recent evidence assessment rapidly pulled together by the United Kingdom’s Education Endowment Foundation). That is, the focus of any professional development is less about being technically adept and more about using the technology for best pedagogical effect.
Indeed, in a survey of teachers across Australia and New Zealand conducted mid-crisis most teachers rated themselves as confident or very confident users of digital technologies. Teachers’ open-ended survey responses indicate that they are struggling to do well online the things they already do well in the classroom, and to support the digital abilities of students. With respect to the former, this includes being clear, scaffolding learnings, providing feedback, prompting reflection, supporting independent learning, and enabling interaction.
The wrong thing to do now that students are returning to the classroom would be to ignore these challenges. It may take just one infected student to close a school and a second wave to close many.
Now is the time to invest in the professional development of teachers. Now is the time for teachers to apply their learnings in the classroom and better prepare their students for an online environment.
This is particularly important for supporting vulnerable students on three fronts:
Proportionally more vulnerable students need support in becoming digitally competent
Vulnerable students are more likely to benefit from explicit support to work independently, such as through the provision of checklists or daily plans
The crisis has brought into sharp relief the critical role of teachers in supporting vulnerable students’ connectivity with them and each other, as a counter to isolation, and as a means of supporting their wellbeing.
Crisis-induced creative destruction of learning can benefit all
Acclaimed educator, edtech pioneer and author, Gary Stager, urges that this is our moment. That out of a crisis comes opportunity to remake schooling in a way that is more humane, creative, meaningful, and learner-centred. To this we would add: more equitable.
Take, for example, just one category of the vulnerable learners we have just been discussing: those located in regional and remote Australia. A significant 1.1 million or 38% of Australia’s 3.9 million school students fall into this category.
Some schools located in the remotest parts of Australia are, out of necessity, well ahead of the COVID curve, and have been engaged in distance learning for years. Others have struggled to do the best by their students within the confines of the resources and the teachers they manage to attract. And students have paid the price as they have slipped behind their city peers.
The table below shares the results for last year’s NAPLAN testing for Year 9 students for Reading and Numeracy. The key message is clear: the further students are distanced from the major centres, the larger the share of students failing to achieve minimum national standards. In very remote locations, for Reading it is less than half. It is a little better for Numeracy, at two thirds. But that still means that the current approach is failing a large third of students in the remote corners of Australia.
Now imagine the possibilities if teachers and students at those schools mastered the art of teaching and learning online. Imagine if the gaps in the offerings at those schools could be met by virtual classes. Or if existing course offerings could be enriched through online access to experts across Australia or the globe. Imagine if students in year levels with few peers could engage and interact with peers in other classrooms across Australia.
This is not just a dream. Aspects of this are happening already. For instance, at Virtual Schools Victoria eligible students can do all their schooling online, or undertake selected subjects while continuing to be enrolled at their mainstream school. Now is the time to reimagine schooling on a larger scale for the benefit of more.
About the author
Mary Clarke is the founder and principal of DXP Consulting, and the lead author of the 2018/19 Parents Report Card. She has headed the education policy function for a professional body, and executive and senior public service economic and policy roles. Mary holds an Executive Masters in Public Administration and an Honours degree in Economics. | <urn:uuid:5dbfc6cb-4314-4e9d-af42-12e77d028bc0> | CC-MAIN-2021-21 | https://www.neita.com/post/never-let-a-good-crisis-go-to-waste-improving-equity-in-schooling | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-21/segments/1620243991557.62/warc/CC-MAIN-20210517023244-20210517053244-00466.warc.gz | en | 0.963284 | 2,120 | 2.703125 | 3 |
What is an ion?
An ion is an atom that has a positive or negative charge.
Due to the gain of an electron or loss of an electron, an atom becomes an ion. Here's a quick review of what an atom is:
An atom has protons (which has positive energy), neutrons (which have no energy), and for every proton, an atom has one **electron**.![https://useruploads.socratic.org/EI1N5AHQx2SueeXcmE64_atom_parts.jpg)
The nucleus holds the protons and neutrons together. Since a proton has a positive energy, protons can repel each other. The nucleus tops that. (They're like a magnet. The same sides repel each other.)
Anyways, you can probably see in the picture that there are 4 protons and 4 electrons. :)
----------------- Now, onto the ion part... --------------------------
Since there are an equal amount of protons and electrons, atoms have no charge at all. The negative electrons and positive protons cancel each other out. But if an atom gains or loses an electron, the atom becomes a ion.
Here's some extra info!:
The nucleus is orbited by the atom's electrons in shells (a type of energy levels). Shells are those ring things around the protons and neutrons. The above picture is meant to be an example only and does not show the following fact.
Each shell holds a certain number of electrons in an atom. The first shell (the innermost one) holds 2 electrons. The second shell holds 8 electrons and the third (outermost) shell can hold up to 32 electrons! Mind you, different kind of atoms have a different number of shells.
In the previous paragraph, I told you the number of electrons per shell for the ELEMENT OF SODIUM. Other elements can be different. You can know the number of electrons for an element just by looking at the periodic table.
See the 11 at the top? That part tells you how many electrons an element has. Anyways, back to what we were talkin' about. The outermost shell is called the valence shell. Atoms like to have a "full" valence shell. Atoms with a "not full" valence shell, will give up their electrons on their valence shell, becoming a positively charged cations. Atoms with full valence shells take on more electrons, becoming negatively charged anions .
I know that this answer is AWFULLY long and has extra information. I'm so sorry about that! I just can't stop typing an answer. If you want to read just about ions, read up to the "Here's some extra info!:" part. I hope this helps! | <urn:uuid:b30ef3bf-d7f2-4c7d-ad89-18cd3ecd41a1> | CC-MAIN-2022-27 | https://socratic.org/questions/what-is-an-ion#535019 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-27/segments/1656103035636.10/warc/CC-MAIN-20220625125944-20220625155944-00207.warc.gz | en | 0.918837 | 631 | 3.828125 | 4 |
Steven Dutch, Professor Emeritus, Natural and Applied Sciences, University of Wisconsin - Green Bay
The Wolf River Batholith (1500 Ma old)
The Wolf River Batholith consists of a large anorogenic granitic intrusion that extends from near Wausau to Shawano and in the subsurface at least to Oshkosh. It extends from Waupaca on the south to Lakewood on the north. There are also several satellite intrusions, notably the Wausau Syenite.
Within the intrusion is the Tigerton Anorthosite. Although this rock looks like a single unit on the map, it is actually an area of scattered inclusions within the granitic rocks. No two maps show it the same because of its ill-defined extent. In a number of other areas, notably southeast Wyoming, large granitic and anorthosite intrusions are associated. The main body of the Tigerton anorthosite is probably beneath the Wolf River Batholith, and the surface inclusions were likely carried up by the granitic magma. The anorthosite lies over the deepest part of a gravity low that probably marks the main conduit for the intrusion of the batholith.
Note also, beginning with this map, that the rift complex in northwestern Wisconsin has been peeled away. The underlying crust is probably an Archean greenstone-granite terrane similar to adjacent Archean rocks in Minnesota and Michigan. There are no data for these rocks in Wisconsin and the contacts shown are solely to simulate the map appearance of a typical greenstone-granite terrane.
Created 11 Sep 1997, Last Update 11 January 2020 | <urn:uuid:5c76224c-00f0-4d4b-b2c7-708f380cddb4> | CC-MAIN-2020-45 | http://stevedutch.net/geologywisconsin/geohist/wipcwrb.htm | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-45/segments/1603107904287.88/warc/CC-MAIN-20201029124628-20201029154628-00405.warc.gz | en | 0.939421 | 330 | 2.9375 | 3 |
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Although titled "Tartariae" the map shows from the Caspian Sea through India and China and as far east as Japan. The northern part shows present-day Mongolia and farther north but with the Kamchatka Peninsula missing from eastern Russia. Japan and "Yedso" are shown according to the information that came from DeVries' voyage. As in the Janson map above, the Great Wall is shown prominently, as is the mythical "Chiammay" Lake. A fascinating map of an area relatively little known in Europe in the seventeenth century. $750
Guillaume Delisle. "Carte Des Indes et de la Chine." Amsterdam: Jean Covens & Cornelius Mortier, ca. 1730. 24 1/4 x 24 1/2. Engraving. Original outline hand color. Full margins. Excellent condition.
A highly detailed map of Asia by Guillaume Delisle (1675-1726), the leading French cartographer of the eighteenth century and one of the greatest of all time. He is known as the "father of scientific cartography" because he was the first publisher to use methods of mensuration and triangulation in map preparation. According to Tooley, "his work was highly rated, not only by his own countrymen, but by the world at large." (Maps and Mapmakers, p. 43), and he was certainly "the most prominent figure at the beginning of the century." (Ibid.)
Asia was an area of great interest to eighteenth century Europeans, and this map shows a gradual expansion of their geographic knowledge of the region. This map, by Delisle, presents as up-to-date and correct information as was available. Depictions of towns, rivers, political divisions, and some topography are neatly and clearly presented. From West to East the map shows Tartaria at its western extreme, all of India, Southeast Asia, the East Indies, China, Korea, and Japan. The publishers of this edition of the map, Jean Covens and Cornelius Mortier, purchased Delisle's plates after his death, and continued to issue the maps from their press in Amsterdam. They enhanced their issues with the use of hand color, well evidenced in this attractive and interesting historical document. $1,200
John Cary. "A New Map of China." London: J. Cary, 1801. From New Universal Atlas. 18 x 20. Engraving. Full original hand color. Small spot near center; smudges in margins. Else, very good condition.
Amidst the turmoil of the Napoleonic wars, British naval power was rising, and mapmaking as an art and science kept pace. Cary used existing maps and new surveys to provide his clients with the most up-to-date information on all parts of the world. Inaccuracies might be evident, but they reflect the state of knowledge in western Europe when they were made. This was the best information then available by a man, who, with his sons, was one of the most prominent makers of maps and globes in the World. $425
"China, Contains 15 Subject Provinces, including the 2 Islands of Hainan | Formosa and the Tributary Kingdoms of Korea | Tonkin." From Robert Wilkinson's General Atlas of the World, Quarters, Empires, Kingdoms, States etc. with Appropriate Tables. London: Robert Wilkinson, 1801. 8 3/4 x 11. Engraving by J. Roper. Original hand color. Very good condition.
A typically detailed and neat British map of China. Detail includes towns, rivers, and some other topography. Political divisions are shown with contrasting colors. With the lovely hand color and precise engraving, the map is decorative as well as historically interesting. $245
John Cary. "A New Map of Chinese & Independent Tartary, from the latest authorities." From Cary's New Universal Atlas. London: J. Cary, 1806. 18 x 20. Engraving. Full original hand color. Some light spots in margins. Else, very good condition.
This map was drawn, engraved and published by John Cary (fl. 1769-1836) in London for the 1801 edition of his New Universal Atlas. Amidst the turmoil of the Napoleonic wars, British Naval power was rising, and mapmaking as both art and science kept pace. Cary used existing maps and new surveys to provide his clients with the most up-to-date information on all parts of the world. Inaccuracies may be evident, but they reflect the knowledge in western Europe at the time they were made. This map shows East Asia with excellent and geographically depicted detail. The original hand color adds a strong decorative appeal to this historic map. $325
John Cary. "Chinese and Independent Tartary." From Cary's New Universal Atlas. London: J. Cary, 1816. 9 1/8 x 11 1/4. Engraving. Original hand color. Excellent condition.
This map was drawn, engraved and published by John Cary (fl 1769-1836) in London for the 1816 quarto edition of his New Universal Atlas. It shows cities and roads as well as topographical details. $195
C. Gros. "Geographical and Historical Map of China." From C. V. Lavoisne's A Complete Genealogical, Historical & Chronological Atlas. Philadelphia: M. Carey & Son, 1821. 8 1/2 x 10 1/2 (map), 16 1/2 x 20 1/8 (full page with text). Engraving by Young. Original hand color. Minor browning along center seam and outside margins; chips in upper right margin. Otherwise, very good condition.
A very informative map of the East from Lavoisne's Historical Atlas. The maps from this atlas are wonderful both for their attractive geography, and for the historic text which surrounds each map. The text provides information on the religion, geography, climate, and "manner" of the people. Also included is a chronological sketch of China's history. A small section is also dedicated to the Empire of Japan. $125
"China." Philadelphia: Thomas, Cowperthwait & Co., 1850. 11 1/4 x 14 1/4. Engraving. Full original color. Full margins. Very good condition.
An excellent map of China from the Philadelphia firm of Thomas, Cowperthwait & Co. from the period when Philadelphia dominated American mapmaking. The Thomas, Cowperthwait firm purchased many of its maps from the well known firm of Samuel Augustus Mitchell, and reissued their maps. The map shows China at an interesting time in its history, the eve of the largest uprising in modern Chinese history - the Taiping Rebellion. $125
J.H. Colton. "Colton's China." New York: J.H. Colton & Co., 1855. 12 3/4 x 15 1/2. Lithograph. Original hand outline color. Decorative border. Very good condition.
In the mid-nineteenth century, the center of map publishing in America moved from Philadelphia to New York. The J.H. Colton publishing firm played a large role in this shift. Typical of the American atlases at the time, the regions are differentiated by contrasting colors and the entire map is surrounded by a decorative Victorian border. Also included are insets of Canton and Amoy. $85
"China." [and] "Japan." Philadelphia: W.M. Bradley & Bro., 1883. 16 3/8 x 23 1/2. Lithograph. Original hand color. Otherwise, very good condition.
A neatly detailed map from the Philadelphia publishing firm of William M. Bradley & Bros. While Philadelphia was no longer the main center of cartographic publishing in North America by the late nineteenth century, many fine maps were still produced there, as is evidenced by this map. Topography, political information, towns, and physical features are all presented precisely and clearly. $125
F.I. Burnham. "Map of Manchuria and Adjacent Regions, showing Railroads and Principal Motor Routes." Washington, DC: US Department of State Map Series, 1933. 26 5/8 x 21. Engraved and printed in color by US Geological Survey. Very good condition.
A large travel map with a handy "Index of Geographic Names," at right. Fascinating and detailed. $150
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©The Philadelphia Print Shop, Ltd. Last updated March 22, 2016 | <urn:uuid:c3b2fbf2-092d-4dad-9274-ee5a33151265> | CC-MAIN-2016-18 | http://www.philaprintshop.com/china.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-18/segments/1461860122501.61/warc/CC-MAIN-20160428161522-00119-ip-10-239-7-51.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.924285 | 1,836 | 2.5625 | 3 |
If you want more feathered friends to come to your lawn, you may want to consider "birdscaping" your yard. Birdscaping is the intentional effort to choose certain native plants, or even install unique features in your yard, in an effort to attract birds and other wildlife.
But if you're on the quest to construct your own backyard aviary, there are certain do's and dont's that should be taken into account. Wildlife expert Dr. Katherine Clements, the ecology and natural resources educator at the University of Florida/IFAS Extension Sarasota County, filled us in on what changes we can make to our yards to encourage birds to move in.
Limit the amount of lawn you have
Limit the amount of lawn or turf grass as birds often don't feel safe out in the open in short grass.
Increase vertical layering
You don’t want everything on your lawn to be on one level. Try and include different layers of flowering plants, shrubs and trees. This provides a diversity of food sources for the bird, but also, birds prefer to be in that transition zone. They don’t like to be out in the open or in tall trees that could house predators. The transition bushes offer great spots for nesting, food and hiding.
Leave some debris
Try not to remove every dead tree or brush pile from your yard. Some communities won't allow this, but if you live in a more natural area, these dead trees provide insects and homes for woodpeckers and smaller birds like wrens that like living in brush piles.
Water is crucial for all living things, birds included. You could put in a pond or fountain, but man-made bird baths are also a good option. Just make sure you are changing the water frequently.
Plant native vegetation
Birds that inhabit our local areas have evolved along with the native plants that grow here. The more diversity in your yard, the better the yard becomes for birds and wildlife. Choose to plant native plants that belong in Florida and aren't invasive—in other words, spread rapidly and take over native species. Some trees like the carrotwood and the Brazilian pepper tree, should be removed if found in your yard.
Certain species, like barn owls, wood ducks and purple martins like birdhouses. Now, these houses are not the kind you could just pick up from a home-supply store; they have more specific requirements. For instance, some owls will nest in a house if it has a certain sized entrance hole and is placed at a correct height. These birds are known as cavity nesters.
Specifically, keep cats inside as much as possible. In the U.S. alone outdoor cats kill 2.4 billion birds annually.
Reduce pesticide use
Lots of birds don’t want to just eat berries, they want to eat insects, as well. Lay off the pesticide and let the native birds and bats act as free exterminators when they eat your bugs.
Expand the scale of habitat
Start by improving your own backyard, but then get your neighbors or HOA involved. This helps create "wildlife corridors," a continuous habitat that goes from lawn to lawn in a neighborhood. Wildlife corridors are especially important for migratory birds who prefer to live deep in the forest, but during their journeys need a place to stop for a meal and a nap. In a way, your neighborhood can create a "bird rest stop" or "bird hotel." | <urn:uuid:de34003a-8dbb-4d9c-87c0-d6d1b667c9d9> | CC-MAIN-2019-51 | https://941ceo.com/articles/2019/8/7/nine-ways-to-birdscape-your-yard | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-51/segments/1575540553486.23/warc/CC-MAIN-20191213094833-20191213122833-00219.warc.gz | en | 0.954895 | 712 | 2.796875 | 3 |
Remember Creation is another in a growing list of books by evangelicals calling for concern about the environment. The fundamental message that Christians have a responsibility to God for wise stewardship of creation is unassailable, and Scott Hoezee’s book artfully makes the case for this. There are, however, serious weaknesses that detract from the book’s usefulness as a source of sound understanding regarding environmental theology, ethics, and science.
A Scientifically Flawed Crisis Mentality
First, the book displays considerable bias in favor of a crisis mentality in the sources cited, a common problem of many evangelical writings on the environment. Of the seventy-eight endnotes, only eight come from sources critical of what one might call the “conventional wisdom”; seven of these are from one source and one from another. In the endnotes, twenty-six distinct sources specifically address environmental issues (whether science, ethics, policy, or other aspects); of these, twenty-four support the conventional wisdom, and only two are critical of it. This indicates a lack of familiarity with the substance of the various debates in this field, which seriously undermines the book’s credibility. Hoezee’s understanding of all aspects of the debate would have been greatly enhanced by his having treated, among others, such sources as Gregg Easter-brook’s A Moment on the Earth: The Coming Age of Environmental Optimism; Ronald Bailey’s (ed.) The True State of the Planet; and Julian Simon’s (ed.) The Resourceful Earth and The State of Humanity.
Second, the book’s brief acknowledgment that there even is debate about empirical states of affairs in the environment indicates lack of awareness of the extent and character of that debate, lack of understanding of how science operates, and lack of knowledge of the current state of the debate on specific issues. This lack appears most clearly, perhaps, in his one most direct statement about scientific debate: “Unhappily, it seems almost every environmental statistic is susceptible to manipulation both by those who wish to make the crisis appear more dire and by those who wish to minimize it.” Shortly he adds, “But as is often the case in such situations, even if the truth lies somewhere in between [emphasis added], God’s creation is still in trouble in ways that have seldom before been true.” There are several problems with such thinking.
One, it is part of the normal workings of science for scientists to attempt various ways of fitting data into theories. The more readily theories incorporate data, the more likely they are to be true; the more difficulty theories have incorporating data, the less likely they are to be true. There is nothing unhappy about this procedure, unless we simply want to abandon scientific procedures.
Two, in some instances it is not a manipulation of data that must be scrutinized but the assertion of conclusions wholly lacking in data. This, for example, was the case for quite some time regarding claims of species extinction rates.
Three, splitting the difference between competing data claims or competing explanations of data is not how science works. Frequently it turns out that the truth is nowhere near the midpoint between competing claims–and sometimes it is beyond one or the other end of the spectrum defined by the first competing claims.
And four, in some of the most serious instances of debate over environmental science, the question is not nearly so much over what data are accurate and how to interpret them as over a much more fundamental question about the nature of scientific endeavor. The debate is over whether scientists should give greater weight to theories or models, on the one hand, or to empirical observation, on the other hand. In the cases of controversies regarding overpopulation, resource depletion, global warming, rain forest reduction, and species extinction, a great deal of the disagreement hinges on this divergence. The crisis proponents in each of these cases tend to put greater stake in theoretical models (and their computer simulations) than in empirical observations; their critics tend to do the opposite. When the debate is over such fundamental questions, it must not simply be swept aside, and splitting the difference becomes utterly irrelevant.
Hermeneutical and Theological Problems
Finally, like most other evangelical writings on the environment, Remember Creation suffers from some hermeneutical and theological problems. First, Hoezee equates cultivating and tilling the Garden of Eden (Gen. 2:15) with subduing and ruling the earth (Gen. 1:28), despite clear textual and philological indicators that these address different actions with different objects. One example of this problem is his handling of my own book, Where Garden Meets Wilderness; in fact, Remember Creation is in many ways a direct response to it.
Space does not permit recounting Hoezee’s position on this point in full; suffice it to say that he concludes his arguments regarding the meaning of subdue and rule in Genesis 1 and of tend and keep in Genesis 2 in this way:
… “the earth” of Genesis 1 and “the Garden” of Genesis 2 can appropriately be seen as referring generally to the entire creation of God. Hence it is also legitimate and biblically correct to allow the tender images of Genesis 2 to qualify and enhance our understanding of the “rule and subdue” words we find in Genesis 2.
His arguments supporting this conclusion fail for a variety of reasons. Arguing that “‘the earth’ of Genesis 1 and ‘the Garden’ of Genesis 2 can appropriately be seen as referring generally to the entire creation of God” merely begs the question. Hoezee merely asserts but does not actually argue that the Garden is not separate from the rest of the earth. He argues in a circle by assuming that the clause the part stands for the whole properly applies to this situation. The statement might, if it properly applied, explain things, but it does not provide evidence for the conclusion. He also ignores contrary evidence. If the author of Genesis intended to use garden as synecdoche for earth, why do Genesis 2 and 3 distinguish garden from earth in many ways, as when God planted the garden after creating the earth?
In writing, “Hence it is also legitimate and biblically correct to allow the tender images of Genesis 2 to qualify and enhance our understanding of ‘rule and subdue’ words we find in Genesis 2 [sic],” Hoezee again begs the question and again ignores contrary evidence of the different linguistic ranges of the words in question; the distinction between garden and earth mentioned in the previous point; and the fact that the garden needed guarding before the Fall, which entails some qualitative difference between what was in and what was outside the garden.
Second, Hoezee gives no serious consideration to the doctrine of God’s curse on the earth. Hoezee writes that “… it borders on heresy to suggest that beyond the boundaries of Eden, Adam and Eve had to beat back and subdue a recalcitrant and imperfect creation lest it threaten the shalom of the Garden.” Hoezee poisons the well by associating the view against which he argues with heresy and using the emotion-laden words beat back and recalcitrant. He also misuses the word heresy by applying it to an issue on which there is debate among orthodox Christian scholars and on which there has never been any authoritative judgment by any Christian denomination, let alone by the Church catholic.
And he erects and attacks a straw man by calling the creation asserted by the view he attacks “recalcitrant.” I never wrote that the creation outside the garden was recalcitrant. Indeed, in discussing the effects of the Curse, I wrote, “Instead of submitting readily to Adam’s dominion, [the earth outside the garden] would rebel against him. Instead of producing abundant fruits for Adam’s sustenance, it would produce thorns and thistles. In other words, it would behave toward Adam as Adam had behaved toward God–a fitting punishment for Adam’s sin.” This assumes that apart from the Fall and the Curse, the earth outside the garden, though susceptible of being “transformed into greater glory,” would have yielded readily to Adam’s subduing and ruling.
In sum, Remember Creation is an aesthetically attractive but logically, hermeneutically, theologically, and scientifically flawed work. The question of our responsible care of God’s creation is a vital one; sadly, Hoezee commits serious errors in his treatment of it. | <urn:uuid:cb610f2e-0078-42af-8848-e92b0a1675c6> | CC-MAIN-2016-30 | http://www.acton.org/pub/religion-liberty/volume-9-number-2/remember-scriptures | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-30/segments/1469258936356.77/warc/CC-MAIN-20160723072856-00108-ip-10-185-27-174.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.952082 | 1,769 | 2.671875 | 3 |
Ethiopian highland bamboo is a multipurpose and a fast growing plant that supports local livelihoods in many ways. It is a source of food, fodder, furniture, textile raw material, building material, industrial inputs, fuel and other purposes in Ethiopia. Physical properties are considered to be important factors in determining the suitability of bamboo for various applications. A sufficient knowledge of the physical properties of bamboo ensures safe design for materials used in service. In this study, Effects of age and height on the basic density, moisture content, wall thickness and culm diameter of Ethiopian highland bamboo (Yushinia alpina) were studied on 2, 3 and 4 years-old bamboo. The result of the study show that four years old bamboo had the highest moisture content and wall thickness and the lowest density and culm diameter. Density and culm diameter did not show significant difference between 2, 3, and 4 years of old bamboo. However, variation in moisture content and wall thickness were observed between the three age groups. Density had greatest in bottom and lowest, in the top. There is no variation of moisture content, wall thickness and culm diameter at different height positions (Bottom, Middle and Top). | <urn:uuid:6b7897e5-d9f9-4159-a3ca-951e80498466> | CC-MAIN-2019-39 | https://ijsrm.in/index.php/ijsrm/article/view/1730 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-39/segments/1568514573284.48/warc/CC-MAIN-20190918110932-20190918132932-00406.warc.gz | en | 0.937913 | 245 | 3.3125 | 3 |
Professional Development Centre, Chitral
This paper underscores the process of using authentic assessment as a learning tool in a school the context of Pakistan. Data was collected through classroom observations, conducting interviews, analyzing relevant documents and maintaining person reflective diary. Findings indicate desirable changes in the perception as well as practices of teachers and students. Replacement of traditional paper-pencil test with authentic assessment resulted in active participation of teachers and students in teaching and learning process. Study finding also reveal considerable improvement in high order skills of the students. They were actively engaged in planning, collecting information and disseminating it to the community. Use of rubric for assessment was found to be very effective in determining a pathway for both the teachers and the students to look for and get to the desirable results.
Academic Research International
(2012). Authentic assessment: An instructional tool to enhance students learning. Academic Research International, 2(3), 314-320.
Available at: http://ecommons.aku.edu/pakistan_ied_pdcc/11 | <urn:uuid:0d3dbff7-a40b-4af0-be10-08812e6f4449> | CC-MAIN-2017-39 | http://ecommons.aku.edu/pakistan_ied_pdcc/11/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-39/segments/1505818692236.58/warc/CC-MAIN-20170925164022-20170925184022-00711.warc.gz | en | 0.919701 | 210 | 3.015625 | 3 |
The bioactive sulfated polysaccharide from brown algae, fucoidan, can be used for a wide array of applications. As with other natural products, there are seasonal variabilities as well as variability within the investigated species, across regions, and from using different extraction procedures. In this study, the use of hot demineralized water and two variations of hot acidified water (10 mM sulfuric acid and 100 mM hydrochloric acid) as extraction solvents for microwave extraction of fucoidan from three different brown algae of the Fucus genus (F. vesiculosus, F. serratus, and F. evanescens) were investigated. The effect on yield of fucoidan from the different solvents at temperatures 80 °C, 100 °C, 120 °C was tested. The Fucus used in this study were harvested in the Baltic Sea in the Kiel Fjord, Germany, during Summer and Autumn of 2017. Air dried F. vesiculosus from Brittany in France was also analyzed and used for optimization of the extraction method and as a reference sample. The extraction procedure was adapted and modified from the method provided by Fletcher et al. (2017). The extracts were purified by performing dialysis. The results showed that fucoidan yield is maximized by extracting with 10 mM sulfuric acid for all species investigated. A large seasonal variance between species was observed, and large differences in yield were also dependent on species. These results suggest that to maximize fucoidan yield, one should tailor the extraction method to the specific algae species used, however, microwave assisted extraction (MAE) with 10 mM sulfuric acid proves a good general extraction method. | <urn:uuid:75f4c04a-4e5c-4d65-85cf-076039c4ca9d> | CC-MAIN-2023-23 | https://www.cetjournal.it/index.php/cet/article/view/CET1974019 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-23/segments/1685224652184.68/warc/CC-MAIN-20230605221713-20230606011713-00416.warc.gz | en | 0.9576 | 354 | 2.671875 | 3 |
Social Informatics is the body of research that examines the design, uses, and consequences of information and communication technologies in ways that take into account their interaction with institutional and cultural contexts. This article serves as a brief introduction to social informatics. Examples such as computer networks, scientific communication via electronic journals, and public access to the Internet are used to illustrate key ideas from social informatics research. Some of the key themes include: the importance of social contexts and work processes, socio-technical networks, public access to information, and social infrastructure for computing support. The article draws upon 25 years of systematic analytical and critical research about information technology and social change.
Back | TIS Home | <urn:uuid:72720595-dd76-466e-a9c2-286162beeae4> | CC-MAIN-2015-27 | http://www.indiana.edu/~tisj/readers/abstracts/16/16-3%20Kling.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2015-27/segments/1435375090887.26/warc/CC-MAIN-20150627031810-00059-ip-10-179-60-89.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.891274 | 137 | 2.875 | 3 |
Android is an operating system based on the Linux kernel,and designed primarily for touchscreen mobile devices such as smartphones andtablet computers. Initially developed by Android, Inc., which Google backed financially and later bought in 2005, Android was unveiled in 2007 along with the founding of the Open Handset Alliance: a consortium of hardware, software, and telecommunication companies devoted to advancingopen standards for mobile devices. The first publicly available smartphone running Android, the HTC Dream, was released on October 22, 2008. The user interface of Android is based on direct manipulation, using touch inputs that loosely correspond to real-world actions, like swiping, tapping, pinching and reverse pinching to manipulate on-screen objects. Internal hardware such as accelerometers, gyroscopes and proximity sensors are used by some applications to respond to additional user actions, for example adjusting the screen from portrait to landscape depending on how the device is oriented. Android allows users to customize their home screens with shortcuts to applications and widgets, which allow users to display live content, such as emails and weather information, directly on the home screen. Applications can further send notifications to the user to inform them of relevant information, such as new emails and text messages.
Android's source code is released by Google under the Apache License;this permissive licensing allows the software to be freely modified and distributed by device manufacturers, wireless carriers and enthusiast developers. Most Android devices ship with a combination of open source and proprietary software.As of July 2013, Android has the largest number of applications ("apps"), available for download in Google Play store which has had over 1 million apps published, and over 50 billion downloads. A developer survey conducted in April–May 2013 found that Android is the most popular platform for developers: it is used by 71% of the mobile developers population. Android is popular with technology companies who require a ready-made, low-cost, customizable and lightweight operating system for high techdevices. Despite being primarily designed for phones and tablets, it also has been used in televisions, games consoles, digital cameras and other electronics. Android's open nature has encouraged a large community of developers and enthusiasts to use the open-source code as a foundation for community-driven projects, which add new features for advanced users or bring Android to devices which were officially released running other operating systems. As of May 2012, Android became the most popular mobile OS, having the largest installed base, and is a market leader in most countries including the United States; there it has had the highest installed base of mobile phones for years. In the third quarter of 2013, Android's share of the global smartphone shipment market—led by Samsung products—was 81.3%, the highest ever.In most markets Android-powered phones are the most popular comprising more than half of the overall smartphone sales, including the United States market starting with the September–November 2013 period. The operating system's success has made it a target for patent litigation as part of the so-called "smartphone wars" between technology companies. As of September 2013, one billion Android devices have been activated. | <urn:uuid:50c28091-1b6f-44c7-a1e9-0a1592479763> | CC-MAIN-2017-04 | http://www.laureateiit.com/projects/bacii2014/projects/android_divyanka/index.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-04/segments/1484560280308.24/warc/CC-MAIN-20170116095120-00126-ip-10-171-10-70.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.957603 | 620 | 3.015625 | 3 |
An action picture of whaling 1837; engraving by William Home Lizars, after a drawing by J Stewart
“At one bound the captain sprang to the bow of the boat, and, brandishing the lance, cried: “Ready, lads, ready!”
“The harpooner took the steering oar and, according to his commands, the sailors pulled or back-watered, pulled or back-watered again.
“The mother whale did not seem startled at our proximity: she frolicked, turned herself about and raised the little calf, tired with following her, upon her fin.
“Captain Jay, his lance poised, waited the favourable moment to strike. The moment came, and the lance transfixed, not the whale, but the calf.
“I thought at first that the captain had aimed badly, but soon I comprehended his skill and wisdom. He was aware that the first blow from the lance would not kill the mother, and that she would then fly to a distance and be lost to us; but, by killing the nursling she would be detained immovable, no matter what might be her fate; as mother she would allow herself to be killed on the spot rather than abandon her calf. That is precisely what happened. Captain Jay was able to strike at his leisure, one, two, three, ten blows. The monster floundered, spouted blood, flurried, and died, without moving any farther away than if it had been made fast by the most solid of harpoons. How admirably the power of maternal love dominates the instinct for self-preservation.
“Thus at last I was able to say I had both seen and touched a living whale, and this in the very height of the combat. So close had I been to it that I was even covered in blood..
“We planted a guidon of ownership in the back of the dead whale and returned on board to prepare the apparatus for raising it, while one of the men climbed the summit of the Olimaroa cliff to give the signal agreed upon, by means of a flag especially erected there, for the boats to return to the Asia.
“Part of the day was employed in towing the whale and in hoisting it by the tackle. The Maoris came in crowds to lend our men a hand, and by nightfall the work was accomplished. Scarcely was the last morsel of fat on deck than the native canoes darted towards the floating carcase, which they towed to the strand. It was then a spectacle at once comical and disgusting to see the mob of men, naked and armed with knives, some hanging above the animal’s flanks and others buried within its half-open side, slashing off its flesh in every direction, and choosing enormous steaks, which the women placed on the grass in the rays of the sun.
“That evening the fires of rich and poor alike were alight for the cooking of these dainty morsels. The feast began at first with cries of joy and songs improvised in honour of the whalers, while the next day the more thrifty housewives hung from the posts of their koumaras pieces of meat to be reserved for times of scarcity.”
— Felix Maynard, surgeon on the French whaler Asia, as he recalls while serving in a whaleboat operating off Banks Peninsula in 1834
As recounted in: Maynard, Felix and Dumas, Alexandre. (1937). The Whalers. London: Hutchinson. pp 259-261, via
Te Aka Matua Library, Tai Awatea Knowledge Net, New Zealand government | <urn:uuid:0e02a7e3-8462-40e6-94d6-63798413bd61> | CC-MAIN-2020-24 | https://eshackleton.com/2014/11/24/whaling/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-24/segments/1590347391309.4/warc/CC-MAIN-20200526191453-20200526221453-00460.warc.gz | en | 0.975549 | 773 | 3.5 | 4 |
Such places are stationary with respect to the Earth-moon system due to gravitational forces canceling one another out.
Using the WISE telescope scientists were able to detect what is probably an asteroid at Earth’s L4 point, shown in the diagram below.
It was a cool paper and an intriguing discovery. It’s also a pretty incredible find considering that these points can only be seen in the daytime or evening sky, which is why asteroids haven’t been found there yet.
My first thought after seeing the paper is that this might make NASA’s plan of sending astronauts to an asteroid a lot easier.
To gain some perspective on this, I reached out to Josh Hopkins, a scientist with Lockheed Martin who has studied human missions to asteroids. Lockheed Martin is building the Orion (or MPCV) capsule for NASA.
Hopkins said a Trojan asteroid would have a key advantage over visiting rocks that transit into and out of the inner solar system.
“With typical asteroids you can find ones that come closer. For a few weeks they’re easy to get to, but then they’re gone for 20 years. With one of these Trojan asteroids you’d have a lot more flexibility.”
In other words, if there’s a delay in a spacecraft, or a problem with weather on launch day and the mission scrubs, you wouldn’t lose your chance of reaching a Trojan asteroid. It’s always going to be there.
The good news is that astronomers are probably going to be able to find more of these, so there should definitely be some Trojan candidates to visit. | <urn:uuid:c85b116d-c323-44d6-8e99-398f21eab7ce> | CC-MAIN-2014-35 | http://blog.chron.com/sciguy/2011/08/discovery-of-asteroid-in-a-stable-orbit-could-make-human-flights-there-easier/comment-page-1/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2014-35/segments/1408500835822.36/warc/CC-MAIN-20140820021355-00128-ip-10-180-136-8.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.954869 | 338 | 3.6875 | 4 |
Happy people have a higher lifespan. This effect is not influenced, nor the level of family income or family status, writes The Daily Mail. Scientists from the University of North Carolina 30 years watched the lives of three thousand volunteers, assessing their level of happiness.
A sufficient level of happiness provides the highest rate of life expectancy, found the researchers. Excessive feeling of happiness and its deficiency lead to increased mortality in the groups. The opportunity to experience happiness in full, apparently, creates the right hormonal balance and helps the body deal with stress. Excess happiness also confuses the rhythms of a person.
Note, not so long ago, scientists from Australia found: people most happy in childhood and adolescence. With 15 to 20 years, the level of happiness plummets, and then gradually decreases. At age 50 life satisfaction reaches a minimum, then the sense of pleasure of life again. | <urn:uuid:0c3b6aa6-036a-4c39-9b0d-f613aab9d078> | CC-MAIN-2017-34 | http://medicineinfo.net/scientists-happiness-prolongs-life.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-34/segments/1502886118195.43/warc/CC-MAIN-20170823094122-20170823114122-00427.warc.gz | en | 0.928714 | 178 | 2.65625 | 3 |
“Eating for two” has long been the slogan that has summed up a woman’s eating habits during pregnancy. Whatever the baby wanted, the lady got! From pancakes to pizza and grilled cheese to goat cheese, it was bottoms up (no matter how big your bottom, your top, or your baby got)! The sky or the sundae was the limit, and weight was not a worry. But pregnancy is no longer bon bons and “baby on board” tee shirts. Food choices are important, and OB/GYNs are making weight gain a weighty issue during pregnancy.
During pregnancy, both you and your baby sort of are what you eat. Long gone are the days of limitless donuts and Doritos. And although cravings don’t need to be curbed, more recent medical data show that they should be curtailed. Additionally, monitoring what you put out as well as what you put in is recommended. Caloric intake and energy output can make a sizable difference in your baby’s size and even his or her future health. In 2009, the Institute of Medicine (IOM) released a new set of guidelines for weight gain during pregnancy. These recommendations are based on your pre-pregnancy body mass index (BMI). So get out your calculator and, ugh, that dreaded scale.
To calculate BMI, you take your weight (in kilograms) and divide it by your height squared (in centimeters); so if you are 5’5 and weigh 135, your BMI would be 22.46. Your next question is: what does that mean? Is 22 a good number?
A “good” number as defined by the IOM is a BMI between 18.5 and 24.9; this is considered a normal weight. The highs and lows go like this…a BMI less than 18.5 is underweight. A BMI between 25 and 29.9 is overweight, and a BMI greater than 30 is obese.
With these numbers in mind, the recommendations are as follows:
- Women who are underweight should gain between 28 and 40 pounds during pregnancy.
- Women who are normal weight should gain between 25 and 30 pounds during pregnancy.
- Women who are overweight should gain between 15 and 25 pounds during pregnancy.
- Women who are obese should gain between 11 and 20 pounds during pregnancy.
While one size never fits all, there are exceptions to the rule, particularly women who are carrying multiples. If you are doing double duty, you don’t need to double your weight gain, but you do need to put on a few extra pounds. Recommendations are not rules, and even some rules are meant to bend and be broken. Don’t beat yourself up every time you step onto that scale: you are not trying to make weight for a wrestling match. These numbers are a guideline, not a guillotine.
Why do we care so much? Can’t there just be nine months when you are not a slave to your scale? We care because excessive weight gain during pregnancy has been linked to a whole buffet of problems: diabetes during pregnancy, fetal macrosomia, high blood pressure, birth defects, premature delivery, stillbirth, cesarean section, complicated vaginal deliveries, and childhood obesity. The menu of problems is large and continues to grow with more research.
We as OB/GYNs are pressing the issue and pressuring you to watch your weight because really bad things can happen to both you and your baby when you don’t. Last, the more weight you gain during your pregnancy, the harder it is to lose after pregnancy is done. While most of us can’t be Heidi Klum at a Victoria’s Secret fashion show one month after delivery (I mean, really, how did she do that?), how much you gain during pregnancy is equal to how much you will need to lose post-pregnancy. So fill your plate the first time, but resist the urge to go back for seconds. It’s not worth it. | <urn:uuid:270f75a0-9047-4022-af09-691df3034dfa> | CC-MAIN-2017-34 | http://truly-md.com/weight-gain-in-pregnancy/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-34/segments/1502886107490.42/warc/CC-MAIN-20170821041654-20170821061654-00470.warc.gz | en | 0.967962 | 838 | 2.546875 | 3 |
Ed reformers, including path-breaking scholars Terry Moe and Paul Peterson, championed digital instruction as the way of the future. Teaching courses online has enormous potential appeal. Instruction could be better customized to match student needs, abilities, and learning-speed. Online courses could achieve greater economies of scale, producing desperately needed efficiencies. Online instruction could address critical shortages in quality teachers, substituting capital for labor. And online instruction could politically circumvent and undermine the teacher unions and their allies by opening the door to multiple, competing education providers for each student.
Some of these benefits may hold true, at least for some students, but the dream of revolutionizing education with online instruction appears to have over-stated its prospects. The edtechnophiles may have missed the central task in education: motivating students to learn by creating social communities in which failure to learn would disappoint people with whom students have authentic relationships. The problem of learning is not how to provide information to students. Almost all of human knowledge is available to students at virtually no cost — it’s called the internet. Students could look up and learn anything they want right now. The trick is motivating students to acquire that knowledge.
Online courses appear to be less effective in getting the average student to learn and I suspect the problem is that teaching online is less able to create social communities and authentic relationships that are necessary to motivate students. Having a human being in front of students who would be disappointed if students did not learn the material seems important and something that online instruction has not been able to simulate. Students appear to be better motivated to learn when they have an in-person, authentic relationship with a teacher and when they try to please that teacher by working hard to learn. Digital instruction or a human being on the other side of the internet may not be able to create that same relationship and motivation.
There has been a fairly consistent string of studies with disappointing results from online instruction. The most of these studies, which also contains a useful literature review of past research, is by Cassandra M.D. Hart, Elizabeth Friedmann, and Michael Hill at the University of California, Davis. They examine the effects of online course-taking in California’s Community College system. Rather than summarize, I’ll let them describe their results:
Using a series of fixed effects techniques, we find patterns that are strikingly similar to those found in past literature. We find that online course-taking is negatively associated with contemporaneous course performance in terms of course completion, course passing, and the likelihood of receiving an A or a B. We subject our analyses to several novel tests to determine whether selection into online courses biases these fixed effect estimates, and find that the results are likely not biased….
We find that contemporaneous student performance in online courses is generally weaker than in [Face to Face] FtF classes. The results hold whether we use college-course fixed effects, student fixed effects, or instructor fixed effects. Our results are consistent across multiple ways of measuring student performance, for students with different characteristics, and across different subject Online Course-taking and Student Outcomes 29 areas. The consistency of these results across different methods of specification and for different groups adds credence to our findings. Our results are close in magnitude to results from similar studies conducted in multiple states (Xu & Jaggars, 2011; Xu & Jaggars, 2013; Johnson & Cuellar Mejia, 2014). In addition, the coefficients’ stability and the fact that the coefficients become more negative as we add controls suggests that the degree of selection on unobservables (Altonji, Elder, Taber, 2005; Oster, 2013) would have to be substantial and in the opposite direction from selection on observables to invalidate the fixed-effect results for our contemporaneous course-taking outcomes….
We find more modest evidence that online course-taking is associated with some negative downstream outcomes as well. Our findings that online course-taking is positively associated with course repetition and negatively associated with subject persistence are stable across a number of estimation techniques; like the contemporaneous course performance results, these are consistent whether we use student, college-course, or instructor fixed effects. The subject persistence results are largely stable across student subtypes, but are non-significant for AfricanAmerican students. There is more heterogeneity across subject types; while subject persistence gaps are negative for math, humanities, and social science classes, the gap is non-significant for business classes and is actually positive for information technology courses. In all cases, however, the subject persistence gaps are much smaller in magnitude than the estimates for the contemporaneous outcomes. | <urn:uuid:d864ada2-e8d6-4744-9234-242bf8a5988a> | CC-MAIN-2022-21 | https://jaypgreene.com/2016/08/12/online-courses-may-not-be-the-way-of-the-future/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-21/segments/1652662520936.24/warc/CC-MAIN-20220517225809-20220518015809-00100.warc.gz | en | 0.944099 | 936 | 3.1875 | 3 |
The American Presidency: An Intellectual History by Forrest McDonald (528 pages, University Press of Kansas, 1994)
Forrest McDonald’s The American Presidency: An Intellectual History is a most impressive work. Few contemporary books in American politics reflect the careful and prodigious research, as well as the considerable breadth of knowledge and historical insight brought to bear by McDonald. If you are looking for behavioral models and typologies of presidential behavior, this is not the right book. But if you seek a deeply historical and substantively rich overview of the U.S. presidency, this book is without peer.
As one might expect, given McDonald’s reputation as a leading scholar of the American founding, about half of the book is devoted to a discussion of the numerous influences shaping the creation of the presidency as well as the institution’s evolution during the formative early years of the republic. No less than five chapters out of sixteen are devoted to assessing the importance of the “great commentators on English law and constitutional custom,” political philosophers, ancient and contemporary historians, and the experience of the colonial and revolutionary eras as reference points for the Framers of the Constitution in their creation of the presidency.
McDonald’s discussion of this broad array of influences is not without its contradictions, however. “It seems fair to say,” writes McDonald, “that the Framers could not have accomplished what they did without the political philosophies of Machiavelli, Hobbes, Locke, Bolingbroke, Hume, De Lolme, and a few others” (39). Yet, in his next chapter, McDonald argues convincingly that political philosophy was substantially less important than the lessons of history as a guide for the Framers in shaping the Constitution. As he puts it:
History, to most of the authors of the Constitution, was more valuable than political theory because it was more real; as Bolingbroke put it, history was philosophy teaching by example. Eighteenth-century Americans read widely in history, thought historically, and cited history as authority. During the first three weeks of the Philadelphia convention, for instance, delegates buttressed their positions with historical references at least twenty-three times, not counting references drawn from British, colonial, or recent American history, inclusion of which would treble the total. A number of delegates delivered lengthy addresses on the lessons to be learned from ancient or modern history. During the same period only one political philosopher was mentioned by name. (67)
A noted biographer of Washington and Jefferson, McDonald offers what may well be the best chapter-length treatments on record of the precedent-rich Federalist and Jeffersonian Republican eras. Ever sensitive to the role of decorum in shaping the office of the presidency, Washington sought the advice of Adams, Hamilton, Jay and Madison on the appropriate rules of behavior for the new office. Washington wished to strike a balance between, in his words, “‘too free an intercourse and too much familiarity,’ which would reduce the dignity of the office, and ‘an ostentatious show’ of monarchical aloofness, which would be improper in a republic” (214). For the inauguration ceremony itself, “Washington took the oath of office in the Senate chamber, where both houses of Congress had gathered, and then he delivered his address.” This procedure “was consciously patterned after the arrangements in England, where the king, at the beginning of each session of Parliament, addressed both houses in the chamber of the Lords.” But Washington, wearing a suit of brown broadcloth made in Connecticut, hoped to take some of the monarchical edge off the proceedings.
Even when it came to “the niceties of federal-state relations,” Washington was very considered in his actions. When he was invited to review the militia in Massachusetts, Washington declined, ” ‘otherwise than as a private man’ because they were under state jurisdiction.” Having deferred to state sensibilities in that regard,
he similarly refused John Hancock’s invitation to stay in the governor’s residence in Boston but agreed to have dinner together—on the assumption that Hancock would acknowledge the subordinate position of governors by first paying the president a courtesy call. Hancock instead sent a message that he was crippled with gout and could not leave home, whereupon Washington flatly refused to see him except in Washington’s own lodgings. Next day the governor, heavily swathed in bandages, called upon the president. (216)
While some of Washington’s contemporaries found such concerns pretentious or comical, Washington did not. “It was his task,” McDonald writes,
to enable the American people to make the transition from monarchy to republicanism by serving as the symbol of nationhood and to institutionalize the symbol by investing it in the office, not in the man. To that end, he behaved as if his every move was being closely scrutinized, which to a considerable extent it was. (216)
The standard of excellence that McDonald not surprisingly meets in his discussion of the early period in the evolution of the presidency is matched or exceeded in subsequent chapters of the book. Vast amounts of information are distilled and presented in each chapter. In his discussion of the modern presidency, for example, McDonald eloquently weaves together strands of the works of Clinton Rossiter and Richard Neustadt. The Neustadtian theme finds expression in McDonald’s observation that the president
must inspire confidence in his integrity, . . . competence and capacity to take charge. . . . Indeed, it is scarcely possible to govern well in the absence of such confidence because the president’s job is to persuade other people to implement his decisions, and his persuasiveness rests largely on what those others perceive his public perception to be. The image thus determines the reality. (425)
McDonald’s discussion of Thomas Jefferson also has a Neustadtian ring to it. McDonald suggests that Jefferson was an “intensely private man,” with “a passionate aversion to confrontation, argument, and disharmony,” who chose to wield power, “not by direct exercise of his constitutional authority, but by bargaining, persuasion, and the careful husbanding or expenditure of his counters in the political game” (247).
But while Neustadt advised John F. Kennedy to “deinstitution-alize” and “humanize” the presidency, McDonald warns that Jefferson’s “humanizing” of the presidency allowed him to exert influence independent of office, with adverse consequences for his successors. “By stripping from everyone pretense and the trappings of status,” Jefferson “established a milieu in which he was quite without a peer. In the intimate surroundings in which he was host and master of the house, he was clearly the first among equals.” But “his methods could be effective only with a man of Jefferson’s gifts at the helm” (248).
Garry Wills offers a similar critique of Neustadt’s formula for highly personalized leadership in his book The Kennedy Imprisonment. “The Neustadt school,” Wills writes,
maintained that the presidency is only what each President makes it, that the office is defined by the man, not vice versa. This has led to the intense personalization of the institution. . . . This personalization creates charismatic expectations in non charismatic times, to be followed by inevitable disappointment.
Hence, Wills argues that while George Washington’s authority “was lent, in diluted and diffused manner, to the constitutional procedures he affirmed by his resignation of power,” the charismatic leaders attempt to contrive a “crisis” atmosphere even when no crisis exists.
In acknowledging the limitations of the “personalized” presidency, McDonald’s focus is far more compatible with the work of Clinton Rossiter than it is with the Neustadtian perspective. The Rossiterian influence is evident in McDonald’s pronouncement that “the president is during his tenure the living embodiment of the nation. Hence it is not enough merely to govern well; the president must also seem presidential.”
Rossiter perceptively noted that the presidency fuses the dignity of a king with the governmental adeptness of a prime minister. McDonald shows through numerous examples of actions and rhetoric how various presidents, from Washington onward, have mixed, merged, or ignored these roles. McDonald’s discussion of Woodrow Wilson and Ronald Reagan, for example, serves quite nicely to explicate the “chief executive” and “chief of state” roles.
Shortly before taking office, Wilson wrote that the president “must be the prime minister, as much concerned with the guidance of legislation as with the just and orderly execution of law, and he is the spokesman of the Nation in everything.” Congress, as “the law making part of the government,” should, according to Wilson, “be very hospitable to the suggestions of the planning and acting part of it,” the presidency (359). To stress this point, McDonald observes, Wilson “abandoned precedent by appearing in person to address Congress,” much as a prime minister addresses the parliament.
While Wilson focused his energies on the “chief executive” role, Ronald Reagan was chief of state par excellence.
He saw the main task in his role as head of state (as distinguished from head of government) as restoring the nation’s confidence and self-respect after the traumas of Vietnam and Watergate. President Carter had perceived the same need but had exacerbated the problem by giving a television speech in 1979 in which he almost whiningly complained about a “crisis in confidence.” Reagan, by contrast, exuded faith in himself and in his country, and the confidence was contagious. (453)
The contrast between Jimmy Carter and Ronald Reagan on the chief of state role is striking. While Reagan clearly understood the importance of preserving what Walter Bagehot described as the habitual reverence of the people for institutions that instill a sense of dignity in their government, Carter seemed to have no such conception of the office. McDonald cites Tip O’Neill’s memoirs to illustrate this point. Commenting on Carter’s efforts to, in press secretary Jody Powell’s words, “de-pomp” the presidency, O’Neill wrote,
What Carter failed to understand is that the American people love kings and queens and royal families. They want a magisterial air in the White House, which explains why the Kennedys and the Reagans were far more popular than the four first families who came in between them. (426)
O’Neill was not alone amongst members of Congress who yearned for a more presidential air. Dan Rostenkowski once surprised Carter during the president’s visit to Chicago by having the house band strike up “Hail to the Chief” as Carter entered the room. Until this point, such pomp had been strictly forbidden by Carter, but the enthusiastic response that he received from the Chicago audience convinced Carter to allow the practice to continue.
Carter, Forrest McDonald makes clear, was not the first president to attempt to “de-pomp” the presidency. When it came to the ceremonial, ritualistic, and symbolic functions of the presidency, McDonald notes, Jefferson seemed intent on rejecting them out of hand. Unlike Washington before him, Jefferson “shunned display, protocol, and pomp; he gave no public balls, held no levees, had no public celebrations of his birthday.” Moreover, he abandoned the monarchical ritual of appearing in person before the legislative branches and afterward exchanging formal messages. When Jefferson had anything to say to Congress, he sent his secretary with a written note. . . . He never held court for government officials or, though he understood the ritualized niceties of European diplomacy, for foreign ministers. Instead, he held an endless succession of small dinner parties, invitations to which were handwritten and signed not “The President of the United States,” as Washington and Adams had signed, but simply “Th: Jefferson.” There were rarely more than twelve guests at a time, and the seating was pell-mell. . . . Unwigged, casually dressed, Jefferson charmed his guests . . . . (253)
The lively interplay between historical insight and contemporary analysis of the presidency makes for interesting and informative reading. In a midterm election year that will be remembered for its negative campaigning, McDonald reminds us that negative campaigning is as old as American politics. While George Bush was chastised by the press for not instantaneously repudiating the non-candidate sponsored commercials on the saga of the furloughed felon Willie Horton in 1988, and for calling Clinton and Gore “bozos” in the 1992 race, these incidents pale in comparison to the campaign that Andrew Jackson faced in 1828. Supporters of John Quincy Adams vilified Jackson as “an uncouth frontier ruffian, a murderer, and an adulterer.” And, as if this were not enough, Jackson’s detractors “slandered his wife” and charged that Jackson’s mother “had been the concubine of a black man and thus that he was a bastard mulatto” (430).
Jackson’s supporters responded in kind, “charging Adams with corruption, with using public funds for private advantage, for having had premarital sex with the woman he later married and for being involved, while minister to Russia, in facilitating the seduction of an American girl by the tsar.”
McDonald’s insights also suggest that earlier elections were marred by many of the same faults that political scientist Thomas Patterson attributes to modern elections in his new book Out of Order. Patterson notes, for example, that media coverage of modern elections places great emphasis on personalities and tactics while little attention at all is paid to issues and substantive policy differences. As McDonald notes, “the striking fact about the 1828 election . . . is that nothing at all was said about what the candidates would do if elected” (430).
By 1885, McDonald notes, “the technology that made mass-circulation newspapers and magazines possible, created an enormous demand for news.” Indeed, “demand far exceeded supply, and reporters early on learned to file stories about nonevents such as speeches, ceremonies, and rumors.” Since presidents and presidential candidates “were among the few people whose names newspaper readers everywhere could recognize . . . Americans were fed information (or misinformation or disinformation) about their president on a daily basis” (435). Again, not much has changed.
Nor are adversarial relations with the press new. Woodrow Wilson made it clear that he viewed reporters as impertinent, disrespectful, and prying. “The reporters, for their part, regarded Wilson as cold and aloof, prone to lecture as if he were still a professor, and somewhat dictatorial in his efforts to control the news” (437). Needless to say, Wilson did not ingratiate himself with the press.
What has changed in press coverage of the presidency is the ideological thrust of reporting. During Franklin Roosevelt’s presidency, such major newspapers as the New York Times, Los Angeles Times, Detroit Free Press, and Chicago Tribune were “vehemently antiadministration” (444). Roosevelt had the editorial support of just 37% of the daily newspapers in 1936 though he won 60% of the popular vote. Consequently, Roosevelt turned to the radio airways to get his message across in undiluted form with “carefully scripted, diligently rehearsed, and beautifully executed” talks.
Today, of course, the major newspapers tend to champion activist “Rooseveltian” presidencies like Bill Clinton’s while conservatives emulate Roosevelt’s clever practice of turning to radio as the communications medium of preference. Unable to exert editorial control over radio talk-show hosts, Washington-based reporters for the major news dailies, like Jack Nelson of the Los Angeles Times and Charles Corddry of the Baltimore Sun, excoriate and demonize the likes of Rush Limbaugh as alleged purveyors of misinformation.
Last, but not least, McDonald’s reading of history is refreshingly different from the Rooseveltian lenses of a Neustadt or an Arthur Schlesinger, Jr. A brief look at McDonald’s observations concerning Woodrow Wilson, Franklin Roosevelt, and Ronald Reagan underscores the differences. Regarding Wilson, for example, McDonald writes:
Radical as Wilson’s conception of the presidency was, it was moderate compared to his conception of himself, which was little short of messianic. Indeed, the day after his election, the Democratic national chairman called on him to confer about appointments, only to be rebuffed by Wilson’s statement, “Before we proceed, I wish it clearly understood that I owe you nothing. Remember that God ordained that I should be the next President of the United States.” He was a master of oratory who described every issue, no matter how trivial, in terms of a great moral crusade, always with himself as the nation’s (and later the world’s) moral leader—and he believed what he was saying. Given that attitude, it followed that people who opposed him were unenlightened or evil; it was therefore impossible to meet them halfway. (360)
After winning reelection in 1916 by a narrow margin in the electoral college and again by a minority of the popular vote, Wilson had become “frustrated domestically,” and “directed his attention to saving the world ‘for democracy.’ ” In 1918, McDonald wryly observes, “Republicans regained control of Congress, and they made life hell for Wilson” (364).
McDonald’s discussion of Franklin Roosevelt is prefaced by a discussion of how Herbert Hoover’s own legislative proposals to combat the steadily worsening depression in 1931 set the stage for Roosevelt’s activism. Chief among Hoover’s bills was the Glass-Steagall Act, which had vast implications for the expansionistic presidency of Roosevelt’s era. Designed to counteract the devastating contraction of currency and credit, it broadened the kinds of commercial paper that were acceptable for rediscount (and thus usable as the basis for the issuance of money) in the Federal Reserve System, and it also made government debt acceptable for that purpose. Politicians took a while to perceive the implication for fiscal policy: The more the federal government borrowed, the greater was the potential money supply. That innovation, coupled with the income tax on personal and corporate incomes authorized by the Sixteenth Amendment, made the growth of the Leviathan state and the imperial presidency fiscally possible (365).
Roosevelt was more than willing to start the nation and the presidency moving in that direction. As McDonald puts it:
“Having reached the pinnacle of legislative power and having taught the people to look to the president as the remedy for every problem, Roosevelt went too far and committed political blunders that made it impossible for himself and for successors to fulfill the expectations he had raised” (367).
Bill Clinton should read at least this much of McDonald’s book, but he ought to read pages 378-79 as well. In these pages, which concern Reagan’s economic program, McDonald notes that the program was not all doom and gloom. On the down side, federal expenditures increased from $657 billion to $1,064 billion over a seven-year period, and “by no means just because of defense spending, since outlays for civilian programs increased considerably faster.” On the plus side, “the nation experienced a period of economic growth and prosperity that lasted more than seven years.” Federal revenues increased from $599 billion in 1981 to $909 billion in 1988. And while Reagan left a legacy of increasing deficits, the economy was growing so rapidly that the deficit “was less as a percentage of gross national product when Reagan left office than when he had entered it.” As an added bonus, in McDonald’s view, the deficit “had the effect of preventing Congress from enacting many new social or economic programs.”
McDonald gets in a few digs at Congress along the way. He notes, for example, that no real spending cuts were made under Gramm-Rudman-Hollings, “not even of the bogus variety Washingtonians called a cut: a smaller-than-projected increase.” After nearly two years of struggling with the deficit, George Bush broke his “no new taxes” pledge and agreed to support a tax increase in exchange for a promise to cut spending. As McDonald notes, “Congress lived up to half the agreement, namely the tax increase” (380).
In addition to containing a heavy dose of meaningful history, Forrest McDonald’s book is chock-full of memorable anecdotes. His vehicles for developing the story of the presidency are often as humorous as they are trenchant. Bill Moyers, for instance, once said, “The real problem with Lyndon Johnson is that he probably believes about ninety percent of what he reads or hears. So he finds it perfectly natural to expect the people to believe about 90% of what he says” (472).
Even the poet Robert Frost serves as a keen lens for observing the presidency. A lifelong Democrat, Frost, in McDonald’s view, captured the essence of Woodrow Wilson’s legacy to future presidents when he wrote in 1928 that Wilson “saw as vastly as anyone that ever lived. He was a great something, if it was only a great mistake.” Frost added: “Some might think his failure was in missing a mark that someone to come after him will hit, but I suspect it was worse than that: he missed a mark that wasn’t there in nature or in human nature” (439).
McDonald closes one of his chapters with the following remark: “By the year 1992 American citizens had become sick unto death of their government and of their president. Somehow they managed to retain faith in the office of the president—if the right candidate would come along” (381). McDonald did not suffer the burden of having to appraise Bill Clinton’s presidency in the first edition of this remarkable book. He does note, however, that Clinton’s path to the presidency included a saxophone solo on the Arsenio Hall show and an appearance on MTV. Tony Coelho, a top adviser to Clinton, acknowledged a few weeks before the mid-term elections of 1994 that there is “a feeling among the American people that maybe he’s not quite up to being president.” Because Clinton had “become a prime minister,” Coelho added, “people don’t know he has a vision. He’s got to keep being president.” Perhaps Coelho has already read McDonald’s book. Many others ought to.
Books by Forrest McDonald may be found in The Imaginative Conservative Bookstore. This review originally appeared in HUMANITAS, (Volume VII, No. 2, 1994 (c) National Humanities Institute) and is published here by permission. | <urn:uuid:49d3f11f-963c-468e-ae90-b890681fb47b> | CC-MAIN-2021-04 | https://theimaginativeconservative.org/2012/03/living-embodiment-of-nation-american-presidency.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-04/segments/1610703548716.53/warc/CC-MAIN-20210124111006-20210124141006-00374.warc.gz | en | 0.967728 | 4,890 | 2.875 | 3 |
Physiology of Circulation
Roles of Capillaries
In addition to forming the connection between the arteries and veins, capillaries have a vital role in the exchange of gases, nutrients, and metabolic waste products between the blood and the tissue cells. Substances pass through the capillary wall by diffusion, filtration, and osmosis. Oxygen and carbon dioxide move across the capillary wall by diffusion. Fluid movement across a capillary wall is determined by a combination of hydrostatic and osmotic pressure. The net result of the capillary microcirculation created by hydrostatic and osmotic pressure is that substances leave the blood at one end of the capillary and return at the other end.
Blood flow refers to the movement of blood through the vessels from arteries to the capillaries and then into the veins. Pressure is a measure of the force that the blood exerts against the vessel walls as it moves the blood through the vessels. Like all fluids, blood flows from a high pressure area to a region with lower pressure. Blood flows in the same direction as the decreasing pressure gradient: arteries to capillaries to veins.
The rate, or velocity, of blood flow varies inversely with the total cross-sectional area of the blood vessels. As the total cross-sectional area of the vessels increases, the velocity of flow decreases. Blood flow is slowest in the capillaries, which allows time for exchange of gases and nutrients.
Resistance is a force that opposes the flow of a fluid. In blood vessels, most of the resistance is due to vessel diameter. As vessel diameter decreases, the resistance increases and blood flow decreases.
Very little pressure remains by the time blood leaves the capillaries and enters the venules. Blood flow through the veins is not the direct result of ventricular contraction. Instead, venous return depends on skeletal muscle action, respiratory movements, and constriction of smooth muscle in venous walls.
Pulse and Blood Pressure
Pulse refers to the rhythmic expansion of an artery that is caused by ejection of blood from the ventricle. It can be felt where an artery is close to the surface and rests on something firm.
In common usage, the term blood pressure refers to arterial blood pressure, the pressure in the aorta and its branches. Systolic pressure is due to ventricular contraction. Diastolic pressure occurs during cardiac relaxation. Pulse pressure is the difference between systolic pressure and diastolic pressure. Blood pressure is measured with a sphygmomanometer and is recorded as the systolic pressure over the diastolic pressure. Four major factors interact to affect blood pressure: cardiac output, blood volume, peripheral resistance, and viscosity. When these factors increase, blood pressure also increases.
Arterial blood pressure is maintained within normal ranges by changes in cardiac output and peripheral resistance. Pressure receptors (barareceptors), located in the walls of the large arteries in the thorax and neck, are important for short-term blood pressure regulation. | <urn:uuid:12d31f85-174b-4771-bf6e-39e6fc2fe7aa> | CC-MAIN-2015-40 | http://training.seer.cancer.gov/anatomy/cardiovascular/blood/physiology.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2015-40/segments/1443736676033.18/warc/CC-MAIN-20151001215756-00220-ip-10-137-6-227.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.929024 | 626 | 4.3125 | 4 |
A descendant of eight Mayflower Passengers, John Howland, Elizabeth Tilley, Richard Warren, John Cooke and his father Francis Cooke, Mary Allerton, and her parents, Isaac Allerton and Mary Norton.
Richard Warren m. Elizabeth Walker -
Francis Cooke m. Hester Mahieu
Sarah Warren m. John Cooke
Esther Cooke m. Thomas B. Taber
Ester Tabor m. Samuel Perry
Ebenezer Perry m. Abigail Fessenden
Samuel m. Susannah Swift
Deborah Perry m. Joseph Church
Deborah Church m. Warenne Delano
Isaac Allerton m. Mary Norton
Mary Allerton m. Thomas Cushman
Eleazer Cushman m. Elizabeth Royal Combes
James Cushman m. Sarah Hatch
Elizabeth Cushman m. Ephraim Delano
Warene Delano m. Deborah Church
Warenne Delano m. Catherine Robbins Lyman
Sara Delano m. James Roosevelt
Franklin Delano Roosevelt
; ; Mary Rebecca Aspinwall m. Isaac Roosevelt.
John Howland m. Elizabeth Tilley
Joseph Howland m. Elizabeth Southworth
Nathaniel Howland m. Martha Cole
Nathaniel Howland m. Abigail Burt
Joseph Howland m. Lydia Huntington
Susan Howland m. John Aspinwall
Mary Rebecca Aspinwall m. Isaac Roosevelt
James Roosevelt m. Sara Delano
Franklin Delano Roosevelt
Roosevelt, Franklin Delano
Franklin Delano Roosevelt, 32d president of the United States (1933 - 1945), greatly expanded the role of the federal government with a wide-ranging economic and social program, the New Deal, designed to counter the Depression of the 1930s. He also led the nation through most of its participation in the global struggle of World War II.
Of Dutch and English ancestry, Roosevelt was born on Jan. 30, 1882, at Hyde Park, N.Y., to James Roosevelt, scion of a noted, wealthy family, and his second wife, Sara Delano Roosevelt. Franklin led a sheltered youth, educated by governesses, his life revolving about the Hyde Park family estate in rural Dutchess County, trips to Europe, athletics (especially swimming and boating), and hobbies, such as stamp and bird collecting. Although he cherished fun and companionship, he rarely confided his innermost thoughts, perhaps as a device for evading his mother's attempts at domination.
At the exclusive Groton School (Groton, Mass.), Franklin was imbued with a sense of social responsibility. He was an average student at Harvard University, edited the Harvard Crimson in his senior year, and after graduation (1904) attended (1904 - 1907) Columbia Law School. He dropped out of law school upon admission to the New York bar and worked (1907 - 1910) for a Wall Street law firm.
Tall, handsome, athletic, and outgoing, Franklin married a distant cousin, a shy young woman, Anna Eleanor Roosevelt, on Mar. 17, 1905. Her uncle, President Theodore Roosevelt, gave the bride away. Their children were Anna Eleanor, James, Elliott, Franklin Delano, Jr., and John; a sixth child died in infancy. The Roosevelts were active in New York social circles but at the same time devoted considerable energy to the plight of the less fortunate. Franklin's handling of small-claims cases in the municipal court system deepened his concern for the common people. Although a Democrat, he admired the progressivism of Uncle Teddy and decided early upon a political career. His opportunity came in 1910 when Dutchess County Republicans split between old guard conservatives and progressives. A colorful, dynamic campaigner, Roosevelt toured dirt roads in an open red Maxwell automobile, soliciting the votes of normally Republican farmers, and won a seat as a Democrat in the New York state senate.
Rise to National Prominence
Roosevelt gained quick recognition by his leadership of upstate New York Democrats in a fight against Tammany Hall's nominee for the U.S. Senate. At the 1912 Democratic National Convention he backed Woodrow Wilson in a bitter contest for the party's presidential nomination and was subsequently awarded the post of assistant secretary of the navy (serving 1913 - 1920). He gained considerable administrative experience under his superior, Josephus Daniels, a progressive North Carolina newspaper editor, and made a reputation as a jingoist and an advocate of navy interests. Some of the Wilsonians, however, viewed Roosevelt as dandified and superficial, a characterization that plagued him in later years.
The Roosevelt name and his progressive image won him the party's vice-presidential nomination in 1920 on the ticket with the conservative newspaper publisher Gov. James M. Cox of Ohio. The Democrats had little hope of victory. Americans, tired of war and Europe's problems, opted for Warren G. Harding's promise of a "return to normalcy." Roosevelt's campaign, regarded as a sacrificial gesture, was highlighted by a vigorous defense of Wilson's advocacy of U.S. membership in the League of Nations.
In the summer of 1921, while vacationing at his summer home on Campobello Island (New Brunswick, Canada), Roosevelt was stricken with poliomyelitis. Recovery was slow, and the family's wealth appeared adequate to allow him a genteel retirement to the Hyde Park estate, a course urged by his mother. Instead, encouraged by Eleanor and by advisor Louis McHenry Howe, Roosevelt slowly regained his aspirations for public office, although he permanently lost the use of his legs. Intensive therapy, including swimming, hastened partial physical recovery. At the Democratic National Convention of 1924, Roosevelt signaled his return to politics with the Happy Warrior speech that placed Gov. Alfred E. Smith of New York in nomination for the presidency. When Smith finally secured the nomination in 1928, he persuaded Roosevelt to run for the New York governorship. Smith's identification with New York City's Tammany Hall was a liability. He hoped that Roosevelt's appeal to Protestant, rural upstate voters would swing the Empire State to him in the presidential contest with the Republican Herbert C. Hoover.
Although Smith lost his own state and the traditionally Democratic South in the 1928 contest, Roosevelt, proving his mobility in a strenuous campaign, managed a narrow victory. His governorship was molded in the progressive tradition. Its accomplishments included the development of public power, civil-service reform, and social-welfare measures. In addition, Roosevelt cultivated a presidential image with the help of a loyal group of advisors: Howe was his principal political manager; James A. Farley, a Catholic, was assigned the task of winning delegates to the 1932 presidential convention; Henry Morgenthau, Jr., Roosevelt's Hudson Valley neighbor, was an agriculture advisor; Frances Perkins, industrial commissioner of New York, advised on labor questions and social security; and Samuel I. Rosenman was a speechwriter and confidant. A smashing victory in the 1930 gubernatorial election, the growing appeal of the Roosevelt name as the Great Depression made Hoover politically vulnerable, and identification with both Southern and progressive party elements won Roosevelt the Democratic party's 1932 presidential nomination, despite fierce opposition by a conservative coalition headed by Smith.
Roosevelt's opponents claimed that he was intellectually and physically unfit for the presidency. Anxious to belie such charges, he chartered a Ford trimotor airplane and, as a dramatic gesture, flew to Chicago; there, at the Democratic National Convention, he pledged to the American people a New Deal. That expression, symbol of an era in American history, represented a cluster of ideas formulated by the candidate and his Brain Trust, a group of advisors recruited from New York's Columbia University. Faced with the prospect of governing the nation in the worst economic crisis in its history, Roosevelt desired an examination of causes and remedies free from the pressures of a political campaign. The advisory group, organized a few months before the July convention, was unofficially headed by Raymond Moley, a professor of public law, and included Rexford G. Tugwell, an agricultural economist, and A. A. Berle, Jr., a specialist in corporate structure and finance. They concluded that the United States had become an interdependent society (a "concert of interests") and that the agricultural depression of the 1920s had brought down the rest of the nation's economic structure. In the Forgotten Man speech drafted by Moley, Roosevelt presented the group's theory that productivity had outpaced the capacity of farmers and laborers to consume. During the campaign he also argued that big business should be accountable to society ("an economic constitutional order") and spoke in favor of conservation, relief, social insurance, and cheaper electricity. The Depression helped give Roosevelt an overwhelming victory in November.
On the eve of the March 1933 inauguration, the nation's banking system collapsed as millions of panicky depositors tried to withdraw savings that the banks had tied up in long-term loans. Approximately 12 to 14 million Americans were unemployed, and business nearly ground to a halt. In ringing tones, Roosevelt told the nation that "the only thing we have to fear is fear itself" and promised effective leadership in the crisis. That same day he closed the banks by proclamation, summoned a special session of Congress for the passage of emergency banking legislation, and began the process that within a week provided the liquidity that banks needed in order to reopen. The banks also had to regain public confidence, and in his first "fireside chat" radio broadcast the new president urged the American people to stop hoarding cash. Millions obliged as the self-assured new chief executive offered a vigorous contrast to his dour, embattled predecessor.
The New Deal
Although Roosevelt's New Deal is frequently described as an improvisation, much of it was planned in advance. His domestic program consistently accorded priority to agricultural recovery, with provision for crop restriction in the Agricultural Adjustment Act (AAA) of 1933 (see Agricultural Adjustment Administration); passage of the Soil Conservation Act of 1935, later expanded in response to the Supreme Court's ruling (1936) against AAA; and the second AAA Act in 1938, which pledged to the nation the maintenance of a large grain reserve. In addition, the New Deal sought to rationalize the business system by temporarily ending bitter economic warfare (the National Industrial Recovery Act and its fair practice codes; see National Recovery Administration). Unemployment insurance was introduced, and the new social security program guaranteed income for retired Americans. The New Deal also encouraged the growth of industrial unionism, the end of child labor, and maximum hours and minimum wages legislation on a national basis.
The credit of the United States was used to salvage millions of urban home mortgages (Home Owners Loan Corporation) and farms (Farm Credit Administration) and to encourage private business by expanding the Reconstruction Finance Corporation that had been established under the Hoover administration. Steps were also taken to promote public construction projects. Roosevelt's attempts at reflation of the currency to 1927 - 1929 price levels led to abandonment of the gold standard in 1933 and reduction of the gold content of the dollar. Although in the 1932 campaign he had promised a balanced budget, Roosevelt showed a greater commitment to his pledge that no American should go hungry. Emergency expenditures for relief, also designed to "prime the economic pump," poured into the economy through the Federal Emergency Relief Administration, later the Works Progress Administration, leading to record federal deficits.
The Tennessee Valley Authority, a major New Deal creation that was uniquely Roosevelt's, provided for public development of cheap electrical power. Roosevelt conceived the project in terms of broad regional planning, including scientific farming, development of water transportation, energy, soil conservation, public health and educational facilities, and recreation. He had hoped to extend the concept to other areas of the country but was thwarted by charges of socialism and the declining popularity of the New Deal in the late 1930s. Roosevelt was also deeply committed to the conservation movement and youth employment, both of which found expression through the Civilian Conservation Corps.
In the 1930s, Roosevelt's foreign policy was subordinated to the needs of internal economic recovery. Despite passage in 1934 of the Trade Agreements Act, which authorized reciprocal tariff reductions, the decade was characterized by international economic warfare. Congress enacted neutrality legislation intended to prevent U.S. involvement in the event of another world war. The president sought to improve relations with Latin America through his Good Neighbor Policy.
As president, Roosevelt pioneered the political use of radio, frequently addressing the American people in a relaxed, homey manner. His unique political style, charm, and charisma brought him a record four terms. He beat Hoover in 1932, secured an overwhelming landslide victory over Alf Landon in 1936, defeated Wendell L. Willkie for an unprecedented third term, and won against Thomas E. Dewey in 1944.
As an administrator, Roosevelt frequently bypassed his cabinet, relying on informal advisors who held minor posts in government. While he enlarged the role of government through his New Deal, he usually created emergency agencies to implement new programs for fear they would be stifled by the bureaucracy. He met his greatest defeat at the hands of the U.S. Supreme Court, which declared much of the early New Deal legislation unconstitutional. When he attempted to increase the size of the court and pack it with younger, more liberal justices in 1937, conservative opponents of the New Deal - and many liberals - summoned sufficient public and congressional opposition to stop the plan.
Commander in Chief
Roosevelt had hoped to keep the United States out of World War II, which began in September 1939, although he urged preparedness and advocated that the nation should serve as an arsenal for the democracies. Adolf Hitler's stunning victories that culminated in the fall of France prompted his decision to seek a third term in 1940. Gradually, Roosevelt moved the United States toward belligerency by the exchange of overage destroyers for the right to use British bases in the West Indies; through the Lend-Lease program, which provided arms for Britain and later the USSR; and by the convoying of supply ships to England. The Japanese attack on Pearl Harbor on Dec. 7, 1941, and Germany's declaration of war gave him a new sense of mission after months of indecision caused by divided U.S. public opinion about involvement in the war.
During World War II, Roosevelt and Winston Churchill, Great Britain's prime minister, personally determined Allied military and naval strategy in the West. They gave priority to Germany's defeat and, in view of Hitler's claim that Germany was never defeated, only betrayed, in the first war, insisted on unconditional surrender. Although Roosevelt had joined with Churchill in the pre - Pearl Harbor Atlantic Charter (1941), a broad and idealistic statement of peacetime aims, he insisted during the war on limiting the Allied effort to military victory. He had great faith in his personal powers of persuasion, and, despite indications that Stalin's ambitions in Eastern Europe might violate the Atlantic Charter, Roosevelt foresaw Soviet-U.S. cooperation through a United Nations.
Under the pressures of wartime leadership, Roosevelt's health deteriorated. After the Yalta Conference, Roosevelt, exhausted from overwork, traveled to his Warm Springs, Ga., spa for a vacation in the spring of 1945. He died there on April 12 of a cerebral hemorrhage.
The Roosevelt presidency proved one of the most eventful in U.S. history. In the face of the potential collapse of the capitalist system, Roosevelt ushered in the interventionist state, which managed the economy in order to achieve publicly determined ends. In coming to the aid of Britain in World War II he determined that the preservation of Western liberal democratic institutions was a legitimate concern of the United States. In the process he converted the Democratic party to majority status through its appeal to urban, minority-group, and laboring-class voters and made it the vehicle of liberal reform in the 20th century.
Biography from The Grolier Multimedia Encyclopedia | <urn:uuid:dfe824dd-e8f9-46e9-b984-91fae73d5c90> | CC-MAIN-2016-44 | http://freepages.genealogy.rootsweb.ancestry.com/~smason/html/fdr.htm | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-44/segments/1476988720941.32/warc/CC-MAIN-20161020183840-00025-ip-10-171-6-4.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.956635 | 3,258 | 2.65625 | 3 |
Use of non timber forest products (NTFPs) and its ecological impact on the conservation of Nyungwe forest reserve in Rwanda
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The study was conducted in and around Nyungwe Forest Reserve, a mountain forest situated in the South West of Rwanda. The aim of the study was to identify Non Timber Forest Products used and their ecological impact on the conservation of Nyungwe Forest reserve. The objectives of the study were to assess the attitude and perception of local community towards forest conservation, to find out specific forest resources used by local communities, to assess their socio-economic value and the resulting impact of their harvesting to the forest. The factors affecting the use of NTFPs in the study area were also examined. To achieve this, questionnaires and Participatory Rural Appraisal (PRA) tools were used. Data gathered were analyzed using descriptive statistics and inferential statistics such as analysis of variance (ANOVA), linear regression and logistic regression using Statistical Package of the Social Sciences (SPSS). From the study, it was established that 87% of the interviewees were for the conservation of the Nyungwe Forest Reserve because of its role in improving rainfall. The study indicated that NTFPs such as crop stakes and firewood contributed significantly to the lives of the local community. It was also established that 104 indigenous and exotic plants were being used for various purposes. The most widespread NTFPs used in the study area were crop stakes (98%), firewood (96%) and medicine (44.4% among others. The results indicated that most of forest products were being used for subsistence since the market of NTFPs was not well developed in the study area. In spite of the importance of plants collected, many of these activities were not compatible with the ecological integrity of the forest and posed a threat to conservation. This is for example the case of cutting some trees species for woodcarving and beehive making. The size of the family and size of the farm as well as the level of income were found to have significant influence on the use of NTFPs. The study recommended promotion of sustainable use of NTFPs with little minimum impact on the forest such as use of medicinal plants. Agroforestry and a conservation educational programme were also recommended for the people living around the Nyungwe Forest. | <urn:uuid:e7e7641f-ef1e-410e-a325-9016e9b87676> | CC-MAIN-2018-13 | http://ir-library.ku.ac.ke/handle/123456789/2511 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-13/segments/1521257647519.62/warc/CC-MAIN-20180320170119-20180320190119-00573.warc.gz | en | 0.976507 | 474 | 2.984375 | 3 |
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