text
stringlengths 198
621k
| id
stringlengths 47
47
| dump
stringclasses 95
values | url
stringlengths 15
1.73k
| file_path
stringlengths 110
155
| language
stringclasses 1
value | language_score
float64 0.65
1
| token_count
int64 49
160k
| score
float64 2.52
5.03
| int_score
int64 3
5
|
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
For the want of dung, many whales have been lost. Cetacean feces can show what the animals eatcrucial information for protecting their habitatbut it disperses quickly in the ocean. The only reliable way to study whale diet has been to slaughter some of the animals and examine their stomachs. But Nick Gales, a biologist with the Australian government's Antarctic Division, has found a way to extract dietary data from what minute samples of whale scat remain floating on the waves. Using DNA fingerprinting, he can deduce exactly what prey a whale has consumed, which individual excreted the waste, and even whether the animal has intestinal parasites. Gales sees this as a powerful tool for protection: "In order to know the impact of commercial fishing on a species, you need to know exactly what the animals are eating, and whether they are turning to alternate food sources." He has already used his DNA test to track such dietary changes. The new emphasis on excrement also puts additional pressure on governments that support whaling. "It does away with what had been considered an accepted reason to kill already threatened animals," Gales says. | <urn:uuid:6a9fb5dd-e69c-439c-81fa-3ba2911c8cf1> | CC-MAIN-2017-09 | http://discovermagazine.com/2002/aug/breakcetacean | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-09/segments/1487501172447.23/warc/CC-MAIN-20170219104612-00016-ip-10-171-10-108.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.968034 | 232 | 3.4375 | 3 |
“And because we live in a very patriarchal society, where we think that men should be able to get a job and take care of their family, some people don't have the same access to those opportunities to be able to take care of their family, have a child, get married if they desire to do that, and do all the things that would make them what we would call an ideal citizen.”
Black fathers often contend with the stereotypes of being lazy, disinterested in the lives of their children and families, and absent from their communities. Those stereotypes are just that, stereotypes. However, Black fathers also contend with policies that adversely affect them and their ability to provide for their families.
Dr. David J. Pate Jr. is a leading expert on low income African-American men, fatherhood, and child support. Dr. Pate studies how black men are affected by the social welfare system and the challenges that impede their ability to attain economic security.
His research projects involve the use of qualitative research methods to examine life course events of non-custodial African-American men. This includes their ability to be gainfully employed, engage with their children, and sustain a good quality of life.
race, changing the narrative, black men, black boys | <urn:uuid:24d4981b-c060-4cdc-bd63-e7766dbf7856> | CC-MAIN-2020-29 | https://ctacny.org/training/09-policies-adversely-affect-black-fathers | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-29/segments/1593655897844.44/warc/CC-MAIN-20200709002952-20200709032952-00554.warc.gz | en | 0.978105 | 261 | 2.78125 | 3 |
Building blocks of the learning organisation and their characteristics (Garvin, Edmondson & Gino., 2008)
A supportive learning environment
- Psychological safety: To learn, employees cannot fear being belittled or marginalised when they disagree with peers or authority figures; ask naive questions, own up to mistakes, or present a minority viewpoint. Instead, they must feel comfortable expressing their thoughts about the work at hand.
- Appreciation of differences: Learning occurs when people become aware of opposing ideas. Recognising the value of competing functional outlooks and alternative worldviews increases energy and motivation, sparks fresh thinking, and prevents fatigue and drift.
- Openness to new ideas: Learning is not simply about correcting mistakes and solving problems. It is also about creating novel approaches. Employees should be encouraged to take risks and explore the untested and unknown.
- Time for reflection: Supportive learning environments allow time for a pause in the action and encourage thoughtful review of the organisation’s processes.
Concrete learning processes and practices
- Learning processes involve the generation, collection, interpretation, and dissemination of information. They include experimentation to develop and test new products and services; intelligence gathering to keep track of competitive, customer, and technological trends; disciplined analysis and interpretation to identify and solve problems; and education and training to develop both new and established employees.
- To conduct systematic problem solving scientific methods, rather than guess work, should be used for diagnosing problems, for example this can be achieved by utilising the ‘Plan, Do, Study, Act’ cycle. Data, rather than assumptions, should be the background for decision making and simple statistical tools should be used to organise data and draw inferences.
- For maximum impact, knowledge must be shared in systematic and clearly defined ways. Sharing can take place among individuals, groups, or whole organisations. Knowledge can move laterally or vertically within an organisation.
- Knowledge sharing can be internally or externally focused, for example:
- Right after a project is completed, the process might call for post-audits or reviews that are then shared with others engaged in similar tasks.
- Regularly scheduled forums with subject-matter experts can help to gain different perspectives on the organisation’s activities or challenges.
Leadership behaviour that provides reinforcement
- When leaders actively question and listen to employees—and thereby prompt dialogue and debate—people in the institution feel encouraged to learn. If leaders signal the importance of spending time on problem identification, knowledge transfer, and reflective post-audits, these activities are likely to flourish. When people in power demonstrate through their own behaviour a willingness to entertain alternative points of view, employees feel encouraged to offer new ideas and options.
Key characteristics of learning organisations (Kerka., 1995)
- Provide continuous learning opportunities.
- Use learning to reach their goals.
- Link individual performance with organisational performance.
- Foster inquiry and dialogue, making it safe for people to share openly and take risks.
- Embrace creative tensions as a source of energy and renewal.
- Are continuously aware of and interact with their environment.
Key factors to consider when creating a learning organisation (Senge., 2006)
- The basic rationale for such organisations is that in situations of rapid change only those that are flexible, adaptive and productive will excel. For this to happen, it is argued, organisations need to ‘discover how to tap people’s commitment and capacity to learn at all levels’.
- It is not possible to transform a bureaucratic organisation by learning alone. However, by referring to the notion of the learning organisation it is possible to make change less threatening and more acceptable to participants.
- To transform an organisation it is necessary to attend to structures and the organisation of work as well as the culture and processes (Finger & Brand., 1999).
- Building a shared vision is crucial early on as it ‘fosters a long-term orientation and an imperative for learning’.
- It is important to define indicators of learning, both individual and collective, and connect them to other indicators.
- The whole organisation must be considered rather than its parts and it must be recognised that organisation is a dynamic process.
Tips for managers seeking to cultivate learning organisations (Garvin, Edmondson & Gino., 2008)
- Leadership alone is insufficient: In addition to learning-oriented leadership behaviours it is important to install formal learning processes and to cultivate a supportive learning environment.
- Organisations are not uniform: Managers must be sensitive to differences among departmental processes and behaviours as they strive to build learning organisations. Groups may vary in their focus or learning maturity. Managers need to be especially sensitive to local cultures of learning, which can vary widely across units.
- Learning is multidimensional: Efforts to improve learning should focus on more than one area. The building blocks of a learning organisation (environment, processes and leadership behaviours) are in themselves multidimensional. Managers need to be thoughtful when selecting the levers for change and should think broadly about the available options.
To change a culture of blame and silence about errors at Children’s Hospitals and Clinics of Minnesota, COO Julie Morath instituted a new policy of “blameless reporting” that encouraged replacing threatening terms such as “errors” and “investigations” with less emotionally laden terms such as “accidents” and “analysis.” For Morath, the culture of hospitals must be “one of everyone working together to understand safety, identify risks, and report them without fear of blame.” The result was that people started to collaborate throughout the organisation to talk about and change behaviours, policies, and systems that put patients at risk. Over time, these learning activities yielded measurable reductions in preventable deaths and illnesses at the institution.
Outcomes of a learning organisation
- Employees who are skilled at creating, acquiring and transferring knowledge.
- An environment that cultivates tolerance fosters open discussion and thinking holistically and systemically.
- Has the ability to adapt to the unpredictable more quickly than competitors.
- Knowledge sharing across communities of an organisation can contribute to organisational learning and innovation (Wang & Noe., 2010).
- It is important to efficiently record, store, and track learning in order to organise, filter, reflect, and analyse experiences.
- If the outcome of an activity (meeting, project, etc.) has been surprisingly positive or negative, it is worthy to capture in some capacity to minimise repeating negative outcomes and increase repetitive success (NHS Improving Quality., 2015).
- It’s best to capture learning while it’s still fresh in your mind. It would be useful to log the positive or negative experience, how it may have arisen, the impact or consequence and what immediate action you took.
- Learning can be shared with the wider team and explored during meetings.
Sharing and growing
- It is beneficial to meet together as a team and hold workshops in order to apply learning (Collison & Parcell., 2004).
- Experiences and workshop outcomes may be turned into written documents which can be shared among team members.
Collison, C., & Parcell, G. (2007). LEARNING TO FLY: PRACTICAL KNOWLEDGE MANAGEMENT FROM LEADING AND LEARNING ORGANIZATIONS (With CD). John Wiley & Sons.
Finger, M. and Brand, S. B. (1999). ‘The concept of the “learning organization” applied to the transformation of the public sector’ in M. Easterby-Smith, L. Araujo and J. Burgoyne (eds.) Organizational Learning and the Learning Organization, London: Sage.
Garvin, D. A., Edmondson, A. C., & Gino, F. (2008). Is yours a learning organization?. Harvard business review, 86(3), 109.
Kerka, S. (1995). ‘The learning organization: myths and realities’ Eric Clearinghouse, http://www.cete.org/acve/docgen.asp?tbl=archive&ID=A028.
NHS Improving Quality (2015). Learning Handbook: NHS Improving Quality.
Wang, S., & Noe, R. A. (2010). Knowledge sharing: A review and directions for future research. Human Resource Management Review, 20(2), 115-131.
Senge, P. M. (2006). The fifth discipline: The art and practice of the learning organization. Broadway Business. | <urn:uuid:2245e81c-4890-4095-8830-ffa8d7c64d3b> | CC-MAIN-2019-30 | http://implementingthrive.org/learning-organisations/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-30/segments/1563195526153.35/warc/CC-MAIN-20190719074137-20190719100137-00534.warc.gz | en | 0.906012 | 1,783 | 3.390625 | 3 |
Nick Michell spoke with Andrew Salzberg, Head of Transportation Policy and Research at Uber, about the impact its services can have on city streets and urban planning
How much of an impact has Uber had on employment and congestion in the cities that have introduced the service?
Our goal is to create a new mobility option that’s a convenient alternative to driving your own car. By doing that, we believe we can create a fundamental shift from the prevailing paradigm of private car ownership to one of shared car usage.
But we don’t just want to stop at getting people a ride–we’re deeply invested in technologies that make it easier to share a trip. Shared rides have been a public policy goal for many countries since at least the 1970s, but the share of people carpooling has been declining over time. In the US, the number is now below 10 percent.
We’re excited by the idea of using new technology to help reverse that decline by dynamically matching riders together in real time with a product called UberPOOL, which launched in 2014. POOL is available in more than 30 cities around the world today, and while a fairly new product, it currently makes up 20 percent of the rides in the cities where it’s live.
If we can encourage getting more people into fewer cars, we can use road space more efficiently and help limit congestion and costly investments in additional infrastructure. One estimate claimed we could save more than US$9 billion in infrastructure costs in one medium size city by increasing car occupancy by just 11 percent. We believe POOL can help us get there.
Is there a danger of Uber creating more traffic in cities, with people using the service as an alternative to public transport?
Ridesharing services like Uber extend the reach of existing transit systems. In London, 30 percent of Uber rides in the outer boroughs during the morning rush hour end within 200 metres of a Tube or train station.
In fact, Uber’s busiest hours–our rush hour–are typically later at night, after the bars close. That’s when public transit is limited and taxis are hard to find. In fact, just recently, the London Underground launched the Night Tube to help people get home late at night. Almost immediately, Uber saw a decline in pickups near many central London Tube stations and an increase in pickups at stations in the outer boroughs. In other words, Londoners are taking the Night Tube to get out of central London–and Uber to get the last mile or two home.
Ultimately, having a 24/7 convenient ride available through ridesharing services opens up people to using a whole suite of different options. According to research, people who don’t own cars are more likely to walk or use public transit or take advantage of bike-sharing services.
How could Uber’s movement platform help urban planners make informed decisions in cities?
Urban planners have one of the hardest jobs in government–attempting to predict the future 10, 20, 30 years out so that they can invest in infrastructure to help shape that future.
Their job is made even harder because it’s often difficult to find data on current conditions in a city. One of the most basic data is for accurate travel time between different sections of the city, what planners call ‘traffic analysis zones’. Movement was designed precisely with this long-range planner in mind–it provides free, publicly accessible data on hourly speeds for travel within cities.
That’s something that hasn’t been publicly available before. The data is currently live at movement.uber.com for four cities–Boston, Manila, Sydney, and Washington DC. We’re planning to expand to more cities around the world soon.
Since we’ve launched, we’ve seen thousands of inquiries about the data, not only from public officials, but also from researchers and others interested in transportation from around the world. We’re excited to see all the use cases that develop as we roll it out to wider and wider audiences over time.
How much research has Uber carried out into the development of automated vehicles? Could Uber services one day be fully automated?
We launched our self-driving Uber pilot last September and have since expanded to the Phoenix metro area. That said it’s still very early days. Self-Driving Ubers have vehicle operators in the front seat because they require human monitoring and intervention in many conditions, including bad weather. Even when these technology issues are fixed, we believe ridesharing will be a mix for a long time–with rides provided by drivers and Self-Driving Ubers. This is because of the limits of self-driving global software and the skyrocketing demand for better transportation that drivers are uniquely able to solve.
How successful were the partnerships Uber launched with several transit agencies to encourage trips that connect the first or last mile to public transit, whereby Uber passengers get discounted fares for rides to or from a public transit station?
Over the last year or so, we’ve started working with cities and public transit agencies to collaborate on solving long-standing challenges in urban transportation. Each partnership is designed to help solve a local problem that’s top of mind for public officials, so no two are exactly alike. We’re seeing success take a lot of different forms.
In Boston, the governor recently announced the expansion of a pilot programme that’s delivered thousands of rides to Massachusetts Bay Transportation Authority paratransit (special transport services for people with disabilities) riders. Paratransit as a service is known to be both costly for the operator and sometimes cumbersome for riders. Using on-demand services like Uber has the potential to provide a better service at lower cost, a potential win-win. We’re already seeing some exciting evidence in Boston that supports that.
And in Florida, a local transit agency is providing free Uber rides to or from employment centres during late night hours. It’s well known that lack of affordable transport options is an enormous hindrance to economic well-being of low-income residents, and Uber is helping provide one solution to that problem. | <urn:uuid:e6dd239c-f4df-4b96-8576-1b49b092de19> | CC-MAIN-2019-30 | https://cities-today.com/uber-opens-up-data-to-urban-planners/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-30/segments/1563195528141.87/warc/CC-MAIN-20190722154408-20190722180408-00442.warc.gz | en | 0.953507 | 1,270 | 2.53125 | 3 |
PWC are propelled by a jet drive where water is drawn into a pump and then forced out under pressure through a steering nozzle at the back of the unit. This “jet” of pressurized water is directed by the steering control—when the steering control is turned, the steering nozzle turns in the same direction. For example, if the steering control is turned right, the nozzle turns right and the jet of water pushes the back of the vessel to the left, which causes the PWC to turn right.
The most important thing to remember about steering most PWC (and other jet-drive vessels) is that you always must have power in order to maintain control. If you allow the engine on a PWC or other jet-propelled vessel to return to idle or shut off during operation, you may lose all steering control. Many PWC will continue in the direction they were headed before the throttle was released or the engine was shut off, no matter which way the steering control is turned.
Always allow plenty of room for stopping. You may not stop immediately even after releasing the throttle or shutting off the engine. Even PWC that have a braking system do not stop immediately. Never use reverse (if equipped) to stop a PWC because you or your passengers could be thrown from it. | <urn:uuid:d989b2a9-77a4-469a-85fd-f6ba31875ef6> | CC-MAIN-2022-49 | https://www.boat-ed.com/montana/studyGuide/Steering-and-Stopping-a-PWC/10102702_39116/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-49/segments/1669446710926.23/warc/CC-MAIN-20221203075717-20221203105717-00001.warc.gz | en | 0.960875 | 264 | 2.71875 | 3 |
The human mind is already pretty open to manipulation—just ask anyone who works in advertising. But neural implant technology could potentially open up a direct digital link to our innermost thoughts that could be exploited by hackers.
In recent months, companies like Elon Musk’s Neuralink, Kernel, and Facebook have unveiled plans to create devices that will provide a two-way interface between human brains and machines.
While these devices could undoubtedly bring many benefits, they would be networked to computers and therefore essentially part of the Internet of Things. That should immediately set off alarm bells for anyone paying attention to cybersecurity news.
There have been repeated warnings in recent years about the huge number of vulnerabilities in “smart” devices designed by consumer goods companies with little experience of or consideration for cybersecurity.
One would expect that the added sensitivity of a device set to be integrated into people’s bodies would warrant more caution. But it has already been demonstrated that it is possible to hack medical implants to harm patients, and there seems to be no reason the same wouldn’t be true of neural implants.
Deep brain stimulation implants are already being used to treat diseases like Parkinson’s and chronic pain, but he warned that hackers could gain control of the device and alter stimulation settings to cause pain or inhibit movement.
Even with these comparatively simple devices, a determined and technically competent attacker could carry out more advanced attacks that could alter the victim’s behavior in crude ways, Pycroft said.
Future neural implants designed from the bottom up to interface with our cognitive processes may make far more nuanced and sophisticated hacks possible. Earlier this month it was shown that a neural headset could be used to guess someone’s PIN. How much more intimate would the access be if we were talking about an invasive neural implant like the one Elon Musk has proposed?
While a targeted attack on a neural implant designed to manipulate someone’s behavior is unlikely to be worth the effort for most hackers, a bigger threat may be dumb malware that spreads to thousands of devices. Spyware could be used to access highly sensitive personal information, and a neural implant locked by ransomware is not as easy to replace as a laptop.
Perhaps, though, it’s not hackers we should be worrying about. Edward Snowden’s revelations about the NSA’s PRISM surveillance program in 2013 demonstrated wide-ranging collusion between the security services and technology companies to intercept the supposedly secure communications of innocent citizens.
It’s hard to imagine the spooks would pass up the opportunity to do the same with neural implants, and once that threshold has been crossed, it would likely be a short leap to taking advantage of the two-way nature of these future devices to subtly influence people’s behavior.
Even if you trust your government not to abuse these capabilities, the leak of a massive cache of hacking tools stockpiled by the NSA suggests they may not be the only ones with access.
And it’s hard to imagine that the tech companies building these devices don’t know where the back doors are. Facebook, one of the companies developing neural technology, has already been caught carrying out questionable psychological experiments that altered users’ emotions without their permission.
However, this example also highlights that it may not be necessary for us to install neural implants to make our brains susceptible to hacking. The media—be that newspapers, advertisers or Hollywood—have long been accused of manipulating the way we think.
With the rise of social media there are now a host of new tools for those looking to influence the zeitgeist: fake news websites, swarms of Twitter bots, and targeted advertising based on psychological profiles drawn from our internet behavior.
One researcher recently showed they could read neural responses to subliminal images embedded in a game. The information is crude, but they said it could be scaled up to mind-reading level capabilities if combined with other technology, like VR or wearable devices.
So, whether it’s through neural implants or clever social engineering, it seems technology is already challenging the sanctity of our mental processes. Just last month I reported on calls from neuroethicists to introduce new human rights designed to protect our mental privacy.
While new rights would be welcome, more pressing is the need to ensure that cybersecurity is built into future neural devices from the outset, and from the bottom up.
Image Credit: Shutterstock | <urn:uuid:c8ee49dc-5932-4d1e-8d43-516de8844125> | CC-MAIN-2022-27 | https://singularityhub.com/2017/06/13/neural-implant-tech-raises-the-specter-of-brainjacking/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-27/segments/1656104209449.64/warc/CC-MAIN-20220703013155-20220703043155-00401.warc.gz | en | 0.947617 | 896 | 3.09375 | 3 |
MAYWOOD, Ill. -- A devastating vascular disorder of the brain called CADASIL, which strikes young adults and leads to early dementia, often is misdiagnosed as multiple sclerosis, Loyola University Health System researchers report. CADASIL occurs when a thickening of blood vessel walls blocks blood flow in the brain. Migraine headaches are an early symptom of this condition, which progresses to strokes and mini-strokes, depression, apathy, motor disability and executive dysfunction (an inability to plan and organize everyday activities.) The final symptom is dementia. CADASIL is caused by mutations of a single gene called NOTCH 3. If an individual carries the mutated gene, he or she inevitably will develop the disease, and there's a 50 percent chance that each of the individual's children will inherit the mutation and the disease. Researchers conducted an exhaustive series of genetic, physical and psychological tests and exams on 11 CADASIL patients. "We found a delay in the detection of this pathology and previous diagnostic errors in some patients and their relatives," researchers wrote. "Multiple sclerosis was the most frequent misdiagnosis." The study is published in Revista de Neurologia (Journal of Neurology) in Spain. The study was a subset of a larger study to determine whether the Alzheimer's disease drug donepezil (trade name, Aricept®) can help in CADASIL patients. This larger study found there generally was no benefit to the drug. CADASIL stands for cerebral autosomal dominant arteriopathy with subcortical infarcts and leukoencephalopathy. It was realistically portrayed by one of the main characters in the critically acclaimed 2004 movie "The Sea Inside." "It is a terrible disease that runs in families, and, unfortunately, we as yet don't have effective treatments," said Dr. José Biller, senior author of the study and chairman of the Department of Neurology of Loyola University Chicago Stritch School of Medicine. There are several reasons why CADASIL is misdiagnosed as MS. Both diseases tend to strike young adults. There are similarities in brain MRIs, and both diseases can cause focal neurologic signs and symptoms. While there currently are no effective treatments, researchers are making significant progress in better understanding CADASIL, Biller said. "The field is exploding, and there is hope down the road that there will be new treatments for these patients," Biller said. Other authors of the study are Dr. Sarkis Morales-Vidal; Christopher Randolph, PhD; Linda Chadwick, BSN, RN; and first author Dr. RocÃo Vázquez do Campo.
Devastating Vascular Disorder in the Brain Often Misdiagnosed as Multiple Sclerosis
About Loyola University Health System
Loyola University Health System (LUHS) is part of Trinity Health. Based in the western suburbs of Chicago, LUHS is a quaternary care system with a 61-acre main medical center campus, the 36-acre Gottlieb Memorial Hospital campus and more than 30 primary and specialty care facilities in Cook, Will and DuPage counties. Loyola University Medical Center’s campus is conveniently located in Maywood, 13 miles west of Chicago’s Loop and 8 miles east of Oak Brook, Ill. At the heart of the medical center campus is a 559-licensed-bed hospital that houses a Level 1 Trauma Center, a Burn Center and the Ronald McDonald® Children's Hospital of Loyola University Medical Center. Also on campus are the Cardinal Bernardin Cancer Center, Loyola Outpatient Center, Center for Heart & Vascular Medicine and Loyola Oral Health Center as well as Loyola University Chicago Stritch School of Medicine, Loyola University Chicago Marcella Niehoff School of Nursing and the Loyola Center for Fitness. Loyola's Gottlieb campus in Melrose Park includes the 255-licensed-bed community hospital, the Professional Office Building housing 150 private practice clinics, the Adult Day Care, the Gottlieb Center for Fitness, Loyola Center for Metabolic Surgery and Bariatric Care and the Loyola Cancer Care & Research at the Marjorie G. Weinberg Cancer Center at Melrose Park.
Trinity Health is a national Catholic health system with an enduring legacy and a steadfast mission to be a transforming and healing presence within the communities we serve. Trinity is committed to being a people-centered health care system that enables better health, better care and lower costs. Trinity Health has 88 hospitals and hundreds of continuing care facilities, home care agencies and outpatient centers in 21 states and 119,000 employees. | <urn:uuid:6a4e70a0-edc5-4c57-9f82-8908442595e3> | CC-MAIN-2015-40 | https://www.loyolamedicine.org/news/devastating-vascular-disorder-brain-often-misdiagnosed-multiple-sclerosis-03072011?page=0%252C0%252C3 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2015-40/segments/1443737935954.77/warc/CC-MAIN-20151001221855-00047-ip-10-137-6-227.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.936773 | 956 | 2.734375 | 3 |
Most people know that the old ideas of cholesterol are out dated. They are ingrained in the governmental system, highly politicized and will probably never go away. The problem is not cholesterol. It is oxidized cholesterol and oxidation and inflammation (the same thing) in general. Oxidized means rancid, rotten.
If your body is inflamed then your cholesterol will be oxidized. So if you want to save money spend it on the AA/EFA test.
That being said some people really like to see what is going on with their cholesterol. If you are interested in cholesterol then lets use the most current information.
This has to do with the size of the cholesterol particles and the number of the particles.
Cholesterol travels through the body in particles. Think of cars as PARTICLES and the cholesterol as the passengers in the cars .
We care about the AMOUNT and SIZE of cars (particles) not the number of passengers (cholesterol). Typical cholesterol tests only measure passengers not cars.
Too many particles creates a traffic jam and clogging in the arteries.
Small particles can get buried into the artery walls, and if they are oxidized will deteriorate the arteries from the inside out.
So if you want to get useful information about cholesterol take a test that measures LDL-p (which means LDL particles.) and small LDL, which meals how many small particles of LDL are there. This is called NMR with IR test.
The LDL-p should be less than 1000 and the small particles should be less than 500.
In all these examples the yellow balls represent the cholesterol and the bigger black circles represent the particles
As far as the body is concerned the above particle that is full of cholesterol is just the same as below where you see one particle with few cholesterol in it. Even though on a cholesterol test the bottom test would show lower total cholesterol.
Either of the above "small particles" on the left are worse than the big particles to the right because small particles get into and oxidize the cell wall.
The left picture is worse than the picture on the right. The yellow balls represent the cholesterol and you can see that the total number is less than the picture on the right. But the picture on the right has fewer particles (3) where the picture on the left has 10 particles.
All that we care about is the number of particles and the size of the particles. | <urn:uuid:b642f347-03cc-4601-ba81-18656aa683ef> | CC-MAIN-2019-39 | https://blog.holistichealthsolutions.com/cholesterol-lipid-testing/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-39/segments/1568514573988.33/warc/CC-MAIN-20190920092800-20190920114800-00214.warc.gz | en | 0.94672 | 494 | 2.703125 | 3 |
Green tea benefits have been researched and documented extensively due to their possible role in boosting the body's immune system and fighting heart disease and cancer.
What is green tea extract and what are the health benefits?
The extract comes from the leaves of the tea plant, Cammelia sinsenis. It is made up of chemicals called catechins, of which epigallocatechin gallate (EGCG) is the most abundant. EGCG is a powerful antioxidant and believed to be where the therapeutic value lies.
Research has yielded numerous health benefits of green tea, and as such it has gained enormous popularity in recent years. It is a staple of Japanese meals and it is popular in the United States and elsewhere in the world brewed hot, as a cold drink and also in stand alone and more comprehensive herbal supplements.
1) Lowering LDL cholesterol - Studies have shown that green tea lowers the amount of low density lipoproteins (LDLs) in the blood stream. LDLs are responsible for the buildup of plaque in the arteries that could lead to heart disease.
2) Promoting Weight Loss - Research has shown that the extract increases the body's thermogenesis, the generation of body heat, which in turn burns the calories and fat needed to lose weight.
3) Guarding Against Cancer - Studies point to green tea extract's ability to neutralize free radicals, chemicals that could damage cells. The extracts could also limit cell replication, which is the main feature of cancer.
4) Promoting General Health - Green tea extract contains powerful antioxidants that can help boost the body's immune system and protect against illness and disease.
New studies are being conducted all the time to determine if green tea/EGCG has any positive effects on other health conditions such as chronic fatigue, endometriosis, viruses like herpes, flu, hepatitis and HIV.
Although more research needs to be done to prove any of these benefits conclusively, most of them have been positive and it safe to conclude that drinking green tea regularly or taking a good supplement is probably a good idea.
We get asked this question all of the time. Drinking the brewed tea is a good start, but the problem is that many of the products on the market, especially the cold drinks, have been shown to not contain enough or in some cases any EGCG in them. So if there isn't a lot of EGCG, you're really not getting any of the benefits.
If you're able to find high quality tea leaves/bags at the market or specialty store, and you drink it regularly, that's a better way to go about it. The Snapple or Arizona green tea drinks...those aren't going to help you out in any way.
An even better idea is to take a high quality supplement that contains standardized green tea extract. That's the highest quality leaves you can find, and you can be sure that the important components are intact.
You might be asking why not just take a single ingredient green tea supplement rather than one with other ingredients? That's a great question. Here's why:
Many herbal extracts, vitamins, minerals and other nutrients work together synergistically, meaning they enhance the effects of each other. For example, green tea can work together with other herbs such as ginger and olive leaf to help lower your cholesterol. Vitamin E works in conjunction with Vitamin C in a similar fashion.
Also, different extracts can offer complementary benefits to specific systems. Take your cardiovascular system for example. Green tea can prevent blood vessel constriction, while CoQ10 can protect your heart and vitamin E can prevent free radical damage.
So instead of just getting the benefits of green tea extract, you are getting the benefits of the other herbs, vitamins, and minerals present. That's why a multi-nutrient supplement is a better option for you.
It's important to realize that many different herbs, vitamins and nutrients actually work better and provide more health benefits when they are taken together, rather than alone as a single ingredient supplement.
So although you can certainly take a green tea supplement, you may be better off taking a multi-ingredient supplement that can enhance and improve upon the benefits you are getting from green tea.
A high quality multi-vitamin will provide that for you, so you can get gren tea along with a host of other important herbal extracts.
But some people may want to just try a green tea supplement and may already be taking a multi they are happy with.
So we have two recommendations for you:
Single Ingredient Green Tea:
For a wide variety of high quality green tea products including capsules, extracts, liquids, powders and teas, Starwest is the place to go online.
Multi Ingredient Green Tea Supplement:
For a more comprehensive multivitamin with green tea along with other beneficial herbs, vitamins, minerals and other nutrients take a look at Total Balance, a high quality daily supplement with the purest ingredients offering maximum health benefits.
Many of our staff as well as our visitors have been ordering from these two manufacturers for quite some time. Total Balance in particular is our core nutritional supplement, and our staff buys bulk herbs, teas and powders of all sorts for various conditions and general wellness.
As with all health products consult your physician or qualified herbal professional before taking any supplement for green tea benefits.
Search our site...
Featured Green Tea Sourcegreen tea capsules and whole herbs visit Starwest Botanicals. | <urn:uuid:c61b2915-158c-46fb-b0d8-c50cf5b267d6> | CC-MAIN-2021-43 | https://www.herbal-supplements-guide.com/green-tea-benefits.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-43/segments/1634323585382.32/warc/CC-MAIN-20211021071407-20211021101407-00645.warc.gz | en | 0.949599 | 1,118 | 2.53125 | 3 |
MAVEN captures detailed ultraviolet images of Mars’ atmosphere
NASA’s Mars Atmosphere and Volatile Evolution (MAVEN) spacecraft has taken hundreds of high-resolution photos of the Red Planet’s atmosphere in ultraviolet light, revealing unprecedented details of its cloud formation and high-altitude wind circulation.
Captured over the last several months by MAVEN’s Imaging UltraViolet Spectrograph (IUVS), the images depicting cloud formation were processed in false color and compiled to create a movie of activity visible only in the ultraviolet.
Photos of the planet’s nightside show the phenomenon known as ultraviolet “nightglow”, in which the nightside of a planet exhibits a faint glow in spite of being in complete darkness.
On Mars, this glow is caused by the emission of nitric oxide (NO) resulting from chemical reactions occurring on the dayside of the planet. There, carbon dioxide and nitrogen molecules are broken down by ultraviolet sunlight, releasing atoms that are then carried around the planet by high-altitude winds.
Once on the nightside, these winds bring the nitrogen and oxygen atoms down to lower altitudes where they subsequently collide with one another in a process that reforms the nitric oxide molecules while releasing excess energy in the form of ultraviolet light.
Ultraviolet dayside images show both the surface and atmosphere of Mars’ south pole in vivid detail. Now entering spring, the south polar region contains deposits of ozone that accumulated during the winter when water vapor froze out of the atmosphere.
Global winds circling the planet are preventing the spread of water vapor from other parts of the planet into the south polar region.
Patterns of planet-wide winds are visible as wave patterns only in the ultraviolet, so these images are providing scientists with a new tool for understanding the Martian atmosphere’s chemistry and wind circulation.
Also visible in the dayside images are clouds forming over Mars’ four huge volcanoes, much like they form over volcanoes on Earth. Photos obtained on July 9–10, 2016, show the evolution of the clouds during a seven-hour period, which constitutes one-quarter of a Martian day.
These photos will play a key role in helping scientists better understand both daily and seasonal changes on the Red Planet because cloud patterns provide vital information about a planet’s water vapor and energy balance.
“MAVEN’s elliptical orbit is just right. It rises high enough to take a global picture, but still orbits fast enough to get multiple views as Mars rotates over the course of a day,” said Justin Deighan, mission observation leader from the University of Boulder, Colorado.
The findings are all the more interesting because scientists did not expect to find any nightglow on Mars.
Blotchy areas and streaks in the images indicate Mars’ high-altitude winds have irregular circulation patterns. Because atmospheric responses to seasonal cycles are controlled by these winds, data from these images will be especially useful in helping scientists understand the way the Martian atmosphere behaves between 37 and 62 miles (60-100 km) above the surface.
Video Courtesy of NASA.gov Video
Laurel Kornfeld is an amateur astronomer and freelance writer from Highland Park, NJ, who enjoys writing about astronomy and planetary science. She studied journalism at Douglass College, Rutgers University, and earned a Graduate Certificate of Science from Swinburne University’s Astronomy Online program. Her writings have been published online in The Atlantic, Astronomy magazine’s guest blog section, the UK Space Conference, the 2009 IAU General Assembly newspaper, The Space Reporter, and newsletters of various astronomy clubs. She is a member of the Cranford, NJ-based Amateur Astronomers, Inc. Especially interested in the outer solar system, Laurel gave a brief presentation at the 2008 Great Planet Debate held at the Johns Hopkins University Applied Physics Lab in Laurel, MD. | <urn:uuid:43183075-95a3-4933-8552-a1ea6ff4d08c> | CC-MAIN-2023-14 | https://www.spaceflightinsider.com/missions/solar-system/maven-captures-detailed-ultraviolet-images-mars-atmosphere/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-14/segments/1679296948868.90/warc/CC-MAIN-20230328170730-20230328200730-00200.warc.gz | en | 0.904843 | 808 | 3.28125 | 3 |
International Laws on Whether Gender Selection is Legal
While high-tech methods of gender selection such as PGD/PGS are relatively new, at least six nations have already banned the use of gender selection technologies: Australia, Canada, China, India, and the UK. However, the older methods of gender selection — ultrasound or amniocentesis plus abortion, and infanticide — continue to be practiced worldwide, particularly in some Asian nations despite bans on these procedures.
The United Nations has stated that it opposes sex selection for non-medical reasons (medical reasons would be to prevent the passing on of genetic diseases), as does the World Health Organization (WHO), which has stated that sex selection for non-medical reasons “raises serious moral, legal, and social issues.” Principal issues include, “the distortion of the natural sex ratio leading to a gender imbalance” and because it can “reinforce discriminatory and sexist stereotypes towards women by devaluing females” (WHO, “Gender and Genetics: Sex Selection and Discrimination,”). The WHO defines sex selection as “the practice of using medical techniques to choose the sex of offspring, which “encompasses a number of practices including selecting embryos for transfer and implantation following IVF, and selectively terminating a pregnancy.”
Countries Where is Gender Selection Legal
In nations where gender selection is banned, people often travel to the United States, Mexico, Italy, Thailand and other nations where it’s legal to undergo PGD/PGS. This new phenomenon is called ‘reproductive tourism’ where people travel for gender selection and general infertility treatments such as IVF. For instance, in Australia, the Sydney IVF clinic discontinued its PGD sex selection program in 2005 after the Australian Health Ethics Committee banned its use for non-medical reasons. Many Australians now travel to Bangkok for sex selection procedures. Ironically, Superior ART in Bangkok operates in conjunction with Sydney IVF, its parent laboratory.
Call us at 866-472-4483, or complete the form on this page to schedule an appointment. | <urn:uuid:9cfed484-7aeb-4e83-a833-32398c5a1036> | CC-MAIN-2021-31 | https://www.gender-baby.com/lifestyle/legal-issues/international-laws-on-gender-selection/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-31/segments/1627046154459.22/warc/CC-MAIN-20210803124251-20210803154251-00552.warc.gz | en | 0.924955 | 430 | 2.609375 | 3 |
By Juliana Freitag at Church Militant :
The miracle of the liquefaction of St. Januarius’ blood, patron of Naples, takes place three times a year: on the Saturday preceding the first Sunday of May (the day of the translation of the Saint’s relics), on September 19 (the day of his martyrdom) and on December 16 (the anniversary of the eruption of the Mount Vesuvius in 1631, when the lava stopped at the doors of Naples, one of the most remarkable miracles manifested through St. Januarius’ intercession).
But this year the last liquefaction didn’t occur, closing 2016 with an ill omen. Last Friday, celebrations at the Royal Chapel of the inside Naples Cathedral started early in the day, as established by tradition, in the expectation of the miracle. During Mass the blood in the vial seemed slightly different, and the Abbot of the Chapel, Monsignor Vincenzo De Gregorio, seemed confident the blood would turn liquid, a phenomenon first documented in 1389 but that dates back further.
The Abbot invited the faithful to keep praying in serenity while waiting, reminding the attendants that in December 2015 the liquefaction took place after 5 p.m. At 7.15 p.my. the vial was returned to the shrine, “undoubtedly solid,” as stated by Abbot Vincenzo. Before ending the ritual, he added: “We shouldn’t think of tragedies and calamities. We are men of faith and we must keep on praying.”
The Abbot’s exhortation was an attempt to control the upcoming commotion: the people of Naples have witnessed in its history that when the miracle doesn’t happen, it’s often a premonition of evil. Some of the occasions where the blood didn’t liquefy in the last few decades were: 1980, when a terrible earthquake hit South Italy; 1973, when Naples suffered an outbreak of cholera; 1939, when World War II broke out; 1940, when Italy joined the War; 1943, when Italy was occupied by the Nazis. And throughout the centuries the absence of the astonishing phenomenon has been precedent to religious persecutions, eruptions of the Mount Vesuvius, earthquakes, revolutions, wars and the deaths of kings, archbishops and Popes. Rarely the liquefaction happens outside of the three traditional dates.
One of the exceptions was in 1799, when Napoleon’s general Championnet, after conquering Naples and establishing the Parthenopean Republic, persuaded the archbishop of Naples to celebrate the miracle as a token of peace. When Championnet held the vial the blood immediately became liquid, which was seen both as a “sign from Heaven” to accept the new Republican government, and as a “betrayal” from the Saint for consenting to French revolutionaries.
More recently, the blood partially liquefied in the presence of Pope Francis, during his visit to Naples in March 2015. | <urn:uuid:9357f293-3326-4771-a766-314462ee36ab> | CC-MAIN-2018-05 | https://catholicismpure.wordpress.com/2016/12/18/blood-of-saint-januarius-fails-to-liquefy-for-the-first-time-in-30-years/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-05/segments/1516084889798.67/warc/CC-MAIN-20180121001412-20180121021412-00513.warc.gz | en | 0.955491 | 642 | 2.5625 | 3 |
| Abstract|| |
The noble gas argon (Ar) is a “biologically” active element and has been extensively studied preclinically for its organ protection properties. This work reviews all preclinical studies employing Ar and describes the clinical uses reported in literature, analyzing 55 pertinent articles found by means of a search on PubMed and Embase. Ventilation with Ar has been tested in different models of acute disease at concentrations ranging from 20% to 80% and for durations between a few minutes up to days. Overall, lesser cell death, smaller infarct size, and better functional recovery after ischemia have been repeatedly observed. Modulation of the molecular pathways involved in cell survival, with resulting anti-apoptotic and pro-survival effects, appeared as the determinant mechanism by which Ar fulfills its protective role. These beneficial effects have been reported regardless of onset and duration of Ar exposure, especially after cardiac arrest. In addition, ventilation with Ar was safe both in animals and humans. Thus, preclinical and clinical data support future clinical studies on the role of inhalatory Ar as an organ protector.
Keywords: Argon, cardiac arrest, ischemia-reperfusion injury, neuroprotection
|How to cite this article:|
Nespoli F, Redaelli S, Ruggeri L, Fumagalli F, Olivari D, Ristagno G. A complete review of preclinical and clinical uses of the noble gas argon: Evidence of safety and protection. Ann Card Anaesth 2019;22:122-35
|How to cite this URL:|
Nespoli F, Redaelli S, Ruggeri L, Fumagalli F, Olivari D, Ristagno G. A complete review of preclinical and clinical uses of the noble gas argon: Evidence of safety and protection. Ann Card Anaesth [serial online] 2019 [cited 2019 Oct 16];22:122-35. Available from: http://www.annals.in/text.asp?2019/22/2/122/255638
| Introduction|| |
Argon (Ar) is a noble gas discovered in 1894. Ar is a colorless, tasteless, odorless, noncorrosive, noninflammable, and nontoxic gas. It is the most abundant noble gas, and the third major component of the air, with a concentration of 0.93%. Ar's density is 38% higher than air, and the solubility in water and plasma is 24-fold lower than that of carbon dioxide (CO2).
Ar has a full electron valence shell which avoids covalent binding with other elements; therefore, it is usually considered a nonreactive chemical gas, as known by its Greek name “αργός,” meaning “inert.” Although labeled as a “biologically” inert gas, recent evidence suggest that the drug can have significant effects. Narcotic effects have been described in divers since 1939 and further confirmed by other studies.,,,,, Besides narcosis, evidence of neuroprotection has been rising since the first report in a rodent model of hypoxic brain injury, in 1998. In more recent years, the protective effects of Ar after ischemia became more evident preclinically.
The aim of this work was to review all the preclinical studies employing Ar, both in vivo and in vitro, focused on organ protection, and its clinical uses.
| Materials and Methods|| |
A concurrent PubMed and Embase search was carried out and updated till October 2017. “Ar” was used as MeSh and Emtree term for PubMed and Embase search, respectively. The following keywords were then used to narrow and focus the search: “neuroprotection,” “cardioprotection,” “organ protection,” “cellular protection,” “organ transplantation,” “ischemia -reperfusion injury,” “hypoxic-ischemic injury,” “perinatal asphyxia,” “cardiac arrest (CA),” “traumatic brain injury,” “pneumoperitoneum,” “lung volume measurement,” “cardiac output measurement,” “narcosis,” “diving,” and “hyperbarism.” During the selection, only English-written articles with full text available were considered. Both in vitro and in vivo studies and human application of Ar were included in this review. Articles concerning the surgical use of Ar, i.e., “Ar laser,” “Ar beam,” and “Ar coagulation” were excluded. Articles selection was performed independently by two authors (FN, SR). Fifty-five pertinent articles were found and included. Original results from a study performed by our group on a rat model of acute myocardial infarction (MI) were added.
Forty-four preclinical studies were found.,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, The majority (n = 25) of in vitro and in vivo studies with Ar focused on neuroprotection after a variety of brain damages,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, in which different neurological and behavioral tests were combined with histological and biochemical assays. Four studies evaluated the presence of cardioprotective effect after myocardial ischemia/reperfusion (I/R).,,, Nine studies focused on the preservation of other organs and tissues, such as ex vivo perfused kidney and lung, and culture of human airway epithelium, kidney tubular, and osteosarcoma cells.,,,,,,,, A single study evaluated the influence of Ar inhalation on liver regeneration after partial hepatectomy. Three in vivo studies investigated the effects and the mechanisms of action of Ar under hyperbaric condition.,, Five studies specifically focused on the safety: In 2, Ar was administered as respiratory mixture to pigs;, while, in 3 studies, Ar was used to induce pneumoperitoneum for surgical laparoscopic procedures in place of CO2.,, The area of interest is summarized in [Figure 1]a.
|Figure 1: (a) Focus and summary of main results (b) of the in vitro and in vivo studies employing inhalatory argon|
Click here to view
Overall, both in vitro and in vivo studies provided evidence in support of a protective role of Ar, independently from the disease model and the duration and onset of exposure to the treatment (i.e., pre- or post-acute event) [Figure 1]b.
In vitro studies
Seventeen articles investigated the protective effects of Ar on cell damage [Table 1].,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, In details, two studies were performed in rodent cardiomyocytes, and one of these included also additional investigations in human right atrial appendages obtained from patients undergoing coronary artery bypass or valve replacement surgery;, 9 in rat neurons or hippocampal slices;,,,,,,,, 5 in human cells (neuroblastoma, kidney, airway epithelium, osteosarcoma);,,,, and one in whole blood from rodents. One in vitro study investigated whether Ar interacted with tissue plasminogen activator (tPA).
|Table 1: In vitro studies employing argon for cell and tissue preservation|
Click here to view
The duration of the imposed insult varied from 30 min of hypoxia in cardiomyocytes, to several hours under oxygen (O2) glucose deprivation condition, up to 30 h in the drug-induced toxicity studies.
In these studies, cells and/or tissues were incubated in chambers containing Ar atmosphere in a concentration varying from 25% to 75% in air and/or O2. The average Ar exposure was 90 min, ranging from a minimum of 5 min up to 72 h. In the majority of the studies, Ar was administered either immediately after the onset of the insult or delayed, up to 3 h later. In 3 studies, Ar was administered as a preconditioning agent.,,
Overall, the in vitro studies showed improved cell survival and viability when Ar was used both pre and after the insult. More specifically, Ar reduced apoptosis in neuronal, tubular kidney, and airway epithelial cells.,, As for cardioprotection after I/R, besides increasing cell viability, Ar also diminished early depolarizations in the ventricle tissue, limiting the onset of ischemia-triggered arrhythmias. When Ar was applied on the human right atrial appendages after hypoxia/reoxygenation injury, the recovery of contractile activity was increased.
Ar blocked the tPA thrombolytic effects at low concentration (25%), while the tPA catalytic and thrombolytic efficacy was increased at concentrations above 50%. Thus, it was suggested that in the context of ischemic stroke, Ar 75% could be given during ischemia to favor thrombolysis, but not after reperfusion.
In vivo studies
Twenty-four studies employed Ar as a potential protective treatment for brain, heart, and other organ preservation after different ischemic insults.,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, Six studies used swine models,,,,, and 18 rodent ones, including rats, guinea-pigs, and rabbits.,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, In addition, three studies investigated the effects of Ar under hyperbaric conditions.,, A single study evaluated the effects on the initiation of liver regeneration in rats.
These studies reproduced the following human conditions: ischemic stroke, neonatal hypoxic-ischemic encephalopathy (HIE), subarachnoid hemorrhage, MI; CA, organ (kidney and lung) transplantation, exposure to hyperbaric condition, and liver surgery [Table 2], [Table 3], [Table 4].
|Table 2: In vivo studies employing argon for protection in models of acute cerebral and myocardial injury, for narcosis and for liver regeneration|
Click here to view
|Table 4: In vivo studies in models of cardiac arrest employing argon for neuroprotection|
Click here to view
The minimum duration of the ischemic insult was 7 min in a model of CA in rats, while the maximum duration was 18 h in the ex vivo lung perfusion (EVLP). In these studies, Ar was always administered as inhalatory mixture, with a concentration varying from 25% up to 88% either in air or in a mixture of nitrogen (N2) and O2. The average Ar exposure was approximately 1–4 h,,, ranging from a minimum of 3 5-min cycles in the MI studies, up to 30 h in the organ transplantation models. In the majority of the studies, Ar was applied as a potential treatment and thus administered either immediately after the insult, i.e., after resuscitation from CA, or delayed up to 3 h later. Only in 3 studies specifically focused on myocardial I/R, EVLP, and liver regeneration, Ar was employed as a preconditioning agent, before induction of the insult.,,
Regarding the use of Ar as neuroprotective agent, only 4 studies,,, evaluated the postinsult neurological recovery, and in half of them, there was evidence for a better outcome after Ar inhalation when compared to the control.
All the investigations, except one focusing on the safety of Ar, included histological evaluations, in different brain areas. Overall, there was evidence for a mitigation of the brain tissue injury. In one study on a rat model of middle cerebral artery occlusion, Ar had contrasting effects, with a reduced infarct size in the cortical area, but an increased injury in the subcortical area, compared to sham animals. However, in this study, animals treated with Ar had a significantly higher body temperature (average of 38.5°C), which could explain the greater brain damage compared to the controls. In studies focused selectively on I/R injury in the retina, Ar confirmed its protective effects in a dose- and time-dependent manner [Table 2].
In a model of perinatal HIE, Ar inhalation had no effect on heart rate, arterial blood pressure and blood gases, cerebral O2 saturation, and electrocortical brain activity.
Studies focused on neurological injury following resuscitation from CA are described in a dedicated section of this review.
Regarding the use of Ar as cardioprotective treatment, 3 studies were individuated,,, one of which investigated the cardioprotection within the broader post-CA syndrome. Overall, the studies provided evidence for a reduced infarct size and an improved left ventricle systolic function, evaluated either by echocardiography or magnetic resonance [Table 2].
Additional data come from a preliminary study in a rat model of myocardial I/R injury recently performed by our group (published in this review as original data). The left anterior descending was occluded for 30 min, and animals were randomized to receive 1-h ventilation with Ar 70% versus N2 70% in O2, starting 5 min before reperfusion. One hour after reperfusion, rats were weaned from mechanical ventilation and returned to their cages. Six h after reperfusion plasma samples were collected for high-sensitive cardiac troponin T (hs-cTnT) assay and animals were sacrificed. Myocardial infarct size was assessed by tetrazolium chloride staining, and inflammatory response was evaluated in terms of neutrophil infiltration by naphthol staining. Rats treated with Ar showed a lower plasma level of hs-cTnT compared to controls (median [interquartile range]: 3128 ng/L [1832–7053] vs. 7432 ng/L [4965–10000]; P < 0.05) together with a trend toward a reduction in neutrophil infiltration (mean ± Standard error of mean: 77 ± 7 cells/mm2 vs. 92 ± 8.5 cells/mm2; P = not significant). Nevertheless, there was no reduction in infarct size.
In vivo studies on narcosis
Ar showed narcotic effects only under hyperbaric conditions., Different theories have been proposed to explain this property. Most likely, the increase of the inert gas pressure induces modification on cytoplasmic membrane and/or receptor condition, subsequently modifying the neurotransmission. Indeed, when rats were exposed to Ar at ≈ 19 atm for 2 h, dopamine release from striatum decreased by approximately 10% compared to animals that were not exposed to the gas. Since the striatum coordinates different aspects of motor planning and motivation, a subsequent study investigated the relationship between motor activity and dopamine release in rats exposed to Ar in a pressurized chamber for 100 min. During the compression period, a transient phase of hyperactivity was observed, followed by a decrease in the motor activity. More specifically, exposure to Ar at the pressure of ≈ 10 atm, showed motor hyperactivity, probably related both to the higher pressure and to the narcotic potency of the gas, dependent on its lipid solubility. When the pressure was raised to ≈ 20 atm, loss of righting reflex was observed, indicating the onset of the anesthetic effect. This subsequent decrease of behavioral activity could be ascribed to the decrease of dopamine release from the striatum that occurred when the 20 atm pressure was achieved and was kept constant for at least 10 min.
Another study concerning Ar anesthetic properties analyzed the contribution of gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) transmission as a possible mechanism of action for narcosis. Rats were treated with different GABA receptor antagonists (gabazine and flumazenil, as GABAA antagonists, and 2-idrossisaclofene, as GABAB antagonist) and then exposed to Ar in a pressurized chamber. Pretreatment with GABAA inhibitors increased significantly the Ar threshold pressure for the loss of righting reflex. Instead, pretreatment with GABAB inhibitor showed no significant effects on narcosis [Table 2].
Ex vivo studies
Regarding the use of Ar for organ preservation, kidneys and lungs were the preferred targets.,,,, Indeed, reduced acute tubular necrosis and inflammatory lesions accompanied by better renal function and faster recovery were observed after heterotopic autotransplantation in which the removed kidney was preserved in a cold storage solution saturated with pure Ar., Smith et al. studied the effects of ex vivo normothermic perfusion with a gas composition of 70% Ar for 1 h, in a porcine model of kidney ischemia-reperfusion injury. The authors did not observe any organoprotective effect as far as hemodynamics, renal function, functional parameters, inflammatory markers, and histological analysis were concerned. In EVLP following a period of warm ischemic injury in the swine, 6-h ventilation with a respiratory mixture containing 70% Ar in O2, did not show any benefit in graft function. Indeed, no significant differences in ventilator parameters, such as pulmonary vascular resistance, peak airway pressure, and blood gases, nor in the histopathology, were observed, compared to a control ventilation with N2/O2. In 2017, the same group confirmed the above results in a model of cold I/R injury during EVLP. Overall lungs were exposed to Ar at a different concentration ranging from 79% to 88% in O2 for 28 h. At the end of the exposure, no beneficial effects on graft quality were observed [Table 3].
Use of argon after cardiac arrest
The use of Ar ventilation for neuroprotection after CA was explored in 6 studies,,,,,, [Table 4]. All these studies reported both neurological recovery, evaluated with various neurobehavioral tests, and tissue damage, assessed by histopathology and biochemistry. Of the 5 studies using the rat model of CA, 4 were from the same research group,,, that investigated the effect of 1 h of ventilation with a mixture of 70% Ar in O2 initiated 1 h after resuscitation. After a no-flow of 7 min, postresuscitation ventilation with Ar led to a better and faster neurological recovery during the following 7 days compared to the control ventilation. The results were assessed by a battery of tests, including the rodent neurological deficit score, the open field, and the Morris water maze tests. This good functional recovery was paralleled by a significantly lower brain damage in the neocortex and the hippocampal CA 3 and 4 regions. In a subsequent study employing the same model of CA and cardiopulmonary resuscitation, it was confirmed that such beneficial effects of Ar treatment were dose-dependent. Indeed, both the neurological outcome and the histopathological brain damage were confirmed to be improved compared to controls, after exposure to Ar at a concentration of either 40% or 70% after resuscitation; however, the neuroprotective effects were significantly more pronounced when the inhalatory mixture contained 70% Ar in place of 40%. A third study introduced further data showing that the 70% Ar-induced neuroprotection persisted even when the onset of the treatment was delayed up to 3 h after resuscitation. More recently, neuroprotection of Ar was investigated in conjunction with mild therapeutic hypothermia (MTH), based on the hypothesis that the combination of these 2 interventions could boost protection, further improving neurological outcome after CA. Thus, in the same model, rats were treated with MTH at 33°C (6 h) and 1 h ventilation with 70% Ar. Surprisingly, the results showed that the combined treatment, similarly to a control ventilation with air/O2, generated worse neurological recovery together with greater neuronal degeneration in hippocampal CA1 region when compared to MTH alone. Unfortunately, in this study the treatment with Ar alone, as a reference, was absent and thus no further considerations on the effect of Ar could be made.
In a model of CA with an underlying acute MI in swine, a 4-h ventilation with a mixture of 70% Ar–30% O2 initiated immediately after resuscitation was compared to a control ventilation with an equivalent percentage of N2/O2. This study confirmed the Ar-induced neuroprotective effects previously shown in rats. More specifically, animals that received Ar achieved a faster and more complete neurological recovery, already 24 h after CA, in contrast to controls, in which a neurological impairment persisted up to 72 h after resuscitation. The improvement in neurological recovery was confirmed by different neurological tests and by the circulating level of serum neuron-specific enolase, a biomarker of neuronal damage. Histopathology supported this benefit on neurological recovery, showing lesser brain injury in animals that were treated with Ar compared to controls. In addition, a trend toward a smaller myocardial infarct size was also observed after inhalation of Ar. The same group has recently replicated these results showing a beneficial effects of Ar ventilation on neuro- and cardioprotection in a more severe model of CA (abstract only available).
In a model of CA in rodents induced with KCl and esmolol, 24-h ventilation with a mixture of 50% Ar-50% O2 was conducted, starting 15 min after resuscitation. As the primary outcome, neuronal damage was assessed by histopathology, while as secondary outcome, neurologic tests were performed. A trend toward a lesser neuronal damage after Ar treatment was reported.
Mechanism of organ protection
The description of the potential mechanisms of action involved in the Ar protection derives mainly fromin vitro studies and have been further confirmed in vivo. Ar appeared to possess O2-like properties, which could explain its neuroprotective effects by partially restoring mitochondrial respiratory enzyme activity and reducing N-methyl-D-aspartic acid-induced neuronal death. Moreover, Ar plays anti-apoptotic effects modulating the molecular pathways involved in cell survival. In details, it increases extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK) 1/2 phosphorylation, already after 30 min of exposure; it blocks the apoptosis cascade;,, it upregulates the expression of the anti-apoptotic protein B-cell lymphoma-2;, it activates the toll-like receptor 2 and 4, which reduce caspase-3 activity,, and mediate the intracellular signaling involved in the production of pro-inflammatory cytokines, growth factors, and cell survival [Table 1].
Reperfusion can also contribute to cell death, and particularly on cardiomyocyte, it can induce ventricular arrhythmias and contractile dysfunction subsequent to the opening of the mitochondrial permeability transition pore (MPTP). MPTP is a nonselective channel of the inner mitochondrial membrane that opens at reperfusion, causing mitochondrial calcium-phosphate overload, and dissipates mitochondrial membrane potential. Phosphatidylinositol-3-kinase, ERK 1–2 and 70 kDa ribosomal protein s6 kinase inhibit MPTP opening by their actions on several downstream signaling molecules that modulate the transition state of the pore either directly (via endothelial nitric oxide synthase, p53, glycogen synthase kinase) or indirectly by affecting the pro- and anti-apoptotic B-cell lymphoma protein. Thus, Ar by acting on the same pathways, directly or indirectly, through reperfusion injury salvage kinase, prevents the MPTP opening.,
Safety of argon use
Even though safety was not the primary endpoint of all the above described in vivo studies, none of them has ever reported safety concerns related to the inhalatory exposure to Ar. In 12 in vivo studies,,,,,,,,,,,, continuous hemodynamic parameters and repeated blood gas analyses were performed during Ar ventilation. Ar did not affect neither hemodynamics nor ventilation, in terms of respiratory gas exchange. Three studies have also reported body weight as an indicator of animal's wellbeing during the days after Ar ventilation, and none of them reported significant changes.,,
Two studies aimed to specifically evaluate the safety of Ar ventilation in pigs., In 1 study, a 6-h ventilation with Ar 79% in pigs showed no toxic effects, as demonstrated by serum biomarkers and assessment of liver and kidney function and structure. In the other study, neonatal piglets were ventilated with Ar at different concentrations, ranging from 30% to 80% in O2, for a total of 3 h. Effects on hemodynamics and blood gases were evaluated, and prolonged ventilation with Ar was confirmed to be safe at each concentration. A similar study observed an augmented hypothermic protection at 48 h after hypoxia-ischemia with Ar from 2 to 26 h, shown by improved brain energy metabolism, faster electrical brain activity recovery and reduced cell death.
In 3 studies, Ar was used as a substitute of CO2 in inducing pneumoperitoneum during laparoscopic surgery to evaluate its safety profile.,, Ar insufflation into the abdominal cavity produced hemodynamic modifications, mainly related to increases in abdominal pressure and perhaps to a potential effect on systemic vascular resistances (effect observed in 1 study but not replicated in the other). No significant changes in respiratory functions were observed. Since Ar is lesser soluble than CO2, an increased risk of hemodynamic instability exits in the instance of accidental gas embolism.
Finally, because Ar is denser than air, it could be argued that ventilation with such a gas could increase respiratory resistance. However, none of the preclinical studies reported such a condition after prolonged exposure to Ar. Moreover, a study with a model of vigorous ventilation in a respiratory resistance machine showed no changes in respiratory resistance at atmospheric pressure, and up to 4 atm, when Ar 80% was compared to air.
Clinical uses of argon
Since the sixties, Ar was applied for the measurement of lung volumes,,, with the rebreathing/gas-dilution technique. Ar 6%–7% has been also used to calculate the cardiac output CO., and for the estimation of global myocardial blood flow.
In these studies, subjects were exposed to a single or a few breaths of an isobaric mixture of Ar and no conclusions on safety issues may be extrapolated.
The feasibility of Ar use was addressed by studies involving divers. In these studies, divers breathed Ar mixtures for long periods in hyperbaric conditions. In 1939, motor and cognitive impairment, such as slowed mental activity, inability to perform efficient manual work and emotional disturbances, which might lead to loss of consciousness, were described in divers breathing a mixture of 69% Ar, 20% O2 and 11% N2 from 1 to 10 atm. In another study, 10 subjects performed mental arithmetic tasks while exposed to Ar 80% in O2 at 1, 4, and 7 atm. Again, Ar under hyperbaric condition showed more narcotic effects.
The longest exposure to Ar under hyperbaric condition was in 1998. Four male volunteers participated in a simulated diving at 10 m for 7 days with following gas mixture: O2 0.2 ± 0.005 kg/cm2, N2 0.8 ± 0.01 kg/cm2 and Ar 1.0 ± 0.01 kg/cm2. No effects on central nervous system electrophysiology and functional test, cardiopulmonary system, i.e., electrocardiogram, oxihemometry, and biochemical analysis of urine, were detected. All measured data did not exceed physiological range. Under hyperbaric pressure, a workload of 100 Wt was performed 62% higher when breathing Ar 15% in O2 than N215% in O2. Moreover, the exposure to a hypoxic Ar-N2 mixture containing O2 0.15 ± 0.005 kg/cm2, instead of O2 0.2 ± 0.005 kg/cm2, determined an increase in the performed work volume, showing that Ar causes a positive effect on organism adaptation to hypoxia.
Another study performed on 8 human volunteers investigated the possible adverse effects from breathing isobaric mixture of 80% Ar and 20% O2 for 30 min. The authors did not observe narcosis nor coagulation nor fibrinolysis abnormalities, which would have been present in case of gas embolism.
More recently, Ar inhalation has been proposed to measure the global cerebral blood flow (CBF), by a modification of the Kety-Schmidt technique. To establish this new method, 30 anesthetized patients undergoing cardiovascular surgery were subjected to ventilation with 70% Ar in O2 for 15 min, before the surgical procedure and CBF was evaluated. Ar ventilation did not show any influence on cerebrovascular circulation or metabolism, evaluated by transcranial Doppler sonography nor difference in content between arterial and jugular-venous lactate, glucose, and O2, respectively.
Summary of evidence and future perspectives
Ar might diminish the neurological and myocardial damage after a hypoxic-ischemic insult.
Indeed, Ar has been tested in different models of ischemic insult, at concentrations ranging from 20% up to 80%. Overall, Ar emerged as a protective agent on cells, tissues, and organs, showing less cell death, reduced infarct size and faster functional recovery. More specifically, encouraging data has been reported in animal studies on CA in which a better and faster neurological recovery was achieved when Ar was used in the postresuscitation ventilation. More importantly, these benefits have been replicated in different studies, enrolling both small and large animals. Ventilation with Ar in O2 has been demonstrated to be safe both in animals and humans.
Based on all the evidence described in this article, the protective effects of Ar should be evaluated in a clinical scenario, in particular, those concerning the neuroprotective properties after CA which are strongly supported by preclinical evidence. Finally, Ar can be simply administered through a ventilator which is modified to be compatible with the gas mixture Ar/O2/air, in variable proportions, provided in dedicated cylinders. Indeed, Ar has a relatively low cost, approximately 9 Euro cent per liter, 10-fold lower than anesthesia agents such as sevoflurane and isoflurane and 100-fold lower than xenon.
| Conclusions|| |
Ar use has been described in a variety of preclinical and human studies. Inhalatory Ar seems to be potentially beneficial in the context of organ protection after different types of insults. Safety data show nontoxic effects. Thus, preclinical and clinical data support future clinical studies on the inhalatory Ar therapy.
Financial support and sponsorship
Conflicts of interest
There are no conflicts of interest.
| References|| |
Rayleigh L, Sec RS, Ramsay W. Argon, a new constituent of the atmosphere. Proc R Soc Lond 1895;57:340-6.
Roberts MW, Mathiesen KA, Ho HS, Wolfe BM. Cardiopulmonary responses to intravenous infusion of soluble and relatively insoluble gases. Surg Endosc 1997;11:341-6.
Ulbrich F, Goebel U. The molecular pathway of argon-mediated neuroprotection. Int J Mol Sci 2016;17. pii: E1816.
Behnke AR, Yorarbrough OD. Respiratory resistance, oil-water solubility and mental effects of argon compared with helium and nitrogen. Am J Physiol 1939;126:409-15.
Taylor JW, Hander EW, Skreen R, Wilmore DW. The effect of central nervous system narcosis on the sympathetic response to stress. J Surg Res 1976;20:313-20.
Sauter JF. Electrophysiological activity of a mammalian sympathetic ganglion under hydrostatic and inert gas pressure. Neuropharmacology 1979;18:77-81.
Smith CR, Spiess BD. The two faces of eve: Gaseous anaesthesia and inert gas narcosis. Diving Hyperb Med 2010;40:68-77.
Rostain JC, Lavoute C, Risso JJ, Vallée N, Weiss M. A review of recent neurochemical data on inert gas narcosis. Undersea Hyperb Med 2011;38:49-59.
Clark JE. Moving in extreme environments: Inert gas narcosis and underwater activities. Extrem Physiol Med 2015;4:1.
Soldatov PE, D'iachenko AI, Pavlov BN, Fedotov AP, Chuguev AP. Survival of laboratory animals in argon-containing hypoxic gaseous environments. Aviakosm Ekolog Med 1998;32:33-7.
Brücken A, Kurnaz P, Bleilevens C, Derwall M, Weis J, Nolte K, et al.
Dose dependent neuroprotection of the noble gas argon after cardiac arrest in rats is not mediated by K(ATP)-channel opening. Resuscitation 2014;85:826-32.
Ristagno G, Fumagalli F, Russo I, Tantillo S, Zani DD, Locatelli V, et al.
Postresuscitation treatment with argon improves early neurological recovery in a porcine model of cardiac arrest. Shock 2014;41:72-8.
Brücken A, Kurnaz P, Bleilevens C, Derwall M, Weis J, Nolte K, et al.
Delayed argon administration provides robust protection against cardiac arrest-induced neurological damage. Neurocrit Care 2015;22:112-20.
Brücken A, Cizen A, Fera C, Meinhardt A, Weis J, Nolte K, et al.
Argon reduces neurohistopathological damage and preserves functional recovery after cardiac arrest in rats. Br J Anaesth 2013;110 Suppl 1:i106-12.
Zuercher P, Springe D, Grandgirard D, Leib SL, Grossholz M, Jakob S, et al.
Arandomized trial of the effects of the noble gases helium and argon on neuroprotection in a rodent cardiac arrest model. BMC Neurol 2016;16:43.
Lemoine S, Blanchart K, Souplis M, Lemaitre A, Legallois D, Coulbault L, et al.
Argon exposure induces postconditioning in myocardial ischemia-reperfusion. J Cardiovasc Pharmacol Ther 2017;22:564-73.
Mayer B, Soppert J, Kraemer S, Schemmel S, Beckers C, Bleilevens C, et al.
Argon induces protective effects in cardiomyocytes during the second window of preconditioning. Int J Mol Sci 2016;17. pii: E1159.
Hafner C, Qi H, Soto-Gonzalez L, Doerr K, Ullrich R, Tretter EV, et al.
Argon preconditioning protects airway epithelial cells against hydrogen peroxide-induced oxidative stress. Eur Surg Res 2016;57:252-62.
Ulbrich F, Kaufmann K, Roesslein M, Wellner F, Auwärter V, Kempf J, et al.
Argon mediates anti-apoptotic signaling and neuroprotection via inhibition of toll-like receptor 2 and 4. PLoS One 2015;10:e0143887.
Rizvi M, Jawad N, Li Y, Vizcaychipi MP, Maze M, Ma D, et al.
Effect of noble gases on oxygen and glucose deprived injury in human tubular kidney cells. Exp Biol Med (Maywood) 2010;235:886-91.
Ulbrich F, Lerach T, Biermann J, Kaufmann KB, Lagreze WA, Buerkle H, et al.
Argon mediates protection by interleukin-8 suppression via a TLR2/TLR4/STAT3/NF-κB pathway in a model of apoptosis in neuroblastoma cells in vitro
and following ischemia-reperfusion injury in rat retina in vivo
. J Neurochem 2016;138:859-73.
Spaggiari S, Kepp O, Rello-Varona S, Chaba K, Adjemian S, Pype J, et al.
Antiapoptotic activity of argon and xenon. Cell Cycle 2013;12:2636-42.
Fahlenkamp AV, Rossaint R, Haase H, Al Kassam H, Ryang YM, Beyer C, et al.
The noble gas argon modifies extracellular signal-regulated kinase 1/2 signaling in neurons and glial cells. Eur J Pharmacol 2012;674:104-11.
Jawad N, Rizvi M, Gu J, Adeyi O, Tao G, Maze M, et al.
Neuroprotection (and lack of neuroprotection) afforded by a series of noble gases in an in vitro
model of neuronal injury. Neurosci Lett 2009;460:232-6.
Loetscher PD, Rossaint J, Rossaint R, Weis J, Fries M, Fahlenkamp A, et al.
Argon: Neuroprotection in in vitro
models of cerebral ischemia and traumatic brain injury. Crit Care 2009;13:R206.
David HN, Haelewyn B, Degoulet M, Colomb DG Jr., Risso JJ, Abraini JH, et al. Ex vivo
and in vivo
neuroprotection induced by argon when given after an excitotoxic or ischemic insult. PLoS One 2012;7:e30934.
Zhao H, Mitchell S, Koumpa S, Cui YT, Lian Q, Hagberg H, et al.
Heme oxygenase-1 mediates neuroprotection conferred by argon in combination with hypothermia in neonatal hypoxia-ischemia brain injury. Anesthesiology 2016;125:180-92.
Zhao H, Mitchell S, Ciechanowicz S, Savage S, Wang T, Ji X, et al.
Argon protects against hypoxic-ischemic brain injury in neonatal rats through activation of nuclear factor (erythroid-derived 2)-like 2. Oncotarget 2016;7:25640-51.
Harris K, Armstrong SP, Campos-Pires R, Kiru L, Franks NP, Dickinson R, et al.
Neuroprotection against traumatic brain injury by xenon, but not argon, is mediated by inhibition at the N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor glycine site. Anesthesiology 2013;119:1137-48.
Yarin YM, Amarjargal N, Fuchs J, Haupt H, Mazurek B, Morozova SV, et al.
Argon protects hypoxia-, cisplatin- and gentamycin-exposed hair cells in the newborn rat's organ of corti. Hear Res 2005;201:1-9.
David HN, Haelewyn B, Risso JJ, Abraini JH. Modulation by the noble gas argon of the catalytic and thrombolytic efficiency of tissue plasminogen activator. Naunyn Schmiedebergs Arch Pharmacol 2013;386:91-5.
Grüßer L, Blaumeiser-Debarry R, Krings M, Kremer B, Höllig A, Rossaint R, et al.
Argon attenuates the emergence of secondary injury after traumatic brain injury within a 2-hour incubation period compared to desflurane: An in vitro
study. Med Gas Res 2017;7:93-100.
Höllig A, Weinandy A, Liu J, Clusmann H, Rossaint R, Coburn M, et al.
Beneficial properties of argon after experimental subarachnoid hemorrhage: Early treatment reduces mortality and influences hippocampal protein expression. Crit Care Med 2016;44:e520-9.
Zhuang L, Yang T, Zhao H, Fidalgo AR, Vizcaychipi MP, Sanders RD, et al.
The protective profile of argon, helium, and xenon in a model of neonatal asphyxia in rats. Crit Care Med 2012;40:1724-30.
Alderliesten T, Favie LM, Neijzen RW, Auwärter V, Nijboer CH, Marges RE, et al.
Neuroprotection by argon ventilation after perinatal asphyxia: A safety study in newborn piglets. PLoS One 2014;9:e113575.
Broad KD, Fierens I, Fleiss B, Rocha-Ferreira E, Ezzati M, Hassell J, et al.
Inhaled 45-50% argon augments hypothermic brain protection in a piglet model of perinatal asphyxia. Neurobiol Dis 2016;87:29-38.
Ryang YM, Fahlenkamp AV, Rossaint R, Wesp D, Loetscher PD, Beyer C, et al.
Neuroprotective effects of argon in an in vivo
model of transient middle cerebral artery occlusion in rats. Crit Care Med 2011;39:1448-53.
Fahlenkamp AV, Coburn M, de Prada A, Gereitzig N, Beyer C, Haase H, et al.
Expression analysis following argon treatment in an in vivo
model of transient middle cerebral artery occlusion in rats. Med Gas Res 2014;4:11.
Ulbrich F, Schallner N, Coburn M, Loop T, Lagrèze WA, Biermann J, et al.
Argon inhalation attenuates retinal apoptosis after ischemia/reperfusion injury in a time- and dose-dependent manner in rats. PLoS One 2014;9:e115984.
Ulbrich F, Kaufmann KB, Coburn M, Lagrèze WA, Roesslein M, Biermann J, et al.
Neuroprotective effects of argon are mediated via an ERK-1/2 dependent regulation of heme-oxygenase-1 in retinal ganglion cells. J Neurochem 2015;134:717-27.
Balon N, Kriem B, Dousset E, Weiss M, Rostain JC. Opposing effects of narcotic gases and pressure on the striatal dopamine release in rats. Brain Res 2002;947:218-24.
Balon N, Risso JJ, Blanc F, Rostain JC, Weiss M. Striatal dopamine release and biphasic pattern of locomotor and motor activity under gas narcosis. Life Sci 2003;72:2731-40.
Abraini JH, Kriem B, Balon N, Rostain JC, Risso JJ. Gamma-aminobutyric acid neuropharmacological investigations on narcosis produced by nitrogen, argon, or nitrous oxide. Anesth Analg 2003;96:746-9.
Pagel PS, Krolikowski JG, Shim YH, Venkatapuram S, Kersten JR, Weihrauch D, et al.
Noble gases without anesthetic properties protect myocardium against infarction by activating prosurvival signaling kinases and inhibiting mitochondrial permeability transition in vivo
. Anesth Analg 2007;105:562-9.
Irani Y, Pype JL, Martin AR, Chong CF, Daniel L, Gaudart J, et al.
Noble gas (argon and xenon)-saturated cold storage solutions reduce ischemia-reperfusion injury in a rat model of renal transplantation. Nephron Extra 2011;1:272-82.
Martens A, Montoli M, Faggi G, Katz I, Pype J, Vanaudenaerde BM, et al.
Argon and xenon ventilation during prolonged ex vivo
lung perfusion. J Surg Res 2016;201:44-52.
Faure A, Bruzzese L, Steinberg JG, Jammes Y, Torrents J, Berdah SV, et al.
Effectiveness of pure argon for renal transplant preservation in a preclinical pig model of heterotopic autotransplantation. J Transl Med 2016;14:40.
Brücken A, Bleilevens C, Föhr P, Nolte K, Rossaint R, Marx G, et al.
Influence of argon on temperature modulation and neurological outcome in hypothermia treated rats following cardiac arrest. Resuscitation 2017;117:32-9.
Eisenhauer DM, Saunders CJ, Ho HS, Wolfe BM. Hemodynamic effects of argon pneumoperitoneum. Surg Endosc 1994;8:315-20.
Mann C, Boccara G, Grevy V, Navarro F, Fabre JM, Colson P, et al.
Argon pneumoperitoneum is more dangerous than CO2 pneumoperitoneum during venous gas embolism. Anesth Analg 1997;85:1367-71.
Martens A, Ordies S, Vanaudenaerde BM, Verleden SE, Vos R, Verleden GM, et al.
Aporcine ex vivo
lung perfusion model with maximal argon exposure to attenuate ischemia-reperfusion injury. Med Gas Res 2017;7:28-36.
] [Full text]
Ulmer TF, Fragoulis A, Dohmeier H, Kroh A, Andert A, Stoppe C, et al.
Argon delays initiation of liver regeneration after partial hepatectomy in rats. Eur Surg Res 2017;58:204-15.
Smith SF, Adams T, Hosgood SA, Nicholson ML. The administration of argon during ex vivo
normothermic perfusion in an experimental model of kidney ischemia-reperfusion injury. J Surg Res 2017;218:202-8.
Fowler B, Ackles KN. Narcotic effects in man of breathing 80-20 argon-oxygen and air under hyperbaric conditions. Aerosp Med 1972;43:1219-24.
Fumagalli F, Scala S, Affatato R, De Maglie M, Zani D, Novelli D, et al.
A1107 Post-resuscitation treatment with inhaled argon improves outcome even after a prolonged untreated cardiac arrest in a porcine model. Intensive Care Med Exp 2016;4 Suppl 1:A1107.
Black AM, Hahn CE, Maynard P, Scott IL. Measurement of lung volume by multiple indicator dilution. Differences in apparent volumes of distribution of oxygen, nitrogen and argon. Br J Anaesth 1984;56:289-98.
Ozanne GM, Zinn SE, Fairley HB. Measurement of functional residual capacity during mechanical ventilation by simultaneous exchange of two insoluble gases. Anesthesiology 1981;54:413-7.
McCarthy DS, Spencer R, Greene R, Milic-Emili J. Measurement of “closing volume” as a simple and sensitive test for early detection of small airway disease. Am J Med 1972;52:747-53.
Heneghan CP, Branthwaite MA. Non-invasive measurement of cardiac output during anaesthesia. An evaluation of the soluble gas uptake method. Br J Anaesth 1981;53:351-5.
Bonde-Petersen F, Norsk P, Suzuki Y. A comparison between Freon and acetylene rebreathing for measuring cardiac output. Aviat Space Environ Med 1980;51:1214-21.
Kotzerke J, Glatting G, van den Hoff J, Höher M, Neumaier B, Wöhrle J, et al.
Validation of myocardial blood flow estimation with nitrogen-13 ammonia PET by the argon inert gas technique in humans. Eur J Nucl Med 2001;28:340-5.
Pavlov BN, Buravkov SV, Soldatov PE, Vdovin AV, Deviatova NV. The Effects of Oxygen-Argon Gaseous Mixtures on Humans under Long-Term Hyperbaric Condition. In: Berlin LH, editor. Advances in High Pressure Bioscience and Biotechnology: Proceedings of the International Conference on High Pressure Bioscience and Biotechnology, Heidelberg, August 30 – September 3, 1998. Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg; 1999. p. 561-4.
Horrigan DJ, Wells CH, Guest MM, Hart GB, Goodpasture JE. Tissue gas and blood analyses of human subjects breathing 80% argon and 20% oxygen. Aviat Space Environ Med 1979;50:357-62.
Mielck F, Stephan H, Weyland A, Sonntag H. Effects of one minimum alveolar anesthetic concentration sevoflurane on cerebral metabolism, blood flow, and CO2 reactivity in cardiac patients. Anesth Analg 1999;89:364-9.
Grüne F, Kazmaier S, Hoeks SE, Stolker RJ, Coburn M, Weyland A, et al.
Argon does not affect cerebral circulation or metabolism in male humans. PLoS One 2017;12:e0171962.
Istituto di Ricerche Farmacologiche Mario Negri IRCCS, Via La Masa 19, Milan 20156
Source of Support: None, Conflict of Interest: None
[Table 1], [Table 2], [Table 3], [Table 4] | <urn:uuid:e0283839-38a4-40c4-9c5f-73927dc2ae9c> | CC-MAIN-2019-43 | http://www.annals.in/article.asp?issn=0971-9784;year=2019;volume=22;issue=2;spage=122;epage=135;aulast=Nespoli;type=3 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-43/segments/1570986669057.0/warc/CC-MAIN-20191016163146-20191016190646-00283.warc.gz | en | 0.870413 | 10,524 | 2.53125 | 3 |
Jump to navigation Jump to search
- (transitive) To rule over; to govern or determine by superior authority.
- (transitive) To rule or determine in a contrary way; to decide against; to abrogate or alter.
- His passion and animosity overruled his conscience.
- (transitive) To nullify a previous ruling by a higher power.
- The line judge signalled the ball was in, but this was overruled by the umpire.
- (transitive, law) To dismiss or throw out (a protest or objection) at a court.
to dismiss or throw out a protest at a court | <urn:uuid:780b9255-4047-46f6-8514-21a2288e5cc4> | CC-MAIN-2018-51 | https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/overrule | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-51/segments/1544376823339.35/warc/CC-MAIN-20181210123246-20181210144746-00102.warc.gz | en | 0.860181 | 134 | 2.875 | 3 |
(c) Pocumtuck Valley Memorial Association, Deerfield MA. All rights reserved. Contact us for information about using this image.
The number of soldiers who died from sickness, disease and infection was higher than the number of battlefield deaths in the Civil War (1861-1865). A doctor who lived to see the medical changes of the 20th century remembered the primitive state of army medicine in the 1860s. "We operated in old blood-stained and often pus-stained coats...we used undisinfected instruments...we knew nothing about antiseptics and therefore used none." The courage and strength of Union and Confederate soldiers began on the battlefield and continued in the hospitals. Menander Patrick of Massachusetts brought this medicine cup home from the South, a reminder perhaps of friends who never returned. | <urn:uuid:3dfcd4fc-a837-4343-a9a5-71c571aa0901> | CC-MAIN-2015-11 | http://www.americancenturies.mass.edu/collection/itempage.jsp?itemid=6059&img=0&level=beginner&transcription=0 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2015-11/segments/1424936463028.70/warc/CC-MAIN-20150226074103-00283-ip-10-28-5-156.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.947389 | 163 | 2.921875 | 3 |
Task 2You should spend about 40 minutes on this task.
Write about the following topic: Give reasons for your answer and include any relevant examples from your own knowledge or experience
Some people think that governments should hold responsibility for not creating equal job opportunities for men and women, while others think that society is at fault.
Discuss both views and give your opinion .
Write at least 250 words. | <urn:uuid:c43fcf00-d56a-45a3-bd24-2d797501643d> | CC-MAIN-2020-40 | https://choiceroute.in/writing-test-19/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-40/segments/1600400209665.4/warc/CC-MAIN-20200923015227-20200923045227-00017.warc.gz | en | 0.962488 | 80 | 2.75 | 3 |
Pitfalls of Writing Assignments1 Listed below are some of the kinds of problems likely to produce what harried students and writing consultants call “assignments from hell.” The specific examples in each category have been gathered from a variety of colleges and universities around the nation, and names have been omitted to protect the guilty. 1. 2. Using Intimidating Diction Carefully summarize and then faithfully represent and clearly articulate what is at the heart of the reading. You must provide logical links between ideas and responsibly use paraphrase and quotation. Show in a precise manner how Dillman’s definitions and relationships agree with your own. Use concrete examples to illustrate your understanding and to expand your reader’s insight. You are expected to be in control of your subject, not to pad with unnecessary words, and to display a mature understanding which synthesizes classwork, lectures, and readings. Encouraging Fragmentary Responses, Idle Speculation, or Frivolity What factors might have caused Shirley Jackson to write such a story? Is there any one book that you would like to read but never seem to find the time? What and why? By October 5, each student will submit a six- to seven-page paper (typed and double-spaced) in which he or she discusses the novel with particular emphasis on the following questions: 1. Who or what is responsible for the suffering of the mine workers? 2. Discuss Etienne Lantier as the victim and M. Hennebeau as the villain. How fair is this characterization? 3. Compare and contrast the political views of Etienne, Rasseneur, and Bouvarine. With whom does Zola sympathize? How can you tell? 4. What is the point of recounting the collapse of Deneulin’s enterprise? Why does Zola include this in the novel? Keep in mind that this is not merely a list of questions to be answered, but rather a list of themes to be addressed in a cohesive essay. Be sure to begin with a Compiled and shared by Muriel Harris of the Purdue University Writing Lab; edited and formatted by Tanya R. Cochran. 1 general introduction and develop your arguments logically. You may deal with the above questions in any order you like. You should cite specific passages from the book to support your arguments, but do not over-quote. All quotations from the book should indicate the page number where it can be found in the novel. Essays will be graded on style, syntax, and grammar as well as content. 3. 4. Compare the soul of an onion with the destiny of man. Prove that Hitler was a maniac. Being Vague or Assuming Students Have Knowledge That They Don’t Have For ESL students: Describe your reactions to American culture and manners. Most recognize the necessary trade-offs in a democratic society between freedom of speech and government secrecy. Even the most ardent advocates of civil liberties recognize the need for secrecy in certain areas of governmental activities. Develop a framework for differentiating between public and classified information. Write your first paper over either The Odyssey or The Inferno; choices for the second paper are Utopia or Candide. Posing Numerous Questions That Provoke Incoherence Compare and/or contrast the reason(s) the U.S. invaded Granada. Be sure to form conclusions on your own after synthesizing your sources. Was the invasion justified? Why or why not? How did the media treat the invasion? Discuss one of the basic freedoms of our Constitution. The American people have traditionally expressed support for all of the basic freedoms, yet we are often non-supportive when it comes to specifics. For example, Americans state they are solidly for Freedom of Speech yet flinch at the idea of the Ku Klux Klan or the American Nazi Party being free to demonstrate and express their views. Your paper should trace the constitutional interpretation of one of the basic freedoms and list the important cases regarding this interpretation. To what degree has the public supported this interpretation? What political (or other) conflicts has this caused? State where you believe the Supreme Court should draw the line. Reinforce your argument with case data or other research. If you believe the right to be absolute, then so state and support it. The paper will be graded on the conciseness of your research and the cohesiveness of your argument. 5. 6. 7. Compare Hobbes and Locke, two seventeenth-century Englishmen who lived in a period of civil war. Both came to theorize about the nature of man, the nature of the state, and the relationship between man and state. In particular, they discussed something they called the “social contract.” You should compare these two thinkers’ ideas about these subjects. Here are some important questions you might consider: How do Locke and Hobbes view man in a state of nature? What is the role of property for each thinker? How does each thinker view man’s nature (evil? good? or something in-between)? According to each thinker, how rational is man? How does each thinker view man’s natural rights and the idea of natural law? How does each thinker understand the nature and function of government? What does the “social contract” mean to each thinker? Where do a government’s powers come from for Locke and for Hobbes? What is the limit of a government’s powers for each? Why do men create government? Asking for Personal Information Describe a particularly embarrassing moment or event in your life. Suppose your father suffered from a work-related disability, either black lung disease or asbestosis. Discuss the role of the government in regulating the workplace in order to protect the health and safety of workers like your father. Relate the feelings of guilt experienced and expressed by Mr. Hooper and the townspeople to a personal experience in which you felt the pangs of guilt (e.g., cheating on an exam, lying to a teacher or parent, defaming the character of a fellow student, receiving unearned praise for work which is not your own). Be specific. Use examples from the story to make comparisons. Pitting Novice Writers against Professionals Read Ahren’s “The Great American Football Ritual” and Cleaver’s “Blood Lust.” Using these essays as models, choose and define an activity (such as a sporting event, the drive-in trend, courtship rituals) as a symbol of some aspect of American society. Make sure your essay reveals more than just something about the activity; it should cause the reader to think critically about the society which produces and enjoys that activity. Write a narrative in which you describe an experience from your past which left an indelible impression on you. Use as your model Dillard’s narrative of the Pobythemus moth or her attempt to outrun the man she had snowballed. Not Stipulating Audience and/or Purpose to Help Students Define the Context in Which They Are Writing 8. 9. Although acts of terrorism are not considered a normal feature of the American political scene, the bombing of abortion clinics is one indication that violence has become more prevalent in recent years in the U.S. Without becoming bogged down in a debate over the subject of abortion, discuss the right of privacy vis-àvis protest activities and public opinion. Explore the complexities of an issue; develop and support your own perspective. Possible topics: 1) Bilingual education in the schools. (When funds are limited, should money go to bilingual education or to other language/support programs for other groups?) or 2) Affirmative action or reverse discrimination. Discuss the significance of something in your life that failed to be as great as you thought it would be. Compare your ideas about something with those of your parents. Having Contradictory or Conflicting Audiences Using what you have read in Haberman about sex education counseling for teens, write a report to your high school principal. Write a letter to your friend or someone in this class in which you recall an event or place with special significance for you. Emphasizing Mechanics and Format over Content 10. Summary of a two-page assignment: The first page and a half spell out requirements for page length, late penalties, documentation guidelines, and plagiarism warnings. The concluding paragraph on the second page contains the actual topic. Attached is a list of 65 rules of grammar to heed. Embedding Presuppositions “A war, disease, and famine are necessary to the preservation of mankind.” Discuss. Select two ads from current magazines and analyze them in terms of how they manipulate our emotions and how they overlap or coincide with the values of the power structure in our society. Recently, we have witnessed an increase of banning of books from shelves of public and school libraries. Discuss circumstances when books should be removed from shelves. What are the implications of acquiescing to the removal of one book? 11. Write a letter to the editor of the student newspaper describing a problem you see on campus. Suggest a solution and ways that solution can be implemented. Asking for Too Much or Not Indicating the Level of Generality That Is Acceptable Write a document analysis, of about 500 words, selected from one of the following documents from the Tierney and Scott volume: Thucydides Plutarch, Lycurgus Plato, Republic Aristotle, Politics Edict of Milan and Theodosian Code Augustine, The Two Cities Put the document in historical context. Explain and interpret the significance of the document for its own time, and also relate any continuing significance of the document beyond its own time. | <urn:uuid:1a8be866-92e0-40e7-9661-3f70cd2c653b> | CC-MAIN-2018-30 | http://studylib.net/doc/6645927/pitfalls-in-writing | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-30/segments/1531676590901.10/warc/CC-MAIN-20180719125339-20180719145339-00136.warc.gz | en | 0.936683 | 1,982 | 2.96875 | 3 |
Past examinations that have been distributed that obviously show what brutal computer games that youngsters play can mean for them in a negative way. Truth be told, since the turn of the new thousand years there have been a few examinations finished on this issue and the outcomes have all been equivalent to displayed in such issues as the Diary of Character and Social Brain science.
One such concentrate even meticulously described the situation as to demonstrate that the more realistic the brutality in the computer games, then, at that point, the higher the opportunity of the contemplations and conduct of the youngster being forceful. This forceful way of behaving was viewed as found during game play, however it surfaced into all the more 먹튀온라인 long haul conduct issues for the kid where there was a genuine effect passed on associations with others because of the forcefulness of the youngster.
Regardless of what kind of computer game the kid is playing, they become the fundamental person inside the game or as certain clinicians allude to it as the “principal individual.” In most of these computer games the primary person will be the attacker and in this way, the kid sees the computer game world through the eyes of the person and takes on their character. A considerable lot of these youngsters are in their very own imagine universe at whatever point they are playing these computer games, however the issue comes when they are permitted to be so forceful inside the computer games that they don’t understand imagine and reality.
The most terrible impacts is that the computer games places weapons inside the hands of the youngsters to illuminate the effect that the person has while endeavoring to obliterate his foe. This main sources the youngster to turn into significantly more genuinely elaborate inside the computer game and the person. The youngster starts to appreciate annihilating the trouble makers as the computer game turns out to be increasingly more habit-forming to them.
Research studies have shown that as an adverse outcome, the youngster starts creating conduct that is viewed as some what rough and forceful by specialists. The way of behaving of the youngster will keep on disintegrating as they start accepting inside their own little heads that others have comparative considerations as they do, which center around viciousness and animosity. The examinations likewise showed that the computer games that the youngsters were playing that were fierce were an approach to programming the savage ways of behaving inside the kids again and again. The outcome made the forceful way of behaving more straightforward to out of the blue appear, in actuality. | <urn:uuid:72f47c64-3e3c-4583-aa20-e33acdeb0ecf> | CC-MAIN-2023-14 | https://bslukuang.com/video-games-affecting-children-negatively/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-14/segments/1679296945376.29/warc/CC-MAIN-20230325222822-20230326012822-00499.warc.gz | en | 0.976769 | 503 | 2.875 | 3 |
In the World, Not Of the World: However, the little foxes were too small to reach the grape bunches so they would chew on the vines and it would kill the whole vine. Instead of the farmer just losing his crop, he would lose his vine which was more disastrous. Spiritually some things we do or allow that we might think is little or insignificant can also be disastrous for us.
It is intended for 1st — 5th graders. This is what you are to say to the Israelites: I AM has sent me to you. Various passages from John Target Age Group: Please leave your feedback and suggestions for this lesson plan. Others will benefit from your ideas.
Click here to respond Learning Objectives: After this lesson, the children will be able. PRINT this lesson plan, Bibles, post-its with simple nouns on them one for each childOptional Nametag Necklaces with jobs written on them reader, writer, presenter, illustratorsmall pieces of paper with the following verses on them: Each student should attempt to figure out their noun.
Have them ask questions that have yes or no answers. Do I have four legs? Am I an animal? As you saw in our game today, every person, place, or thing has a name. It could be the name of a teacher or president, a church or a baseball field, a giraffe or a book.
Just like everything has a name that describes it, Jesus has names that describe Him. Some of the names that describe Him seem crazy, funny, and strange. This is what happened to poor Moses in Exodus 3. Moses is minding his own business, keeping watch over sheep, when all of a sudden he is staring at a bush that is on fire.
But this bush is different.
So he goes closer. The bush is talking! God asks Moses to not only take off his shoes that was the easy partbut he asks him to save His people, the Israelites, who are slaves in Egypt.
So he says in Exodus 3: Do you know what God says? Help the students find this verse in their Bibles. Can you imagine what the Israelites may have thought of him?
This guy takes care of sheep and he is supposed to save us? He hears God talking from a burning bush?
But God had a very good reason for this name. I AM means that God was and is and is to come. He has always existed, even before any ocean or star or person. He still exists now. And He will always exist and be there, forever and ever and ever.
Divide the students into teams of students. Give each student a job on the team or let them choose. If any more students are added, give them the jobs of presenter and illustrator.
You may want to make nametag necklaces with the jobs on them for future lessons. Explain to the students their roles, but clearly state that they are to work together as a team to teach us all about each name of Jesus.Jesus (c.
4 BC – c. AD 30 / 33), also referred to as Jesus of Nazareth and Jesus Christ, was a first-century Jewish preacher and religious leader. He is the central figure of Christianity.
Most Christians believe he is the incarnation of God the Son and the awaited Messiah (Christ) prophesied in the Old Testament. Jun 03, · How to Find a Catchy Title for Your Paper/Essay. Coming up with an effective title can end up being the most difficult part of your essay. Keep in mind good titles never state the obvious or contain generic terms or phrases.
Titles like “Paper on s China” or “Report on Shakespeare” are too general and do not give the reader a 91%(11). The plan contains your business purpose, marketing plans and financial reports.
When presenting your formal plan, you should place it inside a binder and attach a cover page denoting what the. Discuss the three high Christological titles that John uses for Jesus and why these titles give John's portrait of Jesus a unique place in all of the gospel. We have a balance of good prices and good quality custom writing; Business Plan Sample; Business Plan Essay; How to write a professional business plan;.
The good news is that it’s not that hard to craft a presentation title. There are a number of tried and tested formats which are easy to adapt to your topic.
choose the one that resonates best with you and then plan your presentation to fulfill the promise that you’re making to your audience in the title.
Presentation titles that. Posted in Uncategorized, tagged Corporation You, James Dobkowski, Titles for Christ, Titles for God, Titles for Jesus, Good Shepherd – John ; 14 Grain of Wheat A Business Plan for the Soul. | <urn:uuid:c0de1e06-ecc2-4faa-9f2e-80308844a767> | CC-MAIN-2020-34 | https://qodusebixaxutaxoz.lausannecongress2018.com/good-business-plan-titles-of-jesus-20691qj.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-34/segments/1596439737050.56/warc/CC-MAIN-20200807000315-20200807030315-00400.warc.gz | en | 0.962132 | 1,008 | 2.78125 | 3 |
Spasms are contractions of the hands, thumbs, feet, or toes that are sometimes seen with muscle cramps , twitching, and convulsions (tetany). Spasms are usually brief, but they can be severe and painful.
Foot spasms; Carpopedal spasm; Spasms of the hands or feet
Spasms of the hands or feet may be an important early sign of tetany, a potentially life-threatening condition. Tetany is due to a problem with the body's calcium levels, which can be linked to the following:
The spasms are usually accompanied by the following symptoms:
- Muscle weakness
- Numbness, tingling, or a "pins-and-needles" feeling
- Uncontrolled, purposeless, rapid motions
- Muscle cramps , usually caused by sports or occupational muscle injury
- Parkinson's disease
- Hypocalcemia (low calcium levels in the blood)
- Hypomagnesemia (low magnesium levels in the blood)
- Thyroid disorders
- Huntington's disease
- Hyperventilation -- calcium becomes temporarily less available to the body during hyperventilation
- Damage to a single nerve or nerve group (mononeuropathy ) or multiple nerves (polyneuropathy) that are connected to muscles
- Multiple sclerosis
- Use of certain medications
If vitamin D deficiency is the cause, supplemental vitamin D should be taken under the doctor's direction. Calcium supplements may also help.
Call your health care provider if:
If you notice recurrent spasms of your hands or feet, call your health care provider.
What to expect at your health care provider's office:
Your provider will obtain your medical history and will perform a physical examination. Laboratory testing of blood and urine may also be done.
Medical history questions documenting hand or foot spasms in detail may include the following:
- Do the spasms appear to be involuntary or purposeless?
- Are they prolonged?
- At what age did the spasms first appear?
- Does the presence of spasms seem variable over weeks to months?
- Do spasms occur repeatedly (recurrent)?
- Do several spasms occur in a row (repetitive)?
- Are the spasms slow or rapid?
- Can the spasms be voluntarily suppressed?
- How long have you had spasms?
- Is it worse when you exercise?
- How much calcium-containing food do you eat (such as milk products)?
- What have you done to try to treat the spasms? How effective was it?
- What other symptoms do you have?
- Do you have numbness or a "pins-and-needles" feeling?
- Do you have muscle weakness?
- Do you have fatigue?
- Do you have muscle cramps elsewhere?
- Do you have seizures?
Tests may include the following:
Griggs RC, Józefowicz RF, Aminoff MJ. Approach to the patient with neurologic disease. In: Goldman L, Ausiello D, eds. Cecil Medicine. 23rd ed. Philadelphia, Pa: Saunders Elsevier; 2007:chap 418.
|Review Date: 9/26/2008|
Reviewed By: David C. Dugdale, III, MD, Professor of Medicine, Division of General Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Washington School of Medicine. Also reviewed by David Zieve, MD, MHA, Medical Director, A.D.A.M., Inc.
The information provided herein should not be used during any medical emergency or for the diagnosis or treatment of any medical condition. A licensed medical professional should be consulted for diagnosis and treatment of any and all medical conditions. Call 911 for all medical emergencies. Links to other sites are provided for information only -- they do not constitute endorsements of those other sites. © 1997-
A.D.A.M., Inc. Any duplication or distribution of the information contained herein is strictly prohibited. | <urn:uuid:b64d4bbc-c647-48d9-8280-dd020e22b173> | CC-MAIN-2015-22 | http://www.emanuelmed.org/body.cfm?id=11&action=detail&AEArticleID=003194&AEProductID=Adam2004_1&AEProjectTypeIDURL=APT_1 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2015-22/segments/1432207928864.73/warc/CC-MAIN-20150521113208-00093-ip-10-180-206-219.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.904872 | 831 | 3.21875 | 3 |
In 1870-72, John Marius Wilson's Imperial Gazetteer of England and Wales described Egg Buckland like this:
EGG-BUCKLAND, or Buckland-Egg, a parish in Plympton-St. Mary district, Devon; on the Dartmoor railway, adjacent to the Tavistock railway, and near the river Plym, 3 miles NNE of Plymonth. It contains Crabtree hamlet, and part of Knackers-Knowle village; and its post town is Knackers-Knowle, Devon. Acres, with Laira-Green, 3, 304; of which 100 are water. Real property, £8, 933; of which £68 are in quarries, and £36 in railways. Pop., 1, 348. Houses, 272. The property is much subdivided. Widey Court here was the head-quarters of Prince Maurice during his siege of Plymouth, and was visited by the king. The living is a vicarage in the diocese of Exeter. Value, £474.* Patron, the Lord Chancellor. The church is ancient: consists of nave, south aisle, and chancel, with a tower; and is in fair condition. Charities, £28.
A Vision of Britain through Time includes a large library of local statistics for administrative units. For the best overall sense of how the area containing Egg Buckland has changed, please see our redistricted information for the modern district of Plymouth. More detailed statistical data are available under Units and statistics, which includes both administrative units covering Egg Buckland and units named after it.
GB Historical GIS / University of Portsmouth, History of Egg Buckland, in Plymouth and Devon | Map and description, A Vision of Britain through Time.
Date accessed: 31st October 2014
Click here for more detailed advice on finding places within A Vision of Britain through Time, and maybe some references to other places called "Egg Buckland". | <urn:uuid:2b1432cf-e960-4d64-bedb-598f83f9e0bf> | CC-MAIN-2014-42 | http://www.visionofbritain.org.uk/place/5652 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2014-42/segments/1414637899124.21/warc/CC-MAIN-20141030025819-00009-ip-10-16-133-185.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.952655 | 402 | 2.515625 | 3 |
New Bit Development
PDB Tools introduces the future of rock bit design. The STEEL (ST) product line was developed for customers demanding a tough cutting structure and a faster drilling bit. The STEEL product includes several patent pending features, and new manufacturing processes, that allow us to produce this new style of rock bits.
Steel Tooth Design
The STEEL basic design includes a special milling process to the cone. Steel teeth are machined to simulate the tooth base, common to steel tooth bits. The addition of tungsten carbide inserts results in stronger teeth configurations without the need for hard metal welding. This concept has produced a very aggressive yet incredibly durable cutting structure.
New Shaped Inserts
The shape of the new JET insert was developed to match the contour of the cones’ steel tooth base. The wings add support to the base of the insert, preventing premature breakage. In addition, the wings reduce the energy to break rock as they help to prevent “over penetration”. This allows us to maximize insert projection and still maintain a very tough cutting structure.
Hard Facing Grooves
Due to the aggressive and wide pitched insert spacing, we weld tungsten carbide hard facing to the grooves of the cone shell. The hard facing material reduces the amount of erosion caused by long period of drilling. Plus, the hard facing reduces the wear of the steel tooth projection. This is a standard feature through our line of STEEL products.
|SIZE||PRODUCT CODE||APPLICATION||PIN SIZE||SPECS|
|9||229||ST21||Soft to Medium||4 1/2|
|10 5/8||270||ST722||Hard||6 5/8| | <urn:uuid:c939b0fe-28c7-4ac0-bffd-61ec9d614f37> | CC-MAIN-2018-43 | https://secure.pdbtools.com/wp/products/steel-tricone-st-series/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-43/segments/1539583509326.21/warc/CC-MAIN-20181015142752-20181015164252-00282.warc.gz | en | 0.885584 | 358 | 2.59375 | 3 |
Climate and Energy
Two large debates are raging regarding the short- and long-term effects of climate change and deforestation on the global ecosystem. At present, these debates are focused mainly on the specific manifestations of the effects, as there is general agreement that the overall results will be negative and pervasive. Woody Agriculture can play a role in reducing (and, possibly, reversing) the damage caused by deforestation and the accumulation of greenhouse gases.
Global climate change
The "greenhouse effect" is still under some debate, but it is becoming very clear that even small amounts of global warming may have severe negative effects on global climate. Woody Agriculture has an unparalleled potential to reduce the buildup of CO2, the most important of the "greenhouse gases". Calculations indicate that, theoretically, if 1/4 of world crop lands could be converted to woody crops, this action alone could not only halt but actually reverse the increase in atmospheric CO2. No other action contemplated by any of the agencies dealing with global warming has such potential.
The potential use of trees (and other woody plants) to sequester carbon and thus ameliorate the projected greenhouse effect is severely limited by the need to use the world's most productive lands for food production. This results in several negatives: land area available for afforestation is limited, and only land unsuitable for agriculture is considered (i.e. steep, shallow-soiled, unstable, inaccessible, and/or infertile).
Once the feasibility of Woody Agriculture is demonstrated, farmers can (and will, based on clear historical precedent) adopt these woody crops systems on their best land, thus making the 1.5 x 109 hectares of the world's crop lands available to the carbon sequestration power of woody plants.
A major factor contributing to global deforestation is the critical shortage in the developing countries of fuel wood for cooking. Woody Agriculture, because of the much greater photosynthetic potential, would allow farmers to grow their own fuel wood on the same ground they now use for food crops, without loss of food production. Large-scale plantings will produce far more fuel wood than the farmer can consume, and the fuel wood will be another profitable crop. This potential for greatly increased fuel wood production could have considerable impact on deforestation, to the extent that pressure on existing forests is relieved.
Yet another possible effect here is that fields derived from cleared tropical rainforest, when planted to annual crops, are notorious in their rapid degradation due to erosion and nutrient loss. Such degraded fields may reasonably be expected to support woody crops better than they can annuals, due to the deeper root systems and decreased tillage requirements. This could be another factor operating to remove pressure to cut remaining forests, if farmers can indeed sustain cropping potentials on lands already cleared.
Biomass energy production
In the developed world, large-scale mechanized Woody Agriculture would result in the annual production of great quantities of biomass, suitable for use as fuel for power generation. Hazelnuts, for example, have very dense nut shells which make excellent fuel; in addition, the wood from periodic coppicing will also be available for biomass fuels.
This ready availability could help stimulate a renewable biomass power industry, which would decrease reliance on fossil fuels (and, incidentally, add another positive effect in regard to global warming not included in the calculations above). | <urn:uuid:ccce84d9-8114-448d-bf0c-305139f11b2a> | CC-MAIN-2020-29 | http://www.badgersett.com/info/woodyag7 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-29/segments/1593655886706.29/warc/CC-MAIN-20200704201650-20200704231650-00155.warc.gz | en | 0.933469 | 682 | 3.640625 | 4 |
|Drowning of Developed Coastal Barriers: Investigating the threshold Rates of Sea-Level Rise of the Geological-Human System|
Andrew Ashton (WHOI); Jeff Donnelly (WHOI); Rob Evans (WHOI); Di Jin (WHOI); Hauke Kite-Powell (WHOI)
Coastal barriers, narrow sandy islands or spits found along many of the world's coasts, respond to sea-level rise through a process of landward migration. During storms, overwash and breaching transfer sediment onto the back of the barrier. Over the next century, these barriers face an uncertain future. Rates of sea-level rise already exceed those experienced over the last several thousand years and are predicted to be substantially greater by the end of the century, offering the potential that barriers could drown. Human activities intended to preserve coastal infrastructure, such as building seawalls, constructing groynes, nourishing beaches, stabilizing inlets, or armoring updrift headlands, have accumulated to the point where a new landform, unprecedented in earth's history, has emerged: the "developed barrier." This study addresses the future of developed barriers during accelerated sea-level rise through the development of models that couple natural sediment transport processes with human alterations of the coast. This study seeks answers to two key questions: (1) are there threshold rates of sea-level rise beyond which coastal barriers will drown completely; and (2) will human responses to sea-level rise mitigate or exacerbate the potential for losses of developed barriers across entire systems?
Jin, D., A. Ashton and P. Hoagland. 2013. Optimal responses to shoreline changes: an integrated economic and geological model with application to curved coasts. Nat. Res. Model 26:572-604.
Hoagland, P., D. Jin and H.L. Kite-Powell. 2012. The costs of beach replenishment along the US Atlantic coast. J. Coast. Res. 28:199-204.
Eberbach, S. and P. Hoagland. 2011. Estimating the economic effects of shoreline change on assessed property values in Sandwich, Massachusetts. ASCE Conf. Proc.doi:10.1061/ 41185(417)21. | <urn:uuid:75886f9f-389d-4202-94d2-af4baeb03aa3> | CC-MAIN-2014-49 | http://www.whoi.edu/hpb/viewPage.do?id=385&cl=3 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2014-49/segments/1416931010469.50/warc/CC-MAIN-20141125155650-00104-ip-10-235-23-156.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.876138 | 463 | 2.9375 | 3 |
Video by SmithsonianVideos
In this video, Carla Dove, an (aptly named) forensic ornithologist at the Smithsonian's National Museum of Natural History, talks about her work at the Smithsonian's Feather Identification Lab and its role in improving aviation safety.
At the Feather Identification lab, forensic ornithologists use microscopes, genetic methods, and the museum's vast specimen collection to identify birds from fragments or small pieces of feather. Most of the fragments they analyze have been recovered after a bird strike -- which occurs when a bird and an airplane collide. The forensic ornithologists identify the species of bird involved in a given bird strike then pass that information on to the FAA and airfield managers who use it to put safety procedures in place to minimize future bird strikes.
Dr. Dove explains the importance of her work:
Most of us fly. We want to fly safely, have a safe take off, and a safe landing. Avoiding bird strikes is a big part of that.
Read more at the National Museum of Natural History Web site | <urn:uuid:eaed95e7-aabc-48aa-8ee1-5db54ebe4ba6> | CC-MAIN-2015-35 | http://www.sciencefriday.com/blogs/10/12/2010/dream-job-forensic-ornithologist.html?interest=7&audience=1&series=12 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2015-35/segments/1440645220976.55/warc/CC-MAIN-20150827031340-00054-ip-10-171-96-226.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.900233 | 213 | 3.53125 | 4 |
I’ve found that individual powerpoint slides can be saved as JPG images, complete with their annotations. Since I have a lot of these I may share some. The above shows excavation in the shell-rich component of the intertidal site at Kilgii Gwaay. The combination of shellfish remains and saturation in slightly alkaline sea water has produced remarkable preservation for a site which is firmly dated via about 20 carbon samples to 9450 14C BP, or around 10,700 calendar years ago. In this picture you can see some of the evidence: bone tools, stone tools, and the remains of shellfish, fish and mammals which, together with birds, formed the basis of the diet at this summertime camp.
Kilgii Gwaay gives real insight into the maritime capabilities of these early occupants of southern Haida Gwaii. The site itself is near the southern end of this remote and rugged archipelago, around which boat travel is the only practical option. The site is positioned between Hecate Strait and the open Pacific, and the resource suite at Kilgii Gwaay reflects use of such resources as albatross, fur seal, harbour seal, sea otter, alcids, large (ca. 50 pound) halibut and lingcod, and of course numerous rockfish. This testifies to a diverse and fluent relationship to marine resources, and use of the full suite of available resources from a variety of niches, many of them high wave energy, deep water, or offshore. There is also a substantial representation of black bear, which were probably trapped, as few to no projectile points or even bifaces were found at this site. Wooden artifacts suggest sophisticated organic technology as well. Despite the intertidal context, there were pockets of clearly intact cultural materials in their primary context. | <urn:uuid:3e69ab58-6e7d-4e76-9cff-ec17d9991f16> | CC-MAIN-2023-06 | https://qmackie.com/2009/12/11/annotation-kilgii-gwaay/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-06/segments/1674764499826.71/warc/CC-MAIN-20230130165437-20230130195437-00114.warc.gz | en | 0.953988 | 376 | 3.046875 | 3 |
Goats are not only vital in the health and wellness of the setting but likewise in the economic situation. Business goat farming is an undertaking practiced today by many particularly those in the rural regions. Goats are solid creatures that have the ability to stand up to different conditions and also adapt to undesirable environments. This short article will generally tackle on goat rearing, its benefits and effects. Industrial goat farming entails a low preliminary investment. Because goats are fairly little in size, the centers and facilities to sustain them are also minimal. Goats typically like being with human beings and they are very docile. They have a high fertility price attaining maturation with 10 to 12 months of maturity and by 16-17 months, they can start generating milk. The likelihood of creating twins is high.
Risk related to dry spell is less in business goat farming compare to various other animals breeds. Additionally, both male and women types of goats are of the same worth compared to other animals. Business goat farming is very flexible considering that it could be customized to consist of various other grazing species like lamb and livestock. Goats are excellent tools to boost the wellness of the grazing land and lessen encroachment of bushes. Starting goat farming business plan pdf is a real survivor in business market. Goat meat is a great interest the public due to the wellness advantages it supplies to its customers. It is extremely reduced in fat, cholesterol and calories. This benefits people that have low power diet regimen scheme.
The future of commercial goat farming would additionally depend on the kind of goats being raised. Some common kinds of goats are the Angora, Boer, Jamunapari and Tellichery. Each of these goats entails a various type of breeding and also each has its own specialized. Angora as an example specializes in fiber where Boer for meat. Two raising approaches are used in today’s goat endeavors: semi-intensive and also extensive. A semi-intensive system entails a setting with much less grazing areas and intensive feeding of green fodders. An intensive system on the other hand entails a no-grazing land and also the green fodders are given to the goats in sheds. The housing center may have an elevated platform system. If one discovers it hard to acquire financial investment for a business goat farming business, banks can be a choice. The institution assists give investment and also credit rating for agriculture and also goat farming. | <urn:uuid:a94b031c-414c-408f-8dda-7776675dd54b> | CC-MAIN-2019-35 | http://www.inside-gsm.com/2019/advantages-and-effects-of-commercial-goat-farming-business.htm | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-35/segments/1566027316075.15/warc/CC-MAIN-20190821152344-20190821174344-00136.warc.gz | en | 0.965029 | 488 | 2.84375 | 3 |
Tabular iceberg in the Weddell Sea [credit: British Antarctic Survey]
These Antarctic headlines are becoming almost routine, but still worth noting in view of all the propaganda telling us the world is supposed to be warming.
This is a comparison of data for the month of May only, stretching back to 1979. In the files linked at the end of the reportingclimatescience.comreport (see ‘Source’ in original), there are separate figures for ‘extent’ and ‘area’, with an explanation of the difference (see Arctic file).
The lowest May figures (since 1979) for both polar regions were recorded in 2006, but the Antarctic was 12% above the long-term May average this year. | <urn:uuid:149a9542-7b6a-4acd-8114-82935c2d8fcb> | CC-MAIN-2020-29 | https://rennydioknodotcom.wordpress.com/2015/06/04/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-29/segments/1593655890181.37/warc/CC-MAIN-20200706191400-20200706221400-00462.warc.gz | en | 0.94246 | 153 | 2.59375 | 3 |
Often we find ourselves using the "Why" question in our conversations, personal or professional. More often than not, this why question then leads to escalating tension in the conversation.
The assignment did not complete on time. Why? I forgot your birthday. Why?
Here is what one must understand about the "Why" question and what one can do about it.
The "Why" question has three possible interpretations for a person who has been asked this question, and they could choose any of these interpretations depending on their frame of mind
1) Causality - the person who has been asked this question can assume that they have been asked to respond by providing causal factors.
2) Accusatory - the person who has been asked this question can assume that they have been accused of something that they believe they have not done willingly and consciously
3) Why Not - the person who has been asked this question can assume the Why as a challenge to their authority and respond by a "Why Not?"
What affects the choice of the above 3 possible interpretations?
a) The tonality in which the question has been asked. A sharp tonal inflection is likely to evoke a sharp response.
b) The general frame of disposition of the person who has been asked.
- If the person is generally very self assured and assertive, and the tonality of the question was balanced, then the person will usually respond with causal factors.
- If the person has self esteem issues or in that moment has some sense of self guilt (due to any reason), they could likely assume they are being blamed/accused. This might happen even if the tonality of the question was balanced.
- If the person has a sense of authority especially over the person asking the question, then it could likely evoke the "Why Not" response regardless of the tonality in which the question was posed.
So how can one proceed in the conversation? One of the ways is to ask different questions. You first ask yourself what do you want as an outcome, and then ask which question will steer you in the direction of the outcome.
Let's take the above two statements as an example
1) The assignment did not complete on time.
One possible desired outcome could be to determine how the task can be completed now with the least delay.
Hence the question to ask can be:
- How can we now ensure that we complete this task with the utmost urgency so that we can minimize any negative impact?
Another possible desired outcome could be - to assess the damage and control the same. Hence the question could be
- What does this delay mean in terms of impact and how can we minimize the impact?
2) I forgot your birthday. Why?
This is one of those personal situations where one feels sad/upset that someone important has forgotten your birthday (and even more so if it is a repeating situation).
One desired outcome could be for you to want that person to remember your birthday. Hence the question to ask could be
- What can be done to ensure that you remember my birthday easily?
The above two examples are just a representative of how questions asked with specific directionality can ensure prompt and precise resolution of the situation with no escalation. | <urn:uuid:93954469-060b-4b34-8334-a6129182ddea> | CC-MAIN-2022-40 | https://www.anildagia.com/my-blog/181-the-why-question-and-where-it-leads-us | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-40/segments/1664030335034.61/warc/CC-MAIN-20220927131111-20220927161111-00116.warc.gz | en | 0.971138 | 664 | 2.765625 | 3 |
Human hearing is fantastically sensitive in dynamic range, and able to precisely discriminate different frequency ranges.
The Zvezda module's integrated thrusters are sometimes used for reboost; this is a pair of S5.79 rocket engines with 3kN thrust each. I can't find a video of such an engine in action, but here's a test of a Chinese engine of similar size and, for comparison, a test of the much smaller (400N) SpaceX Draco. The alternative to using Zvezda’s thrusters is to use thrusters on a Progress resupply ship. Those thrusters are of generally similar scale.
You can hear that the sound of the engine has a lot of high-frequency hiss. That's sound transmitted through the air, of course, and the frequency spectrum of sound conducted from the engine to the body of the space station would likely be rather different, but I imagine that a fair amount of hiss would still be audible inside the station, which might be a contrast to the lower-frequency "rumble" of the station's air system.
I can't hear a difference on the video between the during-burn and post-burn soundscape, but that's sound going into a cheap mic, encoded to low-bandwidth video, and reproduced on cheap laptop speakers, so I'm not surprised. I imagine that after being on the ISS for a while, you learn to tune out the steady-state ventilation sounds, and the sound of the boost engines themselves stands out as distinct and unusual. | <urn:uuid:a4e4d867-4461-4e73-9897-85196f6245ad> | CC-MAIN-2021-10 | https://space.stackexchange.com/questions/36159/can-the-iss-boost-maneuver-engine-be-heard-by-the-astronauts-on-board | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-10/segments/1614178367183.21/warc/CC-MAIN-20210303165500-20210303195500-00620.warc.gz | en | 0.957399 | 316 | 2.515625 | 3 |
This list represents the armies of the later Greek city states as they reformed their military practices and evolved from hoplite style warfare into a Macedonian style pike armed force via a lighter ‘peltast’ style of combat with thureos, spears and javelins. It runs through to the end of Greek independence and annexation into a consolidated Roman province.
By its very nature this is a complicated list as it covers a difficult transitionary period in Greek military history, across a number of different city states, all of which approached military reform in their own particular style and at their own pace. The Greek city states covered by this list are: Sparta, the Athenian League, the Achaean League, Boiotia, Achaian and Eleian armies. Aitolian armies are considered to be outside the confines of this list as they were traditionally much lighter in format but Aitolian troops appear in the list as allies of the Achaean League. Aitolian ‘hoplites’ are interpreted as being spear armed LI as this appears to better reflect their better performance in dense terrain and rough ground.
Spartan forces were more conservative initially, retaining their citizen hoplite based forces after the other city states had adopted the thureos. However, when they did reform they moved straight to the Macedonian pike model and later Spartan armies are represented by the Warflute Spartan Reformed c.235BC to 196 BC list. The Achaean League placed less emphasis on heavier infantry and more reliance on lighter mercenary foot and Xyston armed shock cavalry.
Citizen Thureophoroi are interpreted as LHI rather than LI, to better reflect their ability to fight formed close-order foot in the open.
|Era: Age of Empires|| ||Hellenistic Greek c.250BC to 55BC||CR: H: 3 L: 5|| ||BP: 2||Init: 4|
|2||SI|| || ||32||+2||Javelins||2|
|O|| || || || || || || |
|3||SI|| || ||32||+2||Javelins||2|
|O|| || || || || || || |
|2||LC|| || ||20||+1||Javelins||7|
|4||SI|| || ||32||+2||Javelins||2|
|2||SI|| || ||21||+2||Bows||2|
|1||SI|| || ||32||+2||Sling||2|
| || ||Aitolian Allies:|| || || || || |
|2||LC||Aitolians|| ||20|| ||Javelins||7|
Bonus: (Max: 3 ) 2-GR; 3-SH; 1-RG; 1-WD
Hoplites and Pikes cannot be used in the same army.
Transitional Spartan armies cannot use more than 2 LHI or any PH Pikes and are restricted to the Citizen Hoplite option from the Core. Spartiates and Perioikoi can only be used in Spartan armies. Core and Bonus Hoplites in a Spartan army represent Spartan Helots.
Only Achaean & Athenian League armies can use Xyston armed HC. Achaeans may field up to 2 Xyston HC & Athenian League armies can field 1 Xyston armed HC.
No more than 2 Bonus HC in total may be bought
Only Achaean League armies can use Aitolian allies and Freed Slave Phalanx. If any Aitolian allies are bought at least 1 LI and 1 SI must be bought. If any Freed Slaves are used all must be bought. Freed Slaves must all be fielded in the same division.
LC can be Thracians, Tarantines or native Greek.
LI are mercenary native Greek Peltasts, Thracians or Illyrians (Illyrians should only be fielded in Achaean League armies)
NB: Stand alone Spartan and Achaean League army lists for this period are also to be found on Warflute.
Ordo Link: Hellenistic Greek
Last Edited: 07 July 2006
List Author: Aetius | <urn:uuid:930c45cc-8a0b-45ed-b595-bf64de4fba66> | CC-MAIN-2018-47 | http://warflute.org/armies/hellenistic_greek_c.250bc_to_55bc__aetius_army_t3.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-47/segments/1542039743353.54/warc/CC-MAIN-20181117102757-20181117124156-00059.warc.gz | en | 0.802693 | 916 | 3.125 | 3 |
This tip comes out of a meeting with a parent yesterday, and comes from Mikel. It is a from the inside of ASD suggestion, and the parent and I found it to be an excellent one.
If your child has an accommodation for testing which includes one on one with an alternate setting, and you are concerned with failing grades, try having the child remind the teacher of the accommodation at test taking time. Give your student a script, for example, “Mrs. Jones, I wish to access my accommodations for test taking. Thank you.”
Have them ask for the accommodation every time a classroom test or quiz comes up. Although there may be some push back on accessing the accommodation every time a test is taken, this will not only remind a busy teacher of the accommodation from the IEP, it will get the teacher in the habit of planning for it if your child uses the “broken record” behavioral technique: the same words every time. Have a back-up written card you give your child with the exact phrase; they may be more comfortable handing the teacher a card. Include the date of the signed, current IEP on the card.
One parent given this tip expressed two very valid concerns to consider: 1) This may make the child stick out. If this is a concern, we suggest that you meet with us to come up with a way to implement that doesn’t make the child stick out. We don’t suggest using the above unless the child is completely comfortable with it, and we suggest training the child to ask in an appropriate way, for example: raise hand, wait to be called on. 2) It should not be the student’s responsibility to implement the IEP. We agree with this. However, if the student is comfortable implementing himself, this gentle and repetitive shortcut will most likely result in the team coming up with a way to make sure it happens every time.
A final word of caution. You may experience push back in this, as some IEP team members may cite that allowing the child to access the testing accommodation for all classroom tests will create unhealthy dependence on the accommodation. We say, the student is entitled to this, and let’s build success first, then wean back to closer to the classroom test taking.
May we gently remind you, as well, that if burden on staff to implement is cited as an argument against implementation, it is not the concern of parent or student. It is up to the educational professionals to implement the IEP as written. | <urn:uuid:c120135e-00a0-41cb-9d90-9d416687b5f4> | CC-MAIN-2018-22 | https://cumiskeyeducationgroup.wordpress.com/tip-of-the-week-from-the-inside-of-autism-spectrum-disorder/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-22/segments/1526794864725.4/warc/CC-MAIN-20180522112148-20180522132148-00386.warc.gz | en | 0.952484 | 519 | 2.609375 | 3 |
Sunday 10th, February 2019 15:41:30: PM. preschool worksheets. Monica Adams.
Graphing linear inequalities worksheet functions inspirational domain and range systems of equations algebra answers. Graphing linearlities worksheet kuta software absolute value pdf printable template. Awesome graphing systems linear inequalities worksheet equations.
Thursday 20th, September 2018 19:26:30: PM. preschool worksheets. Mamie Turner.
Inequality word problems pdf math chic worksheets on in subtraction and addition for grade with additional kids worksheet property. Preschool worksheets fabulous systems ofear inequalities worksheet photo inspirations with answers key pdf. Linear inequalities worksheet image two variable kidz activities of preschool worksheets systems. Systems of linear inequalities worksheet ppt graphing with answers pdf.
Sunday 02nd, December 2018 18:06:12: PM. preschool worksheets. Monica Adams.
Remarkable arithmetic and geometricuences worksheet answers picture inspirations preschool worksheets writing. Math love arithmetic geometric or neither algebra andences worksheet means examples pdf. Accelerate learninget answers big arithmetic and geometric sequences 1024x882.
Sunday 02nd, December 2018 19:19:53: PM. preschool worksheets. Steven Patrick.
What ise title ofis picture math worksheet answers preschool worksheets key pdf free algebra with pizzazz. What is the title of this picture math worksheetometry answers questions key pdf. What is the title of this picture mathorksheet input and outputorksheets lovely.
Monday 03rd, December 2018 06:01:32: AM. preschool worksheets. Monica Adams.
Capitalization worksheets middle school with answer key printable free grade. Names capitalization worksheet worksheets middle school pdf template free word with answer. Capitalization worksheets for grade middle school image ideas printable 4th free. Capitalization worksheets middle school preschool free pdfble with answer key and numbers.
Monday 03rd, December 2018 07:50:07: AM. preschool worksheets. Elsa Holloway.
Adding and subtracting negative numbers worksheet how do you subtract math to positive. Adding and subtractingve numbers worksheet printable free pdf rules for videos. Negative numbers worksheet worksheets ks2 thermometer adding and subtracting. Preschool worksheets adding and subtractinggative numbers worksheet difficult words to work.
Sunday 02nd, December 2018 23:37:00: PM. preschool worksheets. David Cook.
Youtube chemical reactions for kids balancing equations practice problems net ionic classification of worksheet answers page. Classification ofmical reactions worksheet answers page writing. Balancing chemical equations practice worksheet easy classification of reactionsswers page.
Monday 03rd, December 2018 02:15:36: AM. preschool worksheets. Steven Patrick.
Introductiono chemistry youtube videos free chapter worksheet answers pdf download notes. Chapter introduction to chemistry worksheet answers. Chapterntroduction to chemistry worksheet answers preschool worksheets review chemical bonding section 018472291_1.
Sunday 02nd, December 2018 14:47:25: PM. preschool worksheets. Debra Morales.
Preschool worksheets roles of the president worksheet answers 008516189_1 america united. Rolesf the president worksheet answers pdf free printable seven examples for students. Roles ofhe president worksheet answers preschool worksheetsrumpoday quizlet.
Sunday 02nd, December 2018 15:18:57: PM. preschool worksheets. Aaron Higgins.
Remarkable cell transporteview worksheet answers photo inspirations 015147385_1. Endoplasmic reticulum drawing valuable elegant cellort review worksheet answers of preschool worksheets. Cell transport worksheet review answers key grade label the diagram. Cell transport worksheet answers review key biology. | <urn:uuid:d7a63565-f1ce-42da-a62c-511447f9a493> | CC-MAIN-2020-05 | http://ww1tigers.com/tag/linear-inequalities/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-05/segments/1579250597230.18/warc/CC-MAIN-20200120023523-20200120051523-00503.warc.gz | en | 0.809216 | 815 | 3.109375 | 3 |
If you have ever had foot pain you have probably heard the term plantar fascia. The plantar fascia is a strong, thick, band of connective tissue that begins at your heel (the calcaneus bone) and runs all the way to your toes (it connects at the metatarsal bones). The plantar fascia is wide and flat, kind of like a ribbon that runs the length of the bottom of your foot. The plantar fascia is made up of very dense and structured collagen fibers.
The plantar fascia, as seen in an actual human, is white and smooth. It is very organized and tightly packed so that it almost looks like plastic. The plantar fascia has lots of purposes, but two of its main purposes have to do with foot support and walking. The plantar fascia works a little bit like a spring and helps propel us forward as we walk. It also serves as the main support of the arch of your foot.
As you walk, the part of the plantar fascia that takes the most pressure and stress, is right where it connects to the heel. And to be even more specific, on the outside of your heel (in medical terms that is the lateral portion of the plantar fascia--the part of the plantar fascia that is furthest from your heart.)
If you have been looking for information about the plantar fascia (either from your doctor or the internet) you may have also heard or seen the term plantar aponeurosis. Do not worry. Those are not two different things, they are the same thing. There is some debate in the scientific community about whether or not the plantar fascia is actually an aponeurosis or fascia (they are both types of connective tissue, they just differ in their main function and there is some debate when it comes to that about the plantar fascia.) For the purpose of this post, we will refer to it as the plantar fascia.
“In our bodies everything is connected. Even though they may seem unrelated, the health of one part of your body can affect the movement of the other parts of your body. Is your shoulder sore? It may be affecting the way that you walk (because the way you swing your shoulders is an important part of your gait) and the health of your feet.”
As with everything in your body, understanding the idea that everything is connected is an important part of understanding the plantar fascia. Back, shoulders, hips, knees, ankles, and feet are all important parts that work together to help us walk or run--if something is wrong with any of those parts it can affect any of the other parts.
The plantar fascia works very closely with two specific parts of the body. When we are born, the plantar fascia is attached to the Achilles tendon. As we get older, that connection very slowly dissolves, and in the elderly, there is very little connection between the two. The plantar fascia is also closely associated with the flexor digitorum brevis muscle (FDB) which is the muscle that controls all of your toes except your big toe. Your big toe is used to help you keep your balance, while your smaller toes are critical in spreading out a load of walking.
The plantar fascia is such an important structure that it is imperative that you take care of yours. If you suffer from plantar fasciitis your doctor may have already given you a list of things that you can do to help treat your pain. These may include plantar fasciitis stretches, a mixture of icing and heating for your foot, and good old fashioned rest. If you do not suffer from foot pain or plantar fasciitis, there are some things that you can do to keep your feet healthy and even help prevent foot injury.
- Wear proper fitting shoes: Improper footwear is one of the leading causes of foot pain and foot injury. We always recommend KURUs with their Heel HUGR technology which actually cups the heel of the foot and helps to prevent injury. Many people are actually wearing the wrong size of shoes, so before you buy your next pair, go and get a professional fitting. At many athletic stores and high-end clothing stores, staff is trained to fit shoes properly. Go in and have them measure your foot, you may be surprised to find that you have been wearing the wrong size for years.
- Lengthen your calf muscles: Longer calf muscles mean that your plantar fascia will have their full range of motion. There are lots of ways to lengthen, stretch, and strengthen your calf muscles, Yoga is an excellent exercise option for those who are interested in lengthening their calf muscles. You should also be sure that you are stretching after running or walking. There are also braces that you can wear at night which help to lengthen calf muscles.
- Strengthen your toes: I know this sounds absolutely ridiculous, but yes, I am suggesting that strengthening your toes will help prevent foot injury. These strengthening exercises are most easily completed with a fitness band. Make a loop with the band around your 4 smaller toes. Hold the top of the band at your knee, keeping the tension steady, and use your toes to push down on the band.
Protect Your Plantar Fascia With Supportive Shoes From KURU
All of our KURU shoes, no matter which style you choose, begin with anatomically correct arch support. (For those with high arches, this might not seem like enough at first, whereas those with low arches may feel like it's too much.) However, over time, they use your body heat to mold to your exact foot shape, so you get a custom fit, and exactly the support you need, no matter what kind of arch you have. This perfect arch support is the absolute best way to prevent and relieve Plantar Fasciitis pain.
Experience a higher quality of life, pain-free, with KURU Footwear.No matter which activity you are wanting to do in your life, KURU has a shoe for you that will give you the support, comfort and style that your feet have been craving.
SHOP WOMEN'S SHOES | SHOP MEN'S SHOES | <urn:uuid:c1452c17-ab25-48f7-a83a-15b1aba1aa52> | CC-MAIN-2020-40 | https://www.kurufootwear.com/blog/get-to-know-your-plantar-fascia | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-40/segments/1600400197946.27/warc/CC-MAIN-20200920094130-20200920124130-00053.warc.gz | en | 0.956434 | 1,305 | 2.875 | 3 |
Listen to the article here:
Dry, hot weather continues across the province. Some areas have received a few days of rainfall while others have seen very little since June.
For information on irrigation, check out some of these resources from Rebecca Shortt, Water Quantity Engineer:
- Ontario’s Irrigation webpage – includes great video series on drip irrigation and monitoring soil moisture
- More Crop Per Drop (Episode 5) of the What’s Growing ON? podcast
- Past ONfruit irrigation article
Terminal buds have set in most regions by now. Without new shoot growth, there is no longer a risk of powdery mildew. It is possible to see a flush of new growth later in the season, especially if these dry conditions change and we get some moisture back into the trees.
With terminal bud set, the cell walls thicken, stomata on the shoot stem are no longer active and the base of the shoot starts to harden off and form bark. All of which results in a significant reduction in fire blight movement. This is a good time to start to prune out fire blight strikes if you haven’t been already. Choose days of dry weather and leave the pruning cuts in the row middles to dry up before mulching them down.
Extreme weather events like hail or strong winds can still result in fire blight infection from terminal bud set until harvest. If you have had active fire blight in your orchard this year or know of a neighbouring orchard dealing with issues, consider an application of 0.5% Cueva following the trauma event. Efficacy may be increased with the addition of Double Nickel.
In periods of high heat and humidity followed by a rain storm, there is the risk of bitter rot infection. With hand thinning continuing, be sure to toss thinned fruitlets to the row middle and mulch. These fruit have been known to cause infection of remaining fruit on the tree by splashing spores during rain events.
While Allegro (PHI 28 days), Pristine (PHI 5 days) and Granuflo T (PHI 28 days) are registered for control of bitter rot, some other scab fungicides may also provide protection. Summer applications should be made every 10-14 days if there is a history of rot in the orchard, but shortened to 7 days if frequent rain is experienced. If possible, time an effective fungicide application just prior to a rain to prevent fruit from rain-splashed spores. Always rotate products to reduce the potential for resistance development.
The hot, humid weather has resulted in an increased activity of European red mite (ERM), two-spotted spider mite (TSSM) and apple rust mite (ARM) in many orchards. Those growers that are seeing populations reach threshold quickly are opting for miticides with relatively quick knock-down.
Keep in mind, thresholds for mites increases through the season as the tree canopy becomes more dense. From June to mid/late July, the threshold for most products is 7-10 active mites/leaf. Consider 5 mites/leaf for products like Nealta or Kopa. However, late July to August, the threshold for most products can be delayed to 10-15 active mites/leaf.
The table below lists registered miticides for summer managment. When choosing a product, consider the abundant life stages that are present in your orchard. For instance, if you are seeing mainly eggs, Envidor may be an option as it is slower acting. However, if the population is mainly nymphs or adults, you may opt for a product that offers a faster knock-down. As mentioned earlier, products like Nealta or Kopa should be applied as populations are building.
Life Stage Affected
Acramite 50 WS
Envidor 240 SC
ERM, TSSM, ARM
eggs, nymphs, adults (female)
Kanemite 15 SC
all life stages
ERM, TSSM, ARM
all life stages
ERM, TSSM, ARM
nymphs, adults (ERM, ARM)
Spray Oil 13 E
eggs, some nymphs
Despite the lush, dense foliage this time of year, do not let mite populations cause extensive damage. Late-season mite pressure and leaf bronzing can result in poor fruit finish and reduce winter hardiness.
Apple maggot have been caught in most regions of the province though catch is very sporadic for many. Emergence is closely linked to soil moisture with flushes in flight often following periods of significant rainfall loosening soil. In dry years such as this, pupae can remain within the soil until conditions improve, even remaining until the following year.
With catch on yellow sticky boards, it is important to differentiate between male and female adult flies. Males generally begin emerging before the females, but by peak emergence (August), the sex ratio is about 1 to 1.
Timing for management depends on the type of trap:
- Sexually immature males and females are attracted to the yellow sticky boards, which mimic nectar sources. Insecticides are not needed until 7-10 days after first fly, particularly a female, is captured.
- Sexually mature females ready to lay their eggs are attracted to red spheres, which mimic ripe apples and indicate an insecticide should be applied immediately as damage is imminent.
Many growers make use of an Imidan border spray at this point in the year when the longer re-entry restrictions won’t interfere as much with work that needs to be done. Border sprays are not recommended for other registered apple maggot products.
The following table, adapted from John Wise, Michigan State University (2019), summarizes the characteristics of apple maggot products. Organophosphates (Imidan) and neonicotinoids (Assail, Calypso) are the only insecticide groups that have activity on the adults as well as a curative effect on the eggs and larvae due to their ability to penetrate into the flesh of the fruit.
Mite Flaring Potential
Eggs, larvae, adults
Ambush, Mako, Perm-Up, Pounce, Up-Cyde
Delegate, TwinGuard, GF-120 Fruit Fly Bait
Eggs, larvae, adults
Altacor, Exirel, Harvanta
(Adapted from John Wise, MSU: https://www.canr.msu.edu/news/managing-apple-maggots-with-insecticides)
We are now reaching second generation spray timing for codling moth in most regions. When the timing for apple maggot control coincides with timing for codling moth control, one insecticide can often manage both of these pests. However some chemistries (Altacor, Harvanta, Delegate, TwinGuard), that provide effective management of codling moth, only provide suppression of apple maggot in low pressure orchards.
Those areas that are seeing some rain should keep in mind that heavy rains can lead to residue wash-off. In general, 2 inches of rain will removed residues for all products and require immediate re-application. With less rain, there are some insecticide classes such as the spinosyns (Delegate, TwinGuard) and diamides (Altacor, Exirel, Harvanta) that have a high rainfast rating. Check out the recent ONfruit article, Rainfastness of Insecticides on Fruit Crops – A Reprise for more information.
It’s important to note for resistance management, if re-application is required for control of a pest with discrete generations, use the same product within a generation. Rotate to another insecticide class for the 2nd generation to ensure each generation is only exposed to one active ingredient.
Potato leafhopper are quite active. Hopper burn and leaf cupping can be easily found in many orchards. This is caused by a toxin in the leafhopper’s saliva that blocks vascular system flow, preventing normal movement of water and nutrients to the affected area.
In most high vigour blocks, leafhopper damage is manageable, particularly once terminals harden off. However, nursery trees and non-bearing blocks require control at first sign of injury since vigour and shoot growth can be significantly impacted.
Japanese beetle damage can be easily found now in many regions. The characteristic leaf skeletonization is quite distinct. Look for damage and congregations of this pest at the top of the canopy as damage often moves down the tree. Honeycrisp is often the most preferred variety.
Most insecticides applied for codling moth should have good efficacy on Japanese beetle; however, the tendency of these beetles to move in from surrounding areas may make multiple applications necessary. If applying a control product, target timing for early morning while beetles are still relatively inactive on the tree. Once feeding begins, the sex pheromones emitted by females combined with what numerous studies believe to be feeding-induced plant volatiles attract more beetles to congregate in the feeding area. Achieving knockdown before this occurs could help reduce the number of individuals coming into the orchard from surrounding areas.
Good weed control in and around the orchard will also help reduce Japanese beetle pressure. Populations tend to be more abundant in orchards where there is poor control of wild raspberry, blackberry, Virginia creeper and wild grape.
San Jose Scale
The second generation adult flight for San Jose scale is on the upswing in the early regions of the province. In previous years, crawler emergence has generally begun late July to early August. Based on degree days, we seem to be on track this year to see crawlers are early August in most areas.
Fruit damage from San Jose scale has been relatively low to date this year, especially compared to the high pressure in many blocks in previous years. Those that have a history of damage from this pest may want to consider managing this generation to prevent fruit damage close to harvest. Registered products include Movento, Sivanto Prime, Closer and TwinGuard. For good resistance management, rotate to a different chemical group than what was used for the first generation. If using two consecutive sprays applied 14-days apart, be aware of the preharvest interval particularly on any early varieties.
Apple Leafcurling Midge
Orchards that still have not seen terminal set or are experiencing secondary growth may be noticing more apple leafcurling midge damage on the newest leaves. So long as there is new growth on either shoots or root suckers, leafcurling midge activity will continue into the fall. Watch young trees as this damage will impact growth and tree vigour. | <urn:uuid:593bf2c5-c034-4cdd-9df4-4a0dc4a5eaa3> | CC-MAIN-2021-17 | https://onfruit.ca/2020/07/25/apple-pest-update-july-25-2020/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-17/segments/1618038062492.5/warc/CC-MAIN-20210411115126-20210411145126-00303.warc.gz | en | 0.929084 | 2,225 | 2.75 | 3 |
Wearable technology has experienced something of a resurgence lately, thanks to cutting edge devices such as Google Glass. It was only a few years ago that these devices were seen as something of a gimmick, a futuristic toy that wouldn’t be of much use.
It promises to transform how medicine is practised, giving doctors access to information everywhere and (almost) anywhere. Training courses are going to have be revised to take into account this new way of accessing data.
Already, companies are going beyond Glass to think of better ways of making the body more connected to devices. Google announced a collaboration with the Swiss pharmaceutical company Novartis on Monday to help develop and sell Google’s contact lens which can measure the amount of glucose in tear fluid, avoiding taking any blood like the traditional test.
Sergey Brin, Google co-founder, said: “Our dream is to use the latest technology in the miniaturization of electronics to help improve the quality of life for millions of people.”
Other kind of smart lens are in the works, promising to develop efficient drug delivery systems to the eyes and other sensitive parts of the body. The new developments might mean we see students taught in more practical ways, rather than being constrained to the classroom. | <urn:uuid:5af141d7-839d-4b55-b926-bad31158d281> | CC-MAIN-2024-10 | https://www.trainhealthcare.com/wearable-technology-and-the-future-of-medical-training/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2024-10/segments/1707947474470.37/warc/CC-MAIN-20240223221041-20240224011041-00268.warc.gz | en | 0.958148 | 256 | 3.046875 | 3 |
|Product #: EMC0784092_TQ|
Natural Resources (Ten-Minute Activities) (Resource Book Only) eBookGrade 1|Grade 2|Grade 3
Please Note: This ebook is a digital download, NOT a physical product. After purchase, you will be provided a one time link to download ebooks to your computer. Orders paid by PayPal require up to 8 business hours to verify payment and release electronic media. For immediate downloads, payment with credit card is required.
'Wood' You Believe It? is a ten-minute science activity in which students look around the classroom and list items made from trees.
Submit a review | <urn:uuid:038615fc-ab89-48d9-865a-2e0279d93c16> | CC-MAIN-2014-10 | http://www.schoodoodle.com/home/sch/page_63614_4951/natural-resources-ten-minute-activities | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2014-10/segments/1394021643070/warc/CC-MAIN-20140305121403-00043-ip-10-183-142-35.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.8887 | 134 | 3 | 3 |
I write to save lives, working on my book “Shelter in Your Heart”
The Old English Bulldog is a sturdy, muscular breed, known for its distinctive appearance.
The Old English Bulldog hails from an illustrious history that’s far-from-ordinary. Known for its bravery and resilience, this breed embodies the spirit of its native England. In the 17th and 18th centuries, these dogs were specifically bred for their strong personalities, used in events such as bull baiting. Their robustness and muscularity served them well, enabling them to withstand tough environments.
However, as times changed and animal cruelty laws were established, bull baiting was rightly categorized as an inhumane sport leading to its end in 1835. This marked a significant turning point in the life of the Old English Bulldog. Its muscular build and tenacious behavior, so prized in the bull-baiting ring, were now attributes that were less favorably received among the pet-keeping public. They needed a purpose beyond brutal sports, and they found it as a valuable companion and a protective house pet.
With bull-baiting outlawed, the breed was on the brink of extinction. However, lovers of the Old English Bulldog worked hard to preserve this magnificent breed. By selectively breeding dogs for their amicable characteristics, breeders were able to retain the breed’s physical strength while softening its previously aggressive nature.
Today’s Old English Bulldogs are a tribute to the bull-baiting dogs of old, carrying the physical attributes of their forebears, but with a personality much better suited to being a beloved family pet. As a result, they have successfully evolved from hardened bull baiters to devoted, courageous, and loyal companions.
If you enjoyed learning about the Old English Bulldog and are interested in exploring another fantastic breed, brace yourself to meet the unique Labradoodle! Delve into the world of these intelligent and vivacious canine companions by exploring the article titled ‘Unraveling the Labradoodle: An Insight into their Pros, Cons and Remarkable Traits!‘.
The Old English Bulldog is an impressive breed, marked by its robust and muscular physique. This formidable breed was bred for its strength and power, which is evident in its physical characteristics. Standing at a medium-sized height, adult bulldogs typically measure between 15 to 16 inches at the shoulder and can weigh anywhere from 40 to 50 lbs.
Their bodies are heavily muscled with a robust bone structure, resulting in a stocky and athletic appearance. Their broad chest and wide stance are complemented by their short, sturdy legs. The Old English Bulldog has a compact and muscular neck, adding to its powerful appearance.
Another distinctive characteristic of this breed is their unique head shape, which is wide and square. They have a short muzzle and a pronounced ‘face wrinkle’ that is simply charming. Their ears are usually set high on their head and can be a variety of shapes, including rose, button, or tulip.
The coat of an Old English Bulldog is generally short, smooth, and dense. It comes in a wide range of colors, including brindle, white, red, fawn, fallow, or piebald. This diversity in coat color means you will rarely find two Old English Bulldogs that look identically the same.
When it comes to the tail, they can either have straight tails or ‘screw tails’. The latter is a genetic trait, and while it adds to the breed’s charm, it’s important to keep it clean to prevent infections.
To summarise, here are some physical characteristics to note:
In conclusion, the Old English Bulldog is an incredibly muscular breed with a distinctive appearance. Its singular physical traits make it a breed easy to identify among other dogs.
Now that you understand the unique physical characteristics of this breed, you may be intrigued to learn about another superbly spectacular creature. Delve into the unique behaviors of a much smaller, but equally fascinating breed in our detailed guide: Why do chihuahuas shake: Read the comprehensive explanation.
The Old English Bulldog is not just a breed recognized for its hefty build and distinct visage; it is also cherished for its unique personality traits. These dogs are exceptionally loyal, showcasing deep devotion to their human counterparts. Bulldogs, as a breed, tend to develop strong bonds with their owners, often behaving protectively over them.
Well-known for their stubbornness, training an Old English Bulldog can pose a challenge for first-time owners. However, their persistent nature is balanced by their playful and loving demeanor. Despite their somewhat intimidating appearance, they are usually friendly and gentle creatures. They are rarely aggressive unless prompted, making them well-suited to families and households with other pets.
One of the noteworthy traits of Old English Bulldogs is their affinity towards their family and reluctance to be alone. They thrive in environments where they can engage frequently with humans, displaying symptoms of separation anxiety when left alone for extended periods. Hence, they are generally not a suitable choice for owners who spend long hours away from home.
Another consideration is their tendency for laziness. Without regular motivation, Bulldogs can become couch potatoes, spending the majority of their day sleeping or lounging around. Therefore, owners should be proactive in encouraging physical activity to ward off obesity and related health issues.
Old English Bulldogs are also known for their
. Though not typically prone to frequent barking, they have a myriad of expressive sounds to communicate their mood and desires to their owners. These include grunts, whines, and unique snoring noises. However, this should not be seen as a negative trait, but rather a unique aspect of their lovable personality that often adds an extra dash of character to this already charismatic breed.
If you’ve developed a soft spot for Old English Bulldogs and their distinct personality traits, you may also find our comprehensive profile on another beloved breed, the Chocolate Labradoodle, equally engaging. Get to know the lovable and energetic Husky dog, your potential new best friend, in this detailed article: Husky dog: Read about Your New Best Friend!
The health and lifespan of an Old English Bulldog depend on various influential factors, with genetics and care routines being the most significant. Principally, these muscular and robust canines have a life expectancy of around 9 to 14 years, which is relatively common among medium-sized dog breeds.
Health Concerns: Despite their impressive strength and vigor, Old English Bulldogs are prone to certain genetic health issues. Some of these include hip and elbow dysplasia, which are common musculoskeletal ailments in larger dog breeds. They might also encounter certain skin conditions because of their characteristic ‘face wrinkle.’ Brachycephalic syndrome is another potential risk due to their short noses; this can lead to breathing difficulties.
Preventive Care: The optimal way to ensure an Old English Bulldog leads a long, happy life is through proactive and preventive healthcare. Regular veterinary checkups and early detection of potential diseases are crucial.
Diet plays a significant role in their health and life expectancy. Feeding high-quality dog foods that are suitable for their age, weight, and health status is vital.
Regular physical exercise is necessary to keep them fit and active, but due to their potential for breathing difficulties, strenuous exercise should be avoided.
Remember, every dog is unique and may experience different health concerns during their lifetime. It’s crucial to stay informed and vigilant about your bulldog’s health. Ultimately, the love, care, and attention you provide will play a crucial role in your Old English Bulldog’s quality of life and lifespan.
If you’re interested in exploring other breeds, you might find the article Fluffy French Bulldog: I promise you will worship this puppy! absolutely adorable and worth your time.
Caring for an Old English Bulldog goes beyond just providing a loving home; it also involves ensuring they have a well-balanced diet, regular exercise and proper grooming routine. Bulldogs, known for their stout muscular structure, require a diet rich in proteins and low in fats. Many professional breeders recommend premium dry dog food supplemented with occasional treats. Keep in mind that overfeeding can lead to obesity, which could complicate existing health conditions.
Moving on to their exercise needs, don’t be fooled by the Old English Bulldog’s quiet demeanor. They do enjoy a good outdoor romp, and regular walks can keep them healthy and agile. Typically, moderate daily exercise such as walks, playful training sessions, or a game of fetch will suffice.
Lastly, the grooming of an Old English Bulldog is relatively easy given their short, fine coat. Here are the general guidelines:
In summary, these loyal and robust companions require a thoughtful approach towards their diet, exercise and grooming routine. Remember, caring for your dog appropriately takes work, but the reward is a happy and healthy companion.
If you found this article on the care and grooming of Old English Bulldogs intriguing, you may also appreciate an article that uncovers the intriguing characteristics of another magnificent breed. Discover the joys of owning a different breed by reading our article on Miniature Golden Retrievers: Adopt Your New Best Friend!
Training an Old English Bulldog can be a rewarding experience, but it can also be a challenge due to the breed’s natural stubbornness. They’re known for their strong will power, which, while endearing, can sometimes translate into a slight obstinacy making training sessions a bit demanding. Despite this trait, with the right approach and positive reinforcement techniques, training can indeed be successful.
Regardless of the dog breed, early training and socialization are crucial and the Old English Bulldog is no exception. Early exposure to a variety of people, environments, and experiences can greatly help in molding their temperament and behavior as they navigate into adulthood. This will not only make the dog well-mannered but also well-adjusted to different situations.
Begin by teaching the basic commands such as ‘sit’, ‘stay’, ‘come’, and ‘heel’. Having a solid foundation in obedience is vital for establishing control and respect. Use positive reinforcement methods, such as treats and praise, to make training a positive experience for your dog. Remember, consistency is key in training an Old English Bulldog member. This characteristic breed’s stubbornness can mean it takes them a little longer to learn new commands, but pushing gradually and decidedly will get you there.
In the context of socialization, Old English Bulldogs typically do well with other pets and children if they are introduced at a young age. Having playdates with other dogs, visiting dog-friendly parks, and enrolling in puppy kindergarten classes can all be effective socialization activities.
In conclusion, training and socializing an Old English Bulldog requires patience, dedication, and a lot of love. However, with the right approach, these lovable canine companions can indeed be trained effectively, proving to be an enjoyable and rewarding experience both for the dog and their owners.
If you found training Old English Bulldogs intriguing, you might be considering adding another breed to your family. If you’re curious about how well German Shepherds interact with children, discover whether German Shepherds are good with kids in our next article.
While English Bulldogs and Old English Bulldogs share a common heritage and several physical traits, they also possess certain differences originating from their historical development and subsequent breeding practices. To the untrained eye, these variations might seem negligible, but they are actually vital in understanding and appreciating the individuality of each breed.
The Old English Bulldog was originally bred in the United Kingdom for a popular, yet ultimately inhumane, sport known as bull-baiting. After the practice was outlawed in the early 19th century, the Old English Bulldog, due to its muscular build, fierceness, and tenacity, started to lose its appeal. However, breed enthusiasts didn’t let the breed fade into oblivion and started promoting their friendly and loyal traits instead. Over time, these efforts led to characteristic revisions, culminating into the breed we now know as the English Bulldog.
The English Bulldog, in contrast, while sharing the same beginnings, developed along different lines. Selective breeding has minimized their athletic and aggressive nature, focusing on developing a more compact and less muscular breed, known for their broad face and unique ‘face wrinkles’. In comparison, the Old English Bulldog maintained elements of athletic agility and physical prowess, creating a more durable and active dog.
As for behavior, both breeds have overlapping traits such as loyalty and good nature. Neither is particularly aggressive, although the Old English Bulldog tends to be a bit more active and energetic. English Bulldogs, on the other hand, have a milder nature and are considered more amiable and relaxed. These behavioral tendencies closely reflect their physical differences; the relative lethargy of the English Bulldog as against the energetic drive of the Old English Bulldog.
These factors, as detailed, are responsible for the variations that exist today between the two breeds:
In conclusion, while both breeds share a common lineage, the distinctive traits of the English Bulldog and the Old English Bulldog are the result of divergent breeding practices and historical circumstances.
Now that you’re versed in the nuances of English Bulldogs, you might also be fascinated by another magnificent creature – the Husky. Are you interested in tips on how to get a Husky to stop whining? Discover the wonderful ways through this insightful article: 3 Wonderful Tips to Discipline Your Husky – Exposed!
Understanding the standard of a breed is crucial in spotting a genuine Old English Bulldog from a mixture. Several kennel clubs and breed groups have outlined specific characteristics and traits that an authentic Old English Bulldog should possess. These set guidelines help maintain the breed’s quality, health, and temperament.
The Old English Bulldog is typically medium-sized, displaying a substantial and muscular build. Despite its size, it’s agile and capable of considerable speed. The breed has a broad chest and strong, athletic legs that reflect its powerful physique.
An attractive and unique feature of this breed includes their square-shaped heads and deep, wide-set eyes, which highlight their expressive and amiable face. The iconic ‘face wrinkles’ are another characteristic aspect of these bulldogs. They lend a formidable and distinguished look to the breed.
Moving on to their coat specifics, the Old English Bulldog pleases with a range of possible hues. The colors include fawn, white, red, and even shades of brindle, allowing potential owners a broad spectrum to choose from. Their coat is also short and tightly-fitted, requiring minimal grooming.
Remember, while these characteristics are typical of the Old English Bulldog breed, individual personalities and appearances can vary. Even within breed standards, there’s always room for a little individuality. This understanding helps maintain the integrity of the breed while also appreciating each bulldog’s unique charm and personality.
If you’re intrigued by the unique qualities of different pet breeds, you might also find it interesting to explore the world of reptiles. To learn more about the fascinating process of brumation in bearded dragons, delve into our comprehensive guide “Understanding Brumation in Bearded Dragons.”
When it comes to naming your Old English Bulldog, you may be intrigued to discover the popularity of certain names among this specific breed. There are various contributing factors to this aspect, and they can range from the breed’s distinctive attributes to more nuanced elements like individual dog personalities. Popular names often draw inspiration from the breed’s robust and muscular nature, leading to strong, sturdy names fitting of their character.
Dog names tend to reflect the physical or character traits that are prominent in the dog. In the case of the Old English Bulldog, given the breed’s bold personality and sturdy physique, names that denote strength, resilience, and spiritedness are particularly popular amongst pet owners.
Some of the most popular names for male Old English Bulldogs include Max, Buddy, Rocky, and Duke. For female bulldogs, names like Bella, Lola, Daisy, and Molly have continued to charm pet owners.
It’s clear therefore that the names chosen for the Old English Bulldog are typically reflective of their hearty nature and resiliency, making them beloved companions with names as distinctive as their personalities.
When it comes to purebred bulldogs, there are certain expectations breeders and future owners might have. These expectations essentially serve to maintain the unique traits and qualities of the breed. It is therefore important to choose a reputable breeder who adheres to these standards.
The Old English Bulldog, a distinct type of purebred bulldog, is cherished for its unique characteristics. Breeders not only aim to uphold these unique characteristics but also strive for the health and temperament that are vital in a companion pet. Here are some expectations breeders may have for the Old English Bulldog:
Meeting such expectations will ensure that the unique traits of the Old English Bulldog are retained. This is the breed standard, and it has been carefully established over the years to ensure the quality of the breed.
However, potential buyers should be aware that not every breeder adheres to these high standards. Always do your research, ask for health clearances, and don’t be afraid to ask lots of questions. Remember, it’s not just about preserving a breed’s characteristics, but also ensuring that your old English bulldog has the best possible life.
The Old English Bulldog is often hailed as the perfect companion and an excellent addition to any family. While their history tells tales of their use in bull-baiting and as guard dogs, today’s bulldogs are better known for their remarkable ability to adapt and blend seamlessly into family life. They are often easy-going house pets that revel in relaxation and are regularly billed as a low-energy breed. Their undeniable charm lies in their loyalty, good-natured temperament, and acceptance toward other pets. They are also recognized for their protective nature towards their family.
Their undeniable loyalty is a stand-out feature, ensuring that they form deep and lasting connections with their human family. Bulldogs get strongly attached to family members and are known for their dedication and unfailing loyalty. This devotion often means that they can struggle with separation anxiety if left alone for extended periods of time.
Their good nature is yet another reason why they are excellent for families. Though they may look fierce and imposing, these dogs are generally very friendly. Renowned for their patience and kindness, they make excellent companions for children.
Moreover, bulldogs are not overly active or energetic like some breeds, making them a fitting choice for those with limited space or prefer quieter environments. Despite this, they do require daily exercise to ensure their health and wellbeing.
Bulldogs, known for their sociability, can easily be friends with other pets. Smaller animals and other dogs are usually not perceived as threats due to their approachable demeanor. Nevertheless, like any breed, early socialization is fundamental to nurture this attribute.
Whether you are an individual looking for a steadfast companion or a family seeking a patient, loving pet, the Old English Bulldog could be your ideal fit. With their mellow nature, unwavering loyalty, and adaptability, they unquestionably make adored companions and family pets.
Before eagerly inviting an Old English Bulldog into your home, there are a few important factors to bear in mind ensuring a joyous and harmonious relationship. Their robust size, exercise needs, dietary requirements, and inherent nature demand certain commitment from prospective owners.
Unlike small dog breeds, the Old English Bulldog requires adequate space to move and play around. Modern apartments might not provide the necessary room for these muscular dogs to thrive. Therefore, having a home with a yard or easy access to public parks contributes to a healthier lifestyle for this breed.
In terms of exercise, despite their initially imposing appearance, Old English Bulldogs are known to be somewhat lazy but do require regular short walks to keep them healthy. Alongside regular vet appointments, an exercise routine helps in preventing obesity, a common ailment among Bulldogs.
Diet is another significant element to consider when adopting an Old English Bulldog. This breed requires a balanced diet with a significant protein content to meet their muscular needs. Feeding your bulldog an adequate diet will avoid unnecessary weight gain and related health issues.
Lastly, Bulldogs are a breed predisposed to certain health conditions such as hip dysplasia, breathing issues, and skin irritations. Availability of appropriate healthcare services and the financial implication of potential veterinary bills should be considered before adoption.
Adopting an Old English Bulldog requires a significant time commitment due to their affectionate nature and longing for companionship. Incorporating your Bulldog into your daily routine and providing them with the attention they crave will ensure both a happy bulldog and owner. | <urn:uuid:600e0438-372b-4fc5-9eaf-6013dd9005e0> | CC-MAIN-2024-10 | https://hopeforpets.org/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2024-10/segments/1707947476399.55/warc/CC-MAIN-20240303210414-20240304000414-00012.warc.gz | en | 0.949834 | 4,350 | 2.796875 | 3 |
1.1 BACKGROUND OF THE STUDY
The practice of advertising can be traced back to ancient times. During this period communication played a vital role in transforming people’s attitude and behaviour towards a particular product or service.
However, during this period, advertisement was absent Historians believe that our door signs carved in stones and woods were used by ancient Greeks and Romans as advertising. At this point in time people were illiterate and the signs often stimulated the goods for sale and the Merchants such as knives, hoes etc.
Then came the invention of a moveable type of printing machine in 1450 by Johan G. Gerberg from Germany. This invention made possible advertising on the print media like magazines newspapers, bill boards, hand bills and posters.
After the printing advertisement came a new and radio, it started in November 1920 in USA and rapidly become the primary means of communication on its trade came television. Television became another means of communication.
Advertising for so many decades has remained one of the major economic forces necessary for development but comparative studies show that both government and individual citizens of Nigeria are yet to utilize advertisement effectively towards the country’s economic recovery and national development.
Moreover, advertising can be defined as a non-personal communication directed to target audience through various medium in order to present, sell and promote product service, ideas, person, institutions and organization. Therefore advertising remains a vital door for economic and broad national development.
This research work is an attempt to find out how people react to advertisement in their consumption pattern of a particular product, service or idea. I have chosen students of the institute of management and Technology (IMT) Enugu to represent my universe while coca-cola product is my sample.
Be it as it may that advertising is still gross misunderstand and under utilize in Nigeria today. We really need to understand better and utilize advertising to achieve economic growth the current situation is one that advertising business largely dominated by American men who use them to market their good and services in the same vein government and its agencies need to use advertising
Can't find what you are looking for?
Call (+234) 07030248044.
OTHER SIMILAR ACCOUNTING PROJECTS AND MATERIALS
AN APPRAISAL OF THE IMPLICATION OF ELECTRONIC BANKING IN NIGERIA BANKS (A CASE STUDY OF ACCESS BANK)
CHAPTER TWO REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE Electronic banking in Nigeria has overtime been viewed by many especially economists as having a lot of implications on the economy of Nigeria and especially...Continue reading »
A CRITICAL ANALYSIS OF THE USE OF FINANCIAL STATEMENTS IN ASSESSING THE PERFORMANCE OF AN ORGANIZATION (A CASE STUDY OF FIRST BANK NIGERIA)
ABSTRACT The study was carried out to analyse how an organization performs making use of the financial statements with First Bank of Nigeria Plc serving as the case study. the study disclosed that th...Continue reading »
AN EVALUATION OF THE PERFORMANCE OF NIGERIAN STOCK EXCHANGE IN THE ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT OF NIGERIA ( A CASE STUDY OF NIGERIAN STOCK EXCHANGE)
HISTORICAL BACKGROUND OF THE NIGERIA STOCK EXCHANGE IN THE ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT OF NIGERIAN. The nigeria stock excahnge denoted by NSE is a government establishment where stocks are traded on a daill...Continue reading »
APPLICATION OF BUDGETS AND BUDGETARY CONTROL MEASURES IN A NON-PROFIT ORGANIZATION: A CASE STUDY OF APOSTOLIC CHURCH, DELTA
2.1 CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK A budget is can be defined by accountants as “a planned outcome to be generated and for the expenditure to ensure during that period and the capital to be employed to a...Continue reading »
ASSESSING BOOK-KEEPING PRACTICES OF SMALL AND MEDIUM SCALE ENTERPRISES IN CALABAR LOCAL GOVERNMENT AREA
ABSTRACT The economy of Nigeria cannot function properly or thrive without the micro, small and medium scale enterprises (SMEs). These small scale enterprises cannot function properly if they are not ...Continue reading »
ASSESSMENT OF ADEQUATE RISK RECOGNITION AND MANAGEMENT IN NIGERIAN INSURANCE COMPANIES (A CASE STUDY OF UNION ASSURANCE COMPANY, UYO)
THE CONCEPT OF RISK Risk has been the subject of study by different scholars over the years with several meaning and definitions. But the most accepted definitions are that of J.E Banister and P.A Baw...Continue reading »
What are looking for today?
THE IMPACT OF HUMAN RESOURCE PLANNING ON ORGANIZATIONAL PERFORMANCE
78,980 people found this useful
IMPACT OF E-LEARNING ON THE ACADEMIC PERFORMANCE OF UNDERGRADUATE STUDENTS (A CASE STUDY OF NATIONAL...
59,274 people found this useful
THE EFFECT OF SOCIAL MEDIA ON STUDENTS PERFORMANCE IN LEARNING LISTENING COMPREHENSION
54,227 people found this useful
IMPACT OF SOCIAL MEDIA ON CONSUMER BEHAVIOR
53,604 people found this useful
TAX ADMINISTRATION IN NIGERIA: CHALLENGES AND PROSPECTS, A CASE STUDY OF LAGOS STATE BOARD OF INTERN...
51,276 people found this useful
THE EFFECT OF ADVERTISEMENT ON CONSUMER BRAND PREFERENCE
49,090 people found this useful | <urn:uuid:e5fea0a5-796c-4e2f-ac87-d53a9c439bd2> | CC-MAIN-2023-06 | https://www.projectclue.com/accounting/project-topics-materials-for-undergraduate-students/intensive-promotion-and-students-consumption-pattern-of-coca-cola-products-a-case-study-of-institue-of-management-and-technology-imt-students | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-06/segments/1674764499758.83/warc/CC-MAIN-20230129180008-20230129210008-00563.warc.gz | en | 0.906997 | 1,232 | 2.859375 | 3 |
This video describes how the normal thousands-of-years-long balance of new ice creation and melting due to ocean currents has been disrupted recently by warmer ocean currents. As a result, glacier tongues that overhang the interface between ice and ocean are breaking off and falling into the ocean.
This video from NASA features scientists who describe the role of salt in the oceans and global oceanic circulation, especially the effect of salinity on the density of water and its global circulation, with reference to global climate change.
In this video, students see how data from the ice core record is used to help scientists predict the future of our climate. Video features ice cores extracted from the WAIS Divide, a research station on the West Antarctic Ice Sheet.
This video highlights research conducted at Woods Hole on how heat absorbed by the ocean and changes of ocean chemistry from human activities could lead to a tipping point for marine life and ecosystems. Includes ice bath experiment that models the tipping point of Arctic sea ice.
This audio slideshow/video describes the Greenland ice sheet and the difficulties in getting scientific measurements at the interface between the ice and the ocean. It features the work of a researcher from Woods Hole Oceanographic Institute researcher. She gives a personal account of her work on the recent increase in melting of glaciers, the challenges of working in Greenland, and the reasons why so many climate scientists are looking there for answers to questions about climate change.
This series of activities introduce students to polar oceanography, polar climate and how events that occur in oceans thousands of kilometers away affect them and the mid-latitudes using maps, images, lab experiments and online data tools. Students explore how conditions are changing in the Polar Regions and the possible impacts upon life in the United States and other mid-latitude nations.
In this activity, students learn about sea ice extent in both polar regions (Arctic and Antarctic). They start out by forming a hypothesis on the variability of sea ice, testing the hypothesis by graphing real data from a recent 3-year period to learn about seasonal variations and over a 25-year period to learn about longer-term trends, and finish with a discussion of their results and predictions.
In this classroom activity, students access sea surface temperature and wind speed data from a NASA site, plot and compare data, draw conclusions about surface current and sea surface temperature, and link their gained understanding to concerns about global climate change. | <urn:uuid:1eb8c975-c5fe-4ad7-b54e-c045fcf97fbd> | CC-MAIN-2013-48 | http://www.climate.gov/teaching/resources/search-subjects/ocean-and-climate-26/search-subjects/climate-feedbacks-27?keywords= | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2013-48/segments/1386163050081/warc/CC-MAIN-20131204131730-00008-ip-10-33-133-15.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.92442 | 486 | 3.640625 | 4 |
The Co-op’s Statement on GMOs
Without federally required labeling of products containing Genetically Modified Organisms (GMOs), SNFC cannot guarantee all the products it carries are GMO-free. Because 85–90% of all soybeans, corn, cotton, sugar beets and canola grown in this country contain Monsanto’s patented genetically altered genes, products that include these ingredients and were grown using conventional agricultural practices may contain GMOs. For this reason, the CO-OP is committed to providing, whenever possible, at least one product in each food category that is certified by a third party to be organically grown.
Current USDA regulations prohibit the use of GMOs in organic production, so buying USDA Certified organic products is a good way to avoid GMOs and to drive them out of the food system. If the label says “made with organic ingredients,” only 70% of the ingredients must be organic, but even those non-organic ingredients cannot be produced from GMOs. Certain crops, like corn, however, are wind-pollinated, so there is a chance for genetic drift from a GMO corn field to contaminate an organic corn field. In other words, being certain that a product is 100% GMO-free will be difficult while the use of GMOs themselves is widespread and they are not required to be labeled.
Many of the manufacturers whose products are available at the Co-op are going through Non-GMO Project verification for some or all of their products. Choosing products that are Non-GMO verified is another way to avoid GMOs. Look for labeling on our shelves, on product packaging, or visit nongmoproject.org for a list of verified vendors and products.
GE food and “GMOs” are interchangeable terms for the genetic engineering of plants and animals. By being able to take the genetic material from one organism and insert it into the permanent genetic code of another, biotechnologists have engineered numerous novel creations, such as potatoes with bacteria genes, “super” pigs with human growth genes, fish with cattle growth genes, tomatoes with flounder genes, and thousands of other plants, animals and insects. At an alarming rate, these creations are now being patented and released into the environment — and our food supply.
A number of studies over the past decade have revealed that GE foods can pose serious risks to humans, domesticated animals, wildlife and the environment. Human health effects can include higher risks of toxicity, allergenicity, antibiotic resistance, immune-suppression, cancer and birth defects.
As for environmental impacts, the use of genetic engineering in agriculture will lead to uncontrolled biological pollution, threatening numerous microbial, plant and animal species with extinction, and the potential contamination of all non-genetically engineered life forms with novel and possibly hazardous genetic material.
Most Americans say they would not eat GMOs if labeled, but unlike most other industrialized countries, the U.S. does not require labeling.
The best ways to avoid GMOs are:
- Buy Organic
- Look for Non-GMO Verified labels
- Avoid at-risk ingredients made from corn, soy, canola, cottonseed oil or sugar beets. These ingredients go by many other names:Corn — Corn flour, meal, oil, starch, gluten, and syrup Sweeteners such as fructose, dextrose, and glucose Modified food starchSoy — Soy flour, lecithin, protein, isolate, and isoflavone Vegetable oil and vegetable protein (May be derived from other sources)Canola — Canola oil, also called rapeseed oilCotton — Cottonseed oil (often used in processed foods and one of the most heavily sprayed crops)Sugar beet — sugar recently entered the food supply. Look for organic and non-GMO sweeteners, candy and chocolate products made with 100% cane sugar, evaporated cane juice, agave, or organic sugar, to avoid GM beet sugar.
- Use a one of the following shopping guide: guide 1 or guide 2. These guides are also available as a smart phone app: iphone and android.
Links and Resources
- Major Independents and Their Subsidiary Brands
- Who Owns Organics?
- Will Labeling Raise Prices for Consumers?
- 10 Things Monsanto Does Not Want You to Know
- What You Can Do Today to Avoid Monsanto’s GMOs
- Food Democracy Now
- GMO’s: Corporate Charlatans Versus Organic Heroes
More information on Monsanto, and the impact they pose to the environment.
Lean about Roundup’s Disturbing Legacy
A recent report published by Earth Open Source, an organization that uses open source collaboration to advance sustainable food production, states that industry regulators have known for years that Roundup, the world’s best-selling herbicide produced by Monsanto, causes birth defects. Read the full story here.
On March 18, 2011 the Center for Food Safety, Earthjustice, Sierra Club, Cornucopia Institute, California Farmers Union, and others filed a lawsuit against Tom Vilsack and the United States Department of Agriculture (USDA), arguing that the agency’s recent unrestricted approval of genetically engineered (GE) “Roundup Ready” alfalfa was unlawful. Read the full story here.
T&D Willey Farms and Others File a Public Patent Complaint Against Monsanto. Read the full story here.
According to Food Democracy Now one big PR firm dedicates over 50 staff fulltime to the Monsanto account. On top of this, Monsanto themselves already have 75 staff working solely to investigate and prosecute farmers. | <urn:uuid:c29bb497-b76c-4aee-8ecc-01a8e3364a87> | CC-MAIN-2020-05 | https://sac.coop/gmo/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-05/segments/1579250608062.57/warc/CC-MAIN-20200123011418-20200123040418-00287.warc.gz | en | 0.91694 | 1,154 | 2.796875 | 3 |
This complex is the most important archaeological center in the Urubamba Valley, after Ollantaytambo and Pisac. The ruins are impressive, although the conservation of the site is inferior to that of Ollantaytambo or Pisac, because they are older.
But unlike the aforementioned places Huchuy Qosqo has a peculiar architecture: the buildings have been built on polished stone bases of fine finish, with clay plaster (they are the best preserved parts) and the highest floors are made of adobe.
The Hispanic chronicles refer that Huchuy Qosqo (probably a place known in Inca times as Caquia Jaquijahuana) was the favorite work and place of the Inca Wiracocha. To this, Maria Rostworoski adds, in his work "History of Tahuantinsuyo", that this sovereign secured the conquest over the peoples of the Urubamba Valley and chose as his successor his son Inca Urco who, dizzy with power and vices, proved to be a total incapable to govern. Inca royalty was very confused with this choice and tried to conspire to impose another son of Wiracocha, Prince Cusi Yupanqui. Social unrest and tension increased every day and to make matters worse, the darkest night fell on Cuzco: the Chancas came to the gates of the capital and were ready to destroy it. It is the year of 1438. Wiracocha left the city to his fate and, accompanied by his son Inca Urco, took refuge in his palaces in the Urubamba Valley, among which was Huchuy Qosqo.
After the Spanish conquest, Gonzalo Pizarro found here the mummy that, supposedly, belonged to the Inca Wiracocha and ordered to burn it. The descendants of the Inca kept the ashes in a vat that the chronicler Polo de Ondegardo would discover many years later.
5:30 Pick you up from the hotel and transfer to Chinchero where you will appreciate the Archeological Complex of Chinchero and a living height of the Andean textile
7:00 Reach the Community of Tauca where you will appreciate the lagoon of Piuray
7:30 Start our walk until we reach the first Abra de Pucajasa (4,100 masl) for 10 minutes
7:40 Descend in approximately 1 hour 50 to the Archaeological Complex of Huchuy Qosqo
9:30 Visit to the Archaeological Complex for two hours of visit.
11:30 Continue our walk of a descent with a spectacular view of the Sacred Valley of the Incas to the district of Lamay for 1 hour and 30 minutes
13:00 Return to the city of Cusco in our transport for 45 minutes.
Distance to travel: 14 km
Walking Time: From 7 to 8 hours including rest and stop for lunch.
Maximum Height: 4,393 meters above sea level
Difficulty: Moderate and with drops
Temperature: cold, with winds in the afternoon
This excursion will take approximately 8 hours of walking (including breaks, refreshments and visit to the Archaeological Complex), visiting ecological areas such as Quechua, Suni and Puna, with its characteristic flora and fauna.
We will depart from the city of Cusco, early in the morning, taking the north road to the Sacred Valley of the Incas. Along the road to the town of Chinchero, we can appreciate the extensive fields of cultivation, used since ancient times. We will walk along one of the shores of the Piuray lagoon where you will observe migratory birds and flora to the community of Tauca (3,762 meters above sea level / 12,343 feet), where our trek begins.
We will take a disused chariot trail, gently sloping, to the Abra de Pucajasa (4,393 masl / 14,413 ft); where we will have a spectacular view of the Andes Mountain Range and the Urubamba Mountain Range. This open, has a route of 200 meters approximately.
We will begin the descent and we will find parts of the Inca trail, as well, we will be able to appreciate the radical changes between the ecological floors of the Cusco Region. We will arrive at Huchuy Qosqo (3,688 masl / 12,099 feet), where we will enjoy our refreshment.
After a short rest, we will begin the visit to the archaeological complex and then descend to the town of Lamay (2,938 masl / 9,639 feet), where we will take our transport back to the city of Cusco.
|The Responsible People Foundation is registered under Peru’s not-for- Profit Organization Act. With an annual contribution from Inca Trail Machu to support our operating costs as well as a significant portion of project development costs. If you would like to help us. You can bring clothes for the cold or school supplies and you can win a Rainbow Mountain free or other tour in Cusco. Do not worry if your gift is not new. Only help us to help the children and families.| | <urn:uuid:bf41dd18-6fc6-4a5c-917e-cfac55e6279b> | CC-MAIN-2020-16 | https://www.incatrailmachu.com/en/huchuy-qosqo-day-trek- | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-16/segments/1585370515113.54/warc/CC-MAIN-20200403154746-20200403184746-00017.warc.gz | en | 0.93557 | 1,098 | 2.5625 | 3 |
Over half the world's population speaks more than one language. But it's not clear how these languages interact in the brain. A new study, which will be published in an upcoming issue of Psychological Science, a journal of the Association for Psychological Science, finds that Chinese people who are fluent in English translate English words into Chinese automatically and quickly, without thinking about it.
Like her research subjects, Taoli Zhang of the University of Nottingham is originally from China, but she lives in the UK and is fluent in English. She co wrote the new paper with her colleagues, Walter J.B. van Heuven and Kathy Conklin. She wanted to study how two different languages are stored in the bilingual brain. "If you read in English, you don't really require your knowledge of Chinese. Do you switch it off?" Earlier research in European languages found that both languages stayed active in the brain. But that work was in pairs of languages, like English and French or Spanish and Italian, have a lot of similarities in spelling and vocabulary. That's not true for English and Chinese.
The subjects in Zhang's experiments were all Chinese students at the University of Nottingham in the United Kingdom. For the study, each person was shown pairs of words. The first word flashed on the computer screen so quickly that the person didn't realize they'd seen it. The second word appeared for longer; the person was supposed to hit a key indicating whether it was a real word as quickly as possible. This was just a test to see how quickly they were processing the word.
The trick was this: Although everything in the test was in English, in some cases, the two words actually had a connection -- but only if you know how they're written in Chinese. So, for example, the first word might be "thing," which is written 东西in Chinese, and the second might be "west," which is written 西in Chinese. The character for "west" appears in the word "thing," but these two words are totally unrelated in English.
Zhang found that, when two words shared characters in Chinese, participants processed the second word faster -- even though they had no conscious knowledge of having seen the first word in the pair. Even though these students are fluent in English, their brains still automatically translate what they see into Chinese. This suggests that knowledge of a first language automatically influences the processing of a second language, even when they are very different, unrelated languages.
"As long as I can speak English to you, why would you care what my brain is doing in terms of Chinese?" Zhang asks. In daily life, it doesn't matter; it's just good enough that she can talk to the people around her. But she says understanding the way languages are linked in the brain could someday help people learn second languages. "When people learn two languages, they automatically make the link between them. We would like to find out how the link between the two languages influences language processing."
The article is entitled, "Fast automatic translation and morphological decomposition in Chinese-English bilinguals."
Cite This Page: | <urn:uuid:084fe99f-b03f-40ac-b991-e706b0bcab0e> | CC-MAIN-2017-09 | https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2011/06/110614144758.htm | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-09/segments/1487501170823.55/warc/CC-MAIN-20170219104610-00632-ip-10-171-10-108.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.975256 | 637 | 3.328125 | 3 |
The Church Fathers, Tertullian and Augustine both explained the trinity in regards to man being created in the image of God. Their explanation was not like modern day explanations that teach man is body, soul, and spirit. This explanation of the Trinity and man being created in the image of God is not found in Scripture. The teaching handed down through the church Fathers is that man was created with a mind, word, and spirit (will or desire).
Man has a mind that speaks words and communicated his thoughts. These thoughts are produced from the mind. The mind is influenced by the mans will, emotions, or desire. This is how man and woman are created in God’s image. The mind, word and spirit is what separate man from all other created things.
Tertullian a.d. 145–220
The basic idea of the Trinity in relationship to man, is found in Tertullians writings “Against Praxeas” He explains that, the thoughts of God, His mind, has Reason. His reason produces His Word so that, the Mind or Thoughts and reason comes prior to His Word; however, there was never a time when God did not speak. God’s Word comes from His mind and reasoning. So the Son of God (God’s Word) comes from the Father (God’s mind and reasoning).
But since they will have the Two to be but One, so that the Father shall be deemed to be the same as the Son, it is only right that the whole question respecting the Son should be examined, as to whether He exists, and who He is and the mode of His existence. Thus shall the truth itself secure its own sanction from the Scriptures, and the interpretations which guard them. There are some who allege that even Genesis opens thus in Hebrew: “In the beginning God made for Himself a Son.” As there is no ground for this, I am led to other arguments derived from God’s own dispensation, in which He existed before the creation of the world, up to the generation of the Son. For before all things God was alone—being in Himself and for Himself universe, and space, and all things. Moreover, He was alone, because there was nothing external to Him but Himself. Yet even not then was He alone; for He had with Him that which He possessed in Himself, that is to say, His own Reason.
For God is rational, and Reason was first in Him; and so all things were from Himself. This Reason is His own Thought (or Consciousness) which the Greeks call λόγος, by which term we also designate Word or Discourse and therefore it is now usual with our people, owing to the mere simple interpretation of the term, to say that the Word was in the beginning with God; although it would be more suitable to regard Reason as the more ancient; because God had not Word from the beginning, but He had Reason even before the beginning; because also Word itself consists of Reason, which it thus proves to have been the prior existence as being its own substance. Not that this distinction is of any practical moment. For although God had not yet sent out His Word, He still had Him within Himself, both in company with and included within His very Reason, as He silently planned and arranged within Himself everything which He was afterwards about to utter through His Word. Now, whilst He was thus planning and arranging with His own Reason, He was actually causing that to become Word which He was dealing with in the way of Word or Discourse. And that you may the more readily understand this, consider first of all, from your own self, who are made “in the image and likeness of God,” for what purpose it is that you also possess reason in yourself, who are a rational creature, as being not only made by a rational Artificer, but actually animated out of His substance. Observe, then, that when you are silently con versing with yourself, this very process is carried on within you by your reason, which meets you with a word at every movement of your thought, at every impulse of your conception.
Whatever you think, there is a word; whatever you conceive, there is reason. You must needs speak it in your mind; and while you are speaking, you admit speech as an interlocutor with you, involved in which there is this very reason, whereby, while in thought you are holding converse with your word, you are (by reciprocal action) producing thought by means of that converse with your word. Thus, in a certain sense, the word is a second person within you, through which in thinking you utter speech, and through which also, (by reciprocity of process,) in uttering speech you generate thought. The word is itself a different thing from yourself. Now how much more fully is all this transacted in God, whose image and likeness even you are regarded as being, inasmuch as He has reason within Himself even while He is silent, and involved in that Reason His Word! I may therefore without rashness first lay this down (as a fixed principle) that even then before the creation of the universe God was not alone, since He had within Himself both Reason, and, inherent in Reason, His Word, which He made second to Himself by agitating it within Himself.
Against Praxeas Chapter V
Augustine a.d. 354–430
Augustine refers to this as “mind itself, and the love of it, and the knowledge of it.” The basic idea behind the Trinity is that God has a mind that thinks, He speaks His word from His mind, and that is all from His will or Spirit. In other words, God Loves (desires or wills), then He reasons from His mind (Thinks about what He desires), and then speaks His Word (communicates His knowledge.) In this way God created man and woman in His image. That, we desire, think, and speak; All of which is unique to man.
Augustine teaches that the Trinity and the image of man are based off of the mind, knowledge, and love of God. These three being the Father, Son, and Holy Spirit. The mind, love, and knowledge in man are imperfect where with God, they are perfect and equal.
But as there are two things (duo quædam), the mind and the love of it, when it loves itself; so there are two things, the mind and the knowledge of it, when it knows itself. Therefore the mind itself, and the love of it, and the knowledge of it, are three things (tria quædam), and these three are one; and when they are perfect they are equal.
For knowledge is a kind of life in the reason of the knower, but the body is not life; and any life is greater than any body, not in bulk, but in power. But when the mind knows itself, its own knowledge does not rise above itself, because itself knows, and itself is known. When, therefore, it knows itself entirely, and no other thing with itself, then its knowledge is equal to itself; because its knowledge is not from another nature, since it knows itself. And when it perceives itself entirely, and nothing more, then it is neither less nor greater. We said therefore rightly, that these three things, [mind, love, and knowledge], when they are perfect, are by consequence equal.
On the Trinity Book IX. Chapter 4. section 4
Augustine states that the love and knowledge of God cannot be separated.
But, further, although one who loves or one who knows is a substance, and knowledge is a substance, and love is a substance, but he that loves and love, or, he that knows and knowledge, are spoken of relatively to each other, as are friends: yet mind or spirit are not relatives, as neither are men relatives: nevertheless he that loves and love, or he that knows and knowledge, cannot exist separately from each other, as men can that are friends.
On the Trinity Book IX. Chapter 4. section 6
Augustine explains that the mind, love and knowledge make up the whole and are in themselves the whole as well.
And even if there are some bodies which cannot be wholly separated and divided, yet they would not be bodies unless they consisted of their own proper parts. A part then is predicated relatively to a whole, since every part is a part of some whole, and a whole is a whole by having all its parts. But since both part and whole are bodies, these things are not only predicated relatively, but exist also substantially. Perhaps, then, the mind is a whole, and the love with which it loves itself, and the knowledge with which it knows itself, are as it were its parts, of which two parts that whole consists. Or are there three equal parts which make up the one whole? But no part embraces the whole, of which it is a part; whereas, when the mind knows itself as a whole, that is, knows itself perfectly, then the knowledge of it extends through the whole of it; and when it loves itself perfectly, then it loves itself as a whole, and the love of it extends through the whole of it.
These three, therefore, must needs be of one and the same essence; and for that reason, if they were confounded together as it were by a commingling, they could not be in any way three, neither could they be mutually referred to each other. Just as if you were to make from one and the same gold three similar rings, although connected with each other, they are mutually referred to each other, because they are similar. For everything similar is similar to something, and there is a trinity of rings, and one gold. But if they are blended with each other, and each mingled with the other through the whole of their own bulk, then that trinity will fall through, and it will not exist at all; and not only will it be called one gold, as it was called in the case of those three rings, but now it will not be called three things of gold at all.
On the Trinity Book IX. Chapter 4. section 7
Augustine’s explanation goes further in stating that the mind, love, and knowledge are not commingled but; rather, they are united as one essence.
But in these three, when the mind knows itself and loves itself, there remains a trinity: mind, love, knowledge; and this trinity is not confounded together by any commingling: although they are each severally in themselves and mutually all in all, or each severally in each two, or each two in each. Therefore all are in all. For certainly the mind is in itself, since it is called mind in respect to itself: although it is said to be knowing, or known, or knowable, relatively to its own knowledge; and although also as loving, and loved, or lovable, it is referred to love, by which it loves itself. And knowledge, although it is referred to the mind that knows or is known, nevertheless is also predicated both as known and knowing in respect to itself: for the knowledge by which the mind knows itself is not unknown to itself. And although love is referred to the mind that loves, whose love it is; nevertheless it is also love in respect to itself, so as to exist also in itself: since love too is loved, yet cannot be loved with anything except with love, that is with itself. So these things are severally in themselves.
But so are they in each other; because both the mind that loves is in love, and love is in the knowledge of him that loves, and knowledge is in the mind that knows. And each severally is in like manner in each two, because the mind which knows and loves itself, is in its own love and knowledge: and the love of the mind that loves and knows itself, is in the mind and in its knowledge: and the knowledge of the mind that knows and loves itself is in the mind and in its love, because it loves itself that knows, and knows itself that loves. And hence also each two is in each severally, since the mind which knows and loves itself, is together with its own knowledge in love, and together with its own love in knowledge; and love too itself and knowledge are together in the mind, which loves and knows itself.
But in what way all are in all, we have already shown above; since the mind loves itself as a whole, and knows itself as a whole, and knows its own love wholly, and loves its own knowledge wholly, when these three things are perfect in respect to themselves. Therefore these three things are marvellously inseparable from each other, and yet each of them is severally a substance, and all together are one substance or essence, whilst they are mutually predicated relatively.
On the Trinity Book IX. Chapter 5 Section 8
Further, Augustine shows that the love, word, and knowledge of God are all joined together.
It is rightly asked then, whether all knowledge is a word, or only knowledge that is loved. For we also know the things which we hate; but what we do not like, cannot be said to be either conceived or brought forth by the mind. For not all things which in anyway touch it, are conceived by it; but some only reach the point of being known, but yet are not spoken as words, as for instance those of which we speak now. For those are called words in one way, which occupy spaces of time by their syllables, whether they are pronounced or only thought; and in another way, all that is known is called a word imprinted on the mind, as long as it can be brought forth from the memory and defined, even though we dislike the thing itself; and in another way still, when we like that which is conceived in the mind.
A word, then, which is the point we wish now to discern and intimate, is knowledge together with love. Whenever, then, the mind knows and loves itself, its word is joined to it by love. And since it loves knowledge and knows love, both the word is in love and love is in the word, and both are in him who loves and speaks.
On the Trinity Book IX. Chapter 10 section 15
Augustine compares the knowledge, love and word to man being created in the image of God.
And hence, in so far as we know God, we are like Him, but not like to the point of equality, since we do not know Him to the extent of His own being. And as, when we speak of bodies by means of the bodily sense, there arises in our mind some likeness of them, which is a phantasm of the memory; for the bodies themselves are not at all in the mind, when we think them, but only the likenesses of those bodies; therefore, when we approve the latter for the former, we err, for the approving of one thing for another is an error; yet the image of the body in the mind is a thing of a better sort than the species of the body itself, inasmuch as the former is in a better nature, viz. in a living substance, as the mind is: so when we know God, although we are made better than we were before we knew Him, and above all when the same knowledge being also liked and worthily loved becomes a word, and so that knowledge becomes a kind of likeness of God; yet that knowledge is of a lower kind, since it is in a lower nature; for the mind is creature, but God is Creator.
And from this it may be inferred, that when the mind knows and approves itself, this same knowledge is in such way its word, as that it is altogether on a par and equal with it, and the same; because it is neither the knowledge of a lower essence, as of the body, nor of a higher, as of God. And whereas knowledge bears a likeness to that which it knows, that is, of which it is the knowledge; in this case it has perfect and equal likeness, when the mind itself, which knows, is known. And so it is both image and word; because it is uttered concerning that mind to which it is equalled in knowing, and that which is begotten is equal to the begetter.
fifteen books of aurelius augustinus, Bishop of Hippo, on the Trinity Book IX. Chapter 11 section 16
Augustine go further to explain that the desire precedes the mind. The mind then begets the knowledge. So the the relationship with man being create din God’s image and the Trinity is that the Spirit (will or desire), caused the Father to think (The mind of God), which begets the Son (The knowledge and Word). Just like man has a desire, thinks about the desire he has, then speaks the knowledge of that thought.
What then is love? Will it not be an image? Will it not be a word? Will it not be begotten? For why does the mind beget its knowledge when it knows itself, and not beget its love when it loves itself? For if it is the cause of its own knowing, for the reason that it is knowable, it is also the cause of its own love because it is lovable. It is hard, then, to say why it does not beget both. For there is a further question also respecting the supreme Trinity itself, the omnipotent God the Creator, after whose image man is made, which troubles men, whom the truth of God invites to the faith by human speech; viz. why the Holy Spirit is not also to be either believed or understood to be begotten by God the Father, so that He also may be called a Son.
And this question we are endeavoring in some way to investigate in the human mind, in order that from a lower image, in which our own nature itself as it were answers, upon being questioned, in a way more familiar to ourselves, we may be able to direct a more practised mental vision from the enlightened creature to the unchangeable light; assuming, however, that the truth itself has persuaded us, that as no Christian doubts the Word of God to be the Son, so that the Holy Spirit is love. Let us return, then, to a more careful questioning and consideration upon this subject of that image which is the creature, that is, of the rational mind; wherein the knowledge of some things coming into existence in time, but which did not exist before, and the love of some things which were not loved before, opens to us more clearly what to say: because to speech also itself, which must be disposed in time, that thing is easier of explanation which is comprehended in the order of time.
First, therefore, it is clear that a thing may possibly be knowable, that is, such as can be known, and yet that it may be unknown; but that it is not possible for that to be known which is not knowable. Wherefore it must be clearly held that everything whatsoever that we know begets at the same time in us the knowledge of itself; for knowledge is brought forth from both, from the knower and from the thing known. When, therefore, the mind knows itself, it alone is the parent of its own knowledge; for it is itself both the thing known and the knower of it. But it was knowable to itself also before it knew itself, only the knowledge of itself was not in itself so long as it did not know itself. In knowing itself, then, it begets a knowledge of itself equal to itself; since it does not know itself as less than itself is, nor is its knowledge the knowledge of the essence of some one else, not only because itself knows, but also because it knows itself, as we have said above.
What then is to be said of love; why, when the mind loves itself, it should not seem also to have begotten the love of itself? For it was lovable to itself even before it loved itself since it could love itself; just as it was knowable to itself even before it knew itself, since it could know itself. For if it were not knowable to itself, it never could have known itself; and so, if it were not lovable to itself, it never could have loved itself. Why therefore may it not be said by loving itself to have begotten its own love, as by knowing itself it has begotten its own knowledge? Is it because it is thereby indeed plainly shown that this is the principle of love, whence it proceeds? for it proceeds from the mind itself, which is lovable to itself before it loves itself, and so is the principle of its own love by which it loves itself: but that this love is not therefore rightly said to be begotten by the mind, as is the knowledge of itself by which the mind knows itself, because in the case of knowledge the thing has been found already, which is what we call brought forth or discovered; and this is commonly preceded by an inquiry such as to find rest when that end is attained.
For inquiry is the desire of finding, or, what is the same thing, of discovering. But those things which are discovered are as it were brought forth, whence they are like offspring; but wherein, except in the case itself of knowledge? For in that case they are as it were uttered and fashioned. For although the things existed already which we found by seeking, yet the knowledge of them did not exist, which knowledge we regard as an offspring that is born. Further, the desire (appetitus) which there is in seeking proceeds from him who seeks, and is in some way in suspense, and does not rest in the end whither it is directed, except that which is sought be found and conjoined with him who seeks. And this desire, that is, inquiry,—although it does not seem to be love, by which that which is known is loved, for in this case we are still striving to know,—yet it is something of the same kind.
For it can be called will (voluntas),since every one who seeks wills (vult) to find; and if that is sought which belongs to knowledge, every one who seeks wills to know. But if he wills ardently and earnestly, he is said to study (studere): a word that is most commonly employed in the case of pursuing and obtaining any branches of learning. Therefore, the bringing forth of the mind is preceded by some desire, by which, through seeking and finding what we wish to know, the offspring, viz. knowledge itself, is born. And for this reason, that desire by which knowledge is conceived and brought forth, cannot rightly be called the bringing forth and the offspring; and the same desire which led us to long for the knowing of the thing, becomes the love of the thing when known, while it holds and embraces its accepted offspring, that is, knowledge, and unites it to its begetter. And so there is a kind of image of the Trinity in the mind itself, and the knowledge of it, which is its offspring and its word concerning itself, and love as a third, and these three are one, and one substance. Neither is the offspring less, since the mind knows itself according to the measure
On the Trinity Book IX. Chapter 12.17-18
Both Tertullian and Augustine teach that man being created in the image of God shows that God is mind, word, and will. Or thoughts, knowledge, and love. These three are separate in that the will precedes the thought and the thought precedes the word; yet, they are one in perfection. The mind, word, and will never having a beginning in time. They are inseparable from each other with God, and also equally eternal in their essence as a whole. This teaching of the Trinity is very deep and can be explained using Scripture. | <urn:uuid:287f1d0d-4b20-4ea2-a74e-95c9a3720054> | CC-MAIN-2017-26 | http://apostles-creed.org/confessional-reformed-christian-theology/theology/tertullian-and-augustine-man-in-gods-image-and-the-trinity/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-26/segments/1498128320582.2/warc/CC-MAIN-20170625203122-20170625223122-00305.warc.gz | en | 0.983233 | 4,986 | 2.90625 | 3 |
This heritage area provides habitat for 14 rare and declining grassland bird species.
MILITARY RIDGE PRAIRIE HERITAGE AREA
The Military Ridge Prairie Heritage Area (MRPHA) is a 95,000+ acre grassland landscape in Dane and Iowa counties in southwest Wisconsin. The area provides habitat for 14 rare and declining grassland bird species and contains more than 60 prairie remnants, representing one of the highest concentrations of native grasslands in the Midwest. The agricultural history of the area has helped keep the landscape much as it was when the first settlers saw it and has made it possible for plants and animals like grassland birds, which have disappeared in more developed parts of the Midwest, to survive.
The MRPHA has been identified as the highest priority for landscape-scale grassland protection and management in Wisconsin by the Wisconsin Department of Natural Resources and represents one of the best opportunities in the Midwest to protect prairie remnants and area sensitive species, such as grassland birds.
THE NATURE CONSERVANCY
The Nature Conservancy is a leading global conservation organization working around the world to protect the land and water on which all life depends.
The Conservancy has been working to protect wild places and wildlife in the MRPHA since 1964 when we received a donation of three acres of land from Stacy and Mildred Collins in honor of their father, Christian W. Thousand, who farmed the nearby land for many years. This was the first land donation ever made to The Nature Conservancy in Wisconsin.
Develop/coordinate multi-partner grassland landscape project that conserves native prairie communities surrounded by lands that remain open and covered with grass in some form, including lands enrolled in the Conservation Reserve Program, lightly grazed pastures, hay fields mowed after July 15, prairie, or savanna. Grassland birds, in particular, need open ridgetops and large areas of treeless grassland to survive.
- Restore, protect and maintain high quality examples of prairie communities and their associated native plants and animals.
- Protect water quality of streams within the project area.
ACCOMPLISHING OUR GOALS
Work with a coalition of partners—which includes the USDA Natural Resources Conservation Service, Wisconsin Department of Natural Resources, U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, Pheasants Forever, Blue Mounds Area Project, The Prairie Enthusiasts, Driftless Area Land Conservancy, and Southwest Badger Resource, Conservation and Development Council—to provide landowners who want to maintain or convert their agricultural lands to grassland for cultural, aesthetic, recreational, or ecological reasons with options to do so.
- Help ensure that the Conservation Reserve Enhancement Program (CREP) is an effective program and that eligible landowners in the project area are aware of the program, its benefits, and how to sign up. CREP is a $240 million federal/state program, administered by the Natural Resource Conservation Service, that provides landowners with financial incentives to keep their land planted in grass for 15-year periods of time or sell permanent easements to protect the grass cover in perpetuity.
- Land acquisition from willing sellers and generous donors and use of conservation easements (voluntary legal agreements that protect the conservation value of a piece of land by permanently limiting its present and future uses while keeping it in private ownership).
- Education and outreach to landowners about the ecological significance of the natural resources in the MRPHA and the various programs available to them to help conserve the area.
TNC NATURAL AREAS IN THE MILITARY RIDGE PRAIRIE HERITAGE AREA
- Barneveld Prairie, Iowa County, 1,193 acres
- Thomson Memorial Prairie, Dane & Iowa Counties, 706 acres
The Conservancy has helped protect a total of 2,427 acres in the Military Ridge at these two preserves and at other places like Mounds View Prairie. This figure includes lands owned and managed by the Conservancy, conservation easements, government co-ops and assists.
The Nature Conservancy is protecting hundreds of acres of critical habitat for grassland birds in this beautiful rolling landscape dotted with prairie and oak savanna remnants. Contact Jim Lesniak (608-576-3310) for more information on volunteering in Military Ridge.
RECREATION AT MILITARY RIDGE
Nature Conservancy preserves are open for hiking, hunting, birding, nature study, photography and other types of recreation.
The Military Ridge area is also a great place for bicycling. One of Wisconsin Nature Conservancy Director Mary Jean Huston’s favorite bike routes is the Bob-o-Link Blast. Grab your bike and your binoculars for a day of biking and bird-watching in this spectacular part of southwest Wisconsin.
Note that hunting for white-tailed deer, wild turkey and pheasant is allowed at Military Ridge preserves during the regular posted seasons, with no prior permission from the Conservancy required. Dogs are allowed on the preserve but must be on leash from April 1 to July 31 to protect ground-nesting birds. When dogs are off-leash, they must be kept under voice control by their owners at all times to prevent them from creating a nuisance on adjacent properties and residences. Click here to go to the DNR's hunting season date website.
If you have any questions about The Nature Conservancy’s work at the Military Ridge Prairie Heritage Area, please call Steve Richter at 608-251-8140 or stop by our state office at 633 West Main Street, Madison, Wisconsin. | <urn:uuid:5ba782c4-bfe8-498e-9128-954e761e3fb6> | CC-MAIN-2022-49 | https://www.nature.org/en-us/get-involved/how-to-help/places-we-protect/priority-area-military-ridge-prairie-heritage-area/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-49/segments/1669446711344.13/warc/CC-MAIN-20221208150643-20221208180643-00456.warc.gz | en | 0.925834 | 1,158 | 2.9375 | 3 |
|AIDS in Africa (UNAIDS, 1999, 11 p.)|
For all the palpable effects of AIDS, a silence born of shame and blame continues to shroud the epidemic in many of even the hardest-hit countries.
A recent study of voluntary counselling and testing offered to pregnant women in developing countries found that in many places with extremely high HIV prevalence, women refused testing or did not return for their test results. This was the case even when interventions that might help them give birth to a healthy baby were being offered to those who tested HIV-positive. In CdIvoire, for instance, fewer than half of more than 13 000 pregnant women in two study sites accepted to be tested and then came back for their results. More worrying still, in a majority of sites it was the HIV-positive women who were less likely to return. This correlation was seen in South Africas Soweto, too, where almost all pregnant women in the study agreed to be tested, four-fifths overall came back for their test results, but only half of those who were HIV-positive sought out their results. These systematic differences suggest that women who may be aware that they have been exposed to infection, or who have taken risks, shrink from learning their HIV status.
There is evidence that the fear and denial provoked by AIDS extends even to people working in the health sector. One study in southern Africa sought to record the number of needlestick injuries in primary health care clinics. Researchers found almost none-an unlikely scenario in overworked clinics with poor facilities. Senior staff then explained that, under clinic policy, anyone who reported a needlestick injury had to undergo HIV testing to measure the danger of sero-conversion through exposure to infected needles. Nurses did not report needlestick injuries because they did not want to be tested.
Silence can continue to reign even when people with HIV are ill and dying. Because AIDS is just the name for a cluster of diseases that immunodeficient people develop, patients and their carers can choose to view the illness as just tuberculosis, or diarrhoea, or pneumonia. An example from southern Africa is telling. In one study of home-based care schemes, fewer than 1 in 10 people who were caring for an HIV-infected patient at home acknowledged that their relative was suffering from AIDS. Patients themselves were only slightly more likely to acknowledge their status.
For too long we have closed our eyes as a nation, hoping the truth was not so real, South African Deputy President Thabo Mbeki told South Africans in October. At times we did not know that we were burying people who had died from AIDS. At other times we knew, but chose to remain silent.
With this major speech, South Africas leadership joined those who have spoken out loudly and clearly about AIDS, have sought to demystify it, and have encouraged discussion about safe sex everywhere from the classroom to the boardroom. It is in such countries-of which Uganda is probably the best known example in the developing world-that most progress has been made not just in putting a brake on new infections but in ensuring the wellbeing of those people who are already living with the virus. | <urn:uuid:a161f527-8fbc-45aa-891c-f52bdeb94269> | CC-MAIN-2016-18 | http://www.nzdl.org/gsdlmod?e=d-00000-00---off-0unaids--00-0----0-10-0---0---0direct-10---4-------0-0l--11-en-50---20-help---00-0-1-00-0--4----0-0-11-10-0utfZz-8-10&a=d&c=unaids&cl=CL1.1&d=HASH01eb704d0961c49b6f74081e.7 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-18/segments/1461860112727.96/warc/CC-MAIN-20160428161512-00114-ip-10-239-7-51.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.983361 | 651 | 2.53125 | 3 |
Know the facts: Sugar is EVERYWHERE!August 02, 2017
Sugar and bacteria are two key reasons dentists exist, and we at Park Dental fight battles against these two foes every day.
Sugar is the food that keeps bacteria in our mouths alive. The bacteria thrives off the sweet stuff and damages our teeth and gums in the process. Not to mention all of the other implications to our health such as diabetes, obesity and heart disease.
Sugar has been creeping into the American diet at alarming rates over the past several years. Most people have no idea about the amount of sugar they are consuming. For the average adult, sugar intake is recommended at no more than 25 grams, or 6 teaspoons, a day. When most of us hear this number, we think … “there is no way I’m eating 6 teaspoons of sugar in a day.” But, you’re wrong; the average American consumes 189 grams, or 47 teaspoons, of sugar a day!!
How can this be? Most of us are not snacking on candy and sweets all day, so how are we consuming all that extra sugar? The answer to that question is: sugar is in EVERYTHING.
- A 12 ounce can of cola has 35 grams of sugar.
- A Venti Cinnamon Dolce Latte has 78 grams of sugar.
- A Grande Vanilla Frappuccino has 64 grams of sugar.
- A McDonald’s Fruit and Yogurt Parfait has 23 grams of sugar.
- A McDonald’s Fruit and Maple oatmeal has 32 grams of sugar.
- A 22-ounce strawberry shake from McDonald’s has 123 grams of sugar.
Sugar is also hiding in many “health foods,” such as cereal, yogurt, granola, fruit juices, energy bars and pasta sauces.
So at this point, you are probably asking, “what can I eat/drink?” The key to this and the best answer I can give is to be aware of what you are consuming. Most processed food has sugar. If you buy it in a package or eat it at a restaurant, it is going to have sugar.
Try to eat whole foods, natural foods with minimal packaging and processing, and you will easily avoid added sugar. Watch what you drink, too. Water is the best hydrator and as an added bonus, it’s sugar free! Stick to unsweetened teas and coffee if you need caffeine. But most of all, read labels! This will help you make good choices about what you put into your body.
And while you are reading those labels, know that sugar has many names. Look for: dextrose, lactose, sucrose, lavulose, fructose, maltose, corn syrup, maple sugar, glucose, turbinado, brown rice syrup, granulated sugar, mannitol, molasses, milk sugar, high fructose corn syrup, sorbitol, honey, xylitol, invert sugar, malitol and evaporated cane juice.
The next time your dentist asks you about sugar intake, really think about it. We are not asking to pass judgment, but to help make you aware of where sugar may be lurking in your diet. | <urn:uuid:d5ef0c9f-977d-4f3e-b8e3-31cae777c4d4> | CC-MAIN-2019-09 | https://www.parkdental.com/know-facts-sugar-everywhere/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-09/segments/1550247503844.68/warc/CC-MAIN-20190221091728-20190221113728-00477.warc.gz | en | 0.938681 | 679 | 3.125 | 3 |
credit Margaret Moebius
by Sheila Buff
| credit Margaret Moebius
In colonial times, every good housewife knew how to make cider. Back then, in the days before refrigeration, cider didn’t mean sweet, fresh juice from apples—it meant apple juice that had been allowed to ferment in a wooden barrel until it became cider, a beverage with a low alcohol content (usually around 5 percent). In the Hudson Valley, where apple orchards have been a part of the landscape since the late 1600s, cider was an important product for apple growers well into the 1800s. The growth of urban areas and an influx of beer-loving European immigrants reduced demand for cider over the years, and farm distilleries in the Hudson Valley gradually faded from the scene. Some continued to produce cider, but Prohibition put an end to legal production in 1920. Growers tore out their cider apple trees and planted apple varieties meant for eating and cooking instead. After the repeal of Prohibition in 1933, the demand for cider was still low; burdensome regulations limited farm distilling, and the growers had moved away from cider and cider apples. Cider production languished.
In recent years, however, commercial cider production has made a vigorous return to the Hudson Valley. The resurgence was sparked by the happy confluence of changes in New York State’s antiquated alcohol laws and the eagerness of forward-looking apple growers seeking new ways to add value to a crop that faces increasing competition from imported eating apples. That combination has received a major assist from consumers, who are increasingly interested in searching out unusual and locally made products, and from the owners of wine shops and liquor stores who are always interested in bringing new products to the attention of their customers. Add in some help from the nonprofit sector, and you have a serious comeback in the production of cider and apple spirits in the Hudson Valley.
A number of excellent ciders and apple-based spirits are now being made in the mid-Hudson Valley on the east side of the river. In Columbia County, Harvest Spirits in Valatie makes distilled spirits from the apples and other fruit grown at Harvest Orchards. The distillery’s flagship product is Core Vodka, made from apples; other products include Peach Applejack and Hudson Valley Apple Brandy. The products are available at the distillery tasting room and at a number of wine and spirits shops in the area. 518-523-5917; www.harvestspirits.com
In Red Hook, Annandale Cidery, part of Montgomery Place Orchards, has been making Annandale Atomic Cider since 1999. The historic orchards at Montgomery Place still grow many old-fashioned cider varieties, so Atomic Cider has a lot of apples to choose from when making the juice blend. In cider as in wine, every batch every year is slightly different, depending on the varieties used, how the growing season went, and what happens during the natural fermentation process. The cider can be bought at the Montgomery Place farm stand at the intersection of routes 199 and 9G. 845-758-6338; www.mporchards.com
Breezy Hill Orchard in Staatsburg is well known locally for its excellent eating apples, sold primarily at farmers’ markets and at greenmarkets in New York City. Owner Elizabeth Ryan currently makes Hudson Valley Farmhouse Cider, a flavorful French-style cider that must be refrigerated and stays fresh for only a few weeks. Going forward, additional ciders are planned. As the orchard is not currently open to the public, the most reliable place to purchase the cider is at Stone Ridge Orchard in Ulster County. 845-266-3979; www.hudsonvalleycider.com.
Cider Week 2013 in the Hudson Valley
Cider Week, held annually in mid-October (and this year from October 18 through 27) is a project originated by Glynwood, a nonprofit organization based in Cold Spring dedicated to promoting sustainable agriculture in the region. Now in its third year, Cider Week is an ongoing and increasingly popular effort to educate the public about America’s oldest drink. Cider Week offers tastings, meals with cider pairings, presentations, and a lot of other fun events, both in New York City and at a growing number of Hudson Valley restaurants and wine and spirits shops. It’s all part of Glynwood’s Apple Project, which seeks to preserve apple orchards in the Hudson Valley by promoting the production of hard cider and apple spirits and working to create markets for these products. As of my deadline, specific events were still in the planning stage; for up-to-the-minute information about these check www.ciderweekny.com. And for more information about Glynwood and the innovative work of the Apple Project, check out www.glynwood.org.
Sheila Buff is a freelance writer living in Milan. She is the author of the Food Lovers’ Guide to the Hudson Valley, published this year by Globe Pequot Press.
Dutchess/Columbia Community Businesses
This year's 25th Annual Bard Music Festival Program presents the great Viennese classical composer who died too young: Franz Schubert. Come to two August weekends of concerts, talks and panel discussions. Programs include a semi-staged performance of the Schubert opera Fierabras; three programs devoted to Lieder, including Winterreise; operettas by Schubert and by Franz von Suppé about Schubert; programs of chamber, orchestral, and choral works along with many less famliar works, as well as works by such contemporaries and successors as Beethoven, Rossini, Gluck, Mendelssohn, Schumann, Bruckner and others. Weekend One: "The Making of a Romantic Legend"; Weekend Two: "A New Aesthetics of Music." All this is part of Bard's arts extravaganza, SummerScape. Schubert and His World Festival events August 8–10 and August 15–17 at Bard's Fisher Center & Olin Hall.
Fisher Center for the Performing Arts
Bard College, Annandale
The Red Devon's menu celebrates local food with the best that Hudson Valley farms have to offer. Enjoy breakfast and lunch in the market café or on the porch, dinner in the bar, restaurant or on the terrace. The weekly specials honor the seasons with inspired creations from the chef, but you can always find your local favorites as well! Red Devon supports local farmers, heritage breeds and artisanal producers.
108 Hunns Lake Rd., Stanfordville
An architectural firm founded in 1971 with offices in Dutchess County and New York City, providing contemporary, award-winning site-specific residential designs: new houses, additions, renovations and interiors. See our website and/or call for brochure.
116 West 72 St.
16th floor, New York
Ann Lombardozzi C.P.E. and daughter Michelle Lombardozzi-Strollo have over 30 years combined experience. Computerized equipment thermyolosis, electrolysis and blend methods. Disposable needles used. Gender friendly. CDC sterilization methods. Electrolysis—the only method of permanent hair removal.
22 E. Market St., #201, Rhinebeck
I travel to your home to provide personalized service for your family pets: food, fresh water, clean cat litter, dog walks, and some love & attention. Kennel Pick-up/Drop-off service. Bonded, insured, references. Serving Rhinebeck and surrounding areas.
This year has been a promising year for real estate with serious buyers looking for homes again. Whether you are buying or selling a home, let me put my 13+ years expertise to work for you! Together we can make it happen. Call me for a complementary market analysis.
Northern Dutchess Realty
6423 Montgomery St., Rhinebeck
Tradition, pride, experience, and the finest ingredients combine to bring the best of old Mexico to your table. Our menu is packed with classic Mexican dishes we create from scratch. From delicious appetizers to tasty salads, inspired entrees to decadent desserts, your meal will be one of a kind. Don't forget to order a Margarita at the bar or with your dinner. Our friendly and knowledgeable staff will be happy to offer suggestions or answer questions. We hope you walk in a stranger and leave a friend. Gracias Amigos!
7483 S. Broadway, Red Hook
June 21: Equine art show and auction of works by Dino Rinaldi to benefit Lucky Orphans Horse Rescue. Food, crafts, horse demos, exhibits, & children's activities, music and more.
147 Main St, Kingston
Vicki L. Haak, CFP®, Financial Advisor, Personal financial planning, including planning for risk protection, taxes, retirement, estate preservation investments and asset allocation.
30 E. Market St., Rhinebeck
Rachel Collet Photography provides wedding, portrait, event, and fine art photography services. Rachel and her staff pride themselves on creating contemporary and timeless images that capture your personality and your occasion. Also ask about our elegant photo booths for parties and celebrations of all kinds.
Located in Rhinebeck, Hill offers full service brokerage based on a tradition of listing and selling fine homes, farms and land in No. Dutchess and So. Columbia Counties for over 15 years.
6808 Montgomery St., Rhinebeck
Health Quest Urgent Care offers WALK-IN URGENT CARE at two locations for a variety of illnesses with no appointment necessary. Pediatric and adult care. X-Ray onsite. Visit website below for information.
Lagrangeville: 1100 Route 55, 845-454-4455
Hours: Mon–Fri 8am–8pm; wknds 8am–2pm.
Wappingers Falls: 1530 Route 9, 845-297-2511
Hours: 7 days 8am–10pm.
Live, quality music for all occasions: Jazz, dinner & cocktail music for weddings & corporate events. "The music was excellent; a wonderful time was had by all and the music contributed so much to the atmosphere of the event." —Dutchess County Arts Council. Sample available on CD or online. See also under "Music Instruction.
Lessons for adults & children. Professional musicians welcome. Piano for beginners through advanced jazz improvisation for students of all instruments & voice. Music reading, composition, theory & harmony. See also under "Wedding Services."
Beadzo offers a wonderful selection of creative, artistic and ethnic jewelry from around the world as well as from our local artists and beaders. Necklaces, bracelets and earrings made from vintage, collectible and contemporary beads and metals are available. Semi-precious stones, pearls and lamp work beads have been made into unique creations and make special gifts. Silk scarves from Thailand and artistic hand knitted scarves can be found there as well. Folk art masks, clocks, earring holders and lively hand-painted wooden chests and jewelry boxes are also added to the mix. It’s all very whimsical, fun and full of spirit!
60 Broadway, Tivoli | <urn:uuid:7a4b1c24-6de1-4ae8-9a93-f42f2ff0e994> | CC-MAIN-2014-35 | http://www.abouttown.us/index.php/dutchess-columbia-articles/food-and-wine/1172-Cider-Returns-to-the-Valley | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2014-35/segments/1408500832155.37/warc/CC-MAIN-20140820021352-00206-ip-10-180-136-8.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.934806 | 2,361 | 2.6875 | 3 |
How is the WASDE Prepared?
The World Agricultural Supply and Demand Estimates (WASDE) report is prepared monthly by the Interagency Commodity Estimates Committees (ICECs), which are chaired by the USDA World Agricultural Outlook Board analysts and comprising representatives from the Agricultural Marketing Service (AMS), Economic Research Service (ERS), Farm Service Agency (FSA) and Foreign Agricultural Service (FAS). The National Agricultural Statistics Service (NASS) is a primary source of data on domestic production. The nine ICECs- one for each commodity- compile and interpret information from USDA and other domestic and foreign official sources to produce the report.
WASDE provides annual forecasts for supply and use of U.S. and world wheat, rice, coarse grains, oilseeds, and cotton. The report also covers U.S. supply and use of sugar, meat, poultry eggs and milk, as well as Mexico’s supply and use of sugar.
To ensure that the WASDE market-sensitive projections are released simultaneously to all end-users, and not prematurely to any one, the WASDE report is prepared under tight security in a designated “lockup” area of USDA’s South Building. On the morning of release, doors in the “lockup” area are secured, window shades are sealed, and telephone and Internet communications are blocked. Once analysts present their credentials to a guard, they enter the secured area to finalize the WASDE report. During lockup, NASS shares with WOAB analysts production data which they use to finalize projections. Lockup is lifted when the report is released at 12:00 noon Eastern time.
What information sources are used to develop WASDE projections?
The Interagency Commodity Estimates Committees rely on information from a wide range of sources across USDA and other government departments. The National Agricultural Statistics Service (NASS) is the primary source of information on U.S. crop and livestock production and stocks, while information on foreign production is gathered from many sources including USDA’s Foreign Agricultural Service (FAS) attaché reports, official data released by foreign governments, satellite imagery, and weather data. U.S. agricultural trade data comes from the US Census Bureau and FAS. The Economic Research Service (ERS) compiles and analyzes information on domestic use, prices, and agricultural policy, and various types of data from the Agricultural Marketing Service, Farm Service Agency, the Energy Information Administration (within the Department of Energy), and other government agencies is also used.
This broad information base is reviewed and analyzed by ICEC members who bring diverse expertise and perspectives to the process. To arrive at consensus forecasts, alternative assessments of domestic and foreign supply and use are considered at the ICEC meetings. Throughout the growing season and afterwards, estimates are compared with new information on production and utilization, and historical revisions are made as necessary.
What do the commodity balance sheets cover?
The WASDE reports a full balance sheet for U.S. and world wheat, rice, and coarse grains (corn, barley, sorghum, and oats), oilseeds (soybeans, rapeseed, palm), and cotton. U.S. coverage is extended to sugar, meat, poultry, eggs, and milk. Separate estimates are made for components of supply (beginning stocks, imports, and production) and demand (domestic use, exports, and ending stocks). Domestic use is subdivided into major categories, for example corn for feed and corn for ethanol. The demand side of the balance sheet may include a category for “residual” or “unaccounted” disappearance to balance known uses against total supplies.
The WASDE also reports forecast season-average farm prices for most items. Prices tie together both sides of the balance sheet. Market prices aid in rationing available supplies among competing uses. The process of forecasting price and balance sheet items is complex and involves the interaction of expert judgment, commodity models, and in-depth research by USDA analysts on key domestic and international issues.
Where can I access historical WASDE projections?
You can access previous WASDE reports since 1974 on the archival site on Mann Library. However, historical WASDE projections are not available in a consolidated database. Historical on data on supply and demand of agricultural commodities are available on PSD Online Database. | <urn:uuid:a96a163e-ca3d-4815-9b6b-d75b4e342f9b> | CC-MAIN-2021-04 | https://www.usda.gov/oce/commodity-markets/wasde/faqs | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-04/segments/1610704820894.84/warc/CC-MAIN-20210127024104-20210127054104-00293.warc.gz | en | 0.920307 | 895 | 3.046875 | 3 |
|Dementia is a brain disorder that seriously affects a person's ability to carry out daily activities. The most common form of dementia among older people is Alzheimer's disease (AD), which initially involves the parts of the brain that control thought, memory, and language.
The disease usually begins after age 65, and risk goes up with age. While younger people may also get AD, it is much less common. Scientists think that as many as 4.9 million Americans age 65 and older suffer from AD. Of these men and women, about 2 percent are ages 65 to 74, 19 percent ages 75 to 84, and nearly half of those age 85 and older have the disease.
AD has no known cure, and the secrets to preventing it are not yet known. For some people in the early or middle stages of AD, medication may slow down some symptoms.
|Seven Warning Signs of Alzheimer's Disease |
1. Asking the same question over and over again.
2. Repeating the same story, word for word, again and again.
3. Forgetting how to cook, or how to make repairs, or how to play cards — activities that were previously done with ease and regularity.
4. Losing one's ability to pay bills or balance one's checkbook.
5. Getting lost in familiar surroundings, or misplacing household objects.
6. Neglecting to bathe, or wearing the same clothes over and over again, while insisting that they have taken a bath or that their clothes are still clean.
7. Relying on someone else, such as a spouse, to make decisions or answer questions they previously would have handled themselves.
* Reprinted with the permission of The Suncoast Gerontology Center, University of South Florida. Revised 9/01/99. | <urn:uuid:d2f350c3-7dd7-4ced-a112-d255369bcd89> | CC-MAIN-2017-30 | http://dhhs.ne.gov/publichealth/Pages/hew_menshealth_alzheimers.aspx | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-30/segments/1500549424296.90/warc/CC-MAIN-20170723082652-20170723102652-00716.warc.gz | en | 0.967714 | 374 | 3.3125 | 3 |
[Source: ScienceDaily] – Loss of memory with advanced age is a significant problem within most societies, and appears particularly severe in advanced industrialized nations. A less visible and often ignored problem comes from a food supply high in cholesterol and saturated fat, which has led to high obesity rates particularly in the United States.
Researchers from the Medical University of South Carolina (MUSC) have linked memory loss to a diet high in saturated fat and cholesterol.
Collaboration between two laboratories at MUSC and one at Arizona State University led researchers to discover that rodents that were fed a diet high in cholesterol and saturated fat displayed impairment in working memory. This memory loss is associated with inflammation in the brain, as well as the impairment of structural proteins that affect how a nerve cell functions. As inflammation is associated with a poor diet, the failure of functions in other key organs such as the eye and the ear also could be expected.
Assuming that the same phenomenon occurs in human beings, the study suggests that as humans age, memory may be preserved and brain functions improved by restricting the consumption of cholesterol and saturated fats. As cases of obesity and obesity-related diseases have increased exponentially in the United States, and are second only to tobacco use for premature mortality and the number of health-care dollars spent, the importance of this issue is immediate.
1. Ann-Charlotte Granholm, Heather A. Bimonte-Nelson, Alfred B. Moore, Matthew E. Nelson, Linnea R. Freeman and Kumar Sambamurti. Effects of a Saturated Fat and High Cholesterol Diet on Memory and Hippocampal Morphology in the Middle-Aged Rat. Journal of Alzheimer%u2019s Disease, 14:2 (June 2008), pp. 133-145 | <urn:uuid:a6a0cfda-6d71-4482-8f04-bc5f3040a8d3> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://flinn.org/memory-loss-linked-to-poor-diet-study-suggests/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882573193.35/warc/CC-MAIN-20220818094131-20220818124131-00364.warc.gz | en | 0.948491 | 362 | 3.140625 | 3 |
Prostate Cancer a Consumer’s Guide
Each year nearly 250,000 men will be diagnosed with prostate cancer. The disease will
cause nearly 40,000 deaths. Most men with prostate cancer can be helped. This article
will review the function of the prostate gland, the causes of prostate cancer and how the
diagnosis of prostate cancer is made.
What is the prostate?
The prostate is a walnut-sized gland that only men have. It is part of the reproductive
system that makes the fluid that carries sperm. As you can see in the picture below, the
prostate is located in front of the rectum and just below the bladder. The urethra (the tube
that carries urine from the bladder to outside the body) runs through the center of the
prostate. As men age, the prostate tends to increase in size. This can cause the urethra to
narrow and decrease urine flow.
What is prostate cancer?
Prostate cancer is made up of cells that do not grow normally. The cells divide and create
new cells that the body does not need, forming a mass of tissue called a tumor. These
abnormal cells sometimes spread to other parts of the body, multiply, and cause death.
What causes prostate cancer?
As with many types of cancers, medical experts do not know what causes prostate cancer.
They are studying several possible causes including diet, hereditary factors, and life-style
behaviors like smoking.
How common is prostate cancer?
For the general population, a man in his lifetime has about a:
- 16 percent chance (1 in 6) of being diagnosed with prostate cancer.
- 3 percent chance (1 in 33) of dying from prostate cancer.
The older you are, the greater the risk for getting prostate cancer. See the chart below.
Who is at increased risk for prostate cancer?
While all men are at risk for prostate cancer, some factors increase risk
Family history. Men with a father or brother who has had prostate cancer are at
greater risk for developing it themselves.
Race. Prostate cancer is more common in some racial and ethnic groups than in
others, but medical experts do not know why. Prostate cancer is more common in
African-American men than in white men. It is less common in Hispanic, Asian,
Pacific Islander, and Native American men than in white men.
Is prostate cancer serious?
Some prostate cancers become a serious threat to health by growing quickly, spreading
beyond the prostate gland to other parts of the body, and causing death. Yet other prostate
cancers grow slowly and never become a serious threat to health or affect how long a
man lives. Doctors can’t always be sure what type of cancer is present in your particular
Among the leading causes of cancer death in men, prostate cancer is second, behind lung
cancer. When compared with all causes of death in men over age 45, prostate cancer
What are the symptoms of prostate cancer?
Most men with prostate cancer have no symptoms. If symptoms appear, they can include:
- blood in the urine;
- the need to urinate frequently, especially at night;
- weak or interrupted urine flow;
- pain or burning feeling while urinating;
- the inability to urinate;
- constant pain in the lower back, pelvis, or upper thighs.
If you have any of these symptoms, see your doctor as soon as possible. Keep in mind
that these symptoms are also caused by other prostate problems that are not cancer, such
as an infection or an enlarged prostate.
What does “screening” mean?
Screening means looking for signs of disease in people who have no symptoms. So
screening for prostate cancer is looking for early-stage disease when treatment may be
more effective. The main screening tools for prostate cancer are the digital rectal
examination (DRE) and the prostate–specific antigen (PSA) test. The DRE and PSA test
cannot tell if you have cancer; they can only suggest the need for further tests.
What is the DRE?
The DRE or digital (finger) rectal examination is a quick exam for checking the health of
the prostate. For this test, the doctor inserts a gloved and lubricated finger into the
rectum. This allows the doctor to feel the back portion of the prostate for size and any
irregular or abnormally firm areas.
What is the PSA test?
PSA stands for "prostate –specific antigen." PSA is a substance produced by cells from
the prostate gland and released into the blood. The PSA test measures the PSA level in
the blood. A small amount of blood is drawn from the arm. The doctor checks the blood
to see if the PSA level is normal. The doctor may also use this test to check for any
increase in your PSA level compared to your last PSA test.
As a rule, the higher the PSA level in the blood, the more likely a prostate problem is
present. But many factors, such as age and race, can affect PSA levels. Some prostate
glands produce more PSA than others. PSA levels can also be affected by
- certain medical procedures
- an enlarged prostate due to non-malignant causes
- a prostate infection.
Most urologists encourage regular screening and believe current scientific evidence
shows that finding and treating prostate cancer early, when treatment might be more
effective, may save lives. They recommend that all men who have a life expectancy of at
least 10 years should be offered the PSA test and DRE annually beginning at age 50.
They also recommend offering screening tests after age 40 to African-American men, and
men who have a father or brother with prostate cancer.
What if the results of your screening tests indicate that you might need further
Do not panic. Most men who go for further testing do not have cancer. If your PSA test
or DRE suggests a problem, your doctor most likely will refer you to a urologist (a doctor
who has special training in prostate-related problems). Additional testing is necessary to
determine if the problem is cancer or something else.
The urologist may perform a transrectal ultrasound — a small probe inserted into the
rectum that bounces sound waves off the prostate, producing a video image. Transrectal
ultrasound does not provide enough specific information to make it a good screening tool
by itself, but some doctors find it useful as a follow up to a suspicious DRE or PSA test.
If the urologist suspects cancer, tiny samples of the prostate may be removed with a
needle. This is called a biopsy. A biopsy is usually performed in the urologist’s office.
The samples are examined under a microscope to determine if cancer cells are present.
Only when the prostate biopsy is positive is the diagnosis of prostate cancer confirmed.
In the next issue I will discuss the treatment options for prostate cancer. Until then, if
you are over age 50 get a prostate exam and a PSA blood test.
Reprinted with permission from Neil Baum MD (neilbaum.com).
Quick navigation links:
What is a Urology Center | Urologist | Urology Conditions | Urology Services | Resources for Health | Contact Urology Center in North Texas | Sitemap | Home
The pictures displayed in www.TexasUrology.com are images of actual patients and employees who have consented to have their picture in this website.
Copyright © 2017 MedIngenuity, LLC
Web Design for Urology | <urn:uuid:8ee6c409-eb89-4e30-8adc-9848f1a035eb> | CC-MAIN-2021-43 | https://texasurology.com/prostate_cancer_consumers_guide.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-43/segments/1634323588242.22/warc/CC-MAIN-20211027181907-20211027211907-00433.warc.gz | en | 0.936783 | 1,613 | 3.15625 | 3 |
As a parent, knowing how to provide a nutritional diet for your child can make an impact on many facets of their health like the pace of their growth, the strength of their bones, and their weight.
At Neighborhood Pediatrics in Shenandoah, Texas, we’re a team of board-certified medical professionals and nutrition experts who can give guidance on how to provide your child with a well-balanced diet. No matter how little you know about what to feed your child, we’re here to help.
Your body uses food for fuel. When your child follows a healthy diet, it promotes their:
Eating well also builds their immune system, which helps prevent sickness and disease.
Your child needs a healthy balance of vitamins, minerals, carbohydrates, protein, and fat. As your child moves through different stages of growth, the amounts of each may vary.
Because each child is unique, when you schedule an appointment with our team, we assess every aspect of your child’s health to determine the proper ratio of what they need because diets aren’t always a one-size-fits-all.
Your child can get the nutrition they need when balancing out the recommended foods we suggest, which include:
When choosing foods high in protein, good options include lean meats, eggs, beans, unsalted nuts and seeds, and soy products.
Fresh vegetables are always an excellent choice. You can also serve vegetables if they’re canned, frozen, or dried. Adding color to their plate with vegetables provides variety and a healthy balance of nutrient-rich foods.
It’s better for your child to eat fruit rather than drink fruit juices because of the added sugar they typically contain. Your child can enjoy fresh, canned, dried, or frozen fruit.
Healthy grains include oatmeal, whole-wheat bread, quinoa, and brown rice. As a rule, it’s best to stay away from white grains like pasta, rice, and white rice.
For dairy products, keep your options on the fat-free or low-fat end. Milk, yogurt, and cheese are good choices to help keep their bones strong and healthy.
In addition to what you should provide for your child, it’s also important to limit your child’s intake of sugar, saturated fats, and sodium.
To learn more about the appropriate amounts of each food your child needs, book a consultation with our team. We can give you nutrition guidance to help you plan your child’s daily diet accordingly to give them a high quality of life. Just call today, or click here to book your visit. | <urn:uuid:f165384c-97f3-4438-965b-6aadbb36c7af> | CC-MAIN-2023-06 | https://www.neighborhoodpediatrics.com/blog/what-is-considered-a-healthy-diet-for-my-child | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-06/segments/1674764500251.38/warc/CC-MAIN-20230205094841-20230205124841-00411.warc.gz | en | 0.939013 | 543 | 3.109375 | 3 |
People battling flooding and destruction in Texas after Tropical Storm Harvey face yet another hazard: fire ants. Photos on social media show patches of ants floating together through floodwaters – and though this behavior isn’t entirely unheard-of, the insects are said to be naturally aggressive and have caused alarm among locals.
Floating rafts of fire ants could pose a new threat to people struggling in the aftermath of Harvey around Houston. Fire ants are native to South America, coming from floodplains near the Paraguay River, so they already know how to handle waters. They form a large raft with their bodies, with ants on the bottom keeping the ones on top dry, and air pockets between the them allow the whole thing to float. Larvae and the queen are kept dry on the very top.
The ants came to the United States back in the 1930’s, and have also made their way to China, Australia, and Taiwan, where they are described as an invasive species. According to The Guardian, the fire ants are extremely aggressive – they will sometimes attack as a group. They can sting people, and in some cases the sting can lead to a secondary infection. Allergic reactions have even led to death – potentially causing dozens of deaths in America.
Louisiana entomologist Linda Bui has also conducted research that suggests fire ants release higher venom doses and become more defensive during floods.
Entomologists observed similar raft behavior from fire ants in the wake of Hurricane Katrina. But photos of the ants banding together in Houston have understandably led to panic, such as one dramatic image of a huge swarm in Cuero, southwest of Houston. University of Texas curator of etymology Alex Wild said he’d never seen anything like the swarm in Cuero during his entire career researching ants.
Via The Guardian | <urn:uuid:0e67754f-e5aa-4337-bd81-e935d21575f9> | CC-MAIN-2022-05 | https://inhabitat.com/fire-ants-swarm-into-floating-rafts-to-survive-harvey/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-05/segments/1642320305494.6/warc/CC-MAIN-20220128104113-20220128134113-00235.warc.gz | en | 0.968452 | 367 | 3.265625 | 3 |
Infertility Education - Disorders Of The Uterus And Fallopian Tubes
Every month, the ovary releases an egg into the fallopian tube where it meets the sperm. If it fertilizes, the egg travels to the uterus and attaches to the uterine lining. If the fallopian tube is damaged or blocked, a sperm cannot meet the egg. According to ASRM, approximately 25 – 35% of infertility is due to blocked fallopian tubes.
To assess for fallopian tube blockages, we utilize a test called a Hysterosalpingography. This word is often shortened to the acronym HSG.
A Hysterosalpingography is a standard test that utilizes an X-ray to view your fallopian tubes and uterus. It is performed in the early follicular phase of the cycle, after your period has ended but likely before you ovulate.
What is an HSG?
A HSG is typically done in a hospital setting. A very small amount of radiopaque dye is passed through a catheter gently filling your uterus and fallopian tubes. With the X-ray machine, the provider can see an outline of your uterus and fallopian tubes. This will allow us to assess the shape and contour to determine if there are blockages.
Besides being a diagnostic tool, the HSG has been shown to be of therapeutic benefit as well. Approximately 30% of patients who have a normal HSG will conceive over the next 6 months. One theory states that the liquid injected into the patient may dislodge intratubal mucus plugs, stimulate the tubal cilia or breakup intratubal adhesions – allowing for better movement of eggs, sperm and embryos.
There are several uterine disorders that can affect the likelihood to conceive. These include Fibroids, Polyps and Uterine Scar Tissue (also called Asherman’s syndrome).
Further evaluation of the uterine cavity should be considered for any woman who has abnormal uterine bleeding, abnormal cavity noted on the HSG, or history of repeated miscarriages. Uterine fibroids are a common finding and occur 15-20% of women over the age of 35.
Rest assured, every patient starts with a full workup and assessment to determine a baseline. A provider from Buffalo IVF will discuss your results and together, we will determine the best next steps in your fertility journey. | <urn:uuid:aa1f03be-6e78-4477-ac9f-85b6b8ef9fd5> | CC-MAIN-2019-09 | http://www.buffaloivf.com/infertility_education-disorders_of_the_uterus_and_fallopian_tubes.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-09/segments/1550247479159.2/warc/CC-MAIN-20190215204316-20190215230316-00557.warc.gz | en | 0.928952 | 492 | 2.90625 | 3 |
Children who are typically developing often struggle to hear and understand speech in the presence of competing background sounds, particularly when the background sounds are also speech. For example, in many cases, young school-age children require an additional 5- to 10-dB signal-to-noise ratio relative to adults to achieve the same word or sentence recognition performance in the presence of two streams of competing speech. Moreover, adult-like performance is not observed until adolescence. Despite ample converging evidence that children are more susceptible to auditory masking than adults, the field lacks a comprehensive model that accounts for the development of masked speech recognition. This review provides a synthesis of the literature on the typical development of masked speech recognition. Age-related changes in the ability to recognize phonemes, words, or sentences in the presence of competing background sounds will be discussed by considering (1) how masking sounds influence the sensory encoding of target speech; (2) differences in the time course of development for speech-in-noise versus speech-in-speech recognition; and (3) the central auditory and cognitive processes required to separate and attend to target speech when multiple people are speaking at the same time.
- speech perception
ASJC Scopus subject areas | <urn:uuid:5bcc935e-5b06-482c-97ce-a327467283dd> | CC-MAIN-2023-06 | https://experts.nebraska.edu/en/publications/masked-speech-recognition-in-school-age-children | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-06/segments/1674764500664.85/warc/CC-MAIN-20230207233330-20230208023330-00290.warc.gz | en | 0.930317 | 273 | 3.53125 | 4 |
In week 4 of our Improving the Daily Life of a Database Developer blog series, we discuss the common task of generating and executing object scripts. If you missed it, you can read the previous post on Creating High-Quality and Easily Editable SQL.
Another common task in database development and administration is to generate SQL scripts for database objects such as tables, views, constraints, and indexes. These object scripts are often used to copy or migrate the database objects from one environment to another (i.e. development to production, or updating the version of a database platform, such as from Oracle 11g to Oracle 12c). Because the constructs and SQL syntax are often different between platforms, you can only copy objects between the same platforms.
Many database IDEs now integrate with widely used version control systems to manage and track changes to scripts. Making version control accessible from inside the tool enforces the consistency of database objects and SQL across developer teams. It also extends the benefits of version management and protection beyond the traditional realm of application development to the world of database development. | <urn:uuid:60066b4b-418b-4e6a-9832-735ca5e91f0a> | CC-MAIN-2023-50 | https://blog.idera.com/database-tools/generating-and-executing-object-scripts | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-50/segments/1700679102637.84/warc/CC-MAIN-20231210190744-20231210220744-00179.warc.gz | en | 0.907281 | 215 | 2.984375 | 3 |
Pioneer in the field of radioactivity, Marie Curie was a Polish scientist, who is known all over the world as the first woman to win a Nobel Prize. Know more about her life and achievements through these 10 interesting facts.
#1 MARIE CURIE WAS AN AGNOSTIC
Maria Sklodowska, better known as Marie Curie, was born on November 7, 1867 in Warsaw in modern day Poland. Marie was the youngest of five children born to well-known teachers Bronislawa and Wladyslaw Sklodowski. While her father Wladyslaw was an atheist, her mother Bronislawa was a devout catholic. When Marie was nine years old, her oldest sibling died of typhus. Two years later she lost her mother to tuberculosis. These incidents made Marie give up Catholicism and she became an agnostic, a person who believes that the existence of God is unknowable.
#2 SHE DID PART-TIME WORK WHILE COMPLETING HER EDUCATION
Marie was not allowed to enroll in a higher education institute in Russia occupied Warsaw because she was a female. So Marie and her sister Bronya continued their education in the Flying University, a clandestine pro Polish institution in defiance of Russian authority. Later both Marie and Bronya wanted to go abroad to earn an official degree but they couldn’t afford it. So they made a pact that Marie would give financial assistance to Bronya during her medical studies in Paris and Bronya would return the favour when she completed her course. In connection to this, Marie worked as a tutor and governess for roughly five years, all the while sparing time to educate herself in physics, chemistry and mathematics.
#3 DUE TO SHORTAGE OF MONEY, SHE OCCASIONALLY FAINTED FROM HUNGER
In 1891, Marie moved to Paris and enrolled in Sorbonne (the University of Paris) to pursue her studies of physics, chemistry and mathematics. She studied during the day and gave tuitions in the evening. With little money she survived on buttered bread and tea and occasionally she fainted from hunger. In 1893, Marie was awarded a degree in Physics and the following year she earned another degree in mathematics.
#4 She Met Her Husband While LOOKING FOR LARGER LABORATORY SPACE
In mid 1890s Marie began her scientific career and was looking for larger laboratory space. Professor Jozef Wierusz-Kowalski introduced Marie to Pierre Curie as he thought that Pierre had such a space. Though he did not have a large laboratory, Pierre was able to find some space for Marie to begin her work. Their mutual interest in science drew Maria and Pierre closer and a romance ensued. In July 1895, Maria married Pierre Curie in a civil union as they didn’t want a religious service. Marie’s dark blue outfit, worn instead of a bridal grown, would serve her for many years as a lab outfit.
#5 MARIE CURIE PROVED THAT ATOMS WERE DIVISIBLE
After French physicist Henri Becquerel first discovered a strange source of energy coming from uranium that resembled X-rays in their penetrating power, Marie Curie decided that this would make a good field for research. During her research Marie made several scientific discoveries. She came to know that the activity of uranium depended only on the quantity of uranium present and that radiation did indeed come from the atom itself rather than an interaction between molecules. This disproved the ancient assumption that atoms were indivisible; and led to the creation of atomic physics.
#6 THE CURIES COINED THE WORD RADIOACTIVITY
In 1898 Marie Curie discovered that thorium was also radioactive but she was beaten in the race to tell her discovery by Gerhard Schmidt, who published it two months earlier. In the same year Pierre Curie decided that he would join Marie in her work. In July 1898, they published a paper together announcing the existence of an element which they named “polonium”, in honour of her native country Poland. In December, the Curies announced the existence of a second element, which they named “radium” from the Latin word for ray. In their research they also coined the word radioactivity.
#7 She Became The First Woman To Win A Nobel Prize In 1903
In December 1903, Marie Curie became the first women to be awarded the Nobel Prize, when along with her husband and Henri Becquerel, she was awarded the Nobel Prize in Physics “in recognition of the extraordinary services they have rendered by their joint researches on the radiation phenomena discovered by Professor Henri Becquerel.” Initially the Committee didn’t want to recognize the contribution of Marie Curie but her husband was informed of this by a committee member, who was also an advocate of women scientists. Upon a complaint by Pierre, his wife’s name was added to the nomination. The award money allowed the Curies to hire their first lab assistant.
#8 She IS THE ONLY PERSON TO WIN NOBEL PRIZES IN MULTIPLE SCIENCES
On 19 April 1906, Pierre Curie was killed in Paris after he accidentally stepped in front of a horse-drawn wagon. Although she was devastated, Marie took over his teaching post at the Sorbonne, becoming the institution’s first female professor. In 1910, Marie succeeded in isolating radium and she also defined an international standard for radioactive emissions that was eventually named after her and Pierre: the curie. A year later, Marie was awarded a second Nobel Prize, this time for Chemistry “in recognition of her services to the advancement of chemistry by the discovery of the elements radium and polonium, by the isolation of radium and the study of the nature and compounds of this remarkable element.” She became the first person to win or share two Nobel Prizes and remains the only person who has won it in multiple sciences. She is also the only women and one of only two people to win a Nobel Prize in two different fields.
#9 SHE HAD AN AFFAIR WITH A FORMER STUDENT OF PIERRE
In 1911, the same year that she created history by becoming the first person to win two Nobel Prizes, Marie was also rocked by a scandal. It was found out that in 1910–11 Marie had conducted an affair of about a year’s duration with physicist Paul Langevin, a former student of Pierre’s. He was married but was estranged from his wife. The press portrayed Marie as a foreign Jewish home-wrecker. Curie was in Belgium when the scandal broke and she found an angry mob in front of her house upon her return. Marie had to seek refuge with her daughters at a house of a friend. Years later, Curie’s granddaughter, Helene Joliot, married Langevin’s grandson, Michel Langevin.
#10 MARIE CURIE DIED BECAUSE OF HER WORK
In 1934, Curie went to the Sancellemoz Sanatorium in Passy, France, to try to rest and regain her strength. She died there on July 4, 1934, of aplastic anemia, which can be caused by prolonged exposure to radiation. The damaging effects of ionising radiation were not known at the time of her work, which had been carried out without the safety measures later developed. She had carried test tubes containing radioactive isotopes in her pocket and stored them in her desk drawer. Because of their levels of radioactivity, her papers from the 1890s are considered too dangerous to handle. They are kept in lead-lined boxes, and those who wish to consult them must wear protective clothing.
14 thoughts on “Marie Curie | 10 Interesting Facts About The Great Scientist”
That totally helped my with my wax museum thanks also she kept a sample of radium near her bed as a nightlight lol
those are some really good facts it really helped me with my homework
That was pretty lit xxxxxxxx
cool needed it! | <urn:uuid:feb37db1-6ceb-4ff9-a895-823ebb862b9a> | CC-MAIN-2023-14 | https://learnodo-newtonic.com/10-interesting-facts-about-marie-curie/comment-page-2 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-14/segments/1679296949097.61/warc/CC-MAIN-20230330035241-20230330065241-00265.warc.gz | en | 0.980264 | 1,682 | 3.4375 | 3 |
Most readers will be familiar with geographic information systems, or GIS for short, and will think in terms of the GIS with which he or she has gained experience. Some might think in terms of digital maps that are available on the Internet, and others in terms of their areas of responsibility: property cadastre, environmental applications, or fleet management systems. Another important application is disaster management where a GIS can help save lives if rescuers receive an almost immediate and detailed picture of the environment of the disaster location.
KeywordsReference Model Unify Modelling Language Conceptual Schema Coordinate Reference System Application Schema
Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF. | <urn:uuid:ddfb8795-2283-4a4a-b18a-8c69ccdac84b> | CC-MAIN-2018-30 | https://rd.springer.com/chapter/10.1007/978-3-662-08039-9_3 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-30/segments/1531676589618.52/warc/CC-MAIN-20180717070721-20180717090721-00180.warc.gz | en | 0.906125 | 136 | 2.515625 | 3 |
International students may have a deterrent when communicating with British locals due to the various accents and slang. In addition, some local dialects may be tricky to understand.
“If I don’t understand their accents, I feel nervous and embarrassed to ask them to repeat again, so I will try to end the conversation or change to other topics,” said Owen Wong, a Malaysian student studying in Sheffield, United Kingdom (UK).
In the UK alone, there are many variations of accents depending on the region.
Joan Beal, 59, a Professor of English Language in The University of Sheffield, said: “Generally, those geographically furthest from London such as Geordie (Newcastle) and accents from outside England such as broad Scottish accents may be difficult to understand.”
Professor Beal: different accents would develop because people in some places were affected by contact with other groups. (Photo credit: Joan Beal)
Learning Through Accents
For the academic side, the accents of lecturers may affect the learning process of students.
An Irish lecturer from Sheffield Hallam University (SHU), Steven McDermott, said: “I have a very strong Irish accent, but I try to speak normally and sound English when I’m teaching.”
“International students should listen attentively and carefully when talking to people who have strong accent.”
“If I don’t understand what the lecturer is talking about, I’ll guess the meaning or ask for a translation from my friends,” said Megan Xiao, a Chinese student from SHU.
Steven McDermott (left), Irish lecturer from SHU believes that accent challenge is not a problem for international students as long as they pay attention to the speaker. | <urn:uuid:cb6240bf-6c01-4135-aaa1-71eb7d8dfe0f> | CC-MAIN-2020-50 | https://istudyabroad.wordpress.com/tag/language/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-50/segments/1606141542358.71/warc/CC-MAIN-20201201013119-20201201043119-00146.warc.gz | en | 0.950257 | 366 | 2.734375 | 3 |
In the Letter to Monoeceus, Epicurus highlights certain directions, which can also be called the life lessons. Epicurus states that the pleasure and avoidance of sufferings are the main aims in the life of the person. The philosopher makes an argument, according to which the person, in order to calm the inner storm, must first get rid of the pain and suffering to be able to achieve a state of ataraxia (freedom from anxiety). In contradiction to the presented argument, one could suggest that it is a very selfish approach to the state of happiness and it only guarantees the reaching of the pleasure in the present time. However, Epicurus also states that human being is not forced to be alone and the communication is necessary for the life; he also emphasizes that considering the temporal features, such as the past, present and future is an irreplaceable element in the achievement of pleasure and happiness.
According to Epicurus, the main aim of the human life is the pleasure. Moreover, humans should seek the pleasure as long as they live and breathe in order to be able to satisfy their needs and feel happy. Epicurus interpreted the state of pleasure and comfort as the absence of suffering (in such a way, he defended the idea according to which the individual can and should be able to find satisfaction in himself/herself). These elements lead to a serene, devoid of physical suffering and trouble-free life; but, at the same time, pleasure shows the dependence of the individual on the items and needs of the outside world. In order to overcome this contradiction, Epicurus tried to reduce the number of threats to a minimum and to interpret them as a passive state of human life. In the Letter to Monoeceus, he claimed that “For the end of all our actions is to be free from pain and fear, and, when once we have attained all this, the tempest of the soul is laid…” By such expression, he wanted to emphasize that the individual always seeks for the pleasure to fulfill the gaps that are caused by the pain. The desire to reduce the pain is the essence of the human’s nature. However, not all of the pleasures and desires are able to fight the negative emotions. When the human is in pain, it is absolutely illogical to seek for the satisfaction which can fight the negative state because such a pleasure leads to more painful situation. To support the presented claim, Epicurus makes a statement about the alcohol; when a person is in pain and drinks a lot of alcohol, then it will more likely bring only more pain to the person. Therefore, the wise person will try to avoid such actions at all costs.
In order to achieve a state “free from pain and fear…”, the person should get in the ‘emptiness.’ It is the state that is free from worry and fears and only in such a way the human will calm the storm of pain in the soul. Furthermore, the reaching of ataraxia helps the person to understand and recognize the necessary and unnecessary pleasures, as well as the types of harmful emotions that lead to the unnecessary pain. Epicurus also believed that sometimes a person must remain alone with himself/herself. According to his view, staying alone would help a person to achieve wisdom and calm the inner storm and emotions. When a man is alienated from everything, he achieves the inner peace and is able to calmly think about everything that happened, everything that is right and wrong. In other words, he begins to understand the feelings of joy and desire. Epicurus was convinced that young people, as well as old ones, should constantly philosophize in order to achieve the understanding of pleasure and pain. Epicurus found the source of the human happiness in the moral and physical health. He claimed that “a man who has a lot of fears and is always nervous and afraid of something cannot be happy.” It means that person must be free from physical sufferings and mental anxiety and only then the human is able to find the inner tranquility.
Despite all of the presented statements that support the argument of Epicurus, one could find his position as unreliable and wrong. The philosopher was the creator and follower of the hedonism, the philosophical direction which professes the pleasure, as the only aim of the human’s life. However, it is possible to consider that passive pleasure could distort the understanding of happiness. It is not enough for the human to just reach the inner tranquility or to calm down the emotional storm. Such an approach could be perceived as the simple waiting of the death that is also not frightful for the real hedonist. Moreover, it is a highly selfish to reach the state of the total peace of mind and to not care about the outside world. Such a state could transform the person into a creature with the basic instincts that seek for the fulfillment of the needs. The philosophy offered by Epicurus, by claiming about the complete the absence of pain and fear, denies the relationships between people. If the person is in the state of ataraxia, he/she is not able to provide care to the other people. It means that if the mother gets rid of her fears, then she will not care about her children the way she should because she calmed down her inner storm. Therefore, hedonistic approach to the happiness and pleasures propagates the selfish desire to be free from fears and to not care about the closest people. Moreover, calming of the inner storm in present time does not guarantee the total pleasure because it is more likely that the denial of the possibility will be affected by the basic rules of life. Thus, the ethical teachings of Epicurus apply only to human’s inner world.
However, the philosophy of Epicurus claims that if the person is unhappy and emotionally unstable, then such a person does not have the future and all people who are related to that person will also be unhappy. Epicurus’s views are not compatible with vulgar hedonism or asceticism. By recognizing the need to meet the natural desires (needs), Epicurus nevertheless raised the spiritual pleasure above the bodily happiness. Disagreeing with Cyrenaica, who claimed that man lives only in the present, he was considering the past and future pleasures as an important part of his doctrine. Classifying them, Epicurus took into account not only their necessity (or randomness), but the temporal characteristics (past – present – future). He argued that by choosing the pleasure and avoiding the suffering, it is necessary to consider not only the present but also the future (the consequences of the satisfied desires, the prospect of the achieving of a higher satisfaction), and to focus on the past (experience). He claimed that “It is better to endure some suffering in order to enjoy the greater comfort; it is helpful to refrain from certain pleasures in order not to suffer more severe suffering.” Epicurus is often called the preacher of the individualism and the cult of isolated, immersed in his personal feelings. The real happiness depends on the person’s independence, inner peace, and serenity; these are the characteristics of the internal state of the individual. However, the philosopher highlighted that each person has a need to communicate. The individual is not able to live in isolation and only think about his/her own feelings. Human is not destined for independence and needs to communicate with other people. Additionally, Epicurus concentrated his attention on the individual, the moral qualities, desires, and needs of the personality. He believed that the people should not strive to reach the wealth, power, and honors. All of these things lead to the suffering and mental anxiety that make the person feel miserable and unhappy. Epicurus was one of the few philosophers who actually lived according to his teachings. He tried, with his example, to teach people to live according to the moral principles and installations.
According to the discussion presented above, Epicurus claimed that “For the end of all our actions is to be free from pain and fear, and, when once we have attained all this, the tempest of the soul is laid…” In other words, it means that in order to achieve the inner calmness, the person should get rid of fears and sufferings and aim at reaching the pleasure. One could make the suggestion that it is the highly selfish approach to the happiness and it ensures only the temporary pleasure. However, Epicurus states that without considering the past and future, there will be no chances to achieve the total happiness, the highest pleasure and to calm down the inner storm. | <urn:uuid:b24e3678-5fd3-4fa7-bc89-770889df529d> | CC-MAIN-2022-49 | https://essaysleader.com/essays/the-calming-of-the-inner-storm/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-49/segments/1669446708046.99/warc/CC-MAIN-20221126180719-20221126210719-00845.warc.gz | en | 0.966712 | 1,750 | 3.4375 | 3 |
Karen M. Gerhart
(b Kyoto, 1791; d Kyoto, 1875).
Japanese poet, calligrapher, potter and painter. Shortly after her birth, she was adopted by Ōtagaki Mitsuhisa who worked at Chion’in, an important Jōdo (Pure Land) sect temple in Kyoto. In 1798 she was sent to serve at Kameoka Castle in Tanba, where she studied poetry, calligraphy and martial arts. She returned to Kyoto in 1807 and was married to a young samurai named Mochihisa. They had three children, all of whom died shortly after birth; in 1815 Mochihisa also died. In 1819 Nobu remarried, but her second husband died in 1823. After enduring the tragic loss of two husbands and all her children, Nobu, only 33 years old, cut her hair off and became a nun, at which time she adopted the name Rengetsu (‘lotus moon’). She lived with her stepfather, who had also taken vows, near Chion’in. After his death in 1832 Rengetsu began to make pottery, which she then inscribed with her own ...
Chinese, 8th century, male.
Active in Chang’an during the Tang dynasty in the first half of the 8th century.
Painter, sculptor. Murals.
Yang Huizhi sculpted clay landscapes and Buddhist figures, and painted frescoes. | <urn:uuid:55173418-c26c-4385-be9d-d805b5bfb8f0> | CC-MAIN-2019-47 | https://www.oxfordartonline.com/browse?btog=chap&pageSize=20&sort=titlesort&t=art_ArtFormsAndPractices%3A10&t_0=art_ArtHistory%3A46&t_2=art_ArtHistory%3A45 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-47/segments/1573496671106.83/warc/CC-MAIN-20191122014756-20191122042756-00052.warc.gz | en | 0.985344 | 314 | 2.5625 | 3 |
DVD video players output widescreen video in three different ways:
- Letterbox (for 4:3 screens), which provides horizontal bands at the top and bottom to, in essence, create a widescreen picture in a traditional television set.
- Pan & scan (for 4:3 screens), a version that fills the screen of traditional 4:3 television sets with an entire picture, much like watching network movies.
- Anamorphic or unchanged (for wide screens), which provides a special "anamorphic video" signal that, when processed by a widescreen television set, fills the entire screen and delivers optimum picture quality.
In widescreen or letterbox mode, if a movie is wider than 16:9 (and most are), additional thin black bars will be added to the top and bottom at production time or the sides will be cropped. Video stored in 4:3 format is not changed by the player. It will appear normally on a 4:3 screen. Widescreen systems will either stretch it horizontally or add black bars to the sides. | <urn:uuid:9b5bc001-7896-4d46-8426-be050cea6c09> | CC-MAIN-2017-04 | http://www.ebay.com.au/gds/Do-I-need-a-Widescreen-TV-to-play-16-9-movies-/10000000007443305/g.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-04/segments/1484560281574.78/warc/CC-MAIN-20170116095121-00356-ip-10-171-10-70.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.887387 | 219 | 2.59375 | 3 |
This Julia quick syntax reference book covers the main syntax elements of the Julia language as well as some of its more important packages.
The first chapter explains the basic skills needed to set up the software you need to run and develop Julia programs, including managing Julia packages.
Chapter 2 presents the many predefined types (integers, strings, arrays, etc.) and the methods to work with them. Memory and copy issues are also presented in this chapter, together with an important discussion about the implementation of the various concepts of missingness.
After the basic data types have been introduced, Chapter 3 deals with how to organize them in a sequence of logical statements to compose your program. Control flow, functions, blocks, and scope are all discussed in this chapter.
In Chapter 4, we extend our discussion to custom types—in Julia, both primitive and composite types can be custom-defined—and to their organization in the program, either using inheritance or composition. This chapter will be of particular use to readers accustomed to other object-oriented programs, in order to see how to apply object-oriented concepts in Julia.
Chapter 5 explains how to retrieve the inputs needed by your program from a given source (the terminal, a text/CSV/Excel/JSON file, or a remote resource) and conversely, to export the outputs of your program.
In Chapter 6, we discuss a peculiar feature of Julia, that is, the possibility to manipulate the code itself after it has been parsed, but before it is compiled and run. This paves the way to powerful macro programming. We discuss it and present the concepts of symbols and expressions in Chapter 6.
Julia is a relatively new language, and while the package ecosystem is developing extremely rapidly (as most packages can be written directly in the Julia language alone), it is highly likely that you will still need libraries for which a direct port to Julia is not yet available. Conversely, your main workflow may be in another, slower, high-level language and you may want to use Julia to implement some performant-critical tasks. Chapter 7 shows how to use C, C++, Python, and R code and their relative libraries in Julia and, conversely, embed Julia code in Python or R programs.
The following chapter (Chapter 8) gives a few recommendations for writing efficient code, with runtime performances comparable to compiled languages. We also deal here with programmer’s efficiency, discussing profiling and debugging tools and with a short introduction to runtime exceptions.
This completes the discussion of the core of the language. Julia, however, has been designed as a thin language where most features are provided by external packages, either shipped with Julia itself (a sort of Julia Standard Library) or provided by third parties. Therefore, the second part of the book deals with this Julia package ecosystem.
Chapter 9 introduces the main packages for working with numerical data: storage with data structure packages like DataFrames and IndexedTables; munging with DataFramesMeta, Query, and Pipe; and visualization with the Plot package.
If Chapter 9 deals with processing numerical data, Chapter 10 deals with mathematical libraries for more theoretical work. JuMP is an acclaimed “algebraic modeling language” for numerical optimization (and can be in itself the primary reason to learn about Julia). We present two complete examples with linear and non-linear models. The second model is then rewritten to be analytically resolved with SymPy, which is a library for symbolic computation, e.g. the analytical resolution of derivatives, integrals, and equations (and systems of equations). Chapter 10 ends with a presentation of LsqFit, a powerful and versatile library to fit data.
Finally, Chapter 11 concludes the book with a series of tools that are of more general use, like composing dynamic documents with Wave, dealing with ZIP files with ZipFile, and exposing a given Julia model on the web with Interact and Mux. Examples given in the text are intentionally trivial. They are minimal working examples of the syntax for the concepts they explain. If you are looking for recipes directly applicable to your domain, a “cookbook” kind of book may be more convenient.
While each package has been tested specifically with Julia 1.2 and 1.3-rc4, thanks to the Julia developers’ commitment to a stable API, they should remain relevant for the entire 1.x series. Concerning third-party packages, we report the exact version we tested our code with. The section entitled “Using the Package Manager” in Chapter 1 explains how to update a package to a given version if subsequent versions of the package break the API. Is such cases, please report the problem to us using the form at https://julia-book.com. We will regularly publish updates and errata on this site, where a discussion forum focused on the book is also available. | <urn:uuid:9496aeef-f1d3-4a96-b016-ce1e402f7e8c> | CC-MAIN-2020-34 | https://www.julia-book.com/introduction | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-34/segments/1596439738425.43/warc/CC-MAIN-20200809043422-20200809073422-00482.warc.gz | en | 0.914317 | 997 | 2.9375 | 3 |
This is a pangolin video.
By Liz Komen, 14 February 2013
INTERNATIONAL Pangolin Day is celebrated on the third Saturday of February every year and it falls on the 16th of February this year.
The use of the word celebration is somewhat inaccurate for a family of animals that are the target of an enormous amount of illegal trafficking. And attached to poaching there are of course some serious allegations on the shocking conditions concerning the welfare of these timid and harmless yet useful animals.
Namibia recorded a number of transgressions concerning pangolins over the past year including confiscation by authorities and rescues of pangolin escapees found in urban environments. When considering the illegal activities occurring globally and whether local incidents are linked to larger trafficking networks or not, the authorities need to be on high alert.
Namibia is host to only one of four pangolin species in Africa, one of eight in the world. Smutsia temminckii, the African ground pangolin, occurs across a number of African countries, and for that reason the International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN) has listed this animal as an Appendix 11 “least concern”.
This listing allows some trade of skins or scales under CITES (Convention for International Trade in Endangered Species) export and import licences, though nearly all the African countries where pangolins occur have national laws, regulations and policies that would deny permits for any and all trade.
The IUCN listing can create problems of control, because permits are much more readily and easily falsified when authentic copies are permissible.
The extent of illegal trafficking in wildlife species is realised by authorities worldwide. Enormous consignments, up to 23 tons, of whole frozen pangolins, skins and scales were uncovered in a number of incidents in Asia in recent years. These consignments of mostly Asian pangolin species including two listed as endangered under CITES, were en route to markets in China.
But of concern are recent consignments found with African pangolins or pangolin parts, though these could be from any of the four African species. The warnings signs are there, human populations are increasing, natural habitats are being reduced and if trade goes on unchecked the African pangolin species will no doubt land in the same endangered category as their Asian counterparts.
International concern for the health of wildlife populations has been dominated by the shocking events of rhino poaching, especially in southern Africa, including one known recent incident in Namibia.
Although overshadowed by the more conspicuous species, the plight of Asian pangolins and the extent of the illegal trade is critical. Africa needs to take heed and be sure that not only advocacy but information on policies concerning illegal hunting, trade and animal welfare are in place. Our concern and support must be given to port and border authorities who require the capacity to fully investigate all consignments leaving Namibia. The pangolin’s plight has been taken up by a Species Specialist Group, mandated under CITES, of which Namibia is a ratified member, but we need all citizens to actively engage in halting activities that threaten our heritage.
Advocacy needs to define strong deterrents for any pangolin use. Information needs to go to civil society especially farmers and to public officers including officers from the police and the ministries of Environment and Tourism, Agriculture Water and Forestry and Health and Social Services.
The Ministry of Agriculture, Water and Forestry because it is mandated to monitor developments in bush clearing for charcoal production and thus can facilitate the identification of persons who scour areas of Namibian land and must be finding all sorts of wildlife, including pangolins.
The Ministry of Heath and Social Services is mandated with the registration and perhaps to some extent control of traditional healers in Namibia, who use pangolin parts in unverified cures as well as simply for luck.
Africa and Namibia in particular have to deal with multicultural value systems. With the rapid increase in global trade and the influx of foreign nationals, a number of extra protective measures will need to be put in place in order to guarantee the safety of national standards, resources and heritage.
February 16 is International Pangolin Day, but protection is needed every day from illegal and unethical poaching and trade of these vulnerable animals.
To date Namibia has little information on both the distribution and the density of our pangolin population. A database on sightings of pangolin in Namibia would be useful to feed to a larger regional group of pangolin scientists and conservationists.
- The Biggest Mammal Victim of the Wildlife Trade Is the Adorable, Endangered Pangolin (motherboard.vice.com)
- World Pangolin Day is February 16 #worldpangolinday (planetsave.com)
- World Pangolin Day (safaricamkenya.com)
- The Magnificent Pangolin (neatorama.com)
- A poop puzzle (thehindu.com)
- Photo Safari end conflict and create more shooting (cameraconnect.wordpress.com)
- Alleged Rare Animal Smugglers Arrested In Indonesia (huffingtonpost.com)
- Philippines discovers pangolins on Chinese poacher boat (vietnamnews.vn)
- WILDLIFE TRADE: Pangolins under threat as black market trade grows (environmentaleducationuk.wordpress.com)
- Pangolins under threat as black market trade grows (guardian.co.uk) | <urn:uuid:366a72ce-2b81-43e7-84c0-4d8409ede3c5> | CC-MAIN-2022-21 | https://dearkitty1.wordpress.com/2013/02/14/international-pangolin-day-16-february/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-21/segments/1652663035797.93/warc/CC-MAIN-20220529011010-20220529041010-00163.warc.gz | en | 0.926424 | 1,161 | 2.984375 | 3 |
Graphene is a crystalline allotrope of carbon with two-dimensional properties. The single, thin layer of graphite is a transparent and flexible conductor that holds great promise for various material and device applications, including solar cells, light-emitting diodes, touch panels and smart windows or phones. Graphene can be chemically processed into various forms.
The Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology (UNIST) said its research team led by Jang Ji-hyun, a professor of energy and chemical engineering, used a CuFeO2 catalyst, which can selectively remove oxygen, to eliminated carbon and reduce carbon emissions. CuFeO2 is a copper iron oxide mineral known for its wide range of electrical properties.
"We introduced the first technology that transforms graphene oxide into high-quality graphene at relatively low temperatures with a carbon dioxide conversion catalyst," Jang said in a statement released by UNIST. "If commercialized, it is highly valuable as a technology that can produce high-quality graphene, a high-value material, at a low price and in large quantities."
In a typical oxidized graphene reduction process, carbon dioxide (CO2) is produced together, resulting in an empty space where carbon has been torn off, leading to reduced electrical conductivity. On the other hand, the catalyst used by Jang's team not only selectively removed oxygen but also restored the structure of graphene damaged by oxygen, the institute said.
"Our experimental data and density functional theory calculations proved that reduction which occurred on the CuFeO2 surface preferentially removed adsorbed oxygen atoms in graphene oxide sheets, leaving dissociated carbon structures to be restored to a near-perfect few-layer graphene sheet," Jang's team said in a research paper published on the website of ACS Nano, a peer-reviewed scientific journal.
By utilizing a Fischer-Tropsch reaction catalyst, the team used an in situ deoxidation and graphitization mechanism. With graphene oxide reduced on the catalyst surface under the hydrogen-poor condition, deoxidation with much-suppressed carbon loss was possible, resulting in high-quality graphene sheets.
Graphene oxide with catalysts released 92.8 percent less carbon-containing gases than graphene oxide without catalysts during the reduction process that suppressed carbon loss in graphene oxide sheets, leading to near-perfect graphene, the team said, adding that the amount of oxygen related to the epoxide group in the basal plane of graphene oxide significantly decreased to near zero in catalyst-assisted reduced graphene oxide.
The team said that catalyst-assisted reduced graphene oxide coated paper connected to a coin-cell battery successfully lit an LED bulb and acted as an efficient catalyst for hydrogen evolution and oxygen evolution reactions.
The demand for graphene is growing in the fields of semiconductors, electronics, electric batteries and composites. In May 2020, the state-run Korea Research Institute of Chemical Technology (KRICT) opened the way for the mass-production of high-quality industrial graphene in powder form without treating graphite as a strong acid.
In March 2021, South Korea's top steel group POSCO tied up with research groups and Graphene Square, a high-tech startup, to create a graphene ecosystem. Graphene Square is developing systems for the mass production of large-scale graphene synthesized by chemical vapor deposition (CVD), an effective way to produce high-quality graphene on a fairly large scale.
© Aju Business Daily & www.ajunews.com Copyright: All materials on this site may not be reproduced, distributed, transmitted, displayed, published or broadcast without the authorization from the Aju News Corporation. | <urn:uuid:36028c01-3ffc-48c1-a240-ab1391ed4721> | CC-MAIN-2021-43 | https://eng.ajunews.com/view/20210716101249785 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-43/segments/1634323585177.11/warc/CC-MAIN-20211017113503-20211017143503-00393.warc.gz | en | 0.939844 | 746 | 3.734375 | 4 |
Kinshasa was a village on the south bank of the Congo when Stanley passed through in 1877. He returned in 1881 and established Leopoldville on the banks of contemporary Kintambo and Ngaliema. A post was opened upriver at Kinshasa in 1883. In 1923 Leopoldville was named the capital, comprising both Kinshasa and Leopoldville, established at Kalina (now Gombe), while "old" Leopoldville remained the capital of the Province. The Leopoldville-Kinshasa agglomeration was renamed Kinshasa in 1966.
Sunday, January 23, 2011
Kinshasa 2010 - Boulevard 30 Juin Comes of Age
Kinshasa’s Boulevard du 30 Juin is probably one of the best-known features of the city.While perhaps not as iconic as the Eiffel Tower in Paris or the Pyramids in Egypt, it nevertheless defines the city for both Kinois and visitors.Running seven kilometers from the Gare Centrale to Rond Point Socimat, it runs parallel with the Congo River, connecting eastern and western communes of the city, and services the central business district, most government offices as well as the international community of diplomatic corps and foreign NGOs.
Historically, contemporary urban Kinshasa developed out of the Belgian settlement established by Henry Stanley in 1881 at Leopoldville (Kintambo-Ngaliema), to the west of downtown. Two years later, however, a second post was established by Stanley’s organization a few kilometers upriver at Chief Ntsuvila’s village of Nshasha (Kinshasa-Gombe).At that time, travelers coming from the coast reached Leopoldville via the caravan route over the mountain through contemporary Binza, but when the railroad from Matadi reached Stanley Pool in March 1898, the line circumvented the mountain near Petit Chutes at Kimwenza and followed the flat floodplain along the river from Ndjili to Ndolo (Kinshasa) and terminating at Leopoldville (where the Chanic shipyards are today).The two centers needed to be in touch and the railroad provided the link.Since the railway only ran every other day, most were obliged to walk or travel up the river by if a steamer was available.
The first road from Leopoldville to Kinshasa
In 1912, District Commissioner Moulaert, who was already advocating for the capital to be transferred from Boma to Leopoldville, unified the districts of Leopoldville, Kinshasa, Kalina and Ndolo into one administrative unit.In the same year, a road was built between Leopoldville and Kinshasa.
As the commercial hub of the colony, Kinshasa was growing faster than Leopoldville, and plans to relocate the port from Leopoldville to Kinshasa promised further growth.Consequently, the area between the river and rail line was becoming built out. Reconstruction of the rail line from Matadi to Standard Gauge in 1923 provided an opportunity to relocate the rail line about 1 kilometer south of the original line (see photo Jan. 6, 2011).That year, as well, the Leopoldville-Kinshasa agglomeration was elevated to an “Urban District” and the colonial government decided to move the capital from Boma.Given the space constraints in both Leopoldville and Kinshasa, the administrative capital would be built in an undeveloped area called Kalina, between the two centers comprising a classical plan of radial avenues and “garden city” layouts for the residential areas.
Place de la Gare ca. 1920
As the new southerly rail line was completed over the next few years, the original railway infrastructure along the right of way was relocated, clearing the way for a major boulevard. A new passenger station was built at Leopoldville (Kintambo Magasins) in 1925. In November 1928, plans for a Gare de l’Est were approved, providing for relocation of the Kinshasa station from the center of the Kinshasa commercial area (where the future Hotel Regina would be built).At the end of December 1931, with the realignment complete, the railway station at Leopoldville was no longer the end of the line, though architectural plans for the Gare de l’Est were yet to be approved (all other stations along the reconstructed line were rebuilt in the opulent style of Belgian coastal villas of the era).This situation prevailed throughout the decade, most likely due to budgetary constraints of the Depression, and it was not until 1938 that Colonial Public Works Engineer Rene Schoentjes was tasked with designing a passenger station.Plans for an Art-Deco structure were sent to Brussels for approval in July of the following year.
Hotel Regina (l) and Istat building (r) ca. 1945
By this time, the concept of a major boulevard along the former railroad right of way was coming together.June 30, 1939, a monument to the late King Albert I, intended to anchor the new thoroughfare, was inaugurated on the new Place de la Gare.The invasion of Belgium in May 1940 and global conflict of World War Two overtook these priorities, but by the beginning of 1942, the boulevard had reached Avenue du Port (the intersection at the current Grand Poste).The newspaper “Courier de l’Afrique” noted that the boulevard was shaping up, especially since Istat was planning to build a commercial structure next to the Paul Storey-Day’s new Hotel Regina (succeeding the Pension Paula across the boulevard on the old Place de la Gare).The city council approved plans to pave this section in concrete.By the end of the war, this section of the boulevard was paved, as were several other major arteries, allowing the development of public transit for African workers, who were only allowed in the European city under certain restrictive conditions.
Place de la Gare now Place Braconnier - Ste.Anne in background
At the end of the decade, a major Ten Year Plan was developed for the colony and Leopoldville was to benefit from a design to give the “whole urban entity an imperial grandeur” with monumental axes.This planning became mired in the politics of segregation and creation of spatial “neutral zone” barriers between European and African sections of the town (which the relocated rail line of the Twenties intended to define), but by 1953 the thoroughfare to the west extended five kilometers as far as Kalina.A lavish spread in LIFE Magazine in May described Leopoldville as “boasting an American-style thruway, the broad three-mile Boulevard Albert”.
As the boulevard passed through Kalina, other monumental structures including the twin Sabena buildings (designed by Claude Laurens), the Royal residential-commercial building (built by Forescom Building contractor Henri Trenteseaux) and a Le Corbusier-inspired apartment complex for civil servants were under development.By 1955 a meeting of the Rotary Club noted that the boulevard was recently completed.The dual highway, divided by landscaped traffic islands, was planted with Limba trees along its borders, a species which grew tall with few limbs to obstruct the view.
After Independence, further development along the boulevard changed little, except for occasional demonstrations in front the Royal Building, which was the headquarters of the UN operation in Congo.June 30, 1963, the boulevard was renamed Boulevard 30 Juin to commemorate Congo’s Independence Day.
In 1974, following President Mobutu’s state visit to China the previous year, the traffic islands on the section of the boulevard from the Gare to Ave. Nzongo Ntolo (at the intersection of the current South African Embassy) were pulled up so tanks and other military formations could parade past at Independence and new regime celebrations.
By the late ‘90s, the Limba trees were aging, often toppling onto the boulevard after heavy rains. City government would cut these down while other commercial proprietors along the way cleared the trees to provide parking for their businesses.
In 2007, as part of the “Cinq Chantiers” infrastructure program of the newly-elected government, a Chinese company was awarded a contract to rebuild the boulevard.All remaining trees were cleared to make way for an 8-lane roadway, completed in 2010.
When the lane dividers were painted, Kinois were surprised to find that drivers actually respected them and would stop for the zebra-striped pedestrian cross-walks.
By the time of the celebrations of the 50th anniversary of Independence in June 2010, the boulevard was transformed.Major new construction was underway and plans are proposed to extend the boulevard to Kintambo Magasins.At the Place de la Gare and the granite base of the former monument to Albert I, a popular plaza was created where the curio market and public transport terminus had been.The Rakeen Group, an Emirates-based company constructing a major complex on the Place de la Gare, proposed plans to transform the Gare into a major commercial-residential complex.
The future of 30 Juin will depend on improvement of additional east-west arteries across the city so that traffic is not funneled into the CBD to get from one part of town to the other. | <urn:uuid:a36f6685-e6a5-4b1f-a97d-3a379a3349fc> | CC-MAIN-2017-30 | http://kosubaawate.blogspot.com/2011/01/kinshasa-2010-boulevard-30-juin-comes.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-30/segments/1500549427429.9/warc/CC-MAIN-20170727042127-20170727062127-00000.warc.gz | en | 0.960171 | 2,001 | 2.71875 | 3 |
what is clear cutting?
Clear-cutting is a forestry management practice where all trees within a designated area or "cutting unit" are uniformly harvested, typically leaving no trees standing. This method involves the complete removal of trees, regardless of their size, age, or species, in a given area. The result is a landscape that appears clear of trees, hence the term "clear-cutting."
Why Should I clear cuT?
Clear-cutting is often employed for several reasons, a few being:
Economic Efficiency: Clear-cutting can be more cost-effective and efficient in terms of logging operations, as it allows for mechanized and streamlined harvesting.
Regeneration: After a clear-cut, new trees can be replanted or naturally regenerate in a relatively uniform manner, potentially leading to even-aged stands of trees for easier future management.
Maximizing Timber Yields: This method allows for the maximum extraction of timber resources from a given area in a relatively short time frame.
When would Clear cutting not be for me?
Clear-cutting has attracted controversy due to its environmental impacts:
Biodiversity Loss: Clear-cutting can disrupt ecosystems and lead to the loss of habitat for various plant and animal species that depend on mature forests.
Soil Erosion: Removal of trees can destabilize the soil, leading to increased erosion and sedimentation in nearby water bodies.
Water Quality Impacts: Increased runoff from clear-cut areas can lead to degraded water quality, as pollutants and sediment may enter waterways.
Aesthetic and Recreational Concerns: Clear-cut landscapes can be visually unappealing and negatively affect recreational activities such as hiking, hunting, and birdwatching.
To address these concerns, you can choose to use a less intensive alternative to clear-cutting, such as selective logging, that considers ecological and environmental impacts. | <urn:uuid:1a0bf0db-53fd-4dbc-9a43-abc837d57348> | CC-MAIN-2023-40 | https://www.gothomson.com/clear-cutting | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-40/segments/1695233510730.6/warc/CC-MAIN-20230930213821-20231001003821-00477.warc.gz | en | 0.946606 | 396 | 3.609375 | 4 |
Players of the Court
The criminal justice system refers to the set of processes and agencies proven by governments to manage crime and enact penalties on persons who violate laws. To accomplish this role, criminal justice systems contain five components, among them being courts with judges as the main role player, prosecution, where prosecutors take charge, and defense lawyer. This paper discusses the roles and responsibilities of the judge, lawyer and prosecutor in a criminal justice system.
Read also Federal Judges and Activist Judges Sample Paper
The Roles and Responsibilities of Prosecutor, Lawyer, and Judge
Normally, a suspect is arrested by the police, after they have gathered enough evidence to permit the arrest. After the arrest, the police handle the case file prosecutor; together will all the gathered evidence. Prosecutor refers to a lawyer that represents the federal or state government lawyer in the court, in the entire court proceedings; from the initial accused appearance in court up to the point where the accused is sentenced or acquitted. After receiving the evidence from the police force, the prosecutor evaluates it and makes a decision on whether to drop the case or file charges.
Read also Jury Racial Diversity – Sample Paper
When the prosecutor decides to file the case, he or she presents the court with the evidence, cross examine the witnesses, and make a decision on whether to discuss appeal bargains with the offender at any time following the filing of charges, Prosecutor normally contain great freedom or pleasure to decide on how a case should be prosecuted. Although the prosecutor does not work on behave of the victim but the state, a victim can obtain more information regarding the case from the prosecutor. While doing all this, the prosecutor should focus on enhancing justice rather than convicting the offender (American bar, 2017).
Read also Discussion – Politics, Judge Selection, and Judicial Outcomes
Once the case is filed, an offender is permitted the right to a lawyer, commonly regarded as the defense lawyer. This lawyer defends the offender over the case of the government. Defense lawyer can either be assigned to the offender by the court or hired by the offender. Lawyer assignment only happens to offenders who cannot manage to hire their own lawyers. The defense lawyer’s main role is to represent the accused in the court. The lawyer in this case gathers evidence to prove the accused innocence. Defense lawyer also cross-examine the witness to ensure no false testimony is given to victimize the accused. Defense lawyer works closely with the offender with intention of gathering the counter evidence to nullify or weaken the prosecutor’s argument (Victimofcrime.org, 2008).
Read also Ethics In Judges
Basically, after a case is filed by the prosecutor, the case is assigned to a judge, who will examine the prosecutor and defense lawyer arguments, evidence and witnesses, and use them to make a ruling. The judge main role is to ensure that the law is implemented during the trial, and to supervise the court proceedings. The judge always has an upper hand on deciding on the offender’s fate. The judge may make a decision to release the accused before trial, especially after the first court hearing when the accused is informed of the charges. The judge at this stage may also consider releasing the accused in bond, recognizance, or bail. In case the judge finds that there is no enough evidence to support the case, the judge may release the defendant and close the case. He or she also reject or accept plea agreements, sentence the offender who is found guilty, and oversee trials (Victimofcrime.org, 2008). Order Unique Answer Now | <urn:uuid:20676528-4ea3-408f-838b-363ebb1f4105> | CC-MAIN-2022-40 | https://uniquewritersbay.com/the-roles-and-responsibilities-of-prosecutor-lawyer-and-judge/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-40/segments/1664030334528.24/warc/CC-MAIN-20220925101046-20220925131046-00520.warc.gz | en | 0.955876 | 720 | 3.140625 | 3 |
Tropical Storm Alex is likely to become the first hurricane of the 2010 Atlantic season, according to the National Hurricane Center, and experts expect many more storms this year.
Tropical Storm Alex's potential track (Source: National Hurricane Center)
NOAA’s Climate Prediction Center, for one, expects an active to extremely active season, according to a late May statement.
The center projects a 70 percent probability of 14 to 23 named storms, which have top winds of at least 39 mph, the statement says.
Of those storms, eight to 14 could become hurricanes (with top winds of at least 74 mph), and three to seven of those hurricanes could be major ones (with top winds of at least 111 mph), according to the statement.
In New Jersey, a hurricane hasn’t come ashore since 1903, according to the hurricane center.
So, could this be the year of the Big One in the Garden State?
The aftermath of the 1944 hurricane on Long Beach Island (file photo courtesy of the New Jersey State Police Museum)
To track tropical storms and hurricanes and learn more about them and how to prepare for a potentially devastating visit, here’s my annual list of websites that I’ve compiled over the years:
– National Hurricane Center.
– National Hurricane Center links to other tropical cyclone websites.
– National Weather Service Mount Holly office.
– New Jersey Office of Emergency Management family preparedness for hurricanes and tropical storms.
– New Jersey coastal evacuation, hurricane storm surge and hurricane tracking maps.
– National Hurricane Center storm surge simulations for the Jersey Shore.
– National Hurricane Center storm surge information.
– Federal Emergency Management Agency hurricane information.
– National Ocean Service storm surge and tidal information.
– National Data Buoy Center.
– U.S. Census Bureau hurricane and tropical storm information.
– Stevens Institute of Technology New Jersey Coastal Monitoring Network.
– Rutgers University Coastal Ocean Observation Lab.
– The Weather Channel Hurricane Central.
– AccuWeather.com Hurricane Home.
– Office of the New Jersey State Climatologist at Rutgers University.
– New Jersey Hurricane Evacuation Study draft maps and data.
– Monmouth County Coastal Evacuation Route Improvement Study.
– National Hurricane Survival Initiative.
– Institute for Business & Home Safety.
– Partnership for Advancing Technology in Housing.
– U.S. Environmental Protection Agency.
– Colorado State University Tropical Meteorology Project. | <urn:uuid:fd5033b7-9ff1-4dbb-9504-abe212b7b132> | CC-MAIN-2018-17 | http://blogs.app.com/enviroguy/2010/06/28/tropical-storm-alex-likely-to-launch-2010-atlantic-hurricane-season-is-n-j-storm-ready/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-17/segments/1524125945940.14/warc/CC-MAIN-20180423085920-20180423105920-00095.warc.gz | en | 0.868126 | 509 | 2.640625 | 3 |
Scientists develop new way to control the genotype of a mouse brain.
Creating an accurate model for the genetics of brain disorders has been a struggle for scientists. Whilst cell cultures can reveal some clues, they cannot give the true-to-form function shown in genetically-modified mice. However, breeding of mice has many limitations; breeding cycles can be long and costly and the specificity can only be verified once they pups have been born.
Researchers from Boston Children’s Hospital (MA, USA), in partnership with UC San Francisco (CA, USA), have developed a new way to overcome said limitations and create customized, representative models. Their method, named ‘forebrain substitution’, involves using a natural toxin to kill the cells of the forebrain in the mouse embryo. The developing forebrain can then be reconstructed from genetically engineered embryonic stem cells containing the specific mutation required for the study. This allows for a greater control of the mouse genotype allowing for more specificity.
The mice that underwent the forebrain substitution show neurocortical and hippocampal development that are morphologically and neurologically indistinguishable from the wildtype mice, in respect to learning and memory formation.
The paper, recently published in Nature, contained a detailed set of instructions for constructing the models, allowing for other labs to replicate the technique.
“We think of this strategy as a completely new platform for neurobiologists to study many aspects of the brain, from basic knowledge of which genes control brain development to potentially finding new gene therapies for brain cancers and psychiatric disorders,” commented Fred Alt, co-senior author of the study.
One goal of the lab is to use the new models to study a set of genes previously shown to be susceptible to breaking in mouse brain progenitor cells. In determining the mechanisms and frequency of gene breakage it may be possible to see how this contributes to neuropsychiatric diseases and certain brain cancers.
There is also hope for its use in developing personalized medicine, creating custom mouse models to mimic the unique genome of patients with rare disorders and allow for the determination of the correct course of treatment.
Written ByJenny Straiton
Updated 3 May, 2019
SourceChang AN, Liang Z, Dai H et al. Neural blastocyst complementation enables mouse forebrain organogenesis. Nature. doi:10.1038/s41586-018-0586-0 (2018)https://www.nature.com/articles/s41586-018-0586-0https://vector.childrenshospital.org/2018/10/creating-custom-brains/ | <urn:uuid:9a2dbcdc-dcdb-4850-b448-e9d55089427b> | CC-MAIN-2019-22 | https://www.biotechniques.com/omics/grow-your-own-brain/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-22/segments/1558232256980.46/warc/CC-MAIN-20190522223411-20190523005411-00252.warc.gz | en | 0.881596 | 534 | 3.625 | 4 |
Indian Space Research Organisation (ISRO) launched PSLV-C34 to inject 20 satellites into polar sun-synchronous orbit. We feel extremely proud of ISRO’s foray into space to help the world look inwards and go farther into the final frontier. ISRO has always been at the forefront of innovation and technology and has helped us increase our threshold of imagination and wonder. To infinity and beyond as Buzz Lightyear says.
Concept: PSLV-C34 launches into space.
Visualisation: The fiery yellow fumes of the shuttle is juxtaposed with the placid blue of the sky. The boundary in brown helps us ‘capture space’. It helps us conceptualize human aspiration in relation to the unfathomable vastness of the outer space. It helps us frame human interaction. Two third of the illustration is the blue sky. This depicts the magnitude of the journey. It is not just the shuttle that is the source of this awe. It is the very journey. It is the human aspiration. It is the need to step beyond.
Artist: Moon Arun | Brought to life by: Brainpan Studio | <urn:uuid:47cb03c7-9bed-4b2a-be3a-4298cffe38e5> | CC-MAIN-2017-30 | https://brainpanstudio.wordpress.com/2016/06/23/celebrating-isros-20-satellite-launch/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-30/segments/1500550969387.94/warc/CC-MAIN-20170728143709-20170728163709-00690.warc.gz | en | 0.895693 | 235 | 2.671875 | 3 |
It is well-known that high blood pressure and other vascular diseases pose risks to overall health, but they can also affect eyesight by damaging the arteries in the eye.
RAO usually occurs in people between the ages of 50 and 70. The most common medical problem associated with RAO is arteriosclerosis, hardening of the arteries. Carotid artery disease is found in almost half the people with RAO.
The most common cause of RAO is thrombosis, an abnormal blood clot formation. Sometimes RAO is caused by an embolus, a clot that breaks off from another area of the body and is carried to the retina by the bloodstream.
Retinal artery occlusion (RAO) blocks the artery in your retina, the light-sensitive nerve layer at the back of the eye. RAO may cause sudden and painless loss of vision.
Loss of vision can be permanent without immediate treatment. Irreversible retinal damage occurs after 90 minutes, but even 24 hours after symptoms begin, vision may still be saved. The goal of emergency treatment is to restore retinal blood flow. After emergency treatment a thorough medical evaluation is necessary. | <urn:uuid:f7862722-f679-407f-a7ed-918997c540dd> | CC-MAIN-2021-39 | https://www.eyephysiciansoflancaster.com/retinal-artery-occulsion/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-39/segments/1631780056890.28/warc/CC-MAIN-20210919125659-20210919155659-00539.warc.gz | en | 0.95307 | 240 | 3.328125 | 3 |
In a hot rolling mill the process of hot rolling is carried out, a metalworking process in steel production: rolling at high temperatures makes possible a significant reduction in thickness. For example, crude steel billets are reshaped into hot-rolled strip (a hot-rolled product with a rectangular cross section and a width of at least 600 mm).
The coiler is the last production step in the hot rolling mill of the Stahlwerk (steelworks) of Thyssen-Krupp in Duisburg. On the recording you can hear the hot-rolled strip being wound into a coil (a steel strip wound onto a mandrel) in a fully automated, mechanized process. Next, the coil is bound and marked. Before the coils are sent to the cold rolling mill, they are chemically cleaned. This occurs in the descaler or “pickle”, which removes scales and residue from both sides of the strip.
Sound recordist: Konrad Gutkowski / Marie-Claire Fink
Video recordist: Konrad Gutkowski / Marie-Claire Fink
Photographer: Konrad Gutkowski / Marie-Claire Fink | <urn:uuid:edb8a2ff-d3ae-4191-8d49-8038fae92a5f> | CC-MAIN-2021-25 | http://www.soundsofchanges.eu/sound/konrad-gutkowski-93/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-25/segments/1623488253106.51/warc/CC-MAIN-20210620175043-20210620205043-00283.warc.gz | en | 0.882091 | 239 | 2.96875 | 3 |
The Clebsch Diagonal Surface is certainly one of the most famous surfaces in mathematics. It was described by Alfred Clebsch in 1871. It is a very special example of the so-called cubic surfaces which is highly symmetric and on which there are 27 lines in a very special position.
Every smooth cubic surface contains exactly 27 lines as was shown already in 1849 in a letter-exchange by Arthur Cayley and George Salmon, but here these lines can actually all be seen and have a high symmetry and interesting intersection properties, e.g. on the Clebsch Diagonal Cubic it happens 10 times that three of the 27 lines meet in a point (called Eckhardt Point, see the lower central part of the picture).
The related Math Objects in our sculpture shop:
- The Clebsch Diagonal Surface, no lines shown, height: 119mm (4.7in).
- The Clebsch Diagonal Surface, all 27 lines shown, height: 119mm (4.7in).
- The Clebsch Diagonal Surface, no lines shown, height: 199mm (7.8in).
- The Clebsch Diagonal Surface, all 27 lines shown, height: 199mm (7.8in).
Just click on the links above to see the exact prices in your case on our Sculpture-Shop-Site. Some related links to external sites:
- Illustrating the Classification of Real Cubic Surfaces (PDF), by Stephan Holzer and Oliver Labs.
- Kubische Flächen und die Coblesche Hexaederform (in German, PDF), Diploma Thesis of Oliver Labs.
- The Wikipedia Site on the Clebsch Diagonal Surface.
- Alfred Clebsch on the MacTutor History of Mathematics Archive | <urn:uuid:baee6571-4e54-4a31-bdcb-c460f3d5b3b2> | CC-MAIN-2019-51 | http://blog.mo-labs.com/2012/08/19/the-clebsch-diagonal-surface/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-51/segments/1575540499439.6/warc/CC-MAIN-20191207132817-20191207160817-00361.warc.gz | en | 0.853187 | 374 | 3.171875 | 3 |
What does it mean to be a 21st century teacher? The term is frequently tossed around the media. So beyond being up-to-date with the latest classroom technology, what does a 21st century teacher actually look like?
The 21st century teacher looks forward to the future. They are aware of the ever-changing trends in technology and are in tune of what the future may bring to education. A good 21st century teacher is aware of the career opportunities that will be in the coming years for their students, and are always advocating towards forward thinking and planning to ensure all students will not be left behind.
Let’s take a look at a few key characteristics of a 21st century teacher:
A Master of Technology in the Classroom
Technology in the classroom is moving at a rapid pace and the 21st century teacher moves right along with it. Classroom technology; whether it’s for lessons, assignments, or grading, can help students learn better and faster, and help make a teacher’s time more effective. A 21st century teacher does not have to have a class set of tablets in every child’s hand, or the latest Smart-board. But they can have a nice balance of educational tools in their classroom. An effective teacher knows what technology in the classroom can truly help transform their students’ education. They know what the best tools are, and how and when to use them.
Knows How to Collaborate
An effective 21st century educator must be able to collaborate and work well in a team. Working with others is an important 21st century skill. Over the past few years, being able to collaborate effectively in the workplace has grown quite rapidly. Learning is deemed to be more effective when you can share your ideas and knowledge with others. Sharing your expertise and experience, communicating and learning.
A 21st century teacher is able to adapt to whatever comes their way. Teaching is a career that has pretty much stayed the same over the past few decades. The tools have changed over the years (Smart boards have replaced chalkboards, tablets have replaced textbooks) but the practice has not. The 21st century teacher is able to look at their practice and adapt based on the needs of their students. They must be able to adapt their teaching style to include different modes of learning, adapt when a lesson fails, and adapt to new technology. They must be able to adapt to the curriculum and the requirements and be able to use their imagination to teach in creative ways.
Is a Lifelong Learner
The 21st century teacher is a lifelong learner. They don’t just expect their students to be lifelong learners, but they too stay current and on top of what’s new in education. Even though they may still use the same lesson plan from years before, they know how to change it to keep up-to-date with what is current. A great teacher will not only embrace technology, but be willing to learn more about it.
Advocates for Their Profession
It’s a critical time in education and how it and teachers are being perceived. With the common core being implemented and judged, the teaching profession is being met with a close eye now more than ever before. Instead of sitting back, a 21st century takes a stand for themselves and advocates for their profession. They pay close attention to the important issues and talk about them with their community. They keep parents and students informed on what’s going on in education and address on issues head on.
21st Century learning means teaching just as you have done in the past centuries, but with way better tools. Today’s teachers have a great advantage, they have powerful learning tools at their disposal that they didn’t have before. 21st Century technology is an opportunity for students to acquire more knowledge. Teachers have the ability to move away from being the dispenser of information to someone who can guide them and prepare them for their future.
Lastly, the 21st century educator must use teaching strategies to ensure that the focus in education is on preparing today’s children for the future of where they will live and where they will work, not for our current world.
What does the 21st century teacher look like to you? Do you think they must have a set of specific skills and characteristics? Please feel free to share your thoughts with us below. | <urn:uuid:7ece5377-bbba-46fc-8a4c-4d19731c815f> | CC-MAIN-2019-18 | https://safsms.com/blog/21st-century-teacher/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-18/segments/1555578770163.94/warc/CC-MAIN-20190426113513-20190426135513-00177.warc.gz | en | 0.97662 | 895 | 3 | 3 |
you will need a doctor's prescription for any patients under the age of 18
Used for the prevention of malaria for children weighing between 11kg and 40kg
•Used to treat malaria in children weighing between 5kg and <11kg
•Malarone Paediatric tablets prevent malaria by killing the parasite that is passed on by the bite of an infected mosquito
•Contains two active ingredients, atovaquone and proguanil hydrochloride
Paediatric Malarone has two uses:
•ƒ to prevent malaria (for children weighing between 11 kg and 40 kg)
•ƒ to treat malaria (for children weighing between 5 kg and <11 kg).
Although this medicine is usually used for children and teenagers, it can also be prescribed for adults weighing less than 40 kg.
Malarone Paediatric belongs to a group of medicines called anti-malarials. It contains two active ingredients, atovaquone and proguanil hydrochloride. It is used to prevent and treat malaria in children.
Malaria is spread by the bite of an infected mosquito, which passes the malaria parasite (Plasmodium falciparum) into the bloodstream. Malarone Paediatric prevents malaria by killing this parasite. For those already infected with malaria, Malarone Paediatric also kills these parasites.
People of any age can get malaria. It is a serious disease, but is preventable.
As well as taking Malarone Paediatric tablets, it is very important to take steps to avoid mosquito bites:
•ƒUse insect repellent on exposed areas of the skin
•ƒCovers most of the body at sunset, as this is the time when mosquitoes are most active
•ƒSleep in a screened room or under a mosquito net impregnated with insecticide
•ƒMake sure to close all windows and doors at sunset, if they are not screened
•ƒUse insecticides, such as spray, plug-ins and mats to clear a room of insects and/or to deter mosquitoes from entering the room.
To read the patient information leaflet for this product click here https://www.medicines.org.uk/emc/PIL.11224.latest.pdf
Malarone Paediatric tablets should be taken with food or a milky drink, where possible. The tablets should be swallowed whole. However, for children who may find them difficult to swallow, they can be crushed just before being taken and mixed with food or a milky drink. It is best to take Malarone Paediatric at the same time each day.
The recommended dose to prevent malaria depends on your child’s weight.
11-20 kg - 1 tablet once a day
21-30 kg - 2 tablets once a day (as a single dose)
31-40 kg - 3 tablets once a day (as a single dose)
•ƒStart giving Paediatric Malarone 1 to 2 days before travelling to an area which has malaria
•ƒContinue giving it every day during the stay
•ƒContinue giving it for another 7 days after your return to a malaria-free area.
•For maximum protection your child must take the full course of treatment. 4
The recommended dose to treat malaria depends on your child’s weight.
5-8 kg - 2 tablets once a day for 3 days
9–10 kg - 3 tablets once a day for 3 days
Always give this medicine exactly as the doctor or pharmacist tells you.
Active ingredients are: 62.5 mg of atovaquone and 25 mg of proguanil hydrochloride in each
tablet. Other ingredients are:
Tablet core: poloxamer 188, microcrystalline cellulose, hydroxypropyl cellulose, povidone K30, sodium starch glycollate (Type A), magnesium stearate.
Tablet coating: hypromellose, titanium dioxide (E171), iron oxide red (E172), macrogol 400 and polyethylene glycol 8000 (See section 2).
Tell your doctor if your child might be allergic to any of these ingredients before taking Malarone Paediatric
Do not take Malarone Paediatric if the child:
• is allergic to atovaquone, proguanil hydrochloride or any of the other ingredients (listed under Ingredients).
Take special care with Malarone Paediatric tablets - talk to your doctor or pharmacist before you give Malarone Paediatric to your child if:
•ƒ your child has severe kidney disease
•ƒ your child is being treated for Malaria and weighs less than 5 kg or is given Malarone Paediatric to prevent Malaria and weighs less than 11 kg
Tell your doctor or pharmacist if the child is taking, has recently taken, or might take any other
medicines (including medicines bought without a prescription):
•ƒ metoclopramide, used to treat nausea and vomiting
•ƒ the antibiotics, tetracycline, rifampicin and rifabutin
•ƒ efavirenz or certain highly active protease-inhibitors used to treat HIV
•ƒ warfarin and other medicines that stop blood clotting
•ƒ etoposide used to treat cancer | <urn:uuid:0110fa13-4529-44bc-9f75-f7945a618213> | CC-MAIN-2020-29 | https://www.oxfordonlinepharmacy.co.uk/malaria-prevention-and-treatment/malarone-atovaquone-proguanil-paediatric-12-tablets | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-29/segments/1593657151761.87/warc/CC-MAIN-20200714212401-20200715002401-00592.warc.gz | en | 0.879749 | 1,129 | 2.65625 | 3 |
Algae is composed of ~ 50% carbon, 10% nitrogen, and 2% phosphorus. Table 10.3 shows the composition of various algae looking at the percentages of protein, carbohydrates, lipids, and nucleic acid.
What is algae class 11 biology?
Thick layers of algae, called algal blooms, may form when nutrients (mainly phosphorus and nitrogen) build up in the water in amounts in excess of naturally-occurring nutrients. Fertilizers, pet waste, improperly functioning septic tanks, grass clippings, leaves, and other yard wastes are all sources of nutrients.
What is algae in biology for kids?
Algae and fungi differ in their mode of nutrition. Algae are autotrophic. They have chlorophyll and perform photosynthesis. Fungi are heterotrophic, they are dependent on others for their nutrients requirement. They feed on dead and decaying organic matter.
Where is algae found?
Jean Pierre Étienne Vaucher (1803) was perhaps the first to propose a system of classification of algae, and he recognized three groups, Conferves, Ulves, and Tremelles.
What is algae made of?
Algae are broadly classified as micro- and macroalgae based on size. Macroalgae indicates large aquatic photosynthetic plants that can be seen without the aid of a microscope and can generally be divided into three groups: Green (Chlorophyta), Red (Rhodophyta), and Brown-Kelps (Phaeophyta—related to Chromista).
How are algae formed?
Hint: Algae are the chlorophyll bearing thalloid plants. Algae are classified into three classes. They are Chlorophyceae, Phaeophyceae and Rhodophyceae.
What is algae and fungi?
Algae are eukaryotic organisms that have no roots, stems, or leaves but do have chlorophyll and other pigments for carrying out photosynthesis. Algae can be multicellular or unicellular. Unicellular algae occur most frequently in water, especially in plankton.
Who discovered the algae?
Algae can be single-celled (unicellular), or they may be large and comprised of many cells. Algae can occur in salt or fresh waters, or on the surfaces of moist soil or rocks. The multicellular algae develop specialized tissues, but they lack the true stems, leaves, or roots of the more complex, higher plants.
Is algae a plant?
Algae have since been reclassified as protists, and the prokaryotic nature of the blue-green algae has caused them to be classified with bacteria in the prokaryotic kingdom Monera.
Is an example of algae?
How does algae grow? Algae grow by photosynthesis. For this they need sunlight and nutrients, such as phosphorus and nitrogen. An overabundance of nutrients usually leads to excessive algal growth, which can have adverse effects on the ecosystem.
Is algae a fungi?
The three types of algae are green algae, brown algae and red algae.
Why is algae an organism?
Alga is singular form and Algae is plural. … Algae have a nucleus.
What Colour is algae?
Algae usually are identified with the color green, but they actually occur in a great range of colors and hues, depending on the kind of algae and in some cases on the way they are grown. The colors are due to pigments (colored molecules) within individual cells.
What class is algae?
Red algal fossils are the oldest known algal fossils. Microscopic spherical algae (Eosphaera and Huroniospora) that resemble the living genus Porphyridium are known from the Gunflint Iron Formation of North America (formed about 1.9 billion years ago).
What is a characteristic of algae?
Over millions of years, algae developed into the first nonvascular land plants, which evolved into the complex seed plants like gymnosperms and angiosperms we see in botanic gardens today (de Vries, 2018).
Is algae made of cells?
As a general rule, algae are capable of photosynthesis and produce their own nourishment by using light energy from the sun and carbon dioxide in order to generate carbohydrates and oxygen.
Are algae bacteria?
Chlorophyta (Green algae) Rhodophyta (Red algae) Paeophyta (Brown algae) Xanthophyta (Yellow-green algae)
What type of cell is algae?
Algal cells are eukaryotic and contain three types of double-membrane-bound organelles: the nucleus, the chloroplast, and the mitochondrion. In most algal cells there is only a single nucleus, although some cells are multinucleate.
Why do algae grow?
You may be familiar with eating seaweed already, thanks to delicious menu items like nori-wrapped sushi—but the world of edible algae extends well beyond your favorite spicy tuna roll to include varieties like chlorella, spirulina, and sea moss.
What are the three types of algae?
Algae have a great range of shapes and sizes, from spherical cells with 0.5 μm diameter to 60 m long multicellular thalli. There are about 72,500 validly described species of algae; they live in the top 300 m of marine and inland waters, and on land, as free-living organisms or in symbiosis.
What is difference between algae and algae?
Some of the known types of fish to eat algae are Blennies and Tangs, but along with fish there are snails, crabs, and sea urchins who also eat algae. These species are known to eat red slime algae, green film algae, hair algae, diatoms, cyanobacteria, brown film algae, detritus, and microalgae.
What is the largest algae?
Giant kelp is the worlds largest species of marine algae.
What was the first algae?
Algae are morphologically simple, chlorophyll-containing organisms that range from microscopic and unicellular (single-celled) to very large and multicellular.
Is algae the first plant?
Harmful algae and cyanobacteria, sometimes called blue-green algae, can produce toxins (poisons) that can make people and animals sick and affect the environment. Learn more about them to keep you, your family, and your pets safe. Algae and cyanobacteria are simple, plant-like organisms that live in water.
How do algae live?
Algae are called living organisms. They possess chlorophyll that helps in photosynthesis. | <urn:uuid:1d09aa90-8aa9-4ca7-b2e9-f9cd4325a914> | CC-MAIN-2023-06 | https://scienceoxygen.com/what-does-the-meaning-of-algae/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-06/segments/1674764494852.95/warc/CC-MAIN-20230127001911-20230127031911-00838.warc.gz | en | 0.926817 | 1,404 | 3.859375 | 4 |
Confined space can be a death trap in the waiting
By Capital Safety Group (Australia)
Monday, 01 February, 2016
Not all employers and operators understand what constitutes a ‘confined space’, nor the dangers associated with working in such environments. Similarly, should the need for rescue from a confined space occur, a well prepared and rehearsed retrieval operation must be available for immediate implementation. The failure of understanding of confined space operations and rescue and retrieval methods can place both the employee and the employer at significant risk.
The following article has been written to provide an overview of confined space operations in layman’s terms and should not be seen as a substitute for taking correct professional advice — nor for certificated training.
What is a confined space?
A confined space is an enclosed location that is not intended for human occupancy that may include a restricted means of entry or exit.
A confined space:
- is large enough for a worker to enter and perform work;
- may have limitations to the entry to or exit from the confined space;
- may knowingly or unknowingly contain a hazardous atmosphere;
- may contain other hazards that expose anybody in the area to risk.
Confined spaces include:
- tanks, vessels, silos and vats;
- manholes, pipes, culverts and ducts;
- large vessels, tanks and rooms with restricted entry and exit;
- an enclosed area that may have a build-up of toxic or hazardous substances.
Confined space activity is a complex issue requiring experienced analysis. It is not simply the size of the space that is critical, nor is it simply the ease of access and egress, nor is it only the risk of hazardous atmospheres and chemicals within the confined space. It is a combination of all these coupled with the risk of injury to the worker within the confined space and the resulting complexities for a rescue and recovery operation in this environment.
Why are confined spaces dangerous?
Confined space accidents are notorious for multiple fatalities with the single largest risks being the injury and subsequent recovery of a person from a confined space. Atmospheric hazards from the presence of chemicals are often odourless, tasteless and colourless. Lack of sufficient oxygen to remain conscious is also undetectable without the use of correctly calibrated analysis equipment.
Restricted working space often leads to work being carried out closer than desirable to electrical and mechanical risks, including moving machinery such as conveyors.
When an accident occurs within the confined space, rescue measures are often initiated in an unplanned and unrehearsed fashion with untrained employees and inadequate equipment, leading to risk to the rescuers, which often results in them succumbing to the same fate as the worker being rescued.
Confined space risks include:
- oxygen deficiency;
- noxious and poisonous gases;
- suffocation by materials (eg, grain silo) or drowning (eg, culvert);
- contact with toxic or hazardous materials (eg, chemical industry);
- extremes of temperature (eg, furnaces, cold rooms);
- slips, trips and falls (eg, descending/ascending access);
How do we prepare for confined space operations?
Potential confined space operations should be subjected to the same analysis as any other work practice where a risk to employees has been identified.
Where the requirement may exist for service or maintenance works in a confined space, the basic principles of hazard identification and risk assessment should be applied. The hierarchy of this process is as follows:
- hazard identification;
- risk assessment;
- risk elimination;
- risk minimisation;
- protective equipment and work practice specification.
Having identified confined space access as a hazard, the first objective should be to eliminate the hazard by effecting changes to either the equipment or the work practice that prevents the need for personnel to enter the confined space.
Where this is not possible, risk minimisation action should be attempted — again by effecting changes to the equipment or work practice. For example, increasing the size of the entry and exit positions to the confined space or ensuring improvements to airflows, lighting, etc. The isolation of other potential hazards (electrical, chemical risks, etc) should be implemented. This can include zone shutdowns, process flow shutdowns — using correct lockout/tagout controls and processes.
If the results of the elimination and minimisation activities still leave an identified risk, efforts must then be directed at the minimisation of risk through the use of appropriate safety equipment coupled with documented work practices that cover the total confined space activity plan. These documented processes should cover the original work required, but must also cover rescue and retrieval procedures in the event of an accident.
Entry, exit and retrieval equipment is critical
A safe means of entry and exit from a confined space is critical in the risk assessment process, as is the provision of rescue and retrieval plans.
Access to the confined space requires both the correct equipment and work practice, which is usually achieved by the use of correctly matched equipment forming a confined space ‘kit’. This would generally comprise:
- a suitable anchorage point outside the confined space, such as a tripod or davit system. Tripods with telescopic legs are available in 2.1 and 2.7 m versions constructed from corrosion-resistant aluminium. Davits come in a wide range of flexible configurations for permanent or temporary mounting;
- a self-retracting fall-arrest device to arrest any free falls on descent or ascent. These units are available in lengths up to 40 m in stainless steel and galvanised cable. Due to the high level of contaminants and dirt usually associated with confined space operations, units with mechanisms sealed from the cable and drum should be preferred. Breaking forces of less than 4 kN over an arrest distance of less than 1 m should be used;
- a manually operated winch in lengths up to 58 m for entry and rescue. Winches offer a mechanical system of rescue in demanding locations providing a means of retrieval and secondary backup when required;
- a rope-positioning device or retrieval winch for work positioning and suspension as well as rescue and retrieval. These are available in a number of configurations from 3:1 to 5:1 pulley ratios. Where a bosun’s chair is used with a rope-positioning system, Australian Standards require the use of a full body harness and a secondary fall arrest device;
- a confined space fall arrest harness with rescue attachment points and a spreader bar.
Critical to the use of this equipment is professional confined space training and personnel certification, together with documented work practices that include rescue and retrieval plans.
Equipment maintenance — it’s too late if it doesn’t work
Confined space operations are often carried out in severe conditions. It is therefore critical that all equipment is fully cleaned after use and before storage. Because of the limited use of such equipment in some applications, it is essential that regular training of confined space staff is undertaken and recorded. Additionally, under Australian Standards, many items of confined space equipment require annual inspection and recertification by the manufacturer. It is the duty of care of the employer to ensure that all equipment being used in such applications is within its test period.
Don’t overlook supporting equipment
Depending on the risk assessment conducted, additional equipment may be required before and during the confined space access.
This may include some or all of the following:
- Oxygen analysis equipment to ensure adequate oxygen levels to support breathing, but not high levels that would enhance any fire risks. This equipment may require being either single sample or continuous monitoring, depending on the risk analysis.
- Gas analysis equipment to detect hazardous levels of other gases or noxious fumes that may, or could become, present in the confined space.
- The oxygen and gas analysis results may then require the use of respiratory equipment which can range from full self-contained breathing apparatus, through airline flow equipment to simpler respirators. There are also ranges of respirators suitable for use in dust and atmospheres containing particulate matter.
- Communication equipment may also be required in confined space applications to maintain voice contact with the remote working personnel.
As with entry and exit equipment, correct certified training is recommended for all the above equipment, as well as incorporation into the documented work practices and confined space training programs.
Rick Millar is the Technical Manager for Capital Safety Australia & New Zealand, a 3M company, and can be contacted at [email protected]. Capital Safety is a leading designer and manufacturer of height-safety and fall protection equipment. It also offers training courses, with 20 operating sites worldwide
The model code of practice for working in confined spaces is far from being national; therefore,...
Not all employers and operators understand what constitutes a 'confined space', nor the...
Confined spaces are some of the most dangerous environments to work in. The risk of entrapment... | <urn:uuid:42cdf109-8a7e-4be1-9d08-731e05a2a7ce> | CC-MAIN-2018-22 | https://www.safetysolutions.net.au/content/confined-spaces/article/confined-space-can-be-a-death-trap-in-the-waiting-854318653 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-22/segments/1526794865702.43/warc/CC-MAIN-20180523180641-20180523200641-00542.warc.gz | en | 0.935557 | 1,831 | 2.890625 | 3 |
click photo to enlarge
THE FOREST SERVICE is modifying its stance on planned forest fires, which some officials credit for restoring ecosystems promoting wildlife diversity. Critics say controlled burns increase air pollution and destroy a source of lumber. By KEVIN ROBERTSON, Tall Timbers Research Station
THOMASVILLE, Ga. -- Firefighters have battled blazes on nearly 4 million acres of public and private land so far this year -- and federal officials are on track to deliberately burn 2.5 million more.
This is not a case of rampant arson.
Federal and state officials, joined by some environmentalists and academics, increasingly advocate deliberately setting fires in wild areas to restore ecosystems and prevent wildfires from raging out of control. Fires are part of the natural life cycle of forests, they argue, and help maintain a broader diversity of habitats for wildlife. After decades of fire suppression and Smokey Bear, the government now embraces "prescribed fire" as a key tool in managing the nation's forests.
The policy began under President Clinton and has accelerated under President Bush, but as it has grown, so has the controversy it inspires. Some community activists complain that prescribed fires pollute the air and damage valuable hardwoods, and logging companies say the strategy deprives them of valuable timber. Sen. Conrad Burns, R-Mont., is calling on the Forest Service to re-examine the impact on logging, and environmentalists are divided on the issue.
"We've lost the consensus, there's no question about that," said former interior secretary Bruce Babbitt, who helped put out forest fires as a high school student and pushed for prescribed burning under the Clinton administration.
The Forest Service -- which celebrates its 100th anniversary this month -- started quashing fires five years after its inception, after wildfires burned more than 3 million acres in two days in Idaho and Montana and killed nearly 100 people. In 1935, the Service adopted a national "10 a.m." policy, demanding its firefighters contain every fire by 10 a.m. the day after they learned of it. Smokey Bear debuted nine years later, telling Americans, "Only you can prevent forest fires."
But by the mid-1990s, the federal government had begun to rethink that policy. Five years ago, it adopted a national fire plan that called treating 40 million acres of brush and dense forest by 2010 through logging and burning.
Forest managers prefer prescribed burns to "mechanical thinning" for several reasons. Prescribed burns are much cheaper than thinning, costing $13 to $28 an acre, by some estimates. Foresters light them by hand or set them from a helicopter by injecting a few drops of antifreeze into small plastic spheres containing potassium permanganate powder, which ignites several seconds after the balls hit the ground.
Officials now aim to return forests back to a cycle in which fires routinely sweep through the woods, said Marc Rounsaville, the Forest Service's deputy director for fire and aviation.
"Just like rain, like snow, it's part of the natural system," Rounsaville said. "It's probably the number one management tool in the South, and we're working hard in the rest of the country to put it into place. ... Do we get it right every day? No, I won't lie to you. But we're getting better at it, we're getting smarter at it."
Although the number of federally prescribed burns has more than doubled since fiscal 2000, many advocates say it is still not enough. Kevin Hiers, who manages fire use in Georgia and Alabama for the Nature Conservancy, a national environmental organization, said the group has burned 11,000 acres in Georgia this year -- twice as many as last year -- and he would like to double that again.
"We're on an exponential rise," Hiers said, whose group works with Georgia's Department of Natural Resources. After a forest fire, he said, "the biodiversity is absolutely astonishing. Something clicks, and you understand how an ecosystem interacts with burning in a fundamental way."
Shan Cammack, a wildlife biologist at the state agency, is a fire enthusiast. Her cell phone cover features jagged red and orange flames against a yellow background, and the word "Ember" stretches across the hood of her agency truck.
"It's just clear," said Cammack of the benefits for wildlife. "The habitat's just not there, and the only way to get it back is through fire."
Clad head to toe in olive-green, fire-resistant gear, she came to the privately owned Greenwood Plantation in southern Georgia this month to enlist more converts.
The plantation has reaped the benefits of regular forest fires for decades. Owned by New York's Greentree Foundation and managed by the Nature Conservancy, the 5,200-acre longleaf pine forest has soaring green trees that provide a canopy for wildlife below, along with habitat for the endangered red-cockaded woodpecker. The woods resemble a scene described by local writer Janisse Ray in her 1999 book, "Ecology of a Cracker Childhood": "The trees are so well spaced that their limbs seldom touch and sunlight streams between and within them."
Surveying the scene from a helicopter 25 feet above the treetops, Hiers pointed out white sap running down the pines, a sign that the woodpeckers are thriving.
"You want the fire to burn, but you don't want it to be too intense," he said, eyeing possible paths for a future prescribed burn.
But while much of the South boasts what the conservancy's national fire training coordinator Sam Lindblom calls "a culture of fire," some activists and lawmakers question the booming practice.
Burns, the Montana senator, inserted language into the Interior Department's 2006 spending bill indicating that his subcommittee "is concerned that prescribed burning treatments may not always be compatible with the need to better utilize commercially valuable biomass products." While Burns is not seeking to ban the practice, he said, "plain old, everyday-vanilla common sense tells you that the product they're burning up could be used."
On a local level, residents in Georgia and elsewhere complain that smoke from fires worsens air pollution. Officials now strictly regulate prescribed burns around Georgia's metropolitan areas, limiting when agencies can set fires.
Jerry Williams, who monitors Arkansas' Ouachita and Ozark national forests as vice chairman of the Ouachita Watch League, an environmental and citizens' coalition, said the smoke from prescribed burns drifts for miles. In addition, he said, these fires tend to promote pine growth but reduce the number of local hardwoods.
"You don't have the fire, but you have the smoke," Williams said, adding that federal authorities now burn seven times more acreage than in 1986 and have plans to nearly double that amount. "The health effects, and the impact on hardwoods, is a real concern."
But the Forest Service's Rounsaville said fire smoke pales in comparison with pollution from automobiles and power plants, and the agency mostly burns small trees that have little commercial value. Moreover, he said, ecologists at places such as the Tall Timbers Research Station in Tallahassee have documented for years the advantages of prescribed burns. After suppressing fire on one experimental 23-acre plot for nearly 40 years, researchers documented a nearly 90 percent drop in plant diversity, and red-cockaded woodpeckers on the land disappeared.
When it comes to prescribed burns, said Tall Timbers' fire ecologist Kevin Robertson, "in almost every situation we can think of, it's being underutilized."
But Stephen Pyne, a fire historian at Arizona State University, said it is no simple matter to reintroduce fire to a landscape that has been reshaped by people and development.
"Suddenly, there are all sorts of public health, public safety and environmental problems with putting fire back in the forest," he said. "It's a long, hard slog. There's no magic wand for it."
© 2016. All Rights Reserved. Contact Us | <urn:uuid:4677e3cc-eb00-4580-b61a-cd058e5fecf0> | CC-MAIN-2016-26 | http://staugustine.com/stories/080205/nat_3239284.shtml | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783398516.82/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624154958-00038-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.953574 | 1,655 | 3.125 | 3 |
In democracy, the support from the people should have greater importance. The reason is that if the democratic system loses its existence due to the non-support from its people, then the democracy itself will be falling down. Moreover, the people support of the democracy will adorn its infrastructure in such a way that it can run gracefully as well. Since, the total participation of the people in any democracy will determine its power and better governance, which will make a better democratic habitat as well.
When you are living in a democracy, you should never stay away from the voting opportunity. The reason is that the voting right is the willful nod for your happy living in the democracy. Moreover, you will see that when the elective government is spreading its heartfelt cooperation towards its people in the positive way, then you will feel that a sense of love towards the democracy is building in you. It is a positive sign for the sound democracy as well.
If you love to live in a democracy, then you will definitely obey its laws as well. Actually, if you obey its law gracefully, then you are showing your love and respect to the elective government. In the real terms, you will see that the laws bind the democracy to its people. Moreover, you will see that the fine binding will sing its power as well. So that the laws itself will delve deep into the popular government which will make its people’s life more blissful as well. It is true that the well-maintained law and order in a democracy will show its respect to its people also.
In a democracy, getting justice and giving justice both of these are highly respectable. The reason is that the justice is the pillar stone in any popular government. Actually, justice will bring the people to live orderly in a society, which belongs to a democracy as well. It is just a mirror of the democracy. When you will maintain the power of justice gracefully, then you already put your love on it as well.
In a democracy, you are free to participate in any movement or judgment as well. Actually, it is a kind of sweetener, which will smooth the democracy processing as well. Since, your intention will be highly recognizable to some extent when you are participating in any event in a constitutional government.
So that, you will love your democracy, though your total involvement in the democratic where you live and explore it through your ingenuity as well. | <urn:uuid:31b0893c-50c1-48bc-8d05-3b5d6673550c> | CC-MAIN-2018-13 | http://manikroy.com/will-love-democracy/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-13/segments/1521257649095.35/warc/CC-MAIN-20180323220107-20180324000107-00149.warc.gz | en | 0.971561 | 493 | 2.609375 | 3 |
the ability to receive or contain:
This hotel has a large capacity.
the maximum amount or number that can be received or contained; cubic contents; volume:
The inn is filled to capacity. The gasoline tank has a capacity of 20 gallons.
power of receiving impressions, knowledge, etc.; mental ability:
the capacity to learn calculus.
actual or potential ability to perform, yield, or withstand:
He has a capacity for hard work. The capacity of the oil well was 150 barrels a day. She has the capacity to go two days without sleep.
quality or state of being susceptible to a given treatment or action:
Steel has a high capacity to withstand pressure.
position; function; role:
He served in the capacity of legal adviser.
maximum possible output.
reaching maximum capacity:
a capacity audience; a capacity crowd.
Would It Be So Bad If Iran Got Nuclear Weapons? Neil Padukone February 22, 2012
Defeating the Arab Spring Syndrome of Self-Defeat Talal Alyan October 14, 2013
‘LA Shrinks’ Therapist on What Shrinks Really Think Rachel Krantz March 3, 2013
Black and White Timothy Thomas Fortune
The Truth About Woman C. Gasquoine Hartley
How to Live Irving Fisher and Eugene Fisk
With Manchesters in the East Gerald B. Hurst
My Novel, Complete Edward Bulwer-Lytton
The Meaning of Evolution Samuel Christian Schmucker
Every-day Science: Volume VI. The Conquest of Nature Henry Smith Williams
noun (pl) -ties
the ability or power to contain, absorb, or hold
the amount that can be contained; volume: a capacity of six gallons
the maximum amount something can contain or absorb (esp in the phrase filled to capacity)
(as modifier): a capacity crowd
the ability to understand or learn; aptitude; capability: he has a great capacity for Greek
the ability to do or produce (often in the phrase at capacity): the factory’s output was not at capacity
a specified position or function: he was employed in the capacity of manager
a measure of the electrical output of a piece of apparatus such as a motor, generator, or accumulator
(electronics) a former name for capacitance
the number of words or characters that can be stored in a particular storage device
the range of numbers that can be processed in a register
the bit rate that a communication channel or other system can carry
legal competence: the capacity to make a will
the connection of two or more circuits by means of a capacitor.
the opposition of capacitance to alternating current, equal to the reciprocal of the product of the angular frequency of the current times the capacitance. Symbol: X C.
a device for accumulating and holding a charge of electricity, consisting of two equally charged conducting surfaces having opposite signs and separated by a dielectric. Historical Examples The Small World of M-75 Ed M. Clinton, Jr. noun a device for accumulating electric charge, usually consisting of two conducting surfaces separated by a dielectric Former name […]
the ability to receive or contain: This hotel has a large capacity. the maximum amount or number that can be received or contained; cubic contents; volume: The inn is filled to capacity. The gasoline tank has a capacity of 20 gallons. power of receiving impressions, knowledge, etc.; mental ability: the capacity to learn calculus. actual […] | <urn:uuid:e721a937-689d-41bb-945d-798f77f7ee21> | CC-MAIN-2017-39 | https://definithing.com/define-dictionary/capacities/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-39/segments/1505818686077.22/warc/CC-MAIN-20170919235817-20170920015817-00099.warc.gz | en | 0.886764 | 714 | 3.484375 | 3 |
Secretariat of Modernization ArgentinaGet the code
Detector AEDES is a program which uses computer vision to automate the detection of Aedes Aegypti mosquito eggs in captured images of ovitraps.
This tool is part of the ovitraps collection system used by the Ministry of Health of Argentina to monitor for mosquito-borne diseases. It was developed in collaboration with the Epidemiology area of the City of Buenos Aires and the National Directorate of Data and Public Information of the Ministry of Modernization of Argentina.
- Computer vision algorithms developed in Python
Get the source code and full technical documentation: https://github.com/datosgobar/detector-aedes | <urn:uuid:3845d5ed-0406-4af3-ac64-a07c4d106423> | CC-MAIN-2020-16 | https://code.iadb.org/en/tools/detector-aedes | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-16/segments/1585371880945.85/warc/CC-MAIN-20200409220932-20200410011432-00159.warc.gz | en | 0.834587 | 140 | 2.640625 | 3 |
Endangered species can be defined as those populations of organisms facing the risk of extinction, mainly because of their reduction in numbers coupled with the changes in the environmental conditions.
Human beings have a direct influence in endangering the species. The World Wildlife Fund has been the most famous organization in the world, having had wide influence on the need to conserve nature. They have provided a list of the top five animals which face extinction if nothing is done to conserve them. If you’re an avid adventure traveler and animal lover, you may want to try visit these animals in their natural habitats before it’s too late.
1. Javan Rhino
At the moment, the Javan rhino population stands at 45 rhinos in the world, all located in Indonesia.
Their habitat in Ujung Kulon Park has been fenced all round. It is argued that volcanic eruptions and other natural disasters have driven them into extinction. Moreover, the efforts of poaching have greatly reduced their numbers. Some cultures still believe that the rhino horns have medicinal qualities, which is why poaching is so rampant.
To monitor and protect these creatures effectively, conservation groups have relocated them to other areas so as to diversify and strengthen the existing species.
2. Giant pandas
Giant pandas were mainly located in the Chinese mountain ranges, inhabiting the woodland areas. Due to extensive human degradation efforts, all their habitats were depleted and the species was pushed increasingly further into the mountain ranges.
Their population now stands at 1600, three hundred of which are in captivity. Their estimated live span is approximately thirty years. Females breed one cub every two years. To increase their numbers, conservation groups have devised programs to help them recover from their poaching and habitat loss.
3. Wild tigers
Statistics from the World Wildlife Fund show that 97% of tigers have perished and only three thousand now remain. Poaching has greatly contributed to the reduction in their numbers; many Chinese still believe that their bones have some medicinal value. Some Chinese cultures also use their skin and bones for decoration purposes.
As the human population continues to grow, the habitats of the wild tigers gets encroached upon by humans. Deforestation has also been prolific in many Chinese rural areas in preference for livestock keeping. It is estimated that by the year 2022, the Chinese year of tiger, tigers will have become extinct.
Elephants were common in Africa and Asia in the past. The 19th century ivory trades have brought adverse effects leading to poaching in many African countries. In the Asian countries, elephant tusks are a lucrative market. Elephants have also posed conflicts with many people. This is because they end up destroying human farms while grazing, as they require a lot of food to support their heavy weight.
The addax, also known as the screwhorn antelope, is almost extinct. These animals are mostly found in the Caribbean countries where they are hunted manly for their meet. Most people in these countries also kill the addax to prevent them from grazing in their farmlands.
Their population has been drastically reduced by 80% within a period of thirty years. This necessitated many conservation groups to include them on the extinction list. Though it may take many years to restore their numbers, conservationists have initiated schemes to increase their breeding. | <urn:uuid:243cc4cf-cbf0-481f-8575-16301837ea6f> | CC-MAIN-2019-13 | http://seekyourtrip.com/author/admin/page/63/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-13/segments/1552912201329.40/warc/CC-MAIN-20190318132220-20190318154220-00491.warc.gz | en | 0.974932 | 670 | 3.71875 | 4 |
Looking for a unique Mother's Day gift? How about Space Roses? Proceeds from the sale of these far-out blooms support student space weather research.
| || |
ALMOST NO CHANCE OF FLARES: Solar activity is very low. There are two sunspots on the solar disk, but neither one has the type of unstable magnetic field that poses a threat for explosions. NOAA forecasters say the chance of a strong flare today is no more than 1%. Solar flare alerts: text or voice
ANTARCTIC AURORAS: A solar wind stream is blowing around Earth. On April 23rd, it sparked a G1-class geomagnetic storm and auroras around the poles. Gabriel Saiquita photographed the display from Argentina's Belgrano II Base in Antarctica:
"We are deep inside the Antarctic Circle at a latitude of -78 degrees," says Saiquita, a member of the research station's winter crew.
Similar auroras danced across Arctic skies, but they were mostly invisible due to the waxing glow of the summer Midnight Sun. As the seasons change, aurora sightings shift from one pole to the other. The winter night at Belgrano II Base is 4 months long, so stay tuned for more aurora australis. Aurora alerts: text or voice
Realtime Aurora Photo Gallery
THE MICRO-MOON: We've all heard of supermoons--full Moons that are extra big and bright because they occur close to Earth. This week's full moon was the opposite--a micro-moon. April's full Moon was as much as 14% smaller than other full Moons of 2016. Marek Nikodem photographed the shrunken orb over a cement factory in Piechcin, Poland:
"Hot smoke rising over the factory distorted the shape of the lunar disk and made it seem that the Moon was being drawn into the smokestack," says Nikodem. Not even a micromoon, however, is small enough to fit inside a chimney. Photos taken moments later reveal the disk floating free.
Full Moons vary in size because of the oval shape of the Moon's orbit. The Moon follows an elliptical path around Earth with one side ("perigee") about 50,000 km closer than the other ("apogee"). Full Moons that occur on the apogee side of the Moon's orbit seem a bit smaller and dimmer than usual. That's what happened on April 22nd. The Moon became full at 05:24 UT only 13 hours after apogee--a coincience that reduced the size of the lunar orb.
The supermoon will return on Nov. 14 when the Moon becomes full at perigee. Stay tuned for that.
Realtime Space Weather Photo Gallery
SPACE WEATHER PROBE TAKES SELFIE: Last December, Joyce and Tad Lhamon of Seattle, Washington, bought their 12-year-old grandson Barrett a far-out Christmas gift--that is, a trip to the edge of space. In exchange for this gift certificate, Barrett could fly any experiment he wanted to the stratosphere onboard an Earth to Sky Calculus helium balloon. He thought about it for months and, after discarding many ideas, Barrett decided to fly a convex mirror. The payload's cameras could look into the mirror and take a new kind of "space selfie." Would it work? On April 17th, we flew Barrett's experiment, and the results were better than anyone dreamed:
"Spaceweather.com and the students of Earth to Sky Calculus have flown more than 150 missions to the edge of space monitoring cosmic rays and stress-testing microbes. We've never seen our payload quite like this before.
A particularly interesting sequence of images shows the balloon exploding above the payload 117,100 feet above Earth. The following video frames are separated by only 1/30th of a second: #1, #2, #3, #4. Note how the payload remains motionless during the explosion. It takes more than a second for the shock wave from the explosion to propagate down the long cord connecting the payload to the balloon.
Congratulations, Barrett, on a very successful experiment!
Realtime Space Weather Photo Gallery
Realtime Comet Photo Gallery
Every night, a network of NASA all-sky cameras
scans the skies above the United States for meteoritic fireballs. Automated software maintained by NASA's Meteoroid Environment Office calculates their orbits, velocity, penetration depth in Earth's atmosphere and many other characteristics. Daily results are presented here on Spaceweather.com.
On Apr. 24, 2016, the network reported 2 fireballs.
In this diagram of the inner solar system, all of the fireball orbits intersect at a single point--Earth. The orbits are color-coded by velocity, from slow (red) to fast (blue). [Larger image] [movies]
Potentially Hazardous Asteroids (PHAs
) are space rocks larger than approximately 100m that can come closer to Earth than 0.05 AU. None of the known PHAs is on a collision course with our planet, although astronomers are finding new ones
all the time.
On April 24, 2016 there were potentially hazardous asteroids. Notes: LD means "Lunar Distance." 1 LD = 384,401 km, the distance between Earth and the Moon. 1 LD also equals 0.00256 AU. MAG is the visual magnitude of the asteroid on the date of closest approach.
| ||Cosmic Rays in the Atmosphere |
These measurements are based on regular space weather balloon flights: learn more.
|Situation Report -- Oct. 30, 2015 ||Stratospheric Radiation (+37o N) |
|Cosmic ray levels are elevated (+6.1% above the Space Age median). The trend is flat. Cosmic ray levels have increased +0% in the past month. |
|Sept. 06: 4.14 uSv/hr (414 uRad/hr) |
|Sept. 12: 4.09 uSv/hr (409 uRad/hr) |
|Sept. 23: 4.12 uSv/hr (412 uRad/hr) |
|Sept. 25: 4.16 uSv/hr (416 uRad/hr) |
|Sept. 27: 4.13 uSv/hr (413 uRad/hr) |
|Oct. 11: 4.02 uSv/hr (402 uRad/hr) |
|Oct. 22: 4.11 uSv/hr (411 uRad/hr) |
Approximately once a week, Spaceweather.com and the students of Earth to Sky Calculus fly "space weather balloons" to the stratosphere over California. These balloons are equipped with radiation sensors that detect cosmic rays, a surprisingly "down to Earth" form of space weather. Cosmic rays can seed clouds, trigger lightning, and penetrate commercial airplanes. Our measurements show that someone flying back and forth across the continental USA, just once, can absorb as much ionizing radiation as 2 to 5 dental X-rays. For example, here is the data from a flight on Oct. 22, 2015:
Radiation levels peak at the entrance to the stratosphere in a broad region called the "Pfotzer Maximum." This peak is named after physicist George Pfotzer who discovered it using balloons and Geiger tubes in the 1930s. Radiation levels there are more than 80x sea level.
Note that the bottom of the Pfotzer Maximim is near 55,000 ft. This means that some high-flying aircraft are not far from the zone of maximum radiation. Indeed, according to the Oct 22th measurements, a plane flying at 45,000 feet is exposed to 2.79 uSv/hr. At that rate, a passenger would absorb about one dental X-ray's worth of radiation in about 5 hours.
The radiation sensors onboard our helium balloons detect X-rays and gamma-rays in the energy range 10 keV to 20 MeV. These energies span the range of medical X-ray machines and airport security scanners.
| ||The official U.S. government space weather bureau |
| ||The first place to look for information about sundogs, pillars, rainbows and related phenomena. |
| ||Researchers call it a "Hubble for the sun." SDO is the most advanced solar observatory ever. |
| ||3D views of the sun from NASA's Solar and Terrestrial Relations Observatory |
| ||Realtime and archival images of the Sun from SOHO. |
| ||from the NOAA Space Environment Center |
| ||the underlying science of space weather | | <urn:uuid:f001aed0-ef0b-4acb-aa05-6b14cbec7b37> | CC-MAIN-2018-17 | http://www.spaceweather.com/archive.php?day=24&month=04&year=2016&view=view&PHPSESSID=rrlv28276436gsr7l006jtivv6 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-17/segments/1524125948126.97/warc/CC-MAIN-20180426105552-20180426125552-00487.warc.gz | en | 0.920982 | 1,812 | 2.765625 | 3 |
There are seven properties built by the renowned architect Antoni Gaudí (1852–1926) in or near Barcelona that have been classified as UNESCO sites. Barcelona is blessed with the legacy of this incredible man in the same way that the city of Rome is blessed with Bernini‘s legacy.
His exceptional masterpieces yield harmonious colors and fluid lines that are a testiment to his creative genius. He contributed to the development of architecture and building technology in the late 19th and early 20th centuries.
The UNESCO monuments include: Casa Vicens; Gaudí’s work on the Nativity façade and Crypt of La Sagrada Familia; Casa Batlló; and the Crypt in Colonia Güell. His works demonstrate “el Modernisme of Catalonia.”
Antoni Gaudi was born in Reus in 1852, a small town south of Barcelona. He died in an accident in 1926.
His major feat was his association with the church of Sagrada Familia that was started by the architect Francesc de P. del Villar in 1882 in Gothic revival style. In 1883, Gaudi made fundamental changes to the project and he continued working on the church based on a Latin cross, until his death. Visit the museum under the church that chronicles Gaudi’s contributions including his models and his original drawings.
Gaudi’s vision has been realized http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=irlQiGnUuMQ. The passionate commitment of the heroic efforts of people involved in building this magnificent church will make you weep.
The church has three facades: The Nativity to the east, the Passion facade on the west and the Glory facade on the south which has not been completed. The Glory facade will explain the life and the end of man presided over by St. Joseph in his workshop. Watch a brief video to see the magnificent structure http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=hskV6b9SwPA.
The influencial architect has the most influence on the Nativity facade. It was built between 1894 and 1930. It is dedicated to the birth of Jesus and is decorated with ornate sculptures and faces the rising sun to the northeast. It is divided into three porticos that represent faith, hope and charity. The Tree of Life rises above the door. The facade includes different episodes of the Childhood of Jesus including the Immaculate Conception.
The Passion facade has gaunt, skeletal characters which were designed by Josep Maria Subirachs. His hard llines represent the pain and final scrifice of the life of Jesus. A crucified Christ presides over the central door surrounded by the people that were present at his agony. Three Lati nwords appear on this facade: Veritas, Vida and Via because Jesus is the Way. The work was completed in 1978. The Last Supper and the Kiss of Judas are sculpted into the facade that is supported by six columns designed to resemble sequoia trunks.
The stratospheric magnificence of the ornamentation of the interior of the church is breath-taking. The ceiling soars with a central vault of sixty meters crowned by Christ ascending into Heaven over the main altar. The Church was consecrated by the Pope in November of 2010 so you can plan your wedding ASAP.
Happy Travels from your friends at www.vino-con-vista.com. | <urn:uuid:7baecf17-c575-42f5-bce7-aadde2200336> | CC-MAIN-2018-17 | https://vinoconvistablog.me/tag/sagrada-familia-museum/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-17/segments/1524125948426.82/warc/CC-MAIN-20180426164149-20180426184149-00454.warc.gz | en | 0.965591 | 723 | 2.828125 | 3 |
+5 to 10% in Europe, + 40% in Iran, sorghum acreages expected to rise sharply in 2019
In Italy and Spain, the planned acreage increases are minimal. It is in France that acreages are expected to increase most significantly (around + 10%), particularly in the Central West, where demand for seeds (particularly early varieties) is strong. In Hungary, Romania and Bulgaria, the increase is estimated between +5 and + 10%. The same observation can be made more in the East, in Ukraine and in Russia, where forecasts are at + 10%. Globally throughout Europe, an increase of 25,000 ha is envisaged. In the meantime, in Iran, 65,000 ha should be sown, which is an increase of more than 40%.
There are many explanations:
–Climate: the drought of the summer and the autumn of 2018, which is continuing in the spring of 2019, encouraged farmers to turn to crops that consume less water, such as sorghum. In addition, in some countries, such as Hungary and Romania, many hectares of rapeseed and wheat could not be sown in the fall because of the drought, thus freeing up hectares available for spring crops. In contrast, Iran has been hit by massive rainfall recently, which should help replenish resources for crop irrigation. Sorghum is developing as a crop to optimize this resource.
– 2018 yields: last year, in all European countries, sorghum yields were good to very good, which encouraged farmers to develop this crop
– The variety offered:the genetics variety proposed by European breeders is becoming more and more efficient in itself, and better adapted to the needs of the market, especially with early varieties that meet specific needs (rapid desiccation at the end of cycle, high yield, drought tolerance).
– Longer rotations: sorghum allows farmers to lengthen rotations, thus breaking the cycle of weeds and diseases, which constitutes a means of control that is both effective and in line with European requirements.
Impact on seed breeding
The acreage increase in Europe has impacts on the seed breeding plan of European seed companies. Thus, for 2019, European seed breeders have strongly increased the seed breeding acreage. 520 ha of seed breeding are expected in France (+ 44%), 350 ha in Hungary (+ 212%), 90 ha in Spain (+ 6%) and 85 ha in Italy (+ 63%). | <urn:uuid:2f61e051-d8ff-48af-8e01-0c6053fd79da> | CC-MAIN-2020-40 | https://sorghum-id.com/en/5-to-10-in-europe-40-in-iran-sorghum-acreages-expected-to-rise-sharply-in-2019/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-40/segments/1600400211096.40/warc/CC-MAIN-20200923144247-20200923174247-00398.warc.gz | en | 0.954182 | 492 | 2.609375 | 3 |
Your parents were right: Breakfast really is the most important meal of the day. And not just because it helps you focus, gives you energy or boosts your blood sugar. Surprisingly, eating breakfast may help to ward off heart disease… and do all those other things, too.
A new study published through the American Heart Association looked at other breakfast-related clinical trials conducted in English. Surprisingly, researchers found that those who skipped breakfast regularly had a higher risk of suffering a heart attack or heart disease compared to their cereal-eating counterparts. For instance, one trial in particular looked at over 26,000 men and found that those who skipped breakfast had a 27 per cent higher chance of developing heart disease.
That makes us feel pretty guilty about skipping breakfast this morning.
“Meal timing may affect health due to its impact on the body’s internal clock,” Marie-Pierre St-Onge, lead author of the study, explained. “Planning ahead and making healthy, carry-on foods is important. This could be a homemade smoothie or whole grain muffin or cereal bar for breakfast; packing a sandwich or leftovers for those times when time is tight.”
In the study, breakfast was considered to be the meal eaten within two hours of waking, before any daily activities have begun. So no, your avocado toast at brunch doesn’t count — unless, of course, you woke up at 10 o’clock that morning.
But we can’t just eat a bowl of sugar-filled cereal every morning and expect our bodies to feel extra strong. Instead, we need to eat mindfully at breakfast time.
“There is also an association between ‘occasional fasting’ — every other day or 1-2 times a week — and weight loss, at least in the short term,” said St-Onge. But before you alternate between eating three square meals a day and fasting completely, more research needs to be done.
In the meantime, we’re making sure to properly feed ourselves in the morning. Waffles, anyone? | <urn:uuid:d5a51cfb-2dd4-49e1-ac2c-06ff646236d1> | CC-MAIN-2019-47 | https://www.theloop.ca/theres-new-reason-stop-skipping-breakfast-nothing-metabolism/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-47/segments/1573496665809.73/warc/CC-MAIN-20191112230002-20191113014002-00468.warc.gz | en | 0.955869 | 433 | 2.984375 | 3 |
View source for Category:Mechanics ← Category:Mechanics You do not have permission to edit this page, for the following reason: You are not allowed to execute the action you have requested. You can view and copy the source of this page. [[Image:Dampfmaschine Branca 1629.jpg|thumb|right|340px|Steam turbine powering stamps, 1629]] Tool-making has been an essential part of humankind's survival. The earliest manipulation of material to form tools soon led to the development of the six simple machines--the pulley, inclined plane, wheel, lever, wedge and screw—which allowed for the construction of more complex machinery. Mechanical engineering developments allowed for intricate mathematical and astronomical aids, for the increased production of agriculture, and the following the Industrial Revolution, the development of mass manufacturing plants. == Subcategories == *'''[[:Category:Applied mechanics|Applied mechanics]]''' - The practical applications of mechanical engineering *'''[[:Category:Boilers|Boilers]]''' - A vessel in which fluids are heated in order to generate energy *'''[[:Category:Elevators|Elevators]]''' - Devices which move people or freight in a vertical fashion *'''[[:Category:Manufacturing & production|Manufacturing & production]]''' - Various issues dealing with the manufacture and production of electronics *'''[[:Category:Mechanisms, systems & devices|Mechanisms, systems & devices]]''' - Topics related to various mechanical systems, devices and components *'''[[:Category:Mechatronics|Mechatronics]]''' - A combination of electrical engineering, mechanical engineering, computer engineering, control engineering, and systems engineering to design and manufacture useful products *'''[[:Category:Turbines|Turbines]]''' - Devices which convert power from fluid flows, usually water or wind, into mechanical energy Return to Category:Mechanics. Retrieved from "https://ethw.org/Category:Mechanics" | <urn:uuid:5e4b5441-9f15-4f5f-b997-0bccea3565bf> | CC-MAIN-2019-43 | https://ethw.org/w/index.php?title=Category:Mechanics&action=edit | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-43/segments/1570987813307.73/warc/CC-MAIN-20191022081307-20191022104807-00025.warc.gz | en | 0.837863 | 427 | 2.875 | 3 |
So, you’ve realized your email address is sending out spam. How did this happen?
Somehow, maybe through email spam yourself, you installed malicious software that sent your email credentials to a spammer. Either that or it is an automated spam system where if you install a program from a spam message, it will automatically send spam to all your contacts.
The best way to avoid this? Don’t install programs from email messages. Also, it might be a good idea to invest in something like Zonealarm. Zonealarm can prevent malicious software from gathering the information required to send out spam if you look at the prompts.
At this point, if your email address is sending out spam, it’s a good idea to back up all your data and reinstall windows. That’s your best solution, and be more careful in the future by using Zonealarm or something similar, like kaspersky, avg and others. | <urn:uuid:8be90b3d-3e51-44a5-9be8-801604430415> | CC-MAIN-2013-48 | http://technologyinsanity.com/tag/email-sending-spam/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2013-48/segments/1386164011314/warc/CC-MAIN-20131204133331-00045-ip-10-33-133-15.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.892332 | 197 | 2.640625 | 3 |
A Research Guide to Southeastern Europe: Print and Electronic Sources
The study of Southeastern Europe continues to be a popular area of inquiry for researchers. A Research Guide to Southeastern Europe: Print and Electronic Sources is designed to aid those interested in exploring this dynamic region in locating the best resources available, whether looking for archival collections in Albania or dissertations and theses in Greece. It provides readers up-to-date information on a variety of research collections from over twenty countries and in over a dozen languages. The focus of the volume is on the modern era, primarily the 18th century to the present, the subject areas of the humanities and social sciences, though researchers from outside of the subject and temporal scope of the work will find information of use, and the countries of Albania, Bosnia and Hercegovina, Bulgaria, Croatia, Greece, Kosovo, Macedonia, Moldova (including the Pridnestrovian Moldavian Republic), Montenegro, Serbia, Slovenia, and Turkey. This volume is distinctive in that it is the only bibliographic resource that offers such extensive subject, linguistic, and regional treatment.
This work is composed of five chapters and three appendices. The chapters are focused on research materials, giving readers access points for critical materials on Southeastern Europe both in print and digital formats from libraries, archives, journals, and databases. The appendices focus on library classification, educational programming geared to language instruction, and transliteration of non-Latin scripts.
Claybaugh, Z.H. (2019). A research guide to southeastern Europe: Print and electronic resources. Lanham, MD: Rowman & Littlefield. | <urn:uuid:373d9387-ddd6-48be-88ae-a29f777a4b4d> | CC-MAIN-2023-50 | https://digitalcommons.sacredheart.edu/library_staff/53/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-50/segments/1700679099514.72/warc/CC-MAIN-20231128115347-20231128145347-00391.warc.gz | en | 0.868679 | 336 | 2.625 | 3 |
DR P. MARAZZI / SCIENCE PHOTO LIBRARY DR P. MARAZZI / SCIENCE PHOTO LIBRARY
Cytoscopy. This surgical procedure, known as a cytoscopy, is used to look at the health of a patient's bladder. Here, the patient's urethra (the duct through which urination occurs) is being dilated before an endoscope probe (cystoscope) is passed through it and into the bladder. The cystoscope usually has a camera at the end, which allows the surgeon to identify any problems with the bladder and, if necessary, take a biopsy (a sample of tissue) for further investigation.
Model release available. Property release not required. | <urn:uuid:cd02fccf-627c-44af-a8d5-00e1042b8f0b> | CC-MAIN-2018-47 | https://www.sciencephoto.com/media/88068/view/cytoscopy | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-47/segments/1542039743216.58/warc/CC-MAIN-20181116214920-20181117000920-00300.warc.gz | en | 0.927438 | 148 | 2.65625 | 3 |
A 70 Caucasian woman presents with a several month history of pain in the right lower quadrant. It does not radiate; it is 5/10 in severity during the day and better at night. It was worse at night especially when lying on the right side. Standing straight would make it better. She denied nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, weight loss or appetite change. She denied smoking, EtOH, MJ, illicit drugs; she does not take any medications, prescription or otherwise. She had a cholecystectomy 20 years previously. On physical examination her vital signs were normal. The abnormal physical findings were limited to the abdominal exam and back. Her abdomen was flat, soft with normal bowel sounds. She had kyphosis of the thoracic spine without pain on pressure over the spines. There was pain on palpation of the ribs in the right upper quadrant. The distance between her ribs and the pelvic rim was 2 finger breadths, or about 4 cm.
The patient has ribs on pelvis syndrome (RAP).1 This entity is described in older women with osteoporosis and wedge deformities of the spines giving her an increased kyphosis. The normal distance between the ribs and pelvic rim is more like 4 FB?s or 8 cm. As the ribs get closer to the pelvic rim it is thought that the ribs press on the pelvic rim causing the pain, especially when not standing or sitting straight. The pain tends to be worse later in the day. Where RAP causes pain in the anterior part of the abdomen, a similar syndrome, costoiliac impingement syndrome causes pain in the back and groin. There is one surgical article which suggests that surgical removal of the 12th rib on the affected side may give pain relief if physical therapy is unsuccessful.2 | <urn:uuid:5997151c-c79b-4614-9955-59000c64594b> | CC-MAIN-2019-51 | https://practicalgastro.com/2014/08/14/unusual-causes-of-abdominal-pain-7/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-51/segments/1575541301598.62/warc/CC-MAIN-20191215042926-20191215070926-00376.warc.gz | en | 0.969676 | 368 | 2.578125 | 3 |
In a new paper published at the Journal of Archaeological Science (paywall), Mark Collard et al. argue that the arrival of agriculture to Great Britain, some 6000 years ago, was followed by a rapid increase of the population.
From that they conclude somehow that the process involves a migration. I am not so sure because in optimal conditions a population can even double in one or two generations, but certainly implies some sort of rapid expansion of the farming economy that maybe is best explained with some level of migration.
Another problem I have is apparent lack of continuity between continental and insular cultures. Clearly it was not the Danubian farmers with their homogeneous culture who made that colonization but there are several other less defined cultures in Atlantic Europe by that time, including one just south of the Channel that would soon become the second center of Dolmenic Megalithism (but with a rather peculiar drift) at Brittany and Midwest France (classical Armorica). There had been other distinct farmer cultures in NW France and Belgium but were about then absorbed by the Rössen culture (Danubian). There was also another non-Danubian farmer culture in Denmark and agriculture was also penetrating gradually into SW Atlantic Europe at that time.
From what I gather from the abstract and the short article at New Scientist, the population quadrupled in four centuries, which is quite fast, and they think that the immigrants arrived from France. They also say that the first increase of the population happened in South England and then in Middle Scotland, which may have a different origin altogether.
Sincerely, I would not mind reading this one because my understanding of Neolithic Britain is very fragmented and this seems a serious attempt to systematize the knowledge of this major historical change. | <urn:uuid:9cd14392-06b1-4192-a535-ef066bdfa87d> | CC-MAIN-2018-30 | http://leherensuge.blogspot.com/2009/12/rapid-population-increase-at-arrival-of.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-30/segments/1531676591497.58/warc/CC-MAIN-20180720041611-20180720061611-00628.warc.gz | en | 0.976267 | 356 | 3.484375 | 3 |
REYKJAVIK, Iceland – Iceland has raised its alert level for the risk of a possible volcanic eruption to orange —the second-most severe level.
The warning comes amid swarms of earthquakes that have taken place since Saturday in Bardabunga — a subglacial stratovolcano located under Iceland’s largest glacier.
Roads nearby have been closed amid fears an eruption could lead to massive flooding.
Scientists said Monday there are two scenarios: one is an explosion outside the Vatnajokull glacier, leading to minor ash emissions and troubles locally.
The second possibility is an eruption occurring inside the glacier. Seismologist Martin Hensch says the latter could lead to ash being sent high into the atmosphere.
In 2010 the ash from a volcanic eruption in Iceland caused major air traffic disruptions that stranded 10 million travellers around the world. | <urn:uuid:83b0f11d-6a21-41d5-aeb3-3837d4837730> | CC-MAIN-2016-26 | http://www.canadianbusiness.com/business-news/iceland-warns-of-possible-volcanic-eruption-closes-roads-near-volcano/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783392099.27/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624154952-00072-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.94966 | 178 | 2.71875 | 3 |
“Death’s Final Conquest.”
The glories of our blood and state
Are shadows, not substantial things:
There is no armour against Fate,
Death lays his icy hands on kings.
Sceptre and crown 5
Must tumble down,
And in the dust be equal made
With the poor crooked scythe and spade.
Some men with swords may reap the field,
And plant fresh laurels where they kill: 10
But their strong nerves at last must yield,
They tame but one another still.
Early or late
They stoop to Fate,
And must give up their murmuring breath 15
When they, pale captives, creep to Death.
The garlands wither on your brow,
Then boast no more your mighty deeds,
Upon Death’s purple altar now
See where the victor victim bleeds. 20
All heads must come
To the cold tomb,
Only the actions of the just
Smell sweet, and blossom in the dust.
Author James Shirley “Shirley flourished in the reign of Charles I. and II. He died October 29, 1666, aged 72.” [GM Note]
8 Scythe “A tool used for cutting crops such as grass or wheat, with a long curved blade at the end of a long pole attached to which are one or two short handles” (OED).
10 Laurels “The foliage of the bay tree woven into a wreath or crown and worn on the head as an emblem of victory or mark of honour in classical times” (OED).
17 Garlands “A wreath of flowers and leaves, worn on the head or hung as a decoration” (OED).
19 Purple “(In ancient Rome) a position of rank, authority, or privilege” (OED). Generally pertaining to someone of royal blood.
Source: The Gentleman’s Magazine, Vol. 51 (December 1781), p. 583.
Edited by Jeanine Tatiana Shands-Ballas | <urn:uuid:a720aa04-125b-4847-8f1e-42c3c9b70bea> | CC-MAIN-2021-17 | http://poeticalscavenger.sfsuenglishdh.net/poems/james-shirley-deaths-final-conquest/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-17/segments/1618038878326.67/warc/CC-MAIN-20210419045820-20210419075820-00238.warc.gz | en | 0.88343 | 437 | 3.421875 | 3 |
In actual science, recurrence is the spatial season of a periodic wave — the distance over which the condition of the wave repeats. It is the distance between progressive contrasting places of comparable stage on a wave, similar to two bordering zeniths, box, or zero crossing points, and is typical for both journeying waves. Something contrary to the recurrence is known as the spatial repeat. Recurrence is regularly alloted by the Greek letter lambda (λ). The term recurrence is moreover sometimes applied to adjusted waves and to sinusoidal envelopes of directed waves or waves molded by the impedance of a couple of sinusoids. Peruse more material science related articles on howtat.
Expecting a sinusoidal wave going at a fair wave speed, the recurrence is oppositely comparative with the repeat of the wave: waves with higher frequencies have more restricted frequencies, and lower frequencies have longer frequencies.
The recurrence depends upon the component (for example, vacuum, air, or water) through which a wave journeys. Models are sound waves, light, water waves and periodic electrical sign waves in a transmitter. Sound waves change in pneumatic pressure, while light and other electromagnetic radiation have contrasting electric and alluring field characteristics. Water waves contrast in range from a stream. In a jewel cross segment vibration, the atomic positions are novel.
The extent of frequencies or frequencies for wave eccentricities is called range. The name began from the evident light reach, yet can now be applied to the entire electromagnetic reach too concerning the sound reach or vibrational reach.
A standing wave is a still wave that stays in a solitary spot. A sinusoidal standing wave involves fixed concentrations without development, called center points, and the recurrence is twice the distance between the centers.
The upper figure shows three standing waves for a situation. The wavefunction is supposed to put centers working on it walls (a representation of a limit condition) to sort out which frequencies are allowed. For example, for an electromagnetic wave, if the case has ideal metal walls, the put of the centers on the walls brings about light of the way that the metal walls can’t maintain a diverting electric field, making the wave cross the wall. The adequacy becomes zero.
A decent wave should be visible as how much two sinusoidal waves moving in reverse headings. Hence, recurrence, period and wave speed are associated much the same way as a journeying wave. For example, the speed of light not permanently set up by seeing standing waves in a metal box containing an ideal vacuum. Likewise, figure out What Type Of Wave Is Light.
Recurrence can be a useful thought, whether or not the wavefunction isn’t periodic in space. For example, in an ocean wave coming towards the sea, as shown in the figure, the coming wave is wavy with an other close by recurrence that depends upon the significance of the sea level than fair and square of the wave. The examination of the wave can be established on the connection of the close by recurrence with the local water significance.
Waves that are sinusoidal in time yet multiply through a medium whose properties vary with position (an inhomogeneous medium) may spread with a speed that changes with position, and consequently may not be sinusoidal in space. As the wave tones down, the recurrence decreases and the plentifulness increases; After the best response is set up, the short recurrence is connected with a high incident and the wave fails miserably.
More typical wave
The possibility of recurrence is habitually applied to sinusoidal, or practically sinusoidal, waves, considering the way that a sinusoid in an immediate system is the uncommon shape that multiplies with no shape change — simply a phase change and conceivably an adequacy change. Recurrence (then again wavenumber or wave vector) is a depiction of a wave in space, which is essentially associated with its repeat, as obliged by the actual study of the system. Sinusoids are the simplest traveling wave course of action, and more multifaceted game plans can be outlined by superposition.
In the exceptional case of dissipating free and uniform media, waves other than sinusoids multiply with unaltered shape and consistent speed. In specific circumstances, nonlinear media can in like manner contain surges of irreversible size; For example, the figure shows ocean waves in shallow water that have more sharpened tops and praise box than sinusoids, which are ordinary of a conoidal wave, a journeying wave so named considering the way that it is a M-Described by a Jacobi elliptic capacity of the th demand, regularly tended to as CN(X;M). On account of the properties of the non-straight surface-wave medium, huge plentifulness ocean waves with some shape can multiply unaltered. | <urn:uuid:7c5c73e7-4f54-4c12-891b-beee6d237a7e> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://reasondefine.com/what-is-the-phenomenon-of-wavelength/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882572408.31/warc/CC-MAIN-20220816151008-20220816181008-00733.warc.gz | en | 0.921948 | 1,006 | 3.71875 | 4 |
- Harebrained Schemes Reveals BattleTech: Flashpoint Gameplay, Kills Dekker
- The Art of War – An Interview with Matthew Plog, BattleTech Artist
- Original BattleTech Pods In Grand Rapids Michigan Moving To New Dedicated Site
- New BattleTech Box Sets Delayed
- Community Outreach - Interview with Jennifer Brozek, Author Of “The Nellus Academy Incident”
- Read more →
The Six Trials of Combat were combat rituals Nicholas Kerensky implemented during the formation of the Clans as a way of settling disputes. While not wanting to see civil war consume his new society as it had the previous one, Nicholas also viewed warfare as part of what it meant to be human. Rather than outlaw fighting altogether he sought to limit it through regulation and thereby lessen the "collateral damage" which might normally occur during a total war. Trials were overseen by the respective Clan Council or Grand Council to ensure fair play and that all rules were followed.
In practice Trials were used in relation to members of the same caste, such as a dispute between two warriors. In matters involving two different castes or two different Clans, the Clan Council or Grand Council would render judgment. Although there may appear to be a conflict of interest if a Clan Council had to resolve a dispute between a warrior and a scientist or merchant, in most cases the resulting decision was seen through the Clan viewpoint as fair and honorable to both sides.
Many Trials began with a batchall as one party formally announced their challenge to another. Many also involved a Circle of Equals as a designated battlefield, although this was more common with Trials of a personal nature, i.e. a duel between two individuals. While primarily martial in nature, some Trials were adapted for and adopted by members of the civilian castes as a way of settling disputes.
Officially there were six Trials of Combat, each listed below. In addition were several other rituals often associated with and known as Trials themselves: the Ritual of Abjuration, the Rite of Absorption, and Ritual of Adoption.
Trial of Grievance
A Trial of Grievance was fought when a dispute arose between individual warriors. Before this Trial can be fought both parties had to go through a two-step process before official sanction to fight was given: they must first attempt to resolve the conflict between themselves or through their immediate superiors, and if that fails they must petition to have their differences heard by their Clan Council (or Grand Council in certain cases). Only if the relevant council failed to resolve the dispute were the involved parties allowed to fight a Trial of Grievance.
Trial of Position
Trials of Position were used to determine career advancement for members of the warrior caste, of which there were three types. Training Trials were conducted when cadets join their sibko and used to continually test their aptitude as a future warrior. The Blooding was the final Trial of Position a cadet fought in, and determined whether they would become true warriors or be relegated to the civilian casts. Finally each warrior had to undergo a Trial of Position - typically on the anniversary of their Blooding - to prove their continued combat effectiveness and potentially earn a promotion, although direct combat experience was often deemed sufficient in lieu of a formal Trial.
Trial of Bloodright
Trials of Bloodright determined the assignment of Bloodnames. Being a descendant of a Bloodnamed warrior gave a warrior the right to participate in the Trial to earn that Bloodname (and due to the Clan eugenics program, there were a lot of potential warriors for a particular Bloodname at any given time). By Clan law, at any one time there were up to 25 active warriors with the same Bloodname (though there could be less due to Reavings) and when one died, a Trial of Bloodright was held to determine who should replace the Bloodnamed warrior.
Trial of Possession
Trials of Possession were used to settle disputes of ownership between Clans over particular assets and as such were the most common. These assets could range from physical property such as tracts of land or military equipment to genetic legacies of particular bloodlines. This Trial allowed Clans to war on each other while minimizing military assets wasted and the danger to non-combatants.
Trial of Refusal
A Trial of Refusal was used when a member of a Clan Council or the Grand Council wished to challenge and reverse a decision made by the legislative body, preventing potential abuses of power by forcing the winning side to defend their decision through combat. The exact forces involved in fighting this Trial varied based on the difference in final voting between the winning and losing sides. Additionally these Trials could also be carried out when a subordinate wished to refuse the order of a superior.
Trial of Annihilation
A Trial of Annihilation was the most extreme punishment the Clans could declare, going beyond the question of right and wrong. A Trial of Annihilation virtually guaranteed that the warrior would die and that his genes would be eliminated from the Clans' gene pool. This Trial could only be invoked by a unanimous vote of the appropriate council, and only for the most heinous crimes against Clan society.
- The Clans: Warriors of Kerensky, p. 42-43
- Field Manual: Crusader Clans, p. 13-14
- Field Manual: Warden Clan, p. 16-17
- Wolf Clan Sourcebook, p. 18 | <urn:uuid:907a0c6e-9601-42d3-b32a-111ac097a942> | CC-MAIN-2018-43 | http://www.sarna.net/wiki/Trials | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-43/segments/1539583517495.99/warc/CC-MAIN-20181023220444-20181024001944-00507.warc.gz | en | 0.973017 | 1,117 | 2.84375 | 3 |
Hard-nosed Advice to Lunar Prospectors
May 22, 2006: Long before David Beaty became associate Chief Scientist for NASA's Mars Program, he was a prospector. Beaty spent 10 years surveying remote parts of Earth for precious metals and another 12 years hunting for oil.
And this qualifies him to work for NASA? Precisely.
Beaty has the kind of experience NASA needs as the agency prepares to implement the Vision for Space Exploration. "Mining and prospecting are going to be key skills for settlers on the Moon and Mars," he explains. "We can send them air and water and fuel from Earth, but eventually, they'll have to learn to live off the land, using local resources to meet their needs."
On the Moon, for instance, mission planners hope to find water frozen in the dark recesses of polar craters. Water can be split into hydrogen for rocket fuel and oxygen for breathing. Water is also good for drinking and as a bonus it is one of the best known radiation shields. "In many ways," notes Beaty, "water is key to a sustained human presence." Ice mining on the Moon could become a big industry.
Beaty has learned a lot from his long career prospecting, exploring and mining on Earth. Now, with an eye on other worlds, he has distilled four pieces of wisdom he calls "Dave's Postulates" for prospectors working anywhere in the solar system:
Postulate #1: "Wishful thinking is no substitute for scientific evidence."
"On Earth, banks won't lend money for less than proven reserves. From a bank's viewpoint, anything less than proven is not really there. This lesson has been learned the hard way by many a prospector," he laughs.
For NASA the stakes are higher than profit. The lives of astronauts could hang in the balance. "Proven reserves on the Moon can perhaps be thought of as having enough confidence to risk the lives of astronauts to go after it."
What does it take to "prove" a reserveâthat is, to know with confidence that a resource exists in high enough concentration to be produced?
"That depends on the nature of the deposit," explains Beaty. "Searching for oil on Earth, you can drill one hole, measure the pressure and calculate how much oil is there. You know that oil probably exists 100 feet away because liquids flow. However, for gold you must drill holes 100 feet apart, and assay the concentration of gold every five feet down each hole. That's because the solid earth is heterogenous. 100 feet away the rocks may be completely different."
Deposits on the Moon aren't so well understood. Is lunar ice widespread or patchy, deep or shallow? Does it even exist? "We don't know," says Beaty. "We still have a lot to learn."
Postulate #2: "You cannot define a reserve without specifying how it can be extracted. If it can't be mined, it's of no use." Enough said.
Right: Robotic ice miner, an artist's concept. Credit: NASA/John Frassanito & Associates.
He offers the following hypothetical example:
"Suppose we decide to send a robot with a little drill and an onboard laboratory into Shackleton Crater, a place on the Moon with suspected ice deposits. We're going to have to think pretty carefully about that lab. Maybe it can contain only two instruments. What are the two things we most need to know?"
"Suppose further that someone on Earth has invented a machine that can extract water from lunar soil. But it only works if the ice is close to the surface and if the ice is not too salty." The choice is made. "We'd better equip the robot with instruments to measure the saltiness of the ice and its depth in the drill hole."
Finally, Postulate #4: "Don't underestimate the potential effects of heterogeneity. All parts of the Moon are not alike, just as all parts of Earth are not alike. So where you land matters."
Ultimately, says Beaty, if geologists and engineers work together applying these rules as they go, living off the land on alien worlds might not be so hard after all.
Mining and Manufacturing on the Moon -- an overview
Breathing Moonrocks -- (Science@NASA) The Moon has plentiful oxygen for future astronauts. It's lying on the ground. NASA researchers have developed a device that can extract breathable oxygen from lunar soil.
Moon Water -- (Science@NASA) Come and get it? Some researchers believe there's water on the Moon in reach of human explorers.
Prospecting for Lunar Water -- (Science@NASA) Settling alien worlds is thirsty work | <urn:uuid:b0388923-b146-4f66-9f34-89970ca28ba1> | CC-MAIN-2016-40 | https://science.nasa.gov/science-news/science-at-nasa/2006/22may_beaty/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-40/segments/1474738661311.64/warc/CC-MAIN-20160924173741-00261-ip-10-143-35-109.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.958755 | 978 | 2.765625 | 3 |
What elements are on the staircase on the periodic table?
Metallic character increases form right to left across a period on the periodic table, and from top to bottom down a group. The alkali metals in group 1 are the most active metals, and cesium is the last element in the group for which we have experimental data.
The staircase line indicates the position of the metalloids in the Periodic Table.
What is the purpose of drawing a staircase on a periodic table?
What group of elements lies on the stair dividing line?
Along the stair-step line are the metalloids, which have properties of both metals and nonmetals. The nonmetals are located to the right of the stair-step line on the periodic table. | <urn:uuid:fc293d8a-073a-4fe8-899a-1a5931a77920> | CC-MAIN-2022-49 | https://openubiproject.org/2022/08/16/what-elements-are-on-the-staircase-on-the-periodic-table/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-49/segments/1669446710771.39/warc/CC-MAIN-20221130192708-20221130222708-00479.warc.gz | en | 0.889465 | 156 | 3.1875 | 3 |
Subsets and Splits
No saved queries yet
Save your SQL queries to embed, download, and access them later. Queries will appear here once saved.