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wiki20220301en020_105827 | Broken Arrow (1996 film) | arrives and plots his next move with partner-in-crime Pritchett, who is one of the financiers of the whole hijacking and plot. Pritchett has a team of ex-military mercenaries, including former Navy S.E.A.L.'s. They plan to blackmail the U.S. government with the threat of detonating a nuclear bomb in a populated area. | Broken Arrow (1996 film). arrives and plots his next move with partner-in-crime Pritchett, who is one of the financiers of the whole hijacking and plot. Pritchett has a team of ex-military mercenaries, including former Navy S.E.A.L.'s. They plan to blackmail the U.S. government with the threat of detonating a nuclear bomb in a populated area. | 524813 |
wiki20220301en020_105828 | Broken Arrow (1996 film) | Hale, who survived the ejection, is detained by female U.S. Park Service Park Ranger Terry Carmichael, who had been investigating unusual events in the park and had seen the plane crash. Hale instead convinces her to help him track down Deakins and the missing nuclear weapons. Pritchett and Deakins' mercenaries take the USAF search and rescue helicopter to hunt down and kill Hale, but Hale and Carmichael manage to bring it down. The loss of the helicopter forces Deakins' men to transport the two stolen nuclear bombs in Humvees they had arrived in. | Broken Arrow (1996 film). Hale, who survived the ejection, is detained by female U.S. Park Service Park Ranger Terry Carmichael, who had been investigating unusual events in the park and had seen the plane crash. Hale instead convinces her to help him track down Deakins and the missing nuclear weapons. Pritchett and Deakins' mercenaries take the USAF search and rescue helicopter to hunt down and kill Hale, but Hale and Carmichael manage to bring it down. The loss of the helicopter forces Deakins' men to transport the two stolen nuclear bombs in Humvees they had arrived in. | 524813 |
wiki20220301en020_105829 | Broken Arrow (1996 film) | Hale and Carmichael manage to carjack the Humvee with the nuclear bombs and escape from the Deakins to a nearby, abandoned copper mine that Carmichael was familiar with. Unbeknownst to them, this is where Deakins and his team were headed to anyway. After taking the bombs into the mine, Hale starts to disable one of the nuclear bombs. Deakins reveals to Hale via radio that he has programmed it so that Hale's attempt to disarm the bomb will actually cause it to arm itself and detonate. Hale and Carmichael take the armed warhead down the shaft where they hope the mine is deep enough to contain the nuclear detonation. Before they can bring down the second nuclear bomb, Deakins' team arrives and secures it. After a gun battle deep in the mines, Deakins switches off the bomb but then reactivates it with a shorter time limit while leaving Hale and Carmichael trapped. He then destroys the keypad so no one can stop the device. | Broken Arrow (1996 film). Hale and Carmichael manage to carjack the Humvee with the nuclear bombs and escape from the Deakins to a nearby, abandoned copper mine that Carmichael was familiar with. Unbeknownst to them, this is where Deakins and his team were headed to anyway. After taking the bombs into the mine, Hale starts to disable one of the nuclear bombs. Deakins reveals to Hale via radio that he has programmed it so that Hale's attempt to disarm the bomb will actually cause it to arm itself and detonate. Hale and Carmichael take the armed warhead down the shaft where they hope the mine is deep enough to contain the nuclear detonation. Before they can bring down the second nuclear bomb, Deakins' team arrives and secures it. After a gun battle deep in the mines, Deakins switches off the bomb but then reactivates it with a shorter time limit while leaving Hale and Carmichael trapped. He then destroys the keypad so no one can stop the device. | 524813 |
wiki20220301en020_105830 | Broken Arrow (1996 film) | Hale and Carmichael escape via an underground river just before the nuclear bomb detonates. The bomb's nuclear electromagnetic pulse disables an approaching U.S. Department of Energy NEST helicopter, allowing Deakins and his team to escape with the one remaining stolen nuclear bomb. Pritchett starts complaining about Deakins straying from the mission plan, causing Deakins to kill him. Carmichael and Hale track the mercenaries to a motorboat they're using to transport the nuclear bomb down the river. While trying to steal the boat, Carmichael is forced to hide on board, while military forces arrive and rescue Hale. | Broken Arrow (1996 film). Hale and Carmichael escape via an underground river just before the nuclear bomb detonates. The bomb's nuclear electromagnetic pulse disables an approaching U.S. Department of Energy NEST helicopter, allowing Deakins and his team to escape with the one remaining stolen nuclear bomb. Pritchett starts complaining about Deakins straying from the mission plan, causing Deakins to kill him. Carmichael and Hale track the mercenaries to a motorboat they're using to transport the nuclear bomb down the river. While trying to steal the boat, Carmichael is forced to hide on board, while military forces arrive and rescue Hale. | 524813 |
wiki20220301en020_105831 | Broken Arrow (1996 film) | Hale deduces that Deakins intends to use a train to transport the nuclear bomb to Denver, CO. Colonel Max Wilkins decides to disobey orders in order to help Hale locate and retrieve the stolen nuclear weapon. Stowing away on the train, Carmichael tries to sabotage the nuclear bomb but is caught by Deakins, who arms the weapon. Catching up on a U.S.A.F. helicopter, Hale saves Carmichael before Deakins can throw her off the train. A gunfight ensues causing the helicopter to crash, killing Wilkins and most of the mercenaries. | Broken Arrow (1996 film). Hale deduces that Deakins intends to use a train to transport the nuclear bomb to Denver, CO. Colonel Max Wilkins decides to disobey orders in order to help Hale locate and retrieve the stolen nuclear weapon. Stowing away on the train, Carmichael tries to sabotage the nuclear bomb but is caught by Deakins, who arms the weapon. Catching up on a U.S.A.F. helicopter, Hale saves Carmichael before Deakins can throw her off the train. A gunfight ensues causing the helicopter to crash, killing Wilkins and most of the mercenaries. | 524813 |
wiki20220301en020_105832 | Broken Arrow (1996 film) | Deakins had prepared a remote control that can either disarm or detonate the warhead and gets ready to depart the train on his own helicopter that's parked on a flatbed train car. Hale sabotages the helicopter's fuel pump causing it to explode and leaving Deakins and Kelly stranded with the active nuclear bomb. With his plan disintegrating, Deakins decides to shorten the countdown timer out of spite. Kelly refuses to die, and holds Deakins at gunpoint, demanding that he disarm the bomb. Hale sneaks up on them during their standoff and kicks Kelly out of the boxcar to his death, then engages in a gun battle with Deakins. | Broken Arrow (1996 film). Deakins had prepared a remote control that can either disarm or detonate the warhead and gets ready to depart the train on his own helicopter that's parked on a flatbed train car. Hale sabotages the helicopter's fuel pump causing it to explode and leaving Deakins and Kelly stranded with the active nuclear bomb. With his plan disintegrating, Deakins decides to shorten the countdown timer out of spite. Kelly refuses to die, and holds Deakins at gunpoint, demanding that he disarm the bomb. Hale sneaks up on them during their standoff and kicks Kelly out of the boxcar to his death, then engages in a gun battle with Deakins. | 524813 |
wiki20220301en020_105833 | Broken Arrow (1996 film) | Carmichael detaches the section of the train containing the nuclear bomb then gets into a shootout with the train engineer. The engineer is shot and falls on the train's brake control, thus activating them, and allowing the detached boxcars to catch up at increasingly higher speed. Deakins still has the remote detonator, so he forces Hale to drop his gun and challenges him to a fist fight. Hale eventually overpowers Deakins, acquires the remote detonator, disarms the weapon and leaps out of the train. As the detached boxcars slam into the halted front half, the nuclear bomb slams into Deakins, killing him, while the entire train derails and explodes. Hale finds Carmichael and the dormant bomb. The two "formally" introduce themselves to each other amidst the wreckage. Cast | Broken Arrow (1996 film). Carmichael detaches the section of the train containing the nuclear bomb then gets into a shootout with the train engineer. The engineer is shot and falls on the train's brake control, thus activating them, and allowing the detached boxcars to catch up at increasingly higher speed. Deakins still has the remote detonator, so he forces Hale to drop his gun and challenges him to a fist fight. Hale eventually overpowers Deakins, acquires the remote detonator, disarms the weapon and leaps out of the train. As the detached boxcars slam into the halted front half, the nuclear bomb slams into Deakins, killing him, while the entire train derails and explodes. Hale finds Carmichael and the dormant bomb. The two "formally" introduce themselves to each other amidst the wreckage. Cast | 524813 |
wiki20220301en020_105834 | Broken Arrow (1996 film) | Hale finds Carmichael and the dormant bomb. The two "formally" introduce themselves to each other amidst the wreckage. Cast John Travolta as U.S.A.F. Major Vic "Deak" Deakins Christian Slater as U.S.A.F. Captain Riley Hale Samantha Mathis as U.S. Park Service Park Ranger Terry Carmichael Delroy Lindo as U.S.A.F. Colonel Max Wilkins Frank Whaley as Giles Prentice Bob Gunton as Mr. Pritchett Howie Long as U.S.A.F Pararescueman Master Sergeant Kelly Jack Thompson as Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff Kurtwood Smith as Secretary of Defense Baird Vondie Curtis-Hall as U.S.A.F Pararescueman Chief Master Sergeant Sam Rhodes Daniel von Bargen as U.S.A.F. General Creely Jeffrey Stephan as Shepherd Music The original music score was composed by Hans Zimmer. An expanded double-disc limited set of the music score was released by La-La Land Records in February 2011. Also credited for additional music are Zimmer-regulars Harry Gregson-Williams and John Powell. | Broken Arrow (1996 film). Hale finds Carmichael and the dormant bomb. The two "formally" introduce themselves to each other amidst the wreckage. Cast John Travolta as U.S.A.F. Major Vic "Deak" Deakins Christian Slater as U.S.A.F. Captain Riley Hale Samantha Mathis as U.S. Park Service Park Ranger Terry Carmichael Delroy Lindo as U.S.A.F. Colonel Max Wilkins Frank Whaley as Giles Prentice Bob Gunton as Mr. Pritchett Howie Long as U.S.A.F Pararescueman Master Sergeant Kelly Jack Thompson as Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff Kurtwood Smith as Secretary of Defense Baird Vondie Curtis-Hall as U.S.A.F Pararescueman Chief Master Sergeant Sam Rhodes Daniel von Bargen as U.S.A.F. General Creely Jeffrey Stephan as Shepherd Music The original music score was composed by Hans Zimmer. An expanded double-disc limited set of the music score was released by La-La Land Records in February 2011. Also credited for additional music are Zimmer-regulars Harry Gregson-Williams and John Powell. | 524813 |
wiki20220301en020_105835 | Broken Arrow (1996 film) | The score is considered to be one of Zimmer's best action scores by fans and film critics. The opening track "Rope-A-Dope", also known as "Deakin's Theme" has been widely used in other films and media, including Scream 2 and Speed 2. The famous riff from "Rope-A-Dope" was played by legendary guitarist Duane Eddy, who Zimmer brought in for the entire Broken Arrow scoring session. | Broken Arrow (1996 film). The score is considered to be one of Zimmer's best action scores by fans and film critics. The opening track "Rope-A-Dope", also known as "Deakin's Theme" has been widely used in other films and media, including Scream 2 and Speed 2. The famous riff from "Rope-A-Dope" was played by legendary guitarist Duane Eddy, who Zimmer brought in for the entire Broken Arrow scoring session. | 524813 |
wiki20220301en020_105836 | Broken Arrow (1996 film) | Production Principal photography began on April 26, 1995. Some filming took place in and around the mountain areas of Glen Canyon National Recreation Area in Kane County, Utah. The lake scene with Hale and Carmichael was filmed at Lake Powell. The desert sequences were shot in the Mojave Desert near Barstow, California, and in Coconino County near Page, Arizona. The final climax scenes with Deakins and his men on the train, including the action sequence with Deakins and Hale fighting in the train car, were filmed on the privately owned Central Montana Rail, Inc. (CM) in Fergus County between Lewistown, Montana, and Denton, Montana. In July 1995, a number of elaborate train cars were sent to the location in Lewistown, including several custom-built cars. Six weeks of filming on the forty mile track were required to capture all the stunts, helicopter action, gun battles, high falls and special effects sequences. Production photography was completed on August 28, 1995. | Broken Arrow (1996 film). Production Principal photography began on April 26, 1995. Some filming took place in and around the mountain areas of Glen Canyon National Recreation Area in Kane County, Utah. The lake scene with Hale and Carmichael was filmed at Lake Powell. The desert sequences were shot in the Mojave Desert near Barstow, California, and in Coconino County near Page, Arizona. The final climax scenes with Deakins and his men on the train, including the action sequence with Deakins and Hale fighting in the train car, were filmed on the privately owned Central Montana Rail, Inc. (CM) in Fergus County between Lewistown, Montana, and Denton, Montana. In July 1995, a number of elaborate train cars were sent to the location in Lewistown, including several custom-built cars. Six weeks of filming on the forty mile track were required to capture all the stunts, helicopter action, gun battles, high falls and special effects sequences. Production photography was completed on August 28, 1995. | 524813 |
wiki20220301en020_105837 | Broken Arrow (1996 film) | John Travolta was originally the choice to portray Riley Hale (finally played by Christian Slater), but was chosen instead to portray Major Vic Deakins. Release Broken Arrow was No. 1 at the North American box office on its opening weekend grossing $15.6 million. It stayed on top for a second week and ultimately had a domestic gross of $70,770,147 and an international gross of $79,500,000, for a total worldwide gross of $150,270,147. | Broken Arrow (1996 film). John Travolta was originally the choice to portray Riley Hale (finally played by Christian Slater), but was chosen instead to portray Major Vic Deakins. Release Broken Arrow was No. 1 at the North American box office on its opening weekend grossing $15.6 million. It stayed on top for a second week and ultimately had a domestic gross of $70,770,147 and an international gross of $79,500,000, for a total worldwide gross of $150,270,147. | 524813 |
wiki20220301en020_105838 | Broken Arrow (1996 film) | Reception Based on 34 reviews collected by the film review aggregator Rotten Tomatoes, 53% of critics gave Broken Arrow a positive review (18 "Fresh"; 16 "Rotten"), with an average rating of 5.7 out of 10. The site's consensus states: "John Woo adds pyrotechnic glaze to John Travolta's hammy performance, but fans may find Broken Arrow to be a dispiritingly disposable English-language entry for the action auteur." Metacritic, which assigns a normalized rating out of top reviews from mainstream critics, calculated an average score of 61, "generally favorable reviews" based on 21 reviews. Audiences polled by CinemaScore gave the film an average grade of "B+" on an A+ to F scale. | Broken Arrow (1996 film). Reception Based on 34 reviews collected by the film review aggregator Rotten Tomatoes, 53% of critics gave Broken Arrow a positive review (18 "Fresh"; 16 "Rotten"), with an average rating of 5.7 out of 10. The site's consensus states: "John Woo adds pyrotechnic glaze to John Travolta's hammy performance, but fans may find Broken Arrow to be a dispiritingly disposable English-language entry for the action auteur." Metacritic, which assigns a normalized rating out of top reviews from mainstream critics, calculated an average score of 61, "generally favorable reviews" based on 21 reviews. Audiences polled by CinemaScore gave the film an average grade of "B+" on an A+ to F scale. | 524813 |
wiki20220301en020_105839 | Broken Arrow (1996 film) | The review of this movie on Siskel & Ebert & the Movies represents the only time that Roger Ebert convinced Gene Siskel to change his mind about his final judgment of a film. Siskel initially gave the film a marginal "thumbs up" but changed it to a "thumbs down" after hearing Ebert's criticisms. Ebert called it "a slow, talky action thriller that plays like a homage to the Fallacy of the Talking Killer." This fallacy "occurs when all the bad guy has to do is pull the trigger, and his problems are over. Instead, he talks, and talks, until his target escapes from his predicament." Ebert queried the "purpose of a digital readout on a bomb. Who will ever see it, except in a mad bomber movie?" and summed up the film saying that it all "comes down to two guys fighting on a burning train for a channel-surfer". See also 1996 in film Cinema of the United States List of American films of 1996 References External links Film stills | Broken Arrow (1996 film). The review of this movie on Siskel & Ebert & the Movies represents the only time that Roger Ebert convinced Gene Siskel to change his mind about his final judgment of a film. Siskel initially gave the film a marginal "thumbs up" but changed it to a "thumbs down" after hearing Ebert's criticisms. Ebert called it "a slow, talky action thriller that plays like a homage to the Fallacy of the Talking Killer." This fallacy "occurs when all the bad guy has to do is pull the trigger, and his problems are over. Instead, he talks, and talks, until his target escapes from his predicament." Ebert queried the "purpose of a digital readout on a bomb. Who will ever see it, except in a mad bomber movie?" and summed up the film saying that it all "comes down to two guys fighting on a burning train for a channel-surfer". See also 1996 in film Cinema of the United States List of American films of 1996 References External links Film stills | 524813 |
wiki20220301en020_105840 | Broken Arrow (1996 film) | See also 1996 in film Cinema of the United States List of American films of 1996 References External links Film stills 1996 films 1996 action thriller films 1990s spy films American films American action thriller films American aviation films American spy films Films about nuclear war and weapons Films shot in Montana Films set in Utah Films directed by John Woo Neo-Western films 20th Century Fox films Rail transport films Films scored by Hans Zimmer Films about the United States Air Force 1990s chase films Films about terrorism in the United States | Broken Arrow (1996 film). See also 1996 in film Cinema of the United States List of American films of 1996 References External links Film stills 1996 films 1996 action thriller films 1990s spy films American films American action thriller films American aviation films American spy films Films about nuclear war and weapons Films shot in Montana Films set in Utah Films directed by John Woo Neo-Western films 20th Century Fox films Rail transport films Films scored by Hans Zimmer Films about the United States Air Force 1990s chase films Films about terrorism in the United States | 524813 |
wiki20220301en020_105841 | Bilabial click | The bilabial clicks are a family of click consonants that sound like a smack of the lips. They are found as phonemes only in the small Tuu language family (currently two languages, one moribund), in the ǂ’Amkoe language of Botswana (also moribund), and in the extinct Damin ritual jargon of Australia. However, bilabial clicks are found paralinguistically for a kiss in various languages, including integrated into a greeting in the Hadza language of Tanzania, and as allophones of labial–velar stops in some West African languages (Ladefoged 1968), as of /mw/ in some of the languages neighboring Shona, such as Ndau and Tonga. The symbol in the International Phonetic Alphabet that represents the place of articulation of these sounds is . This may be combined with a second letter to indicate the manner of articulation, though this is commonly omitted for tenuis clicks. | Bilabial click. The bilabial clicks are a family of click consonants that sound like a smack of the lips. They are found as phonemes only in the small Tuu language family (currently two languages, one moribund), in the ǂ’Amkoe language of Botswana (also moribund), and in the extinct Damin ritual jargon of Australia. However, bilabial clicks are found paralinguistically for a kiss in various languages, including integrated into a greeting in the Hadza language of Tanzania, and as allophones of labial–velar stops in some West African languages (Ladefoged 1968), as of /mw/ in some of the languages neighboring Shona, such as Ndau and Tonga. The symbol in the International Phonetic Alphabet that represents the place of articulation of these sounds is . This may be combined with a second letter to indicate the manner of articulation, though this is commonly omitted for tenuis clicks. | 524821 |
wiki20220301en020_105842 | Bilabial click | In official IPA transcription, the click letter is combined with a via a tie bar, though is frequently omitted. Many authors instead use a superscript without the tie bar, again often neglecting the . Either letter, whether baseline or superscript, is usually placed before the click letter, but may come after when the release of the velar or uvular occlusion is audible. A third convention is the click letter with diacritics for voicelessness, voicing and nasalization; it does not distinguish velar from uvular labial clicks. Common labial clicks are: The last is what is heard in the sound sample at right, as non-native speakers tend to glottalize clicks to avoid nasalizing them. Damin also had an egressive bilabial , which may be an egressive click (if it is not buccal). Features Features of ingressive labial clicks: | Bilabial click. In official IPA transcription, the click letter is combined with a via a tie bar, though is frequently omitted. Many authors instead use a superscript without the tie bar, again often neglecting the . Either letter, whether baseline or superscript, is usually placed before the click letter, but may come after when the release of the velar or uvular occlusion is audible. A third convention is the click letter with diacritics for voicelessness, voicing and nasalization; it does not distinguish velar from uvular labial clicks. Common labial clicks are: The last is what is heard in the sound sample at right, as non-native speakers tend to glottalize clicks to avoid nasalizing them. Damin also had an egressive bilabial , which may be an egressive click (if it is not buccal). Features Features of ingressive labial clicks: | 524821 |
wiki20220301en020_105843 | Bilabial click | Features Features of ingressive labial clicks: The forward place of articulation is labial, which means it is articulated with the lips. The release is a noisy, affricate-like sound. Bilabial articulation, using both lips, is typical. Sometimes this may pass through a labio-dental stage as the click is released, making it noisier. In other cases, the lower lip may start out in contact with both the upper teeth and the upper lip. (One of the two labial clicks in Damin is lingual egressive, which means that the trapped air pocket is compressed by the tongue until it is allowed to spurt out through the lips.) The labial clicks are sometimes erroneously described as sounding like a kiss. However, they do not have the pursed lips of a kiss. Instead, the lips are compressed, more like a than a , and they sound more like a noisy smack of the lips than a kiss. | Bilabial click. Features Features of ingressive labial clicks: The forward place of articulation is labial, which means it is articulated with the lips. The release is a noisy, affricate-like sound. Bilabial articulation, using both lips, is typical. Sometimes this may pass through a labio-dental stage as the click is released, making it noisier. In other cases, the lower lip may start out in contact with both the upper teeth and the upper lip. (One of the two labial clicks in Damin is lingual egressive, which means that the trapped air pocket is compressed by the tongue until it is allowed to spurt out through the lips.) The labial clicks are sometimes erroneously described as sounding like a kiss. However, they do not have the pursed lips of a kiss. Instead, the lips are compressed, more like a than a , and they sound more like a noisy smack of the lips than a kiss. | 524821 |
wiki20220301en020_105844 | Bilabial click | Symbol The bullseye or bull's eye () symbol used in phonetic transcription of the phoneme was made an official part of the International Phonetic Alphabet in 1979, but had existed for at least 50 years earlier. It is encoded in Unicode as U+0298 LATIN LETTER BILABIAL CLICK. Similar graphemes consisting of a circled dot encoded by Unicode are: Gothic 𐍈 ƕair astronomical symbol ☉ "Sun" mathematical operators ⊙ "circled dot operator" and ⨀ and "n-ary circled dot operator" geometrical symbol ◉ "fisheye" Cyrillic Ꙩ, ꙩ (monocular O) It was never widely used and was eventually dropped for . Still the deprecated IPA character is encoded at . Earlier it is privately encoded by SIL International at and is available in SIL supporting fonts. Occurrence English does not have a labial click (or any click consonant, for that matter) as a phoneme, but a plain bilabial click does occur in mimesis, as a lip-smacking sound children use to imitate a fish. | Bilabial click. Symbol The bullseye or bull's eye () symbol used in phonetic transcription of the phoneme was made an official part of the International Phonetic Alphabet in 1979, but had existed for at least 50 years earlier. It is encoded in Unicode as U+0298 LATIN LETTER BILABIAL CLICK. Similar graphemes consisting of a circled dot encoded by Unicode are: Gothic 𐍈 ƕair astronomical symbol ☉ "Sun" mathematical operators ⊙ "circled dot operator" and ⨀ and "n-ary circled dot operator" geometrical symbol ◉ "fisheye" Cyrillic Ꙩ, ꙩ (monocular O) It was never widely used and was eventually dropped for . Still the deprecated IPA character is encoded at . Earlier it is privately encoded by SIL International at and is available in SIL supporting fonts. Occurrence English does not have a labial click (or any click consonant, for that matter) as a phoneme, but a plain bilabial click does occur in mimesis, as a lip-smacking sound children use to imitate a fish. | 524821 |
wiki20220301en020_105845 | Bilabial click | Labial clicks only occur in the Tuu and Kx'a families of southern Africa, and in the Australian ritual language Damin. Origins Labial clicks may have arisen historically from labialization of other places of articulation. Starostin (2003) notes that the ǂ’Amkoe words for 'one' and 'two', and , have labial clicks whereas no other Khoisan language has a labial consonant of any kind in its words for these numerals, and Starostin (2007) and Sands reconstruct a series of labialized clicks in Proto-Kxʼa, which became labial clicks in ǂ’Amkoe. In Hadza, the word for 'kiss', , becomes a mimetic or in greetings. See also Alveolar click Dental click Lateral click Palatal click Retroflex click List of phonetics topics Notes References External links Bilabial consonants Phonetic transcription symbols Click consonants | Bilabial click. Labial clicks only occur in the Tuu and Kx'a families of southern Africa, and in the Australian ritual language Damin. Origins Labial clicks may have arisen historically from labialization of other places of articulation. Starostin (2003) notes that the ǂ’Amkoe words for 'one' and 'two', and , have labial clicks whereas no other Khoisan language has a labial consonant of any kind in its words for these numerals, and Starostin (2007) and Sands reconstruct a series of labialized clicks in Proto-Kxʼa, which became labial clicks in ǂ’Amkoe. In Hadza, the word for 'kiss', , becomes a mimetic or in greetings. See also Alveolar click Dental click Lateral click Palatal click Retroflex click List of phonetics topics Notes References External links Bilabial consonants Phonetic transcription symbols Click consonants | 524821 |
wiki20220301en020_105846 | Bilabial ejective stop | The bilabial ejective is a type of consonantal sound, used in some spoken languages. The symbol in the International Phonetic Alphabet that represents this sound is . Features Features of the bilabial ejective: Occurrence In addition to the languages listed below, this sound is also a common phonological feature of the Ethiopian Linguistic Area, especially Ethiopian Semitic languages. See also Index of phonetics articles Notes References External links Bilabial consonants Ejectives Oral consonants | Bilabial ejective stop. The bilabial ejective is a type of consonantal sound, used in some spoken languages. The symbol in the International Phonetic Alphabet that represents this sound is . Features Features of the bilabial ejective: Occurrence In addition to the languages listed below, this sound is also a common phonological feature of the Ethiopian Linguistic Area, especially Ethiopian Semitic languages. See also Index of phonetics articles Notes References External links Bilabial consonants Ejectives Oral consonants | 524822 |
wiki20220301en020_105847 | Voiced bilabial nasal | The voiced bilabial nasal is a type of consonantal sound used in almost all spoken languages. The symbol in the International Phonetic Alphabet that represents this sound is , and the equivalent X-SAMPA symbol is m. The bilabial nasal occurs in English, and it is the sound represented by "m" in map and rum. Only very few languages (e.g. Mohawk) are known to lack this sound. Features Features of the voiced bilabial nasal: Occurrence See also List of phonetics topics Notes References External links Bilabial consonants Pulmonic consonants Nasal consonants Labial–coronal consonants Voiced consonants | Voiced bilabial nasal. The voiced bilabial nasal is a type of consonantal sound used in almost all spoken languages. The symbol in the International Phonetic Alphabet that represents this sound is , and the equivalent X-SAMPA symbol is m. The bilabial nasal occurs in English, and it is the sound represented by "m" in map and rum. Only very few languages (e.g. Mohawk) are known to lack this sound. Features Features of the voiced bilabial nasal: Occurrence See also List of phonetics topics Notes References External links Bilabial consonants Pulmonic consonants Nasal consonants Labial–coronal consonants Voiced consonants | 524824 |
wiki20220301en020_105848 | Voiced bilabial trill | The voiced bilabial trill is a type of consonantal sound, used in some spoken languages. The symbol in the International Phonetic Alphabet that represents the sound is , and the equivalent X-SAMPA symbol is B\. Features Features of the voiced bilabial trill: In most instances, it is only found as the trilled release of a prenasalized stop. Occurrences The Knorkator song "[Buchstabe]" (the actual title is a glyph) on the 1999 album Hasenchartbreaker uses a similar sound to replace "br" in a number of German words (e.g. for ). Phonology In many of the languages in which the bilabial trill occurs, it occurs only as part of a prenasalized bilabial stop with trilled release, . That developed historically from a prenasalized stop before a relatively high back vowel like . In such instances, the sounds are usually still limited to the environment of a following . However, the trills in Mangbetu may precede any vowel and are sometimes preceded by only a nasal. | Voiced bilabial trill. The voiced bilabial trill is a type of consonantal sound, used in some spoken languages. The symbol in the International Phonetic Alphabet that represents the sound is , and the equivalent X-SAMPA symbol is B\. Features Features of the voiced bilabial trill: In most instances, it is only found as the trilled release of a prenasalized stop. Occurrences The Knorkator song "[Buchstabe]" (the actual title is a glyph) on the 1999 album Hasenchartbreaker uses a similar sound to replace "br" in a number of German words (e.g. for ). Phonology In many of the languages in which the bilabial trill occurs, it occurs only as part of a prenasalized bilabial stop with trilled release, . That developed historically from a prenasalized stop before a relatively high back vowel like . In such instances, the sounds are usually still limited to the environment of a following . However, the trills in Mangbetu may precede any vowel and are sometimes preceded by only a nasal. | 524825 |
wiki20220301en020_105849 | Voiced bilabial trill | See also Index of phonetics articles Notes References External links Oro Win recordings Trill consonants Bilabial consonants Pulmonic consonants Oral consonants | Voiced bilabial trill. See also Index of phonetics articles Notes References External links Oro Win recordings Trill consonants Bilabial consonants Pulmonic consonants Oral consonants | 524825 |
wiki20220301en020_105850 | Dental click | Dental (or more precisely denti-alveolar) clicks are a family of click consonants found, as constituents of words, only in Africa and in the Damin ritual jargon of Australia. In English, the tut-tut! (British spelling, "tutting") or tsk! tsk! (American spelling, "tsking") sound used to express disapproval or pity is an unreleased dental click, although it is not a lexical phoneme (a sound that distinguishes words) in English but a paralinguistic speech-sound. Similarly paralinguistic usage of dental clicks is made in certain other languages, but the meaning thereof differs widely between many of the languages (e.g., affirmation in Somali but negation in many varieties of Arabic). | Dental click. Dental (or more precisely denti-alveolar) clicks are a family of click consonants found, as constituents of words, only in Africa and in the Damin ritual jargon of Australia. In English, the tut-tut! (British spelling, "tutting") or tsk! tsk! (American spelling, "tsking") sound used to express disapproval or pity is an unreleased dental click, although it is not a lexical phoneme (a sound that distinguishes words) in English but a paralinguistic speech-sound. Similarly paralinguistic usage of dental clicks is made in certain other languages, but the meaning thereof differs widely between many of the languages (e.g., affirmation in Somali but negation in many varieties of Arabic). | 524827 |
wiki20220301en020_105851 | Dental click | The symbol in the International Phonetic Alphabet that represents the place of articulation of these sounds is , a vertical bar. Prior to 1989, was the IPA letter for the dental clicks. It is still occasionally used where the symbol would be confounded with other symbols, such as prosody marks, or simply because in many fonts the vertical bar is indistinguishable from an el or capital i. Either letter may be combined with a second letter to indicate the manner of articulation, though this is commonly omitted for tenuis clicks. | Dental click. The symbol in the International Phonetic Alphabet that represents the place of articulation of these sounds is , a vertical bar. Prior to 1989, was the IPA letter for the dental clicks. It is still occasionally used where the symbol would be confounded with other symbols, such as prosody marks, or simply because in many fonts the vertical bar is indistinguishable from an el or capital i. Either letter may be combined with a second letter to indicate the manner of articulation, though this is commonly omitted for tenuis clicks. | 524827 |
wiki20220301en020_105852 | Dental click | In official IPA transcription, the click letter is combined with a via a tie bar, though is frequently omitted. Many authors instead use a superscript without the tie bar, again often neglecting the . Either letter, whether baseline or superscript, is usually placed before the click letter, but may come after when the release of the velar or uvular occlusion is audible. A third convention is the click letter with diacritics for voicelessness, voicing and nasalization; it does not distinguish velar from uvular dental clicks. Common dental clicks are: The last is what is heard in the sound sample at right, as non-native speakers tend to glottalize clicks to avoid nasalizing them. In the orthographies of individual languages, the letters and digraphs for dental clicks may be based on either the vertical bar symbol of the IPA, , or on the Latin of Bantu convention. Nama and most Saan languages use the former; Naro, Sandawe, and Zulu use the latter. | Dental click. In official IPA transcription, the click letter is combined with a via a tie bar, though is frequently omitted. Many authors instead use a superscript without the tie bar, again often neglecting the . Either letter, whether baseline or superscript, is usually placed before the click letter, but may come after when the release of the velar or uvular occlusion is audible. A third convention is the click letter with diacritics for voicelessness, voicing and nasalization; it does not distinguish velar from uvular dental clicks. Common dental clicks are: The last is what is heard in the sound sample at right, as non-native speakers tend to glottalize clicks to avoid nasalizing them. In the orthographies of individual languages, the letters and digraphs for dental clicks may be based on either the vertical bar symbol of the IPA, , or on the Latin of Bantu convention. Nama and most Saan languages use the former; Naro, Sandawe, and Zulu use the latter. | 524827 |
wiki20220301en020_105853 | Dental click | Features Features of dental clicks: The forward place of articulation is typically dental (or denti-alveolar) and laminal, which means it is articulated with the tip of the tongue against the alveolar ridge or the upper teeth, but depending on the language may be interdental or even apical. The release is a noisy, affricate-like sound. Occurrence Dental clicks are common in Khoisan languages and the neighboring Nguni languages, such as Zulu and Xhosa. In the Nguni languages, the tenuis click is denoted by the letter c, the murmured click by gc, the aspirated click by ch, and the nasal click by nc. The prenasalized clicks are written ngc and nkc. The Cushitic language Dahalo has four clicks, all of them nasalized: . | Dental click. Features Features of dental clicks: The forward place of articulation is typically dental (or denti-alveolar) and laminal, which means it is articulated with the tip of the tongue against the alveolar ridge or the upper teeth, but depending on the language may be interdental or even apical. The release is a noisy, affricate-like sound. Occurrence Dental clicks are common in Khoisan languages and the neighboring Nguni languages, such as Zulu and Xhosa. In the Nguni languages, the tenuis click is denoted by the letter c, the murmured click by gc, the aspirated click by ch, and the nasal click by nc. The prenasalized clicks are written ngc and nkc. The Cushitic language Dahalo has four clicks, all of them nasalized: . | 524827 |
wiki20220301en020_105854 | Dental click | The Cushitic language Dahalo has four clicks, all of them nasalized: . Dental clicks may also be used para-linguistically. For example, English speakers use a plain dental click, usually written tsk or tut (and often reduplicated tsk-tsk or tut-tut; these spellings often lead to spelling pronunciations or ), as an interjection to express commiseration, disapproval, irritation, or to call a small animal. German ( or ), Hungarian (), Persian (), Portuguese (), Russian (; sound file) Spanish () and French () speakers use the dental click in exactly the same way as English. | Dental click. The Cushitic language Dahalo has four clicks, all of them nasalized: . Dental clicks may also be used para-linguistically. For example, English speakers use a plain dental click, usually written tsk or tut (and often reduplicated tsk-tsk or tut-tut; these spellings often lead to spelling pronunciations or ), as an interjection to express commiseration, disapproval, irritation, or to call a small animal. German ( or ), Hungarian (), Persian (), Portuguese (), Russian (; sound file) Spanish () and French () speakers use the dental click in exactly the same way as English. | 524827 |
wiki20220301en020_105855 | Dental click | The dental click is also used para-linguistically in Semitic languages such as Arabic, Hebrew and Indo-European Pashto, and Persian where it is transcribed as / and is also used as a negative response to a "yes or no" question (including Dari and Tajiki). It is also used in some languages spoken in regions closer to, or in, Europe, such as Turkish, Albanian, Greek, Bulgarian, Italian, Portuguese, Spanish, Romanian or Serbo-Croatian to denote a negative response to a "yes or no" question. The dental click is sometimes accompanied by an upward motion of the head. See also Lateral click Alveolar click Bilabial click Palatal click Retroflex click Index of phonetics articles Notes References External links Dental consonants Click consonants | Dental click. The dental click is also used para-linguistically in Semitic languages such as Arabic, Hebrew and Indo-European Pashto, and Persian where it is transcribed as / and is also used as a negative response to a "yes or no" question (including Dari and Tajiki). It is also used in some languages spoken in regions closer to, or in, Europe, such as Turkish, Albanian, Greek, Bulgarian, Italian, Portuguese, Spanish, Romanian or Serbo-Croatian to denote a negative response to a "yes or no" question. The dental click is sometimes accompanied by an upward motion of the head. See also Lateral click Alveolar click Bilabial click Palatal click Retroflex click Index of phonetics articles Notes References External links Dental consonants Click consonants | 524827 |
wiki20220301en020_105856 | Voiced labial–palatal approximant | The voiced labial–palatal (or labio-palatal) approximant is a type of consonantal sound, used in some spoken languages. It has two constrictions in the vocal tract: with the tongue on the palate, and rounded at the lips. The symbol in the International Phonetic Alphabet that represents this sound is , a rotated lowercase letter , or occasionally , which indicates with a different kind of rounding. The labial–palatal approximant can in many cases be considered the semivocalic equivalent of the close front rounded vowel . They alternate with each other in certain languages, such as French, and in the diphthongs of some languages, and with the non-syllabic diacritic are used in different transcription systems to represent the same sound. Sometimes, is written in place of , even though the former symbol denotes an extra-short in the official IPA. | Voiced labial–palatal approximant. The voiced labial–palatal (or labio-palatal) approximant is a type of consonantal sound, used in some spoken languages. It has two constrictions in the vocal tract: with the tongue on the palate, and rounded at the lips. The symbol in the International Phonetic Alphabet that represents this sound is , a rotated lowercase letter , or occasionally , which indicates with a different kind of rounding. The labial–palatal approximant can in many cases be considered the semivocalic equivalent of the close front rounded vowel . They alternate with each other in certain languages, such as French, and in the diphthongs of some languages, and with the non-syllabic diacritic are used in different transcription systems to represent the same sound. Sometimes, is written in place of , even though the former symbol denotes an extra-short in the official IPA. | 524834 |
wiki20220301en020_105857 | Voiced labial–palatal approximant | Some languages, though, have a palatal approximant that is unspecified for rounding, and therefore cannot be considered the semivocalic equivalent of either or its unrounded counterpart . An example of such language is Spanish, in which the labialized palatal approximant (not a semivowel) appears allophonically with rounded vowels in words such as ayuda 'help'. According to some sources, is not correct to transcribe this with the symbol , which has a different kind of rounding, or with , which implies spread lips; the only suitable transcription is . See palatal approximant for more information. | Voiced labial–palatal approximant. Some languages, though, have a palatal approximant that is unspecified for rounding, and therefore cannot be considered the semivocalic equivalent of either or its unrounded counterpart . An example of such language is Spanish, in which the labialized palatal approximant (not a semivowel) appears allophonically with rounded vowels in words such as ayuda 'help'. According to some sources, is not correct to transcribe this with the symbol , which has a different kind of rounding, or with , which implies spread lips; the only suitable transcription is . See palatal approximant for more information. | 524834 |
wiki20220301en020_105858 | Voiced labial–palatal approximant | There is also the labialized postpalatal approximant in some languages, which is articulated slightly more back compared with the place of articulation of the prototypical labialized palatal approximant, though not as back as the prototypical labialized velar approximant. It can be considered the semivocalic equivalent of the close central rounded vowel . The International Phonetic Alphabet does not have a separate symbol for that sound, though it can be transcribed as or (both symbols denote a retracted ), (centralized ), (advanced ) or (centralized ). The equivalent X-SAMPA symbols are H_o, H_", w_+ and w_", respectively. Other possible transcriptions include a centralized and labialized ( in the IPA, j_"_w in X-SAMPA) and a non-syllabic ( in the IPA, }_^ in X-SAMPA). Especially in broad transcription, the labialized postpalatal approximant may be transcribed as a palatalized and labialized velar approximant ( in the IPA, w' or w_j in X-SAMPA). | Voiced labial–palatal approximant. There is also the labialized postpalatal approximant in some languages, which is articulated slightly more back compared with the place of articulation of the prototypical labialized palatal approximant, though not as back as the prototypical labialized velar approximant. It can be considered the semivocalic equivalent of the close central rounded vowel . The International Phonetic Alphabet does not have a separate symbol for that sound, though it can be transcribed as or (both symbols denote a retracted ), (centralized ), (advanced ) or (centralized ). The equivalent X-SAMPA symbols are H_o, H_", w_+ and w_", respectively. Other possible transcriptions include a centralized and labialized ( in the IPA, j_"_w in X-SAMPA) and a non-syllabic ( in the IPA, }_^ in X-SAMPA). Especially in broad transcription, the labialized postpalatal approximant may be transcribed as a palatalized and labialized velar approximant ( in the IPA, w' or w_j in X-SAMPA). | 524834 |
wiki20220301en020_105859 | Voiced labial–palatal approximant | Especially in broad transcription, the labialized postpalatal approximant may be transcribed as a palatalized and labialized velar approximant ( in the IPA, w' or w_j in X-SAMPA). Compressed palatal approximant The compressed palatal approximant is typically transcribed in IPA simply as , and that is the convention used in this article. There is no dedicated diacritic for compression in the IPA. However, the compression of the lips can be shown with the letter as (simultaneous and labial compression) or ( modified with labial compression). The spread-lip diacritic may also be used with a labialized approximant letter as an ad hoc symbol, though technically 'spread' means unrounded. The compressed post-palatal approximant can be transcribed simply as (centralized ), and that is the convention used in this article. Other possible transcriptions include (centralized modified with labial compression) and (centralized with the spread-lip diacritic). | Voiced labial–palatal approximant. Especially in broad transcription, the labialized postpalatal approximant may be transcribed as a palatalized and labialized velar approximant ( in the IPA, w' or w_j in X-SAMPA). Compressed palatal approximant The compressed palatal approximant is typically transcribed in IPA simply as , and that is the convention used in this article. There is no dedicated diacritic for compression in the IPA. However, the compression of the lips can be shown with the letter as (simultaneous and labial compression) or ( modified with labial compression). The spread-lip diacritic may also be used with a labialized approximant letter as an ad hoc symbol, though technically 'spread' means unrounded. The compressed post-palatal approximant can be transcribed simply as (centralized ), and that is the convention used in this article. Other possible transcriptions include (centralized modified with labial compression) and (centralized with the spread-lip diacritic). | 524834 |
wiki20220301en020_105860 | Voiced labial–palatal approximant | Features Features of the compressed palatal approximant: Its place of articulation is palatal and in addition it is endo-labialized, which is accomplished by raising the body of the tongue toward the palate while approximating the lips. Occurrence Because the labialized palatal approximant is assumed to have compression, and few descriptions cover the distinction, some examples in the table below may actually have protrusion. Protruded palatal approximant As there are no diacritics in the IPA to distinguish protruded and compressed rounding, an old diacritic for labialization, , will be used here as an ad hoc symbol for the protruded palatal approximant. Another possible transcription is or (a palatal approximant modified by endolabialization). Acoustically, this sound is "between" the more typical compressed palatal approximant and the non-labialized palatal approximant . Features Features of the protruded palatal approximant: | Voiced labial–palatal approximant. Features Features of the compressed palatal approximant: Its place of articulation is palatal and in addition it is endo-labialized, which is accomplished by raising the body of the tongue toward the palate while approximating the lips. Occurrence Because the labialized palatal approximant is assumed to have compression, and few descriptions cover the distinction, some examples in the table below may actually have protrusion. Protruded palatal approximant As there are no diacritics in the IPA to distinguish protruded and compressed rounding, an old diacritic for labialization, , will be used here as an ad hoc symbol for the protruded palatal approximant. Another possible transcription is or (a palatal approximant modified by endolabialization). Acoustically, this sound is "between" the more typical compressed palatal approximant and the non-labialized palatal approximant . Features Features of the protruded palatal approximant: | 524834 |
wiki20220301en020_105861 | Voiced labial–palatal approximant | Acoustically, this sound is "between" the more typical compressed palatal approximant and the non-labialized palatal approximant . Features Features of the protruded palatal approximant: Its place of articulation is labial–palatal, which is accomplished by raising the body of the tongue toward the palate while approximating the lips. Occurrence Notes References External links Palatal consonants Bilabial consonants Oral consonants Co-articulated consonants Central consonants | Voiced labial–palatal approximant. Acoustically, this sound is "between" the more typical compressed palatal approximant and the non-labialized palatal approximant . Features Features of the protruded palatal approximant: Its place of articulation is labial–palatal, which is accomplished by raising the body of the tongue toward the palate while approximating the lips. Occurrence Notes References External links Palatal consonants Bilabial consonants Oral consonants Co-articulated consonants Central consonants | 524834 |
wiki20220301en020_105862 | Voiced labial–velar approximant | The voiced labial–velar approximant is a type of consonantal sound, used in certain spoken languages, including English. It is the sound denoted by the letter in the English alphabet; likewise, the symbol in the International Phonetic Alphabet that represents this sound is , or rarely , and the equivalent X-SAMPA symbol is w. In most languages it is the semivocalic counterpart of the close back rounded vowel . In inventory charts of languages with other labialized velar consonants, will be placed in the same column as those consonants. When consonant charts have only labial and velar columns, may be placed in the velar column, (bi)labial column, or both. The placement may have more to do with phonological criteria than phonetic ones. Some languages have a voiced labial–prevelar approximant, which is more fronted than the place of articulation of the prototypical voiced labialized velar approximant, though not as front as the prototypical labialized palatal approximant. | Voiced labial–velar approximant. The voiced labial–velar approximant is a type of consonantal sound, used in certain spoken languages, including English. It is the sound denoted by the letter in the English alphabet; likewise, the symbol in the International Phonetic Alphabet that represents this sound is , or rarely , and the equivalent X-SAMPA symbol is w. In most languages it is the semivocalic counterpart of the close back rounded vowel . In inventory charts of languages with other labialized velar consonants, will be placed in the same column as those consonants. When consonant charts have only labial and velar columns, may be placed in the velar column, (bi)labial column, or both. The placement may have more to do with phonological criteria than phonetic ones. Some languages have a voiced labial–prevelar approximant, which is more fronted than the place of articulation of the prototypical voiced labialized velar approximant, though not as front as the prototypical labialized palatal approximant. | 524836 |
wiki20220301en020_105863 | Voiced labial–velar approximant | Features Features of the voiced labial–velar approximant: The type of approximant is glide or semivowel. The term glide emphasizes the characteristic of movement (or 'glide') of from the vowel position to a following vowel position. The term semivowel emphasizes that, although the sound is vocalic in nature, it is not 'syllabic' (it does not form the nucleus of a syllable). Some languages, such as Japanese and perhaps the Northern Iroquoian languages, have a sound typically transcribed as where the lips are compressed (or at least not rounded), which is a true labial–velar (as opposed to labialized velar) consonant. Close transcriptions may avoid the symbol in such cases, or may use the under-rounding diacritic, . Occurrence See also Voiceless labial–velar approximant Nasal labial–velar approximant Notes References External links Labial–velar consonants Voiced oral consonants Central consonants | Voiced labial–velar approximant. Features Features of the voiced labial–velar approximant: The type of approximant is glide or semivowel. The term glide emphasizes the characteristic of movement (or 'glide') of from the vowel position to a following vowel position. The term semivowel emphasizes that, although the sound is vocalic in nature, it is not 'syllabic' (it does not form the nucleus of a syllable). Some languages, such as Japanese and perhaps the Northern Iroquoian languages, have a sound typically transcribed as where the lips are compressed (or at least not rounded), which is a true labial–velar (as opposed to labialized velar) consonant. Close transcriptions may avoid the symbol in such cases, or may use the under-rounding diacritic, . Occurrence See also Voiceless labial–velar approximant Nasal labial–velar approximant Notes References External links Labial–velar consonants Voiced oral consonants Central consonants | 524836 |
wiki20220301en020_105864 | Voiced labiodental approximant | The voiced labiodental approximant is a type of consonantal sound, used in some spoken languages. It is similar to an English w pronounced with the teeth and lips held in the position used to articulate the letter V. The symbol in the International Phonetic Alphabet that represents this sound is , and the equivalent X-SAMPA symbol is P or v\. With an advanced diacritic, , this letter also indicates a bilabial approximant, though the diacritic is frequently omitted because no contrast is likely. The labiodental approximant is the typical realization of in the Indian and South African varieties of English. As the voiceless is also realized as an approximant (), it is also an example of a language contrasting voiceless and voiced labiodental approximants. Features Features of the voiced labiodental approximant: Occurrence See also List of phonetics topics R-labialization Rhotacism (speech impediment): pronouncing as Notes References External links | Voiced labiodental approximant. The voiced labiodental approximant is a type of consonantal sound, used in some spoken languages. It is similar to an English w pronounced with the teeth and lips held in the position used to articulate the letter V. The symbol in the International Phonetic Alphabet that represents this sound is , and the equivalent X-SAMPA symbol is P or v\. With an advanced diacritic, , this letter also indicates a bilabial approximant, though the diacritic is frequently omitted because no contrast is likely. The labiodental approximant is the typical realization of in the Indian and South African varieties of English. As the voiceless is also realized as an approximant (), it is also an example of a language contrasting voiceless and voiced labiodental approximants. Features Features of the voiced labiodental approximant: Occurrence See also List of phonetics topics R-labialization Rhotacism (speech impediment): pronouncing as Notes References External links | 524837 |
wiki20220301en020_105865 | Voiced labiodental approximant | Occurrence See also List of phonetics topics R-labialization Rhotacism (speech impediment): pronouncing as Notes References External links Pulmonic consonants Oral consonants | Voiced labiodental approximant. Occurrence See also List of phonetics topics R-labialization Rhotacism (speech impediment): pronouncing as Notes References External links Pulmonic consonants Oral consonants | 524837 |
wiki20220301en020_105866 | Voiced labiodental nasal | The voiced labiodental nasal is a type of consonantal sound. The symbol in the International Phonetic Alphabet that represents this sound is . The IPA symbol is a lowercase letter m with a leftward hook protruding from the lower right of the letter. Occasionally it is instead transcribed as an with a dental diacritic: (for example in extIPA, where the two transcriptions are presented as variants). The labiodental pronunciation of is very similar to that of the bilabial nasal , but instead of the lips touching each other, the lower lip touches the upper teeth. The position of the lips and teeth is generally the same as for the production of the labiodental fricatives and , though air escapes between the lip and the teeth in the case of the fricatives. | Voiced labiodental nasal. The voiced labiodental nasal is a type of consonantal sound. The symbol in the International Phonetic Alphabet that represents this sound is . The IPA symbol is a lowercase letter m with a leftward hook protruding from the lower right of the letter. Occasionally it is instead transcribed as an with a dental diacritic: (for example in extIPA, where the two transcriptions are presented as variants). The labiodental pronunciation of is very similar to that of the bilabial nasal , but instead of the lips touching each other, the lower lip touches the upper teeth. The position of the lips and teeth is generally the same as for the production of the labiodental fricatives and , though air escapes between the lip and the teeth in the case of the fricatives. | 524840 |
wiki20220301en020_105867 | Voiced labiodental nasal | Although commonly appearing in languages, it is overwhelmingly an allophone restricted to a position before the labiodental consonants and . A phonemic has only been reported for the Kukuya language, which contrasts it with and is "accompanied by strong protrusion of both lips". It is before and before and , perhaps because labialization is constrained by the spread front vowels; it does not occur before the back (rounded) vowels and . It is doubted by some scholars that true closure can be made by a labiodental gesture because of gaps between the incisors, which for many speakers would allow air to flow during the occlusion. This is particularly pertinent considering that one of the Kukuya words with this consonant, , means a 'gap between filed incisors,' a practice of the local people. The might therefore be better characterized as a labiodental nasal approximant than as a nasal occlusive. | Voiced labiodental nasal. Although commonly appearing in languages, it is overwhelmingly an allophone restricted to a position before the labiodental consonants and . A phonemic has only been reported for the Kukuya language, which contrasts it with and is "accompanied by strong protrusion of both lips". It is before and before and , perhaps because labialization is constrained by the spread front vowels; it does not occur before the back (rounded) vowels and . It is doubted by some scholars that true closure can be made by a labiodental gesture because of gaps between the incisors, which for many speakers would allow air to flow during the occlusion. This is particularly pertinent considering that one of the Kukuya words with this consonant, , means a 'gap between filed incisors,' a practice of the local people. The might therefore be better characterized as a labiodental nasal approximant than as a nasal occlusive. | 524840 |
wiki20220301en020_105868 | Voiced labiodental nasal | Nonetheless, is extremely common around the world phonetically, as it is the universal allophone of and a very common allophone of before the labiodental fricatives and , as for example in English comfort and circumvent, and, for many people, infinitive and invent. In the Angami language, occurs as an allophone of before . In Drubea, is reported as an allophone of before nasal vowels. A proposal to retire the letter was made in the run-up to the Kiel Convention of 1989, with the labiodental nasal to be transcribed solely by , but the proposal was defeated in committee. Features Features of the voiced labiodental nasal: Occurrence Phonemic is extremely rare. As an allophone of nasal consonants before or , however, is very common. See also Index of phonetics articles Notes References External links Pulmonic consonants Nasal consonants Voiced consonants | Voiced labiodental nasal. Nonetheless, is extremely common around the world phonetically, as it is the universal allophone of and a very common allophone of before the labiodental fricatives and , as for example in English comfort and circumvent, and, for many people, infinitive and invent. In the Angami language, occurs as an allophone of before . In Drubea, is reported as an allophone of before nasal vowels. A proposal to retire the letter was made in the run-up to the Kiel Convention of 1989, with the labiodental nasal to be transcribed solely by , but the proposal was defeated in committee. Features Features of the voiced labiodental nasal: Occurrence Phonemic is extremely rare. As an allophone of nasal consonants before or , however, is very common. See also Index of phonetics articles Notes References External links Pulmonic consonants Nasal consonants Voiced consonants | 524840 |
wiki20220301en020_105869 | Voiced dental, alveolar and postalveolar lateral approximants | The voiced alveolar lateral approximant is a type of consonantal sound used in many spoken languages. The symbol in the International Phonetic Alphabet that represents dental, alveolar, and postalveolar lateral approximants is , and the equivalent X-SAMPA symbol is . As a sonorant, lateral approximants are nearly always voiced. Voiceless lateral approximants, are common in Sino-Tibetan languages, but uncommon elsewhere. In such cases, voicing typically starts about halfway through the hold of the consonant. No language is known to contrast such a sound with a voiceless alveolar lateral fricative . | Voiced dental, alveolar and postalveolar lateral approximants. The voiced alveolar lateral approximant is a type of consonantal sound used in many spoken languages. The symbol in the International Phonetic Alphabet that represents dental, alveolar, and postalveolar lateral approximants is , and the equivalent X-SAMPA symbol is . As a sonorant, lateral approximants are nearly always voiced. Voiceless lateral approximants, are common in Sino-Tibetan languages, but uncommon elsewhere. In such cases, voicing typically starts about halfway through the hold of the consonant. No language is known to contrast such a sound with a voiceless alveolar lateral fricative . | 524841 |
wiki20220301en020_105870 | Voiced dental, alveolar and postalveolar lateral approximants | In a number of languages, including most varieties of English, the phoneme becomes velarized ("dark l") in certain contexts. By contrast, the non-velarized form is the "clear l" (also known as: "light l"), which occurs before and between vowels in certain English standards. Some languages have only clear l. Others may not have a clear l at all, or have them only before front vowels (especially ). Features Features of the voiced alveolar lateral approximant: | Voiced dental, alveolar and postalveolar lateral approximants. In a number of languages, including most varieties of English, the phoneme becomes velarized ("dark l") in certain contexts. By contrast, the non-velarized form is the "clear l" (also known as: "light l"), which occurs before and between vowels in certain English standards. Some languages have only clear l. Others may not have a clear l at all, or have them only before front vowels (especially ). Features Features of the voiced alveolar lateral approximant: | 524841 |
wiki20220301en020_105871 | Voiced dental, alveolar and postalveolar lateral approximants | Features Features of the voiced alveolar lateral approximant: There are four specific variants of : Dental, which means it is articulated with either the tip or the blade of the tongue at the upper teeth, termed respectively apical and laminal. Denti-alveolar, which means it is articulated with the blade of the tongue at the alveolar ridge, and the tip of the tongue behind upper teeth. Alveolar, which means it is articulated with either the tip or the blade of the tongue at the alveolar ridge, termed respectively apical and laminal. Postalveolar, which means it is articulated with either the tip or the blade of the tongue behind the alveolar ridge, termed respectively apical and laminal. | Voiced dental, alveolar and postalveolar lateral approximants. Features Features of the voiced alveolar lateral approximant: There are four specific variants of : Dental, which means it is articulated with either the tip or the blade of the tongue at the upper teeth, termed respectively apical and laminal. Denti-alveolar, which means it is articulated with the blade of the tongue at the alveolar ridge, and the tip of the tongue behind upper teeth. Alveolar, which means it is articulated with either the tip or the blade of the tongue at the alveolar ridge, termed respectively apical and laminal. Postalveolar, which means it is articulated with either the tip or the blade of the tongue behind the alveolar ridge, termed respectively apical and laminal. | 524841 |
wiki20220301en020_105872 | Voiced dental, alveolar and postalveolar lateral approximants | Occurrence Languages may have clear apical or laminal alveolars, laminal denti-alveolars (such as French), or true dentals, which are uncommon. Laminal denti-alveolars tend to occur in continental European languages. However, a true dental generally occurs allophonically before in languages that have it, as in English health. Dental or denti-alveolar Alveolar Postalveolar Variable Velarized alveolar lateral approximant | Voiced dental, alveolar and postalveolar lateral approximants. Occurrence Languages may have clear apical or laminal alveolars, laminal denti-alveolars (such as French), or true dentals, which are uncommon. Laminal denti-alveolars tend to occur in continental European languages. However, a true dental generally occurs allophonically before in languages that have it, as in English health. Dental or denti-alveolar Alveolar Postalveolar Variable Velarized alveolar lateral approximant | 524841 |
wiki20220301en020_105873 | Voiced dental, alveolar and postalveolar lateral approximants | Dental or denti-alveolar Alveolar Postalveolar Variable Velarized alveolar lateral approximant The velarized alveolar lateral approximant ( dark l) is a type of consonantal sound used in some languages. It is an alveolar, denti-alveolar, or dental lateral approximant, with a secondary articulation of velarization or pharyngealization. The regular symbols in the International Phonetic Alphabet that represent this sound are (for a velarized lateral) and (for a pharyngealized lateral), though the dedicated letter , which covers both velarization and pharyngealization, is perhaps more common. The latter should never be confused with belted , which represents the voiceless alveolar lateral fricative. However, some scholars use that symbol to represent the velarized alveolar lateral approximant anyway – though such usage is considered non-standard. If the sound is dental or denti-alveolar, one could use a dental diacritic to indicate so: , , . | Voiced dental, alveolar and postalveolar lateral approximants. Dental or denti-alveolar Alveolar Postalveolar Variable Velarized alveolar lateral approximant The velarized alveolar lateral approximant ( dark l) is a type of consonantal sound used in some languages. It is an alveolar, denti-alveolar, or dental lateral approximant, with a secondary articulation of velarization or pharyngealization. The regular symbols in the International Phonetic Alphabet that represent this sound are (for a velarized lateral) and (for a pharyngealized lateral), though the dedicated letter , which covers both velarization and pharyngealization, is perhaps more common. The latter should never be confused with belted , which represents the voiceless alveolar lateral fricative. However, some scholars use that symbol to represent the velarized alveolar lateral approximant anyway – though such usage is considered non-standard. If the sound is dental or denti-alveolar, one could use a dental diacritic to indicate so: , , . | 524841 |
wiki20220301en020_105874 | Voiced dental, alveolar and postalveolar lateral approximants | If the sound is dental or denti-alveolar, one could use a dental diacritic to indicate so: , , . Velarization and pharyngealization are generally associated with more dental articulations of coronal consonants, so dark l tends to be dental or denti-alveolar. Clear (non-velarized) l tends to be retracted to an alveolar position. The term dark l is often synonymous with hard l, especially in Slavic languages. (Cf. Hard consonants) Features Features of the dark l: | Voiced dental, alveolar and postalveolar lateral approximants. If the sound is dental or denti-alveolar, one could use a dental diacritic to indicate so: , , . Velarization and pharyngealization are generally associated with more dental articulations of coronal consonants, so dark l tends to be dental or denti-alveolar. Clear (non-velarized) l tends to be retracted to an alveolar position. The term dark l is often synonymous with hard l, especially in Slavic languages. (Cf. Hard consonants) Features Features of the dark l: | 524841 |
wiki20220301en020_105875 | Voiced dental, alveolar and postalveolar lateral approximants | The term dark l is often synonymous with hard l, especially in Slavic languages. (Cf. Hard consonants) Features Features of the dark l: There are four specific variants of : Dental, which means it is articulated with either the tip or the blade of the tongue at the upper teeth. Denti-alveolar, which means it is articulated with the blade of the tongue at the alveolar ridge, and the tip of the tongue behind upper teeth. Alveolar, which means it is articulated with either the tip or, more rarely, the blade of the tongue at the alveolar ridge, termed respectively apical and laminal. Postalveolar, which means it is articulated with either the tip or the blade of the tongue behind the alveolar ridge, termed respectively apical and laminal. It has a secondary articulation of velarization or pharyngealization, meaning that the back or root of the tongue approaches the soft palate (velum), or the back of the throat, respectively. Occurrence Dental or denti-alveolar Alveolar | Voiced dental, alveolar and postalveolar lateral approximants. The term dark l is often synonymous with hard l, especially in Slavic languages. (Cf. Hard consonants) Features Features of the dark l: There are four specific variants of : Dental, which means it is articulated with either the tip or the blade of the tongue at the upper teeth. Denti-alveolar, which means it is articulated with the blade of the tongue at the alveolar ridge, and the tip of the tongue behind upper teeth. Alveolar, which means it is articulated with either the tip or, more rarely, the blade of the tongue at the alveolar ridge, termed respectively apical and laminal. Postalveolar, which means it is articulated with either the tip or the blade of the tongue behind the alveolar ridge, termed respectively apical and laminal. It has a secondary articulation of velarization or pharyngealization, meaning that the back or root of the tongue approaches the soft palate (velum), or the back of the throat, respectively. Occurrence Dental or denti-alveolar Alveolar | 524841 |
wiki20220301en020_105876 | Voiced dental, alveolar and postalveolar lateral approximants | Occurrence Dental or denti-alveolar Alveolar Variable See also Index of phonetics articles Lateral consonant Velarization L-vocalization Ł Notes External links Dark L References Alveolar consonants Dental consonants Postalveolar consonants Lateral consonants Pulmonic consonants Oral consonants | Voiced dental, alveolar and postalveolar lateral approximants. Occurrence Dental or denti-alveolar Alveolar Variable See also Index of phonetics articles Lateral consonant Velarization L-vocalization Ł Notes External links Dark L References Alveolar consonants Dental consonants Postalveolar consonants Lateral consonants Pulmonic consonants Oral consonants | 524841 |
wiki20220301en020_105877 | Lateral click | The lateral clicks are a family of click consonants found only in African languages. The clicking sound used by equestrians to urge on their horses is a lateral click, although it is not a speech sound in that context. Lateral clicks are found throughout southern Africa, for example in Zulu, and in two languages in Tanzania. The place of articulation is not known to be contrastive in any language, and typically varies from alveolar to palatal. The symbol in the International Phonetic Alphabet that represents a generic lateral click is , a double vertical bar. Prior to 1989, was the IPA letter for the lateral clicks, and this is still preferred by some phoneticians, as the vertical bar may be confounded with prosody marks and, in some fonts, with a double lowercase L. Either letter may be combined with a second letter to indicate the manner of articulation, though this is commonly omitted for tenuis clicks. | Lateral click. The lateral clicks are a family of click consonants found only in African languages. The clicking sound used by equestrians to urge on their horses is a lateral click, although it is not a speech sound in that context. Lateral clicks are found throughout southern Africa, for example in Zulu, and in two languages in Tanzania. The place of articulation is not known to be contrastive in any language, and typically varies from alveolar to palatal. The symbol in the International Phonetic Alphabet that represents a generic lateral click is , a double vertical bar. Prior to 1989, was the IPA letter for the lateral clicks, and this is still preferred by some phoneticians, as the vertical bar may be confounded with prosody marks and, in some fonts, with a double lowercase L. Either letter may be combined with a second letter to indicate the manner of articulation, though this is commonly omitted for tenuis clicks. | 524842 |
wiki20220301en020_105878 | Lateral click | In official IPA transcription, the click letter is combined with a via a tie bar, though is frequently omitted. Many authors instead use a superscript without the tie bar, again often neglecting the . Either letter, whether baseline or superscript, is usually placed before the click letter, but may come after when the release of the velar or uvular occlusion is audible. A third convention is the click letter with diacritics for voicelessness, voicing and nasalization; it does not distinguish velar from uvular lateral clicks. Common lateral clicks are: The last is what is heard in the sound sample above, as non-native speakers tend to glottalize clicks to avoid nasalizing them. In the orthographies of individual languages, the letters and digraphs for lateral clicks may be based on either the vertical bar symbol of the IPA, , or on the Latin of Bantu convention. Nama and most Saan languages use the former; Naro, Sandawe, and Zulu use the latter. | Lateral click. In official IPA transcription, the click letter is combined with a via a tie bar, though is frequently omitted. Many authors instead use a superscript without the tie bar, again often neglecting the . Either letter, whether baseline or superscript, is usually placed before the click letter, but may come after when the release of the velar or uvular occlusion is audible. A third convention is the click letter with diacritics for voicelessness, voicing and nasalization; it does not distinguish velar from uvular lateral clicks. Common lateral clicks are: The last is what is heard in the sound sample above, as non-native speakers tend to glottalize clicks to avoid nasalizing them. In the orthographies of individual languages, the letters and digraphs for lateral clicks may be based on either the vertical bar symbol of the IPA, , or on the Latin of Bantu convention. Nama and most Saan languages use the former; Naro, Sandawe, and Zulu use the latter. | 524842 |
wiki20220301en020_105879 | Lateral click | Features The specific articulation of lateral clicks may vary from language to language, from dental to palatal, apical or laminal, though no contrast between such articulations has been confirmed apart from the retroflex clicks, which may have lateral release. Features of lateral clicks: The release of the forward place of articulation is a noisy, affricate-like sound in southern Africa, but abrupt in Hadza and Sandawe in East Africa. They are lateral consonants, which means they are produced by releasing the airstream at the side of the tongue, rather than in the middle. Some speakers pronounce them on one side of the mouth, some on both. | Lateral click. Features The specific articulation of lateral clicks may vary from language to language, from dental to palatal, apical or laminal, though no contrast between such articulations has been confirmed apart from the retroflex clicks, which may have lateral release. Features of lateral clicks: The release of the forward place of articulation is a noisy, affricate-like sound in southern Africa, but abrupt in Hadza and Sandawe in East Africa. They are lateral consonants, which means they are produced by releasing the airstream at the side of the tongue, rather than in the middle. Some speakers pronounce them on one side of the mouth, some on both. | 524842 |
wiki20220301en020_105880 | Lateral click | Regarding Khoekhoe, Tindall notes that European learners almost invariably pronounce these sounds as simple laterals, by placing the tongue against the side teeth, and that this articulation is "harsh and foreign to the native ear". The Namaqua instead cover the whole of the palate with the tongue, and produce the sound "as far back in the palate as possible". Occurrence English does not have a lateral click (or any click consonant, for that matter) as a phoneme, but an unreleased lateral click does occur as an interjection, usually written tchick! or tchek! (and often reduplicated tchick-tchick!), used to urge a horse to move. A form of click can also be heard by some English speakers when scoffing, but this is generally a dental click rather than a lateral click. See also Fricated palatal click (described as having a lateral release) Retroflex click (has a fricated lateral release) References External links Alveolar consonants Click consonants Lateral consonants | Lateral click. Regarding Khoekhoe, Tindall notes that European learners almost invariably pronounce these sounds as simple laterals, by placing the tongue against the side teeth, and that this articulation is "harsh and foreign to the native ear". The Namaqua instead cover the whole of the palate with the tongue, and produce the sound "as far back in the palate as possible". Occurrence English does not have a lateral click (or any click consonant, for that matter) as a phoneme, but an unreleased lateral click does occur as an interjection, usually written tchick! or tchek! (and often reduplicated tchick-tchick!), used to urge a horse to move. A form of click can also be heard by some English speakers when scoffing, but this is generally a dental click rather than a lateral click. See also Fricated palatal click (described as having a lateral release) Retroflex click (has a fricated lateral release) References External links Alveolar consonants Click consonants Lateral consonants | 524842 |
wiki20220301en020_105881 | Voiced dental and alveolar lateral flaps | The voiced alveolar lateral flap is a type of consonantal sound, used in some spoken languages. The symbol in the International Phonetic Alphabet that represents this sound is , a fusion of a rotated lowercase letter with a letter . Approved in 1928, the symbol represented a sound intermediate between and or between and until 1979 when its value was redefined as an alveolar lateral flap. Some languages that are described as having a lateral flap actually have a flap that is indeterminate with respect to centrality, and may surface as either central or lateral, either in free variation or allophonically depending on surrounding vowels and consonants. Features Features of the voiced alveolar lateral flap: Occurrence Alveolar See also Index of phonetics articles Perception of English /r/ and /l/ by Japanese speakers Notes References External links Alveolar consonants Lateral consonants Flap consonants Pulmonic consonants Oral consonants | Voiced dental and alveolar lateral flaps. The voiced alveolar lateral flap is a type of consonantal sound, used in some spoken languages. The symbol in the International Phonetic Alphabet that represents this sound is , a fusion of a rotated lowercase letter with a letter . Approved in 1928, the symbol represented a sound intermediate between and or between and until 1979 when its value was redefined as an alveolar lateral flap. Some languages that are described as having a lateral flap actually have a flap that is indeterminate with respect to centrality, and may surface as either central or lateral, either in free variation or allophonically depending on surrounding vowels and consonants. Features Features of the voiced alveolar lateral flap: Occurrence Alveolar See also Index of phonetics articles Perception of English /r/ and /l/ by Japanese speakers Notes References External links Alveolar consonants Lateral consonants Flap consonants Pulmonic consonants Oral consonants | 524843 |
wiki20220301en020_105882 | Voiced palatal lateral approximant | The voiced palatal lateral approximant is a type of consonantal sound used in some spoken languages. The symbol in the International Phonetic Alphabet that represents this sound is , a rotated lowercase letter (not to be confused with lowercase lambda, ), and the equivalent X-SAMPA symbol is L. Many languages that were previously thought to have a palatal lateral approximant actually have a lateral approximant that is, broadly, alveolo-palatal; that is to say, it is articulated at a place in-between the alveolar ridge and the hard palate (excluded), and it may be variously described as alveolo-palatal, lamino-postalveolar, or postalveolo-prepalatal. None of the 13 languages investigated by , many of them Romance, has a 'true' palatal. That is likely the case for several other languages listed here. Some languages, like Portuguese and Catalan, have a lateral approximant that varies between alveolar and alveolo-palatal. | Voiced palatal lateral approximant. The voiced palatal lateral approximant is a type of consonantal sound used in some spoken languages. The symbol in the International Phonetic Alphabet that represents this sound is , a rotated lowercase letter (not to be confused with lowercase lambda, ), and the equivalent X-SAMPA symbol is L. Many languages that were previously thought to have a palatal lateral approximant actually have a lateral approximant that is, broadly, alveolo-palatal; that is to say, it is articulated at a place in-between the alveolar ridge and the hard palate (excluded), and it may be variously described as alveolo-palatal, lamino-postalveolar, or postalveolo-prepalatal. None of the 13 languages investigated by , many of them Romance, has a 'true' palatal. That is likely the case for several other languages listed here. Some languages, like Portuguese and Catalan, have a lateral approximant that varies between alveolar and alveolo-palatal. | 524844 |
wiki20220301en020_105883 | Voiced palatal lateral approximant | There is no dedicated symbol in the International Phonetic Alphabet that represents the alveolo-palatal lateral approximant. If precision is desired, it may be transcribed or ; they are essentially equivalent because the contact includes both the blade and body (but not the tip) of the tongue. There is also a non-IPA letter ("l", plus the curl found in the symbols for alveolo-palatal sibilant fricatives ), used especially in Sinological circles. The voiced palatal lateral approximant contrasts phonemically with its voiceless counterpart in the Xumi language spoken in China. Features Features of the voiced palatal lateral approximant: Occurrence See also Yeísmo, a feature of Spanish dialects that have merged this sound with Index of phonetics articles Notes References Lateral consonants Palatal consonants Alveolo-palatal consonants Pulmonic consonants Oral consonants | Voiced palatal lateral approximant. There is no dedicated symbol in the International Phonetic Alphabet that represents the alveolo-palatal lateral approximant. If precision is desired, it may be transcribed or ; they are essentially equivalent because the contact includes both the blade and body (but not the tip) of the tongue. There is also a non-IPA letter ("l", plus the curl found in the symbols for alveolo-palatal sibilant fricatives ), used especially in Sinological circles. The voiced palatal lateral approximant contrasts phonemically with its voiceless counterpart in the Xumi language spoken in China. Features Features of the voiced palatal lateral approximant: Occurrence See also Yeísmo, a feature of Spanish dialects that have merged this sound with Index of phonetics articles Notes References Lateral consonants Palatal consonants Alveolo-palatal consonants Pulmonic consonants Oral consonants | 524844 |
wiki20220301en020_105884 | Voiced retroflex lateral approximant | The voiced retroflex lateral approximant is a type of consonantal sound used in some spoken languages. The symbol in the International Phonetic Alphabet that represents this sound is , and the equivalent X-SAMPA symbol is l`. The retroflex lateral approximant contrasts phonemically with its voiceless counterpart in Iaai and Toda. In both of these languages it also contrasts with more anterior , which are dental in Iaai and alveolar in Toda. Features Features of the voiced retroflex lateral approximant: Occurrence In the following transcriptions, diacritics may be used to distinguish between apical and laminal . See also Index of phonetics articles Notes References External links Lateral consonants Retroflex consonants Pulmonic consonants Oral consonants | Voiced retroflex lateral approximant. The voiced retroflex lateral approximant is a type of consonantal sound used in some spoken languages. The symbol in the International Phonetic Alphabet that represents this sound is , and the equivalent X-SAMPA symbol is l`. The retroflex lateral approximant contrasts phonemically with its voiceless counterpart in Iaai and Toda. In both of these languages it also contrasts with more anterior , which are dental in Iaai and alveolar in Toda. Features Features of the voiced retroflex lateral approximant: Occurrence In the following transcriptions, diacritics may be used to distinguish between apical and laminal . See also Index of phonetics articles Notes References External links Lateral consonants Retroflex consonants Pulmonic consonants Oral consonants | 524845 |
wiki20220301en020_105885 | Voiced velar lateral approximant | The voiced velar lateral approximant is a type of consonantal sound, used as a distinct consonant in a very small number of spoken languages in the world. The symbol in the International Phonetic Alphabet that represents this sound is (since 1989) and the equivalent X-SAMPA symbol is L\. The velar laterals of the world often involve a prestopped realization . Features Features of the voiced velar lateral approximant: The velar lateral involves no contact of the tip of the tongue with the roof of the mouth: just like for the velar stop , the only contact takes place between the back of the tongue and the velum. This contrasts with the velarized alveolar lateral approximant – also known as the dark l in English feel – for which the apex touches the alveolar ridge. Occurrence | Voiced velar lateral approximant. The voiced velar lateral approximant is a type of consonantal sound, used as a distinct consonant in a very small number of spoken languages in the world. The symbol in the International Phonetic Alphabet that represents this sound is (since 1989) and the equivalent X-SAMPA symbol is L\. The velar laterals of the world often involve a prestopped realization . Features Features of the voiced velar lateral approximant: The velar lateral involves no contact of the tip of the tongue with the roof of the mouth: just like for the velar stop , the only contact takes place between the back of the tongue and the velum. This contrasts with the velarized alveolar lateral approximant – also known as the dark l in English feel – for which the apex touches the alveolar ridge. Occurrence | 524847 |
wiki20220301en020_105886 | Voiced velar lateral approximant | Occurrence See also Voiceless velar lateral approximant, Velarized alveolar lateral approximant, Voiceless alveolar lateral fricative, Velar lateral tap, Voiced velar lateral fricative, Voiceless velar lateral fricative, Index of phonetics articles Notes References External links Lateral consonants Velar consonants Pulmonic consonants Voiced oral consonants | Voiced velar lateral approximant. Occurrence See also Voiceless velar lateral approximant, Velarized alveolar lateral approximant, Voiceless alveolar lateral fricative, Velar lateral tap, Voiced velar lateral fricative, Voiceless velar lateral fricative, Index of phonetics articles Notes References External links Lateral consonants Velar consonants Pulmonic consonants Voiced oral consonants | 524847 |
wiki20220301en020_105887 | Voiced dental and alveolar lateral fricatives | The voiced alveolar lateral fricative is a type of consonantal sound, used in some spoken languages. The symbol in the International Phonetic Alphabet that represents voiced dental, alveolar, and postalveolar lateral fricatives is (sometimes referred to as lezh), and the equivalent X-SAMPA symbol is K\. Features Features of the voiced alveolar lateral fricative: Occurrence Dental or denti-alveolar Alveolar {| class="wikitable" ! colspan="2" | Language ! Word ! IPA ! Meaning ! Notes |- | colspan="2" | Adyghe | | | 'town' | Can also be pronounced as |- | colspan="2" | Bura | | | | Contrasts with and . |- | colspan="2" | Kabardian | | | 'seven' | Can also be pronounced as |- | colspan="2" | Ket | | | | |- | colspan="2" | Mongolian | | | 'Mongol' | Sometimes realized as |- | colspan="2" | Sassarese | caldhu | | 'hot' | |- | colspan="2" | Tera | {{lang|ttr|dlepti'}} | | 'planting' | |- | colspan="2" | Zulu | | | 'hunger' | |} | Voiced dental and alveolar lateral fricatives. The voiced alveolar lateral fricative is a type of consonantal sound, used in some spoken languages. The symbol in the International Phonetic Alphabet that represents voiced dental, alveolar, and postalveolar lateral fricatives is (sometimes referred to as lezh), and the equivalent X-SAMPA symbol is K\. Features Features of the voiced alveolar lateral fricative: Occurrence Dental or denti-alveolar Alveolar {| class="wikitable" ! colspan="2" | Language ! Word ! IPA ! Meaning ! Notes |- | colspan="2" | Adyghe | | | 'town' | Can also be pronounced as |- | colspan="2" | Bura | | | | Contrasts with and . |- | colspan="2" | Kabardian | | | 'seven' | Can also be pronounced as |- | colspan="2" | Ket | | | | |- | colspan="2" | Mongolian | | | 'Mongol' | Sometimes realized as |- | colspan="2" | Sassarese | caldhu | | 'hot' | |- | colspan="2" | Tera | {{lang|ttr|dlepti'}} | | 'planting' | |- | colspan="2" | Zulu | | | 'hunger' | |} | 524848 |
wiki20220301en020_105888 | Voiced dental and alveolar lateral fricatives | In addition, a pharyngealized voiced alveolar lateral fricative is reconstructed to be the ancient Classical Arabic pronunciation of ; the letter is now pronounced in Modern Standard Arabic as a pharyngealized voiced coronal stop, as alveolar or denti-alveolar . Notation In 1938, a symbol shaped similarly to heng was approved as the official IPA symbol for the voiced alveolar lateral fricative, replacing . It was suggested at the same time, however, that a compromise shaped like something between the two may also be used at the author's discretion. It was this compromise version that was included in the 1949 Principles of the International Phonetic Association'' and the subsequent IPA charts, until it was replaced again by at the 1989 Kiel Convention. Despite the Association's prescription, is nonetheless seen in literature from the 1960s to the 1980s. See also Index of phonetics articles Voiceless alveolar lateral fricative Notes References External links | Voiced dental and alveolar lateral fricatives. In addition, a pharyngealized voiced alveolar lateral fricative is reconstructed to be the ancient Classical Arabic pronunciation of ; the letter is now pronounced in Modern Standard Arabic as a pharyngealized voiced coronal stop, as alveolar or denti-alveolar . Notation In 1938, a symbol shaped similarly to heng was approved as the official IPA symbol for the voiced alveolar lateral fricative, replacing . It was suggested at the same time, however, that a compromise shaped like something between the two may also be used at the author's discretion. It was this compromise version that was included in the 1949 Principles of the International Phonetic Association'' and the subsequent IPA charts, until it was replaced again by at the 1989 Kiel Convention. Despite the Association's prescription, is nonetheless seen in literature from the 1960s to the 1980s. See also Index of phonetics articles Voiceless alveolar lateral fricative Notes References External links | 524848 |
wiki20220301en020_105889 | Voiced dental and alveolar lateral fricatives | See also Index of phonetics articles Voiceless alveolar lateral fricative Notes References External links Alveolar consonants Fricative consonants Lateral consonants Pulmonic consonants Voiced oral consonants | Voiced dental and alveolar lateral fricatives. See also Index of phonetics articles Voiceless alveolar lateral fricative Notes References External links Alveolar consonants Fricative consonants Lateral consonants Pulmonic consonants Voiced oral consonants | 524848 |
wiki20220301en020_105890 | Voiceless dental and alveolar lateral fricatives | The voiceless alveolar lateral fricative is a type of consonantal sound, used in some spoken languages. The symbol in the International Phonetic Alphabet that represents voiceless dental, alveolar, and postalveolar lateral fricatives is , and the equivalent X-SAMPA symbol is K. The symbol is called "belted l" and is distinct from "l with tilde", , which transcribes a different sound, the velarized (or pharynɡealized) alveolar lateral approximant, often called "dark L". Some scholars also posit the voiceless alveolar lateral approximant distinct from the fricative. The approximant may be represented in the IPA as . Features Features of the voiceless alveolar lateral fricative: | Voiceless dental and alveolar lateral fricatives. The voiceless alveolar lateral fricative is a type of consonantal sound, used in some spoken languages. The symbol in the International Phonetic Alphabet that represents voiceless dental, alveolar, and postalveolar lateral fricatives is , and the equivalent X-SAMPA symbol is K. The symbol is called "belted l" and is distinct from "l with tilde", , which transcribes a different sound, the velarized (or pharynɡealized) alveolar lateral approximant, often called "dark L". Some scholars also posit the voiceless alveolar lateral approximant distinct from the fricative. The approximant may be represented in the IPA as . Features Features of the voiceless alveolar lateral fricative: | 524849 |
wiki20220301en020_105891 | Voiceless dental and alveolar lateral fricatives | Features Features of the voiceless alveolar lateral fricative: Occurrence The sound is fairly common among indigenous languages of the Americas, such as Nahuatl and Navajo, and in North Caucasian languages, such as Avar. It is also found in African languages, such as Zulu, and Asian languages, such as Chukchi, some Yue dialects like Taishanese, the Hlai languages of Hainan, and several Formosan languages and dialects in Taiwan. The sound is rare in European languages outside the Caucasus, but it is found notably in Welsh in which it is written . Several Welsh names beginning with this sound (Llwyd , Llywelyn ) have been borrowed into English and then retain the Welsh spelling but are pronounced with an (Lloyd, Llewellyn), or they are substituted with (pronounced ) (Floyd, Fluellen). It was also found in certain dialects of Lithuanian Yiddish. | Voiceless dental and alveolar lateral fricatives. Features Features of the voiceless alveolar lateral fricative: Occurrence The sound is fairly common among indigenous languages of the Americas, such as Nahuatl and Navajo, and in North Caucasian languages, such as Avar. It is also found in African languages, such as Zulu, and Asian languages, such as Chukchi, some Yue dialects like Taishanese, the Hlai languages of Hainan, and several Formosan languages and dialects in Taiwan. The sound is rare in European languages outside the Caucasus, but it is found notably in Welsh in which it is written . Several Welsh names beginning with this sound (Llwyd , Llywelyn ) have been borrowed into English and then retain the Welsh spelling but are pronounced with an (Lloyd, Llewellyn), or they are substituted with (pronounced ) (Floyd, Fluellen). It was also found in certain dialects of Lithuanian Yiddish. | 524849 |
wiki20220301en020_105892 | Voiceless dental and alveolar lateral fricatives | The phoneme was also found in the most ancient Hebrew speech of the Ancient Israelites. The orthography of Biblical Hebrew, however, did not directly indicate the phoneme since it and several other phonemes of Ancient Hebrew did not have a grapheme of their own. The phoneme, however, is clearly attested by later developments: was written with , but the letter was also used for the sound . Later, merged with , a sound that had been written only with . As a result, three etymologically-distinct modern Hebrew phonemes can be distinguished: written , written (with later niqqud pointing שׁ), and evolving from and written (with later niqqud pointing שׂ). The specific pronunciation of evolving from /s/ from is known based on comparative evidence since is the corresponding Proto-Semitic phoneme and is still attested in Modern South Arabian languages, and early borrowings indicate it from Ancient Hebrew (e.g. balsam < Greek balsamon < Hebrew baśam). The phoneme began to merge with | Voiceless dental and alveolar lateral fricatives. The phoneme was also found in the most ancient Hebrew speech of the Ancient Israelites. The orthography of Biblical Hebrew, however, did not directly indicate the phoneme since it and several other phonemes of Ancient Hebrew did not have a grapheme of their own. The phoneme, however, is clearly attested by later developments: was written with , but the letter was also used for the sound . Later, merged with , a sound that had been written only with . As a result, three etymologically-distinct modern Hebrew phonemes can be distinguished: written , written (with later niqqud pointing שׁ), and evolving from and written (with later niqqud pointing שׂ). The specific pronunciation of evolving from /s/ from is known based on comparative evidence since is the corresponding Proto-Semitic phoneme and is still attested in Modern South Arabian languages, and early borrowings indicate it from Ancient Hebrew (e.g. balsam < Greek balsamon < Hebrew baśam). The phoneme began to merge with | 524849 |
wiki20220301en020_105893 | Voiceless dental and alveolar lateral fricatives | phoneme and is still attested in Modern South Arabian languages, and early borrowings indicate it from Ancient Hebrew (e.g. balsam < Greek balsamon < Hebrew baśam). The phoneme began to merge with in Late Biblical Hebrew, as is indicated by interchange of orthographic and , possibly under the influence of Aramaic, and became the rule in Mishnaic Hebrew. In all Jewish reading traditions, and have merged completely, but in Samaritan Hebrew has instead merged into . | Voiceless dental and alveolar lateral fricatives. phoneme and is still attested in Modern South Arabian languages, and early borrowings indicate it from Ancient Hebrew (e.g. balsam < Greek balsamon < Hebrew baśam). The phoneme began to merge with in Late Biblical Hebrew, as is indicated by interchange of orthographic and , possibly under the influence of Aramaic, and became the rule in Mishnaic Hebrew. In all Jewish reading traditions, and have merged completely, but in Samaritan Hebrew has instead merged into . | 524849 |
wiki20220301en020_105894 | Voiceless dental and alveolar lateral fricatives | The sound is also found in two of the constructed languages invented by J. R. R. Tolkien, Sindarin (inspired by Welsh) and Quenya (inspired by Finnish, Ancient Greek, and Latin). In Sindarin, it is written as initially and medially and finally, and in Quenya, it appears only initially and is written . Dental or denti-alveolar Alveolar Alveolar approximant Semitic languages The sound is conjectured as a phoneme for Proto-Semitic language, usually transcribed as ; it has evolved into Arabic , Hebrew : Amongst Semitic languages, the sound still exists in contemporary Soqotri and Mehri. In Ge'ez, it is written with the letter Śawt. Capital letter Since the IPA letter "ɬ" has been adopted into the standard orthographies for many native North American languages, a capital letter L with belt "Ɬ" was requested by academics and added to the Unicode Standard version 7.0 in 2014 at U+A7AD. | Voiceless dental and alveolar lateral fricatives. The sound is also found in two of the constructed languages invented by J. R. R. Tolkien, Sindarin (inspired by Welsh) and Quenya (inspired by Finnish, Ancient Greek, and Latin). In Sindarin, it is written as initially and medially and finally, and in Quenya, it appears only initially and is written . Dental or denti-alveolar Alveolar Alveolar approximant Semitic languages The sound is conjectured as a phoneme for Proto-Semitic language, usually transcribed as ; it has evolved into Arabic , Hebrew : Amongst Semitic languages, the sound still exists in contemporary Soqotri and Mehri. In Ge'ez, it is written with the letter Śawt. Capital letter Since the IPA letter "ɬ" has been adopted into the standard orthographies for many native North American languages, a capital letter L with belt "Ɬ" was requested by academics and added to the Unicode Standard version 7.0 in 2014 at U+A7AD. | 524849 |
wiki20220301en020_105895 | Voiceless dental and alveolar lateral fricatives | See also Voiced dental and alveolar lateral fricatives Voiceless alveolar lateral affricate Index of phonetics articles Notes References Further reading Beth am y llall? John Wells's phonetic blog, 1 July 2009. (How the British phonetician John Wells would teach the sound .) A chance to share more than just some sounds of languages walesonline.co.uk, 3 May 2012 (Article by Dr Paul Tench including information on transcribing in Chadic languages.) External links Alveolar consonants Fricative consonants Lateral consonants Pulmonic consonants Voiceless oral consonants | Voiceless dental and alveolar lateral fricatives. See also Voiced dental and alveolar lateral fricatives Voiceless alveolar lateral affricate Index of phonetics articles Notes References Further reading Beth am y llall? John Wells's phonetic blog, 1 July 2009. (How the British phonetician John Wells would teach the sound .) A chance to share more than just some sounds of languages walesonline.co.uk, 3 May 2012 (Article by Dr Paul Tench including information on transcribing in Chadic languages.) External links Alveolar consonants Fricative consonants Lateral consonants Pulmonic consonants Voiceless oral consonants | 524849 |
wiki20220301en020_105896 | Voiced palatal approximant | The voiced palatal approximant, or yod, is a type of consonant used in many spoken languages. The symbol in the International Phonetic Alphabet that represents this sound is . The equivalent X-SAMPA symbol is j, and in the Americanist phonetic notation it is . Because the English name of the letter J, jay, starts with (voiced palato-alveolar affricate), the approximant is sometimes instead called yod (jod), as in the phonological history terms yod-dropping and yod-coalescence. The palatal approximant can often be considered the semivocalic equivalent of the close front unrounded vowel . They alternate with each other in certain languages, such as French, and in the diphthongs of some languages as and , with the non-syllabic diacritic used in different phonetic transcription systems to represent the same sound. | Voiced palatal approximant. The voiced palatal approximant, or yod, is a type of consonant used in many spoken languages. The symbol in the International Phonetic Alphabet that represents this sound is . The equivalent X-SAMPA symbol is j, and in the Americanist phonetic notation it is . Because the English name of the letter J, jay, starts with (voiced palato-alveolar affricate), the approximant is sometimes instead called yod (jod), as in the phonological history terms yod-dropping and yod-coalescence. The palatal approximant can often be considered the semivocalic equivalent of the close front unrounded vowel . They alternate with each other in certain languages, such as French, and in the diphthongs of some languages as and , with the non-syllabic diacritic used in different phonetic transcription systems to represent the same sound. | 524850 |
wiki20220301en020_105897 | Voiced palatal approximant | Some languages, however, have a palatal approximant that is unspecified for rounding and so cannot be considered the semivocalic equivalent of either or its rounded counterpart, , which would normally correspond to . An example is Spanish, which distinguishes two palatal approximants: an approximant semivowel , which is always unrounded, and an unspecified for rounding approximant consonant . Eugenio Martínez Celdrán describes the difference between them as follows (with audio examples added): He also considers that "the IPA shows a lack of precision in the treatment it gives to approximants, if we take into account our understanding of the phonetics of Spanish. and are two different segments, but they have to be labelled as voiced palatal approximant consonants. I think that the former is a real consonant, whereas the latter is a semi-consonant, as it has traditionally been called in Spanish, or a semi-vowel, if preferred. The IPA, though, classifies it as a consonant." | Voiced palatal approximant. Some languages, however, have a palatal approximant that is unspecified for rounding and so cannot be considered the semivocalic equivalent of either or its rounded counterpart, , which would normally correspond to . An example is Spanish, which distinguishes two palatal approximants: an approximant semivowel , which is always unrounded, and an unspecified for rounding approximant consonant . Eugenio Martínez Celdrán describes the difference between them as follows (with audio examples added): He also considers that "the IPA shows a lack of precision in the treatment it gives to approximants, if we take into account our understanding of the phonetics of Spanish. and are two different segments, but they have to be labelled as voiced palatal approximant consonants. I think that the former is a real consonant, whereas the latter is a semi-consonant, as it has traditionally been called in Spanish, or a semi-vowel, if preferred. The IPA, though, classifies it as a consonant." | 524850 |
wiki20220301en020_105898 | Voiced palatal approximant | There is a parallel problem with transcribing the voiced velar approximant. The symbol may not display properly in all browsers. In that case, should be substituted. In the writing systems used for most languages in Central, Northern, and Eastern Europe, the letter j denotes the palatal approximant, as in German 'year'. That is followed by IPA although it may be counterintuitive for English-speakers although words occur with that sound in a few loanwords in English like Hebrew "hallelujah" and German "Jägermeister". In grammars of Ancient Greek, the palatal approximant, which was lost early in the history of Greek, is sometimes written as , an iota with the inverted breve below, which is the nonsyllabic diacritic or marker of a semivowel. | Voiced palatal approximant. There is a parallel problem with transcribing the voiced velar approximant. The symbol may not display properly in all browsers. In that case, should be substituted. In the writing systems used for most languages in Central, Northern, and Eastern Europe, the letter j denotes the palatal approximant, as in German 'year'. That is followed by IPA although it may be counterintuitive for English-speakers although words occur with that sound in a few loanwords in English like Hebrew "hallelujah" and German "Jägermeister". In grammars of Ancient Greek, the palatal approximant, which was lost early in the history of Greek, is sometimes written as , an iota with the inverted breve below, which is the nonsyllabic diacritic or marker of a semivowel. | 524850 |
wiki20220301en020_105899 | Voiced palatal approximant | There is also the post-palatal approximant in some languages, which is articulated slightly more back than the place of articulation of the prototypical palatal approximant but less far back than the prototypical velar approximant. It can be considered the semivocalic equivalent of the close central unrounded vowel The International Phonetic Alphabet does not have a separate symbol for that sound, but it can be transcribed as , (both symbols denote a retracted ), or (both symbols denote an advanced ). The equivalent X-SAMPA symbols are j_- and M\_+, respectively. Other possible transcriptions include a centralized ( in the IPA, j_" in X-SAMPA), a centralized ( in the IPA, M\_" in X-SAMPA) and a non-syllabic ( in the IPA, 1_^ in X-SAMPA). | Voiced palatal approximant. There is also the post-palatal approximant in some languages, which is articulated slightly more back than the place of articulation of the prototypical palatal approximant but less far back than the prototypical velar approximant. It can be considered the semivocalic equivalent of the close central unrounded vowel The International Phonetic Alphabet does not have a separate symbol for that sound, but it can be transcribed as , (both symbols denote a retracted ), or (both symbols denote an advanced ). The equivalent X-SAMPA symbols are j_- and M\_+, respectively. Other possible transcriptions include a centralized ( in the IPA, j_" in X-SAMPA), a centralized ( in the IPA, M\_" in X-SAMPA) and a non-syllabic ( in the IPA, 1_^ in X-SAMPA). | 524850 |
wiki20220301en020_105900 | Voiced palatal approximant | For the reasons mentioned above and in the article velar approximant, none of those symbols are appropriate for languages such as Spanish, whose post-palatal approximant consonant (not a semivowel) appears as an allophone of before front vowels and is best transcribed , (both symbols denote a lowered and retracted ), or (both symbols denote a lowered and advanced ). The equivalent X-SAMPA symbols are j\_o_- and G_o_+. Especially in broad transcription, the post-palatal approximant may be transcribed as a palatalized velar approximant (, or in the IPA, M\', M\_j, G'_o or G_o_j in X-SAMPA). Features Features of the voiced palatal approximant: | Voiced palatal approximant. For the reasons mentioned above and in the article velar approximant, none of those symbols are appropriate for languages such as Spanish, whose post-palatal approximant consonant (not a semivowel) appears as an allophone of before front vowels and is best transcribed , (both symbols denote a lowered and retracted ), or (both symbols denote a lowered and advanced ). The equivalent X-SAMPA symbols are j\_o_- and G_o_+. Especially in broad transcription, the post-palatal approximant may be transcribed as a palatalized velar approximant (, or in the IPA, M\', M\_j, G'_o or G_o_j in X-SAMPA). Features Features of the voiced palatal approximant: | 524850 |
wiki20220301en020_105901 | Voiced palatal approximant | Features Features of the voiced palatal approximant: The most common type of this approximant is glide or semivowel. The term glide emphasizes the characteristic of movement (or 'glide') of from the vowel position to a following vowel position. The term semivowel emphasizes that, although the sound is vocalic in nature, it is not 'syllabic' (it does not form the nucleus of a syllable). For a description of the approximant consonant variant used e.g. in Spanish, see above. The otherwise identical post-palatal variant is articulated slightly behind the hard palate, making it sound slightly closer to the velar . Occurrence Palatal Post-palatal See also Palatal lateral approximant Nasal palatal approximant Index of phonetics articles Notes References External links Palatal consonants Oral consonants Central consonants | Voiced palatal approximant. Features Features of the voiced palatal approximant: The most common type of this approximant is glide or semivowel. The term glide emphasizes the characteristic of movement (or 'glide') of from the vowel position to a following vowel position. The term semivowel emphasizes that, although the sound is vocalic in nature, it is not 'syllabic' (it does not form the nucleus of a syllable). For a description of the approximant consonant variant used e.g. in Spanish, see above. The otherwise identical post-palatal variant is articulated slightly behind the hard palate, making it sound slightly closer to the velar . Occurrence Palatal Post-palatal See also Palatal lateral approximant Nasal palatal approximant Index of phonetics articles Notes References External links Palatal consonants Oral consonants Central consonants | 524850 |
wiki20220301en020_105902 | Palatal click | The palatal or palato-alveolar clicks are a family of click consonants found, as components of words, only in southern Africa. The tongue is nearly flat, and is pulled back rather than down as in the postalveolar clicks, making a sharper sound than those consonants. ('Sharper' meaning that the energy is concentrated at higher frequencies.) The tongue makes an extremely broad contact across the roof of the mouth, making correlation with the places of articulation of non-clicks difficult, but Ladefoged & Traill (1984:18) find that the primary place of articulation is the palate, and say that "there is no doubt that should be described as a palatal sound". | Palatal click. The palatal or palato-alveolar clicks are a family of click consonants found, as components of words, only in southern Africa. The tongue is nearly flat, and is pulled back rather than down as in the postalveolar clicks, making a sharper sound than those consonants. ('Sharper' meaning that the energy is concentrated at higher frequencies.) The tongue makes an extremely broad contact across the roof of the mouth, making correlation with the places of articulation of non-clicks difficult, but Ladefoged & Traill (1984:18) find that the primary place of articulation is the palate, and say that "there is no doubt that should be described as a palatal sound". | 524851 |
wiki20220301en020_105903 | Palatal click | The symbol in the International Phonetic Alphabet that represents the place of articulation of these sounds is , a double-barred vertical bar. An older variant, the double-barred esh, (⨎), is sometimes seen. This base letter is combined with a second element to indicate the manner of articulation, though that is commonly omitted for tenuis clicks. In official IPA transcription, the click letter is combined with a via a tie bar, though is frequently omitted. Many authors instead use a superscript without the tie bar, again often neglecting the . Either letter, whether baseline or superscript, is usually placed before the click letter, but may come after when the release of the velar or uvular occlusion is audible. A third convention is the click letter with diacritics for voicelessness, voicing and nasalization; it does not distinguish velar from uvular palatal clicks: | Palatal click. The symbol in the International Phonetic Alphabet that represents the place of articulation of these sounds is , a double-barred vertical bar. An older variant, the double-barred esh, (⨎), is sometimes seen. This base letter is combined with a second element to indicate the manner of articulation, though that is commonly omitted for tenuis clicks. In official IPA transcription, the click letter is combined with a via a tie bar, though is frequently omitted. Many authors instead use a superscript without the tie bar, again often neglecting the . Either letter, whether baseline or superscript, is usually placed before the click letter, but may come after when the release of the velar or uvular occlusion is audible. A third convention is the click letter with diacritics for voicelessness, voicing and nasalization; it does not distinguish velar from uvular palatal clicks: | 524851 |
wiki20220301en020_105904 | Palatal click | In the orthographies of individual languages, palatal clicks may be written either with digraphs based on the vertical-bar letter of the IPA, or using the Latin alphabet. Khoekhoee and most Bushman languages use the former. Orthographies using the latter include multigraphs based on in Juǀʼhoansi (1987 orthography) and originally in Naro, the latter since changed to , and on . In the 19th century, was sometimes used (see click letters); this might be the source of the Doke letter for the voiceless palatal click, , apparently a v over-struck with a vertical bar. Features Features of palato-alveolar clicks: The forward place of articulation is broad, with the tongue flat against the roof of the mouth from the alveolar ridge to the palate. The release is a sharp, plosive sound. Occurrence Palatal clicks only occur in the southern African Khoisan languages (the Khoe, Kx'a, and Tuu families), where they are extremely common, and in Bantu languages such as Yeyi, Zulu and Xhosa. | Palatal click. In the orthographies of individual languages, palatal clicks may be written either with digraphs based on the vertical-bar letter of the IPA, or using the Latin alphabet. Khoekhoee and most Bushman languages use the former. Orthographies using the latter include multigraphs based on in Juǀʼhoansi (1987 orthography) and originally in Naro, the latter since changed to , and on . In the 19th century, was sometimes used (see click letters); this might be the source of the Doke letter for the voiceless palatal click, , apparently a v over-struck with a vertical bar. Features Features of palato-alveolar clicks: The forward place of articulation is broad, with the tongue flat against the roof of the mouth from the alveolar ridge to the palate. The release is a sharp, plosive sound. Occurrence Palatal clicks only occur in the southern African Khoisan languages (the Khoe, Kx'a, and Tuu families), where they are extremely common, and in Bantu languages such as Yeyi, Zulu and Xhosa. | 524851 |
wiki20220301en020_105905 | Palatal click | Fricated palatal clicks Ekoka !Kung has a series of laminal postalveolar-to-palatal clicks with a noisy, fricated release which derive historically from more prototypical palatal clicks. These have been variously described as fricated alveolar clicks and (inaccurately) as retroflex clicks. Unlike typical palatal clicks, which have a sharp, abrupt release, these have a slow, turbulent anterior release that sounds much like a short inhaled ; they also have a domed tongue rather than a flat tongue like a typical palatal click. The release has also been described as lateral. Like the clicks they derive from, they do not have the retracted tongue root and back-vowel constraint typical of alveolar clicks. A provisional transcription for the tenuis click is , though this misleadingly suggests that the clicks are affricates. Another proposal is to resurrect the old ʃ-like letter for palatal clicks, . | Palatal click. Fricated palatal clicks Ekoka !Kung has a series of laminal postalveolar-to-palatal clicks with a noisy, fricated release which derive historically from more prototypical palatal clicks. These have been variously described as fricated alveolar clicks and (inaccurately) as retroflex clicks. Unlike typical palatal clicks, which have a sharp, abrupt release, these have a slow, turbulent anterior release that sounds much like a short inhaled ; they also have a domed tongue rather than a flat tongue like a typical palatal click. The release has also been described as lateral. Like the clicks they derive from, they do not have the retracted tongue root and back-vowel constraint typical of alveolar clicks. A provisional transcription for the tenuis click is , though this misleadingly suggests that the clicks are affricates. Another proposal is to resurrect the old ʃ-like letter for palatal clicks, . | 524851 |
wiki20220301en020_105906 | Palatal click | See also Alveolar click Bilabial click Dental click Lateral click Retroflex click Index of phonetics articles References External links Palatal consonants Click consonants de:Palatoalveolarer Klick | Palatal click. See also Alveolar click Bilabial click Dental click Lateral click Retroflex click Index of phonetics articles References External links Palatal consonants Click consonants de:Palatoalveolarer Klick | 524851 |
wiki20220301en020_105907 | Voiced palatal nasal | The voiced palatal nasal is a type of consonant used in some spoken languages. The symbol in the International Phonetic Alphabet that represents this sound is , a lowercase letter n with a leftward-pointing tail protruding from the bottom of the left stem of the letter. The equivalent X-SAMPA symbol is J. The IPA symbol is visually similar to , the symbol for the retroflex nasal, which has a rightward-pointing hook extending from the bottom of the right stem, and to , the symbol for the velar nasal, which has a leftward-pointing hook extending from the bottom of the right stem. | Voiced palatal nasal. The voiced palatal nasal is a type of consonant used in some spoken languages. The symbol in the International Phonetic Alphabet that represents this sound is , a lowercase letter n with a leftward-pointing tail protruding from the bottom of the left stem of the letter. The equivalent X-SAMPA symbol is J. The IPA symbol is visually similar to , the symbol for the retroflex nasal, which has a rightward-pointing hook extending from the bottom of the right stem, and to , the symbol for the velar nasal, which has a leftward-pointing hook extending from the bottom of the right stem. | 524853 |
wiki20220301en020_105908 | Voiced palatal nasal | The IPA symbol derives from and , for nasality and denoting palatal. In Spanish and languages whose writing systems are influenced by Spanish orthography, it is represented by the letter , called eñe ("enye"). In French and Italian orthographies the sound is represented by the digraph . Occitan uses the digraph , the source of the same Portuguese digraph called ene-agá (), used thereafter by languages whose writing systems are influenced by Portuguese orthography, such as Vietnamese. In Catalan, Hungarian and many African languages, as Swahili or Dinka, the digraph is used. In Albanian and some countries that used to be Yugoslavia, the digraph (Nj) is used, and sometimes, for the languages with the Cyrillic script that used to be part of Yugoslavia, uses the (Њњ) Cyrillic ligature that might be part of the official alphabet. | Voiced palatal nasal. The IPA symbol derives from and , for nasality and denoting palatal. In Spanish and languages whose writing systems are influenced by Spanish orthography, it is represented by the letter , called eñe ("enye"). In French and Italian orthographies the sound is represented by the digraph . Occitan uses the digraph , the source of the same Portuguese digraph called ene-agá (), used thereafter by languages whose writing systems are influenced by Portuguese orthography, such as Vietnamese. In Catalan, Hungarian and many African languages, as Swahili or Dinka, the digraph is used. In Albanian and some countries that used to be Yugoslavia, the digraph (Nj) is used, and sometimes, for the languages with the Cyrillic script that used to be part of Yugoslavia, uses the (Њњ) Cyrillic ligature that might be part of the official alphabet. | 524853 |
wiki20220301en020_105909 | Voiced palatal nasal | The voiced alveolo-palatal nasal is a type of consonantal sound, used in some oral languages. There is no dedicated symbol in the International Phonetic Alphabet that represents this sound. If more precision is desired, it may be transcribed or ; these are essentially equivalent, since the contact includes both the blade and body (but not the tip) of the tongue. There is a non-IPA letter (, plus the curl found in the symbols for alveolo-palatal sibilant fricatives ), used especially in Sinological circles. The alveolo-palatal nasal is commonly described as palatal; it is often unclear whether a language has a true palatal or not. Many languages claimed to have a palatal nasal, such as Portuguese, actually have an alveolo-palatal nasal. This is likely true of several of the languages listed here. Some dialects of Irish as well as some non-standard dialects of Malayalam are reported to contrast alveolo-palatal and palatal nasals. | Voiced palatal nasal. The voiced alveolo-palatal nasal is a type of consonantal sound, used in some oral languages. There is no dedicated symbol in the International Phonetic Alphabet that represents this sound. If more precision is desired, it may be transcribed or ; these are essentially equivalent, since the contact includes both the blade and body (but not the tip) of the tongue. There is a non-IPA letter (, plus the curl found in the symbols for alveolo-palatal sibilant fricatives ), used especially in Sinological circles. The alveolo-palatal nasal is commonly described as palatal; it is often unclear whether a language has a true palatal or not. Many languages claimed to have a palatal nasal, such as Portuguese, actually have an alveolo-palatal nasal. This is likely true of several of the languages listed here. Some dialects of Irish as well as some non-standard dialects of Malayalam are reported to contrast alveolo-palatal and palatal nasals. | 524853 |
wiki20220301en020_105910 | Voiced palatal nasal | There is also a post-palatal nasal (also called pre-velar, fronted velar etc.) in some languages. Palatal nasals are more common than the palatal stops . Features Features of the voiced palatal nasal: Occurrence Palatal or alveolo-palatal Post-palatal See also Nasal palatal approximant Index of phonetics articles Ɲ (upper and lower case letter used in some orthographies) Notes References External links Nasal consonants Palatal consonants Alveolo-palatal consonants Pulmonic consonants Voiced consonants | Voiced palatal nasal. There is also a post-palatal nasal (also called pre-velar, fronted velar etc.) in some languages. Palatal nasals are more common than the palatal stops . Features Features of the voiced palatal nasal: Occurrence Palatal or alveolo-palatal Post-palatal See also Nasal palatal approximant Index of phonetics articles Ɲ (upper and lower case letter used in some orthographies) Notes References External links Nasal consonants Palatal consonants Alveolo-palatal consonants Pulmonic consonants Voiced consonants | 524853 |
wiki20220301en020_105911 | Alveolar click | The alveolar or postalveolar clicks are a family of click consonants found only in Africa and in the Damin ritual jargon of Australia. The tongue is more or less concave (depending on the language), and is pulled down rather than back as in the palatal clicks, making a hollower sound than those consonants. The symbol in the International Phonetic Alphabet that represents the place of articulation of these sounds is . The symbol is not an exclamation mark in origin, but rather a vertical bar with a subscript dot, the dot being the old diacritic for retroflex consonants. Prior to 1989, (stretched c) was the IPA letter for the alveolar clicks, and this is still preferred by some phoneticians. The tail of may be the tail of retroflex consonants in the IPA, and thus analogous to the underdot of . Either letter may be combined with a second letter to indicate the manner of articulation, though this is commonly omitted for tenuis clicks. | Alveolar click. The alveolar or postalveolar clicks are a family of click consonants found only in Africa and in the Damin ritual jargon of Australia. The tongue is more or less concave (depending on the language), and is pulled down rather than back as in the palatal clicks, making a hollower sound than those consonants. The symbol in the International Phonetic Alphabet that represents the place of articulation of these sounds is . The symbol is not an exclamation mark in origin, but rather a vertical bar with a subscript dot, the dot being the old diacritic for retroflex consonants. Prior to 1989, (stretched c) was the IPA letter for the alveolar clicks, and this is still preferred by some phoneticians. The tail of may be the tail of retroflex consonants in the IPA, and thus analogous to the underdot of . Either letter may be combined with a second letter to indicate the manner of articulation, though this is commonly omitted for tenuis clicks. | 524854 |
wiki20220301en020_105912 | Alveolar click | In official IPA transcription, the click letter is combined with a via a tie bar, though is frequently omitted. Many authors instead use a superscript without the tie bar, again often neglecting the . Either letter, whether baseline or superscript, is usually placed before the click letter, but may come after when the release of the velar or uvular occlusion is audible. A third convention is the click letter with diacritics for voicelessness, voicing and nasalization; it does not distinguish velar from uvular alveolar clicks. Common alveolar clicks are: The last can be heard in the sound sample at right; non-native speakers tend to glottalize clicks to avoid nasalizing them. The nasal click may also be heard at the right. | Alveolar click. In official IPA transcription, the click letter is combined with a via a tie bar, though is frequently omitted. Many authors instead use a superscript without the tie bar, again often neglecting the . Either letter, whether baseline or superscript, is usually placed before the click letter, but may come after when the release of the velar or uvular occlusion is audible. A third convention is the click letter with diacritics for voicelessness, voicing and nasalization; it does not distinguish velar from uvular alveolar clicks. Common alveolar clicks are: The last can be heard in the sound sample at right; non-native speakers tend to glottalize clicks to avoid nasalizing them. The nasal click may also be heard at the right. | 524854 |
wiki20220301en020_105913 | Alveolar click | The last can be heard in the sound sample at right; non-native speakers tend to glottalize clicks to avoid nasalizing them. The nasal click may also be heard at the right. In the orthographies of individual languages, the letters and digraphs for alveolar clicks may be based on either the vertical bar symbol of the IPA, , or on the Latin of Bantu convention. Khoekhoe and most Bushman languages use the former; Naro, Sandawe, and Zulu use the latter. Features Features of postalveolar clicks: | Alveolar click. The last can be heard in the sound sample at right; non-native speakers tend to glottalize clicks to avoid nasalizing them. The nasal click may also be heard at the right. In the orthographies of individual languages, the letters and digraphs for alveolar clicks may be based on either the vertical bar symbol of the IPA, , or on the Latin of Bantu convention. Khoekhoe and most Bushman languages use the former; Naro, Sandawe, and Zulu use the latter. Features Features of postalveolar clicks: | 524854 |
wiki20220301en020_105914 | Alveolar click | Features Features of postalveolar clicks: The forward place of articulation is alveolar or postalveolar, depending on the language, and apical, which means it is articulated with the tip of the tongue against the alveolar ridge or the roof of the mouth behind the alveolar ridge. (Damin contrasted these two articulations as separate phonemes.) The release is a sharp, plosive sound in southern Africa, but in Sandawe it may be percussive, with the underside of the tip of the tongue striking the floor of the mouth after the release of the click (see below), and in Hadza the release is often quite weak. Occurrence English does not have an alveolar click (or any click consonant, for that matter) as a phoneme, but a plain alveolar click does occur in mimesis, as a sound children use to imitate a horse trotting. Percussive release | Alveolar click. Features Features of postalveolar clicks: The forward place of articulation is alveolar or postalveolar, depending on the language, and apical, which means it is articulated with the tip of the tongue against the alveolar ridge or the roof of the mouth behind the alveolar ridge. (Damin contrasted these two articulations as separate phonemes.) The release is a sharp, plosive sound in southern Africa, but in Sandawe it may be percussive, with the underside of the tip of the tongue striking the floor of the mouth after the release of the click (see below), and in Hadza the release is often quite weak. Occurrence English does not have an alveolar click (or any click consonant, for that matter) as a phoneme, but a plain alveolar click does occur in mimesis, as a sound children use to imitate a horse trotting. Percussive release | 524854 |
wiki20220301en020_105915 | Alveolar click | Percussive release In Sandawe, alveolar clicks commonly have a ballistic release, with the underside of the tip of the tongue subsequently striking the floor of the mouth. This allophone has been called "flapped" and "slapped". Sometimes the percussive slap is louder than the release, resulting in a sound that has been characterized as a "cluck". The symbol for the sublingual percussive component is in the extensions to the IPA; a slapped click is therefore transcribed or (or ). The percussive allophones of the five Sandawe alveolar clicks are (or ). | Alveolar click. Percussive release In Sandawe, alveolar clicks commonly have a ballistic release, with the underside of the tip of the tongue subsequently striking the floor of the mouth. This allophone has been called "flapped" and "slapped". Sometimes the percussive slap is louder than the release, resulting in a sound that has been characterized as a "cluck". The symbol for the sublingual percussive component is in the extensions to the IPA; a slapped click is therefore transcribed or (or ). The percussive allophones of the five Sandawe alveolar clicks are (or ). | 524854 |
wiki20220301en020_105916 | Alveolar click | Nasal clicks that fit this description are used by speakers of Gan Chinese (from Ningdu county) and of Mandarin (from Beijing and Jilin), and presumably people from other parts of the country, with varying degrees of competence in nursery rhymes for the words for 'goose' and 'duck', both of which begin with in Gan and until recently began with in Mandarin as well. In Gan, the nursery rhyme is (disregarding tone), 'a goose in the sky' 'a duck on the ground' 'a goose lays a goose egg, a goose hatches a goose' 'a duck lays a duck egg, a duck hatches a duck' where the onsets are all pronounced . "Fricated" alveolar clicks A series of clicks in Ekoka !Kung have been variously described as retroflex or fricated palatal clicks. See also Bilabial click Dental click Lateral click Palatal click Retroflex click Index of phonetics articles References External links Alveolar consonants Click consonants | Alveolar click. Nasal clicks that fit this description are used by speakers of Gan Chinese (from Ningdu county) and of Mandarin (from Beijing and Jilin), and presumably people from other parts of the country, with varying degrees of competence in nursery rhymes for the words for 'goose' and 'duck', both of which begin with in Gan and until recently began with in Mandarin as well. In Gan, the nursery rhyme is (disregarding tone), 'a goose in the sky' 'a duck on the ground' 'a goose lays a goose egg, a goose hatches a goose' 'a duck lays a duck egg, a duck hatches a duck' where the onsets are all pronounced . "Fricated" alveolar clicks A series of clicks in Ekoka !Kung have been variously described as retroflex or fricated palatal clicks. See also Bilabial click Dental click Lateral click Palatal click Retroflex click Index of phonetics articles References External links Alveolar consonants Click consonants | 524854 |
wiki20220301en020_105917 | Voiced retroflex approximant | The voiced retroflex approximant is a type of consonant used in some languages. The symbol in the International Phonetic Alphabet that represents this sound is , and the equivalent X-SAMPA symbol is r\`. The IPA symbol is a turned lowercase letter r with a rightward hook protruding from the lower right of the letter. Features ] Features of the voiced retroflex approximant: Occurrence See also Alveolar approximant Retroflex consonant R-colored vowel Index of phonetics articles Notes References External links Retroflex consonants Pulmonic consonants Oral consonants Central consonants | Voiced retroflex approximant. The voiced retroflex approximant is a type of consonant used in some languages. The symbol in the International Phonetic Alphabet that represents this sound is , and the equivalent X-SAMPA symbol is r\`. The IPA symbol is a turned lowercase letter r with a rightward hook protruding from the lower right of the letter. Features ] Features of the voiced retroflex approximant: Occurrence See also Alveolar approximant Retroflex consonant R-colored vowel Index of phonetics articles Notes References External links Retroflex consonants Pulmonic consonants Oral consonants Central consonants | 524855 |
wiki20220301en020_105918 | Voiced retroflex flap | The voiced retroflex flap is a type of consonantal sound, used in some spoken languages. The symbol in the International Phonetic Alphabet that represents this sound is , and the equivalent X-SAMPA symbol is r`. Features Features of the voiced retroflex flap: Occurrence See also Index of phonetics articles Notes References External links Retroflex consonants Flap consonants Pulmonic consonants Oral consonants Central consonants | Voiced retroflex flap. The voiced retroflex flap is a type of consonantal sound, used in some spoken languages. The symbol in the International Phonetic Alphabet that represents this sound is , and the equivalent X-SAMPA symbol is r`. Features Features of the voiced retroflex flap: Occurrence See also Index of phonetics articles Notes References External links Retroflex consonants Flap consonants Pulmonic consonants Oral consonants Central consonants | 524856 |
wiki20220301en020_105919 | Voiced retroflex nasal | The voiced retroflex nasal is a type of consonantal sound, used in some spoken languages. The symbol in the International Phonetic Alphabet that represents this sound is , and the equivalent X-SAMPA symbol is n`. Like all the retroflex consonants, the IPA symbol is formed by adding a rightward-pointing hook extending from the bottom of an en (the letter used for the corresponding alveolar consonant). It is similar to , the letter for the palatal nasal, which has a leftward-pointing hook extending from the bottom of the left stem, and to , the letter for the velar nasal, which has a leftward-pointing hook extending from the bottom of the right stem. Features Features of the voiced retroflex nasal: Occurrence Retroflex nasal flap Features Features of the retroflex nasal tap or flap: Occurrence See also Index of phonetics articles Notes References External links Retroflex consonants Nasal consonants Pulmonic consonants Voiced consonants | Voiced retroflex nasal. The voiced retroflex nasal is a type of consonantal sound, used in some spoken languages. The symbol in the International Phonetic Alphabet that represents this sound is , and the equivalent X-SAMPA symbol is n`. Like all the retroflex consonants, the IPA symbol is formed by adding a rightward-pointing hook extending from the bottom of an en (the letter used for the corresponding alveolar consonant). It is similar to , the letter for the palatal nasal, which has a leftward-pointing hook extending from the bottom of the left stem, and to , the letter for the velar nasal, which has a leftward-pointing hook extending from the bottom of the right stem. Features Features of the voiced retroflex nasal: Occurrence Retroflex nasal flap Features Features of the retroflex nasal tap or flap: Occurrence See also Index of phonetics articles Notes References External links Retroflex consonants Nasal consonants Pulmonic consonants Voiced consonants | 524857 |
wiki20220301en020_105920 | Uvular ejective stop | The uvular ejective is a type of consonantal sound, used in some spoken languages. The symbol in the International Phonetic Alphabet that represents this sound is . Features Features of the uvular ejective: Occurrence One ejective A single plain uvular ejective is found in almost all Northeast Caucasian languages, all South Caucasian languages, and some Athabaskan languages, as well as Itelmen, Quechua and Aymara. Itelmen, where it is written ӄ': ӄ'ил'хч to depart. Georgian, where it is written ყ: ტყავი skin, pelt. Unlike its velar counterpart, it does not contrast with voiced or voiceless uvular stops; the voiceless uvular stop of Old Georgian has merged with the voiceless velar fricative in modern Georgian. Some scholars view this Georgian phoneme as being rather an uvular ejective fricative . Tahltan: door. | Uvular ejective stop. The uvular ejective is a type of consonantal sound, used in some spoken languages. The symbol in the International Phonetic Alphabet that represents this sound is . Features Features of the uvular ejective: Occurrence One ejective A single plain uvular ejective is found in almost all Northeast Caucasian languages, all South Caucasian languages, and some Athabaskan languages, as well as Itelmen, Quechua and Aymara. Itelmen, where it is written ӄ': ӄ'ил'хч to depart. Georgian, where it is written ყ: ტყავი skin, pelt. Unlike its velar counterpart, it does not contrast with voiced or voiceless uvular stops; the voiceless uvular stop of Old Georgian has merged with the voiceless velar fricative in modern Georgian. Some scholars view this Georgian phoneme as being rather an uvular ejective fricative . Tahltan: door. | 524858 |
wiki20220301en020_105921 | Uvular ejective stop | Two ejectives Most Salishan languages, the Tlingit language, and Adyghe and Kabardian (Northwest Caucasian) demonstrate a two-way contrast between labialised and plain uvular ejectives. Klallam: wəq̕ə́q̕ frog, sq̕ʷúŋi(ʔ) head. Lezgian, where the two are written кь and кьв: кьакьан tall, high, кьвех groin. North Straits Salish, where the two are written K and K̴ in the Saanich orthography: Saanich KEYOṮEN slug, snail, SK̴EḰĆES red huckleberry. The Akhvakh language appears to have a contrast between lax and tense uvular ejectives: soup, broth (lax) vs. cock's comb (tense). Three ejectives Abkhaz contrasts plain, palatalised and labialised uvular ejectives, written ҟ ҟь ҟə: аҟаҧшь red, -ҵəҟьа really, indeed (a verbal suffix), Аҟәа Sukhum. As with Georgian, Abkhaz has no non-ejective uvular stops; the historically present uvular aspirates have merged with their corresponding fricatives, although the aspirates are preserved in Abaza. | Uvular ejective stop. Two ejectives Most Salishan languages, the Tlingit language, and Adyghe and Kabardian (Northwest Caucasian) demonstrate a two-way contrast between labialised and plain uvular ejectives. Klallam: wəq̕ə́q̕ frog, sq̕ʷúŋi(ʔ) head. Lezgian, where the two are written кь and кьв: кьакьан tall, high, кьвех groin. North Straits Salish, where the two are written K and K̴ in the Saanich orthography: Saanich KEYOṮEN slug, snail, SK̴EḰĆES red huckleberry. The Akhvakh language appears to have a contrast between lax and tense uvular ejectives: soup, broth (lax) vs. cock's comb (tense). Three ejectives Abkhaz contrasts plain, palatalised and labialised uvular ejectives, written ҟ ҟь ҟə: аҟаҧшь red, -ҵəҟьа really, indeed (a verbal suffix), Аҟәа Sukhum. As with Georgian, Abkhaz has no non-ejective uvular stops; the historically present uvular aspirates have merged with their corresponding fricatives, although the aspirates are preserved in Abaza. | 524858 |
wiki20220301en020_105922 | Uvular ejective stop | Five ejectives The plain uvular ejective is one of the most common consonants in Ubykh, due to its presence in the past tense suffix . But in addition to palatalised, labialised and plain uvular ejectives, Ubykh also possesses a pharyngealised version and a concurrently labialised and pharyngealised version, making a total of five: he said it, small and round, to seize, to chew, cavern. See also List of phonetics topics References External links Uvular consonants Ejectives Oral consonants Central consonants | Uvular ejective stop. Five ejectives The plain uvular ejective is one of the most common consonants in Ubykh, due to its presence in the past tense suffix . But in addition to palatalised, labialised and plain uvular ejectives, Ubykh also possesses a pharyngealised version and a concurrently labialised and pharyngealised version, making a total of five: he said it, small and round, to seize, to chew, cavern. See also List of phonetics topics References External links Uvular consonants Ejectives Oral consonants Central consonants | 524858 |
wiki20220301en020_105923 | Voiced uvular nasal | The voiced uvular nasal is a type of consonantal sound, used in some spoken languages. The symbol in the International Phonetic Alphabet that represents this sound is , a small capital version of the Latin letter n; the equivalent X-SAMPA symbol is N\. The uvular nasal is a rare sound cross-linguistically, occurring as a phoneme in only a small handful of languages. It is complex sound in terms of articulation, and also highly marked, as it is inherently difficult to produce a nasal articulation at the uvular point of contact. This difficulty can be said to account for the marked rarity of this sound among the world's languages. | Voiced uvular nasal. The voiced uvular nasal is a type of consonantal sound, used in some spoken languages. The symbol in the International Phonetic Alphabet that represents this sound is , a small capital version of the Latin letter n; the equivalent X-SAMPA symbol is N\. The uvular nasal is a rare sound cross-linguistically, occurring as a phoneme in only a small handful of languages. It is complex sound in terms of articulation, and also highly marked, as it is inherently difficult to produce a nasal articulation at the uvular point of contact. This difficulty can be said to account for the marked rarity of this sound among the world's languages. | 524859 |
wiki20220301en020_105924 | Voiced uvular nasal | The uvular nasal most commonly occurs as a conditioned allophone of other sounds, for example as an allophone of before a uvular plosive as in Quechua, or as an allophone of /q/ before another nasal consonant as in Selkup. However, it has been reported to exist as an independent phoneme in a small number of languages. Examples include the Klallam language, the Tawellemmet and Ayr varieties of Tuareg Berber, the Rangakha dialect of Khams Tibetan, at least two dialects of the Bai language, and the Papuan language Mapos Buang. In Mapos Buang and in the Bai dialects, it contrasts phonemically with a velar nasal. The syllable-final nasal in Japanese was traditionally said to be realized as a uvular nasal when utterance-final, but empirical studies have disputed this claim. | Voiced uvular nasal. The uvular nasal most commonly occurs as a conditioned allophone of other sounds, for example as an allophone of before a uvular plosive as in Quechua, or as an allophone of /q/ before another nasal consonant as in Selkup. However, it has been reported to exist as an independent phoneme in a small number of languages. Examples include the Klallam language, the Tawellemmet and Ayr varieties of Tuareg Berber, the Rangakha dialect of Khams Tibetan, at least two dialects of the Bai language, and the Papuan language Mapos Buang. In Mapos Buang and in the Bai dialects, it contrasts phonemically with a velar nasal. The syllable-final nasal in Japanese was traditionally said to be realized as a uvular nasal when utterance-final, but empirical studies have disputed this claim. | 524859 |
wiki20220301en020_105925 | Voiced uvular nasal | There is also the pre-uvular nasal in some languages such as Yanyuwa, which is articulated slightly more front compared with the place of articulation of the prototypical uvular nasal, though not as front as the prototypical velar nasal. The International Phonetic Alphabet does not have a separate symbol for that sound, though it can be transcribed as (advanced ), or (both symbols denote a retracted ). The equivalent X-SAMPA symbols are N\_+ and N_-, respectively. Features Features of the voiced uvular nasal: Occurrence See also Index of phonetics articles Notes References External links Uvular consonants Nasal consonants Pulmonic consonants Voiced consonants | Voiced uvular nasal. There is also the pre-uvular nasal in some languages such as Yanyuwa, which is articulated slightly more front compared with the place of articulation of the prototypical uvular nasal, though not as front as the prototypical velar nasal. The International Phonetic Alphabet does not have a separate symbol for that sound, though it can be transcribed as (advanced ), or (both symbols denote a retracted ). The equivalent X-SAMPA symbols are N\_+ and N_-, respectively. Features Features of the voiced uvular nasal: Occurrence See also Index of phonetics articles Notes References External links Uvular consonants Nasal consonants Pulmonic consonants Voiced consonants | 524859 |
wiki20220301en020_105926 | Voiced uvular trill | The voiced uvular trill is a type of consonantal sound, used in some spoken languages. The symbol in the International Phonetic Alphabet that represents this sound is , a small capital letter R. This consonant is one of several collectively called guttural R. Features Features of the voiced uvular trill: Unlike in tongue-tip trills, it is the uvula, not the tongue, that vibrates. Occurrence There are two main theories regarding the origination of the uvular trill in European languages. According to one theory, the uvular trill originated in Standard French around the 17th century and spread to the standard varieties of German, Danish, Portuguese and some of those of Dutch, Norwegian and Swedish. It is also present in other areas of Europe, but it is not clear if such pronunciations are due to French influence. In most cases, varieties have shifted the sound to a voiced uvular fricative or a voiced uvular approximant . | Voiced uvular trill. The voiced uvular trill is a type of consonantal sound, used in some spoken languages. The symbol in the International Phonetic Alphabet that represents this sound is , a small capital letter R. This consonant is one of several collectively called guttural R. Features Features of the voiced uvular trill: Unlike in tongue-tip trills, it is the uvula, not the tongue, that vibrates. Occurrence There are two main theories regarding the origination of the uvular trill in European languages. According to one theory, the uvular trill originated in Standard French around the 17th century and spread to the standard varieties of German, Danish, Portuguese and some of those of Dutch, Norwegian and Swedish. It is also present in other areas of Europe, but it is not clear if such pronunciations are due to French influence. In most cases, varieties have shifted the sound to a voiced uvular fricative or a voiced uvular approximant . | 524860 |
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