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wiki20220301en020_105927 | Voiced uvular trill | The other main theory is that the uvular R originated within Germanic languages by the weakening of the alveolar R, which was replaced by an imitation of the alveolar R (vocalisation). Against the "French origin" theory, it is said that there are many signs that the uvular R existed in some German dialects long before the 17th century. Apart from modern Europe, uvular R also exists in some Semitic languages, including North Mesopotamian Arabic and probably Tiberian Hebrew. See also Index of phonetics articles Notes References External links Trill consonants Uvular consonants Pulmonic consonants Oral consonants Central consonants | Voiced uvular trill. The other main theory is that the uvular R originated within Germanic languages by the weakening of the alveolar R, which was replaced by an imitation of the alveolar R (vocalisation). Against the "French origin" theory, it is said that there are many signs that the uvular R existed in some German dialects long before the 17th century. Apart from modern Europe, uvular R also exists in some Semitic languages, including North Mesopotamian Arabic and probably Tiberian Hebrew. See also Index of phonetics articles Notes References External links Trill consonants Uvular consonants Pulmonic consonants Oral consonants Central consonants | 524860 |
wiki20220301en020_105928 | Voiced velar approximant | The voiced velar approximant is a type of consonantal sound, used in some spoken languages. The symbol in the International Phonetic Alphabet that represents this sound is , and the equivalent X-SAMPA symbol is M\. The consonant is not present in English, but approximates to the sound of a 'g' with the throat kept open, or like making a 'w' sound without the lips touching. The voiced velar approximant can in many cases be considered the semivocalic counterpart of the close back unrounded vowel . and with the non-syllabic diacritic are used in different transcription systems to represent the same sound. In some languages, such as Spanish, the voiced velar approximant appears as an allophone of – see below. The symbol for the velar approximant originates from , but with a vertical line. Compare and for the labio-palatal approximant. Features Features of the voiced velar approximant: | Voiced velar approximant. The voiced velar approximant is a type of consonantal sound, used in some spoken languages. The symbol in the International Phonetic Alphabet that represents this sound is , and the equivalent X-SAMPA symbol is M\. The consonant is not present in English, but approximates to the sound of a 'g' with the throat kept open, or like making a 'w' sound without the lips touching. The voiced velar approximant can in many cases be considered the semivocalic counterpart of the close back unrounded vowel . and with the non-syllabic diacritic are used in different transcription systems to represent the same sound. In some languages, such as Spanish, the voiced velar approximant appears as an allophone of – see below. The symbol for the velar approximant originates from , but with a vertical line. Compare and for the labio-palatal approximant. Features Features of the voiced velar approximant: | 524861 |
wiki20220301en020_105929 | Voiced velar approximant | The symbol for the velar approximant originates from , but with a vertical line. Compare and for the labio-palatal approximant. Features Features of the voiced velar approximant: The most common type of this approximant is glide or semivowel. The term glide emphasizes the characteristic of movement (or 'glide') of from the vowel position to a following vowel position. The term semivowel emphasizes that, although the sound is vocalic in nature, it is not 'syllabic' (it does not form the nucleus of a syllable). For a description of the approximant consonant variant used e.g. in Spanish, see below. | Voiced velar approximant. The symbol for the velar approximant originates from , but with a vertical line. Compare and for the labio-palatal approximant. Features Features of the voiced velar approximant: The most common type of this approximant is glide or semivowel. The term glide emphasizes the characteristic of movement (or 'glide') of from the vowel position to a following vowel position. The term semivowel emphasizes that, although the sound is vocalic in nature, it is not 'syllabic' (it does not form the nucleus of a syllable). For a description of the approximant consonant variant used e.g. in Spanish, see below. | 524861 |
wiki20220301en020_105930 | Voiced velar approximant | Occurrence {| class="wikitable" ! colspan="2" | Language !! Word !! IPA !! Meaning !! Notes |- | colspan="2" | Aragonese || || || 'oak tree' || Approximant consonant unspecified for rounding; allophone of . |- | rowspan="4" | Astur-Leonese || Asturian || || || || rowspan="4" | Approximant consonant unspecified for rounding; allophone of . |- | Extremaduran || || || |- | Leonese || || || |- | Mirandese || || || |- | colspan="2" | Catalan || || || 'water' || Approximant consonant unspecified for rounding; allophone of . See Catalan phonology |- | colspan="2" | Cherokee || ᏩᏥ || || 'watch' || Found only in the Western dialect. Its equivalent in other dialects is [w]. Also represented by Ꮺ, Ꮻ, Ꮼ, Ꮽ, and Ꮾ |- | Voiced velar approximant. Occurrence {| class="wikitable" ! colspan="2" | Language !! Word !! IPA !! Meaning !! Notes |- | colspan="2" | Aragonese || || || 'oak tree' || Approximant consonant unspecified for rounding; allophone of . |- | rowspan="4" | Astur-Leonese || Asturian || || || || rowspan="4" | Approximant consonant unspecified for rounding; allophone of . |- | Extremaduran || || || |- | Leonese || || || |- | Mirandese || || || |- | colspan="2" | Catalan || || || 'water' || Approximant consonant unspecified for rounding; allophone of . See Catalan phonology |- | colspan="2" | Cherokee || ᏩᏥ || || 'watch' || Found only in the Western dialect. Its equivalent in other dialects is [w]. Also represented by Ꮺ, Ꮻ, Ꮼ, Ꮽ, and Ꮾ |- | 524861 |
wiki20220301en020_105931 | Voiced velar approximant | |- | colspan="2" | Cherokee || ᏩᏥ || || 'watch' || Found only in the Western dialect. Its equivalent in other dialects is [w]. Also represented by Ꮺ, Ꮻ, Ꮼ, Ꮽ, and Ꮾ |- | Danish || Older speakers || || || 'tallow' || Approximant consonant unspecified for rounding. Still used by some older speakers in high register, much more commonly than a fricative . Depending on the environment, it corresponds to or in young speakers of contemporary Standard Danish. See Danish phonology |- | Dutch || Western East Flemish || || || || Approximant consonant unspecified for rounding. Corresponds to a fricative in other dialects. |- | French || Belgian || || || 'macaw' || Intervocalic allophone of for some speakers, unless is realized as a liaison consonant – then, most often, it is realized as a trill . See French phonology |- | colspan="2" | Galician || || || 'water' || Approximant consonant unspecified for rounding; allophone of . See Galician phonology |- | Voiced velar approximant. |- | colspan="2" | Cherokee || ᏩᏥ || || 'watch' || Found only in the Western dialect. Its equivalent in other dialects is [w]. Also represented by Ꮺ, Ꮻ, Ꮼ, Ꮽ, and Ꮾ |- | Danish || Older speakers || || || 'tallow' || Approximant consonant unspecified for rounding. Still used by some older speakers in high register, much more commonly than a fricative . Depending on the environment, it corresponds to or in young speakers of contemporary Standard Danish. See Danish phonology |- | Dutch || Western East Flemish || || || || Approximant consonant unspecified for rounding. Corresponds to a fricative in other dialects. |- | French || Belgian || || || 'macaw' || Intervocalic allophone of for some speakers, unless is realized as a liaison consonant – then, most often, it is realized as a trill . See French phonology |- | colspan="2" | Galician || || || 'water' || Approximant consonant unspecified for rounding; allophone of . See Galician phonology |- | 524861 |
wiki20220301en020_105932 | Voiced velar approximant | |- | colspan="2" | Galician || || || 'water' || Approximant consonant unspecified for rounding; allophone of . See Galician phonology |- | Greek || Cypriot || || || 'shop' || Allophone of . |- | rowspan="2" | Guarani | || || || 'near, close to' || Contrasts with |- |Ñandewa Paulista-Paranaense | | |'I cut' |Contrasts with . |- | colspan="2" | Hiw || ter̄og || || 'peace' || Phoneme realised in onsets, in codas. Contrasts with and with . |- | colspan="2" |Ibibio || ufokọ || || || Intervocalic allophone of ; may be a uvular tap instead. |- | colspan="2" | Icelandic || || || 'saga' || Approximant consonant unspecified for rounding. See Icelandic phonology |- | colspan="2" | Irish || || || 'nine' || Occurs only between broad consonants and front vowels. See Irish phonology |- | colspan="2" | Korean || / || || 'doctor' || Occurs only before . See Korean phonology |- | colspan="2" | Mwotlap || haghag || || 'sit' || Realised or . Contrasts with . |- | Voiced velar approximant. |- | colspan="2" | Galician || || || 'water' || Approximant consonant unspecified for rounding; allophone of . See Galician phonology |- | Greek || Cypriot || || || 'shop' || Allophone of . |- | rowspan="2" | Guarani | || || || 'near, close to' || Contrasts with |- |Ñandewa Paulista-Paranaense | | |'I cut' |Contrasts with . |- | colspan="2" | Hiw || ter̄og || || 'peace' || Phoneme realised in onsets, in codas. Contrasts with and with . |- | colspan="2" |Ibibio || ufokọ || || || Intervocalic allophone of ; may be a uvular tap instead. |- | colspan="2" | Icelandic || || || 'saga' || Approximant consonant unspecified for rounding. See Icelandic phonology |- | colspan="2" | Irish || || || 'nine' || Occurs only between broad consonants and front vowels. See Irish phonology |- | colspan="2" | Korean || / || || 'doctor' || Occurs only before . See Korean phonology |- | colspan="2" | Mwotlap || haghag || || 'sit' || Realised or . Contrasts with . |- | 524861 |
wiki20220301en020_105933 | Voiced velar approximant | |- | colspan="2" | Korean || / || || 'doctor' || Occurs only before . See Korean phonology |- | colspan="2" | Mwotlap || haghag || || 'sit' || Realised or . Contrasts with . |- | colspan="2" | Shipibo || || || || Continuant consonant with variable frication and unspecified rounding; allophone of in certain high-frequency morphemes. |- | colspan="2" | Spanish || || || 'to pay' || Approximant consonant unspecified for rounding; allophone of . See Spanish phonology |- | Swedish || Central Standard || || || 'agronomist' || Approximant consonant unspecified for rounding; allophone of in casual speech. See Swedish phonology |- | colspan="2" | Tagalog || igriega || || 'y (letter)' || Approximant consonant unspecified for rounding; intervocalic allophone of . See Tagalog phonology |- | colspan="2" | Tiwi || || || 'we (inclusive)' || |- | colspan="2" | Venetian || || || 'gondola' || See Venetian language |- |Vietnamese |Southern |gà| |'chicken' | Voiced velar approximant. |- | colspan="2" | Korean || / || || 'doctor' || Occurs only before . See Korean phonology |- | colspan="2" | Mwotlap || haghag || || 'sit' || Realised or . Contrasts with . |- | colspan="2" | Shipibo || || || || Continuant consonant with variable frication and unspecified rounding; allophone of in certain high-frequency morphemes. |- | colspan="2" | Spanish || || || 'to pay' || Approximant consonant unspecified for rounding; allophone of . See Spanish phonology |- | Swedish || Central Standard || || || 'agronomist' || Approximant consonant unspecified for rounding; allophone of in casual speech. See Swedish phonology |- | colspan="2" | Tagalog || igriega || || 'y (letter)' || Approximant consonant unspecified for rounding; intervocalic allophone of . See Tagalog phonology |- | colspan="2" | Tiwi || || || 'we (inclusive)' || |- | colspan="2" | Venetian || || || 'gondola' || See Venetian language |- |Vietnamese |Southern |gà| |'chicken' | 524861 |
wiki20220301en020_105934 | Voiced velar approximant | |- | colspan="2" | Tiwi || || || 'we (inclusive)' || |- | colspan="2" | Venetian || || || 'gondola' || See Venetian language |- |Vietnamese |Southern |gà| |'chicken' |Typical realization of in other dialects. Variant is in complementary distribution before open vowels. |} | Voiced velar approximant. |- | colspan="2" | Tiwi || || || 'we (inclusive)' || |- | colspan="2" | Venetian || || || 'gondola' || See Venetian language |- |Vietnamese |Southern |gà| |'chicken' |Typical realization of in other dialects. Variant is in complementary distribution before open vowels. |} | 524861 |
wiki20220301en020_105935 | Voiced velar approximant | Pre-velar Relation with and Some languages have a voiced velar approximant that is unspecified for rounding, and therefore cannot be considered the semivocalic equivalent of either or its rounded counterpart . Examples of such languages are Catalan, Galician and Spanish, in which the approximant consonant (not semivowel'') unspecified for rounding appears as an allophone of . Eugenio Martínez Celdrán describes the voiced velar approximant consonant as follows: There is a parallel problem with transcribing the palatal approximant. The symbol may not display properly in all browsers. In that case, should be substituted. In broader transcriptions, the lowering diacritic may be omitted altogether, so that the symbol is rendered , i.e. as if it represented the corresponding fricative. See also Index of phonetics articles Notes References . . External links Velar consonants Pulmonic consonants Voiced oral consonants Central consonants | Voiced velar approximant. Pre-velar Relation with and Some languages have a voiced velar approximant that is unspecified for rounding, and therefore cannot be considered the semivocalic equivalent of either or its rounded counterpart . Examples of such languages are Catalan, Galician and Spanish, in which the approximant consonant (not semivowel'') unspecified for rounding appears as an allophone of . Eugenio Martínez Celdrán describes the voiced velar approximant consonant as follows: There is a parallel problem with transcribing the palatal approximant. The symbol may not display properly in all browsers. In that case, should be substituted. In broader transcriptions, the lowering diacritic may be omitted altogether, so that the symbol is rendered , i.e. as if it represented the corresponding fricative. See also Index of phonetics articles Notes References . . External links Velar consonants Pulmonic consonants Voiced oral consonants Central consonants | 524861 |
wiki20220301en020_105936 | Velar ejective stop | The velar ejective is a type of consonantal sound, used in some spoken languages. The symbol in the International Phonetic Alphabet that represents this sound is . Features Features of the velar ejective: Occurrence See also List of phonetics topics Notes References External links Velar consonants Ejectives Oral consonants Central consonants | Velar ejective stop. The velar ejective is a type of consonantal sound, used in some spoken languages. The symbol in the International Phonetic Alphabet that represents this sound is . Features Features of the velar ejective: Occurrence See also List of phonetics topics Notes References External links Velar consonants Ejectives Oral consonants Central consonants | 524862 |
wiki20220301en020_105937 | Voiced alveolar fricative | The voiced alveolar fricatives are consonantal sounds. The symbol in the International Phonetic Alphabet that represents these sounds depends on whether a sibilant or non-sibilant fricative is being described. The symbol for the alveolar sibilant is , and the equivalent X-SAMPA symbol is z. The IPA letter is not normally used for dental or postalveolar sibilants in narrow transcription unless modified by a diacritic ( and respectively). The IPA symbol for the alveolar non-sibilant fricative is derived by means of diacritics; it can be or . Voiced alveolar sibilant The voiced alveolar sibilant is common across European languages, but is relatively uncommon cross-linguistically compared to the voiceless variant. Only about 28% of the world's languages contain a voiced dental or alveolar sibilant. Moreover, 85% of the languages with some form of are languages of Europe, Africa, or Western Asia. Features | Voiced alveolar fricative. The voiced alveolar fricatives are consonantal sounds. The symbol in the International Phonetic Alphabet that represents these sounds depends on whether a sibilant or non-sibilant fricative is being described. The symbol for the alveolar sibilant is , and the equivalent X-SAMPA symbol is z. The IPA letter is not normally used for dental or postalveolar sibilants in narrow transcription unless modified by a diacritic ( and respectively). The IPA symbol for the alveolar non-sibilant fricative is derived by means of diacritics; it can be or . Voiced alveolar sibilant The voiced alveolar sibilant is common across European languages, but is relatively uncommon cross-linguistically compared to the voiceless variant. Only about 28% of the world's languages contain a voiced dental or alveolar sibilant. Moreover, 85% of the languages with some form of are languages of Europe, Africa, or Western Asia. Features | 524864 |
wiki20220301en020_105938 | Voiced alveolar fricative | Features There are at least three specific variants of : Dentalized laminal alveolar (commonly called "dental"), which means it is articulated with the tongue blade very close to the upper front teeth, with the tongue tip resting behind lower front teeth. The hissing effect in this variety of is very strong. Non-retracted alveolar, which means it is articulated with either the tip or the blade of the tongue at the alveolar ridge, termed respectively apical and laminal. According to about half of English speakers use a non-retracted apical articulation. Retracted alveolar, which means it is articulated with either the tip or the blade of the tongue slightly behind the alveolar ridge, termed respectively apical and laminal. Acoustically, it is close to or laminal . Occurrence Dentalized laminal alveolar Non-retracted alveolar Retracted alveolar Variable Voiced alveolar non-sibilant fricative | Voiced alveolar fricative. Features There are at least three specific variants of : Dentalized laminal alveolar (commonly called "dental"), which means it is articulated with the tongue blade very close to the upper front teeth, with the tongue tip resting behind lower front teeth. The hissing effect in this variety of is very strong. Non-retracted alveolar, which means it is articulated with either the tip or the blade of the tongue at the alveolar ridge, termed respectively apical and laminal. According to about half of English speakers use a non-retracted apical articulation. Retracted alveolar, which means it is articulated with either the tip or the blade of the tongue slightly behind the alveolar ridge, termed respectively apical and laminal. Acoustically, it is close to or laminal . Occurrence Dentalized laminal alveolar Non-retracted alveolar Retracted alveolar Variable Voiced alveolar non-sibilant fricative | 524864 |
wiki20220301en020_105939 | Voiced alveolar fricative | Occurrence Dentalized laminal alveolar Non-retracted alveolar Retracted alveolar Variable Voiced alveolar non-sibilant fricative The voiced alveolar non-sibilant fricative is a consonantal sound. As the International Phonetic Alphabet does not have separate symbols for the alveolar consonants (the same symbol is used for all coronal places of articulation that are not palatalized), it can represent the sound as in a number of ways including or (retracted or alveolarized , respectively), (constricted ), or (lowered ). Few languages also have the voiced alveolar tapped fricative, which is simply a very brief apical alveolar non-sibilant fricative, with the tongue making the gesture for a tapped stop but not making full contact. It can be indicated in the IPA with the lowering diacritic to show that full occlusion does not occur. Flapped fricatives are theoretically possible but are not attested. | Voiced alveolar fricative. Occurrence Dentalized laminal alveolar Non-retracted alveolar Retracted alveolar Variable Voiced alveolar non-sibilant fricative The voiced alveolar non-sibilant fricative is a consonantal sound. As the International Phonetic Alphabet does not have separate symbols for the alveolar consonants (the same symbol is used for all coronal places of articulation that are not palatalized), it can represent the sound as in a number of ways including or (retracted or alveolarized , respectively), (constricted ), or (lowered ). Few languages also have the voiced alveolar tapped fricative, which is simply a very brief apical alveolar non-sibilant fricative, with the tongue making the gesture for a tapped stop but not making full contact. It can be indicated in the IPA with the lowering diacritic to show that full occlusion does not occur. Flapped fricatives are theoretically possible but are not attested. | 524864 |
wiki20220301en020_105940 | Voiced alveolar fricative | Features However, it does not have the grooved tongue and directed airflow, or the high frequencies, of a sibilant. Occurrence See also Tongue shape Apical consonant Laminal consonant Index of phonetics articles Notes References External links Alveolar consonants Fricative consonants Central consonants Voiced oral consonants | Voiced alveolar fricative. Features However, it does not have the grooved tongue and directed airflow, or the high frequencies, of a sibilant. Occurrence See also Tongue shape Apical consonant Laminal consonant Index of phonetics articles Notes References External links Alveolar consonants Fricative consonants Central consonants Voiced oral consonants | 524864 |
wiki20220301en020_105941 | Voiced alveolo-palatal fricative | The voiced alveolo-palatal sibilant fricative is a type of consonantal sound, used in some spoken languages. The symbol in the International Phonetic Alphabet that represents this sound is ("z", plus the curl also found in its voiceless counterpart ), and the equivalent X-SAMPA symbol is z\. It is the sibilant equivalent of the voiced palatal fricative. The voiced alveolo-palatal sibilant fricative is the usual realization of (as in vision) in Ghanaian English. Features Features of the voiced alveolo-palatal fricative: Occurrence See also Index of phonetics articles Notes References External links Alveolo-palatal consonants Fricative consonants Pulmonic consonants Co-articulated consonants Voiced oral consonants Central consonants | Voiced alveolo-palatal fricative. The voiced alveolo-palatal sibilant fricative is a type of consonantal sound, used in some spoken languages. The symbol in the International Phonetic Alphabet that represents this sound is ("z", plus the curl also found in its voiceless counterpart ), and the equivalent X-SAMPA symbol is z\. It is the sibilant equivalent of the voiced palatal fricative. The voiced alveolo-palatal sibilant fricative is the usual realization of (as in vision) in Ghanaian English. Features Features of the voiced alveolo-palatal fricative: Occurrence See also Index of phonetics articles Notes References External links Alveolo-palatal consonants Fricative consonants Pulmonic consonants Co-articulated consonants Voiced oral consonants Central consonants | 524865 |
wiki20220301en020_105942 | Voiced bilabial fricative | The voiced bilabial fricative is a type of consonantal sound, used in some spoken languages. The symbol in the International Phonetic Alphabet that represents this sound is , and the equivalent X-SAMPA symbol is B. The official symbol is the Greek letter beta. This letter is also often used to represent the bilabial approximant, though that is more precisely written with a lowering diacritic, that is . That sound may also be transcribed as an advanced labiodental approximant , in which case the diacritic is again frequently omitted, since no contrast is likely. It has been proposed that either a turned ⟨⟩ or reversed ⟨⟩ be used as a dedicated symbol for the bilabial approximant, but despite occasional usage this has not gained general acceptance. | Voiced bilabial fricative. The voiced bilabial fricative is a type of consonantal sound, used in some spoken languages. The symbol in the International Phonetic Alphabet that represents this sound is , and the equivalent X-SAMPA symbol is B. The official symbol is the Greek letter beta. This letter is also often used to represent the bilabial approximant, though that is more precisely written with a lowering diacritic, that is . That sound may also be transcribed as an advanced labiodental approximant , in which case the diacritic is again frequently omitted, since no contrast is likely. It has been proposed that either a turned ⟨⟩ or reversed ⟨⟩ be used as a dedicated symbol for the bilabial approximant, but despite occasional usage this has not gained general acceptance. | 524866 |
wiki20220301en020_105943 | Voiced bilabial fricative | It is extremely rare for a language to make a phonemic contrast between the voiced bilabial fricative and the bilabial approximant. The Mapos Buang language of New Guinea contains this contrast. Its bilabial approximant is analyzed as filling a phonological gap in the labiovelar series of the consonant system rather than the bilabial series. Proto-Germanic and Proto-Italic are also reconstructed as having had this contrast, albeit with being an allophone for another consonant in both cases. The bilabial fricative is diachronically unstable (likely to be considerably varied between dialects of a language that makes use of it) and is likely to shift to . The sound is not used in English dialects except for Chicano English, but it can be produced by approximating the normal English between the lips. Features Features of the voiced bilabial fricative: Occurrence Voiced bilabial fricative Bilabial approximant See also Index of phonetics articles Notes References | Voiced bilabial fricative. It is extremely rare for a language to make a phonemic contrast between the voiced bilabial fricative and the bilabial approximant. The Mapos Buang language of New Guinea contains this contrast. Its bilabial approximant is analyzed as filling a phonological gap in the labiovelar series of the consonant system rather than the bilabial series. Proto-Germanic and Proto-Italic are also reconstructed as having had this contrast, albeit with being an allophone for another consonant in both cases. The bilabial fricative is diachronically unstable (likely to be considerably varied between dialects of a language that makes use of it) and is likely to shift to . The sound is not used in English dialects except for Chicano English, but it can be produced by approximating the normal English between the lips. Features Features of the voiced bilabial fricative: Occurrence Voiced bilabial fricative Bilabial approximant See also Index of phonetics articles Notes References | 524866 |
wiki20220301en020_105944 | Voiced bilabial fricative | Features Features of the voiced bilabial fricative: Occurrence Voiced bilabial fricative Bilabial approximant See also Index of phonetics articles Notes References External links Fricative consonants Bilabial consonants Approximant consonants Pulmonic consonants Voiced oral consonants | Voiced bilabial fricative. Features Features of the voiced bilabial fricative: Occurrence Voiced bilabial fricative Bilabial approximant See also Index of phonetics articles Notes References External links Fricative consonants Bilabial consonants Approximant consonants Pulmonic consonants Voiced oral consonants | 524866 |
wiki20220301en020_105945 | Voiced dental fricative | The voiced dental fricative is a consonant sound used in some spoken languages. It is familiar to English-speakers as the th sound in father. Its symbol in the International Phonetic Alphabet is eth, or and was taken from the Old English and Icelandic letter eth, which could stand for either a voiced or unvoiced (inter)dental non-sibilant fricative. Such fricatives are often called "interdental" because they are often produced with the tongue between the upper and lower teeth (as in Received Pronunciation), and not just against the back of the upper teeth, as they are with other dental consonants. | Voiced dental fricative. The voiced dental fricative is a consonant sound used in some spoken languages. It is familiar to English-speakers as the th sound in father. Its symbol in the International Phonetic Alphabet is eth, or and was taken from the Old English and Icelandic letter eth, which could stand for either a voiced or unvoiced (inter)dental non-sibilant fricative. Such fricatives are often called "interdental" because they are often produced with the tongue between the upper and lower teeth (as in Received Pronunciation), and not just against the back of the upper teeth, as they are with other dental consonants. | 524867 |
wiki20220301en020_105946 | Voiced dental fricative | The letter is sometimes used to represent the dental approximant, a similar sound, which no language is known to contrast with a dental non-sibilant fricative, but the approximant is more clearly written with the lowering diacritic: . Very rarely used variant transcriptions of the dental approximant include (retracted ), (advanced ) and ( ). It has been proposed that either a turned ⟨⟩ or reversed ⟨⟩ be used as a dedicated symbol for the dental approximant, but despite occasional usage, this has not gained general acceptance. | Voiced dental fricative. The letter is sometimes used to represent the dental approximant, a similar sound, which no language is known to contrast with a dental non-sibilant fricative, but the approximant is more clearly written with the lowering diacritic: . Very rarely used variant transcriptions of the dental approximant include (retracted ), (advanced ) and ( ). It has been proposed that either a turned ⟨⟩ or reversed ⟨⟩ be used as a dedicated symbol for the dental approximant, but despite occasional usage, this has not gained general acceptance. | 524867 |
wiki20220301en020_105947 | Voiced dental fricative | The fricative and its unvoiced counterpart are rare phonemes. Almost all languages of Europe and Asia, such as German, French, Persian, Japanese, and Mandarin, lack the sound. Native speakers of languages without the sound often have difficulty enunciating or distinguishing it, and they replace it with a voiced alveolar sibilant , a voiced dental stop or voiced alveolar stop , or a voiced labiodental fricative ; known respectively as th-alveolarization, th-stopping, and th-fronting. As for Europe, there seems to be a great arc where the sound (and/or its unvoiced variant) is present. Most of Mainland Europe lacks the sound. However, some "periphery" languages as Gascon, Welsh, English, Icelandic, Elfdalian, Kven, Northern Sami, Inari Sami, Skolt Sami, Ume Sami, Mari, Greek, Albanian, Sardinian, Aromanian, some dialects of Basque and most speakers of Spanish have the sound in their consonant inventories, as phonemes or allophones. | Voiced dental fricative. The fricative and its unvoiced counterpart are rare phonemes. Almost all languages of Europe and Asia, such as German, French, Persian, Japanese, and Mandarin, lack the sound. Native speakers of languages without the sound often have difficulty enunciating or distinguishing it, and they replace it with a voiced alveolar sibilant , a voiced dental stop or voiced alveolar stop , or a voiced labiodental fricative ; known respectively as th-alveolarization, th-stopping, and th-fronting. As for Europe, there seems to be a great arc where the sound (and/or its unvoiced variant) is present. Most of Mainland Europe lacks the sound. However, some "periphery" languages as Gascon, Welsh, English, Icelandic, Elfdalian, Kven, Northern Sami, Inari Sami, Skolt Sami, Ume Sami, Mari, Greek, Albanian, Sardinian, Aromanian, some dialects of Basque and most speakers of Spanish have the sound in their consonant inventories, as phonemes or allophones. | 524867 |
wiki20220301en020_105948 | Voiced dental fricative | Within Turkic languages, Bashkir and Turkmen have both voiced and voiceless dental non-sibilant fricatives among their consonants. Among Semitic languages, they are used in Modern Standard Arabic, albeit not by all speakers of modern Arabic dialects, and in some dialects of Hebrew and Assyrian. Features Features of the voiced dental non-sibilant fricative: It does not have the grooved tongue and directed airflow, or the high frequencies, of a sibilant. Occurrence In the following transcriptions, the undertack diacritic may be used to indicate an approximant . Danish is actually a velarized alveolar approximant. See also Voiced alveolar non-sibilant fricative Index of phonetics articles Notes References External links Dental consonants Fricative consonants Approximant consonants English th Pulmonic consonants Voiced oral consonants Central consonants | Voiced dental fricative. Within Turkic languages, Bashkir and Turkmen have both voiced and voiceless dental non-sibilant fricatives among their consonants. Among Semitic languages, they are used in Modern Standard Arabic, albeit not by all speakers of modern Arabic dialects, and in some dialects of Hebrew and Assyrian. Features Features of the voiced dental non-sibilant fricative: It does not have the grooved tongue and directed airflow, or the high frequencies, of a sibilant. Occurrence In the following transcriptions, the undertack diacritic may be used to indicate an approximant . Danish is actually a velarized alveolar approximant. See also Voiced alveolar non-sibilant fricative Index of phonetics articles Notes References External links Dental consonants Fricative consonants Approximant consonants English th Pulmonic consonants Voiced oral consonants Central consonants | 524867 |
wiki20220301en020_105949 | Voiced epiglottal trill | The voiced epiglottal or pharyngeal trill, or voiced epiglottal fricative, is a type of consonantal sound, used in some spoken languages. The symbol in the International Phonetic Alphabet that represents this sound is . Few languages distinguish between pharyngeal and epiglottal fricatives/trills, and in fact the fricatives in Arabic are routinely described as "pharyngeal". However, according to Peter Ladefoged, the Aghul spoken in the village of Burkikhan, Dagestan has both (as well as an epiglottal stop), as presented in these audio files. Features Features of the voiced epiglottal trill/fricative: Occurrence See also Index of phonetics articles Notes References External links Trill consonants Pulmonic consonants Voiced oral consonants | Voiced epiglottal trill. The voiced epiglottal or pharyngeal trill, or voiced epiglottal fricative, is a type of consonantal sound, used in some spoken languages. The symbol in the International Phonetic Alphabet that represents this sound is . Few languages distinguish between pharyngeal and epiglottal fricatives/trills, and in fact the fricatives in Arabic are routinely described as "pharyngeal". However, according to Peter Ladefoged, the Aghul spoken in the village of Burkikhan, Dagestan has both (as well as an epiglottal stop), as presented in these audio files. Features Features of the voiced epiglottal trill/fricative: Occurrence See also Index of phonetics articles Notes References External links Trill consonants Pulmonic consonants Voiced oral consonants | 524869 |
wiki20220301en020_105950 | Voiced glottal fricative | The voiced glottal fricative, sometimes called breathy-voiced glottal transition, is a type of sound used in some spoken languages which patterns like a fricative or approximant consonant phonologically, but often lacks the usual phonetic characteristics of a consonant. The symbol in the International Phonetic Alphabet that represents this sound is , and the equivalent X-SAMPA symbol is h\. In many languages, has no place or manner of articulation. Thus, it has been described as a breathy-voiced counterpart of the following vowel from a phonetic point of view. However, its characteristics are also influenced by the preceding vowels and whatever other sounds surround it. Therefore, it can be described as a segment whose only consistent feature is its breathy voice phonation in such languages. It may have real glottal constriction in a number of languages (such as Finnish), making it a fricative. Lamé contrasts voiceless and voiced glottal fricatives. | Voiced glottal fricative. The voiced glottal fricative, sometimes called breathy-voiced glottal transition, is a type of sound used in some spoken languages which patterns like a fricative or approximant consonant phonologically, but often lacks the usual phonetic characteristics of a consonant. The symbol in the International Phonetic Alphabet that represents this sound is , and the equivalent X-SAMPA symbol is h\. In many languages, has no place or manner of articulation. Thus, it has been described as a breathy-voiced counterpart of the following vowel from a phonetic point of view. However, its characteristics are also influenced by the preceding vowels and whatever other sounds surround it. Therefore, it can be described as a segment whose only consistent feature is its breathy voice phonation in such languages. It may have real glottal constriction in a number of languages (such as Finnish), making it a fricative. Lamé contrasts voiceless and voiced glottal fricatives. | 524870 |
wiki20220301en020_105951 | Voiced glottal fricative | Features Features of the voiced glottal fricative: Its phonation is breathy voiced, or murmured, which means the vocal cords are loosely vibrating, with more air escaping than in a modally voiced sound. It is sometimes referred to as a "voiced h". Strictly speaking this is incorrect, as there is no voicing. In some languages, it has the constricted manner of articulation of a fricative. However, in many if not most it is a transitional state of the glottis with no manner of articulation other than its phonation type. Because there is no other constriction to produce friction in the vocal tract, most phoneticians no longer consider to be a fricative. True fricatives may have a murmured phonation in addition to producing friction elsewhere. However, the term "fricative" is generally retained for the historical reasons. | Voiced glottal fricative. Features Features of the voiced glottal fricative: Its phonation is breathy voiced, or murmured, which means the vocal cords are loosely vibrating, with more air escaping than in a modally voiced sound. It is sometimes referred to as a "voiced h". Strictly speaking this is incorrect, as there is no voicing. In some languages, it has the constricted manner of articulation of a fricative. However, in many if not most it is a transitional state of the glottis with no manner of articulation other than its phonation type. Because there is no other constriction to produce friction in the vocal tract, most phoneticians no longer consider to be a fricative. True fricatives may have a murmured phonation in addition to producing friction elsewhere. However, the term "fricative" is generally retained for the historical reasons. | 524870 |
wiki20220301en020_105952 | Voiced glottal fricative | It may have a glottal place of articulation. However, it may have no fricative articulation, making the term glottal mean that it is articulated by the vocal folds, but this is the nature of its phonation rather than a separate articulation. All consonants except for the glottals, and all vowels, have an individual place of articulation in addition to the state of the glottis. As with all other consonants, surrounding vowels influence the pronunciation , and accordingly has only the place of articulation of these surrounding vowels. | Voiced glottal fricative. It may have a glottal place of articulation. However, it may have no fricative articulation, making the term glottal mean that it is articulated by the vocal folds, but this is the nature of its phonation rather than a separate articulation. All consonants except for the glottals, and all vowels, have an individual place of articulation in addition to the state of the glottis. As with all other consonants, surrounding vowels influence the pronunciation , and accordingly has only the place of articulation of these surrounding vowels. | 524870 |
wiki20220301en020_105953 | Voiced glottal fricative | Occurrence See also Creaky-voiced glottal approximant Notes References External links Glottal consonants Approximant-fricative consonants Pulmonic consonants Voiced oral consonants | Voiced glottal fricative. Occurrence See also Creaky-voiced glottal approximant Notes References External links Glottal consonants Approximant-fricative consonants Pulmonic consonants Voiced oral consonants | 524870 |
wiki20220301en020_105954 | Voiced labiodental fricative | The voiced labiodental fricative is a type of consonantal sound used in some spoken languages. The symbol in the International Phonetic Alphabet that represents this sound is , and the equivalent X-SAMPA symbol is v. | Voiced labiodental fricative. The voiced labiodental fricative is a type of consonantal sound used in some spoken languages. The symbol in the International Phonetic Alphabet that represents this sound is , and the equivalent X-SAMPA symbol is v. | 524871 |
wiki20220301en020_105955 | Voiced labiodental fricative | The sound is similar to voiced alveolar fricative /z/ in that it is familiar to most European speakers, but cross-linguistically it is a fairly uncommon sound, being only a quarter as frequent as [w]. Moreover, most languages that have /z/ also have /v/ and similarly to /z/, the overwhelming majority of languages with [v] are languages of Europe, Africa, or Western Asia, although the similar labiodental approximant /ʋ/ is also common in India. The presence of and absence of , is a very distinctive areal feature of European languages and those of adjacent areas of Siberia and Central Asia. Speakers of East Asian languages that lack this sound may pronounce it as (Korean and Japanese), or / (Cantonese and Mandarin), and thus be unable to distinguish between a number of English minimal pairs. In certain languages, such as Danish, Faroese, Icelandic or Norwegian the voiced labiodental fricative is in a free variation with the labiodental approximant. | Voiced labiodental fricative. The sound is similar to voiced alveolar fricative /z/ in that it is familiar to most European speakers, but cross-linguistically it is a fairly uncommon sound, being only a quarter as frequent as [w]. Moreover, most languages that have /z/ also have /v/ and similarly to /z/, the overwhelming majority of languages with [v] are languages of Europe, Africa, or Western Asia, although the similar labiodental approximant /ʋ/ is also common in India. The presence of and absence of , is a very distinctive areal feature of European languages and those of adjacent areas of Siberia and Central Asia. Speakers of East Asian languages that lack this sound may pronounce it as (Korean and Japanese), or / (Cantonese and Mandarin), and thus be unable to distinguish between a number of English minimal pairs. In certain languages, such as Danish, Faroese, Icelandic or Norwegian the voiced labiodental fricative is in a free variation with the labiodental approximant. | 524871 |
wiki20220301en020_105956 | Voiced labiodental fricative | In certain languages, such as Danish, Faroese, Icelandic or Norwegian the voiced labiodental fricative is in a free variation with the labiodental approximant. Features Features of the voiced labiodental fricative: Occurrence See also Index of phonetics articles Notes References External links Fricative consonants Voiced oral consonants Pulmonic consonants | Voiced labiodental fricative. In certain languages, such as Danish, Faroese, Icelandic or Norwegian the voiced labiodental fricative is in a free variation with the labiodental approximant. Features Features of the voiced labiodental fricative: Occurrence See also Index of phonetics articles Notes References External links Fricative consonants Voiced oral consonants Pulmonic consonants | 524871 |
wiki20220301en020_105957 | Voiced palatal fricative | The voiced palatal fricative is a type of consonantal sound used in some spoken languages. The symbol in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA) that represents this sound is (crossed-tail j), and the equivalent X-SAMPA symbol is j\. It is the non-sibilant equivalent of the voiced alveolo-palatal sibilant. In broad transcription, the symbol for the palatal approximant, , may be used for the sake of simplicity. The voiced palatal fricative is a very rare sound, occurring in only 7 of the 317 languages surveyed by the original UCLA Phonological Segment Inventory Database. In Kabyle, Margi, Modern Greek, and Scottish Gaelic, the sound occurs phonemically, along with its voiceless counterpart, and in several more, the sound occurs a result of phonological processes. | Voiced palatal fricative. The voiced palatal fricative is a type of consonantal sound used in some spoken languages. The symbol in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA) that represents this sound is (crossed-tail j), and the equivalent X-SAMPA symbol is j\. It is the non-sibilant equivalent of the voiced alveolo-palatal sibilant. In broad transcription, the symbol for the palatal approximant, , may be used for the sake of simplicity. The voiced palatal fricative is a very rare sound, occurring in only 7 of the 317 languages surveyed by the original UCLA Phonological Segment Inventory Database. In Kabyle, Margi, Modern Greek, and Scottish Gaelic, the sound occurs phonemically, along with its voiceless counterpart, and in several more, the sound occurs a result of phonological processes. | 524872 |
wiki20220301en020_105958 | Voiced palatal fricative | There is also the voiced post-palatal fricative in some languages, which is articulated slightly more back compared with the place of articulation of the prototypical voiced palatal fricative but not as back as the prototypical voiced velar fricative. The International Phonetic Alphabet does not have a separate symbol for that sound, but it can be transcribed as , (both symbols denote a retracted ), or (both symbols denote an advanced ). The equivalent X-SAMPA symbols are j\_- and G_+, respectively. Especially in broad transcription, the voiced post-palatal fricative may be transcribed as a palatalized voiced velar fricative ( in the IPA, G' or G_j in X-SAMPA). Features Features of the voiced palatal fricative: The otherwise identical post-palatal variant is articulated slightly behind the hard palate, making it sound slightly closer to the velar . Occurrence Palatal Post-palatal Variable See also Index of phonetics articles Notes References External links | Voiced palatal fricative. There is also the voiced post-palatal fricative in some languages, which is articulated slightly more back compared with the place of articulation of the prototypical voiced palatal fricative but not as back as the prototypical voiced velar fricative. The International Phonetic Alphabet does not have a separate symbol for that sound, but it can be transcribed as , (both symbols denote a retracted ), or (both symbols denote an advanced ). The equivalent X-SAMPA symbols are j\_- and G_+, respectively. Especially in broad transcription, the voiced post-palatal fricative may be transcribed as a palatalized voiced velar fricative ( in the IPA, G' or G_j in X-SAMPA). Features Features of the voiced palatal fricative: The otherwise identical post-palatal variant is articulated slightly behind the hard palate, making it sound slightly closer to the velar . Occurrence Palatal Post-palatal Variable See also Index of phonetics articles Notes References External links | 524872 |
wiki20220301en020_105959 | Voiced palatal fricative | Occurrence Palatal Post-palatal Variable See also Index of phonetics articles Notes References External links Fricative consonants Central consonants Voiced oral consonants Palatal consonants | Voiced palatal fricative. Occurrence Palatal Post-palatal Variable See also Index of phonetics articles Notes References External links Fricative consonants Central consonants Voiced oral consonants Palatal consonants | 524872 |
wiki20220301en020_105960 | Voiced palatal plosive | The voiced palatal plosive or stop is a type of consonantal sound in some vocal languages. The symbol in the International Phonetic Alphabet that represents this sound is , a barred dotless that was initially created by turning the type for a lowercase letter . The equivalent X-SAMPA symbol is J\. If the distinction is necessary, the voiced alveolo-palatal plosive may be transcribed , (both symbols denote an advanced ) or (retracted and palatalized ), but they are essentially equivalent since the contact includes both the blade and body (but not the tip) of the tongue. The equivalent X-SAMPA symbols are J\_+ and d_-' or d_-_j, respectively. There is also a non-IPA letter ("d" with the curl found in the symbols for alveolo-palatal sibilant fricatives ), used especially in Sinological circles. | Voiced palatal plosive. The voiced palatal plosive or stop is a type of consonantal sound in some vocal languages. The symbol in the International Phonetic Alphabet that represents this sound is , a barred dotless that was initially created by turning the type for a lowercase letter . The equivalent X-SAMPA symbol is J\. If the distinction is necessary, the voiced alveolo-palatal plosive may be transcribed , (both symbols denote an advanced ) or (retracted and palatalized ), but they are essentially equivalent since the contact includes both the blade and body (but not the tip) of the tongue. The equivalent X-SAMPA symbols are J\_+ and d_-' or d_-_j, respectively. There is also a non-IPA letter ("d" with the curl found in the symbols for alveolo-palatal sibilant fricatives ), used especially in Sinological circles. | 524873 |
wiki20220301en020_105961 | Voiced palatal plosive | is a less common sound worldwide than the voiced postalveolar affricate because it is difficult to get the tongue to touch just the hard palate without also touching the back part of the alveolar ridge. It is also common for the symbol to be used to represent a palatalized voiced velar plosive or palato-alveolar/alveolo-palatal affricates, as in Indic languages. That may be considered appropriate when the place of articulation needs to be specified, and the distinction between plosive and affricate is not contrastive. There is also the voiced post-palatal plosive in some languages, which is articulated slightly more back than the place of articulation of the prototypical palatal consonant but not as back as the prototypical velar consonant. The IPA does not have a separate symbol, which can be transcribed as , (both symbols denote a retracted ), or (both symbols denote an advanced ). The equivalent X-SAMPA symbols are J\_- and g_+, respectively. | Voiced palatal plosive. is a less common sound worldwide than the voiced postalveolar affricate because it is difficult to get the tongue to touch just the hard palate without also touching the back part of the alveolar ridge. It is also common for the symbol to be used to represent a palatalized voiced velar plosive or palato-alveolar/alveolo-palatal affricates, as in Indic languages. That may be considered appropriate when the place of articulation needs to be specified, and the distinction between plosive and affricate is not contrastive. There is also the voiced post-palatal plosive in some languages, which is articulated slightly more back than the place of articulation of the prototypical palatal consonant but not as back as the prototypical velar consonant. The IPA does not have a separate symbol, which can be transcribed as , (both symbols denote a retracted ), or (both symbols denote an advanced ). The equivalent X-SAMPA symbols are J\_- and g_+, respectively. | 524873 |
wiki20220301en020_105962 | Voiced palatal plosive | Especially in broad transcription, the voiced post-palatal plosive may be transcribed as a palatalized voiced velar plosive ( in the IPA, g' or g_j in X-SAMPA). Features Features of the voiced palatal stop: The otherwise identical post-palatal variant is articulated slightly behind the hard palate, making it sound slightly closer to the velar . Occurrence Palatal or alveolo-palatal Post-palatal See also Index of phonetics articles Notes References External links Palatal consonants Plosives Central consonants Voiced oral consonants | Voiced palatal plosive. Especially in broad transcription, the voiced post-palatal plosive may be transcribed as a palatalized voiced velar plosive ( in the IPA, g' or g_j in X-SAMPA). Features Features of the voiced palatal stop: The otherwise identical post-palatal variant is articulated slightly behind the hard palate, making it sound slightly closer to the velar . Occurrence Palatal or alveolo-palatal Post-palatal See also Index of phonetics articles Notes References External links Palatal consonants Plosives Central consonants Voiced oral consonants | 524873 |
wiki20220301en020_105963 | Voiced pharyngeal fricative | The voiced pharyngeal approximant or fricative is a type of consonantal sound, used in some spoken languages. The symbol in the International Phonetic Alphabet that represents this sound is , and the equivalent X-SAMPA symbol is ?\. Epiglottals and epiglotto-pharyngeals are often mistakenly taken to be pharyngeal. Although traditionally placed in the fricative row of the IPA chart, is usually an approximant. The IPA symbol itself is ambiguous, but no language is known to make a phonemic distinction between fricatives and approximants at this place of articulation. The approximant is sometimes specified as or as , because it is the semivocalic equivalent of . Features Features of the voiced pharyngeal approximant fricative: | Voiced pharyngeal fricative. The voiced pharyngeal approximant or fricative is a type of consonantal sound, used in some spoken languages. The symbol in the International Phonetic Alphabet that represents this sound is , and the equivalent X-SAMPA symbol is ?\. Epiglottals and epiglotto-pharyngeals are often mistakenly taken to be pharyngeal. Although traditionally placed in the fricative row of the IPA chart, is usually an approximant. The IPA symbol itself is ambiguous, but no language is known to make a phonemic distinction between fricatives and approximants at this place of articulation. The approximant is sometimes specified as or as , because it is the semivocalic equivalent of . Features Features of the voiced pharyngeal approximant fricative: | 524874 |
wiki20220301en020_105964 | Voiced pharyngeal fricative | Features Features of the voiced pharyngeal approximant fricative: Occurrence Pharyngeal consonants are not widespread. Sometimes, a pharyngeal approximant develops from a uvular approximant. Many languages that have been described as having pharyngeal fricatives or approximants turn out on closer inspection to have epiglottal consonants instead. For example, the candidate sound in Arabic and standard Hebrew (not modern Hebrew – Israelis generally pronounce this as a glottal stop) has been variously described as a voiced epiglottal fricative, an epiglottal approximant, or a pharyngealized glottal stop. See also Guttural Index of phonetics articles Voiced uvular fricative Citations General references External links Pharyngeal consonants Pulmonic consonants Voiced oral consonants | Voiced pharyngeal fricative. Features Features of the voiced pharyngeal approximant fricative: Occurrence Pharyngeal consonants are not widespread. Sometimes, a pharyngeal approximant develops from a uvular approximant. Many languages that have been described as having pharyngeal fricatives or approximants turn out on closer inspection to have epiglottal consonants instead. For example, the candidate sound in Arabic and standard Hebrew (not modern Hebrew – Israelis generally pronounce this as a glottal stop) has been variously described as a voiced epiglottal fricative, an epiglottal approximant, or a pharyngealized glottal stop. See also Guttural Index of phonetics articles Voiced uvular fricative Citations General references External links Pharyngeal consonants Pulmonic consonants Voiced oral consonants | 524874 |
wiki20220301en020_105965 | Voiced postalveolar fricative | A voiced postalveolar fricative is a type of consonantal sound used in some spoken languages. This refers to a class of sounds, not a single sound. There are several types with significant perceptual differences: The voiced palato-alveolar fricative The voiced postalveolar non-sibilant fricative The voiced retroflex fricative The voiced alveolo-palatal fricative This article discusses the first two. International Phonetic Association uses term voiced postalveolar fricative only for sound . Voiced palato-alveolar fricative The voiced palato-alveolar fricative or voiced domed postalveolar fricative is a type of consonantal sound, used in some spoken languages. | Voiced postalveolar fricative. A voiced postalveolar fricative is a type of consonantal sound used in some spoken languages. This refers to a class of sounds, not a single sound. There are several types with significant perceptual differences: The voiced palato-alveolar fricative The voiced postalveolar non-sibilant fricative The voiced retroflex fricative The voiced alveolo-palatal fricative This article discusses the first two. International Phonetic Association uses term voiced postalveolar fricative only for sound . Voiced palato-alveolar fricative The voiced palato-alveolar fricative or voiced domed postalveolar fricative is a type of consonantal sound, used in some spoken languages. | 524875 |
wiki20220301en020_105966 | Voiced postalveolar fricative | Voiced palato-alveolar fricative The voiced palato-alveolar fricative or voiced domed postalveolar fricative is a type of consonantal sound, used in some spoken languages. Transcription The symbol in the International Phonetic Alphabet that represents this sound is the lower case form of the letter Ezh (), and the equivalent X-SAMPA symbol is Z. An alternative symbol used in some older and American linguistic literature is , a z with a caron. In some transcriptions of alphabets such as the Cyrillic, the sound is represented by the digraph zh. Although present in English, the sound is not represented by a specific letter or digraph, but is formed by yod-coalescence of and in words such as measure. It also appears in some loanwords, mainly from French (thus written with and ). The sound occurs in many languages and, as in English and French, may have simultaneous lip rounding (), although this is rarely indicated in transcription. | Voiced postalveolar fricative. Voiced palato-alveolar fricative The voiced palato-alveolar fricative or voiced domed postalveolar fricative is a type of consonantal sound, used in some spoken languages. Transcription The symbol in the International Phonetic Alphabet that represents this sound is the lower case form of the letter Ezh (), and the equivalent X-SAMPA symbol is Z. An alternative symbol used in some older and American linguistic literature is , a z with a caron. In some transcriptions of alphabets such as the Cyrillic, the sound is represented by the digraph zh. Although present in English, the sound is not represented by a specific letter or digraph, but is formed by yod-coalescence of and in words such as measure. It also appears in some loanwords, mainly from French (thus written with and ). The sound occurs in many languages and, as in English and French, may have simultaneous lip rounding (), although this is rarely indicated in transcription. | 524875 |
wiki20220301en020_105967 | Voiced postalveolar fricative | The sound occurs in many languages and, as in English and French, may have simultaneous lip rounding (), although this is rarely indicated in transcription. Features Features of the voiced palato-alveolar fricative: Occurrence The sound in Russian denoted by is commonly transcribed as a palato-alveolar fricative but is actually a laminal retroflex fricative. Voiced postalveolar non-sibilant fricative The voiced postalveolar non-sibilant fricative is a consonantal sound. As the International Phonetic Alphabet does not have separate symbols for the post-alveolar consonants (the same symbol is used for all coronal places of articulation that aren't palatalized), this sound is usually transcribed (retracted constricted ). The equivalent X-SAMPA symbol is r\_-_r. | Voiced postalveolar fricative. The sound occurs in many languages and, as in English and French, may have simultaneous lip rounding (), although this is rarely indicated in transcription. Features Features of the voiced palato-alveolar fricative: Occurrence The sound in Russian denoted by is commonly transcribed as a palato-alveolar fricative but is actually a laminal retroflex fricative. Voiced postalveolar non-sibilant fricative The voiced postalveolar non-sibilant fricative is a consonantal sound. As the International Phonetic Alphabet does not have separate symbols for the post-alveolar consonants (the same symbol is used for all coronal places of articulation that aren't palatalized), this sound is usually transcribed (retracted constricted ). The equivalent X-SAMPA symbol is r\_-_r. | 524875 |
wiki20220301en020_105968 | Voiced postalveolar fricative | Features However, it does not have the grooved tongue and directed airflow, or the high frequencies, of a sibilant. Its place of articulation is postalveolar, which means it is articulated with either the tip or the blade of the tongue behind the alveolar ridge. Occurrence See also Ezh Voiceless postalveolar fricative Index of phonetics articles Notes References External links Postalveolar consonants Fricative consonants Pulmonic consonants Voiced oral consonants Central consonants Labial–coronal consonants | Voiced postalveolar fricative. Features However, it does not have the grooved tongue and directed airflow, or the high frequencies, of a sibilant. Its place of articulation is postalveolar, which means it is articulated with either the tip or the blade of the tongue behind the alveolar ridge. Occurrence See also Ezh Voiceless postalveolar fricative Index of phonetics articles Notes References External links Postalveolar consonants Fricative consonants Pulmonic consonants Voiced oral consonants Central consonants Labial–coronal consonants | 524875 |
wiki20220301en020_105969 | Voiced retroflex fricative | The voiced retroflex sibilant fricative is a type of consonantal sound, used in some spoken languages. The symbol in the International Phonetic Alphabet that represents this sound is , and the equivalent X-SAMPA symbol is z`. Like all the retroflex consonants, the IPA symbol is formed by adding a rightward-pointing hook extending from the bottom of a z (the letter used for the corresponding alveolar consonant). Features Features of the voiced retroflex sibilant: Occurrence In the following transcriptions, diacritics may be used to distinguish between apical and laminal . The commonality of cross-linguistically is 2% in a phonological analysis of 2155 languages Voiced retroflex non-sibilant fricative Features Features of the voiced retroflex non-sibilant fricative: Occurrence See also Index of phonetics articles Notes References External links Fricative consonants Pulmonic consonants Voiced oral consonants Retroflex consonants Central consonants | Voiced retroflex fricative. The voiced retroflex sibilant fricative is a type of consonantal sound, used in some spoken languages. The symbol in the International Phonetic Alphabet that represents this sound is , and the equivalent X-SAMPA symbol is z`. Like all the retroflex consonants, the IPA symbol is formed by adding a rightward-pointing hook extending from the bottom of a z (the letter used for the corresponding alveolar consonant). Features Features of the voiced retroflex sibilant: Occurrence In the following transcriptions, diacritics may be used to distinguish between apical and laminal . The commonality of cross-linguistically is 2% in a phonological analysis of 2155 languages Voiced retroflex non-sibilant fricative Features Features of the voiced retroflex non-sibilant fricative: Occurrence See also Index of phonetics articles Notes References External links Fricative consonants Pulmonic consonants Voiced oral consonants Retroflex consonants Central consonants | 524876 |
wiki20220301en020_105970 | Voiced retroflex plosive | The voiced retroflex plosive or stop is a type of consonantal sound, used in some spoken languages. The symbol in the International Phonetic Alphabet that represents this sound is , and the equivalent X-SAMPA symbol is d`. Like all the retroflex consonants, the IPA symbol is formed by adding a rightward-pointing hook extending from the bottom of a d, the letter that is used for the corresponding alveolar consonant. Many South Asian languages, such as Hindi and Urdu, have a two-way contrast between plain and murmured (breathy voice) . Features Features of the voiced retroflex stop: Occurrence See also African D Index of phonetics articles Notes References External links Retroflex consonants Plosives Pulmonic consonants Voiced oral consonants Central consonants | Voiced retroflex plosive. The voiced retroflex plosive or stop is a type of consonantal sound, used in some spoken languages. The symbol in the International Phonetic Alphabet that represents this sound is , and the equivalent X-SAMPA symbol is d`. Like all the retroflex consonants, the IPA symbol is formed by adding a rightward-pointing hook extending from the bottom of a d, the letter that is used for the corresponding alveolar consonant. Many South Asian languages, such as Hindi and Urdu, have a two-way contrast between plain and murmured (breathy voice) . Features Features of the voiced retroflex stop: Occurrence See also African D Index of phonetics articles Notes References External links Retroflex consonants Plosives Pulmonic consonants Voiced oral consonants Central consonants | 524877 |
wiki20220301en020_105971 | Voiced uvular fricative | The voiced uvular fricative is a type of consonantal sound, used in some spoken languages. The symbol in the International Phonetic Alphabet that represents this sound is , an inverted small uppercase letter , or in broad transcription if rhotic. This consonant is one of several collectively called guttural R when found in European languages. The voiced uvular approximant is also found interchangeably with the fricative, and may also be transcribed as . Because the IPA symbol stands for the uvular fricative, the approximant may be specified by adding the downtack: , though some writings use a superscript , which is not an official IPA practice. For a voiced pre-uvular fricative (also called post-velar), see voiced velar fricative. Features Features of the voiced uvular fricative: In many languages it is closer to an approximant, however, and no language distinguishes the two at the uvular articulation. Occurrence | Voiced uvular fricative. The voiced uvular fricative is a type of consonantal sound, used in some spoken languages. The symbol in the International Phonetic Alphabet that represents this sound is , an inverted small uppercase letter , or in broad transcription if rhotic. This consonant is one of several collectively called guttural R when found in European languages. The voiced uvular approximant is also found interchangeably with the fricative, and may also be transcribed as . Because the IPA symbol stands for the uvular fricative, the approximant may be specified by adding the downtack: , though some writings use a superscript , which is not an official IPA practice. For a voiced pre-uvular fricative (also called post-velar), see voiced velar fricative. Features Features of the voiced uvular fricative: In many languages it is closer to an approximant, however, and no language distinguishes the two at the uvular articulation. Occurrence | 524878 |
wiki20220301en020_105972 | Voiced uvular fricative | Features Features of the voiced uvular fricative: In many languages it is closer to an approximant, however, and no language distinguishes the two at the uvular articulation. Occurrence In Western Europe, a uvular trill pronunciation of rhotic consonants spread from northern French to several dialects and registers of Basque, Catalan, Danish, Dutch, German, Judaeo-Spanish, Norwegian, Occitan, Portuguese, Swedish, some variants of Low Saxon, and Yiddish. However, not all of them remain a uvular trill today. In Brazilian Portuguese, it is usually a velar fricative (, ), voiceless uvular fricative , or glottal transition (, ), except in southern Brazil, where alveolar, velar and uvular trills as well as the voiced uvular fricative predominate. Because such uvular rhotics often do not contrast with alveolar ones, IPA transcriptions may often use to represent them for ease of typesetting. For more information, see guttural R. | Voiced uvular fricative. Features Features of the voiced uvular fricative: In many languages it is closer to an approximant, however, and no language distinguishes the two at the uvular articulation. Occurrence In Western Europe, a uvular trill pronunciation of rhotic consonants spread from northern French to several dialects and registers of Basque, Catalan, Danish, Dutch, German, Judaeo-Spanish, Norwegian, Occitan, Portuguese, Swedish, some variants of Low Saxon, and Yiddish. However, not all of them remain a uvular trill today. In Brazilian Portuguese, it is usually a velar fricative (, ), voiceless uvular fricative , or glottal transition (, ), except in southern Brazil, where alveolar, velar and uvular trills as well as the voiced uvular fricative predominate. Because such uvular rhotics often do not contrast with alveolar ones, IPA transcriptions may often use to represent them for ease of typesetting. For more information, see guttural R. | 524878 |
wiki20220301en020_105973 | Voiced uvular fricative | note, "There is... a complication in the case of uvular fricatives in that the shape of the vocal tract may be such that the uvula vibrates." It is also present in most Turkic languages, except for Turkish and Turkmen, and in Caucasian languages. It could also come in ɣ. See also Index of phonetics articles Guttural Notes References External links Approximant-fricative consonants Uvular consonants Pulmonic consonants Voiced oral consonants Central consonants | Voiced uvular fricative. note, "There is... a complication in the case of uvular fricatives in that the shape of the vocal tract may be such that the uvula vibrates." It is also present in most Turkic languages, except for Turkish and Turkmen, and in Caucasian languages. It could also come in ɣ. See also Index of phonetics articles Guttural Notes References External links Approximant-fricative consonants Uvular consonants Pulmonic consonants Voiced oral consonants Central consonants | 524878 |
wiki20220301en020_105974 | Voiced uvular plosive | The voiced uvular plosive or stop is a type of consonantal sound, used in some spoken languages. The symbol in the International Phonetic Alphabet that represents this sound is , and the equivalent X-SAMPA symbol is G\. is a rare sound, even compared to other uvulars. Vaux (1999) proposes a phonological explanation: uvular consonants normally involve a neutral or a retracted tongue root, whereas voiced stops often involve an advanced tongue root: two articulations that cannot physically co-occur. This leads many languages of the world to have a voiced uvular fricative instead as the voiced counterpart of the voiceless uvular plosive. Examples are Inuit; several Turkic languages such as Uyghur and Yakut; several Northwest Caucasian languages such as Abkhaz; several Mongolic languages such as Mongolian language and Kalmyk language as well as several Northeast Caucasian languages such as Ingush. | Voiced uvular plosive. The voiced uvular plosive or stop is a type of consonantal sound, used in some spoken languages. The symbol in the International Phonetic Alphabet that represents this sound is , and the equivalent X-SAMPA symbol is G\. is a rare sound, even compared to other uvulars. Vaux (1999) proposes a phonological explanation: uvular consonants normally involve a neutral or a retracted tongue root, whereas voiced stops often involve an advanced tongue root: two articulations that cannot physically co-occur. This leads many languages of the world to have a voiced uvular fricative instead as the voiced counterpart of the voiceless uvular plosive. Examples are Inuit; several Turkic languages such as Uyghur and Yakut; several Northwest Caucasian languages such as Abkhaz; several Mongolic languages such as Mongolian language and Kalmyk language as well as several Northeast Caucasian languages such as Ingush. | 524880 |
wiki20220301en020_105975 | Voiced uvular plosive | There is also the voiced pre-uvular plosive in some languages, which is articulated slightly more front compared with the place of articulation of the prototypical uvular plosive, though not as front as the prototypical velar plosive. The International Phonetic Alphabet does not have a separate symbol for that sound, though it can be transcribed as (advanced ), or (both symbols denote a retracted ). The equivalent X-SAMPA symbols are G\_+ and g_-, respectively. Features Features of the voiced uvular stop: Occurrence See also Index of phonetics articles Notes References External links Uvular consonants Pulmonic consonants Voiced oral consonants Central consonants | Voiced uvular plosive. There is also the voiced pre-uvular plosive in some languages, which is articulated slightly more front compared with the place of articulation of the prototypical uvular plosive, though not as front as the prototypical velar plosive. The International Phonetic Alphabet does not have a separate symbol for that sound, though it can be transcribed as (advanced ), or (both symbols denote a retracted ). The equivalent X-SAMPA symbols are G\_+ and g_-, respectively. Features Features of the voiced uvular stop: Occurrence See also Index of phonetics articles Notes References External links Uvular consonants Pulmonic consonants Voiced oral consonants Central consonants | 524880 |
wiki20220301en020_105976 | Voiced velar fricative | The voiced velar fricative is a type of consonantal sound that is used in various spoken languages. It is not found in Modern English but existed in Old English. The symbol in the International Phonetic Alphabet that represents this sound is , a Latinized variant of the Greek letter gamma, , which has this sound in Modern Greek. It should not be confused with the graphically-similar , the IPA symbol for a close-mid back unrounded vowel, which some writings use for the voiced velar fricative. The symbol is also sometimes used to represent the velar approximant, which, however, is more accurately written with the lowering diacritic: or . The IPA also provides a dedicated symbol for a velar approximant, . There is also a voiced post-velar fricative, also called pre-uvular, in some languages. For the voiced pre-velar fricative, also called post-palatal, see voiced palatal fricative. Features Features of the voiced velar fricative: | Voiced velar fricative. The voiced velar fricative is a type of consonantal sound that is used in various spoken languages. It is not found in Modern English but existed in Old English. The symbol in the International Phonetic Alphabet that represents this sound is , a Latinized variant of the Greek letter gamma, , which has this sound in Modern Greek. It should not be confused with the graphically-similar , the IPA symbol for a close-mid back unrounded vowel, which some writings use for the voiced velar fricative. The symbol is also sometimes used to represent the velar approximant, which, however, is more accurately written with the lowering diacritic: or . The IPA also provides a dedicated symbol for a velar approximant, . There is also a voiced post-velar fricative, also called pre-uvular, in some languages. For the voiced pre-velar fricative, also called post-palatal, see voiced palatal fricative. Features Features of the voiced velar fricative: | 524881 |
wiki20220301en020_105977 | Voiced velar fricative | Features Features of the voiced velar fricative: Occurrence Some of the consonants listed as post-velar may actually be trill fricatives. See also Index of phonetics articles Voiceless velar fricative Guttural Notes References External links Fricative consonants Pulmonic consonants Voiced oral consonants Velar consonants Central consonants | Voiced velar fricative. Features Features of the voiced velar fricative: Occurrence Some of the consonants listed as post-velar may actually be trill fricatives. See also Index of phonetics articles Voiceless velar fricative Guttural Notes References External links Fricative consonants Pulmonic consonants Voiced oral consonants Velar consonants Central consonants | 524881 |
wiki20220301en020_105978 | Voiceless alveolo-palatal fricative | The voiceless alveolo-palatal sibilant fricative is a type of consonantal sound, used in some spoken languages. The symbol in the International Phonetic Alphabet that represents this sound is ("c", plus the curl also found in its voiced counterpart ). It is the sibilant equivalent of the voiceless palatal fricative, and as such it can be transcribed in IPA with . In British Received Pronunciation, after syllable-initial (as in Tuesday) is realized as a devoiced palatal fricative. The amount of devoicing is variable, but the fully voiceless variant tends to be alveolo-palatal in the sequence: . It is a fricative, rather than a fricative element of an affricate because the preceding plosive remains alveolar, rather than becoming alveolo-palatal, as in Dutch. | Voiceless alveolo-palatal fricative. The voiceless alveolo-palatal sibilant fricative is a type of consonantal sound, used in some spoken languages. The symbol in the International Phonetic Alphabet that represents this sound is ("c", plus the curl also found in its voiced counterpart ). It is the sibilant equivalent of the voiceless palatal fricative, and as such it can be transcribed in IPA with . In British Received Pronunciation, after syllable-initial (as in Tuesday) is realized as a devoiced palatal fricative. The amount of devoicing is variable, but the fully voiceless variant tends to be alveolo-palatal in the sequence: . It is a fricative, rather than a fricative element of an affricate because the preceding plosive remains alveolar, rather than becoming alveolo-palatal, as in Dutch. | 524883 |
wiki20220301en020_105979 | Voiceless alveolo-palatal fricative | The corresponding affricate can be written with or in narrow IPA, though is normally used in both cases. In the case of English, the sequence can be specified as as is normally apical (although somewhat palatalized in that sequence), whereas alveolo-palatal consonants are laminal by definition. An increasing number of British speakers merge this sequence with the voiceless palato-alveolar affricate : (see yod-coalescence), mirroring Cockney, Australian English and New Zealand English. On the other hand, there is an opposite tendency in Canadian accents that have preserved , where the sequence tends to merge with the plain instead: (see yod-dropping), mirroring General American which does not allow to follow alveolar consonants in stressed syllables. Features Features of the voiceless alveolo-palatal fricative: Occurrence See also Index of phonetics articles Voiceless palato-alveolar sibilant Notes References External links | Voiceless alveolo-palatal fricative. The corresponding affricate can be written with or in narrow IPA, though is normally used in both cases. In the case of English, the sequence can be specified as as is normally apical (although somewhat palatalized in that sequence), whereas alveolo-palatal consonants are laminal by definition. An increasing number of British speakers merge this sequence with the voiceless palato-alveolar affricate : (see yod-coalescence), mirroring Cockney, Australian English and New Zealand English. On the other hand, there is an opposite tendency in Canadian accents that have preserved , where the sequence tends to merge with the plain instead: (see yod-dropping), mirroring General American which does not allow to follow alveolar consonants in stressed syllables. Features Features of the voiceless alveolo-palatal fricative: Occurrence See also Index of phonetics articles Voiceless palato-alveolar sibilant Notes References External links | 524883 |
wiki20220301en020_105980 | Voiceless alveolo-palatal fricative | Features Features of the voiceless alveolo-palatal fricative: Occurrence See also Index of phonetics articles Voiceless palato-alveolar sibilant Notes References External links Fricative consonants Alveolo-palatal consonants Pulmonic consonants Co-articulated consonants Voiceless oral consonants Central consonants | Voiceless alveolo-palatal fricative. Features Features of the voiceless alveolo-palatal fricative: Occurrence See also Index of phonetics articles Voiceless palato-alveolar sibilant Notes References External links Fricative consonants Alveolo-palatal consonants Pulmonic consonants Co-articulated consonants Voiceless oral consonants Central consonants | 524883 |
wiki20220301en020_105981 | Voiceless bilabial fricative | The voiceless bilabial fricative is a type of consonantal sound, used in some spoken languages. The symbol in the International Phonetic Alphabet that represents this sound is . Features Features of the voiceless bilabial fricative: Occurrence See also Index of phonetics articles References Sources External links Fricative consonants Bilabial consonants Pulmonic consonants Voiceless oral consonants | Voiceless bilabial fricative. The voiceless bilabial fricative is a type of consonantal sound, used in some spoken languages. The symbol in the International Phonetic Alphabet that represents this sound is . Features Features of the voiceless bilabial fricative: Occurrence See also Index of phonetics articles References Sources External links Fricative consonants Bilabial consonants Pulmonic consonants Voiceless oral consonants | 524884 |
wiki20220301en020_105982 | Voiceless dental fricative | The voiceless dental non-sibilant fricative is a type of consonantal sound used in some spoken languages. It is familiar to English speakers as the 'th' in think. Though rather rare as a phoneme in the world's inventory of languages, it is encountered in some of the most widespread and influential (see below). The symbol in the International Phonetic Alphabet that represents this sound is , and the equivalent X-SAMPA symbol is T. The IPA symbol is the Greek letter theta, which is used for this sound in post-classical Greek, and the sound is thus often referred to as "theta". The dental non-sibilant fricatives are often called "interdental" because they are often produced with the tongue between the upper and lower teeth, and not just against the back of the upper or lower teeth, as they are with other dental consonants. | Voiceless dental fricative. The voiceless dental non-sibilant fricative is a type of consonantal sound used in some spoken languages. It is familiar to English speakers as the 'th' in think. Though rather rare as a phoneme in the world's inventory of languages, it is encountered in some of the most widespread and influential (see below). The symbol in the International Phonetic Alphabet that represents this sound is , and the equivalent X-SAMPA symbol is T. The IPA symbol is the Greek letter theta, which is used for this sound in post-classical Greek, and the sound is thus often referred to as "theta". The dental non-sibilant fricatives are often called "interdental" because they are often produced with the tongue between the upper and lower teeth, and not just against the back of the upper or lower teeth, as they are with other dental consonants. | 524885 |
wiki20220301en020_105983 | Voiceless dental fricative | This sound and its voiced counterpart are rare phonemes occurring in 4% of languages in a phonological analysis of 2,155 languages. Among the more than 60 languages with over 10 million speakers, only English, northern varieties of the Berber language of North Africa, Standard Peninsular Spanish, various dialects of Arabic, Swahili (in words derived from Arabic), and Greek have the voiceless dental non-sibilant fricative. Speakers of languages and dialects without the sound sometimes have difficulty producing or distinguishing it from similar sounds, especially if they have had no chance to acquire it in childhood, and typically replace it with a voiceless alveolar fricative () (as in Indonesian), voiceless dental stop (), or a voiceless labiodental fricative (); known respectively as th-alveolarization, th-stopping, and th-fronting. | Voiceless dental fricative. This sound and its voiced counterpart are rare phonemes occurring in 4% of languages in a phonological analysis of 2,155 languages. Among the more than 60 languages with over 10 million speakers, only English, northern varieties of the Berber language of North Africa, Standard Peninsular Spanish, various dialects of Arabic, Swahili (in words derived from Arabic), and Greek have the voiceless dental non-sibilant fricative. Speakers of languages and dialects without the sound sometimes have difficulty producing or distinguishing it from similar sounds, especially if they have had no chance to acquire it in childhood, and typically replace it with a voiceless alveolar fricative () (as in Indonesian), voiceless dental stop (), or a voiceless labiodental fricative (); known respectively as th-alveolarization, th-stopping, and th-fronting. | 524885 |
wiki20220301en020_105984 | Voiceless dental fricative | The sound is known to have disappeared from a number of languages, e.g. from most of the Germanic languages or dialects, where it is retained only in Scots, English, Elfdalian, and Icelandic, but it is alveolar in the last of these. Among non-Germanic Indo-European languages as a whole, the sound was also once much more widespread, but is today preserved in a few languages including the Brythonic languages, Peninsular Spanish, Galician, Venetian, Albanian, some Occitan dialects and Greek. It has likewise disappeared from many Semitic languages, such as Hebrew (excluding Yemenite Hebrew) and many modern varieties of Arabic (excluding Tunisian, Mesopotamian Arabic and various dialects in the Arabian Peninsula, as well as Modern Standard Arabic). Features Features of the voiceless dental non-sibilant fricative: It does not have the grooved tongue and directed airflow, or the high frequencies, of a sibilant. | Voiceless dental fricative. The sound is known to have disappeared from a number of languages, e.g. from most of the Germanic languages or dialects, where it is retained only in Scots, English, Elfdalian, and Icelandic, but it is alveolar in the last of these. Among non-Germanic Indo-European languages as a whole, the sound was also once much more widespread, but is today preserved in a few languages including the Brythonic languages, Peninsular Spanish, Galician, Venetian, Albanian, some Occitan dialects and Greek. It has likewise disappeared from many Semitic languages, such as Hebrew (excluding Yemenite Hebrew) and many modern varieties of Arabic (excluding Tunisian, Mesopotamian Arabic and various dialects in the Arabian Peninsula, as well as Modern Standard Arabic). Features Features of the voiceless dental non-sibilant fricative: It does not have the grooved tongue and directed airflow, or the high frequencies, of a sibilant. | 524885 |
wiki20220301en020_105985 | Voiceless dental fricative | Occurrence {| class="wikitable" !colspan=2| Language !! Word !! IPA !! Meaning !! Notes |- |colspan=2| Albanian || || || 'says' || |- |rowspan=5| Arabic || Modern Standard || || || 'a dress' ||Represented by . See Arabic phonology. |- |Eastern Libya || || || 'three' || |- |Sanaa, Yemen || || || 'it is priced' || |- |Iraq || || || 'eight' || |- |Khuzestan, Iran || || || 'the second one' || |- |colspan=2| Arapaho || || || 'five' || |- |colspan=2| Assyrian || ܒܝܬܐ bèṭa || || 'house' || Mostly used in the Western, Barwari, Tel Keppe, Batnaya and Alqosh dialects; realized as in other varieties. |- |colspan=2| Avestan || xšaθra || || 'kingdom' || Ancient dead sacred language. |- | colspan="2" | Bashkir | | | 'friend' |- |colspan=2| Berber || || || 'Berber (language)'(noun)|| This pronunciation is common in northern Morocco, central Morocco, and northern Algeria. |- |colspan=2| Berta ||colspan=2 align=center| || 'to eat' || |- | Voiceless dental fricative. Occurrence {| class="wikitable" !colspan=2| Language !! Word !! IPA !! Meaning !! Notes |- |colspan=2| Albanian || || || 'says' || |- |rowspan=5| Arabic || Modern Standard || || || 'a dress' ||Represented by . See Arabic phonology. |- |Eastern Libya || || || 'three' || |- |Sanaa, Yemen || || || 'it is priced' || |- |Iraq || || || 'eight' || |- |Khuzestan, Iran || || || 'the second one' || |- |colspan=2| Arapaho || || || 'five' || |- |colspan=2| Assyrian || ܒܝܬܐ bèṭa || || 'house' || Mostly used in the Western, Barwari, Tel Keppe, Batnaya and Alqosh dialects; realized as in other varieties. |- |colspan=2| Avestan || xšaθra || || 'kingdom' || Ancient dead sacred language. |- | colspan="2" | Bashkir | | | 'friend' |- |colspan=2| Berber || || || 'Berber (language)'(noun)|| This pronunciation is common in northern Morocco, central Morocco, and northern Algeria. |- |colspan=2| Berta ||colspan=2 align=center| || 'to eat' || |- | 524885 |
wiki20220301en020_105986 | Voiceless dental fricative | |- |colspan=2| Berta ||colspan=2 align=center| || 'to eat' || |- |colspan=2| Burmese || / thon: || || 'three' || Commonly realized as an affricate . |- |colspan=2| Cornish || || || 'eight' || |- |colspan=2| Emiliano-Romagnol || || || 'face' || |- |rowspan=2|English |Received Pronunciation |rowspan=2 | thin | |rowspan=2 | 'thin' | |- |Western American English | | Interdental. |- | Galician || Most dialects || || || 'zero' || Merges with into in Western dialects. See Galician phonology |- |colspan=2| Greek || || || 'sea' || See Modern Greek phonology |- |colspan=2| Gweno ||colspan=2 align=center| || 'eye' || |- |colspan=2| Gwich’in || || || 'pants' || |- |colspan=2| Halkomelem || || || 'tree' || |- |colspan=2| Hän || || || 'I want' || |- |colspan=2| Harsusi ||colspan=2 align=center| || 'two' || |- |rowspan=2| Hebrew || Iraqi ||rowspan=2| || ||rowspan=2| 'Hebrew language' ||rowspan=2| See Modern Hebrew phonology |- | Yemenite || |- | Voiceless dental fricative. |- |colspan=2| Berta ||colspan=2 align=center| || 'to eat' || |- |colspan=2| Burmese || / thon: || || 'three' || Commonly realized as an affricate . |- |colspan=2| Cornish || || || 'eight' || |- |colspan=2| Emiliano-Romagnol || || || 'face' || |- |rowspan=2|English |Received Pronunciation |rowspan=2 | thin | |rowspan=2 | 'thin' | |- |Western American English | | Interdental. |- | Galician || Most dialects || || || 'zero' || Merges with into in Western dialects. See Galician phonology |- |colspan=2| Greek || || || 'sea' || See Modern Greek phonology |- |colspan=2| Gweno ||colspan=2 align=center| || 'eye' || |- |colspan=2| Gwich’in || || || 'pants' || |- |colspan=2| Halkomelem || || || 'tree' || |- |colspan=2| Hän || || || 'I want' || |- |colspan=2| Harsusi ||colspan=2 align=center| || 'two' || |- |rowspan=2| Hebrew || Iraqi ||rowspan=2| || ||rowspan=2| 'Hebrew language' ||rowspan=2| See Modern Hebrew phonology |- | Yemenite || |- | 524885 |
wiki20220301en020_105987 | Voiceless dental fricative | |- |rowspan=2| Hebrew || Iraqi ||rowspan=2| || ||rowspan=2| 'Hebrew language' ||rowspan=2| See Modern Hebrew phonology |- | Yemenite || |- | Hlai || Basadung ||colspan=2 align=center| || 'one' || |- |colspan=2| Icelandic || || || 'that' || |- | Italian || Tuscan || || || 'the captains' || Intervocalic allophone of . See Italian phonology and Tuscan gorgia |- |colspan=2| Kabyle || || || 'light'(noun)|| |- | Karen || Sgaw || သၢ || || 'three' || |- |colspan=2| Karuk || yiθa || || 'one' || |- |colspan=2| Kickapoo || neθwi || || 'three' || |- |colspan=2| Kwama ||colspan=2 align=center| || 'to laugh' || |- |colspan=2| Leonese || ceru || || 'zero' || |- |colspan=2| Lorediakarkar ||colspan=2 align=center| || 'four' || |- | Voiceless dental fricative. |- |rowspan=2| Hebrew || Iraqi ||rowspan=2| || ||rowspan=2| 'Hebrew language' ||rowspan=2| See Modern Hebrew phonology |- | Yemenite || |- | Hlai || Basadung ||colspan=2 align=center| || 'one' || |- |colspan=2| Icelandic || || || 'that' || |- | Italian || Tuscan || || || 'the captains' || Intervocalic allophone of . See Italian phonology and Tuscan gorgia |- |colspan=2| Kabyle || || || 'light'(noun)|| |- | Karen || Sgaw || သၢ || || 'three' || |- |colspan=2| Karuk || yiθa || || 'one' || |- |colspan=2| Kickapoo || neθwi || || 'three' || |- |colspan=2| Kwama ||colspan=2 align=center| || 'to laugh' || |- |colspan=2| Leonese || ceru || || 'zero' || |- |colspan=2| Lorediakarkar ||colspan=2 align=center| || 'four' || |- | 524885 |
wiki20220301en020_105988 | Voiceless dental fricative | |- |colspan=2| Kwama ||colspan=2 align=center| || 'to laugh' || |- |colspan=2| Leonese || ceru || || 'zero' || |- |colspan=2| Lorediakarkar ||colspan=2 align=center| || 'four' || |- |colspan=2| Malay || || || 'Tuesday' || Mostly occurs in Arabic loanwords originally containing this sound, but the writing is not distinguished from the Arabic loanwords with the sound and this sound must be learned separately by the speakers. See Malay phonology. |- |colspan=2| Massa ||colspan=2 align=center| || 'five' || |- |rowspan=2| Occitan || Gascon || macipon || || '(male) child' || Limited the sub-dialects of the region of Castillonais, in the Ariège department. |- | Vivaro-Alpine || chin || || 'dog' || Limited to Vénosc, in the Isère department. |- |colspan=2| Early Old French || || || 'loved, beloved (masculine)' || Disappeared by the 12th century. Word-final allophone of /ð/; this example also alternates with feminine . |- | Voiceless dental fricative. |- |colspan=2| Kwama ||colspan=2 align=center| || 'to laugh' || |- |colspan=2| Leonese || ceru || || 'zero' || |- |colspan=2| Lorediakarkar ||colspan=2 align=center| || 'four' || |- |colspan=2| Malay || || || 'Tuesday' || Mostly occurs in Arabic loanwords originally containing this sound, but the writing is not distinguished from the Arabic loanwords with the sound and this sound must be learned separately by the speakers. See Malay phonology. |- |colspan=2| Massa ||colspan=2 align=center| || 'five' || |- |rowspan=2| Occitan || Gascon || macipon || || '(male) child' || Limited the sub-dialects of the region of Castillonais, in the Ariège department. |- | Vivaro-Alpine || chin || || 'dog' || Limited to Vénosc, in the Isère department. |- |colspan=2| Early Old French || || || 'loved, beloved (masculine)' || Disappeared by the 12th century. Word-final allophone of /ð/; this example also alternates with feminine . |- | 524885 |
wiki20220301en020_105989 | Voiceless dental fricative | |- |colspan=2| Early Old French || || || 'loved, beloved (masculine)' || Disappeared by the 12th century. Word-final allophone of /ð/; this example also alternates with feminine . |- |colspan=2| Old Persian || XŠ / xšāyaθiya || || 'Shah' || Ancient extinct language. |- |colspan=2| Saanich || TÁŦES || || 'eight' || |- | Sardinian || Nuorese || || || 'meat' || |- |colspan=2| Shark Bay ||colspan=2 align=center| || 'four' || |- |colspan=2| Shawnee || || || 'three' || |- | Sioux || Nakoda || ktusa || || 'four' || |- | rowspan=1|Spanish || European Spanish || rowspan=1| || rowspan=1| || rowspan=1|'to hunt' || rowspan=1|Interdental. See Spanish phonology and Seseo. This sound is not contrastive in the Americas, southern Andalusia or the Canary Islands.. |- |colspan=2| Swahili || || || 'value' ||Mostly occurs in Arabic loanwords originally containing this sound. |- |colspan=2| Tanacross || || || 'embers' || |- |colspan=2| Toda || || || 'nine' || |- | Voiceless dental fricative. |- |colspan=2| Early Old French || || || 'loved, beloved (masculine)' || Disappeared by the 12th century. Word-final allophone of /ð/; this example also alternates with feminine . |- |colspan=2| Old Persian || XŠ / xšāyaθiya || || 'Shah' || Ancient extinct language. |- |colspan=2| Saanich || TÁŦES || || 'eight' || |- | Sardinian || Nuorese || || || 'meat' || |- |colspan=2| Shark Bay ||colspan=2 align=center| || 'four' || |- |colspan=2| Shawnee || || || 'three' || |- | Sioux || Nakoda || ktusa || || 'four' || |- | rowspan=1|Spanish || European Spanish || rowspan=1| || rowspan=1| || rowspan=1|'to hunt' || rowspan=1|Interdental. See Spanish phonology and Seseo. This sound is not contrastive in the Americas, southern Andalusia or the Canary Islands.. |- |colspan=2| Swahili || || || 'value' ||Mostly occurs in Arabic loanwords originally containing this sound. |- |colspan=2| Tanacross || || || 'embers' || |- |colspan=2| Toda || || || 'nine' || |- | 524885 |
wiki20220301en020_105990 | Voiceless dental fricative | |- |colspan=2| Tanacross || || || 'embers' || |- |colspan=2| Toda || || || 'nine' || |- |colspan=2| Turkmen || || || 'eight' || |- |rowspan=2| Tutchone || Northern || || ||rowspan=2| 'pants' || |- | Southern || || || |- |rowspan=3| Upland Yuman || Havasupai ||colspan=2 align=center| ||rowspan=3| 'five' || |- | Hualapai ||colspan=2 align=center| || |- | Yavapai ||colspan=2 align=center| || |- | Venetian || Eastern dialects || || || 'five' || Corresponds to in other dialects. |- |colspan=2| Wolaytta || || || 'flower' || |- |colspan=2| Welsh || || || 'seven' || |- |colspan=2| Zhuang || || || 'language' || |- |Zotung |Standard dialect of Lungngo |kacciade|| || 'I go' |Realized as and in Aikap and other Northern dialects. It can also be voiced depending on the preceding consonant. |} | Voiceless dental fricative. |- |colspan=2| Tanacross || || || 'embers' || |- |colspan=2| Toda || || || 'nine' || |- |colspan=2| Turkmen || || || 'eight' || |- |rowspan=2| Tutchone || Northern || || ||rowspan=2| 'pants' || |- | Southern || || || |- |rowspan=3| Upland Yuman || Havasupai ||colspan=2 align=center| ||rowspan=3| 'five' || |- | Hualapai ||colspan=2 align=center| || |- | Yavapai ||colspan=2 align=center| || |- | Venetian || Eastern dialects || || || 'five' || Corresponds to in other dialects. |- |colspan=2| Wolaytta || || || 'flower' || |- |colspan=2| Welsh || || || 'seven' || |- |colspan=2| Zhuang || || || 'language' || |- |Zotung |Standard dialect of Lungngo |kacciade|| || 'I go' |Realized as and in Aikap and other Northern dialects. It can also be voiced depending on the preceding consonant. |} | 524885 |
wiki20220301en020_105991 | Voiceless dental fricative | Voiceless denti-alveolar sibilant The voiceless denti-alveolar sibilant is the only sibilant fricative in some dialects of Andalusian Spanish. It has no official symbol in the International Phonetic Alphabet, though its features would be transcribed or (using the , the diacritic marking a laminal consonant, and , the diacritic marking a dental consonant). It is usually represented by an ad-hoc symbol such as , , or (advanced diacritic). | Voiceless dental fricative. Voiceless denti-alveolar sibilant The voiceless denti-alveolar sibilant is the only sibilant fricative in some dialects of Andalusian Spanish. It has no official symbol in the International Phonetic Alphabet, though its features would be transcribed or (using the , the diacritic marking a laminal consonant, and , the diacritic marking a dental consonant). It is usually represented by an ad-hoc symbol such as , , or (advanced diacritic). | 524885 |
wiki20220301en020_105992 | Voiceless dental fricative | describes this sound as follows: " is a voiceless, corono-dentoalveolar groove fricative, the so-called s coronal or s plana'' because of the relatively flat shape of the tongue body.... To this writer, the coronal , heard throughout Andalusia, should be characterized by such terms as "soft," "fuzzy," or "imprecise," which, as we shall see, brings it quite close to one variety of ... Canfield has referred, quite correctly, in our opinion, to this as "the lisping coronal-dental," and Amado Alonso remarks how close it is to the post-dental , suggesting a combined symbol to represent it". Features Features of the voiceless denti-alveolar sibilant: Its place of articulation is denti-alveolar, which means it is articulated with a flat tongue against the alveolar ridge and upper teeth. It is normally laminal, which means it is pronounced with the blade of the tongue. Occurrence | Voiceless dental fricative. describes this sound as follows: " is a voiceless, corono-dentoalveolar groove fricative, the so-called s coronal or s plana'' because of the relatively flat shape of the tongue body.... To this writer, the coronal , heard throughout Andalusia, should be characterized by such terms as "soft," "fuzzy," or "imprecise," which, as we shall see, brings it quite close to one variety of ... Canfield has referred, quite correctly, in our opinion, to this as "the lisping coronal-dental," and Amado Alonso remarks how close it is to the post-dental , suggesting a combined symbol to represent it". Features Features of the voiceless denti-alveolar sibilant: Its place of articulation is denti-alveolar, which means it is articulated with a flat tongue against the alveolar ridge and upper teeth. It is normally laminal, which means it is pronounced with the blade of the tongue. Occurrence | 524885 |
wiki20220301en020_105993 | Voiceless dental fricative | Occurrence See also Voiced dental fricative Voiceless alveolar non-sibilant fricative Voiced dental sibilant Voiceless alveolar retracted sibilant Sibilant consonant#Possible combinations Pronunciation of English th Index of phonetics topics Notes References External links Discrimination of Unvoiced Fricatives using Machine Learning Methods Dental consonants Fricative consonants English th Pulmonic consonants Voiceless oral consonants Central consonants | Voiceless dental fricative. Occurrence See also Voiced dental fricative Voiceless alveolar non-sibilant fricative Voiced dental sibilant Voiceless alveolar retracted sibilant Sibilant consonant#Possible combinations Pronunciation of English th Index of phonetics topics Notes References External links Discrimination of Unvoiced Fricatives using Machine Learning Methods Dental consonants Fricative consonants English th Pulmonic consonants Voiceless oral consonants Central consonants | 524885 |
wiki20220301en020_105994 | Voiceless epiglottal trill | The voiceless epiglottal or pharyngeal trill, or voiceless epiglottal fricative, is a type of consonantal sound, used in some spoken languages. The symbol in the International Phonetic Alphabet that represents this sound is , and the equivalent X-SAMPA symbol is H\. The glyph is homoglyphic with the lowercase Cyrillic letter En (н). Features Features of the voiceless epiglottal trill/fricative: Occurrence See also Index of phonetics articles Notes References External links Trill consonants Pulmonic consonants Voiceless oral consonants | Voiceless epiglottal trill. The voiceless epiglottal or pharyngeal trill, or voiceless epiglottal fricative, is a type of consonantal sound, used in some spoken languages. The symbol in the International Phonetic Alphabet that represents this sound is , and the equivalent X-SAMPA symbol is H\. The glyph is homoglyphic with the lowercase Cyrillic letter En (н). Features Features of the voiceless epiglottal trill/fricative: Occurrence See also Index of phonetics articles Notes References External links Trill consonants Pulmonic consonants Voiceless oral consonants | 524886 |
wiki20220301en020_105995 | Voiceless glottal fricative | The voiceless glottal fricative, sometimes called voiceless glottal transition, and sometimes called the aspirate, is a type of sound used in some spoken languages that patterns like a fricative or approximant consonant phonologically, but often lacks the usual phonetic characteristics of a consonant. The symbol in the International Phonetic Alphabet that represents this sound is , and the equivalent X-SAMPA symbol is h, although has been described as a voiceless vowel because in many languages, it lacks the place and manner of articulation of a prototypical consonant as well as the height and backness of a prototypical vowel: Lamé contrasts voiceless and voiced glottal fricatives. Features Features of the "voiceless glottal fricative": | Voiceless glottal fricative. The voiceless glottal fricative, sometimes called voiceless glottal transition, and sometimes called the aspirate, is a type of sound used in some spoken languages that patterns like a fricative or approximant consonant phonologically, but often lacks the usual phonetic characteristics of a consonant. The symbol in the International Phonetic Alphabet that represents this sound is , and the equivalent X-SAMPA symbol is h, although has been described as a voiceless vowel because in many languages, it lacks the place and manner of articulation of a prototypical consonant as well as the height and backness of a prototypical vowel: Lamé contrasts voiceless and voiced glottal fricatives. Features Features of the "voiceless glottal fricative": | 524888 |
wiki20220301en020_105996 | Voiceless glottal fricative | In some languages, it has the constricted manner of articulation of a fricative. However, in many if not most it is a transitional state of the glottis, with no manner of articulation other than its phonation type. Because there is no other constriction to produce friction in the vocal tract in the languages they are familiar with, many phoneticians no longer consider to be a fricative. However, the term "fricative" is generally retained for historical reasons. | Voiceless glottal fricative. In some languages, it has the constricted manner of articulation of a fricative. However, in many if not most it is a transitional state of the glottis, with no manner of articulation other than its phonation type. Because there is no other constriction to produce friction in the vocal tract in the languages they are familiar with, many phoneticians no longer consider to be a fricative. However, the term "fricative" is generally retained for historical reasons. | 524888 |
wiki20220301en020_105997 | Voiceless glottal fricative | It may have a glottal place of articulation. However, it may have no fricative articulation, in which case the term 'glottal' only refers to the nature of its phonation, and does not describe the location of the stricture nor the turbulence. All consonants except for the glottals, and all vowels, have an individual place of articulation in addition to the state of the glottis. As with all other consonants, surrounding vowels influence the pronunciation , and has sometimes been presented as a voiceless vowel, having the place of articulation of these surrounding vowels. | Voiceless glottal fricative. It may have a glottal place of articulation. However, it may have no fricative articulation, in which case the term 'glottal' only refers to the nature of its phonation, and does not describe the location of the stricture nor the turbulence. All consonants except for the glottals, and all vowels, have an individual place of articulation in addition to the state of the glottis. As with all other consonants, surrounding vowels influence the pronunciation , and has sometimes been presented as a voiceless vowel, having the place of articulation of these surrounding vowels. | 524888 |
wiki20220301en020_105998 | Voiceless glottal fricative | Occurrence See also Voiced glottal fricative Voiceless nasal glottal fricative Index of phonetics articles Notes References External links Glottal consonants Approximant-fricative consonants Pulmonic consonants Voiceless oral consonants | Voiceless glottal fricative. Occurrence See also Voiced glottal fricative Voiceless nasal glottal fricative Index of phonetics articles Notes References External links Glottal consonants Approximant-fricative consonants Pulmonic consonants Voiceless oral consonants | 524888 |
wiki20220301en020_105999 | Voiceless labial–velar fricative | The voiceless labial–velar fricative is a type of consonantal sound, used in spoken languages. The symbol in the International Phonetic Alphabet that represents this sound is . Some linguists posit voiceless approximants distinct from voiceless fricatives. To them, English is an approximant , a labialized glottal fricative or an sequence, not a velar fricative, though Scots has been described as a velar fricative, especially in older Scots, where it was . Other linguists believe that a "voiceless approximant" is a contradiction in terms, and so must be the same as . Ladefoged and Maddieson were unable to confirm that any language has fricatives produced at two places of articulation, like labial and velar. They conclude that "if it is a fricative, it is better described as a voiceless labialized velar fricative". Features Features of the voiceless labial–velar fricative: Occurrence See also Index of phonetics articles hwair Wh (digraph) Wine–whine merger Notes References | Voiceless labial–velar fricative. The voiceless labial–velar fricative is a type of consonantal sound, used in spoken languages. The symbol in the International Phonetic Alphabet that represents this sound is . Some linguists posit voiceless approximants distinct from voiceless fricatives. To them, English is an approximant , a labialized glottal fricative or an sequence, not a velar fricative, though Scots has been described as a velar fricative, especially in older Scots, where it was . Other linguists believe that a "voiceless approximant" is a contradiction in terms, and so must be the same as . Ladefoged and Maddieson were unable to confirm that any language has fricatives produced at two places of articulation, like labial and velar. They conclude that "if it is a fricative, it is better described as a voiceless labialized velar fricative". Features Features of the voiceless labial–velar fricative: Occurrence See also Index of phonetics articles hwair Wh (digraph) Wine–whine merger Notes References | 524890 |
wiki20220301en020_106000 | Voiceless labial–velar fricative | Features Features of the voiceless labial–velar fricative: Occurrence See also Index of phonetics articles hwair Wh (digraph) Wine–whine merger Notes References External links Velar consonants Labialized consonants Co-articulated consonants Voiceless oral consonants Central consonants | Voiceless labial–velar fricative. Features Features of the voiceless labial–velar fricative: Occurrence See also Index of phonetics articles hwair Wh (digraph) Wine–whine merger Notes References External links Velar consonants Labialized consonants Co-articulated consonants Voiceless oral consonants Central consonants | 524890 |
wiki20220301en020_106001 | Voiceless labiodental fricative | The voiceless labiodental fricative is a type of consonantal sound used in a number of spoken languages. The symbol in the International Phonetic Alphabet that represents this sound is . Some scholars also posit the voiceless labiodental approximant distinct from the fricative. The approximant may be represented in the IPA as . Features Features of the voiceless labiodental fricative: Occurrence See also List of phonetics topics Notes References External links Fricative consonants Pulmonic consonants Voiceless oral consonants | Voiceless labiodental fricative. The voiceless labiodental fricative is a type of consonantal sound used in a number of spoken languages. The symbol in the International Phonetic Alphabet that represents this sound is . Some scholars also posit the voiceless labiodental approximant distinct from the fricative. The approximant may be represented in the IPA as . Features Features of the voiceless labiodental fricative: Occurrence See also List of phonetics topics Notes References External links Fricative consonants Pulmonic consonants Voiceless oral consonants | 524891 |
wiki20220301en020_106002 | Voiceless palatal fricative | The voiceless palatal fricative is a type of consonantal sound used in some spoken languages. The symbol in the International Phonetic Alphabet that represents this sound is , and the equivalent X-SAMPA symbol is C. It is the non-sibilant equivalent of the voiceless alveolo-palatal fricative. The symbol ç is the letter c with a cedilla (Ç), as used to spell French and Portuguese words such as façade and ação. However, the sound represented by the letter ç in French and Portuguese orthography is not a voiceless palatal fricative but , the voiceless alveolar fricative. Palatal fricatives are relatively rare phonemes, and only 5% of the world's languages have as a phoneme. The sound occurs, however, as an allophone of in German (and some other languages), or, in other languages, of in the vicinity of front vowels. | Voiceless palatal fricative. The voiceless palatal fricative is a type of consonantal sound used in some spoken languages. The symbol in the International Phonetic Alphabet that represents this sound is , and the equivalent X-SAMPA symbol is C. It is the non-sibilant equivalent of the voiceless alveolo-palatal fricative. The symbol ç is the letter c with a cedilla (Ç), as used to spell French and Portuguese words such as façade and ação. However, the sound represented by the letter ç in French and Portuguese orthography is not a voiceless palatal fricative but , the voiceless alveolar fricative. Palatal fricatives are relatively rare phonemes, and only 5% of the world's languages have as a phoneme. The sound occurs, however, as an allophone of in German (and some other languages), or, in other languages, of in the vicinity of front vowels. | 524892 |
wiki20220301en020_106003 | Voiceless palatal fricative | There is also the voiceless post-palatal fricative in some languages, which is articulated slightly farther back compared with the place of articulation of the prototypical voiceless palatal fricative, though not as back as the prototypical voiceless velar fricative. The International Phonetic Alphabet does not have a separate symbol for that sound, though it can be transcribed as , (both symbols denote a retracted ) or (advanced ). The equivalent X-SAMPA symbols are C_- and x_+, respectively. Especially in broad transcription, the voiceless post-palatal fricative may be transcribed as a palatalized voiceless velar fricative ( in the IPA, x' or x_j in X-SAMPA). Some scholars also posit the voiceless palatal approximant distinct from the fricative. The approximant may be represented in the IPA as . Features Features of the voiceless palatal fricative: | Voiceless palatal fricative. There is also the voiceless post-palatal fricative in some languages, which is articulated slightly farther back compared with the place of articulation of the prototypical voiceless palatal fricative, though not as back as the prototypical voiceless velar fricative. The International Phonetic Alphabet does not have a separate symbol for that sound, though it can be transcribed as , (both symbols denote a retracted ) or (advanced ). The equivalent X-SAMPA symbols are C_- and x_+, respectively. Especially in broad transcription, the voiceless post-palatal fricative may be transcribed as a palatalized voiceless velar fricative ( in the IPA, x' or x_j in X-SAMPA). Some scholars also posit the voiceless palatal approximant distinct from the fricative. The approximant may be represented in the IPA as . Features Features of the voiceless palatal fricative: | 524892 |
wiki20220301en020_106004 | Voiceless palatal fricative | Some scholars also posit the voiceless palatal approximant distinct from the fricative. The approximant may be represented in the IPA as . Features Features of the voiceless palatal fricative: The otherwise identical post-palatal variant is articulated slightly behind the hard palate, making it sound slightly closer to the velar . Occurrence Palatal Post-palatal See also Index of phonetics articles Notes References External links Fricative consonants Central consonants Palatal consonants Voiceless oral consonants | Voiceless palatal fricative. Some scholars also posit the voiceless palatal approximant distinct from the fricative. The approximant may be represented in the IPA as . Features Features of the voiceless palatal fricative: The otherwise identical post-palatal variant is articulated slightly behind the hard palate, making it sound slightly closer to the velar . Occurrence Palatal Post-palatal See also Index of phonetics articles Notes References External links Fricative consonants Central consonants Palatal consonants Voiceless oral consonants | 524892 |
wiki20220301en020_106005 | Voiceless palatal plosive | The voiceless palatal plosive or stop is a type of consonantal sound used in some vocal languages. The symbol in the International Phonetic Alphabet that represents this sound is , and the equivalent X-SAMPA symbol is c. If distinction is necessary, the voiceless alveolo-palatal plosive may be transcribed as (advanced ) or (retracted and palatalized ), but these are essentially equivalent, because the contact includes both the blade and body (but not the tip) of the tongue. The equivalent X-SAMPA symbols are c_+ and t_-' or t_-_j, respectively. There is also a non-IPA letter ("t", plus the curl found in the symbols for alveolo-palatal sibilant fricatives ), used especially in sinological circles. | Voiceless palatal plosive. The voiceless palatal plosive or stop is a type of consonantal sound used in some vocal languages. The symbol in the International Phonetic Alphabet that represents this sound is , and the equivalent X-SAMPA symbol is c. If distinction is necessary, the voiceless alveolo-palatal plosive may be transcribed as (advanced ) or (retracted and palatalized ), but these are essentially equivalent, because the contact includes both the blade and body (but not the tip) of the tongue. The equivalent X-SAMPA symbols are c_+ and t_-' or t_-_j, respectively. There is also a non-IPA letter ("t", plus the curl found in the symbols for alveolo-palatal sibilant fricatives ), used especially in sinological circles. | 524893 |
wiki20220301en020_106006 | Voiceless palatal plosive | It is common for the phonetic symbol to be used to represent voiceless postalveolar affricate or other similar affricates, for example in the Indic languages. This may be considered appropriate when the place of articulation needs to be specified and the distinction between plosive and affricate is not contrastive. There is also the voiceless post-palatal plosive in some languages, which is articulated slightly more back compared with the place of articulation of the prototypical palatal consonant, though not as back as the prototypical velar consonant. The International Phonetic Alphabet does not have a separate symbol for that sound, though it can be transcribed as (retracted ) or (advanced ). The equivalent X-SAMPA symbols are c_- and k_+, respectively. Especially in broad transcription, the voiceless post-palatal plosive may be transcribed as a palatalized voiceless velar plosive ( in the IPA, k' or k_j in X-SAMPA). Features Features of the voiceless palatal stop: | Voiceless palatal plosive. It is common for the phonetic symbol to be used to represent voiceless postalveolar affricate or other similar affricates, for example in the Indic languages. This may be considered appropriate when the place of articulation needs to be specified and the distinction between plosive and affricate is not contrastive. There is also the voiceless post-palatal plosive in some languages, which is articulated slightly more back compared with the place of articulation of the prototypical palatal consonant, though not as back as the prototypical velar consonant. The International Phonetic Alphabet does not have a separate symbol for that sound, though it can be transcribed as (retracted ) or (advanced ). The equivalent X-SAMPA symbols are c_- and k_+, respectively. Especially in broad transcription, the voiceless post-palatal plosive may be transcribed as a palatalized voiceless velar plosive ( in the IPA, k' or k_j in X-SAMPA). Features Features of the voiceless palatal stop: | 524893 |
wiki20220301en020_106007 | Voiceless palatal plosive | Features Features of the voiceless palatal stop: The otherwise identical post-palatal variant is articulated slightly behind the hard palate, making it sound slightly closer to the velar . Occurrence Palatal or alveolo-palatal Post-palatal See also Index of phonetics articles Notes References External links Palatal consonants Plosives Voiceless stops Central consonants | Voiceless palatal plosive. Features Features of the voiceless palatal stop: The otherwise identical post-palatal variant is articulated slightly behind the hard palate, making it sound slightly closer to the velar . Occurrence Palatal or alveolo-palatal Post-palatal See also Index of phonetics articles Notes References External links Palatal consonants Plosives Voiceless stops Central consonants | 524893 |
wiki20220301en020_106008 | Voiceless pharyngeal fricative | The voiceless pharyngeal fricative is a type of consonantal sound, used in some spoken languages. The symbol in the International Phonetic Alphabet that represents this sound is an h-bar, , and the equivalent X-SAMPA symbol is X\. In the transcription of Arabic, Berber and Hebrew as well as a few other scripts, it is often written , . Typically characterized as a fricative in the upper pharynx, it is often characterized as a whispered [h]. Features Features of the voiceless pharyngeal fricative: | Voiceless pharyngeal fricative. The voiceless pharyngeal fricative is a type of consonantal sound, used in some spoken languages. The symbol in the International Phonetic Alphabet that represents this sound is an h-bar, , and the equivalent X-SAMPA symbol is X\. In the transcription of Arabic, Berber and Hebrew as well as a few other scripts, it is often written , . Typically characterized as a fricative in the upper pharynx, it is often characterized as a whispered [h]. Features Features of the voiceless pharyngeal fricative: | 524894 |
wiki20220301en020_106009 | Voiceless pharyngeal fricative | Typically characterized as a fricative in the upper pharynx, it is often characterized as a whispered [h]. Features Features of the voiceless pharyngeal fricative: Occurrence This sound is the most commonly cited realization of the Semitic letter hēth, which occurs in all dialects of Arabic, Classical Syriac, as well as Biblical and Tiberian Hebrew but only a minority of speakers of Modern Hebrew. It has also been reconstructed as appearing in Ancient Egyptian, a related Afro-Asiatic language. Modern non-Oriental Hebrew has merged the voiceless pharyngeal fricative with the voiceless velar (or uvular) fricative. However, phonetic studies have shown that the so-called voiceless pharyngeal fricatives of Semitic languages are often neither pharyngeal (but rather epiglottal) nor fricatives (but rather approximants). See also Pharyngeal fricative Heth Index of phonetics articles Guttural H with stroke Notes References External links | Voiceless pharyngeal fricative. Typically characterized as a fricative in the upper pharynx, it is often characterized as a whispered [h]. Features Features of the voiceless pharyngeal fricative: Occurrence This sound is the most commonly cited realization of the Semitic letter hēth, which occurs in all dialects of Arabic, Classical Syriac, as well as Biblical and Tiberian Hebrew but only a minority of speakers of Modern Hebrew. It has also been reconstructed as appearing in Ancient Egyptian, a related Afro-Asiatic language. Modern non-Oriental Hebrew has merged the voiceless pharyngeal fricative with the voiceless velar (or uvular) fricative. However, phonetic studies have shown that the so-called voiceless pharyngeal fricatives of Semitic languages are often neither pharyngeal (but rather epiglottal) nor fricatives (but rather approximants). See also Pharyngeal fricative Heth Index of phonetics articles Guttural H with stroke Notes References External links | 524894 |
wiki20220301en020_106010 | Voiceless pharyngeal fricative | See also Pharyngeal fricative Heth Index of phonetics articles Guttural H with stroke Notes References External links Fricative consonants Pharyngeal consonants Pulmonic consonants Voiceless oral consonants Maltese language | Voiceless pharyngeal fricative. See also Pharyngeal fricative Heth Index of phonetics articles Guttural H with stroke Notes References External links Fricative consonants Pharyngeal consonants Pulmonic consonants Voiceless oral consonants Maltese language | 524894 |
wiki20220301en020_106011 | Voiceless postalveolar fricative | A voiceless postalveolar fricative is a type of consonantal sound used in some spoken languages. This refers to a class of sounds, not a single sound. There are several types with significant perceptual differences: The voiceless palato-alveolar fricative The voiceless postalveolar non-sibilant fricative The voiceless retroflex fricative The voiceless alveolo-palatal fricative This article discusses the first two. Voiceless palato-alveolar fricative A voiceless palato-alveolar fricative or voiceless domed postalveolar fricative is a type of consonantal sound used in many languages, including English. In English, it is usually spelled , as in ship. The symbol in the International Phonetic Alphabet that represents this sound is , the letter esh introduced by Isaac Pitman (not to be confused with the integral symbol ). The equivalent X-SAMPA symbol is S. | Voiceless postalveolar fricative. A voiceless postalveolar fricative is a type of consonantal sound used in some spoken languages. This refers to a class of sounds, not a single sound. There are several types with significant perceptual differences: The voiceless palato-alveolar fricative The voiceless postalveolar non-sibilant fricative The voiceless retroflex fricative The voiceless alveolo-palatal fricative This article discusses the first two. Voiceless palato-alveolar fricative A voiceless palato-alveolar fricative or voiceless domed postalveolar fricative is a type of consonantal sound used in many languages, including English. In English, it is usually spelled , as in ship. The symbol in the International Phonetic Alphabet that represents this sound is , the letter esh introduced by Isaac Pitman (not to be confused with the integral symbol ). The equivalent X-SAMPA symbol is S. | 524895 |
wiki20220301en020_106012 | Voiceless postalveolar fricative | An alternative symbol is , an s with a caron or háček, which is used in the Americanist phonetic notation and the Uralic Phonetic Alphabet, as well as in the scientific and ISO 9 transliterations of Cyrillic. It originated with the Czech orthography of Jan Hus and was adopted in Gaj's Latin alphabet and other Latin alphabets of Slavic languages. It also features in the orthographies of many Baltic, Finno-Samic, North American and African languages. Features Features of the voiceless palato-alveolar fricative: Occurrence In various languages, including English and French, it may have simultaneous labialization, i.e. , although this is usually not transcribed. Classical Latin did not have , though it does occur in most Romance languages. For example, in French "singer" is pronounced . is descended from Latin , where was pronounced . The in Latin "science" was pronounced , but has shifted to in Italian . | Voiceless postalveolar fricative. An alternative symbol is , an s with a caron or háček, which is used in the Americanist phonetic notation and the Uralic Phonetic Alphabet, as well as in the scientific and ISO 9 transliterations of Cyrillic. It originated with the Czech orthography of Jan Hus and was adopted in Gaj's Latin alphabet and other Latin alphabets of Slavic languages. It also features in the orthographies of many Baltic, Finno-Samic, North American and African languages. Features Features of the voiceless palato-alveolar fricative: Occurrence In various languages, including English and French, it may have simultaneous labialization, i.e. , although this is usually not transcribed. Classical Latin did not have , though it does occur in most Romance languages. For example, in French "singer" is pronounced . is descended from Latin , where was pronounced . The in Latin "science" was pronounced , but has shifted to in Italian . | 524895 |
wiki20220301en020_106013 | Voiceless postalveolar fricative | Similarly, Proto-Germanic had neither nor , yet many of its descendants do. In most cases, this or descends from a Proto-Germanic . For instance, Proto-Germanic *skipą ("hollow object, water-borne vessel larger than a boat") was pronounced . The English word "ship" has been pronounced without the the longest, the word being descended from Old English "" , which already also had the , though the Old English spelling etymologically indicated that the old had once been present. | Voiceless postalveolar fricative. Similarly, Proto-Germanic had neither nor , yet many of its descendants do. In most cases, this or descends from a Proto-Germanic . For instance, Proto-Germanic *skipą ("hollow object, water-borne vessel larger than a boat") was pronounced . The English word "ship" has been pronounced without the the longest, the word being descended from Old English "" , which already also had the , though the Old English spelling etymologically indicated that the old had once been present. | 524895 |
wiki20220301en020_106014 | Voiceless postalveolar fricative | This change took longer to catch on in West Germanic languages other than Old English, though it eventually did. The second West Germanic language to undergo this sound shift was Old High German. In fact, it has been argued that Old High German's was actually already , because a single had already shifted to . Furthermore, by Middle High German, that had shifted to . After High German, the shift most likely then occurred in Low Saxon. After Low Saxon, Middle Dutch began the shift, but it stopped shifting once it reached , and has kept that pronunciation since. Then, most likely through influence from German and Low Saxon, North Frisian experienced the shift. | Voiceless postalveolar fricative. This change took longer to catch on in West Germanic languages other than Old English, though it eventually did. The second West Germanic language to undergo this sound shift was Old High German. In fact, it has been argued that Old High German's was actually already , because a single had already shifted to . Furthermore, by Middle High German, that had shifted to . After High German, the shift most likely then occurred in Low Saxon. After Low Saxon, Middle Dutch began the shift, but it stopped shifting once it reached , and has kept that pronunciation since. Then, most likely through influence from German and Low Saxon, North Frisian experienced the shift. | 524895 |
wiki20220301en020_106015 | Voiceless postalveolar fricative | Then, Swedish quite swiftly underwent the shift, which resulted in the very uncommon phoneme, which, aside from Swedish, is only used in Colognian, a variety of High German, though not as a replacement for the standard High German but a coronalized . However, the exact realization of Swedish varies considerably among dialects; for instance, in Northern dialects it tends to be realized as . See sj-sound for more details. Finally, the last to undergo the shift was Norwegian, in which the result of the shift was . The sound in Russian denoted by is commonly transcribed as a palato-alveolar fricative but is actually a laminal retroflex fricative. Voiceless postalveolar non-sibilant fricative | Voiceless postalveolar fricative. Then, Swedish quite swiftly underwent the shift, which resulted in the very uncommon phoneme, which, aside from Swedish, is only used in Colognian, a variety of High German, though not as a replacement for the standard High German but a coronalized . However, the exact realization of Swedish varies considerably among dialects; for instance, in Northern dialects it tends to be realized as . See sj-sound for more details. Finally, the last to undergo the shift was Norwegian, in which the result of the shift was . The sound in Russian denoted by is commonly transcribed as a palato-alveolar fricative but is actually a laminal retroflex fricative. Voiceless postalveolar non-sibilant fricative | 524895 |
wiki20220301en020_106016 | Voiceless postalveolar fricative | The sound in Russian denoted by is commonly transcribed as a palato-alveolar fricative but is actually a laminal retroflex fricative. Voiceless postalveolar non-sibilant fricative The voiceless postalveolar non-sibilant fricative is a consonantal sound. As the International Phonetic Alphabet does not have separate symbols for the post-alveolar consonants (the same symbol is used for all coronal places of articulation that are not palatalized), this sound is usually transcribed (retracted constricted voiceless ). The equivalent X-SAMPA symbol is r\_-_0_r. Some scholars also posit the voiceless postalveolar approximant distinct from the fricative. The approximant may be represented in the IPA as . Features However, it does not have the grooved tongue and directed airflow, or the high frequencies, of a sibilant. Its place of articulation is postalveolar, which means it is articulated with either the tip or the blade of the tongue behind the alveolar ridge. Occurrence | Voiceless postalveolar fricative. The sound in Russian denoted by is commonly transcribed as a palato-alveolar fricative but is actually a laminal retroflex fricative. Voiceless postalveolar non-sibilant fricative The voiceless postalveolar non-sibilant fricative is a consonantal sound. As the International Phonetic Alphabet does not have separate symbols for the post-alveolar consonants (the same symbol is used for all coronal places of articulation that are not palatalized), this sound is usually transcribed (retracted constricted voiceless ). The equivalent X-SAMPA symbol is r\_-_0_r. Some scholars also posit the voiceless postalveolar approximant distinct from the fricative. The approximant may be represented in the IPA as . Features However, it does not have the grooved tongue and directed airflow, or the high frequencies, of a sibilant. Its place of articulation is postalveolar, which means it is articulated with either the tip or the blade of the tongue behind the alveolar ridge. Occurrence | 524895 |
wiki20220301en020_106017 | Voiceless postalveolar fricative | Occurrence See also Index of phonetics articles Voiced postalveolar fricative Cedilla Notes References External links Postalveolar consonants Fricative consonants Pulmonic consonants Voiceless oral consonants Central consonants Labial–coronal consonants | Voiceless postalveolar fricative. Occurrence See also Index of phonetics articles Voiced postalveolar fricative Cedilla Notes References External links Postalveolar consonants Fricative consonants Pulmonic consonants Voiceless oral consonants Central consonants Labial–coronal consonants | 524895 |
wiki20220301en020_106018 | Voiceless retroflex fricative | The voiceless retroflex sibilant fricative is a type of consonantal sound used in some spoken languages. The symbol in the International Phonetic Alphabet that represents this sound is . Like all the retroflex consonants, the IPA letter is formed by adding a rightward-pointing hook to the bottom of (the letter used for the corresponding alveolar consonant). A distinction can be made between laminal, apical, and sub-apical articulations. Only one language, Toda, appears to have more than one voiceless retroflex sibilant, and it distinguishes subapical palatal from apical postalveolar retroflex sibilants; that is, both the tongue articulation and the place of contact on the roof of the mouth are different. Some scholars also posit the voiceless retroflex approximant distinct from the fricative. The approximant may be represented in the IPA as . Features Features of the voiceless retroflex fricative: | Voiceless retroflex fricative. The voiceless retroflex sibilant fricative is a type of consonantal sound used in some spoken languages. The symbol in the International Phonetic Alphabet that represents this sound is . Like all the retroflex consonants, the IPA letter is formed by adding a rightward-pointing hook to the bottom of (the letter used for the corresponding alveolar consonant). A distinction can be made between laminal, apical, and sub-apical articulations. Only one language, Toda, appears to have more than one voiceless retroflex sibilant, and it distinguishes subapical palatal from apical postalveolar retroflex sibilants; that is, both the tongue articulation and the place of contact on the roof of the mouth are different. Some scholars also posit the voiceless retroflex approximant distinct from the fricative. The approximant may be represented in the IPA as . Features Features of the voiceless retroflex fricative: | 524896 |
wiki20220301en020_106019 | Voiceless retroflex fricative | Some scholars also posit the voiceless retroflex approximant distinct from the fricative. The approximant may be represented in the IPA as . Features Features of the voiceless retroflex fricative: Occurrence In the following transcriptions, diacritics may be used to distinguish between apical and laminal . The commonality of cross-linguistically is 6% in a phonological analysis of 2155 languages. See also Index of phonetics articles Notes References External links Fricative consonants Retroflex consonants Pulmonic consonants Voiceless oral consonants Central consonants | Voiceless retroflex fricative. Some scholars also posit the voiceless retroflex approximant distinct from the fricative. The approximant may be represented in the IPA as . Features Features of the voiceless retroflex fricative: Occurrence In the following transcriptions, diacritics may be used to distinguish between apical and laminal . The commonality of cross-linguistically is 6% in a phonological analysis of 2155 languages. See also Index of phonetics articles Notes References External links Fricative consonants Retroflex consonants Pulmonic consonants Voiceless oral consonants Central consonants | 524896 |
wiki20220301en020_106020 | Voiceless retroflex plosive | The voiceless retroflex plosive or stop is a type of consonantal sound, used in some spoken languages. This consonant is found as a phoneme mostly (though not exclusively) in two areas: South Asia and Australia. Transcription The symbol that represents this sound in the International Phonetic Alphabet is . Like all the retroflex consonants, the IPA symbol is formed by adding a rightward-pointing hook extending from the bottom of "t" (the letter used for the equivalent alveolar consonant). In many fonts lowercase "t" already has a rightward-pointing hook, but is distinguished from by extending the hook below the baseline. Features Features of the voiceless retroflex stop: Occurrence See also Index of phonetics articles Notes References . External links Phonology of English, including dialectical variations Retroflex consonants Plosives Pulmonic consonants Voiceless oral consonants | Voiceless retroflex plosive. The voiceless retroflex plosive or stop is a type of consonantal sound, used in some spoken languages. This consonant is found as a phoneme mostly (though not exclusively) in two areas: South Asia and Australia. Transcription The symbol that represents this sound in the International Phonetic Alphabet is . Like all the retroflex consonants, the IPA symbol is formed by adding a rightward-pointing hook extending from the bottom of "t" (the letter used for the equivalent alveolar consonant). In many fonts lowercase "t" already has a rightward-pointing hook, but is distinguished from by extending the hook below the baseline. Features Features of the voiceless retroflex stop: Occurrence See also Index of phonetics articles Notes References . External links Phonology of English, including dialectical variations Retroflex consonants Plosives Pulmonic consonants Voiceless oral consonants | 524897 |
wiki20220301en020_106021 | Voiceless uvular fricative | The voiceless uvular fricative is a type of consonantal sound used in some spoken languages. The symbol in the International Phonetic Alphabet that represents this sound is , the Greek chi. The sound is represented by (ex with underdot) in Americanist phonetic notation. It is sometimes transcribed with (or , if rhotic) in broad transcription. | Voiceless uvular fricative. The voiceless uvular fricative is a type of consonantal sound used in some spoken languages. The symbol in the International Phonetic Alphabet that represents this sound is , the Greek chi. The sound is represented by (ex with underdot) in Americanist phonetic notation. It is sometimes transcribed with (or , if rhotic) in broad transcription. | 524898 |
wiki20220301en020_106022 | Voiceless uvular fricative | There is also a voiceless uvular fricative trill (a simultaneous and ) in some languages, e.g. Hebrew and Wolof as well as in the northern and central varieties of European Spanish. It can be transcribed as (a devoiced and raised uvular trill) in IPA. It is found as either the voiceless counterpart of or the sole dorsal fricative in Northern Standard Dutch and regional dialects and languages of the Netherlands (Dutch Low Saxon and West Frisian) spoken above the rivers Rhine, Meuse and Waal (sometimes termed the Rotterdam–Nijmegen Line). A plain fricative that is articulated slightly further front, as either medio-velar or post-palatal is typical of dialects spoken south of the rivers (mainly Brabantian and Limburgish), including Belgian Standard Dutch. In those dialects, the voiceless uvular fricative trill is one of the possible realizations of the phoneme . In fact, more languages claimed to have a voiceless uvular fricative may actually have a fricative trill. note that there | Voiceless uvular fricative. There is also a voiceless uvular fricative trill (a simultaneous and ) in some languages, e.g. Hebrew and Wolof as well as in the northern and central varieties of European Spanish. It can be transcribed as (a devoiced and raised uvular trill) in IPA. It is found as either the voiceless counterpart of or the sole dorsal fricative in Northern Standard Dutch and regional dialects and languages of the Netherlands (Dutch Low Saxon and West Frisian) spoken above the rivers Rhine, Meuse and Waal (sometimes termed the Rotterdam–Nijmegen Line). A plain fricative that is articulated slightly further front, as either medio-velar or post-palatal is typical of dialects spoken south of the rivers (mainly Brabantian and Limburgish), including Belgian Standard Dutch. In those dialects, the voiceless uvular fricative trill is one of the possible realizations of the phoneme . In fact, more languages claimed to have a voiceless uvular fricative may actually have a fricative trill. note that there | 524898 |
wiki20220301en020_106023 | Voiceless uvular fricative | uvular fricative trill is one of the possible realizations of the phoneme . In fact, more languages claimed to have a voiceless uvular fricative may actually have a fricative trill. note that there is "a complication in the case of uvular fricatives in that the shape of the vocal tract may be such that the uvula vibrates." | Voiceless uvular fricative. uvular fricative trill is one of the possible realizations of the phoneme . In fact, more languages claimed to have a voiceless uvular fricative may actually have a fricative trill. note that there is "a complication in the case of uvular fricatives in that the shape of the vocal tract may be such that the uvula vibrates." | 524898 |
wiki20220301en020_106024 | Voiceless uvular fricative | The frication in the fricative trill variant sometimes occurs at the middle or the back of the soft palate (termed velar or mediovelar and post-velar, respectively), rather than the uvula itself. This is the case in Northern Standard Dutch as well as some varieties of Arabic, Limburgish and Madrid Spanish. It may thus be appropriate to call those variants voiceless (post)velar-uvular fricative trill as the trill component is always uvular (velar trills are not physically possible). The corresponding IPA symbol is (a devoiced, raised and advanced uvular trill, where the "advanced" diacritic applies only to the fricative portion of the sound). Thus, in cases where a dialectal variation between voiceless uvular and velar fricatives is claimed the main difference between the two may be the trilling of the uvula as frication can be velar in both cases - compare Northern Dutch acht 'eight' (with a postvelar-uvular fricative trill) with Southern Dutch or , which features a non-trilled | Voiceless uvular fricative. The frication in the fricative trill variant sometimes occurs at the middle or the back of the soft palate (termed velar or mediovelar and post-velar, respectively), rather than the uvula itself. This is the case in Northern Standard Dutch as well as some varieties of Arabic, Limburgish and Madrid Spanish. It may thus be appropriate to call those variants voiceless (post)velar-uvular fricative trill as the trill component is always uvular (velar trills are not physically possible). The corresponding IPA symbol is (a devoiced, raised and advanced uvular trill, where the "advanced" diacritic applies only to the fricative portion of the sound). Thus, in cases where a dialectal variation between voiceless uvular and velar fricatives is claimed the main difference between the two may be the trilling of the uvula as frication can be velar in both cases - compare Northern Dutch acht 'eight' (with a postvelar-uvular fricative trill) with Southern Dutch or , which features a non-trilled | 524898 |
wiki20220301en020_106025 | Voiceless uvular fricative | trilling of the uvula as frication can be velar in both cases - compare Northern Dutch acht 'eight' (with a postvelar-uvular fricative trill) with Southern Dutch or , which features a non-trilled fricative articulated at the middle or front of the soft palate. | Voiceless uvular fricative. trilling of the uvula as frication can be velar in both cases - compare Northern Dutch acht 'eight' (with a postvelar-uvular fricative trill) with Southern Dutch or , which features a non-trilled fricative articulated at the middle or front of the soft palate. | 524898 |
wiki20220301en020_106026 | Voiceless uvular fricative | For a voiceless pre-uvular fricative (also called post-velar), see voiceless velar fricative. Features Features of the voiceless uvular fricative: Occurrence See also Index of phonetics articles Voiced uvular fricative Notes References External links Fricative consonants Uvular consonants Pulmonic consonants Voiceless oral consonants Central consonants | Voiceless uvular fricative. For a voiceless pre-uvular fricative (also called post-velar), see voiceless velar fricative. Features Features of the voiceless uvular fricative: Occurrence See also Index of phonetics articles Voiced uvular fricative Notes References External links Fricative consonants Uvular consonants Pulmonic consonants Voiceless oral consonants Central consonants | 524898 |
Subsets and Splits