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How to Get Yourself Off: A Guide to Going for the O, Solo
admin By Jill Waldbieser
Bodies change, sex drives wax and wane, yet your vibrator remains the same. Forget new batteries— what you need is a little novelty in your routine. Use these expert tips to rev up your self-lust and reap the benefits.
The Ultimate Guide to Threesomes (and Moresomes)
admin By Peg Moline
Interested in learning more about how to make this happen in your own sex life but have no idea where to start? Read on.
What's Sex After 50 Really Like?
admin By Elizabeth Marglin
And can it actually get better in your 60s and beyond? Here's why menopause may actually mark the true beginning of mind-blowing sex.
8 Tips That'll Help You Feel More Comfortable Taking Erotic Photos
Intrigued by the thought of taking erotic photos—but too nervous to pull the trigger? These 8 tips from top photographers will make the session fun, sexy, and empowering.
By Elizabeth Marglin
When New York City-based Jane Boon, a former tech expert turned writer, considered getting boudoir photos done, she knew all too well how easy it would be for the photos to meld with patriarchal notions of women's beauty.
To mitigate this, she established her own limits before her session. She decided on things like how much of her body she wanted to expose, she took charge of her outfits and props, and she approached it with a light heart as if a lark. The results blew her away.
"My expectations were quite modest," says Boon. "The photographer, JimCasper, was encouraging. He brought a sense of humor and fun to something that could have been quite absurd. When I saw the finished results, I thought, 'This looks like a woman who's confident in her sexuality!' The moment was maybe a bit more powerful and sexual than I had realized. It represented a challenge for me to be more like the woman in the photo."
Related: From Midlife Crisis to Midlife Awakening—One Woman's Story
What is boudoir photography?
Boudoir photography, a growing niche of portrait photography, gives us a chance to shape and embody our erotic inner life. It calls upon our capacity for playfulness, for joy, and as Boon says, to step out of the routine and inhabit the persona of the kind of woman we secretly want to be.
She attributes her freedom in front of the camera to her maturity—the hard-won experience of age. "In my 20s, I would have been more self-conscious, thinking too much about my appearance, says Boon, who recently completed her first BDSM-inspired novel, Edge Play. "I'm 54 now, and with age comes a comfort in my own skin. For me, boudoir photography became a game—a pleasurable adventure, rather than anxiety producing."
If the idea of sexual self-expression of the photographic kind appeals, you could start your journey with a DIY affair. Begin with what Kansas City-based Tayanna Nelson, who runs the Missouri-based Good Bodies, calls sexy selfies. DIY erotic photos can help you get comfortable in front of the camera, play with sexual self-expression, understand angles and light, practice poses, and see how far you can privilege pleasure over how it "looks."
These sexy selfies might lead you to wanting to explore what a professional session might be like, says Nelson. In the meantime, you may be surprised to find out, as I did researching this story, how fun it can be to be in front of the camera completely on your own terms.
What does your sexual joie de vivre look like when no one else is looking?
All too often, we emphasize appearance over sexual pleasure, which can make our sense of agency, power, and worth contingent upon our perceived desirability. Self-worth and desire work in tandem, much like a bird's wings. To desire, we need to feel worthy and wanted. But desirability is an inside job—it comes from the knowledge that we are worthy, deserving, inviolably lovable. We all have the capacity for pleasure. Ultimately, what makes us attractive is how we transmit our pleasure.
So, give yourself the unilateral permission that an erotic photoshoot—whether DIY or commissioned—offers. It's a chance to release your inner badass (and goodass!), reveal a private version of self, and go beyond ideas of good and bad, appropriate and inappropriate, subject and object, altogether.
Related: Want to Learn How to Explore Your Sexuality? Here's Where to Start
The biggest piece of advice the boudoir photographers I interviewed were unequivocal on is this: Get clear on who your photos are for. Photos you do for someone else—whether it's your boyfriend or girlfriend, husband or wife, live-in partner, etc.—tend to be less successful. "The images come out best when they don't stem from wanting to fulfill someone else's fantasy," says Casper. Once you are clear you are doing photos primarily for yourself, you can begin to have fun with them.
It's a very personal thing, adds Nelson, who describes her photography as mission-based boudoir: "Because everybody is a good body, it begins with connecting to your body. Then, you can explore what makes you feel good and how that translates into how you carry yourself, which is the secret to sexy."
8 Tips to Help You Take Sexy Selfies
Excited by the prospect of taking erotic photos—but not quite ready to hire a pro? Start with a DIY session, says Nelson. These pro tips will help you feel more comfortable and fall in love with the end result.
Tip No. 1: Make a playlist. One way to feel more comfortable in front of the camera, says Nelson, is to bring music to the moment. Whether you are home alone or at a studio, having your own playlist can soothe your nervous system.
Tip No. 2: Work with the light. Experiment with the light source by asking, "Where is the light?" Is it next to you as in front of you? Is it behind you? Take the pictures all three ways, then look at the pictures and see which one looks best in different settings, suggests Casper. Nelson also recommends having your body half in light, half in shadow and seeing what kind of effect that has.
Tip No. 3: Soften your face. Sometimes women feel like they need to look mean or intimidating or serious, says Casper. As if they must take on a certain kind of dominatrix expression. But oftentimes looking away from the camera, conjuring in your mind a seductive scenario, makes your face relax and blossom. "People almost always stare at the camera when they take pictures of themselves," says Casper. "But if you turn your face toward the light and the camera is off to the side, that's almost always going to be a more compelling image than if you're facing the camera."
Tip No. 4: Choose clothes that fits. Rather than trying to squeeze yourself into a smaller size, which can create bulges and welts, opt for clothing that fits you. The most important thing about your wardrobe is that it respects your contours. Also remember, lingerie doesn't have to be expensive to look good; plenty of cheaper versions sold on Amazon will photograph just as well as more expensive items, says Casper. Play with what makes you feel sexy, such as jeans and a man's shirt, or being strategically covered in a bedsheet. Completely naked can be freeing, but don't feel pressure to take everything off. There's always a beautiful tension and suspense between what's visible in a photo and what's hidden. Accessories, such as long lace gloves, can bring a burst of drama. Textures and layers add visual interest, creating a compelling juxtaposition of naked skin with sumptuous fabrics or intricately patterned lingerie.
Tip No. 5: Cultivate intention. Have a heart-to-heart with yourself before you start snapping pics. Lead with self-inquiry about your best intentions for the session: What do you want to convey to yourself? What parts of your body do you appreciate the most? What qualities do you love about yourself that are not physical? How can you express those visually?
Tip No. 6: Lose yourself. One of Nelson's favorite exercises for shaking off self-consciousness is to close your eyes and tilt your chin to the light source. Drag your hand down your body, feeling the contact and arousal. To make it easier to shoot yourself while doing this, use a tripod and your camera's timer. Another way to forget about the camera and become absorbed in the moment is to take videos of yourself, moving, turning, and even dancing. Then, you can choose stills from the video that may surprise you with their frank, unfiltered expressiveness. As an extra challenge, Nelson even suggests filming yourself masturbating, just to become that much freer in front of the camera and to work through the last shreds of reticence.
Tip No. 7: Find your angle. Make angles with your body that make you feel good, says Nelson. See what kind of dynamic, interesting shapes you can make with your body by adding a twist, an extension, or a contraction. Don't be afraid to practice poses that you have seen and like. When I played with this, I found lying down on my back on the bed is not a visually compelling image. Try to animate your face and position your body into images that make strong lines.
Tip No. 8: Expand the boundaries of your comfort zone. If you are too far out of your comfort zone, it can trigger trauma. However, if you only stay in your comfort zone, there's no growth. See how you can play with your edge. What do you learn when you are willing to surprise yourself?
Related: This is How my Sexual Fantasy Life Turned Into Real Life
Elizabeth Marglin is a Colorado-based journalist, writer, and poet. She is the co-author of The Wild and Sacred Feminine Deck: A 52-Card Oracle and Guidebook (Shambhala Publications 2022), and writes regularly for Yoga Journal, Spirituality & Health, AARP, and more.
We are here to normalize women's sexual health and wellness after 40, without apology.
It's time to elevate the way we address sex in the second half of life and lift it out of society's shadows. We're tired of the stigma and secrecy. We're frustrated with the lack of credible information. And we're ready to reclaim women's sexuality. | {
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We have experience of and are here to support individuals and families through critical illnesses. We also provide support for people looking after partners with diseases like Alzheimer's and Parkinson's diseases.
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Whether it's support with re-training after redundancy, or assistance with an e-learning course, we're here to help people access and regain employment. We provide funding support for careers guidance that helps people make the right learning, career and life choices.
We are here to help and the requests we get are wide ranging; from emergency payments for household repairs through to subsidies for those on low incomes. We recently purchased an electric scooter for a former publisher, housebound through critical illness, and provided a security deposit for a bookshop worker needing to move flats. We want to help, so just ask.
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Updated: 26th June, 2020 | {
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PHILADELPHIA INTERNATIONAL – THE RE-EDITS: Re-Edited Or Re-Mixed, Love Is Still The Message
Don January 23, 2012 18 views
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2012 is shaping up to be a big year for Philly Soul fans. The legendary Philadelphia International Records label is celebrating its 40-year anniversary and has teamed up with Harmless Records to release a variety of reissues that pay tribute to the satin-soul heritage it created during its glory years in the 1970's and early 1980's. Philadelphia International – The Re-Edits is the first release in this series and it's a daring collection that bypasses the usual "collect the standards" approach to create a release that forges a link between classic Philly soul and today's d.j.-driven dance music scene.
Philadelphia International – The Re-Edits offers a very personal take on what makes Philly Soul great by allowing an international collection of d.j.'s to rework a variety of tracks from the Philadelphia International archives. To the credit of compilers Jay Negron and Ian Dewhirst, they didn't go for the expected "remix the hits" approach. There are a few standard-bearers here but the real focus is the deep catalog stuff that crate-digging aficionados obsess over. For example, cult faves like Jean Carn and the Jones Girls are highlighted no less than three times each on this set.
This set also embraces a variety of approaches to the material. Despite the set's title, re-edits aren't the only thing that is going on here. In fact, there are a handful of cuts that add new production, including new rhythm tracks and a variety of mixing effects, to the selections. For example, Harold Melvin and the Blue Notes' "Be For Real" is transformed by Tim McAllister from a moody ballad into an uptempo house music dancefest while The Noodleman uses a barrage of dub-style echo effects to rework McFadden & Whitehead's "Ain't No Stoppin Us Now" so it ceases to be a disco stepper and instead becomes a veritable rollercoaster of spacey peaks and valleys.
Occasionally, there is a moment of overreach on these radical reworkings – for instance, DJ Friction's redux of the Jones Girls' "Dance Turned Into Romance" overdoes some trippy vocal re-edits during the chorus – but the majority of these genre-benders hit the right blend of adding the new and respecting the vintage. Perhaps the best example of this approach is the Deep&Disco rework of The O'Jays' "Darling Darling Baby": a classic Philly Soul ballad is subtly revised with an inspired use of echo and some beat-chopping to create a psychedelicized hi-tech wonder. It sounds classically soulful and breathtakingly modern all at once, which is the ideal achievement for an experiment like this.
Elsewhere, Philadelphia International – The Re-Edits presents cuts that adhere closer to the re-edit template but add in a modern remix touch or two. For example, DJ Apt One's re-edit of "Wake Up Everybody" by Harold Melvin and the Blue Notes sticks close the track of the epic original but gives it a nice "bookends" effect by opening and closing it with a stripped-down intro that adds a slight bit of echo to the vocals. Another strong entry in this style is Todd Terje's take on the Dee Dee Sharp Gamble favorite "Easy Money": the sweet, mellow-jazz funk flavor of the original track is highlighted but he adds in a killer dub-heavy percussion break that is tailor-made for a modern dance floor's needs.
That said, the remaining half of Philadelphia International – The Re-Edits is devoted to classic-style re-edits that mix things up without any remix-style retouching of the original recordings. For example, a D.J. who goes by the name Morning Star goes the Tom Moulton route and turns in a trio of re-edits that extend the Philly groove without calling attention to its edits: the best of these is probably a re-edit of Jean Carn's "If You Wanna Go Back" that seamlessly expands the Latin-style rhythm without overextending the melody. Jimmy The Twin's re-edit of "Message In Our Music" by the O'Jays is another gem in this vein, a 9-minute epic that takes adventure of the rich, acoustic textures of the original cut without wearing out its welcome.
Finally, it should be noted that there are edits here that show an adventurous touch without ever abandoning the original elements: DJ Mila's take on Dexter Wansel's "Life On Mars" strips down the original's atmospheric niceties to isolate its relentless jazz-funk core while a hard-driving take on Billy Paul's "Only The Stron g Survive" by J*Ski (a.k.a. compiler Jay Negron) focuses on Paul's between-verse vamping and some adventurous horn work to create a real barnstormer of a pure-dance track. It's kind of like a Walter Gibbons remix, only it focuses on the brass section for its percussive drive instead of the drums.
All in all, Philadelphia International – The Re-Edits is a generous set that applies a modern spirit of adventure to classic grooves without losing sight of the musicality and sweetness that made the original versions so special to soul music fans. Some of the flourishes may be a bit wild for the purists out the open-minded will quickly hear that there is something here for everyone – and all the inclusions reflect the "love is the message" ethos of Philly Soul.
Billy PaulDexter WanselHarmless RecordsHarold Melvin & The Blue NotesIan DewhirstJay NegronJean CarnMcFadden & WhiteheadPhiladelphia International RecordsPhiladelphia International: The Re-EditsPhilly SoulThe Jones GirlsThe O'Jays
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Schlockmaniac #1, alias Your Humble Reviewer. The person behind this affront to High Culture is Don Guarisco. He has a BFA Degree in Film from Florida State University and has written professionally about pop culture for over a decade. His work in the online arena includes reviews and essays for Yesterdayland (now known as Retroland), All Music Guide, All Movie Guide, AVManiacs and The Temple Of Schlock. His reviews have also been published in several All Music Guide publications and DVD Delirium 3.
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Ninety-one was Klimper's calamitous year. For a time he had lived very comfortably in Belgium, making a larger income than ever before, and with much less exertion; at five-and-forty he began to look forward to a peaceful retirement in one of the genteel English towns, such as Bath or Leamington, which had always attracted him. Then, of a sudden, Belgium cast him forth: he, and others like him, were forbidden to practise their profession on the hitherto hospitable soil. Flurried by this catastrophe, Klimper made a precipitate 'deal' in booming shares, the end of which was again disastrous. And just upon the close of the year, when he felt himself very cruelly hit, came the illness which kept him on his back for months.
While in hospital, he doubtless meditated not a little on the aspects of life; probably this time of suffering and forced inactivity must be taken into account when one comes to the events of a year or two later. But Klimper was at no time a thoughtless or vulgar-minded man; blackguard, gambler, bookmaker, he never typified his class. As he drew towards middle age a certain gravity appeared in his speech, countenance, and manners — a placid, almost benevolent decorum, strangely at variance with his ways of making a living. Possibly the traits of some very respectable ancestor slowly worked to the surface, transforming him alike in body and in mind. It is no uncommon thing for a man to develop in this way long after the period of ordinary growth. Klimper at five-and-forty had so notably changed from the Klimper of ten years before that an old acquaintance, suddenly coming across him, would with difficulty have recognised the man.
However, when he rose from his sick-bed, he evinced no anxiety to begin a reformed life. It was even with a certain gusto that he returned to the turf and the gaming-table. But accident put in his way an opportunity of blending old experience and dexterity with an honourable function not at all distasteful to that side of his character which hitherto had been obscured. Happening to watch a game of cards at a certain proprietary club, he became aware that one of the players was cheating, and doing it so cleverly that no one else even suspected the fraud. The club proprietor being a friend of his, Klimper spoke to him in private of this matter, and was thanked for his pains. More than that, it was suggested to him that he should become, by secret appointment, protector of fair play in his friend's interest. The club had a good name; its founder was resolved to keep it 'respectable'; and who more competent than Klimper to keep an eye on suspicious persons, to play discreet detective in the card-room? Terms were agreed upon, and Klimper assumed his office.
He discharged it with wonderful zeal and success. A score of years spent among gamblers of every species, in many parts of the world, had rendered him familiar with all the refinements of blackleg ingenuity; he had but to watch and to spot his man. At the same time, his dignity of person, his sober speech, his admirable tact in delicate situations, safeguarded him against unfavourable notice from the members of the club. At this time he allowed his beard to grow, and it assumed a grizzled amplitude sufficient in itself to inspire respect and confidence. It might well be that a sense of judicial authority, of power exercised in defence of truth and honour, subtly affected his whole being. He was still a betting-man, but not as formerly; his transactions were performed in strict privacy, and he never spoke of them. At the club, though facilities of gain constantly appealed to him he played very little, and never exerted himself to win. Disreputable habits lost their savour for him; he found it comparatively easy to live on a modest income, and grew indifferent to his aims of only a year or two ago.
Naturally, he had no sinecure. Respectability and gaming for coin are not very congruous characteristics of a proprietary club. Again and again the bland detective smiled at his prescient skill when some gentleman whom no one else would have mistrusted condemned himself under that remorseless scrutiny. And there was never any scandal; a great part of Klimper's office consisted in the avoidance of such unpleasant necessity. He waited his occasion, perhaps for a few minutes, perhaps for some days. Then the gentleman whose proceedings could not be tolerated found himself; he scarce knew how, in pleasant, frank colloquy, of the most private nature, with the other gentleman so honourably distinguished by his grizzled beard. Such conversations were never long, and they always had a satisfactory issue. In general, the fraudulent gambler disappeared. If another chance were granted him, he very rarely abused Mr. Klimper's lenience.
In one member of the club Klimper felt a strong interest. This was a good-looking and gay young fellow, supposed to be very well off and to have excellent prospects. He played a good deal, and with a proficiency which made Klimper uneasy. He drank, too, and club-gossip associated his name with that of a lady whose influence over him could hardly be maternal. Klimper tried now and then to put himself on terms of closer acquaintance with this young man, but unsuccessfully. Feeling, in a strange way, that his experience, his character, might be invaluable as a protection to one whom he instinctively liked, and who was in obvious need of guidance, the ex-gambler, ex-blackguard, had no choice but to keep aloof and anxiously observe the course of things. Before long he knew that the case professionally concerned him. Yet he did not act; for the first time he had a difficulty in deciding how he should proceed. Again the young man betrayed himself to the unsuspected observer, and now duty called aloud. After five minutes' troubled reflection, Klimper took his measures. With unusual difficulty he procured a private interview. It was more painful than he had foreseen, and it lasted for an hour.
The evening papers of next day announced that this young man had committed suicide. He must have done it as soon as possible after leaving the club. Klimper did not allow it to be known that the poor fellow went away, for good reasons, in a mood of shame and desperation; nor did he like to remember what had passed in that private room.
A few weeks later, the grave gentleman with the long beard chanced to pass by a public hall where, as was announced by posters at the door, someone or other would that evening address young men on the subject of betting. He stood a while in meditation. When the hour came, he had returned; he sat among the audience (or congregation, for the proceedings had a religious character), and listened very attentively. This occasion marked the turning-point towards which Klimper's life had insensibly been directing itself. He resigned his office at the club: he abandoned for ever his old haunts, his old practices. And nowadays he is well known in a certain part of London (where he supports himself by a monotonous pursuit) as an ardent lay preacher who is never so impressive as when 'he denounces the vice of gambling. | {
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Q: Is using strlen() in the loop condition slower than just checking for the null character? I have read that use of strlen is more expensive than such testing like this:
We have a string x 100 characters long.
I think that
for (int i = 0; i < strlen(x); i++)
is more expensive than this code:
for (int i = 0; x[i] != '\0'; i++)
Is it true? Maybe the second code will not work in some situation so is it better to use the first?
Will it be better with the below?
for (char *tempptr = x; *tempptr != '\0'; tempptr++)
A: Yes your second may not work 100% percent of the time but it would be slighty quite. This is because when using strlen() you have to call the method each time. A better way would be like so
int strLength = strlen(x);
for (int i = 0; i < strLength; i++)
Hope this helps.
A: for (int i=0;i<strlen(x);i++)
This code is calling strlen(x) every iteration. So if x is length 100, strlen(x) will be called 100 times. This is very expensive. Also, strlen(x) is also iterating over x every time in the same way that your for loop does. This makes it O(n^2) complexity.
for (int i=0;x[i]!='\0';i++)
This code calls no functions, so will be much quicker than the previous example. Since it iterates through the loop only once, it is O(n) complexity.
A: I can suppose that in first variant you find strlen each iteration, while in second variant you don't do that.
Try this to check:
int a = strlen(x);
for (int i = 0; i < a; i++) {...}
A: If no there's no compilation optimization. Yes because strlen will iterate on every byte of the string every time and the second implementation will do it only once.
A: I guess the compiler could optimize (check Gregory Pakosz comment) your first for loop so that you would be like this:
int len = strlen(x);
for (int i = 0; i < len; i++)
Which is still O(n).
Anyway, I think your second for loop will be faster.
A: The first code checks length of x in every iteration of i and it takes O(n) to find the last 0, so it takes O(n^2), the second case is O(n)
A: It's worth noting that you may be opening yourself up to buffer overflow problems if you don't also test the index against the size of the buffer containing the string. Depending on what you're doing with this code, this may or may not be a practical issue, but it rarely hurts to have extra checks, and it's a good habit to get into.
I'd suggest:
for (i = 0; i < buf_size && x[i] != '\0'; i++)
Where:
*
*buf_size is the predetermined size of the buffer. If x is an array, this will be sizeof(x); if x is a pointer, you should have the buffer size available.
*I've removed the declaration of i from the loop because it's only valid c99. If you're only compiling under c99, feel free to put it back in.
A: Of course the first one will take longer than the second. They don't actually do the same thing at all--the first one is calculating the length of the string each time; the second one is (effectively) doing it only once.
The first version is equivalent to this:
for (int i=0; x[i] != 0; i++)
for (int j=0; j<i; j++)
;
Maybe you meant to say "is it more efficient to call a library strlen() than to implement my own?" The answer to that is, of course, "it depends". Your compiler may have intrinsic versions of strlen() that are optimized beyond what you would expect from source, you may be on a platform on which function calls are expensive (rare nowadays), etc.
The only answer that's both general and correct is "profile and find out".
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Crown Club Winners Expand Commercial Cleaning Empire in Phoenix
With a steadfast commitment to quality and business success, M&R, Inc. from the Phoenix region has secured two new account locations on their way to earning yet another Crown Club honor. For the husband and wife team of Martha Llamas and Ron Puechner, the new business is a testament to perseverance.
Martha Llamas with her business partner and husband, Ron Puechner.
"These accounts came by way of a very special person, Jeff Thomas," said Llamas. "He is my hero. He is the one person in the very beginning who saw potential in me when I first started as an employee cleaning restrooms and floors for another Jani-King franchise owner. Jeff made me believe in myself. He made me feel empowered. He told me someday I could run my own business."
"In 2002 my current husband and I purchased our Jani-King franchise and are still cleaning that same facility, which is over a million square feet. Jeff has since retired and now sits on the Board of Central Christian Church. He is the one that recommended me to clean the church and I am very excited to have these accounts.
Following her first marriage, Llamas took a job as a janitor for one of the first Phoenix based Jani-King franchise owners. She worked her way up to become the supervisor for that franchisee and then she became manager. After five years of working as an employee, Llamas and her husband decided to buy that franchise when it became available. Three years later, the couple tripled the business. Now, their franchise bills more than $1.5 million in business per year and has been for the last 14 years.
In addition to managing a growing business, Llamas continues to devote her time to helping others in all aspects of their lives and businesses.
"I am currently mentoring new franchisees who want to grow their business," said Llamas. "I am also helping to promote domestic violence prevention and mentoring other victims of domestic violence. I am working with various groups who empower women. I just finished being on the judging panel for the Arizona Beauty Pageant and I am sponsoring Mrs. New Mexico who is running for Mrs. International in the upcoming pageant."
University of Houston Chooses Jani-King
The Jani-King of Houston regional office is growing! Wrapped up[...]
Jani-King of Dallas Announces Their Franchise Owner of the Month – July
Our 'Franchise of the Month' for July is Dallas franchise[...]
Jani-King of Phoenix Partners with the Cactus League
The seasons are changing and that only means one thing[...] | {
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A dramatic and musical gem!
The University of Edinburgh, as part of their extensive outreach to the community, provide free concerts every Tuesday and Friday in the autumn and spring semester. These are often of a very high quality, but today's concert is exceptional in both form and quality. It is Stravinsky's The Soldiers Tale, which was inspired by the Russian revolution in 1917, when Stravinsky was cut off in Switzerland. The work is performed by The Auricle Ensemble: a very high-quality chamber music group conducted by Chris Swaffer. However, the undoubted star of the show is the narrator, Crawford Logan, who is a very well-known Scottish actor.
The Soldiers Tale tells the story of a soldier who exchanges his fiddle with the devil for a magic book: it's based on an old Russian folk tale. The soldier gets untold wealth, but realises that it doesn't bring happiness and ends up losing out to the devil. Normally, it is performed by three actors, but here excellent narrator Logan plays all three parts. The soldier is played with a Scots accent, the devil as a cockney wide boy, and the narrator as an upper-class Englishman! Logan makes them all very lifelike, and coordinates well with the conductor and the musicians. Given they have only had one other performance at the Wigtown Book Festival, it is remarkably tight, and it deserves a much wider circulation in Scotland.
The music is performed by Amy Cardigan, leading on violin; Nicola Long, clarinet; Kath Nagel, bassoon; Alistair Douglas, trumpet; Kenny Letham, trombone; Neil Cameron, double bass; and Phillip Hague, percussion. They are all excellent, and are expertly conducted by Swaffer: it is quite a complex musical score, with constantly changing tempi and moods that reflect the story. Overall, the performance is a delight, and it gets an enthusiastic reception from the lunchtime audience. | {
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Home » Articles » NEWS FROM SOFIC: Psychological Ops Forces Seeking Transformative Technologies
NEWS FROM SOFIC: Psychological Ops Forces Seeking Transformative Technologies
By Mandy Mayfield
A U.S. Army Special Forces warrant officer shakes hands with an Afghan worker.
TAMPA, Fla. — Special Operations Command's military information support operations — better known as psychological operations — component will soon be receiving its own technology development program, a SOCOM official said May 21.
Specialists in psychological operations are called upon to help combatant commanders shape battlefields by influencing populations or individuals.
The MISO specialists "do a whole lot more than just creating and disseminating the message," Joanne Johnson, program manager for MISO systems said during the Special Operations Forces Industry Conference in Tampa, Florida, which is hosted by the National Defense Industrial Association. "They have to research their target audience, plan their mission, understand their target audience, execute the mission [and] evaluate how successful that mission was."
Current MISO programs at Special Operations Command focus on traditional means of disseminating information such as leaflet drops and radio broadcasts, but the command is looking for more advanced means of communication, she said.
SOCOM wants a dedicated technology development program to further human language technology tools, provide artificial intelligence and machine learning technologies for target audience analysis, and enhance defensive capabilities with new forensic tools, Johnson said.
"We're really trying to leverage this science and technology funding to … really try to provide some capability that [special operators] didn't know they needed and didn't know they could go get," she said
SOCOM Commander Army Gen. Richard Clarke touted the importance of technologies that enhance messaging during a keynote address at the conference.
"We need systems that allow us to recognize false information and messages of all types, to characterize disinformation or deceptive data, to notify and respond rapidly using the strength of automation, particularly in the area of human language processing," he said.
"We also need faster sentiment analysis to measure the impact of the message on vulnerable populations," Clarke added.
A report by the CNA think tank released on the first day of the conference, "SOF and the Future of Global Competition," urged the U.S. government to bolster SOCOM's irregular warfare capabilities — including psychological operations — as the nation faces great power competition. The command is the lone element in the Defense Department that has these capabilities, the report noted.
"This is sort of our bread and butter program right now," Johnson said. "We get to execute our own science and technology funding for MISO. We are really trying to get after those transformative technologies, the really out-of-the-box, early-in-development ideas."
The command is readying technology that is focused on speech-to-text software, text-to-text systems, machine translation and language identification, Johnson said.
"If I am listening to a video and it's kind of fuzzy, can I identify what dialect that is and who is saying what, and pick those things out of a crowd?" she said.
The MISO component recently participated in an event held by SOFWERX, an organization established to help Special Operations Command solve problems by facilitating collaboration between industry, labs and government stakeholders. The collider event was a multi-phased competition which invited participants to propose solutions.
The MISO submission at the event had to do with AIML, or artificial intelligence markup language, which analyzes sentiments in populations, Johnson said.
"That is exactly what psychological operations is: it's sentiment analysis," she said. SOCOM wants to gather that information out of data that's available, run analytics and utilize it to further its mission, Johnson said.
However, "none of those requirements are covered in any of our existing programs of record," she added
Current efforts fall into the media production category and help specialists carry out traditional missions in austere environments. That includes a next-generation loud speaker system and a flyaway broadcast system — an FM television or cellular broadcast system. Version three of the technology was fielded last year, Johnson said.
Other initiatives the command is working on include the multi-mission payload, which provides airborne MISO broadcast capabilities, a media production program and a print program.
Meanwhile, Lisa Sanders, head of SOCOM' Science and Technology Directorate, told National Defense that she couldn't recall any MISO-related development programs in her agency. The directorate is responsible for lower readiness level technologies that still need a few years of development.
"Off the top of my head, I don't think I have anything specific in S&T in that realm I am funding right now," she said. However, the directorate has helped SOFWERX in its concept development for MISO prize challenges, she added.
— Additional reporting by Stew Magnuson
Topics: Special Operations, Special Operations-Low Intensity Conflict
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SEAL Teams Need Better Communications, Battery Tech
Special Operations 5/17/2021
2021 SOFIC | {
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Pain Medicine| February 2015
p.L1612P, a Novel Voltage-gated Sodium Channel Nav1.7 Mutation Inducing a Cold Sensitive Paroxysmal Extreme Pain Disorder
Marc R. Suter, M.D.;
Marc R. Suter, M.D.
From the Pain Center, Department of Anesthesiology, Lausanne University Hospital (CHUV) and University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland (M.R.S., C.J.L., I.D.); Service of Medical Genetics, Department of Laboratories, Lausanne University Hospital (CHUV), Lausanne, Switzerland (Z.A.B.); Faculty of Biology and Medicine, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland (T.K., M.S., M.W.S., C.W.); Department of Clinical Neurosciences, Lausanne University Hospital (CHUV), Lausanne, Switzerland (T.K., C.W.); Department of Pediatrics, Lausanne University Hospital (CHUV), Lausanne, Switzerland (E.R.); Department of Clinical Research, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland (H.A.); and Department of Fundamental Neurosciences, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland (I.D.).
Address correspondce to Dr. Suter: Pain Center, Department of Anesthesiology, Lausanne University Hospital (CHUV), Rue du Bugnon 46, 1011 Lausanne, Switzerland. [email protected]. Information on purchasing reprints may be found at www.anesthesiology.org or on the masthead page at the beginning of this issue. Anesthesiology's articles are made freely accessible to all readers, for personal use only, 6 months from the cover date of the issue.
Zahurul A. Bhuiyan, M.D.;
Zahurul A. Bhuiyan, M.D.
Cédric J. Laedermann, Ph.D.;
Cédric J. Laedermann, Ph.D.
Thierry Kuntzer, M.D.;
Thierry Kuntzer, M.D.
Muriel Schaller, M.D.;
Muriel Schaller, M.D.
Maurice W. Stauffacher, M.D.;
Maurice W. Stauffacher, M.D.
Eliane Roulet, M.D.;
Eliane Roulet, M.D.
Hugues Abriel, M.D., Ph.D.;
Hugues Abriel, M.D., Ph.D.
Isabelle Decosterd, M.D.;
Isabelle Decosterd, M.D.
Christian Wider, M.D.
This work has been presented at the European Federation of International Association for the Study of Pain chapters (EFIC) congress, Florence, Italy, October 11, 2013, and the Swiss Society for the Study of Pain, Biel, Switzerland, December 12, 2013 (Suter MR, Schaller M, Decosterd I, Wider C: L1612P, a new paroxysmal extreme pain disorder-causing Nav1.7 mutation shows unique combination of electrophysiological properties); and the Swiss Society of Anesthesiology, Lausanne, Switzerland, November 8, 2013 (Suter MR, Schaller M, Stauffacher M, Bhuiyan ZA, Decosterd I, Wider C: Expanding the genetic and electrophysiological spectrum of Paroxysmal extreme pain disorder (PEPD): A novel L1612P Nav1.7 mutation study). Drs. Decosterd and Wider contributed equally to this work.
Submitted for publication June 25, 2014. Accepted for publication September 4, 2014.
Anesthesiology February 2015, Vol. 122, 414–423.
https://doi.org/10.1097/ALN.0000000000000476
Marc R. Suter, Zahurul A. Bhuiyan, Cédric J. Laedermann, Thierry Kuntzer, Muriel Schaller, Maurice W. Stauffacher, Eliane Roulet, Hugues Abriel, Isabelle Decosterd, Christian Wider; p.L1612P, a Novel Voltage-gated Sodium Channel Nav1.7 Mutation Inducing a Cold Sensitive Paroxysmal Extreme Pain Disorder. Anesthesiology 2015; 122:414–423 doi: https://doi.org/10.1097/ALN.0000000000000476
Mutations in the SCN9A gene cause chronic pain and pain insensitivity syndromes. We aimed to study clinical, genetic, and electrophysiological features of paroxysmal extreme pain disorder (PEPD) caused by a novel SCN9A mutation.
Description of a 4-generation family suffering from PEPD with clinical, genetic and electrophysiological studies including patch clamp experiments assessing response to drug and temperature.
The family was clinically comparable to those reported previously with the exception of a favorable effect of cold exposure and a lack of drug efficacy including with carbamazepine, a proposed treatment for PEPD. A novel p.L1612P mutation in the Nav1.7 voltage-gated sodium channel was found in the four affected family members tested. Electrophysiologically the mutation substantially depolarized the steady–state inactivation curve (V1/2 from −61.8 ± 4.5 mV to −30.9 ± 2.2 mV, n = 4 and 7, P < 0.001), significantly increased ramp current (from 1.8% to 3.4%, n = 10 and 12) and shortened recovery from inactivation (from 7.2 ± 5.6 ms to 2.2 ± 1.5 ms, n = 11 and 10). However, there was no persistent current. Cold exposure reduced peak current and prolonged recovery from inactivation in wild-type and mutated channels. Amitriptyline only slightly corrected the steady–state inactivation shift of the mutated channel, which is consistent with the lack of clinical benefit.
The novel p.L1612P Nav1.7 mutation expands the PEPD spectrum with a unique combination of clinical symptoms and electrophysiological properties. Symptoms are partially responsive to temperature but not to drug therapy. In vitro trials of sodium channel blockers or temperature dependence might help predict treatment efficacy in PEPD.
cold temperature, mutation, paroxysmal extreme pain disorder, voltage-gated sodium channels, voltage, amitriptyline
A new mutation, p.L1612P, was found in four family members suffering from Paroxysmal Extreme Pain Disorder. The mutant ion channel possesses unique electrophysiological characteristics, and a pharmacological profile distinct from other known mutations.
What We Already Know about This Topic
Mutations of the sodium ion channel SCN9A gene have been associated with syndromes of both heightened and diminished pain sensitivity
Those mutations supporting channel over activity and heightened pain sensitivity often respond to sodium ion channel blocking molecules
What This Article Tells Us That Is New
A new mutation, p.L1612P, was found in four family members suffering from Paroxysmal Extreme Pain Disorder
The mutant ion channel possesses unique electrophysiological characteristics, and a pharmacological profile distinct from other known mutations
PAROXYSMAL extreme pain disorder (PEPD) is a chronic, genetically determined disease, characterized by episodes of excruciating pain and flushing upon benign mechanical or heat stimuli mostly in rectal, ocular or submandibular regions.1–4 Additional symptoms include extension of pain to the lower limbs, bradycardia, tonic nonepileptic seizures and syncope. PEPD is caused by heterozygous mutations in the sodium channel, voltage-gated type IX, α-subunit gene (SCN9A) which encodes the Nav1.7 sodium channel.4 Disease-causing mutations lead to a channel gain-of-function through depolarizing shift of voltage-dependence of inactivation of Nav1.7 sometimes associated with persistent current, which increases excitability of sensory neurons. Less than 20 families with PEPD have been reported worldwide.5,6 Other mutations in SCN9A cause disorders such as congenital insensitivity to pain, erythromelalgia, and small-fiber neuropathy and participate in painful not paroxysmal pain syndromes.7,8 Inherited erythromelalgia (IEM) inducing mutations also increase excitability of sensory neurons but classically through a hyperpolarizing shift of the activation. Typical symptoms of affected patients are peripheral, bilateral severe burning pain of affected extremities associated with erythema, triggered by warmth, stress and exhaustion and often relieved by cooling of the affected sites.9 Nonpharmacological measures to prevent or treat painful attacks such as immersion in ice-cold water were mostly described in patients suffering from erythromelalgia.10 The therapeutic effect of cold is not described in PEPD. The two diseases therefore present with distinct electrophysiological and clinical hallmarks. One p.A1632E mutation combines the stereotypical characteristics of both diseases with electrophysiological demonstration of the depolarizing shift of steady–state inactivation as well as the hyperpolarizing shift of activation seen in PEPD and IEM, respectively. Cooling improves the patient's symptoms.11
The sodium channel blocker carbamazepine is the treatment of choice for PEPD;4 however it fails to alleviate pain in some patients. Therefore, other therapeutic options need to be investigated and the electrophysiological and clinical features of each individual mutation should be taken into account.
Amitriptyline which is a first line drug for neuropathic pain12 blocks the Nav1.7 sodium channel.13 Other sodium channel blockers such as lidocaine have been used successfully in neuropathic pain of different etiologies14–17 including Nav1.7 mutations.18 However, administration of lidocaine requires an intravenous line and despite some patients reporting prolonged improvement after the infusion,16 an orally available sodium channel blocker is preferable for long term therapy. Mexiletine, the oral drug usually used after positive intravenous lidocaine trials,18,19 is not available in many countries and is only marketed for cardiac conditions. Amitriptyline is sometimes used as an alternative following lidocaine.20 Herein, we report detailed clinical and genetic investigation of a family with PEPD caused by a novel mutation in the SCN9A gene; in vitro electrophysiological evidence of pathogenicity; and effects of amitriptyline and cold exposure both at the clinical and electrophysiological levels.
Clinical and Genealogical Investigation
The family originates from Portugal, with several members now living in Switzerland, Spain, and Australia. Partial clinical data on selected members were previously published (Family 13 in Fertleman et al.).6 Patients and at-risk family members were reinvestigated by means of a semistructured interview, either in person or over the phone. Data collected included demographic information, as well as details on the nature, distribution, and triggering factors of symptoms. Those affected individuals who were available underwent thorough neurological examination (Thierry Kuntzer, Christian Wider, Marc R. Suter); nerve conduction studies were performed on the index patient. The study was accepted by the institutional review board of the Canton de Vaud, Lausanne, Switzerland. All individuals enrolled provided written informed consent.
Genetic Study
DNA was extracted from lymphocytes using standard methods. Samples from all four available affected individuals underwent sequencing of all exons and exon–intron boundaries of the SCN9A gene. Methods employed included polymerase chain reaction amplification and Sanger sequencing (primers available upon request). Following identification of the novel SCN9A p.L1612P mutation, samples from all available family members were genotyped using the same methods. Ninety-two Swiss adults seen at the genetics service for other disorders without any history of chronic pain were also assessed for presence of the p.L1612P mutation.
Plasmid and Cell Line
The p.L1612P substitution was inserted into a plasmid containing the human Nav1.7 insert using QuikChange XL II site directed mutagenesis kit (Agilent Technologies, Basel, Switzerland). Human embryonic kidney 293 cells were cultured in Dulbecco's Modified Eagle Medium (GIBCO cat#41965 039, Invitrogen, Merelbeke, Belgium) supplemented with 10% fetal bovine serum, L-Glutamine 4 mM (GIBCO cat#25030 024, Invitrogen, Merelbeke, Belgium) and gentamicin 0.02 mg/ml (Invitrogen cat# 15750-037, Paisley, Scotland, United Kingdom). Transient transfection of either wild-type (WT) human Nav1.7 or L1612P mutant plasmid associated with three plasmids with inserts for β1 and β2 subunits of sodium channels and green fluorescent protein, was performed using jetPEI (Polyplus, Illkirch, France), with the ratio α:β1:β2:green fluorescent protein being 20:2:2:1 as previously described.21 One day after transfection, cells were plated to be recorded at 48 h.
In Vitro Electrophysiology
Measurements were made using pClamp software, version 10.3, and a multiclamp 700B amplifier (Molecular Devices, LLC, Sunnyvale, CA) at room temperature, if not otherwise specified. The sampling rate was 100 kHz with a low pass Bessel filter at 10 kHz. Data were smoothed and analyzed using Clampfit software version 10.3.1.5 (Molecular Devices, LLC), and KaleidaGraph (Synergy Software, Reading, PA).
Whole-cell Patch clamp recordings were conducted using an internal solution containing (in mmol/L) CsCl 60, Cesium aspartate 70, EGTA 11, MgCl2 1, CaCl2 1, HEPES 10, and Na2-adenosine triphosphate 5, pH adjusted to 7.2 with CsOH; and an external solution containing NaCl 130, CaCl2 2, MgCl2 1.2, CsCl 5, HEPES 10, and glucose 5, pH adjusted to 7.4 with CsOH. Holding potential was −100 mV. The values were not corrected for liquid junction potential. Pipette resistance was ranging from 2 to 7 MOhm. Once whole cell configuration was obtained, pipette and cell capacitance were minimized using the muticlamp commander. To reduce voltage errors, 80–90% series resistance compensation was applied. Only data from cells having stable access resistance over the duration of the experiment were used. Cells for which signs of poor voltage-clamp control, such as delayed inflections of the current or discontinuities in the peak INaversus Vm curve were not analyzed. Protocols are shown as insets in the figures. The experimenter was not blinded during the electrophysiological studies. Everything was done to avoid bias. Cell culture and transfection were performed in parallel for both genotype and cells containing the plasmid from the two genotypes were alternatively patched.
Peak currents were measured from the activation protocol. The linear ascending segment of the current–voltage relationship was used to estimate the reversal potential for each trace before converting peak current to conductance and obtaining the voltage–dependent activation curve. Voltage-dependence of activation and steady–state inactivation curves were individually fitted with Boltzmann relationships, y(Vm) = 1/(1 + exp[(Vm–V1/2)/K]) in which y is the normalized current or conductance, Vm is the membrane potential, V1/2 is the voltage at which half of the channels are activated or inactivated and K is the slope factor. The decaying phase of current elicited in the activation protocol was plotted as a single exponential (I= A exp[−t/τ] + C). For ramp current data were reduced by a factor of 200 with clampfit and correlated to peak current of the same cell. The t1/2 value of recovery from inactivation was calculated by interpolation from a linear relation between the 2 points juxtaposing half recovery (y1 < 0.5 < y2), using the relation x = [0.5−(y1x2−y2x1)/(x2−x1)]×(x2−x1)/(y2−y1).13 For slow inactivation the curve was fitted with a Boltzmann y = Imin + (Imax−Imin)/1 + exp((V50-X)/slope).
For Drug Testing. Amitriptyline (A8404) was purchased from Sigma (Buchs, Switzerland). Cells were perfused with extracellular medium until stable recordings were obtained (predrug). Amitriptyline was then perfused until stabilization of the peak current, followed by the recording protocol detailed above.
To assess the effect of temperature cells were perfused at 15°C and 25°C using a temperature controller (Warner Instrument TC-344B, Hamden, CT). Recordings were performed whenever the stable desired temperature was obtained. Approximately 60% of the cells reaching whole cell configuration passed through the two-temperature protocol and half of these recordings could be analyzed.
Data are presented as mean ± SD and were analyzed using two-tailed Student's t test to compare V1/2, peak current, and t1/2 of recovery (paired for drug and temperature effect). Two-way analysis of variance was performed to examine decay curve, followed by Bonferroni's correction for multiple testing. P < 0.05 was used as the level of significance. No power calculation was performed; our sample size was based on previous experiment.13 Statistical analysis was performed on GraphPad Prism, version 5.03 (GraphPad Software, La Jolla, CA).
Clinical and Genealogical Characteristics
The family tree is presented (fig. 1A), showing seven affected individuals (two women) over four generations, with three patients examined directly, and DNA samples collected from four affected and three unaffected family members (individuals with * in fig. 1A). Clinical characteristics are summarized in figure 1B. Briefly, symptoms began in early infancy (range: from 1st day of life to 1 yr), with all patients having paroxysmal pain and flushing in the rectal/buttocks area and in the lower limbs, and two patients in the ocular and submandibular regions (III.2, IV.1). One patient also had symptoms in the upper limbs (IV.1). Triggers included light touch such as changing diapers, trauma, defecation and warm temperature. Strategies employed by the patients to shorten/abort the attacks included immersing themselves in ice-cold water. The favorable effect of cold water exposure led to major daily life adaptations such as presence of icy water bathtubs at school and a mechanical device to lift patients into the bathtub at home. In addition to pain and flushing, the index patient (III.2) described episodes when she would present with persistent weakness in the lower limbs for hours or even days after an attack, sometimes requiring hospitalization. She presented around the age of 1 yr with episodes of loss of consciousness that prompted investigations for epileptic seizures or cardiac arrhythmia. The clinical diagnosis of PEPD was only established later in her affected son. General neurologic examination was normal; motor and sensory nerve conduction studies were normal in the median and ulnar nerves in the index patient, and latency measurement of myoelectric deep tendon (T) reflex responses from soleus and rectus femoris muscles was also normal22 (the patient did not tolerate electrical shocks in the lower limbs for fear of triggering a painful attack). Carbamazepine was tried in two patients (III.2, IV.1). Patient III.2 reached 1,200 mg/d of carbamazepine but suffered from side effect (loss of balance, impairment in language and vision). Only minor benefit was found in patient IV.1. Amitriptyline and pregabalin proved ineffective in the index patient.
Pedigree and clinical data. (A) Index patient (arrow) and pedigree of her family: *DNA sample available; squares: males; circles: females; black: affected; white: unaffected. (B) Clinical characteristics of family members available for the genetic study. + = present; - = absent; AMI = amitriptyline; CBZ = carbamazepine; F = flushing; LL = lower limbs; NA = not applicable; O = ocular; PGB = pregabalin; PPX = pramipexole; R = rectal/buttocks; RL = restless-legs symptoms; SM = submandibular; U = unavailable; UL = upper limbs. *No details were available for patient II.4 who only donated a blood sample.
Sequencing of the SCN9A gene identified a novel c.4835T>C (p.L1612P) mutation in all four available affected individuals but not in the three at-risk unaffected family members, indicating perfect cosegregation with disease. In addition, the c.4835T>C mutation was not found in 92 healthy controls of Swiss descent. Further supporting pathogenicity is the fact that the non-synonymous mutation lies in close vicinity to other previously reported pathogenic SCN9A mutations, within a region highly conserved across species.
In Vitro Study of the Mutated Channel
p.L1612P Displays Slower Inactivation Kinetics.
We analyzed the decay of sodium current (entry into the fast inactivated state) with a single exponential plotted from the current peak to the end of a 100 ms pulse at voltage steps from 0 to +30 mV. An example is shown in figure 2A and average time constant of decrease (τ) is shown against voltage in figure 2B. We observed a slower decay of current in the p.L1612P mutant compared to the WT. Decay rates were 1.28 ± 0.63 (WT) and 3.27 ± 0.70 ms (mutant) (P = 0.00014, n = 6 for WT and n = 8 for mutant) after a single depolarization at 10 mV. Mean residual current was measured 20, 50, and 100 ms after the peak. Figure 2C shows the percentage of peak current at each time-point with a significant increase between WT and mutant channels 20 ms after the peak. Of note, at 50 and 100 ms the persistent current recorded in cells expressing in WT and p.L1612P channels were not different and of very small value.
Current characteristics of WT and mutant channels. (A) Recordings of both WT and p.L1612P mutant channels, normalized to the same peak current. (B) Slower current decay of the p.L1612P channel. (C) No difference in persistent current is observed between the WT and p.L1612P channel at 50 and 100 ms and its value reaches below 1% at 100 ms after the peak. LP = p.L1612P; WT = wild type (**P < 0.01 and ***P < 0.001).
p.L1612P Shifts Voltage-Dependence of Activation and Steady–State Inactivation.
Activation curves were obtained using 10 ms steps to potentials from −80 to +15 mV in 5 mV increments from the −100 mV holding potential. We observed a depolarizing shift in the activation curve of the mutant with a displacement of V1/2 from −9.0 ± 7.2 to 0.0 ± 1.9 mV (P = 0.028, n = 13 for WT and n = 11 for p.L1612P, fig. 3A). Mean peak current density measured from the current–voltage protocol were not different (316.2 ± 266.9 pA/pF for WT and 274.5 ± 278.7 pA/pF for p.L1612P, n = 15 and 19, P = 0.67). For steady–state fast inactivation curve (SSI) 500 ms prepulses ranging from −130 to +5 mV followed by a 20 ms pulse to 0 mV were applied. The p.L1612P substitution largely shifted SSI to more depolarized values with a difference in V1/2 of 30.9 mV (−61.8 ± 4.5 for WT and −30.9 ± 2.2 mV for p.L1612P, n = 4 and 7, P < 0.001, fig. 3A). The p.L1612P mutant showed full inactivation at the end of the SSI protocol.
Electrophysiological properties of WT and mutant channels. (A) The p.L1612P mutation significantly shifts activation and SSI properties towards depolarization; the amplitude of shift is much greater for the SSI. The mutant p.L1612P channel displays shorter recovery from inactivation (B) and increased ramp current (C) but no difference in V1/2 of slow inactivation (D). ACT = activation; LP = p.L1612P; SSI = steady–state inactivation; WT = wild type. Stimulation protocols are shown as insets.
Recovery from Inactivation Is Hastened by the p.L1612P Mutation.
To measure recovery from fast inactivation, we used a double pulse protocol with varying interpulse interval and plotted the ratio of the second to the first pulse to the interval. The t1/2 of recovery from inactivation was significantly faster in cells expressing the mutant channels (2.2 ± 1.5 and 7.2 ± 5.6 ms for p.L1612P and WT, n = 10 and 11, P = 0.013, fig. 3B).
The p.L1612P Mutation Increases Ramp Current.
To assess the theoretical increase in window current seen when superposing activation and SSI curves, we looked at the response of WT and mutant channels to slow ramp depolarization from −100 to +20 mV at a rate of 0.2 mV/ms. Ramp current was normalized to the peak current. We observed a significant difference (P = 0.0018) in maximum ramp current between WT (1.8 ± 1.4%, n = 10) and p.L1612P channels (3.4 ± 0.7%, n = 12) (fig. 3C). The peaks of ramp current were at −7.4 [−37.2 to +1.2] and −8.4 [−12 to +2] mV (median [range]) for WT and mutant channels (P = 0.2).
The p.L1612P Substitution Does Not Alter Voltage-dependence of Slow Inactivation.
To study voltage-dependence of slow inactivation, we used a 30 s duration prepulse at voltages ranging from −120 to +30 mV followed by a short 100 ms pulse to −120 mV in order to let the channels recover from fast inactivation and a 50 ms test pulse to 0 mV to activate the available channels. We did not observe any difference in V1/2 of slow inactivation (−39.6 ± 3.3 and −35.7 ± 7.4 mV, n = 8 and 12 for WT and p.L1612P, P = 0.19, fig. 3D) and no difference in the fraction of current resistant to slow inactivation (29 ± 7% vs. 33 ± 9%, P = 0.27).
Amitriptyline Affects WT and p.L1612P.
Amitriptyline at a concentration of 10 μM induced a similar reduction in peak current in WT and mutant channels (33.9 ± 8.5% and 30.0 ± 7.6%, normalized traces in fig. 4A). Amitriptyline did not influence the entry into the fast inactivated state (P = 0.36 and 0.33, n = 5 and 4, for the treatment factor in two-way analysis of variance for WT and p.L1612P, fig. 4B). Amitriptyline had no effect on activation curves of both WT and p.L1612P channels (fig. 4C). Amitriptyline shifted SSI to more hyperpolarized values in WT (−7.96 mV) and mutant channels (−8.51 mV) (fig. 4D). Amitriptyline inhibited the recovery from fast inactivation, prolonging t1/2 of recovery (fig. 4E). Amitriptyline did reduce peak ramp current in WT but did not reach significance in p.L1612P (fig. 4F).
Effect of amitriptyline on channel properties. (A) Example of Na current induced by 0 mV depolarization at 1Hz frequency from a −100mV holding potential while changing amitriptyline concentration from 0 to 10 μM for both WT and p.L1612P channels (normalized traces). (B) Amitriptyline does not modify the pace of inactivation. (C) Amitriptyline does not change activation properties. (D) Amitriptyline shifts SSI towards more hyperpolarized values without fully counteracting mutation-induced depolarizing shift (V1/2 −58.43 ± 5.97 to −66.39 ± 5.01 mV, P = 0.0011, n = 5 for WT and −31.16 ± 2.53 to −39.67 ± 1.76 mV, P = 0.0015, n = 4 for p.L1612P). (E) Amitriptyline prolongs recovery from inactivation from 10.0 ± 2.5 to 228.1 ± 90.4 ms for WT (P = 0.018, n = 4) and from 4.7 ± 2.3 to 247.3 ± 108.1 ms for p.L1612P mutant channels (P = 0.021, n = 4). (F) Amitriptyline decreased ramp current decrease of WT channel but not of p.L1612P (from 1.05 ± 0.31 to 0.78 ± 0.34%, P = 0.047, n = 5 for WT and from 4.08 ± 0.11 to 3.32 ± 0.98%, P = 0.341, n = 3 for p.L1612P). AMI = amitriptyline; CTRL = control; LP = p.L1612P; WT = wild type. Stimulation protocols are shown as insets.
Both p.L1612P and WT Currents Are Altered by Cold Temperature.
Cooling the recorded cells from 25° to 15°C reduced peak current density for both WT and p.L1612P mutants (respectively 45.4% and 35.9%, fig. 5, A and B), and slowed current decay over a large voltage range (fig. 5C). Voltage-dependence of activation curves was shifted to more depolarized potentials (fig. 5D). V1/2 of SSI was not influenced by the change in temperature (fig. 5E). Recovery from inactivation was slowed at 15° compared to 25°C (fig. 5F). The ramp current was slightly increased for WT but not for the mutant channel.
Effect of temperature changes on channel properties. (A) Example of Na current induced by 0 mV depolarization at 1Hz frequency from a −100mV holding potential while changing temperature from 15° to 25° for both WT and p.L1612P channels (normalized traces). (B) Temperature decrease reduces mean current density in both WT and p.L1612P ***P < 0.001, n = 21 and 15). (C) The decay is slower at lower temperature (***P < 0.001 LP15° vs. LP25°, #P < 0.05, ###P < 0.001 WT15° vs. WT25°, n = 19 for WT and n = 14 for p.L1612P). (D) Cooling induces a small but significant shift of V1/2 of activation towards more hyperpolarized values (WT: V1/2 from −4.64 ± 4.07 to −2.73 ± 3.48 mV, P = 0.002, n = 20; p.L1612P: V1/2 from −1.24 ± 4.11 to 1.09 ± 2.57 mV, P = 0.002, n = 15). (E) No difference is seen in V1/2 of inactivation between 15° and 25° (WT: V1/2 from −55.52 ± 10.07 to −55.42 ± 9.63 mV, P = 0.96, n = 12; p.L1612P: V1/2 from −32.16 ± 5.45 to −36.19 ± 5.99 mV, P = 0.12, n = 7). (F) At 15° the recovery from inactivation is slower with an increase in t1/2 from 3.18 ± 0.84 to 12.68 ± 3.94 ms for WT (P = 0.004, n = 5) and from 1.48 ± 0.21 to 3.86 ± 0.88 ms for p.L1612P (P = 0.001, n = 6). The recovery of the mutant at 15° comes to the same value as for WT at 25°. LP = p.L1612P; WT = wild type. Stimulation protocols are shown as insets.
We report a novel p.L1612P mutation in the SCN9A gene in a family with PEPD. Overall, clinical features were comparable to those reported in other families suffering from PEPD with the exception of symptom relief by cold exposure, presence of pain in the upper limbs in one patient and long-lasting lower limb weakness after paroxysmal episodes of pain.6 Careful clinical examination and nerve conduction studies failed to provide an explanation for limb weakness beyond fear of pain reactivation. Clinical response to carbamazepine, amitriptyline and pregabalin was absent or limited. Genetic findings demonstrated a novel mutation in SCN9A, with conclusive genetic and in vitro evidence of pathogenicity. Electrophysiologically the p.L1612P mutant channel displayed a large depolarizing shift of the SSI curve, increased ramp current, faster recovery from inactivation, and slowing of fast inactivation without persistent current, all together suggesting a channel gain of function and cell hyperexcitability.
Voltage-gated sodium channels comprise four domains (DI–DIV) of 6 transmembrane segments (S1–S6) each, with Nav1.7 residue Leu1612 being located within the S4–S5 linker of DIV. Upon membrane depolarization Nav1.7 channels are activated allowing sodium entry into the cells; they then enter into inactivated states before returning to the closed state upon repolarization of the membrane. Fast inactivation relies on the interaction between the Ile–Phe–Met (IFM) residues motif located between DIII and DIV and the S4–S5 linker of DIV.23,24 Most of the previously described PEPD-causing mutations were found to be located either within the IFM motif or in the S4–S5 linker of DIII or DIV, as is the case for p.L1612P.
The magnitude of the SSI depolarizing shift with p.L1612P channels (30.9 mV) is larger than in previously reported mutations, with the exception of neighboring p.G1607R (31.5 mV).5 p.L1612P is the second PEPD-causing mutation to induce a depolarizing shift of the activation curve; only p.G1607R displays a 4.3 mV depolarizing shift (9 mV in the present study).5 Other PEPD-causing mutations do not affect activation properties except for the hyperpolarizing shift of p.A1632E whose carriers also exhibited IEM symptoms.11 It has been proposed that Nav1.7 is responsible for triggering action potential from subthreshold oscillations.25 This may be because of the window current, which consists of the voltage values under the intersection of activation and SSI curves where a portion of channels remain open at steady–state. The window current in p.L1612P mutants is increased by the SSI depolarizing shift despite activation shift. Experimentally window current is observed through the response to a slow ramp stimulation which is increased here. Mutation in the IFM motif displays ramp currents of 4% (p.I1461T), DIII S4–S5 mutations of 5 and 6% (p.V1298F and p.V1299F) and DIV S4–S5 linker mutations of 4.2 and 7.0% (p.A1632E and p.M1627K).11,24,26 Interestingly, the neighboring p.G1607R mutation shows a much wider ramp current of 15.7% (ramp speed of 0.24 compared to our 0.2 mV/ms).5 Response to ramp stimulation has occasionally been reported to include two peaks depending on the rate of ramp or on persistent current.27 Our ramp current corresponds to the rate of ramp because it increased to 19.2% for p.L1612P when stimulation rate was faster (1.2 mV/ms) (data not shown) and because no persistent current was observed.
Slowing of fast inactivation, reflected as a slower current decay, was reported in all previously examined PEPD-causing mutations; however lack of persistent current appears to be a particular feature of the p.L1612P mutant. Fertleman et al. measured a persistent current even 100 ms after depolarization in both p.I1461T and p.T1464I mutations.4 Applying 25 ms depolarizing pulses, Jarecki et al. found a 15% and 8% persistent current for p.V1299F and p.I1461T.26
The p.L1612P mutant channel shows complete fast inactivation, which contrasts with p.I1461T and p.T1464I displaying maximal inactivation levels of 54.7% and 63.5%.4 This probably reflects the fact that both p.I1461T and p.T1464I affect the inactivation gate and are associated with more prominent persistent current. In mutations located within the S4–S5 linker of DIII, close to p.L1612P substitution of the present study, there was a 1.9% fraction of current remaining for p.M1627K, 6.3% for p.G1607R and about 4% for p.A1632E (value approximated from figure).4,5,11 Faster recovery from inactivation is reported in most PEPD mutations including p.L1612P. The effect on slow inactivation is comparable to that of the p.M1627K mutation, with no major change in V1/2 but a steeper voltage-dependence.26 Using the same stimulation protocol but a different intracellular patch solution, Estacion et al. showed a larger proportion of channels being resistant to inactivation in p.A1632E compared to WT channels.11 Jarecki et al. also showed alteration of slow inactivation for p.V1298F, p.V1299F and p.I1461T mostly because of the presence of two different kinetics in WT channels.24 Slow-inactivation properties are also altered in some SCN9A mutations present in patients suffering from idiopathic small fiber neuropathy.28 In the I739N and I720K mutations, slow inactivation is modified without impairment of activation and fast-inactivation properties.7,28 Clinical features in idiopathic small fiber neuropathy patients vary and are different from the prototypical characteristics of PEPD and IEM patients, indicating that the clinical expression of a mutation not only reflects its electrophysiological properties but also other factors, such as epigenetic or environmental changes.7,28
Amitriptyline is a state-dependent sodium channel blocker which receptor overlaps with the local anesthetic receptor that is known to stabilize the inactivated state.29 Overall, the effects of amitriptyline were similar in mutant and WT channels and consistent with previous findings.13 Of note, the hyperpolarizing SSI shift induced by amitriptyline was far from being large enough to compensate for the depolarizing shift induced by the mutation, hallmark of electrophysiological change in PEPD inducing mutant, which might explain the lack of clinical benefit. Sodium channel blockers are used to treat chronic pain syndromes and there have been attempt to correlate in vitro effect of drugs to their clinical efficacy.19,30 Carbamazepine reduced persistent current and was efficient clinically in persistent current harboring PEPD-causing mutations. In our case, the lack of persistent current can correlate to inefficiency of carbamazepine. Carbamazepine was said to be ineffective in erythromelalgia,6 but meanwhile patients harboring p.V400M mutation were treated efficiently with this drug. Surprisingly the electrophysiological properties of this mutation do not show persistent current, but the expected hyperpolarizing shift in activation curve associated to an unusual depolarizing shift of inactivation for IEM. Carbamazepine selectively shifts the SSI and activation curves from the mutant towards the WT values which could explain its effect.31 The shift in SSI of much higher amplitude of the current p.L1612P mutation could explain the lack of efficacy in our patient. Carbamazepine also was efficient in IEM in patient harboring I848T mutation,32 which again displays a depolarizing shift in SSI besides the hyperpolarizing activation shift.30
As no drug relieved pain but cooling improved symptoms in the affected members of the described family, we investigated the effect of temperature in vitro. This has not been extensively assessed in Nav1.7 channels with PEPD-causing mutations because relief through cooling is characteristically only seen in IEM. One previous report on the IEM causing p.L858F mutation showed that reducing temperature decreased current density, slowed deactivation, increased ramp current in both WT and mutant channels, and shifted activation V1/2 of WT channel in a depolarizing direction.9 We also observed decreased current density, slower inactivation, depolarizing shift of activation and increased time to recovery, however with no change in V1/2 of SSI when cooling from 25° to 15°. The relevance of the amplitude of the depolarizing shift in activation of respectively, 1.91, and 2.33 mV for WT and p.L1612P channel on excitability is questionable.
One property that is regulated differentially between amitriptyline and cold is the slowing of inactivation kinetics. A slower inactivation should lead to hyperexcitability but if prolonged, it could also impede the availability for subsequent opening by delayed recovery. Cold also slowed recovery from inactivation and shifted the 15° mutant channel value to the WT channel room temperature value. The normalization of this property alone cannot be sufficient to hinder pain as amitriptyline even slows it to a larger extent without relieving symptoms. The clinical benefit of cold versus amitriptyline could be explained by its combined modification of biophysical properties of Nav1.7, but cold-induced pain relief might also be related to signal transduction or conduction changes independent of Nav1.7 channel.
Increased availability of patient genotyping and in vitro electrophysiology techniques may offer an opportunity for preclinical testing of drug efficacy in patients harboring SCN9A mutations.19 Amitriptyline could not restore SSI shift and window current to the values of the WT channel and was not effective in the index patient of the study. Similarly, while efficacy of carbamazepine in PEPD is probably linked to a reduction of persistent current4 the absence of such persistent current in the p.L1612P mutant could explain the lack of efficacy of carbamazepine in this family. Cooling changes the biophysical properties of the channel differentially from the drug tested which might account for its pain relieving effect. Overall, the present study illustrates how preclinical testing may help avoid laborious drug trials in patients with genetically determined pain syndromes through selection of the best candidate drugs or physical therapy.
The authors thank Christian Kern, M.D., Department of Anesthesiology, Lausanne University Hospital (CHUV), Lausanne, Switzerland, for his continuous support. They thank Marie Pertin, Pain Center, Department of Anesthesiology, Lausanne University Hospital (CHUV), for technical assistance.
Drs. Suter and Laedermann were supported by a grant (to Dr. Decosterd) from the Swiss National Science Foundation (Special Program University Medicine, Swiss Pain Research Consortium, 33CM30-124117 (2009–2012) and 33CM30_140339 (2012–2015)), Bern, Switzerland. Dr. Suter was supported by the Swiss Society of Anesthesiology, Bern, Switzerland (2009 and 2010). Dr. Abriel was supported by the Swiss National Science Foundation grant 310030_147060, Bern, Switzerland. Dr. Wider receives research support from the Leenaards Foundation, Lausanne, Switzerland.
Dr. Suter received an unrestricted medical grant from Pfizer, Zurich, Switzerland, in 2013. Dr. Kuntzer has an unrestricted educational grant from CSL-Behring AG, Bern, Switzerland, for clinician-initiated research, and performs consultancy work for Actelion Ltd, Baden, Switzerland. All other authors declare no competing interests.
Cracco
Familial rectal pain: a type of reflex epilepsy?
Ann Neurol
Rectal, ocular, and submaxillary pain; a familial autonomic disorder related to proctalgia fugaz: report of a family.
AMA J Dis Child
Fertleman
What's in a name–familial rectal pain syndrome becomes paroxysmal extreme pain disorder.
Elmslie
Abrahamsen
Ostman
Klugbauer
SCN9A mutations in paroxysmal extreme pain disorder: Allelic variants underlie distinct channel defects and phenotypes.
Boralevi
Brissaud
Sánchez-Martín
Te Morsche
Dib-Hajj
Drenth
Paroxysmal extreme pain disorder: a molecular lesion of peripheral neurons.
Nat Rev Neurol
Aicardi
Eeg-Olofsson
Griesemer
Goutières
Malmros
Pollitzer
Roulet-Perez
Testard
Paroxysmal extreme pain disorder (previously familial rectal pain syndrome).
Hoeijmakers
Merkies
Nav1.7-related small fiber neuropathy: Impaired slow-inactivation and DRG neuron hyperexcitability.
Dabby
Lampl
Leshinsky-Silver
Chronic non-paroxysmal neuropathic pain―Novel phenotype of mutation in the sodium channel SCN9A gene.
J Neurol Sci
Temperature dependence of erythromelalgia mutation L858F in sodium channel Nav1.7.
Mol Pain
3rd,
Natural history of erythromelalgia: presentation and outcome in 168 patients.
Arch Dermatol
Estacion
Benke
Macala
NaV1.7 gain-of-function mutations as a continuum: A1632E displays physiological changes associated with erythromelalgia and paroxysmal extreme pain disorder mutations and produces symptoms of both disorders.
J Neurosci
Backonja
Finnerup
Kalso
Miaskowski
Nurmikko
Portenoy
Treede
Pharmacologic management of neuropathic pain: Evidence-based recommendations.
Kirschmann
Laedermann
Abriel
Decosterd
Rufinamide attenuates mechanical allodynia in a model of neuropathic pain in the mouse and stabilizes voltage-gated sodium channel inactivated state.
Tramèr
Systemic local-anaesthetic-type drugs in chronic pain: A systematic review.
Eur J Pain
Galer
Rowbotham
Response to intravenous lidocaine infusion differs based on clinical diagnosis and site of nervous system injury.
Systemic lidocaine for neuropathic pain relief.
Challapalli
Tremont-Lukats
McNicol
Systemic administration of local anesthetic agents to relieve neuropathic pain.
CochraneDatabaseSystRev
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Hehir
Milovcich
Primary erythromelalgia in a child responding to intravenous lidocaine and oral mexiletine treatment.
A novel SCN9A mutation responsible for primary erythromelalgia and is resistant to the treatment of sodium channel blockers.
Fridrich
Colvin
Zizza
Lukanich
Lirk
Zernig
Gerner
Phase 1A safety assessment of intravenous amitriptyline.
J Pain
Lossin
Vanoye
Mo lecular basis of an inherited epilepsy.
Péréon
Nguyen The Tich
Guihéneuc
Electrophysiological recording of deep tendon reflexes: Normative data in children and in adults.
Neurophysiol Clin
Interaction between the sodium channel inactivation linker and domain III S4-S5.
Biophys J
Jarecki
2nd,
Paroxysmal extreme pain disorder mutations within the D3/S4-S5 linker of Nav1.7 cause moderate destabilization of fast inactivation.
J Physiol
Slow closed-state inactivation: A novel mechanism underlying ramp currents in cells expressing the hNE/PN1 sodium channel.
Lawden
Paroxysmal extreme pain disorder M1627K mutation in human Nav1.7 renders DRG neurons hyperexcitable.
The response of Na(V)1.3 sodium channels to ramp stimuli: multiple components and mechanisms.
J Neurophysiol
Vanhoutte
Gain of function Naν1.7 mutations in idiopathic small fiber neuropathy.
State-dependent block of voltage-gated Na+ channels by amitriptyline via the local anesthetic receptor and its implication for neuropathic pain.
Structural modelling and mutant cycle analysis predict pharmacoresponsiveness of a Na(V)1.7 mutant channel.
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A novel Nav1.7 mutation producing carbamazepine-responsive erythromelalgia.
Natkunarajah
Treatment with carbamazepine and gabapentin of a patient with primary erythermalgia (erythromelalgia) identified to have a mutation in the SCN9A gene, encoding a voltage-gated sodium channel.
Clin Exp Dermatol
Copyright © 2014, the American Society of Anesthesiologists, Inc. Wolters Kluwer Health, Inc. All Rights Reserved.
Computer-aided Discovery of a New Nav1.7 Inhibitor for Treatment of Pain and Itch
Block of Neuronal Na + Channels by Antidepressant Duloxetine in a State-dependent Manner
Local Anesthetic-like Inhibition of Voltage-gated Na + Channels by the Partial μ-opioid Receptor Agonist Buprenorphine
A Single-nucleotide Polymorphism in SCN9A May Decrease Postoperative Pain Sensitivity in the General Population
Anesthesiology (February 2013)
Bromodomain-containing Protein 4 Activates Voltage-gated Sodium Channel 1.7 Transcription in Dorsal Root Ganglia Neurons to Mediate Thermal Hyperalgesia in Rats
Anesthesiology (November 2017) | {
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Gloves used for protection against chemotherapy drug exposure must be selected specifically for the type of chemicals used. Review material safety data sheets for the drug being used to determine the required level of protection. Test results available upon request. | {
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super great tips…so important for girls to read!!
Hooray for these awesome tips! It seems the antibiotic and HRT ones are really important, but you don't always hear about them as much. Thanks so much for these!
Thank you for the great tips, Annie! I need to work on drinking more green tea.
Thanks. Breast cancer (like any cancer) is scary… an ex-colleague had to go through chemotherapy and shaved off all her hair… seeing her with a wig kind of freaked me out, I couldn't believe it had happened to her.
Very good to know!!! I will be passing this along! Thanks!
Hi, Annie. Thank you for your post. It's always good to have a list like this one.
I feel good I'm doing some of these things, but I think I could do more! Thanks for sharing this list!
Great tips!!! simple and easy to do!
health is so important, and it's so easy to take it for granted! | {
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Christopher Pissarides
A profile of the Nobel laureate.
More Piketty Readings
Jim Hamilton
Per Krusell and Tony Smith
James Galbraith
Update: Debraj Ray
Update: Larry Kotlikoff
Update: Jason Furman
Update: Francis Diebold
Update: Ben Mathew
Update: Mervyn King
Update: Matt Rognlie
The FT takes on Piketty
The Financial Times headline: Piketty findings undercut by errors.
Update: Piketty responds to the FT.
David Autor on Inequality
From a recent interview of the MIT economist (discussing this article):
Q. You are focused on inequality among the so-called "99 percent," not between the 1 percent and the 99 percent. Why?
A. There's a real national debate about the significance and causes of inequality. This public debate is dominated by the discussion of the top 1 percent. And the top 1 percent is important, but focusing on the top 1 percent conveys the message that the game is all rigged, that if you're not in the elite stratum, there's nothing to shoot for. And that's just not the case. The growth of skill differentials among the other 99 percent is arguably even more consequential than the rise of the 1 percent for the welfare of most citizens.
Here's a concrete way to see it: The earnings gap between the median college-educated two-income family and the median high school-educated two-income family rose by $28,000 between 1979 and 2012. This [shift] — which excludes the top 1 percent, since we're focusing on medians — is four times as large as the redistribution that has taken place from the bottom 99 percent to the top 1 percent of households in the same period.
Improving Econ 101
Noah Smith says introductory economics needs to be more empirical. I understand his argument, and have some sympathy with it, but I wonder if the substantial change he seems to be proposing is practical. Economists usually do empirical work with statistical tools that most college freshmen have not yet learned.
We teachers of introductory economics can and should explain where and why economists disagree. That is part of helping students develop their critical thinking skills. But I doubt students are in a position to try to evaluate the competing empirical work that shapes the differing views.
In the end, introductory economics is just that: an introduction to the economist's way of thinking. That means giving students basic concepts--comparative advantage, supply and demand, market efficiency and market failure--that will make them more perceptive readers of the newspaper.
In Inequality Back to the 1920s Level?
Not really, says Gary Burtless, though some pundits would have you think otherwise.
A Defense of High Frequency Traders
By Cliff Asness et al. Very cogent, in my view. The bottom line:
In summary, we don't believe HFT profits are excessive or excessively consistent. We censure illegal front running as strongly as anyone, but it has near nothing to do with HFT per se. Canceling orders in the process of providing liquidity is key to any sort of market making, whether HFT or not. We support the right of HFTs, or anyone, to try to guess the direction of the market, using order flow or any other public information. We not only support the right, we celebrate the successful exercise of that right as it adds to public welfare by making markets more efficient and lowering the cost of investing. Lastly, we believe markets are "rigged" in favor of, not against, retail investors.
More on Piketty
A comment that questions the historical trends in the capital-income ratio.
A comment that questions the proposed tax on wealth.
Update: And here is a long commentary from Xavier Sala-i-Martin. Use the Google translate button near top right to translate into English.
Summers on Piketty
One of the best reviews of the book I have seen.
A Visit to Dartmouth
I will be talking at a public event, along with Jared Bernstein, at Dartmouth on Monday. If you are in the area and want to attend, information is available here.
Alan Krueger
The Princeton Alumni Weekly profiles the former CEA chair.
Rogoff on Piketty
Here, via Project Syndicate. A tidbit:
Would Piketty's followers be nearly as enthusiastic about his proposed progressive global wealth tax if it were aimed at correcting the huge disparities between the richest countries and the poorest, instead of between those who are well off by global standards and the ultra-wealthy?
An Interview with Mark Gertler
Words of wisdom from the NYU macroeconomist.
Very Sad News
A friend at the University of Chicago reports to me that Gary Becker died last night. He was 83.
Gary was one of the greatest economists of the past half century. You can read about his contributions here. I did not know him well, but based on every interaction I had with him, it seems that he was a truly nice man as well as a path-breaking scholar. He will be missed.
Update: The Times obituary.
Media Slant
VHA Revisited
Advocates of government-run healthcare often point to the veterans health system as a prototype. For example, Paul Krugman wrote a while back:
that brings me to Mitt Romney's latest really bad idea, unveiled on Veterans Day: to partially privatize the Veterans Health Administration (V.H.A.). What Mr. Romney and everyone else should know is that the V.H.A. is a huge policy success story, which offers important lessons for future health reform.
So this story from CNN (hardly a right-wing news source) caught my eye:
At least 40 U.S. veterans died waiting for appointments at the Phoenix Veterans Affairs Health Care system, many of whom were placed on a secret waiting list. The secret list was part of an elaborate scheme designed by Veterans Affairs managers in Phoenix who were trying to hide that 1,400 to 1,600 sick veterans were forced to wait months to see a doctor, according to a recently retired top VA doctor and several high-level sources. For six months, CNN has been reporting on extended delays in health care appointments suffered by veterans across the country and who died while waiting for appointments and care.
Maybe privatization would solve the problem. If veterans had vouchers that they could take to competing healthcare providers, they would likely not have had to wait as long.
More Competition
Steve Cecchetti and Kim Schoenholtz are blogging, mainly on issues related to money and banking.
The blog seems meant to complement and promote their textbook. Who would ever think to use a blog for such a purpose?
British Healthcare Fact of the Day
"In Britain, even though they're already paying for the National Health Service, six million Brits—two-thirds of citizens earning more than $78,700—now buy private health insurance. Meanwhile, more than 50,000 travel out of the U.K. annually, spending more than $250 million, to receive treatment more readily than they can at home." | {
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New nuclear reactors planned for Britain will produce many times more radiation than previous reactors that could be rapidly released in an accident, The Independent on Sunday can reveal. The revelations – based on information buried deep in documents produced by the nuclear industry itself – calls into doubt repeated assertions that the new European Pressurised Reactors (EPRs) will be safer than the old atomic power stations they replace. Instead they suggest that a reactor or nuclear waste accident, although less likely to happen, could have even more devastating consequences in future; one study suggests that nearly twice as many people could die.
Independent on Sunday 8th Feb 2009 more >>
THE Scottish Government will come under renewed pressure this week to reverse its ban on building nuclear power stations or risk plunging the country into a jobs and energy crisis. A powerful lobby of employers, trade union officials and opposition politicians will accuse First Minister Alex Salmond of failing to wake up to the possibility of an electricity shortage and a brain drain of skilled engineers and technicians.
Scotland on Sunday 8th Feb 2009 more >>
Mr Biden reiterated the "hand" that President Obama had "stretched out" but said Iran faces a stark choice. "Continue down your current course and there will be pressure and isolation; abandon your illicit nuclear programme and support for terrorism and there will be meaningful incentives."
Sunday Times 8th Feb 2009 more >>
Restarting two Soviet-era reactors at Bulgaria's sole nuclear power plant would be "a triumph of justice" for Hristophor Gerdzhikov. The engineer who takes care of one the closed units, as well as a majority of Bulgarians, have applauded the government plan to seek a relaunch of the shuttered plants as compensation for damage caused by last month's cut-off in Russian gas supplies. But observers and some politicians say the move by the Socialist-led cabinet is a bluff and a gamble. Besides conjuring images of Ukraine's Chernobyl nuclear disaster in 1986, they argue it is a ploy to stoke a nationally sensitive subject and revive plunging support ahead of parliamentary elections likely in July or August.
Reuters 8th Feb 2009 more >>
A new nuclear plant is good for France's trade balance, French President Nicolas Sarkozy said February 6 in justifying his decision last week to
approve construction of a 1,650-MW EPR unit at Penly. During a visit to the first EPR under construction at the Flamanville site, Sarkozy said a new reactor could export 12 terawatt-hours a year, reaping Eur600 billion (US$776 billion) for the French economy. "France's external trade is not so flourishing that it can sneeze at electricity exports" based on nuclear power, the country's area of excellence, he said. His remarks were the first overt confirmation that France could build reactors explicitly destined to export power, rather than to satisfy internal demand.
Platts 6th Feb 2009 more >>
Map: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nuclear_power_in_France
The UK government deployed Trident nuclear missiles because they could cause the total breakdown of Russian cities by killing half their inhabitants, according to a top secret document passed to the Sunday Herald. To ensure that the warheads inflicted "unacceptable damage" on Moscow and St Petersburg, the government was prepared to explode them at ground level to maximise lethal levels of radioactive contamination.
Sunday Herald 8th Feb 2009 more >>
Gordon Brown's much-vaunted plan to beat the recession by going green lacks "coherence" and is being overtaken by rival plans around the world, the chair of the Environment Agency warns today. Chris Smith, a former cabinet colleague of the prime minister, said Britain risked being left behind in developing technologies such as carbon capture, where gases pumped out by polluting industries are compressed and stored under the sea to prevent them reaching the atmosphere and adding to global warming. Brown has boasted of how his own so-called "green new deal" would be bigger than Barack Obama's, relative to the size of their respective economies, but Lord Smith suggested that such claims were hollow, with few concrete initiatives beyond a push on home insulation.
Observer 8th Feb 2009 more >> | {
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Presidential Power And The Modern Presidents
By Richard E. Neustadt
The Free Press, 1990, 371 pp
Reviewed By Gaddis Smith
The first edition of this classic was published in 1960 and acquired instant fame as the bible of the Kennedy administration on how to accumulate, protect and apply presidential power. Subsequent, ever longer, editions have evaluated successive presidential administrations and described instances of power protected or foolishly squandered. This edition has a good discussion of Reagan and the Iran-contra affair, a study in how obliviousness to detail undermined power.
More By Gaddis Smith | {
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Queens Theatre in the Park chooses new exec director
By Times Ledger
March 31, 2011 | 7:04pm
Executive Director Jeffrey Rosenstock, Queens Theatre in the Park has a new man at its helm.
Ray Cullom, the institution's choice for its new leader, brings 20 years of experience in arts administration, programming and production to the job, where he will oversee the venue, leading its artistic direction, finances and education programs as it moves into its third decade serving the borough.
Cullom started his tenure at the theater, located in a historic building in Flushing Meadows Corona Park, March 14 and he said he hopes to enhance and expand on the services the theater provides its audiences.
"This theater has a great history and has done wonderful things, and I hope to build upon that and elaborate on it," he said Tuesday. "What I would really love to do is fully use this venue. With its location and the great diversity and number of people that live within a short distance of the theater, this is a theater that should be more active several days a week. I hope to build the audience to include more of Queens and its surrounding communities."
Frances Resheske, president of the theater's board of directors, said in a statement that Cullom's experience will complement and enhance the theater's goals.
"He has done a remarkable job by setting both artistic and management vision at several institutions," Resheske said. "Our patrons and donors stand to benefit from Ray's leadership."
He said one of his key hopes is that he can lead the theater into a period where it draws new audiences who might not usually attend arts performances.
Cullom said Queens Theatre in the Park had great appeal to him because of its magnificent resources and its unique approach to both producing performances in-house and presenting outside works. Those assets were two of the key reasons he was drawn to Queens from his previous post as managing director of the Long Wharf Theatre in New Haven, Conn. Before that, Cullom served as executive director of the Bethesda Theatre in Bethesda, Md.
Rosenstock said he is proud of the work he did at QTIP.
"During my tenure, I led the transformation of an abandoned World's Fair building into a premier performing arts center," he said in a statement. "I am proud of our diverse programming and to have laid the foundation for future artistic development."
Rosenstock's final season of programming at the theater will wrap in the coming weeks, and the fall QTIP season will be the first led by Cullom, who said the calendar should be released by mid-May.
The theater recently completed a $27 million renovation and expansion that included the addition of a cabaret performance space and other amenities.
For more information or to see a schedule of performances, visit queenstheatre.org.
Reach reporter Connor Adams Sheets by e-mail at [email protected] or by phone at 718-260-4538.
[email protected]
LIC teacher tells story of rescuing son to 113th Pct. | {
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At Central Business, identifying critical and precious minerals is at the core of our expertise. We provide access to purchasing and supply sources while advising on the best market entry options. Our advisors build investment strategies with your expected gains in mind. Our valuation and cost-estimation parameters enable us to provide solid advice on pursuing the right projects for your goals.
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Risk management is a complementary service to our logistics strategy. This includes assessing risk and safety protocols for all stages of extraction and exploration. We review strategic alternatives to secure your distribution and logistics operations. | {
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LONDON, Aug. 15, 2017 /PRNewswire/ -- Information Services Group (ISG) (NASDAQ: III), a leading global technology research and advisory firm, will provide IT advisory services across Central Government under a new agreement with the Crown Commercial Service (CCS), an executive agency of the UK Government.
The new procurement arrangement, in which ISG has been awarded a place on the CCS G-Cloud 9 and Digital Outcomes Specialist Supplier (DOS2) frameworks, will enable departments across Central Government and the public sector to leverage ISG resources to ensure they are deriving maximum value from every commercial relationship and to improve the quality of service delivery from suppliers.
Through the G-Cloud 9 framework, ISG will assist the government with an analysis of its current cloud usage and cost structures, as well as identify areas where cloud services could be adopted. ISG also will deploy its mark-to-market capability, which helps clients benchmark their outsourcing arrangements against current market conditions, allowing them to identify potential cost savings.
The second framework, the Digital Outcomes Specialist Supplier, is designed to give the public sector an agile way to design, build and deliver digital programs by providing access to specialists. Within this area, ISG will use its own digital expertise to advise on key strategic projects to ensure government services meet the highest standards of delivery, security and privacy.
Phil Millward, ISG partner specializing in the UK Public Sector, said: "We are immensely proud and excited to have been given a place on the G-Cloud 9 and Digital Outcomes Specialist Supplier frameworks. The awarding of this agreement is a testament to the expertise and dedication of our fantastic team, whose members continually strive to provide our clients with market-leading advice, support and research.
"ISG continues to expand its Digital Advisory Services to support both commercial and public-sector clients in their quest for greater operating efficiency and, in the case of enterprises, faster growth. This is an exciting time to be working with the Crown Commercial Service and to assist the government as it strives to meet its 'Digital by Default' commitment."
The Crown Commercial Service (CCS) has brought together Government's central commercial capability into a single organization, amalgamating Government Procurement Service with other commercial teams from the Cabinet Office and central government departments.
CCS is an executive agency of the Cabinet Office and operates as a trading fund under the Government Trading Funds Act 1973. Their remit is to work with both departments and organizations across the whole of the public sector to ensure maximum value is extracted from every commercial relationship and improve the quality of service delivery.
The CCS goal is to become the "go-to" place for expert commercial and procurement services.
With both service delivery and advisory capability, services include contract management and supplier performance management to ensure that the Government acts as a true, single customer; freeing up individual organizations to focus their procurement expertise on what is unique to them. | {
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Web browser yang hemat data dengan pemblokir iklan dan konten berita terupdate.
Your Android browser should do more than just display web pages. Opera for Android now has a built-in news feed that helps you find more content you'll love - it also saves data by blocking ads and compressing images.
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Yet another Petworth funeral home is set to be converted to dwellings, news which naturally makes you wonder if you'd be comfortable living in a former mortuary. We're all enlightened people here, but at some point you're going to be lying in bed at night and, while Netflix is buffering, it will suddenly occur to you that you're lying in the exact spot where they used to drain gallons of blood from dead bodies. Is it superstitious to think that that sort of thing might leave a mark, metaphysical or otherwise?
The idea isn't unprecedented. H Street institution Rock and Roll Hotel is in the former Robert O. Freeman funeral home, and many employees believe the place is haunted. Supposedly, the owner first toured the unrenovated site on a sweltering summer day, and claimed he passed through inexplicable pockets of freezing air. The bar's kitchen is the former embalming room (does this mean all the hummus plates I've eaten there were contaminated with ectoplasm?), and the platform for displaying dead bodies is still intact, under the stage. (Good lord, do you WANT the place to be haunted?!) Employees describe hearing voices, footsteps, strange noises, sensations of being watched, and inexplicable "presences." A Maryland-based ghost hunter visited the place and said she sensed over 40 spirits there, including one who warned her about a "Peeping Tom" ghost, which I guess would explain the feelings of being watched. (I mean, if you believe in ghosts.) Of course, we all know that in 2017, starting rumors that your bar is haunted is one of the best and cheapest possible ways of whipping up buzz. Sure, let's go with that.
Of course, some people in DC are already living in former funeral homes. The Lionshead condos, in Park View, are built from the former Austin Royster funeral home, and the former Frazier's funeral home, at Florida and Rhode Island Avenues NW, have been dwellings since 2014. No stories about hauntings at either building have leaked out, though possibly that's because the phantoms threatened the tenants to keep quiet or prepare to wake up to the cold grip of invisible fingers on their throats. But then maybe the entire premise of "dead bodies on premises = future haunting" is squeamish and misguided. Entire swaths of the city, especially the older sections, are built on top of former cemeteries. And we're not just talking about an occasional finger bone here and there. One stretch of Q Street NW in Georgetown is basically one big boneyard. Virtually every time construction workers put a shovel to dirt, they come up with human remains; one man went to expand his basement and discovered nine (nine!) skeletons. According to the logic of leading parapsychologists, by which I mean the hosts of "Ghost Hunters," which I watch late at night while high, this block should be one big ghost convention. But nothing.
If you want to know the really uncomfortable truth, virtually every house in DC older than, say, 1940, has been chock full o' corpses over the years. Funeral homes are a relatively recent development; for most of the District's history, people had funerals in their own homes. (One house, at Belmont and 20th NW had four in a decade, and this may not have been an unusual pace.) The dead – and unembalmed – bodies were displayed right in the living room, before being hastily transported to the cemetery for burial. Many rowhomes on the east coast even have "coffin corners" built into the walls, which are indentations that make it easier for the pallbearers to maneuver the coffin around narrow hallways and staircases. Home funerals were just as grisly as you might imagine; one anecdote from the era has a boy having to prepare his own father's body for display, cutting a hole in his heel and draining out his blood. Odds are, virtually every rowhouse in Shaw has hosted a few home funerals, not to mention the DIY bathtub embalmings. We've come a long way. When you think about it like that, we're all living in a former funeral home. Sweet dreams!
I live in a very old mortuary. The first of 2 built in my town in the mid 1850's. I live in the apartment directly across from where they kept the bodies. | {
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Theiapolis > Cinema > Titles > H... > He... >
He Died with a Felafel in His Hand2001
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He Died with a Felafel in His Hand
Richard Lowenstein
"He Died with a Felafel in His Hand" is 2001 Comedy film directed by Richard Lowenstein . Noah Taylor is starring, alongside Emily Hamilton, Romane Bohringer, Alex Menglet, Brett Stewart and Damian Walshe-Howling.
Some people will do anything to get out of paying the rent
Who directed "He Died with a Felafel in His Hand":
He Died with a Felafel in His Hand was directed by Richard Lowenstein, an Australian director, and writer.
Before He Died with a Felafel in His Hand, Richard Lowenstein had directed Say a Little Prayer, released in 1993, Dogs in Space (1987), Strikebound (1984).
What is the casting of "He Died with a Felafel in His Hand":
At the casting of He Died with a Felafel in His Hand we find Noah Taylor, previously seen in Lara Croft: Tomb Raider (2001) and Almost Famous (2000); Emily Hamilton (Haunted (1995)); Romane Bohringer (The King Is Alive (2000), L' Appartement (1996)) [ more... ]
Tim Robertson and Noah Taylor also worked together in The Year My Voice Broke, released in 1987.
Alex Menglet and Damian Walshe-Howling can be seen in Josh Jarman, released in 2004.
What is the Storyline of "He Died with a Felafel in His Hand":
While the book is not written in a linear fashion the order of houses (and house mates) John lives in is as follows:
1st Place - The Boulevade
Tom lived in the garage
Mel lived upstairs. Her boyfriend Warren moved in some time later. When they moved out, replaced by
Andy the Med Student (Dr Death) moved in
Derek the Bank Clerk
Tom and John got a new place
Derek the Bank Clerk (lived in a tent). [...]
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The Fate of the Crippled Cub
73 messages - To the Jouberts:...
Big disapointment coming!
8 messages - I am a big fan of DragonBall and DragonBall Z and when I read about the making of this movie, I was pretty excited, but worried too. Now I just...
2 messages - its so said.why couldnt they just be together...
( 1963 )The Crawling Hand
Directed by: H. L. Strock, starring P. Breck, K. Taylor, R. Lauren, A. Hayes...
( 1967 )Die Blaue Hand
Directed by: S. M. Sherman, A. Vohrer, starring H. Leipnitz, K. Kinski, C. Lange, I. Steppat...
( 1992 )The Hand That Rocks the Cradle
Directed by: C. Hanson, starring A. Sciorra, R. De Mornay, M. McCoy, E. Hudson...
( 1981 )The Hand
Directed by: O. Stone, starring M. Caine, A. Marcovicci, A. McEnroe, B. McGill...
( 1955 )The Left Hand of God
Directed by: E. Dmytryk, starring H. Bogart, G. Tierney, L. J. Cobb, A. Moorehead...
Resources: Fandango, Notorious Films Pty. Ltd., Wikipedia and contributions from movie fans. Anyone can submit additionnal information and corrections, you can post a message into the forum, or you can contact me by e-mail. Information and materials are submitted by users and thus may not always contain up-to-date and correct information, so do not hesite to report mistakes, and submit corrections.Thank you!. Direct editing is no longer available, sorry.
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theiapolis CINEMA
Theiapolis | {
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Il parco nazionale del Maze è un parco nazionale dell'Etiopia situato nella Zona di Gamo Gofa a 460 e 235 km di distanza da Addis Abeba e da Auasa, rispettivamente. Istituito nel 1997, ricopre una superficie di 202 km² ed è posto ad un'altitudine compresa tra i 1000 e i 1200 metri sul livello del mare. Le precipitazioni annuali variano tra gli 800 e i 1600 mm e le temperature tra i 15,3 e i 33,5 °C. Così come è avvenuto con il parco nazionale di Chebera Churchura, il parco è stato accolto con favore dalle comunità locali, con un'attiva partecipazione alla sua gestione, tanto che la IUCN ha inviato le sue congratulazioni al governo etiope.
Flora e fauna
La maggior parte del parco è caratterizzata da aree pianeggianti ricoperte da savana erbosa, mentre lungo il fiume Maze si sviluppa la foresta a galleria. Nel parco sono presenti 38 specie di mammiferi di grandi e medie dimensioni e 139 specie di uccelli. Gran parte della sua importanza ai fini della conservazione si deve al fatto di ospitare una popolazione relativamente stabile di alcelafo di Swayne, un'antilope endemica gravemente minacciata di estinzione, confinata solamente in tre aree protette del Paese. Oribi, redunche, facoceri, tragelafi striati, cobi, kudù maggiori e minori, babbuini verdi, cercopitechi verdi, leoni, leopardi, gatti selvatici e serval sono altri mammiferi comuni e degni di nota del parco. Tra gli uccelli qui presenti ricordiamo vari gruccioni, la gru coronata nera, la mitteria del Senegal, diversi storni e l'aquila urlatrice.
Note
Collegamenti esterni
Maze | {
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Both sports and music programs offer many benefits and help to prepare children for future success.
Participating in a sports program gets your child more active and healthier! The activity helps reduce the risk of obesity, type 2 diabetes, and heart disease.
Participating in a music program provides many of the same benefits as participating in sports. Teamwork, discipline, focus, and fun are just some of them. A music program will also improve your child's thinking skills and physical coordination.
Some studies show music programs can raise intelligence (for example, IQ) and college entrance test (for example, SAT) scores. Music can also improve something called spatial intelligence. This important ability helps with seeing the world and making sense out of what is seen.
One study found that children who took music lessons for 1 year increased their IQ scores by 2.5 points compared with children who didn't have music lessons. The study suggests that the increase in IQ may be because of the focused attention, memorization, and concentration skills required for music study.
Music and other art programs help to increase your child's imagination and the confidence needed to make decisions on his or her own.
Your child needs more than the basics to be successful. A full and productive life also requires social skills, discipline, cooperation, and creative thinking — all learned from the training that sports and music programs provide.
And there is one more benefit of sports and music. They can really be fun, not just for your child, but for the whole family. | {
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Retail People
Omni Channel & E- Commerce
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tv shopping
Omnichannel & E-commerce
Retail News India
Indian Retailer is India's largest news, information and market intelligence provider in the retail sector. Indian Retailer exclusively covers retail business news...Read More
Truth in marketing
March 25, 2013 / 11 min read
Marketing takes on an entirely new meaning. Marketing ROI will become the most important measure of success over the next three to five years.
Sr. Sub Editor
Many marketers would argue that they have always delivered results and offer up metrics like brand awareness, impressions, page views, click-throughs, and downloads. And while that may well be true, when pressed, few can actually provide a definitive, quantifiable answer to the question, "What is marketing's financial impact on the business? What is the ROI of our marketing efforts?" According to IBM's Global Chief Marketing Officer survey, 63 percent of respondents believe marketing ROI will become the most important measure of success over the next three to five years, yet, even at the most successful enterprises, only 44 percent of respondents feel sufficiently prepared to manage the increasing importance of ROI. Our study sought not to validate the well-documented facts mentioned above but to understand more about the challenges that marketers are confronted with when trying to define and report on marketing ROI. We also wanted to know whether the marketers who feel that they are already doing a good job of measuring and reporting on marketing ROI are doing anything fundamentally different from their less confident, successful peers. As it turns out, those marketers who express the highest satisfaction with their ability to measure and report on marketing ROI approach the task differently than their counterparts: they are more technologically enabled in their reporting, experience fewer data challenges, and integrate with their counterparts in other departments. However, there also appears to be some lack of consistency as to what the definition of marketing ROI actually is. As a result, the differing definitions yield differing approaches to applying marketing ROI to the benefit of the enterprise, much less the benefit of the marketing organization. Not surprisingly, technology — and the ability to leverage it effectively — is a critical factor in the marketing organization's perceptions of its effectiveness or lack thereof. Specifically, possessing accurate data and then being able to effectively integrate disparate data from multiple sources is the defining capability and difference between those who can and those who can't report the return on investment in marketing.
Winsper conducted an online survey of senior marketing leadership (director and above) randomly recruited from large, global enterprises (1,000+ employees and $1B+ in revenue) in both business-to-business and business-toconsumer industries. Eighty-five respondents from industries ranging from financial services, pharma, and CPG, to enterprise technology, medical-device manufacturing, and transportation completed the survey.
Similar to other research on the subject, our respondents also indicate that measuring marketing's ROI is important. In fact, no respondent indicated that measuring marketing ROI is Unimportant or Of Little Importance, with 100 percent assigning marketing ROI at least some level of importance, and 73 percent saying it is very important.
Paradoxically, while virtually all respondents indicated that measuring marketing's ROI was important to their organization, nearly 30 percent did not measure it.
There are multiple reasons preventing organizations from measuring and reporting on marketing's ROI. Challenges relating to marketing data present the greatest difficulty. And, somewhat surprisingly, challenges relating to things like company culture, politics, and organizational structure represent less of an impediment.
Of the majority of organizations that do measure marketing's ROI, most express some level of satisfaction, with no respondent selecting Extremely Dissatisfied and only 18 percent choosing Dissatisfied. However, only 5 percent chose Extremely Satisfied, with the majority of respondents selecting Satisfied (44 percent) to Moderately Satisfied (33 percent).
We believe part of the reason so few respondents were Extremely Satisfied with their ability to measure marketing's ROI is due to the difficulties they face in trying to establish it. The majority of the challenges are all data related: collection, integration, and accuracy. It is worth noting that the single greatest challenge is the process of collecting marketing data. A possible reason for this is that marketing is one of the last departments to embrace technology, automation, and the level of quantifiable performance metrics that many other areas of the enterprise utilize on a regular basis.
With regards to the latter, we hypothesize that this is further proof of the broader importance of understanding marketing's impact on the business and the increased expectations placed upon the marketing organization to be able to measure and report on its activities and the associated benefits.
The ability to make more informed decisions is the primary value of measuring marketing's ROI, selected by 82 percent of respondents. Demonstrates effectiveness of investment follows closely behind, chosen by 79 percent. It is worth noting that respondents placed less value on those items that were less marketing-centric and involved crossdepartmental interactions and/or necessitated a broader view beyond just the marketing organization. We believe this is likely due to the challenges related to accessing, collecting, and integrating data that is non-marketing.
While the primary value of measuring marketing's ROI is the ability to make more informed decisions and understand the effectiveness of marketing's performance, only 16 percent of respondents actually use marketing ROI as a tool for determining investment in marketing activities. Indeed, nearly two-thirds of respondents determine marketing investment using criteria that are not directly tied to the actual performance of said marketing investment, with 38 percent planning based on revenue projections and 27 percent based on the previous year's budget.
There is no denying that expectations for the marketing organization are on the rise and that there is a fundamental shift from tactically-driven marketing performance metrics to quantitative financial metrics to measure marketing's ROI.
The good news is that the marketing organization understands the new landscape and the importance of moving in this direction.
For marketers and marketing to be viewed as a revenue driver and not overhead, marketers must develop the ability to provide quantifiable performance metrics based on business objectives.
McKinsey & Company reports that, as budgets come under greater scrutiny and marketing programs struggle to show bang for the buck, the marketing function's reputation has begun to erode. One study found that 72 percent of CEOs say marketers are always asking for more money, but can rarely explain how much incremental business this money will generate. To survive and thrive, the marketing organization and marketers need to be able to deliver proof, not conjecture; marketing ROI is that proof.
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How Retailers Can Strengthen Their Supply Chain Infrastructure
Manjula Muthukrishnan
Festive Season: Do's and Don'ts for Retailers
Consumer Trends: Flipkart Sees Tier 3+ Markets As The New Frontier For E-Commerce
Under Rs. 50000
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wellnessindia.com | {
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Miley Cyrus and The Flaming Lips team up in recording studio
David Renshaw Mar 15, 2014 11:24 am GMT
Wayne Coyne shares image of Cyrus as he confirms his band is recording with US popstar
Miley Cyrus is recording music with The Flaming Lips.
Wayne Coyne, frontman with the US band shared a picture of Cyrus on Instagram along with the caption, "Yup…… Recordin with Miley… High as fuck…. #flaminglips #theflaminglips #tulsa #lovemoneyparty," yesterday (March 14). Scroll down to see the picture now.
Earlier this year, Wayne Coyne and Steven Drozd of The Flaming Lips, joined Cyrus during her gig at LA's Staples Center for a rendition of their classic song 'Yoshimi Battles The Pink Robots Part 1'. Cyrus, who is currently halfway through her Bangerz Tour in the US, has previously covered 'Hey Yeah' by OutKast and Dolly Parton's track 'Jolene' during her sets.
http://instagram.com/p/liwFjPJXro/embed/
In February, concert promoter Live Nation was forced to deny that Cyrus's US tour is under the threat of cancellation. Reports had suggested that venues due to host the controversial tour were pulling out prompted by complaints form parents due to the show's controversial content, which includes a section in which Cyrus simulates oral sex on a man dressed as Bill Clinton.
Cyrus previously said that the 'Bangerz' world tour will be "educational for kids". The 'Wrecking Ball' singer also said that her gigs will see fans being exposed to art which they may have never heard about before. This came just a day after the singer posted a picture from her tour rehearsal of herself riding a enlarged hot dog in the air.
Instagram Credit: Getty
Instagram to trial hiding "likes" from other users
Credit: Andy Ford
Iggy Pop announces new record 'Free', "an album in which other artists speak for me" | {
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Northern Australia
Selected Filters: 2002, 2013 , Publications
State of Play on Australia's Key Economic Infrastructure Sectors
This paper explores whether nationally significant infrastructure is meeting the needs of Australian industry, households and individuals, across the key sectors of:
Infrastructure Australia's submission to the Productivity Commission Inquiry into Public Infrastructure — Supplementary material — Infrastructure Debt
This attachment to the Office of the Infrastructure Coordinator's submission to the Productivity Commission Inquiry into Public Infrastructure is an IA report Review of Infrastructure Debt Capital Market Financing (February 2014).
Infrastructure Australia's Urban Transport Strategy
This report discusses the development of a strategy for a national framework for planning, financing and managing urban transport infrastructure.
2013 State of Play Report: Australia's Key Economic Infrastructure Sectors
Australia's Public Infrastructure — Update Paper — Balance Sheet Impacts of Sell To Build
This paper updates and clarifies proposals set out in the Infrastructure Australia's 2012 paper Australia's Public Infrastructure — Part of the Answer to Removing the Infrastructure Deficit.
Infrastructure Australia's submission to the Productivity Commission Inquiry into Public Infrastructure — Submission
This submission by the Office of the National Infrastructure Coordinator to the Productivity Commission Inquiry into Public Infrastructure addresses a number of key factors considered necessary to ensure the effective delivery of infrastructure services over both the short and long term. It outlines a number of proposed reforms for the efficient and effective selection, delivery and operation of economic infrastructure.
A Review of Current Traffic Congestion Management in the City of Sydney
This report examines the impact that technology can have on traffic congestion management. It argues that, given the infrastructure deficit and budgetary constraints, governments could invest in low-cost initiatives to improve the existing transport
State of Australian Cities 2013
The State of Australian Cities series reports on progress against specific indicators of productivity, sustainability and liveability as set out in the National Urban Policy.
NSW WestConnex
This assessment brief outlines the New South Wales Government's WestConnex project, which consists of around 33 km of interconnected road projects that will extend the M4 motorway towards Sydney city, widen the M5 East motorway and join those two motorways with a new tunnel running under the inner western suburbs of Sydney.
VIC Melbourne Metro
This assessment brief outlines the Victorian Government's proposal for a new metro-style rail line that will provide 17 additional train services across Melbourne. The project will create six independent lines on the Melbourne network and introduce metro-style services across the network. | {
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If you are considering any type of customisation in Chris21, we can help. We have the expertise to ensure your Chris21 customisations are done right the first time, to avoid any issues in the future, particularly when you upgrade. Customisation issues are so common Tony has written an article in The Chris21 Blog called Customising Chris21 – What Can Go Wrong? It's about the common mistakes that can be made and what can happen if it's not done correctly.
Create a new form in Chris21. This can then be used in HR21 if desired.
Create new fields on an existing form. You may have a specific requirement to store records that aren't standard in Chris21.
Rearrange fields on a form to improve the layout.
Add fields to HR21 pages and change their attributes. For instance, make a field mandatory, or display only.
Or you may have problems with existing customisations that you want fixed. We can analyse these problems and fix them so that they don't recur in the future.
We have many years experience customising databases in Chris21 and troubleshooting and fixing problems that have been created by improper customisations. We know how to do it right. Contact us if you would like to discuss how we can help you. | {
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ENFP: Leading an unconventional life because they're more daring and creative than the other types.
At some point or another, life tears even the best people apart and it's not always malicious or intentional. It's just the way things happen.
You have to constantly remind yourself that just because a given friend is free, doesn't necessarily mean they want to hang out.
Instead of hating the people who treat them badly, they learn lessons about how to treat others.
Here's the ultimate truth about the relationship we share with ourselves: it serves as a precedent for all of our other relationships.
You have to do what you want with your life because doing anything else will exhaust you.
No matter what grades you got or how hard you work or how many all-nighters you pull, you are not exempt from failure.
It was magnetic and electrifying and changed my life.
We need to stop letting our short-term desires cloud our long-term visions. | {
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Mathias Engel (né le à Cologne et mort le à Carlstadt) est un coureur cycliste allemand.
Biographie
En 1926 et 1927, Mathias Engel remporte le Grand Prix de vitesse de Paris chez les amateurs. En 1927, il est également championnat du monde de vitesse amateur, à Cologne, devant son public.
La presse annonce qu'il deviendra professionnel en 1928 mais il refuse et démissionne. La fédération allemande lui retire sa licence amateur puis refuse sa réadmission.
Il devient professionnel en 1928. Il est trois fois champion d'Allemagne de vitesse, en 1928, 1929 et 1932. Il participe aux championnats du monde sur piste de 1932, où il est troisième de la vitesse, derrière Jef Scherens et Lucien Michard.
En 1929, il reçoit le « » (Goldenes Band) de l'Union des journalistes sportifs de Berlin-Brandenburg.
Marié à une femme juive, Mathias Engel fuit l'Allemagne en 1937 et part aux États-Unis, avec l'aide de l'ancien coureur . Il y remporte cette année-là le championnat national de vitesse. En 1942, il ouvre un magasin de vélos à Nutley (New Jersey), qu'il tient jusqu'en 1964.
Palmarès
Championnats du monde
Cologne 1927
Champion du monde de vitesse amateur
Rome 1932
Médaillé de bronze de la vitesse professionnel
Championnats nationaux
Champion d'Allemagne de poursuite par équipes en 1926 avec Paul Oszmella, Peter Steffes, et Jean Schorn
Champion d'Allemagne de vitesse amateur en 1926, 1927
Champion d'Allemagne de vitesse professionnel en 1928, 1929, 1932
Champion des États-Unis de vitesse professionnel en 1937
Autres compétitions
1926
Grand Prix de Paris amateur
1927
Grand Prix de Paris amateur
Grand Prix de Copenhague de vitesse amateurs
1929
Prix Émile Friol
du Grand Prix de Paris professionnel
Notes et références
Liens externes
Coureur cycliste allemand
Coureur cycliste américain
Champion du monde de cyclisme sur piste
Naissance en octobre 1905
Naissance à Cologne
Naissance dans la province de Rhénanie
Décès en juin 1994
Décès à 88 ans | {
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On Friday, January 15, Aubie was named the Mascot National Champion at the 2016 UCA Cheer and Dance competition at the ESPN Wide World of Sports in Orlando, Fla. Aubie competed in the Division 1A mascot group along with ten other mascots who were invited to compete based on scores from a highlight video submitted in November. On Friday night Aubie performed a 90-second skit that, combined with the score from his video, won him his ninth national title. Visit https://youtu.be/emMnaBEFnyw to watch Aubie's entry video.
Katherine Browning, director of Aubie and a student at Auburn, stated, "Aubie winning the UCA Mascot National Championship was such a surreal moment for me. The entire Aubie Program has worked incredibly hard this year and being able to watch that work amount to a national championship was extremely rewarding."
Jackie Young, communications and marketing specialist for student involvement, was able to attend the championship and described the reaction after finding out Aubie had won for the ninth time. "UCA announces the award winners in order from last place to first so there is an incredible build up that happens leading up to the second and first place announcement," says Young, who was an SGA advisor at the time of the competition and is a former director of Aubie. "When they announced that Goldy the Gopher from Minnesota had won second, our supporters, myself included, went crazy because we knew Aubie had won first place. In fact, I don't think I ever heard them officially announce that Aubie had won because we were all cheering so loudly. After the initial excitement died down, I was overwhelmed with pride for our students and the Aubie Program. I watched these students pour so much time and energy into making this skit successful and to see them rewarded for that was very special."
Peyton Alsobrook, graduate advisor for the Aubie Program, believes that the most rewarding part of the experience is "to see hard work pay off. The students that comprise the Aubie Program spend countless hours making sure that Aubie is taken care of so that he can continue to spread the Auburn spirit as he has for the last 37 years. It was great to see all of that hard work rewarded and to see their excitement when Aubie was announced as the winner."
To learn more about Aubie visit his YouTube channel, https://www.youtube.com/user/AubieXXXI.
by Rachel Eilers | {
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DescriptionUnder the immediate supervision of the Clinical Supervisor or other designated management, functions as a clinical nurse for assigned Nursing care area with responsibility for the delivery of the individualized effective care. Functions as the clinical resource for nurses on their unit and other units based on patient needs. Must maintain a unit wide perspective of nursing care requirements. Act as a preceptor for new nurses assigned. Actively involved in unit operations, decisions making and charge nurse role. Demonstrates strong working knowledge of interdisciplinary planning, as well as related behaviors, needs, comfort and range of treatment appropriate to the age and diagnosis of patient served to patient/family involvement, and the collection of data related to nursing care concerns. requires leadership in order to provide constructive feedback to patient care. Also participates in unit based decision making and support changes made. Demonstrates strong interpersonal and communication skills, both verbal and written in order to establish and maintain positive therapeutic/working relationships with all internal and external customers.RequirementsGraduate of an accredited school of nursingCurrent Louisiana State RN LicensureCritical Care experience preferredTelemetry experience preferredAt least 1 year of nursing experience in an acute setting preferredCurrent BLS, ACLS, PALS, NRPMust be able to communicate effectively and professionally with patients, families, and medical staff both verbally and written. | {
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Fixing the Food Cycle | earthrise | Al Jazeera English
Our global food system is totally topsy-turvy. It fuels climate change, degrades land, pollutes soil and water supplies and wipes out wildlife, including the pollinators we need for our crops. Far from nourishing the planet, it's robbing us of the ability to feed our growing population.
At the same time, we are squandering what we have. 1.3 billion tonnes of perfectly edible food are binned each year while nearly 700 million people go hungry. There are, however, simple fixes. Above all, producing food sustainably and not wasting it.
In Kenya, we meet the smallholders working with soil scientists to restore degraded land while improving yields. And in South Korea, we learn how one of the world's most efficient recycling programmes is putting leftovers to good use.
Making this programme made me acutely aware of how the way we relate to what's on our plate is a reflection of our relationship with the planet. Before every meal, I now try to take a moment to appreciate the food that I am lucky enough to have in front of me and to think about the resources that went into it: the soil, the water, the fuel to transport it to market, the electricity to cool it, and the labour to produce it. Waste food, and all that goes to waste too.
© 2023 AMANDA BURRELL. All rights reserved | {
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Since leaving home at the age of 18, Free has traveled the country trying to find a place to call home. Her travels afford a variety of experiences, from following the Grateful Dead to waitressing in Chicago to selling jewelry in New Orleans' French Market, but nothing seems to quell her sense of unrest. All the while her estranged brother Alfie is in her thoughts. Once she finds him, perhaps she'll finally feel at home. But her world is filled with bad choices and temptations, and Free must rise above these in order to find her place.
The reader will feel as if they are traveling right alongside Free in this moving coming-of-age story.
For as long as she can remember, Lisa Litberg has loved to write. Over the years, she has amassed quite a collection of short stories and poetry, but Free is her first novel. A high school teacher for 15 years, she tries to empower her urban students with the written word. When she isn't writing or teaching, Lisa might be dancing, playing guitar, practicing aerial arts, or hanging out in her Chicago home with her son Trevor watching The Walking Dead or Game of Thrones.
Thanks for reading! Please feel free to leave questions/comments for Lisa below.
Like this post? Check out other guest authors here.
Java, that would be great! Shoot me an email at [email protected] and we'll work out the details! | {
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Our Arti wardrobe is easy to assemble and comes in Wenge (dark chocolate brown) to match any bedroom decor. Provides good space for smaller rooms. Made from 16mm high quality laminated board to make it sturdy and to last you a long time.
The wardrobe is in three sections with two hanging areas and shelves down the middle for folded clothes. | {
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Sarah Pinto | The Doctor and Mrs. A.: Ethics and Counter-Ethics in an Indian Dream Analysis
Lecture | February 8 | 2-4 p.m. | Stephens Hall, 10 (ISAS Conference Room)
Speaker: Sarah Pinto, Professor of Anthropology, Tufts University
Moderator: Lawrence Cohen, Professor in Anthropology and South and Southeast Asian Studies, UC Berkeley
Sponsors: Institute for South Asia Studies, Sarah Kailath Chair of India Studies, Townsend Center Working Group on Form and Formalism, Townsend Center for the Humanities Lecture Grant, The Berkeley South Asia Art Initiative
In the years leading up to India's independence, a young Punjabi woman known to us only as Mrs. A. joined psychoanalyst Dev Satya Nand for an experiment in his new, "Oriental" method of dream analysis. Her analysis contained a surge of emotion and reflections on sexuality, gender, marriage, ambition, and art as she turned to female figures from the Hindu epics to reimagine her world and its ethical arrangements. These stories, taken up in surprising ways, helped her envision a future beyond marriage, colonial rule, and gendered social constraints. This talk explores Mrs. A.'s case and the mythic landscapes she entered for the ways they put ethics in motion, finding repertoires for the creative transformation of ideals and highlighting self-conscious and effortful work to enliven forms typically engaged for their durability.
Sarah Pinto is Professor of Anthropology at Tufts University. She is author of Where There Is No Midwife: Birth and Loss in Rural India (Berghahn 2008) and Daughters of Parvati: Women and Madness in Contemporary India (University of Pennsylvania Press 2014), and works on gender, kinship, and the intersection of medical practices with intimate lives. She is currently researching the history of hysteria in India and anticipates the release of The Doctor and Mrs. A.: Ethics and Counter-Ethics in an Indian Dream Analysis in the fall of 2019 (Fordham University Press and Women Unlimited).
Read more about Prof. Pinto at her faculty webpage HERE
The South Asia Art Initiative, inaugurated in Spring 2018, is the culmination of a comprehensive art program, built over the past several years, that promoted conversation around the visual cultures of South Asia through talks, conferences, and exhibitions. The goal of the Initiative is to move onto the next level with local, national, and international collaborations that combine creative energies with insights drawn from scholarly research. To read more about the Initiative or to help support its various fundraising goals, please click HERE
Event made possible with the support of the Sarah Kailath Chair of India Studies
For DIRECTIONS to the Institute please enter "Institute for South Asia Studies" in your google maps or click this GOOGLE MAPS LINK.
Please note that parking is not always easily available in Berkeley. Take public transportation if possible or arrive early to secure your spot.
The event is FREE and OPEN to the public.
Event contact: [email protected], 510-642-3608 | {
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Jimmy Iovine says he's not leaving Apple – Evotik
By Evotik| 2018-01-10T20:30:03+00:00 January 10th, 2018|APPLE, apple music, jimmy iovine, Media, Personnel, TC, Uncategorized|
Last week, Billboard reported Jimmy Iovine, the person who sold Beats to Apple in 2014, was set to leave Apple in August. Well, Iovine says that's not true, Variety reports.
In a conversation with Variety, Iovine noted that there's more Apple Music and Beats would like to do, saying he's "committed to doing whatever Eddy [Cue], Tim [Cook] and Apple" need him to do to "take this all the way." He added, "I am in the band."
There was some speculation, per Billboard, that an August departure would have been timed with Iovine's shares fully vesting. But Iovine said his "stock vested a long time ago." He later elaborated in an interview following a screening of "The Defiant One" that "there is a tiny portion of stock that vests in August, but that's not what I think about," he said.
The bottom line for Iovine is that he's "loyal to the guys at Apple," he said. "I love Apple, and I really love musicians."
In May 2014, Apple paid $3 billion ($2.6 billion in cash and $400 million in stock) for the headphone maker and streaming music service. As part of the deal, Iovine and Beats co-founder Dr. Dre joined Apple as employees. Iovine previously co-founded Interscope Records and has been involved in the production of more than 250 albums.
While at Apple, Iovine has helped develop and grow Apple Music since its launch in 2015. Under Iovine's leadership, Apple Music moved into video and original programming. Apple Music currently has 30 million subscribers, while Spotify has 70 million subscribers.
Moving forward, Iovine said he plans to "help streaming come to scale."
Featured Image: Justin Sullivan/Getty Images | {
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Apple's advanced avatar creation app first came to light in a patent report back in 2012. The patent covered such topics as 3D creation, advanced editing, playback on holographic displays, head mounted display systems and more. Gamers are used to being able to choose the character that they want to play and change characteristics such hair styles, clothing and more. You could check out various details in our previous reports here and here. Apple was also granted a patent for this future app back in February.
Avatars are not just about cartoon-like characters anymore. Apple acquired a company called Faceshift that uses a power 3D camera that could scan your face movements in realtime and create quite the elaborate characters as noted in the video below.
In 2015 Faceshift's Brian Amberg (CTO) and Nico Scapel (Creative Director) talked about face tracking to bring virtual characters to life, using the Intel RealSense depth camera. Faceshift's expertise is built with the big Hollywood studios, but this new motion capture solution makes it affordable for smaller studios, as well as accessible for consumers. According to 3D animator Adrian Firth, this now means that "The only real limitation is what our imagination can think off." Apple will eventually replace Intel's RealSense depth camera with one invented by their Israeli team acquired from PrimeSense on future Apple Macs and other devices over time.
Today the US Patent & Trademark Office published a continuation patent application from Apple where they continue to add new patent claims, new aspects of the invention that they want to protect.
Apple's new patent claim #1 states: A method comprising: identifying a contact point on a surface of a model at which to place an asset; identifying a surface normal extending perpendicular from the surface of the model at the identified contact point; positioning a pivot point of the asset at the identified contact point, wherein the pivot point of the asset corresponds to the center of gravity of the asset; and orienting the asset normal of the asset at the identified surface normal.
One of the new key claims relates to the positioning of the user's eyes. Apple notes in patent claim #27: "establishing an eye position of a user; and defining a line passing through the established eye position and through the identified position on the display." This could be better understood by seeing in the light of face tracking in realtime like the Faceshift video.
"The display may include any suitable type of display or interface for presenting visual content to a user. In some embodiments, the display may include a display embedded in a device or coupled to a device (e.g., a removable display). The display may include, for example, a liquid crystal display ("LCD"), a light emitting diode ("LED") display, an organic light-emitting diode ("OLED") display, a surface-conduction electron-emitter display ("SED"), a carbon nanotube display, a nanocrystal display, any other suitable type of display, or combination thereof. Alternatively, the display can include a movable display or a projecting system for providing a display of content on a surface remote from the electronic device, such as, for example, a video projector, a head-up display, or a three-dimensional (e.g., holographic) display.
Apple's patent application titled "Systems, methods, and computer-readable media for placing an asses on a three-dimensional model" was filed back in December 2016. You could review the newly added patent claims in full here. Considering that this is a patent application, the timing of such a product to market is unknown at this time. | {
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If your company is seeking access to new markets and capital Grosvenor can advise and assist you. Our advice is based upon hands-on corporate experience and tends to be more specialized and pragmatic than most other sources. Grosvenor provides assistance through an extensive understanding of all facets of domestic and International capital markets. This includes virtually every type of debt and equity financing. Grosvenor understands capital limitations and is able to structure transactions that are beneficial to all parties.
We introduce and facilitate both domestic and international agreements, such as licensing, joint ventures, strategic partnerships, and marketing & distribution agreements.
We provide essential advice for companies seeking to establish an International presence.
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We can suggest low cost strategies for taking a company public, and selection of an underwriter; we also will be upfront and tell you that you may not be ready for the public market if we deem it so.
We can create, advise and assist in the implementation of an effective merger & acquisition strategy.
Now is the time to establish your relationship with us! | {
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As bonafide jet setters, we're familiar with spontaneity. We'll hop a plane at a moment's notice when the right opportunity arises. And once or twice, we may have overlooked the TSA's liquid requirements in an effort to get out the door. Thus, we've developed a theory about the TSA's greedy obsession with full-size coveted products, and we simply refuse to continue to facilitate their long, luscious locks and glowing skin.
The truth is, it can be hard to eyeball 3oz, especially when you've been known to value design over practicality. Which is why we're head over heels for Byredo's sleek leather travel cases. We've been fans of Byredo Gypsy Water for some time – it just captures the Galavante spirit – but this week we're packing the unisex Bal D'Afrique, in honor of our current destination – the white sands of Zanzibar. There's no sacrificing form over function with this wee vessel of flight-friendly luxury, especially when it comes to the burgundy case, embossed with gold lettering. Because in flight – much like in life – it's the little things that count.
A voyage to Easter Island, 1,234 miles from anywhere, qualifies as a bucket list trip, so it's only natural that you'd want to bring home a souvenir for bragging purposes. But much like the deal you closed to afford your adventure, scoring a replica of the famed moai requires strategic negotiation. Contrary to conventional bargaining wisdom, craftsmen selling the best moai generally aren't motivated by money. Why? Because all native Rapa Nui are allotted land, and most of them have what they need to live. This is not a material culture either, so if you're going in hard-line, chances are it won't work. More successful moai transactions happen when you take an interest in their history andcraftsmanship, and build a relationship with the artisan. But if all else fails and your charm doesn't land you a statue of your own, you can always opt for a tribal hami. It's a traditional loincloth, for lack of a better description, that's still worn by men during festivals. It leaves very little to the imagination, and hey, sometimes a mental image is the best souvenir of all. One thing's for sure: It's guaranteed to be a hit at your next dinner party. For the best vendors and an inside scoop on buying a moai, check out our Easter Island feature.
Bring the extra suitcase. Marrakech may be one of the best destinations on the planet for souvenir shopping. Spoil loved ones with handcrafted Moroccan leather shoes, furniture, rugs, or elegant caftans from Akbar Delights. For other goods, visit the souk, a labyrinth of jewelry, furniture, clothing, and more. In fact, maybe you should bring two extra suitcases.
Dubai's art scene is taking the world by storm. Bring home a cutting-edge piece for your own abode. Also, pick up some elegant Arab slippers, so that you can lounge in hotel rooms around the world, just like the Sheikh you know you are.
When you're in Mendocino County, what to buy is simple: a bottle or five of California wine. Allow your fond memories to age along with your wine. The Post Ranch Inn has a very special house bottle – the 2007 JWP Nacimiento Pinot Noir will rock your world.
You're on vacation, so to hell with the diet! Dig in to Chicago's famous full-fat delicacies, from a deep-dish pizza at Lou Malnati's Pizzeria to a juicy beef sandwich at Portillo's.
There's no better city in the world to stock up for bikini season than Miami. You'll find it all, from sleek black designer pieces to itsy bitsy teenie weenie polka-dot bikinis. Best of all? Here, you can wear your purchases the moment you buy them. Hit the beach and flaunt some skin, with a tropical cocktail in hand, of course.
New York City, baby. This is the city that practically invented the phrase, "See and be seen." Take advantage of the city's amazing fashion selection, and pop in to boutiques that are exclusive to New York, including Opening Ceremony, iF, Bergdorf Goodman, and Barney's. To add even more spice to your wardrobe, try contemporary stores like Balenciaga, Alexander Wang, Rick Owens, or JNBY. Never has maxing out your credit card felt so good.
One word: Silk. China is famous for its beautiful, high-quality silk and it's well worth investing in a few pieces that you'll keep forever. Stop by the silk market to get measured, and then score some custom-made silk suits, shirts, and other accessories. You'll be looking smooth as silk.
From luscious wines to creamy truffles to elegant Florentine stationery, you can't choose a bland souvenir from this culture-rich city.
Whether you indulge in Portugal's local wines or creamy pastries, your taste buds will thank you. Pasteis de Nata are Portugal's famous flaky, custard-filled cakes that visitors line up around the block for. Box them up to share with friends back home – that is, if the pastries make it back home.
For all those cheese fanatics, Amsterdam is a perfect place to exercise one of your favorite hobbies. Trek across the city eating and collecting cheese. Who cares how cheesy it is, it's always yummy.
Treat your friends and family with great recipes from the cookbook you purchased in Villa Joya. Take back all the great food you experienced and create meals from ingredients you gathered all around the world.
Be part of local custom when you buy some terracotta whistles from Puglia. Bring these cute souvenirs back to your friends or kids. They're fun, adorable, and lighthearted.
Get something warm and comfy while in Lima. Alpaca is such a rich-soft fiber you'll want to buy a luxurious scarf, sweater, or hat so you can Galavante in comfort all around the world.
Smelling lavender is a great way to rekindle your French vacation. Give it as a gift, or use it around the house. Whatever you do with it, it's a great way to bring France to another place in the world.
There are two things you need when in Instanbul, rugs and spices. Get an extravagant and rich carpet or experience the market and choose some saffron and other exotic spices.
Renowned for their ceramic dishware, Ravello is the place to buy with the highest quality artisans on all of the Amalfi coast. Negotiate hard for the most beautiful plates you'll own, which will be a daily reminder of your time on the Amalfi Coast. With their bright colors that will bring instant cheer to your home, these are dishes you'll never mind doing.
We'll want to pull a gorgeous picture of the ceramic plates, if Miguel has not already. I can't wait to see the issue. It's turning out so beautifully.
Amalfi isn't only known for its lemoncello. They also have a custom of making Bambagina paper. This unique paper is a great souvenir to take back home. Make birthday cards, homemade postcards, or use it for your next scrapbook.
Refresh yourself with lemoncello. Take this tasty delight back home with you after you visit this beautiful Italian Coastline. Ease back at home and sip on this bitter-sweet drink while you anticipate your next trip to Amalfi. | {
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Australia has the highest rate of skin cancer in the world, and untreated skin cancers can become life threatening. A regular skin screen of skin spots and moles can prevent the onset of skin cancer and melanoma, with early detection and regular screening and good preventive measures in place.
Melanoma is the most common cancer in people aged 15-44 years, accounting for 80% of all newly diagnosed cancers. Not all skin cancers are obvious or noticeable, and an annual comprehensive skin screen is the best way to protect you and your loved ones from malignancies.
Our Doctors have a special interest in dermatology and skin cancer, specialising in the detection, diagnosis, treatment and management of skin cancers, including precancerous skin growths, basal cell carcinoma, squamous cell carcinoma and malignant melanoma. Dr Morisetty is qualified to perform skin checks, biopsies, removal of lesions and follow up treatment. | {
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Robbers invade MRA's Office, steal 9 laptops, other equipment
Sunday Odibashi
Media Rights Agenda (MRA) announced the invasion of its office in Lagos by thieves last weekend, who stole valuable office equipment in the operation.
The Communications Officer of Media Rights Agenda, Idowu Adewale, in a statement disclosed that the office was "burgled and ransacked over the weekend by a group of unidentified intruders who made away with nine laptop computers and other valuable equipment worth millions of naira."
The Head of MRA's Legal Department, Ms. Obioma Okonkwo, in the statement, described the incident as shocking and frightening attack on the organization, saying the organisation was still trying to determine whether the action was simply a robbery incident or a more sinister effort to cripple MRA's operations or access its records and information since only laptop computers and other digital tools and equipment were taken away.
Ms Okonkwo explained that the incident took place sometime between the evening of Saturday, January 21 and the following morning, adding that the intruders apparently gained access into the office, which is a detached two-storey building (duplex) surrounded by a high perimeter brick fence, by climbing over a side fence into the compound, then cutting through the ceiling and smashing roofing material to enter one of the offices on the upper floor.
According to her, the "robbers" obviously could not brake the main door to the building on the ground floor, which is a reinforced security door, or any of the windows in the building, all of which are fitted with protectors made of iron rods, which was why they had to enter through the roof and ceiling.
Saying that the intruders took away nine laptop computers, external hard drives used by MRA to back up documents on its computers, Internet modems and routers, some documents and petty cash, Ms Okonkwo noted that the manner in which they gained access to the building and left could have constrained them in what they were able to remove from the office but that the organization was not ruling out the possibility that they were not burglars and that their primary objective was MRA's information and communication devices as there were many other valuable assets in the office that were not stolen.
She said the intrusion and robbery had been reported to the Nigerian Police at the Ojodu Police Station in Lagos and incidented at the station, upon which the Divisional Police Officer (DPO), who heads the station, has led a team of investigators to crime scene to gather evidence on the incident.
Ms Okonkwo stressed that "Although it is not clear why our office was raided and what the motivation might have been, we are obviously concerned about the fact that such a large number of laptop computers as well as hard drives and other communication devices were taken while other valuable assets were left untouched. Whatever the motive behind this attack on us, we will not relent in our work of promoting and defending media freedom, freedom of expression and access to information in Nigeria and elsewhere."
Alleged N1.4bn fraud: Absence of defence counsel stalls trial of Kogi Assembly candidate
EFCC explains why Captain Enisuoh is being investigated | {
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Its almost that time of the week, time for "Tha Brown sound"….
Itll be exactly 17 months since this show first aired and it only keeps getting better.Expect the usual flava of west coast house music as you get shakin up on yer Saturday morning.
If your a bit of a blabber mouth then you can join us in the Code.FM chat room for a bit of a blether.
log on to www.code.fm and tune into server 1.
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Get on to www.Code.FM and tune into server 1, you can join us in the chat room, where we`ll gladly give you a shoutout.
Join CitiCessions at the whitehouse on Thursday the 12th of October.
Details of this party are yet to be confirmed while we search out for a top quality guest Dj.
SoulTnuts and Skwatta will be flying the CitiCessions flag.
Put this one in your diary now. | {
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A&E Network has a announced a new original series following the personal journey of John Ceallach, a direct descendant of the Bell Witch curse; one of the oldest and most legendary ghost stories in America. Ceallach believes that this curse has befallen several generations of his family and he is on the hunt to reverse it before it reaches his only son. "Cursed: The Bell Witch" premieres Monday, October 26 at 10PM ET/PT on A&E.
Legend has it that in the early 1800s, a Tennessee landowner named John Bell had a child out of wedlock with a local witch named Kate Batts. To cover his tracks, it is believed he murdered her and in turn she cursed his family bloodline from her grave; the first-born male of each generation would either be driven insane or suffer a mysterious, untimely death. Since then, five Bell men are reported to have suffered this fate and today, John Ceallach, a direct descendent of John Bell, finds that his 14-year-old son could be next in line.
Ceallach and his best friend Chad Higgenbotham, both armed with expert military experience, will embark on a haunted investigation as they enlist the help of psychics, shamans, paranormal investigators and demonologists to get to the bottom of the curse that has plagued John's family for generations. In the end, they hope to find the origin of the curse and the closure needed for this long-standing spell to be broken.
"Cursed: The Bell Witch" is produced for A&E Network by Sirens Media. Executive producers for Sirens Media are Rebecca Toth Diefenbach, Valerie Haselton, Lucilla D'Agostino and Phil Davis. Executive producers for A&E Network are Elaine Frontain Bryant, Brad Abramson and Laurie Sharpe. | {
"redpajama_set_name": "RedPajamaC4"
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Harishchandrachi Factory (2009)
Paresh Mokashi
Nandu Madhav
Comedy, Drama, Foreign
The movie depicts efforts and struggle by Dadasaheb Falke for creating first motion picture in India - Raja Harishchandra.
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Michael (1924)
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Khoya Khoya Chand (2007)
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Warrior Queen (2003)
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Grey Owl (1999)
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Sweet and Lowdown (1999)
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Mr Nice (2010)
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A Walk in the Woods (2015)
After spending two decades in England, Bill Bryson returns to the U.S., where he decides the best way to connect with his homeland is to hike the Appalachian Trail with one of his oldest friends.
Kafka (1991)
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15-year-old deep-thinker Oliver Tate struggles to initiate and maintain a relationship with Jordana, his devilish, dark-haired classmate. As his parents' marriage begins to fall apart, similar problems arise in his relationship with Jordana.
Two Marines and a General (1966)
In May 1943, two American soldiers, Joe and Frank, of Italian descent are searching the North African desert for a German general called Von Kassler, when they are captured by Von Kassler aide Inge Schultze who lets them escape with fake war plans, only Joe and Frank steal the real war plans which pave way for the Allied victory. Months later, the duo once again come up against Von Kassler when they are captured at Anzio and try to outwit the Nazis a second time.
King for a Day (1983)
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Singer Dewey Cox overcomes adversity to become a musical legend.
Hot Tub Time Machine 2 (2015)
When Lou, who has become the "father of the Internet," is shot by an unknown assailant, Jacob and Nick fire up the time machine again to save their friend.
No Way Jose (2015)
Jose Stern, an erstwhile indie-rocker relegated to playing children's birthday parties, is on the verge of turning 40 and at a crossroads in his life.
The eccentric and childish Pee-wee Herman embarks on a big adventure when his beloved bicycle is stolen. Armed with information from a fortune-teller and a relentless obsession with his prized possession, Pee-wee encounters a host of odd characters and bizarre situations as he treks across the country to recover his bike.
Swanee River (1939)
Swanee River is a 1940 American biopic about Stephen Foster, a songwriter from Pittsburgh who falls in love with the South, marries a Southern girl, then is accused of sympathizing when the Civil War breaks out. Typical of 20th Century Fox biopics of the time, the film is more fictional than factual biography.
The Birth Of The Beatles (1979)
Birth of The Beatles is a 1979 biopic motion picture, produced by Dick Clark Productions and directed by Richard Marquand. Focuses on the early history of 1960s rock band The Beatles. It was released only nine years after the announced break-up of The Beatles themselves, and is the only Beatles biopic to be made while John Lennon was still alive. The film tries very hard to be accurate, opening with a written statement read out by a narrator stating the authenticity of the production, emphasising as it put it: "former Beatle, Pete Best" acting as technical advisor.
The Life Story of David Lloyd George (1918)
A biopic of Britain's Great War Prime Minister.
Bettie Page: Dark Angel (2004)
Bettie Page was America's number one pin-up girl in the 1950s and became a cult icon. This biopic tells the story of the last 3 years of her short-lived career, recreating the incriminating bondage films which gave her the nickname "Dark Angel", and led to her mysterious disappearance.
Modigliani (2004)
Set in Paris in 1919, biopic centers on the life of late Italian artist Amedeo Modigliani, focusing on his last days as well as his rivalry with Pablo Picasso. Modigliani, a Jew, has fallen in love with Jeanne, a young and beautiful Catholic girl. The couple has an illegitimate child, and Jeanne's bigoted parents send the baby to a faraway convent to be raised by nuns. Modigliani is distraught and
Providence (2016)
Rachel Cartwright and Mitchell Little both grow up in the small town of Providence, Tennessee. Their paths keep intersecting and at one point it looks like they'll finally get together. But the opportunity slips away and they go their separate ways. It takes a tragedy many years later before they're reunited. This time will they let the moment pass or will they finally overcome their insecurities and connect with their soulmate? This beautiful romance is told silent cinema style, using only dramatic action and a soundtrack of eclectic indie music to portray this emotional journey of love.
Robert Koch, der Bekämpfer des Todes (1939)
Robert Koch (German title: Robert Koch, der Bekämpfer des Todes) is a 1939 German historical drama film directed by Hans Steinhoff and starring Emil Jannings, Werner Krauss and Viktoria von Ballasko. The film was a biopic of the German pioneering microbiologist Robert Koch (1843-1910).
Battleship Potemkin (1925)
Battleship Potemkin is the classic silent masterpiece from director Sergej Eisenstein from 1925. The film is based on the true events of the Russian Revolution of 1905. The film had an incredible impact on the development of cinema and was a masterful example of montage editing.
Céline (2008)
A biopic on singer Céline Dion.
Talk to Her (2002)
Two men share an odd friendship while they care for two women who are both in deep comas.
Blancanieves (2012)
A black and white silent move based on the Snow White fairy tale that is set in a romantic version of 1920s Seville and centered on a female bullfighter.
Bruce Lee, My Brother (2010)
Bruce Lee, My Brother is an action-dramatic biopic of the eponymous martial arts legend as told by his younger brother, Robert Lee. It revolves around Bruce Lee's life as a rebellious adolescent in Hong Kong before he sets off for the USA and conquers the world at the age of 18 with only US$100 in his pocket.
Celluloid (2013)
A biopic based on the life story of J.C. Daniel, the pioneer of Malayalam cinema. It is a detailed account on Daniel's life, making of his film Vigathakumaran and the tragic story of Vigathakumaran's heroine P. K. Rosie. The film is particularly based on the novel Nashta Naayika by Vinu Abraham (which details the story of Rosie) and the biography of J. C. Daniel by Chelangatt Gopalakrishnan.
Legend No. 17 (2013)
Biopic of Russian ice hockey legend Valeri Kharlamov from early childhood, rising to the pinnacle of the sport and his untimely death
Louis Cyr : The Strongest Man in the World (2013)
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Lizzie Borden Took An Ax (2014)
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Sardar (1993)
Sardar is a 1993 Indian biopic on Sardar Vallabhbhai Patel, one of India's greatest freedom fighters, directed by Ketan Mehta and written by noted playwright Vijay Tendulkar.
De-Lovely is a 2004 American/British musical biographical film directed by Irwin Winkler. The screenplay by Jay Cocks is based on the life and career of Cole Porter, from his first meeting with Linda Lee Thomas in 1918 until moments before his death in 1964.
A semi-biographical account of Yip Man, the first martial arts master to teach the Chinese martial art of Wing Chun. The film focuses on events surrounding Ip that took place in the city of Foshan between the 1930s to 1940s during the Second Sino-Japanese War. Directed by Wilson Yip, the film stars Donnie Yen in the lead role, and features fight choreography by Sammo Hung.
"42" is the powerful story of Jackie Robinson, the legendary baseball player who broke Major League Baseball's color barrier when he joined the roster of the Brooklyn Dodgers. The film follows the innovative Dodger's general manager Branch Rickey, the MLB executive who first signed Robinson to the minors and then helped to bring him up to the show.
8 Mile (2002)
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American Hot Wax (1978)
This is the story loosely based on Cleveland disc jockey Alan Freed, who introduced rock'n'roll to teenage American radio audiences in the 1950's. Freed was a source of great controversy: criticized by conservatives for corrupting youth with the "devil's music"; hated by racists for promoting African American music for white consumption; persecuted by law enforcement officials and finally brought down by the "payola" scandals.
As the Iranian revolution reaches a boiling point, a CIA 'exfiltration' specialist concocts a risky plan to free six Americans who have found shelter at the home of the Canadian ambassador.
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Before Night Falls (2000)
Spanning several decades, this powerful biopic offers a glimpse into the life of famed Cuban poet and novelist Reinaldo Arenas, an artist who was vilified for his homosexuality in Fidel Castro's Cuba.
A boy named George Jung grows up in a struggling family in the 1950's. His mother nags at her husband as he is trying to make a living for the family. It is finally revealed that George's father cannot make a living and the family goes bankrupt. George does not want the same thing to happen to him, and his friend Tuna, in the 1960's, suggests that he deal marijuana. He is a big hit in California in the 1960's, yet he goes to jail, where he finds out about the wonders of cocaine. As a result, when released, he gets rich by bringing cocaine to America. However, he soon pays the price.
Bride of the Wind (2001)
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Cadillac Records (2008)
In this tale of sex, violence, race, and rock and roll in 1950s Chicago, "Cadillac Records" follows the exciting but turbulent lives of some of America's musical legends, including Muddy Waters, Leonard Chess, Little Walter, Howlin' Wolf, Etta James and Chuck Berry.
Christmas Cottage (2008)
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Coco Before Chanel (2009)
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Custer of the West (1967)
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Dahmer (2002)
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Richthofen goes off to war like thousands of other men. As fighter pilots, they become cult heroes for the soldiers on the battlefields. Marked by sportsmanlike conduct, technical exactitude and knightly propriety, they have their own code of honour. Before long he begins to understand that his hero status is deceptive. His love for Kate, a nurse, opens his eyes to the brutality of war.
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"The Motorcycle Diaries" is based on the journals of Che Guevara, leader of the Cuban Revolution. In his memoirs, Guevara recounts adventures he, and best friend Alberto Granado, had while crossing South America by motorcycle in the early 1950s.
Disraeli (1929)
Biopic of the famed British Prime Minister focusing on his concern about Russia's growing interest in the Indian subcontinent and his attempts to buy the Suez Canal. He sees the Canal as the key strategic resource in maintaining the Empire in the East but is unpopular in many quarters. With antisemitism rife at the time, Disraeli finds little support for his plan to purchase the canal or his foreign policy in general. There is no doubt that the Russians are plotting against British interests and he is surrounded by spies, even in his office at 10 Downing St. When the Bank of England refuses to finance the purchase of the available shares he turns to private sources to raise the available cash only to find the conspirators one step ahead of him.
The Consul of Sodom (2009)
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A group of men who were clearing bush for the government arrive back in town, claiming that their friend was abducted by aliens. Nobody believes them, and despite a lack of motive and no evidence of foul play, their friends' disappearance is treated as murder.
Flight for Freedom (1943)
1943 fictionalised biopic about aviation pioneer Amelia Earhart, who disappeared over the central Pacific Ocean in 1937. In the film, Rosalind Russell plays the Earhart alter ego, called Tonie Carter, and Fred MacMurray is her love interest and pilot colleague. In the film, the world famous female pilot sacrifices herself over the Pacific during a world flight in 1937, in order to enable the US Navy to fly over and photograph some secret Japanese installations on nearby islands while pretending to search for her plane.
For the Boys (1991)
With the help of the singer and dancer Dixie Leonhard US-Entertainer Eddie Sparks wants to bring some fun to the soldiers during World War II. Becoming a perfect team they tour from North Africa to the Pacific to act for "the boys". Later they continue their work but when the author Silver gets involved into McCarthy's campaign and is being fired by Eddie, Dixie turns away from him, too. | {
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\section{Introduction}
\label{sec:intro}
The deployment of multiple antennas in a wireless communication system offers key advantages to its performance in terms of power gain, channel robustness, diversity, and spatial multiplexing. The use of multiple antennas in rich scattering environments provides effective utilization of the scarcely available spectrum resources. As a result, multiple-input-multiple-output (MIMO) technology has gained much interest in the research community.
Installing extra antennas to a MIMO system can introduce substantial enhancements in both link reliability and data throughput of the system \cite{LTEAdvanced}. Specifically, the use of very large antenna arrays (in the order of multiples of a hundred antennas)
has been found to be beneficial to overcome problems encountered in traditional MIMO settings. Such systems, known as \emph{massive} MIMO or \emph{large-scale} MIMO \cite{scaling_up},\cite{how_many_antennas}, also have the potential to scale down the transmission power because of the use of small active antennas with very low power. Moreover, in massive MIMO systems fast fading is averaged out and intracell interference almost vanishes. Thus, using large antenna arrays can play a key role in exploiting the true potential of traditional MIMO systems while at the same time overcoming several challenges. Massive MIMO is therefore considered as an emerging key technology that can meet the growing demands of current wireless systems. For interested readers, some other advantages of adding more antennas to the base station (BS) have been discussed in \cite{training_MU_MIMO, 6736761, non_cooperative_BS_antennas}.
In order to benefit from the advantages of massive MIMO systems, we need to determine the channel impulse response (CIR) for each transmit-receive link. In a typical massive MIMO system, a BS is equipped with a large antenna array and communicates with several users resulting in a large number of channels that need to be estimated. This results in a substantial increase in complexity which causes performance limitations at the BS.
Obviously, obtaining CIR requires training data (pilots) to be sent by the users. It is known that the number of pilot symbols required is proportional to the total number of users \cite{training_MU_MIMO}. Therefore, as the number of users increases, there is a higher chance that the pilot sequences in the neighboring cells interfere with each other. This pilot contamination problem is a major limiting factor for the massive MIMO systems \cite{5898372, 5947131}. However, pilot contamination could be reduced if the reserved number of pilot tones is reduced. Therefore, in a multi-user scenario there is a need to reduce the number of pilots without affecting the CIR quality. Hence the development of efficient channel estimation techniques for massive MIMO that are computationally less complex and require less number of pilots is a challenge that needs to be thoroughly addressed
Massive MIMO channel estimation is similar to the MIMO channel estimation. Existing literature includes several methods proposed for channel estimation in MIMO systems \cite{medles1, semi_blind_Swamy, semi_blind_MIMO_OFDM,6288608,5670986}. However, it is difficult to directly adopt these approaches for a number of reasons. For example,
\begin{enumerate}
\item There is a need to reduce the number of pilots.
\item All received (thousands of) signals in a massive MIMO system can not be processed efficiently at one central processor. Therefore, there is a need for methods/algorithms which are
\begin{inparaenum}[\itshape a\upshape)]
\item distributed;
\item computationally efficient; and
\item require little communication overhead.
\end{inparaenum}
\item The antenna arrays could spread over a large space making it quite different in its model than a regular compact MIMO receiver.
\end{enumerate}
Recent works have indicated increased interest in the problem of massive MIMO channel estimation (see for example \cite{2014arXiv1401.5703S, 6415397, 5947131, 5898372, 6555020}). Most of these algorithms make use of the channel statistics. However, these statistics are usually not known and therefore some kind of assumption is made about the distribution of channel taps. Moreover, some of the techniques involve computationally expensive operations like inversion of channel covariance matrices which is not reasonable for the massive MIMO scenario.
It is well known that many wireless channels have impulse response that is sparse in the sense that they have very few significant paths. For example, see \cite{387095, barbotin2011estimating, semi_blind_MIMO_OFDM, 771349, wireless_sparse3, 4202180, 4042341, Rappaport2002wireless, 5670986, comp_channel_sensing} and the references therein. We would also like to add that in massive MIMO since a large number of antennas has to be placed usually it is difficult due to several space, structural, aesthetic constraints that antennas are positioned far from each other. Antenna separation is bound to decrease as we increase the number of antennas. This means that for antennas that are close to each other the times of arrival will be similar however the amplitudes and phases of the paths will be different, implying common support. The ideas that we will put forward in this paper take advantage of the above-mentioned two properties.
In this paper, we propose a set of algorithms for channel estimation in massive MIMO. Specifically, we consider a base-station equipped with a large number of antennas serving several single-antenna user-equipments (UE). Our approach makes use of the fact that the wireless channels between a UE and base-station antennas are expected to be sparse and that neighboring antennas observe channels with similar support (i.e., sparsity pattern) but not necessarily the same fading along the active taps. The antennas share information with their neighbors to reach a decision on the most probable support. Decisions are made in a distributed manner with low complexity and communication overhead. In summary, the set of algorithms we propose in this paper has the following distinctive features:
\begin{enumerate}
\item It utilizes the sparsity of the CIR and the fact that channel supports for neighboring antennas are approximately the same.
\item It is Bayesian in nature. It utilizes the sparsity of CIR and acknowledges the Gaussianity of the additive noise but is agnostic to the distribution of the active taps of the CIR.
\item It has a distributed nature requiring limited communication between neighboring antennas. One version of the algorithm requires only integer communication between antennas.
\item It has a data-aided extension that identifies reliable carriers and uses them to further reduce the number of pilots and enhance the CIR estimate.
\end{enumerate}
The distributed Bayesian algorithm we develop in this paper is based on the Support Agnostic Bayesian Matching Pursuit algorithm (SABMP) developed by the authors in \cite{sabmp}.
The remainder of this paper is organized as follows. In Section \ref{sec:sysmodel}, we present the system model and formulate the channel estimation problem. In Section \ref{sec:sabmp}, we present a simple channel recovery method and propose enhancements to it that are required for the development of our coordinated recovery algorithms proposed in Section \ref{sec:coordinated}. A data-aided version of this algorithm is presented in Section \ref{sec:data-aided}. Simulation results are discussed in Section \ref{sec:results} and Section \ref{sec:conclusions} concludes the paper.
\subsection{Notation}
We denote vectors with small-case bold-face letters (e.g., ${\bf x}$), matrices with upper-case, bold-face letters (e.g., ${\bf X}$), and reserve calligraphic notation for symbols in frequency domain (e.g., $\bm{{\cal X}}$). We use ${\bf x}_i$ to denote the $i^{th}$ column of matrix ${\bf X}$ and $x(j)$ to denote the $j^{th}$ entry of vector ${\bf x}$. We also use ${\bf X}_{{\cal S}}$ to denote the sub-matrix formed by the columns $\{{\bf x}_i : i \in {\cal S} \}$, indexed by the set ${\cal S}$. We use $\widehat{{\bf x}}$, ${\bf x}^*$, ${\bf x}^{\sf T}$, and ${\bf x}^{\sf H}$ to respectively denote the estimate, conjugate, transpose, and conjugate transpose of the vector ${\bf x}$. Finally we use $\mathrm{diag}({\bf x})$ to transform the vector ${\bf x}$ into a diagonal matrix with the entries of ${\bf x}$ spread along the diagonal.
\section{System Model and Problem Formulation}
\label{sec:sysmodel}
\subsection{Transmission Model}
We consider a MIMO-OFDM system in which the BS is equipped with a large two-dimensional antenna array consisting of $R=M \times G$ antennas distributed across $M$ rows and $G$ columns.\footnote{Depending on the value of $M$ and $G$, the antennas could have a linear or a rectangular configuration. Further, we would like to stress that while we confine our attention to rectangular configurations for convenience, our approach applies to any one-, two- or three-dimensional configuration of antennas as explained at the end of Sec. \ref{sec:data-aided}.} The base station serves a number of single-antenna terminals. Orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (OFDM) is adopted as the signaling mechanism. In an OFDM system, serially incoming bits are divided into $N$ parallel streams and mapped into a $Q$-ary QAM alphabet $\{ {\cal A}_1, {\cal A}_2, \dots, {\cal A}_{Q}\}$. This results in an $N$-dimensional data vector $\bm{{\cal X}} = \left[ {\cal X}(1), {\cal X}(2), \dots,{\cal X}(N)\right]^{\sf T}$. The equivalent time-domain signal ${\bf x}$ is obtained by taking the inverse Fourier transform of the data vector, i.e.,
\begin{align}
{\bf x}&={\bf F}^{\sf H} \bm{{\cal X}},
\end{align}
where ${\bf F}$ is an $N \times N$ unitary discrete Fourier transform (DFT) matrix whose $(k,l)$ entry is given by
\begin{align}
f_{k,l}&=\frac{1}{\sqrt{N}} \exp{(-\jmath\frac{2\pi}{N}kl)}.
\end{align}
A cyclic prefix is inserted at the beginning of each symbol and the resulting signal is transmitted.
\subsection{Channel Model}\label{sec:channelmodel}
It is known that most wireless channels can be modeled as discrete multipath channels with large delay spread and very few significant paths as scatterers are sparsely distributed in space (see Fig. \ref{fig:scatterers}). This makes the CIR sparse \cite{wireless_sparse1,wireless_sparse2,Rappaport2002wireless}. Thus, for each transmit-receive link, we need only estimate a few significant multipath channel gains, which has the potential to reduce the pilot overhead substantially. We explicitly mention the sparsity property as property 1.
\begin{center}
\fbox
\parbox{0.9\columnwidth}
\begin{center}
\textbf{Property 1:} \emph{The channel impulse response is sparse.}
\end{center}
}
\end{center}
\begin{figure}[htbp]
\centerline{ \includegraphics[width=0.9\columnwidth] {channels}
} \caption{In most wireless channels scatterers are sparsely distributed and the resulting channel impulse response is sparse.}
\label{fig:scatterers}
\end{figure}
Let ${\bf h}^{r} \in \mathbb{C}^L$ denote the CIR which models the channel between a typical single antenna user and the receive antenna $r=(m,g)$ where $m\in\{1,2,\dots, M\}$ and $g\in\{1,2,\dots, G\}$ as shown in Fig. \ref{fig:2Dantennagrid}.
\begin{figure}[htbp]
\centering
\includegraphics[scale=0.75]{Fig2}
\caption{2-D antenna grid of size $M\times G$. An arbitrarily selected antenna is highlighted in red along with its neighboring antennas in blue. In this context, the red antenna is the central antenna $r$ and $r_U, r_R, r_D,$ and $r_L$ are its 4-neighbors.}
\label{fig:2Dantennagrid}
\end{figure}
We assume that ${\bf h}^r$ is sparse and is modeled as \cite{6280684}
\begin{align}
{\bf h}^r = {\bf h}_A^r \odot {\bf h}_B^r,
\end{align}
where $\odot$ indicates element-by-element multiplication. The vector ${\bf h}_A^r$ consists of elements that are drawn from some distribution\footnote{We put no restriction on the distribution of ${\bf h}_A^r$ which could be Gaussian or not. The distribution might even be unknown and the coefficients of ${\bf h}_A^r$ need not be iid. The implementation in this paper is agnostic to the distribution of channel coefficients.} and ${\bf h}_B^r$ is a Bernoulli random vector with independent entries that are distributed as \cite{6280684}
\begin{align}\label{eq:priorshB}
\mathrm{P}(h_B^r(i) = j) &=\begin{cases}
\lambda_i, & \text{for $j=1$}.\\
1-\lambda_i, & \text{for $j=0$}.
\end{cases}
\end{align}
In other words, the entries of ${\bf h}_B^r$ form a collection of independent (and possibly non-identically distributed) Bernoulli random variables. Thus, ${\bf h}^r$ is an $L$-tap discrete-time sparse channel, where no assumption whatsoever is made about the distribution of its non-zero complex-valued coefficients.
The received signal at the $r$th antenna is best described in the frequency domain and is given by
\begin{align}\label{eq:received_signal_freq_domain}
{\bm{\Yc}}^r &= \mathrm{diag}(\bm{{\cal X}}) {\bm{\Hc}}^r + {\bm{\Wc}}^r,
\end{align}
where ${\bm{\Yc}}^r$ is obtained from the time-domain received signal by removing the cyclic prefix and pre-multiplying by the Fourier matrix ${\bf F}$. The noise ${\bm{\Wc}}^r \sim {\cal C}{\cal N}({\bf 0}, \sigma_w^2{\bf I})$ is the frequency-domain noise vector of dimension $N\times 1$ and ${\bm{\Hc}}^r$ is the $N \times 1$ channel frequency response vector i.e.,
\begin{align}\label{eq:Hr}
{\bm{\Hc}}^r &={\bf F}\begin{bmatrix}{\bf h}^r\\
{\bf 0}_{N-L \times 1}
\end{bmatrix}=\underbar{{\bf F}}{\bf h}^r
\end{align}
where $\underbar{{\bf F}}$ is the truncated Fourier matrix of size $N \times L$ formed by selecting the first $L$ columns of ${\bf F}$. Using (\ref{eq:Hr}), we can rewrite (\ref{eq:received_signal_freq_domain}) as
\begin{align}\label{eq:received_signal_freq_domain_final}
{\bm{\Yc}}^r &= \mathrm{diag}(\bm{{\cal X}}) \underbar{{\bf F}}{\bf h}^r + {\bm{\Wc}}^r= {\bf A}{\bf h}^r + {\bm{\Wc}}^r,
\end{align}
where ${\bf A} \triangleq \mathrm{diag}(\bm{{\cal X}})\underbar{{\bf F}}$ is an $N \times L$ matrix.
\subsection{Spatial Channel Model}\label{sec:SpatialChannelModel}
The large number of antennas in massive MIMO can be arranged in different configurations. For example, \begin{inparaenum}[\itshape a\upshape)]
\item linear,
\item planar (rectangular), and
\item cylindrical (circular).
\end{inparaenum} Our algorithm is capable of working on any configuration as will be explained later in the paper. However, for convenience, we adopt the uniform rectangular array.
In massive MIMO it is reasonable to assume that antenna elements in the same vicinity will observe almost same echoes from different scatterers and therefore the corresponding channels will have common support. For the wireless system under study, the signal bandwidth, operating frequencies and antenna separation controls the supports commonality across the large arrays.
Specifically, the time difference of arrival $\Delta \tau$ of a wavefront to two antennas separated by a distance $d$ satisfies $\Delta \tau \le \frac{d}{C}$, where $C$ is the speed of light. The authors in \cite{barbotin2011estimating} suggest that two channel taps are resolvable if the time difference of arrival is larger than $\frac{1}{10BW}$ where $BW$ is the signal bandwidth. Thus, let $d_{\mathrm{max}}$ be the distance between the farthest antennas of an array ($d_{\mathrm{max}}$ is a function of the antenna spacing $d$ and the number of antennas in the array), then it follows easily from the above that the antenna array might exhibit one of the two possible scenarios:
\subsubsection{The array is spatially invariant with respect to the CIR support if $\frac{d_{\mathrm{max}}}{C} \le \frac{1}{10BW}$}
Here, all ${\bf h}^r$'s will have same sparsity pattern, which means the amplitudes of the channel taps might be different but the positions of the most significant taps (MST) will not change. This assumption is motivated by the fact that for closely spaced antenna elements, the times of arrival are quite close, though the paths amplitudes and phases could be different. Therefore, different antenna elements will experience almost the same echoes from the different scatterers. In other words, the support of the channels will not change as we move from one antenna to another throughout the array but the tap strengths might be different as evident from Fig. \ref{fig:SIA}. We call such arrays space-invariant arrays (SIA).
\begin{figure}[htbp]
\centering
\includegraphics[width=0.75\columnwidth]{SIA}
\caption{CIRs of a $5\times 5$ section of a space-invariant antenna array. Plots show the tap strengths on y-axis with respect to the tap locations on x-axis for antennas in this space-invariant antenna array section. Note that the support is invariant across the array but the taps strengths fade differently across the array.}
\label{fig:SIA}
\end{figure}
\subsubsection{The array is spatially variant with respect to the CIR support if $\frac{d_{\mathrm{max}}}{C} > \frac{1}{10BW}$}\label{sec:SpaceVariant}
In this case, the channel support varies across the array. Note that such variation takes place slowly and, therefore, it is safe to assume that the following property is always valid
\begin{center}
\fbox
\parbox{0.9\columnwidth}
\begin{center}
\textbf{Property 2:} \emph{Any central antenna and its 4-neighbors have \underline{approximately} common support.}
\end{center}
}
\end{center}
See Fig. \ref{fig:SVA} for an example where the neighboring antennas have approximately the same support. We call such arrays space-variant arrays (SVA).
\begin{figure}[htbp]
\centering
\includegraphics[width=0.75\columnwidth]{SVA}
\caption{CIRs of a $5\times 5$ section of a space-variant antenna array. Plots show the tap strengths on y-axis with respect to the tap locations on x-axis for antennas in this space-variant antenna array section. Note that neighboring antennas have \emph{approximately} the same support.}
\label{fig:SVA}
\end{figure}
In Table \ref{table:system_parameters} we classify antenna arrays of three different dimensions as either SIA or SVA. Specifically, the table illustrates the relationship between the maximum resolvable distance ($d_{\mathrm{max}}$) and the dimensions of the arrays for three different communications standards. For instance, in the 3GPP LTE standard, the distance between two antenna elements on the far ends of a $10 \times 10$ array is $9d<d_{\mathrm{max}}$, thus the array is SIA. Whereas, for a $50 \times 50$ array, the distance is $49d > d_{\mathrm{max}}$ causing the array to be SVA. Note that in this table the distance between two adjacent antennas is assumed to be $d = \lambda/2$ where $\lambda$ is the signal wavelength.
While most of the available research in MIMO channel estimation deals with the space-invariant case (for example, \cite{semi_blind_MIMO_OFDM, barbotin2011estimating, blind_sparse, blind_sparse2}), very limited research has been conducted for the space-variant scenario. Similarly, the literature related to the estimation of space-variant sparse channels in massive MIMO is limited (e.g., see \cite{library977759} and the references therein). The approach we pursue in this paper is capable of dealing with both the space-variant and space-invariant cases.
\begin{table*}[htbp]
\centering
\renewcommand{\arraystretch}{1.3}
{\small
\begin{tabular}{c | c |p{2.1cm} |c |c |c |c |c}
\hline\hlin
\textbf{Standard} & \textbf{Bandwidth} ($BW$)& \centering{\textbf{Center frequency } ($f_c$)} & ${d}_{\mathrm{max}}=\frac{C}{10 BW}$ & $d=\frac{\lambda}{2}$ & $10 \times 10$ array & $50 \times 50$ array & $100 \times 100$ array \\
\hline \hline
CDMA2000 & $1.25$ MHz & \centering{$1$ GHz} & $24$ m & $0.150$ m & SIA & SIA & SIA \\
\hline
3GPP LTE & $20$ MHz & \centering{$2.6$ GHz} & $1.5$ m & $0.058$ m & SIA & SVA & SVA \\
\hline
UWB & $500$ MHz & \centering{$3$ GHz} & $0.06$ m & $0.050$ m & SVA & SVA & SVA \\
\hline
\end{tabular}}
\caption{Wireless Systems Parameters
\label{table:system_parameters}
\end{table*}
\subsection{Pilots}
Pilots are needed for channel estimation where the transmitter reserves $K$ subcarriers for pilots and uses the remaining $N-K$ carriers for data transmission. Let ${\cal P}$ denote the set of indices of pilot carriers. Using (\ref{eq:received_signal_freq_domain_final}), the received pilots at receive antenna $r$ are then given by
\begin{align}\label{eq:probmodel}
{\bm{\Yc}}^r({\cal P}) = {\bf A}({\cal P}) {\bf h}^r + {\bm{\Wc}}^r({\cal P})
\end{align}
where ${\bm{\Yc}}^r({\cal P})$ and ${\bm{\Wc}}^r({\cal P})$ are $K \times 1$ vectors formed, respectively, by selecting the $K$ entries of ${\bm{\Yc}}^r$ and ${\bm{\Wc}}^r$ indexed by ${\cal P}$. Similarly, ${\bf A}({\cal P})$ is a $K \times L$ matrix formed by selecting the rows of ${\bf A}$ indexed by ${\cal P}$. Solving (\ref{eq:probmodel}) for ${\bf h}^r$ obviously requires that we at least have more pilots than the channel delay spread (i.e., $K\ge L$), which impacts the spectral efficiency of the system. Here, however, we use the sparse nature of the channel and the fact that adjacent antennas have almost the same support (i.e., properties 1 and 2) to substantially reduce the number of pilots needed as promised by the compressed sensing theory \cite{donoho,candes}.
Several pilot placement schemes have been suggested for OFDM channel estimation. It is best to allocate the pilots uniformly in conventional OFDM channel estimation (which does not make use of sparsity) \cite{5715843,5947173,1284837,1318954}. However, when the channel is sparse a random assignment of pilots has been observed to be optimal \cite{det_pilots_sparse,random_pilots_sparse2}.
With this model, we are now ready to tackle the problem of channel estimation. We do that in three steps spread over three sections
\begin{enumerate}
\item Bayesian channel estimation at each antenna,
\item Distributed channel estimation, and
\item Data-aided channel estimation.
\end{enumerate}
\section{Sparsity-aware Distribution Agnostic Bayesian Channel Estimation}\label{sec:sabmp}
Consider the linear regression model presented in (\ref{eq:probmodel}). For notational convenience, we will drop the superscript $r$ and the symbol ${\cal P}$ unless these are required for clarity. Hence (\ref{eq:probmodel}) becomes
\begin{align}\label{eq:sigmodel}
{\bm{\Yc}} = {\bf A} {\bf h} + {\bm{\Wc}},
\end{align}
where ${\bm{\Yc}}$ and ${\bm{\Wc}}$ are vectors of dimension $K \times 1$, ${\bf h}$ is a vector of dimension $L \times 1$ and ${\bf A}$ is a matrix of dimension $K \times L$. Here we are interested in performing Bayesian estimation of the wireless CIR ${\bf h}$. Bayesian approaches assume a prior distribution, however, given the dynamic nature of wireless channels, it is usually impossible to characterize the distribution. Moreover, such an assumption is usually not suitable as it does not reflect the reality and might result in performance degradation. Additionally, even if the distribution is known, it is very difficult to estimate the distribution parameters (e.g., mean and variance for Gaussian), especially when the channel statistics are not i.i.d. In that respect, the use of distribution agnostic Bayesian sparse signal recovery (SABMP) developed by the authors in \cite{sabmp, wosspa_sabmp} is quite attractive, as it provides Bayesian estimates even when the prior is non-Gaussian or unknown.
\subsection{Simple Channel Estimation using SABMP}\label{sec:simple_chann_est}
The set of channel estimation algorithms that we propose in this paper (Sec. \ref{sec:coordinated} and \ref{sec:data-aided}) use a modified version of the \texttt{SABMP} algorithm proposed by the authors in \cite{sabmp, wosspa_sabmp}. The modifications to \texttt{SABMP} required for the development of our distributed and data-aided channel estimation methods are proposed in Sec. \ref{sec:covar} and \ref{sec:FindingMarginals}. However, before presenting the modifications we consider it essential to quickly go through the steps followed by the \texttt{SABMP} algorithm. In that respect, we briefly describe a straightforward approach for sparse channel estimation using \texttt{SABMP}. In this approach, all channels ${\bf h}^r$ are estimated independently using the \texttt{SABMP} algorithm. Since no collaboration takes place among antennas in this approach, it is not possible to take advantage of property 2 mentioned earlier.
To estimate the $L \times 1$ sparse channel ${\bf h}$, from the $K \times 1$ observations vector ${\bm{\Yc}}$ related by the linear regression model given in (\ref{eq:sigmodel}), \texttt{SABMP} pursues an MMSE estimate of ${\bf h}$ given ${\bm{\Yc}}$ which is formally defined by
\begin{equation}\label{eq:app:xmmse}
\widehat{{\bf h}}_{\rm{MMSE}} \triangleq \mathbb{E}[{\bf h}|{\bm{\Yc}}] = \sum_{{\cal S}} p({\cal S}|{\bm{\Yc}})\mathbb{E}[{\bf h}|{\bm{\Yc}},{\cal S}].
\end{equation}
Here the sum is executed over all possible $2^{L}$ support sets of ${\bf h}$. However, computing this sum is a challenging task when the channel delay spread $(L)$ is large because the number of possible support sets can be extremely large and the computational complexity will become unrealistic. To have a computationally feasible solution, this sum can be approximated by considering only those support sets which include the most significant taps with high probability. These few support sets correspond to the sets with significant posteriors $p({\cal S}|{\bm{\Yc}})$. Let ${\cal S}_d$ be the set of supports for which the posteriors are significant. Hence, (\ref{eq:app:xmmse}) can be approximated by\footnote{Note that $\sum_{{\cal S}\in{\cal S}_d} p({\cal S}|{\bf y}) < 1$ since ${\cal S}_d \subset {\cal S}$. This would render the estimate in (\ref{eq:app:xammse}) biased. To ensure an unbiased estimate, we normalize $p({\cal S}|{\bf y})$ so that $\sum_{{\cal S}\in{\cal S}_d} p({\cal S}|{\bf y}) = 1$.}
\begin{equation}\label{eq:app:xammse}
\widehat{{\bf h}}_{\rm{AMMSE}} = \sum_{{\cal S}\in{\cal S}_d} p({\cal S}|{\bm{\Yc}})\mathbb{E}[{\bf h}|{\bm{\Yc}},{\cal S}].
\end{equation}
We could determine ${\cal S}_d$ and $\widehat{{\bf h}}_{\rm AMMSE}$ in a greedy manner using the dominant support selection metric defined as the log posterior
\begin{align}\label{eq:app:dssm1}
\nu({\cal S}) &\triangleq \ln p({\cal S} | {\bm{\Yc}}) = \ln p({\bm{\Yc}}|{\cal S}) p({\cal S}).
\end{align}
The greedy algorithm of \texttt{SABMP} starts by first finding the best support of size 1. This requires evaluating $\nu({\cal S})$ for ${\cal S}=\{ 1 \}, \dots, \{ L \}$, i.e., a total of $\binom{L}{1}$ search points. Let ${\cal S}_1 = \{ \alpha_1 \}$ be the optimal support. Now, the optimal support of size 2 is found. Ideally, this involves a search over a space of size $\binom{L}{2}$. To reduce the search space, however, the greedy approach looks for the tap location $\alpha_2 \neq \alpha_1$ such that ${\cal S}_2=\{ \alpha_1, \alpha_2 \}$ maximizes $\nu({\cal S}_2)$. This involves $\binom{L-1}{1}$ search points (as opposed to the optimal search over $\binom{L}{2}$ points). The process continues in this manner by forming ${\cal S}_3 = \{ \alpha_1, \alpha_2, \alpha_3 \}$ and so on. Therefore, ${\cal S}_d$, the set of dominant support sets is composed of support sets that are incremental in nature and is given by\footnote{In (\ref{eq:app:Sd}), $T_{\mathrm{max}}$ refers to the maximum number of non-zero elements in the sparse ${\bf h}$. $T_{\mathrm{max}}$ is selected to be slightly larger than the expected number of active taps in the estimated CIR using the de Moivre-Laplace theorem. For details, readers are referred to \cite{sabmp}.\label{ftn:Tmax}}
\begin{align}\label{eq:app:Sd}
{\cal S}_d &= \left\{ {\cal S}_1, {\cal S}_2, \dots, {\cal S}_{T_{\mathrm{max}}} \right\},\nonumber\\
{\cal S}_d &= \left\{ \{ \alpha_1\}, \{ \alpha_1, \alpha_2\}, \{ \alpha_1, \alpha_2, \alpha_3\}, \dots, \{ \alpha_1, \alpha_2, \dots, \alpha_{T_{\mathrm{max}}}\} \right\}.
\end{align}
The development of the \texttt{SABMP} algorithm in \cite{sabmp} assumes that the taps of ${\bf h}$ are activated with equal probability $\lambda$ (i.e., i.i.d. Bernoulli with probability $\lambda$). However, here we consider the case where some taps are more probable than others (based on the available information), and hence it is desirable to assign those taps a higher probability. This requires us to assume an independent and non-identically distributed Bernoulli behavior for the unknown sparse vector and therefore the prior is given by
\begin{align}\label{eq:app:pS}
p({\cal S}) &= \prod_{i\in {\cal S}} \lambda_i \prod_{j\in\{1,\dots,L\}\backslash {\cal S} } (1-\lambda_j),
\end{align}
where, $\lambda_i$ is the probability that the $i$th tap of ${\bf h}$ is active. Moreover, the likelihood is approximated as
\begin{align}\label{eq:app:pyS}
p({\bm{\Yc}}|{\cal S}) &= \exp \left( -\frac{1}{2\sigma_w^2} \left\|{\bf P}_{\cal S}^{\bot} {\bm{\Yc}}\right\|_2^2 \right),
\end{align}
where, ${\bf P}_{\cal S}^\bot ={\bf I} - {\bf P}_{\cal S} ={\bf I} - {\bf A}_{\cal S}\left( {\bf A}_{\cal S}^{\sf H} {\bf A}_{\cal S}\right)^{-1} {\bf A}_{\cal S}^{\sf H}$ is the projection matrix and ${\bf A}_{\cal S}$ is a matrix formed by selecting columns of ${\bf A}$ indexed by support ${\cal S}$. Substituting (\ref{eq:app:pS}) and (\ref{eq:app:pyS}) in (\ref{eq:app:dssm1}) yields
\begin{align}\label{eq:app:dssm2}
\nu({\cal S}) \triangleq \ln p({\cal S} | {\bm{\Yc}}) &= ( -\frac{1}{2\sigma_w^2}) \left\|{\bf P}_{\cal S}^{\bot} {\bm{\Yc}}\right\|_2^2 + \sum_{i\in {\cal S}}\ln \lambda_i \nonumber\\
&+ \sum_{j \in \{1,\cdots,L\}\backslash{\cal S}}\ln(1-\lambda_j)
\end{align}
Now the only term that is left to be evaluated in (\ref{eq:app:xammse}) is $\mathbb{E}[{\bf h}|{\bm{\Yc}},{\cal S}]$. Note that it is difficult or even impossible to evaluate this quantity because the distribution of the active taps of ${\bf h}$ is unknown. Therefore, we replace it by the best linear unbiased (BLUE) estimate given by
\begin{align}\label{eq:BLUE}
\mathbb{E}[{\bf h}|{\bm{\Yc}},{\cal S}] \leftarrow \left( {\bf A}_{\cal S}^{\sf H} {\bf A}_{\cal S}\right)^{-1} {\bf A}_{\cal S}^{\sf H} {\bm{\Yc}}.
\end{align}
This provides us all the required quantities to evaluate $\widehat{{\bf h}}_{\rm AMMSE}$. Note that all parameters including $\sigma_w^2, \bm{\lambda}=\{\lambda_i\}_{i=1}^L$ and the possible size of support $T_{\rm max}$ need not be known and are estimated by the algorithm. Specifically, $\lambda_i$'s are initialized as
\begin{align*}
\lambda_{i} &= \frac{1}{L}\left| \left\{ j : \left| {\bf a}_j^{\sf H} {\bm{\Yc}} \right| \ge \frac{1}{2} \left\| {\bf a}^{\sf H} {\bm{\Yc}} \right\|_\infty \right\} \right|,
\end{align*}
where ${\bf a}_j$ is the $j$th column of the matrix ${\bf A}$. Moreover, $\sigma_w^2$ is initialized simply as a scaled version of the variance of the received signal i.e., $\sigma_{\bm{\Yc}}^2$. Finally, $T_{\mathrm{max}}$ is selected to be slightly larger than the expected number of active taps in the estimated CIR using the de Moivre-Laplace theorem. Note that our algorithm is robust to these initial estimates and can find right support even if these parameters are initialized away from their true values. For more details the interested readers are referred to \cite{sabmp}.
By following this greedy approach, each antenna node estimates the corresponding approximate sparse CIR (\ref{eq:app:xammse}) in a distribution agnostic manner. A detailed statement of the greedy algorithm is presented in Table \ref{alg:greedy}.
\begin{table}
\begin{algorithmic}[1]
\Procedure{Greedy} {${\bf A}, {\bm{\Yc}}, \bm{\lambda}, \sigma_w^2, T_{\rm max}$}
\State \textbf{initialize} $J \gets \{1, 2, \hdots, L\},\, i \gets 1$
\State \textbf{initialize empty sets} ${\cal S}_{max},\, {\cal S}_d,\, p({\cal S}_d|{\bm{\Yc}}),\, \mathbb{E}[{\bf h}|{\bm{\Yc}},{\cal S}_d]$
\State $J_i \gets J$
\While{$i \le T_{\rm max}$}
\State $\Omega \gets \{ {\cal S}_{max} \cup \{ \alpha_1 \},
{\cal S}_{max} \cup \{ \alpha_2 \},
\cdots,
{\cal S}_{max} \cup \{ \alpha_{|J_i|} \} \mid \alpha_k \in J_i\}$
\State \textbf{compute }$\{ \nu({\cal S}_k) \mid {\cal S}_k \in \Omega \}$
\State \textbf{find} ${\cal S}_\star \in \Omega$ \textbf{such that} $\nu({\cal S}_\star) \ge \max_j \nu({\cal S}_j)$
\State ${\cal S}_d \gets \{{\cal S}_d, {\cal S}_\star\}$
\State \textbf{compute} $p({\cal S}_\star|{\bm{\Yc}}), \mathbb{E}[{\bf h}|{\bm{\Yc}},{\cal S}_\star]$
\State $p({\cal S}_d|{\bm{\Yc}}) \gets \{p({\cal S}_d|{\bm{\Yc}}), p({\cal S}_\star|{\bm{\Yc}})\}$
\State $\mathbb{E}[{\bf h}|{\bm{\Yc}},{\cal S}_d] \gets \{\mathbb{E}[{\bf h}|{\bm{\Yc}},{\cal S}_d] , \mathbb{E}[{\bf h}|{\bm{\Yc}},{\cal S}_\star\}$
\State ${\cal S}_{max}\gets {\cal S}_\star$
\State $J_{i+1} \gets L~\backslash~{\cal S}_\star$
\State $i \gets i+1$
\EndWhile\label{euclidendwhile}
\State\label{alg:greedy:returnline} \textbf{return} ${\cal S}_d, p({\cal S}_d|{\bm{\Yc}}), \mathbb{E}[{\bf h}|{\bm{\Yc}},{\cal S}_d]$
\EndProcedure
\end{algorithmic}
\caption{Support Agnostic Bayesian Matching Pursuit Algorithm (SABMP)}\label{alg:greedy}
\end{table}
In addition to the non-iid generalization above, we develop in the following two necessary modifications to the \texttt{SABMP} algorithm. Specifically, we modify \texttt{SABMP} to output \begin{inparaenum}[\itshape a\upshape)]
\item the channel estimation error covariance matrix and
\item the marginal probabilities of the detected MSTs
\end{inparaenum} that are needed for the distributed and data-aided versions of the channel estimation algorithms proposed in Sec. \ref{sec:coordinated} and \ref{sec:data-aided} respectively.
\subsection{Error Covariance and Estimation Error}\label{sec:covar}
The channel estimation error and the covariance could be computed as follows.
Let,
\begin{align}\label{eq:channelerror}
\widetilde{{\bf h}} = \widehat{{\bf h}}_{\rm AMMSE} - {\bf h}
\end{align}
be the error vector and ${\bf R}_{\widetilde{{\bf h}}} \triangleq {\rm cov}[\widetilde{{\bf h}}|{\bm{\Yc}}]$ represent the error covariance matrix. The trace of ${\bf R}_{\widetilde{{\bf h}}}$ i.e., $\Tr[{\bf R}_{\widetilde{{\bf h}}}]$ gives the MMSE estimation error. In order to evaluate ${\bf R}_{\widetilde{{\bf h}}}$, let us define the error vector $\widetilde{{\bf h}}_{\cal S} = \widehat{{\bf h}}_{\cal S} - {\bf h}$ for a given support ${\cal S}$, where $\widehat{{\bf h}}_{\cal S} = \mathbb{E}[{\bf h}|{\bm{\Yc}},{\cal S}]$. Let the corresponding error covariance matrix be ${\bf R}_{\widetilde{{\bf h}}|{\cal S}} \triangleq {\rm cov}[\widetilde{{\bf h}}|{\bm{\Yc}},{\cal S}]$. Then ${\bf R}_{\widetilde{{\bf h}}}$ could be expressed in terms of ${\bf R}_{\widetilde{{\bf h}}|{\cal S}}$ by summing it over the dominant support set ${\cal S}_d$ and is given by
\begin{align}\label{eq:Rh}
{\bf R}_{\widetilde{{\bf h}}} &= \sum_{{\cal S}\in{\cal S}_d} p({\cal S}|{\bm{\Yc}}) \,\, {\bf R}_{\widetilde{{\bf h}}|{\cal S}}.
\end{align}
Since we replace $\mathbb{E}[{\bf h}|{\bm{\Yc}},{\cal S}]$ with a BLUE estimate, the conditional error covariance matrix will be ${\bf R}_{\widetilde{{\bf h}}|{\cal S}} = ({\bf A}_{\cal S}^{\sf H} {\bf C}^{-1} {\bf A}_{\cal S})^{-1}$ \cite{poor1994introduction} (where ${\bf C} = \sigma_w^2 {\bf I}$ is the noise covariance matrix). Combining this fact with (\ref{eq:Rh}) yields
\begin{align}\label{eq:error_covariance_matrix}
{\bf R}_{\widetilde{{\bf h}}} &= \sigma_w^2\sum_{{\cal S}\in{\cal S}_d} p({\cal S}|{\bm{\Yc}}) \,\, ({\bf A}_{\cal S}^{\sf H} {\bf A}_{\cal S})^{-1}.
\end{align}
Note that the calculation of covariance matrix involves a matrix inversion term which is a computationally expensive task. However, we would like to highlight that these inverses are available as part of intermediate calculations in the \texttt{SABMP} algorithm and hence do not pose any additional computational burden. The error covariance matrix and the estimation error play a vital role in the development of the data-aided approach presented in Sec. \ref{sec:data-aided}.
\subsection{Finding Marginals}\label{sec:FindingMarginals}
The marginal probabilities are not directly available at the output of \texttt{SABMP} and could be computed from the posteriors $p({\cal S}|{\bm{\Yc}}), \forall {\cal S}\in {\cal S}_d$ in a simple manner described below.
Let $T^r = \{ \alpha_1^r, \alpha_2^r, \dots, \alpha_{T_{\rm max}}^r\}$ be the set of MST locations of channel ${\bf h}^r$ as detected by \texttt{SABMP} algorithm. Then the marginal probabilities of $\alpha_i^r$, $\forall i\in \{1,2,\dots,T_{\rm max} \}$ could be computed as
\begin{align}\label{eq:palphat}
p(\alpha_i^r|{\bm{\Yc}}) &= \sum_{\alpha_i^r \cap {\cal S} \ne \varnothing } p({\cal S}|{\bm{\Yc}}),
\end{align}
where the sum is evaluated over all ${\cal S} \in {\cal S}_L^r$ satisfying the condition ${\alpha_i^r \cap {\cal S} \ne \varnothing }$ where ${\cal S}_L^r$ contains all $2^L - 1$ support sets that could be created for ${\bf h}^r$ (recall that ${\bf h}^r$ is a vector of length $L$). Among these $2^{L}-1$ support sets there are only $2^{T_{\rm max}}-1$ support sets which involve purely the ${T_{\rm max}}$ detected non-zero locations. Let us denote the set of these $2^{T_{\rm max}}-1$ support sets by ${\cal S}_{T_{\rm max}}^r$. We assert that only the support sets present in ${\cal S}_{T_{\rm max}}^r$ have significant posteriors $p({\cal S}|{\bm{\Yc}})$ as compared to the others which have very small values. This follows from the findings of \cite{sabmp} (see Fig. 7 therein). Thus, we can evaluate the sum in (\ref{eq:palphat}) over ${\cal S} \in {\cal S}_{T_{\rm max}}^r$ to find the marginal probability of each detected non-zero location. However, the \texttt{SABMP} algorithm returns ${\cal S}_d^r$, which unlike ${\cal S}_{T_{\rm max}}^r$ contains only ${T_{\rm max}}$ support sets (see (\ref{eq:app:Sd})). Therefore, we modify the \texttt{SABMP} algorithm so that it outputs $p({\cal S}|{\bm{\Yc}})$ for all supports in ${\cal S}_{T_{\rm max}}^r$. For illustration purpose Table \ref{tab:Sd_vs_Sp} provides an example of the support sets ${\cal S}_d^r$ and ${\cal S}_{T_{\rm max}}^r$ when ${T_{\rm max}}=3$. Please note that for convenience of notation, we shall from now on use $\lambda(\alpha^r_i)$ as a shorthand notation for $p(\alpha_i^r|{\bm{\Yc}})$.
\begin{table}
\centering
\begin{tabular}{|c|c|c|}
\hline
& ${\cal S}_d^r$ & ${\cal S}_{T_{\rm max}}^r$\\
\hline
1 & $\{\alpha_1\}$ & $\{\alpha_1\}$ \\
2 & $\{\alpha_1, \alpha_2\}$ & $\{\alpha_2\}$ \\
3 & $\{\alpha_1, \alpha_2, \alpha_3\}$ & $\{\alpha_3\}$ \\
4 & & $\{\alpha_1, \alpha_2\}$ \\
5 & & $\{\alpha_1, \alpha_3\}$ \\
6 & & $\{\alpha_2, \alpha_3\}$ \\
7 & & $\{\alpha_1, \alpha_2, \alpha_3\}$\\
\hline
\end{tabular}
\caption{Sets ${\cal S}_d^r$ and ${\cal S}_{T_{\rm max}}^r$ for ${T_{\rm max}}=3$.}
\label{tab:Sd_vs_Sp}
\end{table}
Since ${\cal S}_{T_{\rm max}}^r$ has more support sets, this modification obviously results in increased computational complexity. However, utilizing the available intermediate information in \texttt{SABMP} helps to compute the marginalized posterior probabilities $p({\cal S}|{\bm{\Yc}})$ in an efficient manner. Specifically, note that for the example of Table \ref{tab:Sd_vs_Sp}, we require posteriors of $\{\alpha_2\}, \{\alpha_3\}, \{\alpha_1,\alpha_3\},$ and $\{\alpha_2, \alpha_3\}$ in addition to those returned by \texttt{SABMP}. However, it follows from the explanation given in Sec. \ref{sec:simple_chann_est}, that the posteriors for $\{\alpha_2\}, \{\alpha_3\}$, and $\{\alpha_1,\alpha_3\}$ are already available to the algorithm by virtue of the intermediate computations. Therefore, the only missing computation which has to be performed additionally is that of $\{\alpha_2, \alpha_3\}$. The same reasoning applies for larger support sizes. Therefore, we state that the increase in computational complexity is not significant.
For ease of reference, we name the modified version of \texttt{SABMP} as \texttt{RS1}. It has the following additional features:
\begin{itemize}
\item it considers the non-zero taps to follow independent and non-identically distributed Bernoulli behavior (as highlighted in Sec. \ref{sec:simple_chann_est})
\item it returns the error covariance of our estimate which is needed for the data-aided part (Sec. \ref{sec:covar})
\item it outputs the belief/probability that a given tap is active (Sec. \ref{sec:FindingMarginals}).
\end{itemize}
This algorithm along with \texttt{SABMP} will be used in the discussion that follows to develop the coordinated channel recovery algorithms.
\section{Coordinated Channel Estimation}\label{sec:coordinated}
In the coordinated channel recovery method, the receive antennas collaborate with each other to take advantage of property 2 and estimate the MST locations jointly. In order to realize this coordinated method, we assume baseband processing at each receive antenna with an additional processor on each baseband card to implement the collaboration strategy described in this section. At the heart of the collaboration strategy followed by the proposed method is the following simple information-sharing step.
\begin{center}
\fbox
\parbox{0.9\columnwidth}
\begin{center}
\textbf{Sharing Step: } Each antenna acting as a central antenna $r_C$ receives information from its direct 4-neighbors ${\cal N} = \{ r_U, r_D, r_R, r_L\}$.\footnotemark
\end{center}
}
\end{center}
\footnotetext{For the elements lying at the edges of the array the number of neighbors are different. We use ${\cal N}$ to denote the set of neighbors irrespective of the position of $r$ and therefore $2 \le |{\cal N}| \le 4 $.}
It is obvious that repetitive application of this sharing step would result in information diffusion throughout the antenna grid. For example, in the first iteration $r_C$ receives information from just the first tier of antennas (i.e., the neighboring 4 antennas). In just two iterations $r_C$ receives information from $12$ antennas (i.e., the first and second antenna tiers). Therefore, with the help of this simple step each antenna is able to incorporate information from its neighbors to enhance its decision about the MSTs of its channel. This ultimately helps in estimating the channels accurately. There are two advantages of this stepwise collaboration mechanism:
\begin{enumerate}
\item It gives us the flexibility to control the number of collaborators for each receiver which is essential for the space-variant case (Sec. \ref{sec:SpaceVariant}).
\item The collaboration mechanism is computationally efficient as the antennas do not all collaborate with each other at the same time. This also reduces the communication overhead.
\end{enumerate}
We now present two algorithms for channel estimation based on this simple stepwise information sharing strategy.
\subsection{Algorithm 1: Marginal-based Channel Estimation using Pilots}\label{sec:alg1}
We seek to solve the problem mentioned in (\ref{eq:probmodel}). The proposed algorithm starts by estimating the sparse channels ${\bf h}^r$ at each receive antenna $r$ using the \texttt{RS1} algorithm. We initialize the algorithm by assuming that all taps of ${\bf h}^r$ have equal active probability $\lambda_{\mathrm{init}}$, i.e.,
\begin{align}
\mathrm{P}\left(h_{B}^r(l)= 1\right)= \lambda_{\mathrm{init}}, \quad l \in \left\{1,2, \cdots, L\right\}, \forall r.
\end{align}
Let $T^{r} = \{ \alpha_1^{r}, \alpha_2^{r}, \cdots, \alpha_{T_{\mathrm{max}}}^{r}\}$ be the set of MSTs of channel ${\bf h}^r$ as detected by \texttt{RS1}. Here $\alpha_i^r$ is the location of the $i$th detected tap of receiver $r$. Note that since $\lambda_{\mathrm{init}}$ is same throughout the array, the number of detected MSTs, i.e., $T_{\mathrm{max}}$, will also be same for all receivers in the array.\footnote{The value of $T_{\mathrm{max}}$ is selected to be slightly larger than the expected number of active MSTs in the estimated CIR using the de Moivre-Laplace theorem which relies on $\lambda_{\mathrm{init}}$.} In other words, the cardinality $|T^r| = T_{\mathrm{max}}, \forall r$. However, the actual tap locations might differ from one antenna to another. Therefore, it is not necessary that $|T^{r_1} \cap T^{r_2}| = T_{\rm {max}}, \text{ for } r_1 \ne r_2$. Along with the MSTs, \texttt{RS1} also returns the marginals $\lambda(\alpha^r_t) \triangleq \mathrm{P}\left(h_{B}^r(\alpha_t^r)=1\right), t\in\{ 1,2,\cdots, T_{\mathrm{max}}\}$. At this point, we invoke the sharing step mentioned previously and share the marginals. Hence, each antenna, acting as central antenna $r_C$, collects these marginals from its 4-neighbors and computes the average marginal for each tap given by
\begin{align}\label{eq:newmarginals}
\lambda(\alpha_i^{r_C}) &= \begin{cases}
\sum\limits_{j \in {\cal N}^+} \lambda(\alpha_i^j) \Big/ |{\cal N}^+|, & \text{if $\alpha_i^{r_C} \in \mathop\bigcup\limits_{j \in {\cal N}^+}T^j$}\\
\lambda_{\mathrm{small}}, & \text{otherwise}
\end{cases},
\end{align}
where ${\cal N}^+ ={\cal N} \cup r_C$, $i\in \{1,2,\cdots,L\}$ and $\lambda(\alpha_i^{r_C})$ can be seen as the updated marginal of the $i$th tap detected at $r_C$. Here, $\lambda_{\mathrm{small}}$ is an arbitrarily small value assigned to those taps which have not been detected by any of the receivers in ${\cal N}^+$; it is highly probable that these taps have almost zero gains. Note that (\ref{eq:newmarginals}) is performed at each antenna as each antenna is the center of some neighbors. Moreover, each antenna repeats these sharing and averaging steps $D$ times where $D$ is selected based on whether the array under consideration is classified as SIA or SVA. This repetition allows each antenna to utilize the observations of distant antenna tiers to bolster its support estimates. Note that when $D=1$, information from only the immediate neighbors is taken into consideration and for $D=2$, information belonging to the neighbors of neighbors is also incorporated in the computations. Therefore, in this fashion, higher values of $D$ make it possible to extend the scope of information sharing to distant antennas.
In the space-invariant array case, since the MST locations do not vary across the array, contribution from as many antennas as possible will always strengthen our belief in these locations. Therefore, we may select $D=\max(M,G)$ which equals to the largest dimension of the antenna array. This particular choice of $D$ ensures that each antenna receives information from every other antenna in the array. However, one might not need to select such high value of $D$ and a smaller number of iterations might be sufficient based on the problem parameters such as the observation size ($K$) and the sparsity ($n$) of the channels. In fact we could establish a loose lower bound on $D$ in the noise free case as a function of these quantities using lemma 1 in \cite{1453780}. According to this lemma, if observations from $q$ antennas are used to recover $n$-sparse channel vectors using $K$ pilots then for a unique solution the following relationship holds
\begin{align}\label{eq:nbound}
n \le \lceil (K+q)/2\rceil -1,
\end{align}
where $\lceil \cdot \rceil$ denotes the ceiling operation. This yields the lower bound on $q$ which is given by
\begin{align}\label{eq:qbound}
q > 2n - K.
\end{align}
Furthermore, it could be easily deduced that the total number of antennas that take part in the $D$th sharing and averaging step is $2D(D+1)+1$. Thus relating this number with $q$ above we conclude that, to guarantee a unique solution in the noise free case, $D$ must satisfy
\begin{align}\label{eq:lowerboundonD_pre}
2D(D+1)+1 > 2n - K,
\end{align}
which simplifies to
\begin{align}\label{eq:lowerboundonD}
D > \sqrt{n-\frac{K}{2}-\frac{1}{4}} - \frac{1}{2}.
\end{align}
For a detailed account of the lemma and its requirements please refer to \cite{1453780}.
In the space-variant case, depending upon how fast the MST locations (support) change across the array, we might or might not gain from sharing. Specifically, if the change in support is fast, using higher values of $D$ would degrade the estimates. On the other hand, if the support changes very slowly, we expect that the neighborhood around a given antenna would behave \emph{approximately} as SIA. Therefore, we select a value for $D$ such that collaboration among antennas in that neighborhood would improve the estimates. In fact, from the discussion in Sec. \ref{sec:SpatialChannelModel}, we can determine the value of $D$ which will ensure that all sharing and averaging takes place among antennas having same support. Specifically, the number of tiers (also $D$) selected for sharing could be represented in terms of the distance between two adjacent antennas $d$ and the signal bandwidth $BW$. Note that the distance between the farthest antennas in tier 1 (i.e., when $D=1$) is $2d$. Similarly, for tier 2 this distance is $4d$. In general, the distance is directly related to $D$ and is given by $2Dd$. Now to ensure space-invariance for antennas up to tier $D$, it follows that we should require $2Dd \le \frac{C}{10BW}$ (see Sec. \ref{sec:SpatialChannelModel}). Therefore,
\begin{align*}
D \le& \frac{C}{20\cdot d\cdot BW},
\end{align*}
or
\begin{align}\label{eq:Dval_for_spaceinvariance}
D =& \left\lfloor \frac{C}{20\cdot d\cdot BW} \right\rfloor,
\end{align}
where $\lfloor \cdot \rfloor$ denotes the floor operation. The value of $D$ in (\ref{eq:Dval_for_spaceinvariance}) will ensure that sharing happens among antennas whose support is approximately the same. That said the number of pilots should also be large enough such that (\ref{eq:lowerboundonD}) is also satisfied.
At the end of $D$ iterations each antenna has a new set of marginals which are used as new priors with \texttt{SABMP} to get the final sparse CIR estimate. This final estimate is more accurate as the antennas have shared their information to strengthen their beliefs about the locations of the active taps. We call this algorithm the \emph{Marginal-based Algorithm}. A graphical description of the algorithm is given in Fig. \ref{fig:AlgorithmSteps} and a summary of the steps followed by the algorithm is presented in Algorithm \ref{alg:Alg1}.
\begin{algorithm}
\caption{Marginal-based Channel Estimation using Pilots\label{alg:Alg1}}
\begin{enumerate}
\item Initialize $\mathrm{P}\left(h^r_{B}(l)= 1\right)= \lambda_{\mathrm{init}}, \quad l \in \left\{1,2, \cdots, L\right\}, \forall r$.
\item Run \texttt{RS1} at each antenna to estimate its $\bm\lambda$. (Fig. \ref{fig:AlgStep1})
\item\label{en:step1} Each antenna, acting as central antenna, receives marginals from its neighbors. (Fig. \ref{fig:AlgStep2})
\item\label{en:step2} Each antenna computes average marginals $(\bm\lambda')$. (see (\ref{eq:newmarginals}) and Fig. \ref{fig:AlgStep3})
\item Repeat steps \ref{en:step1}-\ref{en:step2} above, $D$ times. (Fig. \ref{fig:AlgStep4})
\item All antennas re-estimate channels using these marginals as new priors with \texttt{SABMP} algorithm.
\end{enumerate}
\end{algorithm}
\begin{figure*}
\centering
\begin{subfigure}[b]{0.35\textwidth}
\includegraphics[width=\textwidth]{gridExplanationAlgorithm}
\caption{Step 1: Each antenna finds MSTs and their corresponding marginals $\bm{\lambda}$.}
\label{fig:AlgStep1}
\end{subfigure}\qua
~
\begin{subfigure}[b]{0.35\textwidth}
\includegraphics[width=\textwidth]{gridExplanationAlgorithm2}
\caption{Step 2: Each antenna receives marginals from its 4-neighbors (highlighted red).}
\label{fig:AlgStep2}
\end{subfigure}\qua
\begin{subfigure}[b]{0.35\textwidth}
\includegraphics[width=\textwidth]{gridExplanationAlgorithm3}
\caption{Step 3: Each antenna computes the mean of the received marginals $\bm{\lambda'}$.}
\label{fig:AlgStep3}
\end{subfigure}\qua
\begin{subfigure}[b]{0.35\textwidth}
\includegraphics[width=\textwidth]{gridExplanationAlgorithm4}
\caption{Step 4: Repeat steps 2 \& 3. Information from green antennas comes in.}
\label{fig:AlgStep4}
\end{subfigure}
\caption{Description of the steps followed by Algorithm 1 when $D=2$. Although these steps are followed by all antennas in parallel, the process is highlighted only for the blue antenna.}\label{fig:AlgorithmSteps}
\end{figure*}
\subsection{Algorithm 2: Reduced Communication and Computational Cost -- Integer-based Channel Estimation}
We would like to point out that sharing the marginals vectors among the receiver antennas puts a high communication overhead on the massive-MIMO system. This is because the marginals are floating point numbers and communicating these numbers requires complex signalling. This increases the communication overhead between antennas. However, if just integers are shared, the communication cost could be reduced significantly. We therefore, propose a variant of Algorithm 1 which uses integers for communication among receiver antennas. Since we are not interested in sharing marginals, we do not calculate these and rely on the original \texttt{SABMP} algorithm. Therefore, this algorithm has an additional advantage of low computational complexity as marginals are not calculated.
The algorithm starts by estimating channels at each receiver using \texttt{SABMP} and depends completely on the amplitudes of the estimated MSTs. Following the same reasoning given in the previous section, let $T^{r} = \{ \alpha_1^{r}, \alpha_2^{r}, \cdots, \alpha_{T_{\mathrm{max}}}^{r}\}$ be the set of MSTs of channel ${\bf h}^r$ as detected by \texttt{SABMP} and ${\bf h}^r(T^{r})$ be the corresponding amplitudes. Based on these amplitudes, we define an integer metric for each tap which we call \emph{score} and denote it by $\psi$. For a given $T^{r}$, the highest score is assigned to the channel tap with maximum amplitude in absolute sense. Similarly, the tap (in $T^r$) with minimum amplitude gets the least score. Specifically, since there are $T_{\mathrm{max}}$ MSTs, we assign a score of $T_{\mathrm{max}}$ to the channel tap with maximum amplitude, a score of $T_{\mathrm{max}}-1$ to the second highest tap and so on until a score of $1$ is assigned to the tap with the smallest amplitude among these $T_{\mathrm{max}}$ taps. Therefore, if $|h^r(\alpha_1^r)| > |h^r(\alpha_2^r)| > \cdots > |h^r(\alpha_{T_{\mathrm{max}}}^r)|$ then $\psi(\alpha_1^r)=T_{\mathrm{max}}, \psi(\alpha_2^r)=T_{\mathrm{max}}-1, \cdots, \psi(\alpha_{T_{\mathrm{max}}}^r)=1$ where $\psi(\alpha_i^r)$ is the score of the $i$th detected tap of receiver $r$. All other $L-T_{\mathrm{max}}$ tap locations are assigned a score of zero.
Once each receiver has assigned scores to its detected MSTs, we are ready to invoke the sharing step. Thus, each antenna acting as a central antenna $r_C$ collects these scores from its 4-neighbors and computes the average score for each tap given by
\begin{align}\label{eq:newscores}
\psi(\alpha_i^{r_C}) &= \begin{cases}
\ceil[\Bigg]{\sum\limits_{j \in {\cal N}^+} \psi(\alpha_i^j) \Big/ |{\cal N}^+|}, & \text{if $\alpha_i \in \mathop\bigcup\limits_{j \in {\cal N}^+}T^j$}\\
0, & \text{otherwise}
\end{cases}
\end{align}
where $i\in \{1,2,\cdots,L\}$. The sharing and averaging process is repeated $D$ times and all the related discussion in marginal-based algorithm applies to this algorithm as well. The averaging step of (\ref{eq:newscores}) is similar to the averaging step of Algorithm 1 given in (\ref{eq:newmarginals}) except that we round up the averaging result to the nearest largest integer. This ensures that the resulting score is always an integer. However, note that the rounding operation is not required in the last step as no sharing takes place after that. Therefore, to avoid unnecessary computation and the resulting information loss, the round up operation is not performed on the average scores. At the end of the $D$ sharing and averaging steps each node computes a belief metric given by
\begin{align}\label{eq:newbeliefs}
b(\alpha_i^r) &= \psi(\alpha_i^r)/T_{\mathrm{max}},
\end{align}
where $b(\alpha_i^r)$ is the estimated belief that the $i$th tap of receiver $r$ is active. Each node uses the beliefs as the Bernoulli priors to re-estimate the channels using \texttt{RS1}. We call this algorithm the \emph{Integer-based Algorithm}. The steps followed by this algorithm are summarized in Algorithm \ref{alg:Alg2}. This algorithm has the following advantages over the marginal-based algorithm:
\begin{enumerate}
\item Reduced communication cost since it totally avoids communicating floating point numbers and,
\item Lower computational complexity since it does not compute marginal probabilities.
\end{enumerate}
\begin{algorithm}
\caption{Integer-based Channel Estimation using Pilots \label{alg:Alg2}}
\begin{enumerate}
\item Run \texttt{SABMP} at each antenna
\item\label{enIB:step1} Each antenna receives scores from its neighbors
\item\label{enIB:step2} Each antenna computes average scores (\ref{eq:newscores})
\item Repeat steps \ref{enIB:step1}-\ref{enIB:step2} above, $D$ times
\item Each antenna computes a belief vector (\ref{eq:newbeliefs})
\item All antennas re-estimate channels using these belief vectors in place of Bernoulli priors with \texttt{SABMP} algorithm
\end{enumerate}
\end{algorithm}
We now move on to suggest another level of refinement for the marginal probability/scores vectors by selecting reliable data carriers to perform channel estimation.
\section{Data-aided Channel Estimation}\label{sec:data-aided}
By virtue of the channel sparsity property we can perform channel estimation using a small number of pilots $K$ compared to the channel length $L$ as discussed in the last two sections. We can enhance the channel estimate by increasing the number of pilots. Alternatively, we take a data-aided approach as it is more spectrally efficient. Here, the pilot-based channel estimate is used for data detection which along with the pilots is used to enhance the channel estimate further. Note however that we do not need to use all the detected data for channel estimation thanks to the channel sparsity; a few additional observations would enhance the channel estimate significantly. Therefore, we can be selective and use only the samples which are reliable. So each antenna could independently determine which carrier is reliable by assigning a reliability measure $\mathfrak{R}(i), \; i\in \{ 1, \cdots, N\} \backslash {\cal P}$ to each of the $N-|{\cal P}|$ data carriers. That said, we recognize that there are two sources of error in data detection that play important role in determining the reliable data carriers, namely,
\begin{inparaenum}[\itshape a\upshape)] \item noise, and \item error in channel estimation\end{inparaenum}. Their combined distortion effect could be expressed by substituting the estimated channel $\widehat{{\bf h}}_{\rm AMMSE}$ from (\ref{eq:channelerror}) into the system model (\ref{eq:sigmodel}) as follows
\begin{align}
{\bm{\Yc}} &= {\bf A}({\bf h}+\widetilde{{\bf h}})+{\bm{\Wc}}\nonumber= {\bf A}{\bf h}+{\bm{\Zc}},
\end{align}
where, ${\bm{\Zc}} = {\bf A}\widetilde{{\bf h}}+{\bm{\Wc}}$ is the combined distortion which is assumed to be Gaussian with zero mean and covariance ${\bf R}_{\cal Z}$, where ${\bf R}_{\cal Z}$ is represented in terms of the error covariance ${\bf R}_{\widetilde{h}}$, calculated in (\ref{eq:error_covariance_matrix}), as
\begin{align}
{\bf R}_{\cal Z} &= \mathbb{E}[{\bm{\Zc}} {\bm{\Zc}}^{\sf H}]= \mathbb{E}[({\bf A}\widetilde{{\bf h}} + {\bm{\Wc}})({\bf A}\widetilde{{\bf h}} + {\bm{\Wc}})^{\sf H}]\nonumber\\
&= \mathbb{E}[{\bf A}\widetilde{{\bf h}}\widetilde{{\bf h}}^{\sf H}{\bf A}^{\sf H} + {\bm{\Wc}}\Wbc^{\sf H}]= {\bf A} {\bf R}_{\widetilde{h}} {\bf A}^{\sf H} + \sigma_w^2{\bf I}.
\end{align}
Here we have assumed that noise ${\bm{\Wc}}$ and error $\widetilde{{\bf h}}$ are uncorrelated. Note that ${\bm{\Zc}}$ includes the effect of both the channel estimation error and the noise and plays the central role in the calculation of reliability measure. Specifically, we use the reliability criterion proposed in \cite{6292976} which takes into consideration the fact that for some carrier $i$, the distortion ${\cal Z}(i)$ might be strong enough to take the estimated data symbol $\widehat{{\cal X}}(i)$ out of its correct decision region, while for some other carriers the distortion is not strong enough and the data is decoded correctly. All those data carriers $i$ which satisfy this condition $\langle \widehat{{\cal X}}(i) \rangle = {\cal X}(i)$, where $\langle \cdot \rangle$ represents rounding to the nearest constellation point, are termed \emph{reliable} carriers and the following metric is used to compute the reliability of carrier $i$
\begin{align}\label{eq:reliability}
\mathfrak{R}(i) & = \frac{p({\cal Z}(i) = {\cal X}(i) - \langle \widehat{{\cal X}}(i) \rangle)}{\sum_{k=0,{\cal A}_k \ne \langle \widehat{{\cal X}}(i) \rangle}^{Q-1}p({\cal Z}(i) = {\cal X}(i) - {\cal A}_k)}
\end{align}
where $p(\cdot)$ represents the pdf of ${\bm{\Zc}}$. The numerator in (\ref{eq:reliability}) is the probability that ${\cal Z}(i)$ does not take ${\cal X}(i)$ beyond its correct decision region and the denominator sums the probabilities of all possible incorrect decisions that ${\cal Z}(i)$ can cause (i.e., ${\cal Z}(i)$ takes $\langle\widehat{\cal X}(i)\rangle$ to a QAM constellation point ${\cal A}_k$ different from ${\cal X}(i)$). The idea of reliability calculation is shown graphically in Fig. \ref{fig:GeomRel}. In this figure, although both $\widehat{{\cal X}}(1)$ and $\widehat{{\cal X}}(2)$ are equiprobable to be decoded as ${\cal X}$ (numerator of (\ref{eq:reliability}) will have same value), $\widehat{{\cal X}}(2)$ is less likely to be decoded as any other constellation point (denominator of (\ref{eq:reliability}) for $\widehat{{\cal X}}(2)$ will be smaller) and thus more reliable. Thus, it is obvious that the higher the value of $\mathfrak{R}$ the higher the probability of staying in correct decision region and hence the higher the reliability of the carrier. Note that our reliability calculations of (\ref{eq:reliability}) require the error covariance which is already available at the output of the \texttt{RS1} algorithm as mentioned in Sec. \ref{sec:covar}. Here we would like to point out that the general approach of using reliable data carriers for enhanced channel estimation is not new and techniques employing reliable carriers exist \cite{5419090, 4359544, 1275673}. Specifically, the reliability measure $\mathfrak{R}$ in (\ref{eq:reliability}) is similar to log-likelihood ratios (LLRs) commonly used in joint channel estimation and data detection methods similar to turbo-equalizers (for example, see \cite{1267050} and the references therein).
\begin{figure}[htbp]
\centering
\input{ReliabilityGeometrical.tikz}
\caption{Geometrical representation of the reliability measurement. $\widehat{{\cal X}}(2)$ is more reliable than $\widehat{{\cal X}}(1)$ as it is less probable to be confused with other constellation points.}\label{fig:GeomRel}
\end{figure}
\begin{algorithm}
\caption{Channel Estimation using Pilots + Reliable Carriers\label{alg:Alg3}}
\begin{enumerate}
\item Run \texttt{Algorithm 1} or \texttt{2} to get CIR estimates
\item Each antenna $r$ uses its estimated channel to find top $U$ reliable carriers ${\cal R}^r$ and sends ${\cal R}^r$ to its central antenna
\item Each antenna finds the intersection of received reliable carriers ${\cal R} = \bigcap_{r\in {\cal N}^+} {\cal R}^r$ and sends it back to its neighbors
\item Each antenna sends back data corresponding to ${\cal R}$ to its central antenna
\item Each antenna further refines the reliable carriers by selecting only those with same data. Call this list ${\cal R}^\star$.
\item Each antenna uses the carriers ${\cal R}^\star$ and the pilots to perform \texttt{SABMP} recovery
\end{enumerate}
\end{algorithm}
Using (\ref{eq:reliability}) each antenna determines the reliability of all data carriers and then select the $U$ carriers with highest reliability values. Let ${\cal R}^r$ denote the index set of these $U$ reliable carriers for antenna $r$. One possible approach could be that each receiver uses these reliable carriers to enhance the CIR estimate by using Algorithm 1 or 2. However, the antennas can collaborate to enhance the reliability even further. First, each antenna $r_C$ acting as a central antenna collects the indices of the reliable carriers from its 4-neighbors and returns the indices of the reliable carriers common to all antennas, i.e., ${\cal R} = \bigcap_{r\in {\cal N}^+} {\cal R}^r$.
The central antenna can go one step further and ask its neighbors to share their equalized data on the common carriers. The central antenna in turn prunes the set ${\cal R}$ further and only retains those carriers ${\cal R}^\star$ on which there is agreement among the neighbors on the value of the transmitted data. The central antenna can now use the enlarged set of pilots plus reliable carriers ${\cal P} \cup {\cal R}^\star$ to revisit the channel estimation problem starting from the system of equations
\begin{align}\label{eq:reliabilityprobmodel}
{\bm{\Yc}}^r({\cal P} \cup {{\cal R}^\star}) = {\bf A}({\cal P} \cup {\cal R}^\star) {\bf h}^r + {\bm{\Wc}}^r({\cal P} \cup {\cal R}^\star)
\end{align}
and estimate channel ${\bf h}^r$. The resulting algorithm is presented in Algorithm \ref{alg:Alg3}.
At this stage we would like to point out that implementation of all three algorithms is independent of the antenna array configuration. This is due to the fact that each antenna only deals with its direct neighbors. Therefore, as far as the antennas have the knowledge of their neighbors these algorithms can be implemented on any one-, two-, or three- dimensional arrays with arbitrary topology. Furthermore, the development of algorithms assumed single-antenna UE's; however, the techniques could be easily extended to multiple-antenna UE's such as the LTE UE's which are often equipped with two or four closely located antennas. Since the antennas are closely located, their channels will exhibit the approximately common support property. Therefore, the algorithms explained above could be used to exploit correlation among the channel tap locations to further improve the channel estimates. The only difference is that the effective number of collaborating antennas in each tier will scale with the number of antennas on UE. For example, if there are two transmit antennas on a UE, the number of collaborating antennas in each tier will double.
\section{Simulation Results}\label{sec:results}
\subsection{System Setup}
In this section we will present extensive simulation results to demonstrate the performance of our proposed channel estimation algorithms. Specifically, we consider a MIMO-OFDM system with the simulation parameters given in Table \ref{tab:simparams}.
\begin{table}[htbp]
\centering
{\small
\begin{tabular}{| l | c |}
\hline\hlin
\textbf{Parameters} & \textbf{Value}\\
\hline
Uniform Rectangular Array $(M \times G)$ & $20 \times 20$\\
\hline
Number of carriers $(N)$& $512$\\
\hline
Number of pilots $(K)$ & $8, 16$\\
\hline
QAM modulation order $(Q)$ & $4,16$\\
\hline
Channel length $(L)$& $32, 64$\\
\hline
Channel sparsity $(n)$& $\approx 3, 5, 7$\\
\hline
Collaboration parameter $(D)$& $3$\\
\hline
\end{tabular}}
\caption{System Parameters for simulation
\label{tab:simparams}
\end{table}
For simulations, sparse Rayleigh channels are generated where the channel statistics are assumed to be unknown at the receivers. For space-invariant arrays the active tap locations remain fixed across the array. However, for the space-variant case the active tap locations vary slowly across the array. Specifically, we use the IlmProp channel modeling tool \cite{Del_Galdo_ARS_03, IlmProp} for channel generation. It is important to note that there is a general lack of channel models for massive MIMO scenarios and currently IlmProp seems to be one of the best options available to the research community for channel generation. Please refer to Appendix \ref{apd:channelmodel} for relevant discussion. The channels are generated We generate the channels by placing point-like scatterers and the transmitter randomly in the environment and make sure that the line-of-sight is obstructed. Moreover, the number of scatterers is set according to the desired sparsity i.e., $n$. Since the resulting CIR contains many small non-zero components along with the dominant ones, we discard the small ones and keep just the top $n$ components. Further, the center frequency and signal bandwidth are chosen to be $2.6$ GHz and $20$ MHz respectively as specified in the 3GPP-LTE standard. Moreover, to generate the SIA and SVA behavior the distance between antennas was adjusted accordingly.
\subsection{Methods for Performance Comparisons}
The channel vectors ${\bf h}^r$ are estimated using
\begin{inparaenum}[\itshape a\upshape)]
\item least-squares method with known true MST locations (oracle-LS),
\item block-sparse recovery method (BR),
\item proposed Marginal-based channel estimation using pilots (MB-P),
\item proposed Integer-based channel estimation using pilots (IB-P), and
\item proposed Marginal- or Integer-based channel estimation using pilots and reliable carriers (MB-R / IB-R),
\end{inparaenum}
The first two methods are used to benchmark the performance of our algorithm. Oracle-LS knows the channel support at each antenna and hence the only burden is tap estimation using the available pilots. The block sparse recovery method (BR) works in the space-invariant case and uses the fact that the channel support is the same across the array. It casts the problem as several block sparse problems where each receiver collects all observations from its neighbors to estimate the channels. We use the block sparse Bayesian learning algorithm (BSBL) proposed in \cite{BSBL} for block sparse vector estimation as it has been shown to be superior to other methods.
\subsection{Evaluation Criteria}
To evaluate channel estimation performance we use:
\begin{enumerate}
\item Normalized mean-squared error (NMSE) between true and estimated channel vectors.
\begin{equation}
\text{NMSE} = 10 \log_{10} \left( \frac{1}{\Theta} \sum_{\theta=1}^\Theta \frac{\left\| \widehat{{\bf h}}_\theta - {\bf h}_\theta \right\|^2}{\left\| {\bf h}_\theta \right\|^2} \right),
\end{equation}
where $\Theta$ is the number of trials. ${\bf h}_\theta$ and $\widehat{{\bf h}}_\theta$ are the original and estimated CIR at the $\theta$th iteration respectively.
\item Bit-error-rate (BER) between the transmitted data and the recovered data at receivers using the estimated channels. We use zero-forcing equalization to recover the data passed through the channels.
In all of the experiments we average the NMSE and BER over $\Theta=100$ trials.
\end{enumerate}
\subsection{Experiments}
\subsubsection{Experiment 1 - How many pilots?}
In this experiment, we are interested in finding the required number of pilots for successful recovery of channels of length $L=64$. The graphs in Fig. \ref{fig:sim:Exp1} show the channel recovery success rate vs varying number of pilots for both SIA and SVA.
\begin{figure*}[htbp]
\centering
\input{Exp1Results.tikz}
\caption{Experiment 1: How many pilots are needed to successfully recover the CIR?}\label{fig:sim:Exp1}
\end{figure*}
Note that both pilot-based and data-aided versions of MB and IB algorithms were simulated. Here, success rate is defined as the ratio of the number of successful trials to the number of total trials, where a trial was considered successful when the NMSE was better than $-10$ dB. The SNR was fixed at $10$ dB and the number of pilots $K$ was varied from $2$ to $42$ while $\Theta=100$ trials were conducted for each value of $K$. Channel sparsity was assumed to be $n=3$ and QAM signals of order $Q=4$ were passed through the channels. It is evident from the graphs that for SIA just $6$ pilots are needed by both MB-R and IB-R to achieve a success rate $> 50\%$ and only $12$ pilots to achieve a $100\%$ success rate. This is a small fraction of the channel length $L=64$ (i.e., $9.37\%$ and $18.75\%$ respectively).
\subsubsection{Experiment 2 - Comparison between MB and IB}
In this experiment, we compare the performance of the proposed MB and IB channel estimation algorithms. Channels of length $L=64$ and sparsity $n=3$ were estimated using $K=16$ pilots. The top row of Fig. \ref{fig:sim:Exp2} shows the NMSE in estimated CIRs while the bottom row shows the BER of the recovered data using these CIR estimates. Moreover, as apparent from the labels, this experiment was run using three different choices of parameters, namely, ($Q=4$, SIA), ($Q=4$, SVA), and ($Q=16$, SIA) respectively. The figure shows that incorporating reliable carriers results in significant performance gains. The figure also shows that the algorithms perform equally well for both SIA and SVA configurations and, hence are robust to how accurate property 2 is.
\begin{figure*}[htbp]
\centering
\input{Exp2Results.tikz}
\caption{Experiment 2: Performance comparison between marginal-based (MB) and integer-based (IB) algorithms.}\label{fig:sim:Exp2}
\end{figure*}
An important observation is that there is little advantage of MB algorithms over IB algorithms in this setting. However in some scenarios the improvement could be better as it uses more (and accurate) information to estimate the channels. For example, the difference between the performance of MB and IB algorithms is more evident when the number of pilots is further reduced, as could be seen in the success rate curves of Fig. \ref{fig:sim:Exp1}. Also note that the gain of MB algorithms is much more noticeable for their pilot-based versions. However, this advantage is at the expense of a relatively high computational and communication cost as depicted in Table \ref{tab:sim:PBvsIB_runtime} which compares the runtime for the two algorithms.
\begin{table}[htbp]
\centering
{\small
\begin{tabular}{|c|c|}
\hline\hline
\textbf{Algorithm} & \textbf{Run time (sec)}\\
\hline
MB-P & 0.3897\\
\hline
IB-P & 0.3095\\
\hline
\end{tabular}}
\caption{Run time comparison of the MB-P and IB-P.
\label{tab:sim:PBvsIB_runtime}
\end{table}
\subsubsection{Experiment 3 - Comparison with BR and oracle-LS algorithms
In this experiment, we benchmark the performance of the proposed algorithms against BR and oracle-LS. Here we use QAM signals of order $Q=4$ and $Q=16$ and pass them through a channel of length $L=32$ and sparsity $n=3$. We use $K=8$ pilots and confine our attention to the space-invariant case as this is an essential requirement for block sparsity algorithm to work.
\begin{figure*}[htbp]
\centering
\input{Exp3Results.tikz}
\caption{Experiment 3: Performance comparison between the proposed and the BR and oracle-LS algorithms.}\label{fig:sim:allcomparison}
\end{figure*}
It is obvious from the graphs of Fig. \ref{fig:sim:allcomparison} that the proposed MB-R algorithm has the best performance among all algorithms.
The gain in the performance of the proposed algorithm over others is more prominent for higher values of SNR. Specifically, note that there is a difference of nearly two orders of magnitude in the BER of MB-R and BR when SNR $=35$ dB and $Q=4$
\subsubsection{Experiment 4 - Effect of sparsity rate}
In this experiment, we study the performance of the proposed algorithms under different sparsity rates. Channels of length $L=64$ were generated having $n=3,5$ and $7$ non-zero taps corresponding to sparsity rate of $4.7\% - 11\%$. In this experiment, QAM signals of order $Q=4$ were passed through the channels and $K=16$ number of pilots were used. Fig. \ref{fig:sim:EffectOfSparsityRate} shows the NMSE performance of the proposed IB-R algorithm. It is evident from the graphs that the performance of the proposed algorithm degrades gracefully as CIR gets denser. A similar performance is achieved for the MB-R algorithm. The degradation in reconstruction accuracy with increased number of non-zeros is a common trend in all sparse recovery algorithms
\begin{figure}[htbp]
\centering
\input{Exp4Results.tikz}
\caption{Experiment 4: Effect of channel sparsity on its recovery.}\label{fig:sim:EffectOfSparsityRate}
\end{figure}
\subsubsection{Experiment 5 - Effect of $D$}\label{sec:Exp5}
In this experiment, we study the effect of the number of collaborating antennas on channel estimation for both the SIA and SVA cases. In this experiment we compute the BER in the recovered data for various values of SNR and parameter $D$. Fig. \ref{fig:sim:ChoiceOfDSIA} and \ref{fig:sim:ChoiceOfDSVA} show the BER vs SNR graphs for SIA and SVA respectively. Specifically, we plot for $D=1,2,3,4$ and $5$. Note that when $D=1$, information from only the direct 4 neighbors is taken into consideration and for $D=2$ information belonging to the neighbors of neighbors is also incorporated in the computations.
In the SIA case (Fig. \ref{fig:sim:ChoiceOfDSIA}) QAM signals of order $Q=4$ were passed through channels of length $L=32$ and sparsity $n=3$ and the corresponding CIRs were estimated using IB-P with the help of $K=8$ pilots. Fig. \ref{fig:sim:ChoiceOfDSIA} shows that sharing improves the BER performance. Specifically, as we increase the scope of sharing from the first tier of neighbors ($D=1$) to the fifth tier ($D=5$), we observe a drop in BER. However, the improvement in BER is not significant beyond $D=3$. This behavior is dependent on several factors such as the length of channel ($L$) to be estimated, number of pilots ($K$) and the channel sparsity ($n$). For instance, in this example, if the number of pilots is reduced (i.e., $K<8$) the estimated CIRs will be more erroneous. However, the effect of this error is compensated by using more neighbors to average the marginals/scores (i.e., higher $D$). Therefore, in this reduced number of pilots scenario we might observe significant improvement beyond $D=3$ as well.
In the SVA case (Fig. \ref{fig:sim:ChoiceOfDSVA}) QAM signals of order $Q=4$ were passed through channels of length $L=64$ and sparsity $n=3$ and the corresponding CIRs were estimated using IB-P with the help of $K=16$ pilots. Fig. \ref{fig:sim:ChoiceOfDSVA} shows that we do not gain anything for higher values of $D$. This is due to the space-variant nature of the impulse response that adding more information does not help in the improvement of estimation accuracy. Therefore, setting $D=1$ or $2$ might be sufficient in this scenario.
\begin{figure}[htbp]
\centering
\includegraphics[width=1.15\columnwidth]{piters_SIA}
\caption{Experiment 5: Information sharing among antennas belonging to different neighbor levels ($D = 1 - 5$) adds to CIR estimation accuracy in the SIA case.}\label{fig:sim:ChoiceOfDSIA}
\end{figure}
\begin{figure}[htbp]
\centering
\includegraphics[width=1.15\columnwidth]{piters_SVA}
\caption{Experiment 5: In the SVA case information sharing does not help in the improvement of CIR estimation accuracy.}\label{fig:sim:ChoiceOfDSVA}
\end{figure}
\section{Conclusion and Future Work}\label{sec:conclusions}
Massive MIMO systems provide substantial performance gains as compared to the traditional MIMO systems. However, these gains come with a huge requirement of estimating a large number of channels. In this paper we have shown that these channels could be estimated in a collaborative manner where the antennas collaborate with their neighboring antennas. Three algorithms based on this collaborative method have been presented. The algorithms show good performance under different scenarios and that too while using a relatively small number of pilots.
\appendices
\section{Channel Models}\label{apd:channelmodel}
Numerous good/accurate models exist for MIMO wireless channels. However, almost all consider the uniform linear array configuration of the antennas \cite{chan_mod_bolcskei, SCM_3GPP}. It should be noted that from a practical point of view, assuming a uniform linear array (ULA) becomes unfeasible for the purpose of modeling a large scale antenna array. Therefore, the use of two- or three-dimensional antenna arrays can be more appropriate in massive MIMO systems. There have been a few attempts in developing channel models for the two- and three-dimensional antenna array configurations. For example, the IlmProp tool available online \cite{IlmProp} allows to generate CIR for 2D antenna array configuration. A similar proposal was put forward in \cite{boon_2D_antennaarray, 3D_chann_proposal}, to extend the spatial channel model (SCM) standard \cite{SCM_3GPP}. Similar models have also been considered in Winner II \cite{WinnerII} and Winner+ \cite{Winner_plus} initiatives. However, these models come with their limitations. For example, in IlmProp the parameters have been estimated using much lower spatial resolution. Indeed, there is a general lack of channel models for the massive MIMO scenarios and there is a need of more work in this direction.
\bibliographystyle{IEEEtran}
| {
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Ivory Coast 1-2 Greece: Coward's Way
Posted on June 25, 2014 by James in Uncategorized // 3 Comments
So, football's greatest killjoys are back with a vengeance. Despite offering precisely nothing to the World Cup so far, they once again pop up in the final round of group games like an annoying pustule on your nose on the night of a first date. As they did in Euro 2012 when they knocked out a much more exciting Russia team, they reversed into another fortunate narrow win which was just enough to see them through, eliminating the Ivory Coast.
I think we all know what happened. It doesn't need detailed explanation – it is as anyone who has seen these teams play in this World Cup and previous tournaments would expect: Greece sat deep, Ivory Coast took the possession and attacked, Greece stung them on the counter-attack, and went back to sitting deep. The last minute penalty winner was entirely predictable, as Ivory Coast had retreated after their equaliser, and allowed themselves to be taken advantage of with a blatant dive from Georgios Samaras. The whole thing was entirely predictable.
Ivory Coast are culpable too. The truth is, barring a brief spell in the second half of the game against Japan, they have never got it together. They have never found a way of making their talents work in synthesis. In the second half of this game, each player out there wanted to be the hero. On the basis of this performance, they didn't deserve to go through.
But neither did Greece. This cowardly, cynical form of football has never given anyone outside of their country any pleasure. Back in 2004, they won the European Championships having beaten Portugal (twice), France and the Czech Republic and held Spain to a draw along the way. And yet despite the fact that it is theoretically one of the great underdog victories of our time, there was and is no romance about it. There was no one individual to romanticise.
They dumped out one talented team after another by playing a style of football that was essentially preventing the other team from winning rather than trying to win it themselves. They didn't win by being the better team – they won by strangling the life out of the sport. It was the classic example of anti-football, the greatest triumph for the system over the individual since the catenaccio Inter side of the 1960s.
Yes, football is about different styles and different tastes, and it was the only way they were ever going to do well in a tournament, but playing this way leaves no satisfaction in hindsight. France, Portugal and the Czech Republic all had a collection of great players, including outstanding attackers like Luis Figo, Cristiano Ronaldo, Zinedine Zidane and Pavel Nedved, but all of them were denied by the Greek wall.
In Euro 2012, they were at least taken apart by a ruthless Germany team in the quarter-finals. But this time, they only face Costa Rica, a team they will consider beatable. Win that and they have serious momentum heading into the money rounds of the tournament. Could they…?
Surely anyone but the most ardent Greek nationalist could take pleasure from this. At least back in 2004 you could argue that it was the most effective way to use their players. The frustrating thing this time is that they have gifted players in attack. They don't have to play this way. And yet we all saw what they did to Japan – down to ten men and park the bus. They did show a little more adventure today than they did in the last match, but it was still a variant of the same classic Greek tactic.
My bitterness towards Greece is not so much from an Ivory Coast perspective, but from a fan of football. The World Cup, like all sporting events, needs great underdog stories as part of its romantic appeal, but there is also romance in noble defeat. A World Cup with too many underdogs doing well eventually becomes cheapened, leaving a lasting feeling that too many superior teams underperformed rather than that less renowned teams played particularly well. This is especially the case if said underdog does particularly well playing in a joyless, results-driven manner as Greece do.
2002 is often considered a disappointing tournament for this reason – because of South Korea fluking their way past Italy and Spain into the semi-finals, because Turkey also reached the last four, because so many big teams crashed out early on. Thankfully Brazil and Germany saved the day to deliver the final the World Cup needed, and Ronaldo gave us the true romantic narrative of the tournament.
Similarly, few recall the 2004 Champions League Final between Porto and Monaco with any particular fondness, aside from fitting into the Jose Mourinho Narrative. The Portsmouth-Cardiff FA Cup Final probably won't be remembered particularly well outside of fans of those two clubs. No one talks about when Richard Krajicek won Wimbledon, or when Yohan Blake won the World Championship 100m final after Usain Bolt was disqualified. We may talk about about "glamour" as if it is a superficial thing, but having the big name teams and individuals doing well is an important part of how major sporting events are remembered (or not remembered, in some cases).
Of course, Ivory Coast going through to face Costa Rica isn't an enormous step up, but at least they had big name players in Drogba, Yaya Toure and a cast of other stars in what was the most talented of the African squads in Brazil. However, in fairness, they didn't perform – it would almost have been unjust even if they had gone through too.
The ideal solution would have been Colombia progressing alone – none of the other three teams in the group demonstrated enough quality to show that they are amongst the top 16 teams in the world. But that's tournament football, I guess.
A final word on Ivory Coast: Sabri Lamouchi has reportedly announced his resignation already. For once, an African team had held on to a manager far too long instead of sacking him at the first opportunity – he has been a disappointment in charge of this team. The last Ivory Coast manager to coach the team at a World Cup would have been proud of this capitulation. Like Cameroon, Ivory Coast have to get this next appointment right – they probably have enough talent to remain regular qualifiers for Africa Cup of Nations, but this is largely an ageing team, and surely there are now concerns that they may head the same way Cameroon have since losing their great generation of the early 2000s.
That late Greek winner was not just about Greece undeservedly scraping into the next round. It was about ending this generation of Ivorian players. We may never see most of these great players at a World Cup again. That's what hurts.
3 Comments on Ivory Coast 1-2 Greece: Coward's Way
afrifootball // June 25, 2014 at 12:13 pm // Reply
1. I am an African football fan but this disrespect you are giving to Greece is ridiculous. You say they offered nothing but got four points(the typical qualification tally for CAF sides too). Did you say the same about Ghana 2010, when only a controversial Serbia collapse put them through?
2. There is no moralistic grounds on how football should be played, except abiding by the rules. Your argument about "football fans" which basically means "the majority" is null. Don't you feel it's ridiculous to say they knocked out "better teams". In football, what determines better? Is it circus play- pointless dribbles, fancy passes,etc or the scoreline??
3. It was a penalty. It is irrelevant to know the intentions of the defender, because the rules are objective cold. He put his leg in the wrong place at the wrong time & at the speed of play the referee observed from, was a foul- which never gets the appreciation it deserves.
4. If you are aware of how the football trajectory has been moving- then you know the "weaker countriess" now enjoy almost the same player preparation, education & support the traditional powers always did. The line is being blurred so this entitlement about the "cheapening" belongs in a previous era.
5. Instead of crying for Ivory Coast, Africa should take responsibility & ask itself questions. Why, has there been a real improvement since 1990? Why are quarter final runs a shock? Why can't African qualifiers make the r16 in two games? Why is it always the nerve wracking, calculator requiring 4 points?
6. What hurts, is this lack of responsibilty. Ivory Coast starry generation flopped at the peak of their powers, now it was about the "last-drop-of-the-juice" which didn't prove enough so this remorse is illogical.
James // June 28, 2014 at 5:23 pm // Reply
As a Greek, this post extremely comical. Thanks for the laughs I had throughout!
I agree that Greece doesn't play an attractive style of football, but do you remember the movie "White Men Can't Jump"? What was Sydney and Billy's argument during the entire movie- would you rather look good first and win second, or would you prefer to win first and look good second?
Greece has come a long way in their football development. Within 10 years, we have had a Euro Cup in 2004, 2010 World Cup qualification, 2012 Euro Cup Quarterfinalist and 2014 Round of 16. Regardless, that is better than most other European nations outside of Spain, Italy and Germany.
I hope you write something similar for when Costa Rica falls victim to the anti-football Greek side !!! I will be ready for another laugh!
Dan // July 5, 2014 at 2:53 pm // Reply
This piece is not only ridiculous, it is damaging to the name of Sandals for Goalposts, usually such a professional, insightful title. Very disappointing.
Greatest African World Cup Teams: Senegal 2002 | {
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Celebrity birthdays for the week of Feb. 2-8
Michael Talbott
Feb. 2: Comedian Tom Smothers is 83. Singer Graham Nash is 78. Actor Bo Hopkins is 76. Singer Howard Bellamy (The Bellamy Brothers) is 74. TV chef Ina Garten is 72. Actor Jack McGee is 71. Actor Brent Spiner is 71. Bassist Ross Valory of Journey is 71. Model Christie Brinkley i s 66. Actor Michael Talbott is 65. Actress Kim Zimmer ("Guilding Light") is 65. Comedian Adam Ferrara is 54. Rock Bassist Robert DeLeo of Stone Temple Pilots is 54. Actress Jennifer Westfeldt is 50. Rock musician Ben Mize is 49. Rapper T-Mo is 48. Actress Marissa Jaret Winokur is 47. Actress Lori Beth Denberg is 44. Rock musician Jesse Siebenberg (Lukas Nelson & Promise of the Real) is 44. Singer Shakira is 43. Actor Rich Sommer is 42. Country singer Blaine Larsen i s 34. Actress Zosia Mamet is 32.
Feb. 3: Actress Bridget Hanley is 79. Actress Blythe Danner is 77. Guitarist Dave Davies (The Kinks) is 73. Singer Melanie is 73. Actress Morgan Fairchild is 70. Actress Pamela Franklin is 70. Actor Nathan Lane is 64. Rock musician Lee Ranaldo (Sonic Youth) is 64. Actor Thomas Calabro is 61. Actress Michele Greene is 58. Country singer Matraca Berg is 56. Actress Maura Tierney is 55. Actor Warwick Davis is 50. Actress Elisa Donovan is 49. Reggaeton singer Daddy Yankee is 44. Actress Isla Fisher is 44. Singer-songwriter Jessica Harp is 38. Actor Matthew Moy is 36. Rapper Sean Kingston is 30. Actor Brandon Micheal Hall is 27.
Feb. 4: Actor Jerry Adler is 91. Actor Gary Conway is 84. Actor John Schuck is 80. Rock musician John Steel (The Animals) is 79. Singer Florence LaRue (The Fifth Dimension) is 78. Rock singer Alice Cooper is 72. Actor Michael Beck is 71. Actress Lisa Eichhorn is 68. Rock musician Henry Bogdan is 59. Country singer Clint Black is 58. Rock musician Noodles (The Offspring) is 57. Country musician Dave Buchanan (Yankee Grey) is 54. Actress Gabrielle Anwar is 50. Actor Rob Corddry is 49. Singer David Garza is 49. Actor Michael Goorjian is 49. TV personality Nicolle Wallace is 48. Rock musician Rick Burch (Jimmy Eat World) is 45. Singer Natalie Imbruglia is 45. Rapper Cam'ron is 44. Rock singer Gavin DeGraw is 43. Rock singer Zoe Manville is 36. Actor Charlie Barnett is 32. Actress Kyla Kenedy (TV: "Speechless") is 17.
Feb. 5: Actor David Selby ("Dark Shadows") is 79. Singer-songwriter Barrett Strong is 79. Movie director Michael Mann is 77.Rock singer Al Kooper is 76. Actress Charlotte Rampling is 74. Actress Barbara Hershey is 72. Actor Christopher Guest is 72. Actor Tom Wilkinson is 72. Actor-comedian Tim Meadows is 59. Actress Jennifer Jason Leigh is 58. Actress Laura Linney is 56. Rock musician Duff McKagan (Velvet Revolver) is 56. Actor-comedian Chris Parnell is 53. Rock singer Chris Barron (Spin Doctors) is 52. Singer Bobby Brown is 51. Actor Michael Sheen is 51. Actor David Chisum is 50. Country singer Sara Evans is 49. Country singer Tyler Farr is 36. Actor-singer Darren Criss is 33. Actor Henry Golding is 33. Rock musician Kyle Simmons (Bastille) is 32. Actor Jeremy Sumpter is 31. Drummer Graham Sierota (Echosmith) is 21.
Feb. 6: Actor Mike Farrell is 81. Former NBC News anchorman Tom Brokaw is 80. Singer Fabian is 77. Actress Gayle Hunnicutt is 77. Actor Michael Tucker is 75. Actress Kathy Najimy is 63. Rock musician Simon Phillips of Toto is 63. Actor-director Robert Townsend is 63. Actor Barry Miller is 62. Actress Megan Gallagher is 60. Rock singer Axl Rose (Guns N' Roses) is 58. Country singer Richie McDonald is 58. Singer Rick Astley is 54. Rock musician Tim Brown of the Boo Radleys is 51. "Good Morning America" co-host Amy Robach is 47. Actor Josh Stewart is 43. Actor Ben Lawson is 40. Actor Brandon Hammond is 36. Actress Alice Greczyn is 34. Rhythm and blues singer/actress Tinashe is 27.
Feb. 7: Saxophonist Brian Travers of UB40 is 61. Comedy writer Robert Smigel is 60. Actor James Spader is 60. Country singer Garth Brooks is 58. Rock musician David Bryan of Bon Jovi is 58. Actor-comedian Eddie Izzard is 58. Comedian Chris Rock is 55. Actor Jason Gedrick is 53. Actress Essence Atkins is 48. Rock singer-musician Wes Borland is 45. Bassist Tom Blankenship of My Morning Jacket is 42. Actor Ashton Kutcher is 42. Actress Tina Majorino is 35. Actress Deborah Ann Woll is 35.
Feb. 8: Composer-conductor John Williams is 88. Newscaster Ted Koppel is 80. Actor Nick Nolte is 79. Comedian Robert Klein is 78. Actor-rock musician Creed Bratton is 77. Actress Mary Steenburgen is 67. Actor Henry Czerny is 61. Singer Vince Neil of Motley Crue is 59. Actress Missy Yager is 52. Actress Mary McCormack is 51. Actress Susan Misner is 49. Dance musician Guy-Manuel de Homem-Christo of Daft Punk is 46. Actor Seth Green is 46. Actor Josh Morrow is 46. Bassist Phoenix of Linkin Park is 43. Actor William Jackson Harper is 40. Actor Jim Parrack is 39. Drummer Max Grahn of Carolina Liar is 32.
Another day in the epic star-crossed tale of Kim Kardashian and Pete Davidson's romance continues...
They relied on rapid coronavirus tests to gather safely. Some wish they hadn't.
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KOAT - Albuquerque Videos | {
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I was delighted to be involved in the SAP Innojam event in Melbourne in August. With the support of my SAP colleagues in engineering, I was able to present Gateway over PowerBuilder to show how far the integration of PowerBuilder and Netweaver Gateway technologies has progressed. PowerBuilder is famous for rapid application development and for its innovative graphical DataWindow® technology. The presentation at the Innojam event provided a taste of PowerBuilder DataWindow features and a glimpse of the new OData capabilities to be included in the next release of PowerBuilder.
Tech Fire presentations were kept very short and in the effort to keep time, some content was left out in my presentation. It is my pleasure to provide the full presentation on Gateway over PowerBuilder here.
This presentation is a snapshot of the WorkFlow demo originally created by the PowerBuilder engineering team and credit must go to Watson Zhou and Hong-wu Luo from the PowerBuilder R&D team in Beijing, China for providing the software and technical support. The WorkFlow demo illustrates the new OData Service feature and Web Services REST methods to enable rapid development of Gateway over PowerBuilder applications.
Please note that all references to new features in the next release of PowerBuilder shown or stated in this presentation should be regarded as 'tentative' or 'subject to change'.
The WorkFlow demo application executes REST methods via the command buttons to approve or reject workflow requests.
PowerBuilder will be presented again at future SAP Innojam events. I encourage all SAP Innojam attendees both present and future to try PowerBuilder and discover how quick it is to consume Gateway Services and create rich user experiences with SAP PowerBuilder .NET IDE and NetWeaver Gateway.
Thanks for posting this, Mark. It was great having you there – your support was much appreciated by everyone. We hope to have PowerBuilder showcased at future InnoJams. Hope to see you at another InnoJam!
it's a big feature to have a method to reach NetWeaver services through PowerBuilder Datawindow !
Hi Mark. I have a question about this: Is it necessary to define the OData-Webservice in NetWeaver? Will I need to code both sites?
Or is the PB 15 Gateway support the same idea like the already available SAP .NET Connector (3.0). It's possible to access any Business Object. | {
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New York, Sept. 19, 2012 — CALIENT Technologies, Inc., the global leader in photonic switching technology, today announced that its S320 optical circuit switch delivers sub-60 nanosecond (ns) packet-streaming latency performance, according to recent tests.
CALIENT announced the latency figures in conjunction with its participation at the 2012 High-Speed Computing for Wall Street conference (booth 316) today at the Roosevelt Hotel.
The ultra-low latency figure makes the S320 a viable alternative for building data center network fabrics where server virtualization and web applications drive increased traffic and dynamically changing traffic patterns that can overload networks, thereby increasing latency and lowering application performance. In financial data centers, low-latency networks are crucial to the profitability of high-speed, automated trading applications.
The S320 can be used to build large, scalable data center network fabrics interconnecting servers, top-of-rack switches, and core routers with dynamically reconfigurable topologies based on real-time bandwidth and application demands. In one use-case test, the S320 was able to reduce server-to-server latency across clusters by 4.64 microseconds or 60 percent when compared to standard IP switches.
The latency testing was performed with commercially available test and networking equipment. Latency tests were executed based upon RFC2544 benchmark testing with frame sizes of 64 KB, 300 KB and 1,518 KB.
The tests were conducted using manually activated S320 circuit management software. CALIENT is planning an OpenFlow API for early next year that will allow the S320 to be controlled by a flow-aware SDN management and control plane.
The Calient S320 optical circuit switch provides the industry's highest port count and reliability in a small form factor with extremely low power consumption. The MEMS core of the S320 uses CALIENT's three-dimensional array of silicon micro mirrors to switch up to 320 incoming fiber optic signals from any port to any of the 320 output ports.
Headquartered in Santa Barbara, Calif., CALIENT Technologies is the global leader in adaptive photonic switching with systems that enable dynamic optical layer optimization in next generation data centers and software defined networks. CALIENT's 3D MEMS switches have demonstrated years of reliability, with eight years of successful continuous operation. With more than 80,000 optical terminations shipped, CALIENT has one of the largest installed bases of photonic switches worldwide. For more information visit us at https://www.calient.net or contact us at [email protected].
Share the post "CALIENT Optical Circuit Switch Brings Sub-60ns Latency to Data Center & Financial Networks" | {
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LOL there never were any exhaust manifolds with holes in them for the air pump. I think you meant cylinder heads?
LOL! I better hang it up. Still coming off that 15 hour time change from China I guess.
Autolite is correct, Motorcraft would be the service replacement in years to come.
I stand corrected. I know it was not a Holley on it, as I had a 69 390 in an earlier life.
Drivers side mirror? Thought all XR7's had the bullet painted body color with a chrome base?
Special order paint got the chrome mirror.
I wish the pictures were taken in better lighting conditions. Why does this have the chrome valve covers and air cleaner lid? My 69 original 390 has painted. Interesting to see the different placement of the inspection stickers compared to my Cougar. I wounder what the build date is on this Cougar. The Marti report would be nice to see. Might make a nice day trip to look at it. At that price I don't think it's selling anytime soon.
I talked to the guy, car has only had the top down twice, always climate controlled, second owner. He is one of my customers and has added the SS wheels and some chrome bits. The reason it has a chrome mirror is it was a special order paint and only stock colors did they have painted mirrors on hand for. Car was sold soon after listed with back up buyers in que. | {
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"The Caucasus... is in the center of the world's attention and attracts the attention of the world's major countries..."
"We must follow the processes in the world, in the region, and try to minimize the risks to our country as much as possible..."
President of Azerbaijan Republic
AZERBAIJAN NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES THE INSTITUTE OF CAUCASUS STUDIES
Scientific seminars
Grant and projects
Deputy Director for scientific affairs
Deputy Director for general affairs
Scientific secretary
Staff Department
Trade Union Committee
Caucasus policy
Armenian studies
Georgian studies
Translation, publication and information
Young Scholars and Specialists' Council
International Council of Consultants
E-Kitabxana
İnstitutun nəşrləri
Elmi məqalələr
Hesabatlar
Gasimli M., Omarov V., Mammedova N., Habibbeyli S., Salahov K. THE ACTIVITIES OF ARMENIAN ORGANISATIONS IN GEORGIA
18-05-2021, 01:13 Ətraflı
Kelbizadeh E. GEOPOLITICAL AND REGIONAL ANALYSIS OF THE ARMENIA-IRAN RELATIONS IN 1998-2008
Decrees and orders
Cooperation documents
Chief Accountant: Atraba Abbasova
Atraba Bilal Abbasova in 1990 entered the Faculty of State Budget of the Baku Financial and Credit Technical School named after Tagiyev on the specialty of accountant-financier, from which she graduated in 1993. After graduating from the technical school, she worked as an accountant in the Terter Production and Economic Association, and in 1995 as a chief accountant in the small state enterprise "Radtex " at the Department of Radiation Research of Anas. In 2006, she was a laboratory assistant at the Sabunchi Concrete Products Plant of JSC "Yoltikinti Service", and from April 13, 2007 to July 17, 2016-an accountant at the Institute of Petrochemical Processes of ANAS. Since July 21, 2016, she has held the position of Chief Accountant at the Institute of the Caucasus Studies.
Accountant: Haziyeva Rahima
Haziyeva Rahima Rahman was born on January 10, 1996 in the city of Sumgayit. In 2013-2017 she graduated from the Azerbaijan State Economic University with a degree in Expertise and Marketing of Consumer Goods. She is currently studying for an MBA Master's degree in Finance from Azerbaijan State Economic University. Since June 1, 2018 she has been working as an accountant at the Institute of Caucasian Studies of ANAS.
Gasimli M. FROM "THE ARMENIAN ISSUE" TO ''THE ARMENIAN GENOCIDE'': IN SEARCH OF HISTORICAL TRUTH (1724-1920)
Republican scientific conference on "Terror in the Caucasus" was held
Corresponding member of ANAS, Professor Musa Qasimli gave a speech at the international symposium
Phone: (+994 12) 539 89 51
Adress: Azərbaycan Respublikası, Bakı şəh., Hüseyn Cavid pros.117, Akademiya şəhərciyi, IV mərtəbə, Otaq 448, AZ1073
E-mail: [email protected]
2014-2019 © Copyright caucasusstudies.az Azərbaycan Milli Elmlər Akademiyası Qafqazşünaslıq institutu
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Elven Nations: Shosara – FASA Games, Inc.
Hi, everyone. I'm Karol, fellow Earthdawn devotee and proud member of the Legends of Barsaive team. Aside from the fun of writing and running modules for my fellow Earthdawn fans (feel free to say hi at a convention!), I've had the privilege of helping flesh out the rich world of Earthdawn by being a part of Elven Nations. We've gotten a great overview of the book, as well as details on the central conflict of the great elven kingdoms over the future of Oak Heart itself. Little has been known of two of the players in this conflict (Sereatha and Shosara) until recently, and there's quite a bit to explore. We hope the book provides plenty of rich material to incorporate into your games and flesh out the setting.
The most remote of the elven nations, Shosara is full of secrets and mysteries to unravel. An ever-present enigma is the land itself. The wilds of Shosara always seem to be pushing back the civilized areas, and maintaining a settlement requires a great deal of effort, skilled Elementalists, or both. The forest is quick to reclaim cleared areas, and the seas batter coastal settlements with storms and crashing waves. Many newcomers wonder why such a fertile, abundant land isn't full of permanent settlements, and the rampant and dangerous growth of plant life is a major reason.
Most alarming, and often dismissed as hearsay by outsiders, the land itself can shift and change. This usually happens in a subtle manner, such as a stream or game trail following a different path than it once did, or landmarks used for guidance in the wilds disappear. Occasionally, however, these changes are more sudden. The earth may shake only to reveal a changed coastline or a ravine turning into a hill overnight. Occasionally, islands come up from the sea floor one day, only to disappear the next. While this appears to happen at random, some believe the wilds have a mind of their own, occasionally changing to block or confound foes or other threats. Many Shosarans default to navigating by the stars simply because these are a more stable wayfinding method.
Scholars have tried to unravel the secrets of these strange properties for almost as long as Shosara has existed. There are countless theories that fall into and out of fashion as they're endlessly debated in the Great Lighthouse, but they often fall into one of two broad camps.
The first group believes that the region's heavy attunement to elemental magic is the cause of Shosara's particularly active flora and fauna. The aura that suffuses the region seems conducive to infusing plant and animal life with the ambient magic of the world. While plants and animals brought to Shosara from other lands tend to find their growth accelerated and their natural abilities empowered, this seems to fade as they're taken away from the region. Thus it is believed the unique elemental aura of Shosara simply promotes this kind of growth, perhaps a legacy of a land that Shosarans believe chosen by Jaspree.
The second group points to other phenomena such as Death's Sea and believes that Shosara is the resting place of some extremely powerful being. To them, the rampant growth and changing lands are the unconscious or conscious efforts of this confined entity. More spiritual scholars believe this being is the Passion Jaspree, whose physical form rests somewhere within the island known as the Eye of Gwyn. The devotees and questors of Jaspree who tend to the island have resisted any attempts to conduct research into this matter. The connection between the Passion of Nature and nature suffused with energy is hard to ignore, however.
Yet other scholars believe it's some other power, perhaps even a dragon, from a previous age. They claim Shosara's environment is the result of a not-quite-successful attempt to protect against a previous Scourge that keeps this organism dormant. They believe the land changes in a largely protective manner, almost as if directed by a single will trying to keep the region from succumbing to Horrors. These scholars also believe that the land itself actually helped the Shosaran citadel get through the Scourge intact.
None of these has fully explained the strange phenomena of Shosara's wilds, and so the debate rages on. Some scholars suggest that perhaps a combination of these theories could explain Shosara's unique circumstances, but they tend to be dismissed as not intellectually disciplined enough to pick a side.
These only represent the most common conjectures as to why Shosara's wilds are so… well, wild. Many others exist, and yet others wait to be uncovered by intrepid scholars. In the meantime, Shosaran merchants and adventurers are more concerned with what they'll encounter than the thesis behind it, and the wise ones know to expect the unexpected — not just from the plants and animals, but from the land itself. | {
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Read the longer explanation here.
Find out how local polytheism, and animism might shape your practice.
Does purification play a role in your practice?
Consider the value that online community has to offer.
Want to know more about me, and my thoughts behind this project? Click here.
Feel like contributing? check out some of the suggested topics, or introduce one yourself!
I want polytheism to be accessible. I want it to be a welcoming option for newcomers. I want people to feel comfortable sharing and connecting with others without having to worry about defending their paths. Have you identified as a polytheist for decades? Awesome! Two weeks? Great! Are the Powers you're involved with 'named gods from the Lore'? Hooray! Do you follow a pop culture pagan path? Wonderful! Tell us about it!
Help us celebrate the diversity of contemporary polytheism by adding your voice! Want to tell others what your polytheism looks like? Feel like talking about any of the suggested topics? Have topics you'd like to introduce? Do it! Write an essay, record a video or an audio clip! Share as much or as little as you want. Post to your own pages, your own channels. If you want the material here as well, drop me a line ([email protected]) and let me know, and I'll be thrilled to link to you. | {
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Die Hexenverfolgung in Lemgo in Nordrhein-Westfalen hat überwiegend zwischen 1509 und 1681 stattgefunden. Lemgo bekam 1617 als einzige lippische Stadt die Blutgerichtsbarkeit vom Landesherrn Simon VII. verliehen und hatte damit das Recht, bei bestimmten Straftaten über Leben und Tod seiner Bürger selbstbestimmt zu entscheiden. Lemgo gehörte innerhalb Deutschlands zu den Städten, in denen Hexenprozesse (siehe Hexenverfolgung) besonders intensiv geführt wurden.
Die rund 200 im Stadtarchiv Lemgo erhaltenen Prozessakten gehören zu den umfangreichsten lokalen Zeugnissen von Hexenprozessen in Deutschland. Aus ihnen geht hervor, dass den Prozessen schätzungsweise 250 Menschen zum Opfer fielen, davon die Hälfte ab 1653. Tatsächlich dürfte die Zahl aber höher sein. Von den der Hexerei Angeklagten, davon etwa 80 % Frauen, wurde unter der Folter ein Geständnis erzwungen, dem nach dem Todesurteil meist die Hinrichtung durch Verbrennen auf dem Scheiterhaufen folgte.
Geschichtlicher Hintergrund
Lemgo war bis zum Beginn des 17. Jahrhunderts die bedeutendste und größte Stadt in der Grafschaft Lippe. Ihren Wohlstand hatte sie vor allem der Mitgliedschaft im Hansebund und dem damit verbundenen Fernhandel der Kaufleute zu verdanken. Entsprechend selbstbewusst waren die Lemgoer und machten dies auch gegenüber dem Landesherrn in Detmold deutlich. Schon um 1518 wurden in Lemgo Luthers Thesen gelesen und neben Lippstadt wurde Lemgo zum Zentrum der Reformation. Im Jahr 1530 begann ein offener Konflikt zwischen den Lemgoern und dem Landesherrn. Graf Simon V. war erbost und sprach von aufrührerischen Bauern, die keine Obrigkeit über sich dulden wollten. Als Simon 1533 Unterstützung für ein militärisches Vorgehen gegen Lemgo suchte, griff Philipp I. von Hessen vermittelnd ein. Im selben Jahr übernahm Lemgo die Braunschweiger Kirchenordnung und wurde damit offiziell evangelisch-lutherisch.
Die Einführung des reformierten Bekenntnisses nach Johannes Calvin war das persönliche Werk Simons VI. Als Datum für dessen Einführung in Lippe gilt das Jahr 1605. Nur die Stadt Lemgo widersetzte sich und hielt am lutherischen Bekenntnis fest. Diese Haltung führte zu einem jahrelangen zermürbenden Konflikt, in dem Lemgo sogar seine Geschütze gegen die landesherrliche Burg in Brake richtete. Erst 1617 wurden die Streitigkeiten im Röhrentruper Rezess beigelegt, die Stadt blieb lutherisch und bekam weitgehende Hoheitsrechte zugesichert, darunter auch die Blutgerichtsbarkeit. Der Stadtrat blieb damit die bestimmende kirchliche und weltliche Obrigkeit in Lemgo.
Schon zu Beginn des 17. Jahrhunderts waren deutliche Zeichen erkennbar, dass die Blütezeit der Stadt zu Ende ging. Im Verlauf des Dreißigjährigen Krieges (1618–1648) kam es innerhalb der Bevölkerung Lemgos zu einer dramatischen Krise. Besonders hart wurde Lippe in den letzten Kriegsjahren getroffen. Wie überall in Deutschland büßten die lippischen Städte bis zum Ende des Krieges rund zwei Drittel ihrer Bevölkerung ein; auf dem Land lag der Verlust bei etwa 50 Prozent. Lemgo wurde in den Jahren 1636 und 1646 zweimal von den Schweden geplündert und Pestepidemien suchten die Stadt heim. Von den rund 1000 Wohnhäusern waren am Kriegsende nahezu die Hälfte zerstört. Die Einwohnerzahl sank von 4700 im Jahr 1629 auf 1400 Bewohner im Jahr 1648, bis der Rückzug der geflohenen Menschen einsetzte. Über zwei Millionen Reichstaler mussten an Kontributionen gezahlt werden, zwei Drittel davon allein von Lemgo.
Am Ende des Jahrhunderts kam es wiederum zu einem heftigen Konflikt zwischen der Stadt und dem Landesherrn, der sich an der Ratswahl und der Konfessionsfrage entzündete. Inzwischen hatten sich die Machtverhältnisse in Lippe zu Gunsten des Landesherrn verschoben, der die Wahl eines reformierten Bürgermeisters durchsetzen konnte.
Der Hexenglaube
Der Hexenglaube war ein vorwiegend im christlichen Europa verbreiteter Aberglaube, dessen Wurzeln im vorchristlichen Götterglauben zu finden sind, und nahm vor allem im 14. Jahrhundert an Bedeutung zu. Im Verlauf des 15. Jahrhunderts entwickelte sich das Gesamtbild der Hexen und Zauberer zum Hexenkult mit Zusammenkünften und Riten, die zur Übernahme der Weltherrschaft führen sollten. Das Hauptelement des Hexenglaubens war der Teufelspakt, der zugleich einen Vertrag mit dem Teufel wie auch einen Abfall von Gott und Ketzerei darstellte. Eng damit verbunden war die Teufelsbuhlschaft, der Geschlechtsverkehr zwischen Hexe und Teufel. Als drittes Element gab es den Hexensabbat in Verbindung mit dem Hexenflug und das vierte Element der Hexenlehre war der Schadenzauber.
Im Jahr 1487 veröffentlichte der Dominikaner Heinrich Institoris ein Buch unter dem Titel Hexenhammer, das bis zum 17. Jahrhundert in 29 Auflagen erschien. Das Buch, ein Kompendium des zu dieser Zeit weit verbreiteten Hexenglaubens, diente als Anleitung für die Verfolgung von Hexen und Zauberern. Sich gegen den Vorwurf der Hexerei zu wehren, war nahezu unmöglich, denn unter der Peinlichen Befragung oder der Folter gestand schließlich nahezu jeder Angeklagte. Jeder Einwohner Lemgos dieser Zeit lebte in der Gefahr, wegen Hexerei oder Zauberei verfolgt und angeklagt zu werden. Es genügte in der Regel schon eine Beschuldigung, die Beklaffung, aus der Nachbarschaft oder von Verwandten und Bekannten. Noch schwerwiegender war aber die unter der Folter erpresste Aussage über Mitwisser, die sogenannte Besagung einer überführten Hexe. Die Gründe für eine Beklaffung waren vielfältiger Natur, wie zum Beispiel Ehebruch und Eifersucht, Neid und Missgunst, Habgier, Streitigkeiten und Machtkämpfe, Verschleierung eigener Verfehlungen und andere Motive.
Die Hexenprozesse
Die Prozessperioden
Das vermutlich älteste Dokument über einen Hexenprozess in Lemgo stammt aus dem Jahr 1509. In zeitlicher Hinsicht sind insgesamt vier Perioden auszumachen, in denen die Schwerpunkte der Lemgoer Hexenprozesse lagen. Im Lemgoer Stadtarchiv sind rund 200 Prozessakten erhalten, die die umfangreichsten lokalen Überlieferungen von Hexenprozessen in Deutschland überhaupt bilden.
Die ersten beiden Perioden dauerten von 1564 bis 1566 und von 1583 bis 1605/6, die Zahl der Todesopfer ist nicht genau bekannt. Der erste Prozess wegen Zauberei, dessen Akten in Lemgoer Stadtarchiv erhalten sind, erfolgte im Jahr 1566 und das Urteil lautete auf Landesverweisung. Die ersten Hexenprozesse, deren Akten erhalten sind, fanden 1583 statt. Auch hier lauteten die Urteile selten auf Tod, sondern in der Regel auf Landesverweisung. Erst zu Beginn des 17. Jahrhunderts wurden die Verfahren unmenschlicher und die Urteile grausamer. Ab 1628 endeten alle Hexenprozesse mit dem Tod der Angeklagten.
Die dritte Periode von 1628 bis 1637 fiel in die Zeit des Dreißigjährigen Kriegs, und es wurden mindestens 110 Menschen der Hexerei beschuldigt und 84 davon hingerichtet. Hierbei handelte es sich in der Hauptsache um Angehörige einkommensschwächerer Schichten, darunter sechs Männer. Als Grund für die Beendigung der Verfolgungswelle wird der Einzug der Schweden in Lemgo angenommen.
Die Prozesse der vierten Periode von 1653 bis 1681 wurden von Bürgermeister Heinrich Kerkmann in den Jahren von 1653 bis 1656 geführt, für die darauffolgenden Prozesse bis 1681 war jedoch Hermann Cothmann verantwortlich, der ab 1666 Direktor des Peinlichen Gerichts, eines neu geschaffenen Amtes, und ab 1667 Bürgermeister war. Die gesamte vierte Prozessperiode fiel in die Amtszeit des Scharfrichters David Clauss des Älteren. In dieser Periode hatte sich auch das Geschlechts- und Sozialprofil der Angeklagten geändert. Lag der Anteil der Männer vorher bei sechs Prozent, erhöhte er sich ab 1653 auf rund 25 % und die Zahl der Angeklagten aus der bürgerlichen Führungsschicht stieg im Verlauf dieser Verfolgungswelle signifikant. Die Gesamtzahl der Todesopfer in den Lemgoer Hexenprozessen wird auf rund 250 Menschen geschätzt, davon über die Hälfte nach 1653, also annähernd 130 Prozessopfer.
Das Gericht
Für die Hexenjustiz in Lippe gab es zwei Kriminalgerichte, einmal das vom Landesherrn eingesetzte Gericht, das in Detmold, Horn oder Brake tagte, und zum anderen das vom Rat der Stadt Lemgo verwaltete Gericht in Lemgo.
Das Lemgoer Gericht setzte sich aus zwei im Jahresrhythmus wechselnden zwölfköpfigen Räten zusammen. Eine aus diesen Räten gewählte Abordnung, deren Mitglieder Hexendeputierte genannt wurden, führte die Prozessermittlungen. Den Vorsitz hatte der Bürgermeister, ab 1666 der Direktor des Peinlichen Gerichts. Bei Rechtsunsicherheit oder zur Absicherung des Urteils holte das Gericht gelegentlich ein Gutachten von einer Universität ein, in einigen Fällen wurden sogar verschiedene Universitäten beauftragt. Die Prozesskosten wurden in der Regel aus dem Vermögen der Angeklagten oder von deren Familienangehörigen bestritten und zum Teil auch aus den Gnadengeldern, die bei einer "Begnadigung" zur Hinrichtung mit dem Schwert fällig wurden. Ab 1663 bekam der Graf Hermann Adolph zur Lippe nach langjährigen Auseinandersetzungen das volle Begnadigungsrecht und die damit verbundenen Begnadigungsgelder zugesprochen. Die im Lemgoer Stadtarchiv seit 1557 vorliegenden Kämmereirechnungen geben darüber Auskunft.
Der Prozessablauf
Häufig gingen einer Anklage Gerüchte oder Denunziationen von Nachbarn, Bekannten oder Verwandten voraus. Die Anklage konnte ebenfalls auf Grund einer Denunziation erfolgen, die von einer bereits inhaftierten Hexe manchmal unter der Folter erpresst wurde, der sogenannten Besagung. Nur selten gestand man vermeintlichen Hexen das Recht auf eine Verteidigung zu.
Gefängnisse im heutigen Sinne gab es in der Zeit der Hexenverfolgungen noch nicht, deshalb wurden die Angeklagten in Kellern, Verliesen oder Türmen inhaftiert. Zu Beginn des Prozesses wurde die Angeklagte vollständig entkleidet und rasiert (Depilation), damit sie kein Zaubermittel verstecken konnte und um ihre Zauberkraft zu brechen. Dann wurde sie am ganzen Körper nach einem Hexenmal untersucht und dieses gegebenenfalls einer Nadelprobe unterzogen.
Das Verhör wurde in Lemgo von den Hexendeputierten durchgeführt. Hierbei unterschied man drei Phasen, nämlich erstens die gütliche Befragung, zweitens die Territion, das war die Befragung mit Vorzeigen und Erklärung der Folterinstrumente, und drittens die Peinliche Befragung, bei der die Folter Anwendung fand. Die gütliche Befragung bestand unter anderem aus intimen Fragen, zum Beispiel nach Verabredungen mit dem Teufel bis hin zum Geschlechtsverkehr mit ihm. Erfolgte von der Angeklagten kein Geständnis, wurden ihr die Folterwerkzeuge gezeigt nebst einer detaillierten Schilderung der zu erwartenden Qualen. In der dritten Phase erfolgte das Verhör unter der Folter, der Peinlichen Befragung, die in der Regel zum Geständnis führte. Hierbei kamen Daumenschraube und Streckbank und andere Folterinstrumente zum Einsatz. Kam es zu keinem Geständnis, wurde die Folter wiederholt. Ein weiteres Mittel, um die Schuld der Hexe zu beweisen, war die Hexenprobe. Die bekannteste war die Wasserprobe, bei der die Hexe an Händen und Füßen gefesselt in kaltes Wasser geworfen wurde. Falls die Angeklagte oben schwamm, galt dies als Beweis für Hexerei, doch wenn sie unterging, war das längst nicht der Gegenbeweis. Man glaubte, dass das reine Element Wasser Hexen und Hexer abstoßen würde. Sie brauchten in diesem Fall ein "Wunder", um freigesprochen zu werden. Wenn die Angeklagte nicht schwamm, wurde sie wieder aus dem Wasser gezogen, wobei es hier zu ungewollten Todesfällen kommen konnte.
Verantwortlich für die Durchführung der Folter war der Scharfrichter mit Hilfe seiner Henkersknechte. Niemand durfte in einem Hexenprozess ohne ein Geständnis verurteilt werden. In der Regel wurde das Opfer jedoch so lange gequält, bis ein Geständnis vorlag. In einer abschließenden Verhörphase erfolgte die Besagung, in der die Angeklagten nach den Namen anderer Hexen befragt wurden, manchmal unter erneuter Anwendung der Folter.
Eine überführte Hexe hatte als Strafe immer den Feuertod auf dem Scheiterhaufen zu erwarten, damit ihre Seele gereinigt wurde. Die Hexe wurde von den Henkersknechten an einen Pfahl inmitten eines Reisighaufens gefesselt und lebendig verbrannt oder vorher vom Scharfrichter mit dem Schwert enthauptet, was als Gnadenakt angesehen wurde und von den Angehörigen bezahlt werden musste. Auch der lippische Landesherr hatte einen gewissen Einfluss auf die Prozesse, konnte Begnadigungen zum Tod durch das Schwert verkünden und die damit verbundenen Gebühren kassieren. Der Scheiterhaufen wurde gewöhnlich auf dem Lemgoer Marktplatz errichtet und war ein großes Spektakel für die Bevölkerung. Offiziell wurden die Hexenprozesse in Lemgo im Jahr 1715 beendet, als das berüchtigte Schwarze Buch, in dem alle Hexereibeschuldigungen gesammelt worden waren, auf dem Marktplatz öffentlich verbrannt wurde.
Die Opfer
Am 25. April 1509 wurden laut Bernhard Witte in seiner Historia Westphaliae 14 Frauen und ein Scholasticus wegen Giftmischerei verhaftet. Eine der Frauen hatte einer Mutter ein Mittel verkauft, das die Versöhnung mit ihrem Sohn bewirken sollte. Dieser aber war nach Einnahme des Mittels gestorben. Sieben der gefangenen Frauen gestanden unter der Folter zahlreiche Verbrechen und mussten den Feuertod sterben. Damit begann die Serie der Hexenprozesse in Lemgo. Im Folgenden sind einige der prominentesten Opfer aufgeführt, die alle im Verlauf der vierten Periode verurteilt wurden.
Margarete Siekmann war in zweiter Ehe mit dem Baumseidenmacher Bernd Krevetsiek verheiratet. Sie wurde von ihrem sechsjährigen Pflegekind nach einer Tracht Prügel bei dessen Mutter als Hexe bezeichnet und von dieser 1653 beim Magistrat angezeigt. Man warf ihr vor, sie könne zaubern und würde diese Kunst weitergeben. Unter der Folter gestand sie und wurde am 10. August 1653 von Scharfrichter David Clauss mit dem Schwert hingerichtet und anschließend auf dem Scheiterhaufen verbrannt.
Catharina Cothmann war die Mutter des späteren Hexenbürgermeisters Hermann Cothmann, die im Jahr 1654 hingerichtet wurde. Ihr Ehemann Diederich Cothmann war in finanziellen Schwierigkeiten und konnte die für die Tötung mit dem Schwert geforderten 100 Taler nicht aufbringen. Der Rat senkte die Summe auf 40 Taler, verlangte dafür aber Ländereien und Gärten von Cothmann als Ausgleich.
Der Prozess gegen den Schullehrer Hermann Beschoren erregte großes Aufsehen. Ihm wurde vorgeworfen, zahlreiche Schüler zum Teufelsbund verführt zu haben, und gestand unter der Folter, 17 Knaben und Mädchen das Zaubern gelehrt zu haben. Graf Hermann Adolph setzte sich für ihn ein, konnte aber 1654 die Hinrichtung Beschorens mit dem Schwert nicht verhindern. Erst ab 1664 bekam der lippische Landesherr das volle Begnadigungsrecht zugesprochen. Hermann Beschorens Ehefrau wurde ebenfalls angeklagt und hingerichtet.
Anna Veltmans, auch bekannt unter dem Namen Witwe Böndel, war eine erfolgreiche Kauffrau. Sie geriet durch mehrfache Besagungen in Hexereiverdacht, konnte aber eine Kaution hinterlegen und wurde freigelassen. Nach dem Tode ihres zweiten Ehemannes wurde sie erneut verdächtigt, angeklagt und gestand unter der Folter. Nach Zahlung der geforderten Summe wurde sie zum Schwert begnadigt und am 23. Dezember 1665 hingerichtet.
Der Pastor der Marienkirche Hermann Müller wurde 1655 der Zauberei beschuldigt. In einigen Fällen holte der Rat Gutachten bei Universitäten ein. Die Rechtsgelehrten in den Hochschulen in Marburg und Gießen rieten den Lemgoern, bei einem Mann der Kirche von der Anwendung der Folter abzusehen, und der Pastor kam mit dem Leben davon, verlor allerdings sein Amt, das er 35 Jahre lang ausgeübt hatte.
Johann Abschlag hatte es unter Tilly und Wallenstein im Dreißigjährigen Krieg zum Obristleutnant gebracht und bewohnte ein Haus in der Nähe des Marktplatzes. Er hatte sich zuvor mit dem Rat wegen der zu hohen Viehsteuer angelegt. Er wurde denunziert und 1654 als Zauberer und Kommandant der Hexen bezeichnet. Auch er wurde durch ein Universitätsgutachten freigesprochen, falls sich nicht ein neuer Verdacht ereigne. 1665 gab es einen erneuten Hexenprozess gegen Abschlag, in dessen Verlauf er zur Wasserprobe geführt wurde. Am 19. Januar 1666 erfolgte die Hinrichtung mit dem Schwert; seine Familie hatte zuvor 200 Taler Begnadigungsgeld bezahlt.
Im Jahr 1665 wurde der Kantor Bernhard Grabbe der Zauberei bezichtigt, weil er zu anderen Verurteilten Kontakt hatte. Grabbe konnte fliehen, wurde aber gefangen und nach Lemgo ausgeliefert. Er gestand unter der Folter und wurde am 26. März 1667 mit dem Schwert hingerichtet.
Andreas Koch war Pfarrer in St. Nicolai in Lemgo und mit Grabbe verschwägert. Er hatte in seiner Eigenschaft als Geistlicher die Verurteilten zur Hinrichtung zu begleiten. Bei seinen Predigten sprach er sich für mehr Sorgfalt und Vorsicht bei den Hexenprozessen aus. 1665 wurde er nach einem Gutachten der Universität Rinteln als Pfarrer entlassen und ein Jahr später wegen Hexerei angeklagt. Er wurde dreimal gefoltert und nach dem Geständnis zum Tode verurteilt. Seine Ehefrau Anna Elisabeth Pöppelmann erreichte beim Grafen Hermann Adolph die Begnadigung zur Enthauptung mit dem Schwert und anschließender Verbrennung. Die Hinrichtung fand am 2. Juni 1666 in der Frühe zwischen vier und fünf Uhr unter dem Regenstor statt. Für eine Hinrichtung waren Zeit und Ort ungewöhnlich, offenbar eine Maßnahme, um die Öffentlichkeit bei der Hinrichtung eines Pfarrers nahezu auszuschließen. Andreas Koch war der einzige in Lemgo hingerichtete Pfarrer.
Maria Rampendahl war die letzte Angeklagte in einem Hexenprozess. Sie widerstand der Folter und legte kein Geständnis ab. Sie wurde laut Universitätsgutachten aus der Stadt und dem Land gewiesen und verklagte danach die Verantwortlichen in Lemgo vor dem Reichskammergericht. Das Verfahren endete am 30. Oktober 1682 mit einer Niederlage für Maria Rampendahl und verschlang einen großen Teil ihrer Ersparnisse. 1994 wurde für sie ein Denkmal an der Kirche St. Nicolai in Lemgo errichtet. Seit Juni 2014, 333 Jahre nachdem sie am 15. April 1681 "auf Ewig der Stadt und des Landes verwiesen wurde", trägt nun ein Platz ihren Namen. Es ist der Platz vor dem Stadtarchiv. (Die Straße namens Rampendal ohne H in mittelbarer Nähe des Platzes hat außer der Namensähnlichkeit keinen Bezug zur Familie Rampendahl und ist erheblich älter.) Sie ist das einzige Prozessopfer, nach dem etwas in Lemgo benannt wurde.
Die Bürgermeister
Lemgo besaß im späten Mittelalter das Recht der Blutgerichtsbarkeit, das von den beiden im Jahresrhythmus wechselnden Räten ausgeübt wurde. Die aus ihren Mitgliedern gewählten Hexendeputierten führten die Voruntersuchungen aus. Den Vorsitz des Peinlichen Gerichts hatte immer einer von vier Bürgermeistern. Im Lemgo dieser Zeit gab es jeweils vier Bürgermeister, die jedes Jahr paarweise wechselten, also nur alle zwei Jahre im Amt waren. Nur einer von beiden war für die Hexenprozesse verantwortlich.
Johan Stute war Bürgermeister von 1625 bis 1635 während der dritten Phase der Hexenverfolgungen in Lemgo und an mindestens 23 Hexenprozessen maßgeblich beteiligt. Insgesamt wurden in dieser Zeit mindestens 110 Personen der Hexerei beschuldigt und mit Sicherheit 84 von ihnen hingerichtet. Als Ankläger fungierte Johannes Berner, der als Stadtsekretär mehr als 50 Jahre an vielen Hexenprozessen eine wichtige Rolle spielte, während die Bürgermeister wechselten.
Heinrich Kerkmann war Bürgermeister von 1626 bis 1666 und in seiner Amtszeit wurden Andreas Koch, Anna Veltmans und Johann Abschlag angeklagt, verurteilt und hingerichtet. Kerkmann versuchte, die städtische Hexenjustiz zu perfektionieren und die Hinrichtungskosten zu senken, indem er auf die kostspielige Verbrennungsstrafe verzichtete und die Verurteilten überwiegend enthaupten ließ. Gemeinsam mit seinem langjährigen Studienfreund Johannes Berner war er maßgeblich an der intensiven Prozesswelle von 1653 bis 1656 beteiligt. Gegen seine autoritäre Führung gab es zeitweise heftigen Widerstand aus der Bürgerschaft, doch er konnte sich bis zu seinem Tod behaupten.
Der Nachfolger Kerkmanns war Hermann Cothmann, der noch zu seinen Lebzeiten den Beinamen Hexenbürgermeister bekam. Cothmann war von 1667 bis 1683 Bürgermeister und in seiner Amtszeit gab es annähernd 100 Todesurteile und Hinrichtungen. Cothmann wurde 1666 zum Direktor des Peinlichen Gerichts ernannt und erwarb sich schnell das Vertrauen Kerkmanns. Bürgermeister Cothmann benutzte den Hexenwahn der Bevölkerung, um seine persönlichen Machtinteressen durchzusetzen und seine Gegner auszuschalten. Er selbst war offenbar frei von Aberglauben und benutzte die Ängste anderer, um sich am Eigentum der Stadt und seiner Bürger zu bereichern. Wie sein Vorgänger Kerkmann besaß auch Cothmann das Vertrauen des Landesherrn Simon Heinrich und Beschwerden Lemgoer Bürger beim Landesherrn waren erfolglos. In Cothmanns Amtszeit fiel der letzte Hexenprozess gegen Maria Rampendahl, die mit dem Leben davonkam. In seinem Wohnhaus in Lemgo, dem Hexenbürgermeisterhaus, befindet sich heute ein Museum.
Der Scharfrichter
David Clauss der Ältere war, wie schon seine Vorfahren, lippischer Scharfrichter. In seine lange Dienstzeit von fast fünfzig Jahren fielen nicht nur die letzte Prozesswelle ab 1653, sondern auch ein Großteil der in der Grafschaft Lippe geführten Gerichtsverfahren. Er genoss ein hohes Ansehen in der Stadt und ihm trug kaum jemand seine Tätigkeit als Strafvollstrecker nach, nicht einmal die Angehörigen der Hingerichteten. Soziale Ausgrenzung erfuhren lediglich seine Hilfskräfte, die Henkersknechte, die als Abdecker arbeiteten. Seine Familie, Ehefrau Agnesa Böcker und acht Kinder, waren in die Nachbarschaft integriert, was gegenseitige Hilfe bei Geburt, Taufe, Heirat, Krankheit und Tod bedeutete. Aus nachbarschaftlichen Beziehungen entsprangen jedoch auch die meisten Verleumdungen und üblen Nachreden über Hexerei und Zauberei, die vor der Tür des Scharfrichters nicht Halt machten. So wurden seine Familienangehörigen Opfer von Schadenzauber und seine Frau als Hexe beschuldigt, was aber ohne Folgen blieb. Nach 1665 gab es zunehmend Kritik aus der Lemgoer Führungsschicht an der selbstherrlichen Justiz des Bürgermeisters und seiner Hexendeputierten. David Clauss gehörte offenbar ebenfalls zu den Kritikern und fiel spätestens 1673 bei der Lemgoer Obrigkeit in Ungnade. Gegen ihn wurde allerdings keine Anklage erhoben und er starb 1696 eines natürlichen Todes. Sein Haus in der Papenstraße 48 existiert noch heute. Seine Nachkommen lebten dort 300 Jahre lang.
Lokale Geschichtskultur
Aus dem 19. Jahrhundert stammt der Beiname Hexennest für Lemgo, mit dem gleichzeitig die Folklorisierung des Hexenthemas begann. In der zweiten Hälfte dieses Jahrhunderts wurden Details aus einigen Lemgoer Hexenprozessen von den Gymnasiallehrern Heinrich Clemen und August Schacht aus Lemgo, sowie Otto Weerth aus Detmold veröffentlicht. Zu Beginn des 20. Jahrhunderts entwickelte sich die Erinnerung an die Zeit der Hexenverfolgung zum festen Bestandteil der Heimatforschung und damit zur lokalen Geschichtskultur. Hier ist in erster Linie der Gymnasiallehrer und Heimatforscher Karl Meier (1882–1969) zu nennen, von dem zahlreiche Publikationen über dieses Thema stammen. Karl Meier war Autor von Theaterstücken über die Hexenverfolgung im Stil eines Historiendramas. Darüber hinaus verfasste er mehrere Bücher, Aufsätze und Zeichnungen, die das Bild der Lemgoer Hexenprozesse über lange Jahre prägten. Er war zugleich Gründer und Vorsitzender des Vereins "Alt Lemgo", der sich die Erhaltung der historischen Bausubstanz Lemgos zum Ziel setzte.
Während der NS-Zeit wurde dem Hexenthema mit besonderem Interesse begegnet und Mitarbeiter Himmlers kamen nach Lemgo und Detmold, um dort die alten Prozessakten zu sichten. Der Reichsführer SS Heinrich Himmler hatte eine "nationalsozialistische Religion" mit der Verehrung germanischer Götter entwickelt, verbunden mit einem Hexenglauben. Er behauptete, die Hexenverfolgungen seien von der Kirche initiiert worden, um das geheime Wissen der "weisen Frauen" zu vernichten, die allesamt "reinrassige Germaninnen" gewesen seien. Diese Ansicht führte dazu, dass die Nazis an der Erforschung des frühneuzeitlichen Hexenwesens und der Hexenverfolgung sehr interessiert waren und zu diesem Zweck 1935 eine Hexenkartothek einrichteten. Zur Kulturpolitik der Nazis gehörte auch die Neueinrichtung des Heimatmuseums im Hexenbürgermeisterhaus mit der Installation eines Folterkellers.
Im Zusammenhang mit der neueren Hexenforschung ist die Geschichtswissenschaft auf die Lemgoer Hexenprozesse gestoßen. Es wurden biografische Fallstudien zu einzelnen Prozessopfern erstellt und ebenfalls zum Bürgermeister Hermann Cothmann.
Der folkloristische Umgang mit dem Thema wirkt sich bis in die heutige Zeit aus. Eine Gaststätte nannte sich Hexenklause, ein Automobilclub trägt jährlich einen Hexenslalom aus, der Fanclub des TBV Lemgo heißt Lemgoer Hexen und mit dem Hexenbürgermeisterhaus und dem Folterkeller wird Tourismuswerbung betrieben. Im Jahr 1990 entstand der Arbeitskreis Maria Rampendahl, in dem es um die Errichtung eines Denkmals für die Opfer der Hexenverfolgung ging. Das 1994 errichtete Denkmal heißt Stein des Anstoßes und trägt stellvertretend für alle unschuldig Verfolgten in der Historie Lemgos den Namen Maria Rampendahl. Eine Straße in Lemgo heißt ebenfalls Rampendahl. Zum Gedenken an den hingerichteten Pfarrer Andreas Koch ließ die Evangelisch-lutherische Kirchengemeinde 1999 in der Kirche St. Nicolai eine schwarze Granitplastik anbringen. Sie trägt die Inschrift: Gott wird endlich mein Haupt aufrichten und mich wieder in Ehren setzen.
Christian Antze
Dem Salzufler Bürgermeister Christian Antze (1775–1845) ist es zu verdanken, dass ein Großteil der Prozessakten heute noch vorhanden sind. In seiner Freizeit beschäftigte er sich unter anderem mit den Hexenprozessen in der Grafschaft Lippe. Jahrelang bearbeitete Antze die lippische Regierung und die Lemgoer Stadtverwaltung: Er führte die bis dahin verwahrlost und sehr verstreut herumliegenden Prozessakten zusammen und archivierte sie. Sein Nachlass wurde dem Lippischen Landesarchiv überstellt.
Siehe auch
Hexenverfolgung
Massenhysterie
McCarthyismus
Literatur
Bettina Szrama: Der Henker von Lemgo, Historischer Roman, ISBN 978-3-89705-864-4, emons Verlag.
Weblinks
Hexenverfolgungen in Lemgo
Bernhard Grabbe
Andreas Koch
Maria Rampendahl (Angeklagte im Hexenprozess)
Hermann Cothmann
Hexenverfolgung
Maria Rampendahl und das Ende der Hexenverfolgung in Lemgo im Archivblog Lippe
Hexenprozessakten des Stadtarchivs Lemgo
Einzelnachweise
Lemgo
Lemgo
Heiliges Römisches Reich in der Frühen Neuzeit
Geschichte (Kreis Lippe) | {
"redpajama_set_name": "RedPajamaWikipedia"
} |
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Jeffrey Kolender, Paula Calimafde, and Michelle Chapin were all featured in the most recent edition of the magazine. The feature is in the July/August 2018 edition of Bethesda Magazine. This year, 17 attorneys were listed as the Top Estate Lawyers by their peers, and 8 were selected as Rising Stars.
For the sixth year in a row, Paley Rothman earned national and local honors in US News-Best Lawyers 2018 "Best Law Firms" rankings.
Paley Rothman is pleased to announce that 16 lawyers have been named to the 2018 Edition of Best Lawyers in America. We would like to congratulate the following attorneys named to this year's list. | {
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The Environment Agency, with the support of Christopher Pincher MP, has officially opened the Fazeley section of the Lower Tame flood scheme. This work has reduced the risk of flooding to 250 properties in the area.
Construction of the £3.5million Fazeley section of the scheme began in June 2013 and was completed in August 2014. The works include new flood banks at Mayfair Drive as well as new flood walls along New Mill Lane, Coton Green Football Club, Brook End and parts of Coleshill Road.
The work has also involved raising the existing flood bank on Brook End and the Environment Agency has worked with Staffordshire County Council to reduce surface water flooding on Brook End and Coleshill Road.
The Fazeley section is one of the 4 sections that make up the Lower Tame flood risk management scheme. The others are in Coton, Kingsbury and Whitacre Heath, with a total scheme cost of £11million.
There were over 2,000 residential properties at risk from flooding in these areas from the River Tame before works began.
Posted on September 5, 2014 with tags dredging, Fazeley, flood risk, management, News, scheme, UK. | {
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Ford puts the brakes on outta-control shopping carts
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While many kids do like pushing grocery carts, they can get kind of over-enthusiastic about it, and often run into things as a result. It was with this supermarket hazard in mind that Ford recently created the one-off Self-Braking Trolley.
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Spanish SUV automatically brakes for bikes
Ben Coxworth December 10, 2018
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Gadget-packed 2019 Mercedes-Benz GLE SUV pushes high-tech offroading
Loz Blain September 12, 2018
Mercedes-Benz has updated its upscale, outdoorsy GLE SUV with a barrage of high-tech goodies, including suspension that leans into corners, an intelligent, voice controlled user interface system that learns your habits, and some fascinating new driver assist ideas.
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Ben Coxworth June 22, 2017
Life should be a bit easier for buyers of the upcoming new Leaf, as Nissan has confirmed that the car will feature ProPILOT Assist technology. Although it should eventually offer advanced functionality, for now the system reportedly "reduces the hassle of stop-and-go single-lane highway driving."
Smartphone system detects drowsy drivers
Some cars are now equipped with systems that use sensors to detect if the driver is getting drowsy. While that's great if you own one of those vehicles, what happens if you drive something else? Well, researchers have developed a smartphone-based system that reportedly does the job.
Windshield-wiping tech gets proactive
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When you're driving on a rainy highway, the windshield-covering splashes created by passing transport trucks can be pretty unnerving. You can of course quickly flip your wipers up to High, but Sweden's Semcon has developed a system that is claimed to react even faster.
Using this app while driving could actually make you safer
Ben Coxworth January 17, 2017
Many of today's higher-end cars come with systems that alert the driver if they're engaging in unsafe driving practises. However, what about the rest of us? Well, the University of Alcalá has developed a smartphone app that reportedly serves much the same purpose. | {
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Research ArticleCELL BIOLOGY AND SIGNAL TRANSDUCTION
Interaction of Calmodulin, a Sorting Nexin and Kinase-Associated Protein Phosphatase with the Brassica oleracea S Locus Receptor Kinase
Vincent Vanoosthuyse, Gabrielle Tichtinsky, Christian Dumas, Thierry Gaude, J. Mark Cock
Vincent Vanoosthuyse
Gabrielle Tichtinsky
Christian Dumas
Thierry Gaude
J. Mark Cock
Published October 2003. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1104/pp.103.023846
Recognition of self-pollen during the self-incompatibility response in Brassica oleracea is mediated by the binding of a secreted peptide (the S locus cysteine-rich protein) to the S locus receptor kinase (SRK), a member of the plant receptor kinase (PRK) superfamily. Here, we describe the characterization of three proteins that interact with the cytosolic kinase domain of SRK. A B. oleracea homolog of Arabidopsis kinase-associated protein phosphatase was shown to interact with and dephosphorylate SRK and was itself phosphorylated by SRK. Yeast (Saccharomyces cerevisiae) two-hybrid screens identified two additional interactors, calmodulin and a sorting nexin, both of which have been implicated in receptor kinase down-regulation in animals. A calmodulin-binding site was identified in sub-domain VIa of the SRK kinase domain. The binding site is conserved and functional in several other members of the PRK family. The sorting nexin also interacted with diverse members of the PRK family, suggesting that all three of the interacting proteins described here may play a general role in signal transduction by this family of proteins.
Plant genomes encode large numbers of receptors with Ser/Thr protein kinase activity. These plant receptor kinases (PRKs) are related to, but phylogenetically distinct from, the receptor Tyr kinase (RTK) and receptor Ser/Thr kinase (RSK) families in animals, suggesting that the three families have evolved independently from a common ancestor (Shiu and Bleecker, 2001). The independent evolution of these gene families is reflected in the fact that, to date, none of the proteins that have been shown to interact with PRKs are closely homologous to RTK- and RSK-interacting proteins. However, despite the many differences between plant and animal receptor kinase systems, there are indications that they function in a similar manner with, for example, unrelated interacting proteins carrying out analogous roles in the two kingdoms (Cock et al., 2002).
One of the best characterized PRKs is the S locus receptor kinase (SRK). SRK is located in the plasma membrane of the stigmatic papillar cells and is the female component of the self-incompatibility (SI) response in Brassica spp. (Stein et al., 1991; Delorme et al., 1995; Takasaki et al., 2000). The SI response allows the recognition and rejection of self-pollen grains on the stigma surface and, hence, promotes outcrossing (Cock, 2000). There is now strong evidence that SRK mediates self-pollen recognition by binding to a small, secreted peptide, S locus Cys rich (SCR), located in the pollen coat (Schopfer et al., 1999; Takayama et al., 2000, 2001; Shiba et al., 2001; Kachroo et al., 2001).
SRK is phosphorylated after an incompatible pollination (Cabrillac et al., 2001), and in vitro experiments indicate that activation of SRK may involve autophosphorylation between SRK molecules associated in the membrane (Giranton et al., 2000). This suggests that SRK is activated by a mechanism similar to that described for animal receptor kinases (Heldin, 1995).
The signal transduction pathway downstream of SRK has been partially characterized. ARC1 (arm repeat containing 1; a complex protein with multiple domains including a Leu zipper, a U box, and a C-terminal Arm repeat domain; accession no. AJ427335) interacts with the SRK kinase domain and is required for efficient rejection of self-pollen (Gu et al., 1998; Stone et al., 1999). ARC1, which has E3 ubiquitin ligase activity, is thought to mediate pollen rejection by promoting the ubiquitination of compatibility factors in the pistil (Stone et al., 2003).
There are also indications that negative control of SRK signaling may play a role in SI signaling, both in the basal state, before pollination, and after SRK activation. SRK interacts with two thioredoxin h-like proteins (THL1 and THL2; Bower et al., 1996). THL1 inhibits constitutive autophosphorylation of SRK in the absence of ligand (Cabrillac et al., 2001), and its interaction with SRK requires the presence of a conserved Cys residue on the cytoplasmic side of the SRK transmembrane domain (Mazzurco et al., 2001). Therefore, THL1 appears to act as a basal state inhibitor, in a manner analogous to FKBP12, which binds to and prevents activation of transforming growth factor β receptor II (Wang et al., 1996).
SRK also interacts, in vitro, with Arabidopsis kinase-associated protein phosphatase (KAPP; accession no. AJ427336; Braun et al., 1997). KAPP interacts with many other PRKs (Braun et al., 1997; Williams et al., 1997; Stone et al., 1998; van der Knaap et al., 1999; Gomez-Gomez et al., 2001); for example, KAPP is phosphorylated by CLV1 (CLAVATA1) and dephosphorylates the kinase domain of this receptor in vitro (Williams et al., 1997; Stone et al., 1998). Experiments in which KAPP expression has been manipulated in transgenic plants indicate that KAPP is a negative regulator of both CLV1 and FLS2, and it has been proposed that KAPP has a general role in the down-regulation of a large spectrum of PRKs (Williams et al., 1997; Stone et al., 1998; Gomez-Gomez et al., 2001). Endocytosis is known to occur in plants (Emans et al., 2002), and KAPP may also have an important role in regulating PRK internalization. When the PRK AtSERK1 was transiently co-expressed with KAPP, the former was sequestered in intracellular vesicles (Shah et al., 2002).
Down-regulation and internalization by endocytosis are essential for correct regulation of receptor kinases in animals, and a wide range of mechanisms have been described, including inhibitors acting on receptors in their basal state; regulation by dephosphorylation, by phosphorylation, or by calmodulin binding; Cbl-mediated receptor ubiquitylation; and sorting nexin-mediated targeting to endosomes (San José et al., 1992; Kurten et al., 1996; Wang et al., 1996; Martín-Nieto and Villalobo, 1998; Feinmesser et al., 1999; Carraway III and Sweeney, 2001; Östman and Böhmer, 2001). Moreover, individual receptors may be regulated by several of these processes.
We show here that SRK interacts with and is dephosphorylated by the Brassica homolog of KAPP, indicating that this protein plays a role in SRK down-regulation. SRK was also shown to interact with calmodulin and a sorting nexin, both of which are proteins that have been implicated in receptor kinase down-regulation in animals. KAPP, calmodulin, and the sorting nexin also interact with additional, diverse PRKs. The possible roles of these three proteins in PRK down-regulation and endocytosis are discussed.
SRK Interacts with a Brassica oleracea Homolog of KAPP
The demonstration that the Arabidopsis KAPP protein interacts with SRK in vitro (Braun et al., 1997) suggested that a similar interaction may occur in stigmas between SRK and a Brassica homolog of KAPP. A B. oleracea KAPP homolog was isolated from a stigma cDNA library and shown to share 80.1% similarity overall with Arabidopsis KAPP at the amino acid level. Interaction between Arabidopsis KAPP and PRKs is mediated by a forkhead-associated (FHA) domain (Li et al., 1999). The Brassica KAPP FHA domain is highly similar to that of Arabidopsis KAPP, including the presence of four highly conserved residues that are required for binding to phosphoproteins (Fig. 1A).
Interaction of the Brassica KAPP and SRK proteins. A, Alignment of the FHA domains from the Brassica (Bo KAPP) and Arabidopsis (At KAPP) KAPP proteins and yeast (Saccharomyces cerevisiae) RAD53 (Sc RAD53). Arrowheads indicate residues required for binding of Arabidopsis KAPP to PRKs (Li et al., 1999). B, Kinase interaction (KI) domain of Brassica KAPP and the C-terminal end of ARC1 (containing the Arm repeats) interact with the wild type but not with a kinase-inactive form of the SRK29 kinase domain in the yeast two-hybrid assay. Different numbers of yeast strain PJ69-4A cells expressing the prey and bait indicated above and below the panel, respectively, were inoculated by spotting onto selective medium lacking His and adenine and grown at 30°C for 5 d. C, Phosphorylation of Brassica KAPP by SRK. Glutathione S-transferase (GST) fusion proteins with Brassica KAPP or with either wild-type or mutant forms of the SRK29 kinase domain were mixed in phosphorylation reactions as indicated. The KAPP and SRK fusion proteins are indicated by arrowheads. Proteins were detected by autoradiography (top) or by immunoblotting with an anti-GST antibody (bottom). Note that the active form of the SRK29 kinase domain was detected as a diffuse band (indicated by a bar). Phosphatase treatment showed that this was due to the presence of differentially phosphorylated isoforms (data not shown). D, Dephosphorylation of SRK by KAPP. Radiolabeled, phosphorylated GST::SRK29kin was incubated in the presence or absence of GST::KAPP, and the proteins were separated on an SDS-PAGE gel. Radiolabeled GST::SRK29kin was detected by autoradiography (top) and total GST::SRK29kin protein was detected with an anti-GST antibody (bottom).
We used the yeast two-hybrid system to test whether Brassica KAPP interacts with the kinase domain of SRK. The KI domain of Brassica KAPP was expressed as a fusion protein with the activation domain of Gal4 (Gal4AD::KI) in yeast cells that also expressed the kinase domain of SRK29 fused to the DNA-binding domain of Gal4 (Gal4DB::SRK29kin). As a positive control for this experiment, we tested whether the kinase domain of SRK interacted with ARC1 in this system. For this, we cloned the Arm-repeat region of a B. oleracea homolog of ARC1 (residues 362–661) and expressed it as a fusion protein with Gal4 (Gal4AD::ARC) in the same kinase domain-expressing yeast strain. ARC1 has been shown to interact with SRK in closely related B. napus (Gu et al., 1998). Both combinations of interactors were able to induce all three reporter genes in the PJ69-4A strain (James et al., 1996), leading to His and adenine prototrophy (Fig. 1B) and production of α-galactosidase enzyme activity (data not shown). In contrast, neither the KAPP nor the ARC1 fusion proteins interacted with an enzymatically inactive, mutant form of the SRK29 kinase domain (Gal4DB::SRK29kinK561R; Fig. 1B). These observations corroborate previous studies that have shown that ARC1 and Arabidopsis KAPP interact only with the phosphorylated form of the SRK kinase domain (Braun et al., 1997; Gu et al., 1998).
To test whether KAPP could be phosphorylated by SRK, a fusion protein consisting of GST fused to Brassica KAPP lacking its predicted N-terminal signal anchor (residues 1–47) was expressed in Escherichia coli, and the purified protein (GST::KAPP) was added to a phosphorylation reaction in the presence of either the wild type or a mutant form of the SRK29 kinase domain that had also been expressed in E. coli as protein fusions with GST (GST::SRK29kin and GST::SRK29kinK561R). KAPP was phosphorylated by the wild-type SRK29 kinase but not by the kinase-negative mutant form (Fig. 1C). A phosphorylation assay confirmed that the wild-type kinase domain construct, GST::SRK29kin, was capable of autophosphorylation in vitro, whereas the mutant form, GST::SRK29kinK561R, was enzymatically inactive (data not shown).
Furthermore, Figure 1D shows that when GST::KAPP was added to radiolabeled, phosphorylated GST::SRK29kin in vitro, the latter was dephosphorylated, indicating that SRK is a substrate for the phosphatase activity of KAPP.
Identification of Novel SRK-Interacting Proteins Using the Yeast Two-Hybrid System
The above experiments showed that the kinase domain of SRK29 was able to interact specifically with KAPP and ARC1 in the two-hybrid assay. Based on this result, we initiated a screen to identify novel interacting partners using the two-hybrid system. Several two-hybrid screens were performed, using both wild-type (Gal4DB::SRK29kin) and mutant (Gal4DB::SRK29kinK561R) forms of the SRK kinase domain and the kinase domain of SFR1 (Gal4DB::SFR1kin), a receptor closely related to SRK that is also expressed in stigmas (Pastuglia et al., 2002). After each screen, potential interactors were co-expressed with a fusion between murine p53 (residues 72–390) and the Gal4 DNA-binding domain (Gal4DB::p53) to eliminate nonspecific interactions. Four novel interactors were identified in these screens, the most interesting being calmodulin and a Brassica SNX1 (sorting nexin 1; accession no. AJ441072) homolog (Table I). Calmodulin cDNAs were recovered in screens with all three bait proteins, and the interaction was confirmed in a second yeast strain, Y190, using both wild-type and mutant SRK kinase domain constructs (data not shown).
Table I.
Interaction of ARC1, KAPP, and calmodulin with the kinase domains of SRK and SFR1 in the yeast two-hybrid system
The calmodulin cDNAs identified in the three screens corresponded to two different genes (designated Calmodulin 1, accession no. AJ427337; and Calmodulin 2, accession no. AJ427338) that differed significantly in their 3′ non-translated regions. However, the coding regions of these two calmodulin genes are 93.2% identical, and they encode identical proteins. The deduced amino acid sequence of the Brassica calmodulins is 98.0% identical to that of a previously described B. napus calmodulin (accession no. AF150059).
SRK Interacts with Calmodulin in Vitro
Calmodulin-Sepharose affinity binding was carried out to confirm the interaction between calmodulin and the kinase domain of SRK. Figure 2A shows that fusion proteins consisting of GST plus either the wild type or a mutant form of the SRK29 kinase domain bound to calmodulin-Sepharose beads in the presence of 5 mm CaCl2 and were eluted from the beads when the 5 mm CaCl2 was replaced by 5 mm EGTA. When GST alone was loaded on the column, some protein bound to the beads, but this was removed by washing with 5 mm CaCl2 and was not specifically eluted by 5 mm EGTA.
Calmodulin binds to the kinase domain of SRK in vitro. A, Binding of GST or the GST protein fused with either wild-type or mutant forms of the SRK29 kinase domain to calmodulin-Sepharose beads. GST-containing proteins were detected with an anti-GST antibody. B, Binding of the integral SRK protein to calmodulin-Sepharose beads. A recombinant hexa-His epitope-tagged, kinase-inactive form of SRK (mSRK3His; Giranton et al., 2000) was used for this experiment. SRK protein was detected with the monoclonal antibody MAb85-36-71 (Giranton et al., 2000). C, Binding of Brassica calmodulin to glutathione-Sepharose beads carrying either GST or GST protein fused to either wild-type or mutant forms of the SRK29 kinase domain. Eluted proteins were detected by silver staining. Note that calmodulin alters its conformation in the presence of calcium resulting in a change in mobility. CAM, Calmodulin with no bound Ca2+; CAM/Ca, calmodulin with bound Ca2+; C, purified fusion protein; UB, unbound fraction; W1 and W40, washes; E1 to E4, eluted fractions. C and UB, One-quarter of the amount of protein loaded on and unbound to the column, respectively.
Similarly, when a kinase-negative, hexa-His epitope-tagged form of the integral SRK3 protein (mSRK3His) expressed in insect cells was subjected to calmodulin-Sepharose affinity binding, the recombinant protein bound to the calmodulin-Sepharose beads and was eluted in the presence of 5 mm EGTA (Fig. 2B).
The interaction between the kinase domain of SRK and calmodulin was also confirmed using an alternative affinity-binding approach. GST alone or fused to either the wild type or the mutant form of the SRK29 kinase domain was bound to glutathione-Sepharose beads. Brassica calmodulin 2 tagged with a hexa-His epitope was then expressed in insect cells, affinity purified on nickel-nitrilotriacetic acid agarose beads, and applied to beads carrying the SRK fusion proteins in the presence of calcium. After washing, calmodulin was specifically eluted from the beads in the presence of 5 mm EGTA. Figure 2C shows that calmodulin bound to beads carrying both wild-type and mutant kinase domain protein fusions but not to beads carrying GST alone.
Calmodulin Interacts with an Amphiphilic Helix in Sub-Domain VIa of the SRK Kinase Domain
Calmodulin has been shown to interact with its target proteins by binding to small amphiphilic α-helices (Erickson-Viitanen and DeGrado, 1987). To identify the region of SRK responsible for the interaction with calmodulin, we searched for small amphiphilic α-helices in the SRK kinase domain using multiple secondary structure prediction programs. Two small potential helices were found in subdomains VIa and VII (for a definition of the kinase sub-domains, see Hanks et al., 1988). Comparison of all the SRK alleles available in the databases showed that all of the deduced proteins were predicted to possess an amphiphilic helix at the same position in sub-domain VIa. Therefore, this region, designated HEL1, was selected for further study. The HEL1 region of the SRK3 protein (amino acids 617–643 of SRK3) is shown in Figure 3A as a helical projection. The amphiphilic nature of this region is indicated by the black bar.
Calmodulin binds to sub-domain VIa of the kinase domain of SRK in vitro. A, Amino acid sequence of the HEL1 region of sub-domain VIa of SRK3. The wheel projection shows the amphiphilic nature of HEL1. The sequence of the control peptide PEP1 is also shown. B, Binding of GST::HEL1 and GST::PEP1 fusion proteins to calmodulin-Sepharose beads. GST-containing proteins were detected with an anti-GST antibody. C, purified GST fusion protein; UB, unbound fraction; W1 and W40, first and last washes; E1 to E4, eluted fractions.
Figure 3B shows that, when the HEL1 peptide was fused to GST (GST::HEL1), the fusion protein bound to calmodulin-Sepharose beads and was eluted in the presence of 5 mm EGTA, indicating that HEL1 interacts specifically with calmodulin. GST fused to a non-helical, nonamphiphilic peptide of the same size as, and of similar hydrophilicity to, HEL1 (PEP1 in Fig. 3A) did not bind to calmodulin-Sepharose beads (Fig. 3B).
Calmodulin Interacts with the Kinase Domains of a Wide Range of PRKs
The fact that calmodulin interacted with the kinase domains of both SRK and SFR1 in the yeast two-hybrid assay (Table I) indicated that this interaction was not specific to SRK and suggested that calmodulin may interact with other receptor kinases. To test this, we expressed both wild-type and mutant forms of the SFR1 kinase domain and wild-type kinase domains of three additional members of the PRK superfamily, RLK4 (receptor-like kinase 4), CLV1, and BRI1 (brassinosteroid insensitive 1) as fusion proteins with either GST or the maltose-binding protein (MBP). RLK4 is a member of the S gene family of receptor kinases but is distantly related to SRK (approximately 25% amino acid identity depending on the allele of SRK); CLV1 and BRI1 are members of the family of PRKs that contain Leu-rich repeats in their extracellular domains. All five of the recombinant proteins were then purified and subjected to a calmodulin affinity-binding assay. Figure 4A shows that all the proteins tested, apart from GST::BRI1kin, bound to the calmodulin-Sepharose beads in the presence of 5 mm CaCl2 and were eluted after addition of 5 mm EGTA. Analysis of the sub-domain VIa regions of these proteins showed that all except BRI1 were predicted to include amphiphilic helices. Therefore, the presence of a predicted amphiphilic helix in kinase sub-domain VIa was correlated with the ability to bind calmodulin.
Calmodulin binds to the kinase domains of SFR1, RLK4, and CLV1, but not BRI1, in vitro. A, Analysis of the binding of the kinase domains of SFR1, RLK4, CLV1, and BRI1 to calmodulin-Sepharose. The kinase domains were expressed as fusion proteins with either GST or MBP. Both a wild-type (GST::SFR1kin) and a kinase-inactive mutant form (GST::SFR1kinK555R) of the SFR1 kinase domain were tested. GST- and MBP-containing proteins were detected with anti-GST and anti-MBP antibodies, respectively. B, Abundance of calmodulin transcripts in different Brassica organs. Calmodulin transcripts were detected with a probe corresponding to the entire coding sequence. Lower, Ethidium bromide-stained rRNA. The positions of RNA size markers are shown at right in kilobase pairs. R, Root; C, cotyledon; L, leaf; Se, sepal; P, petal; A, anther; O, ovary; St, stigma.
Interestingly, we consistently observed that MBP::RLK4kin was eluted from the calmodulin-Sepharose beads in two peaks, indicating the presence of more than one calmodulin-binding site in the RLK4 kinase domain, the sites having different binding affinities.
The expression pattern of calmodulin was consistent with it interacting with multiple PRKs expressed in different parts of the plant because transcripts were detected in a wide range of organs (Fig. 4B).
Calmodulin and SRK Autophosphorylation
We were interested in determining whether calmodulin binding modified SRK autophosphorylation because HEL1 is located close to the activation loop in the kinase domain of SRK. In a kinase assay carried out in vitro, addition of calmodulin in the presence of 5 mm CaCl2 did not prevent autophosphorylation of GST::SRK29kin, and calmodulin was not phosphorylated by the kinase domain fusion protein (data not shown). The same result was obtained when the experiment was repeated with full-length SRK protein that had been expressed in insect cells (data not shown). This result suggests that calmodulin binding has no direct effect on SRK kinase activity. Again, calmodulin was not phosphorylated in these reactions, indicating that it is not a substrate of SRK kinase activity.
Interaction of SRK with a Sorting Nexin
Sorting nexins have been implicated in cargo trafficking through the endosomal system in mammals and yeast, and several members of this family interact with animal receptor kinases (Kurten et al., 1996; Haft et al., 1998; Parks et al., 2001; Teasdale et al., 2001). Therefore, we were particularly interested when a Brassica sorting nexin homolog (Brassica SNX1) was isolated as an interactor with the mutant form of the SRK29 kinase domain in the yeast two-hybrid screen (Table I).
Sequence analysis showed that Brassica SNX1 was most similar to an SNX1 homolog from Arabidopsis but also shared extensive similarity with human (Homo sapiens) SNX1 (Fig. 5A). Human SNX1 contains a PX domain plus three predicted coiled-coil domains in the C-terminal part of the protein. Comparison of the PX domains of sorting nexins has allowed the identification of three highly conserved motifs, two of which (RRY/FSD/EFxxLxxxL and RR/KxxLxxY/F where x is any amino acid) are predicted to form a basic pocket involved in phosphoinositol binding and a third, Pro-rich motif (PPxPxK), which may be involved in protein-protein interactions (Sato et al., 2001; Xu et al., 2001). All three of these motifs are present in Brassica SNX1. Moreover, the COILS algorithm (Lupas, 1996) predicts a coiled-coil domain between residues 320 and 370 of Brassica SNX1, and the BLAST algorithm (Altschul et al., 1990) is able to match this region to human SNX1 in database searches (Fig. 5A). Hence, there are extensive similarities between human SNX1 and Brassica SNX1, suggesting that these two proteins carry out similar functions.
Sequence analysis of Brassica SNX1 and the sorting nexin family in Arabidopsis. A, Alignment of Brassica SNX1 (Bo SNX1) with Arabidopsis (At SNX1) and human (Hs SNX1) SNX1. Residues conserved in at least two proteins are shaded. The phox homology (PX) and coiled-coil domains of Brassica SNX1 are overlined with a continuous and a dotted line, respectively. B, Neighbor-joining tree based on an alignment of the PX domains of Brassica SNX1 and of the Arabidopsis, human, and yeast sorting nexin families. The tree was constructed using the PAM250 amino acid substitution matrix. Numbers next to the branches are bootstrap values expressed as percentage confidence level and based on 1,000 repeats. The PX domain of human PI-3 kinase was used to root the tree. The PX domain polypeptide sequences compared were Brassica SNX1, Arabidopsis SNX1 (At SNX1; accession no. At5g06140), SNX2a (At SNX2a; At5g58440), and SNX2b (At SNX2b; At5g07120), several human (Hs SNX1, Q13596; Hs SNX2, O60749; Hs SNX3, O60493; Hs SNX4, O95219; Hs SNX5, Q9Y5X3; Hs SNX6, Q9UNH7; Hs SNX7, Q9UNH6; Hs SNX8, Q9Y5X2; Hs SNX9, Q9Y5X1; Hs SNX10, Q9Y5X0; Hs SNX11, Q9Y5W9; Hs SNX12, Q9UMY4; Hs SNX15, Q9NRS6), and yeast (Sc YJL036W, S56808; Sc Vps17p, NP_014775; Sc Mvp1p, P40959; Sc Grd19p, Q08826; Sc Vps5p, Q92331; Sc YJL113C, CAA98681; Sc YDR425W, S69707; Sc YHR105W, S48947; Sc Vam7p, P32912) sorting nexins and human PI-3 kinase (Hs PI-3 kinase, JC5500). The domain architecture of the sorting nexins is shown at right. Gray boxes, PX domains; white circles, coiled-coil domains.
Both the human and yeast genomes contain moderately large families of sorting nexins (Teasdale et al., 2001; Xu et al., 2001), but only three genes in the Arabidopsis genome have been annotated as sorting nexins. We extensively screened the Arabidopsis genome with all the available human and yeast sorting nexin sequences using the tBLASTn algorithm but did not identify any additional homologs. Therefore, the sorting nexin family in Arabidopsis is smaller and less diverse than in humans or in yeast (Fig. 5B).
To confirm the interaction between SRK and Brassica SNX1, GST alone or GST fused to wild-type or kinase-negative forms of the SRK29 kinase domain were bound to glutathione-Sepharose beads and then incubated with hexa-His-tagged SNX1. Kinase/SNX1 complexes were then eluted from the resin by addition of glutathione. Figure 6A shows that SNX1 was eluted from the resin only if kinase domain fusion proteins were present as bait. No SNX1 was detected in the glutathione elution fractions if the bait used was GST protein alone. Deletion analysis demonstrated that the PX domain of Brassica SNX1 was sufficient to mediate the interaction with SRK (Fig. 6B).
Brassica SNX1 binds to the kinase domains of SRK, SFR1, and CLV1 in vitro. A, Elution of SNX1 from affinity resins loaded with GST or MBP proteins alone or GST or MBP fused with the kinase domains of SRK29, SFR1, or CLV1. Both wild-type and kinase-inactive mutant forms of the SRK29, SFR1, and CLV1 kinase domains were tested. B, Interaction between the SRK kinase domain and the PX domain (amino acids 1–157) of Brassica SNX1. Hexa-His-tagged SNX1 was detected with an anti-HIS antibody. In some cases, multiple bands were detected presumably due to the presence of either breakdown products or incompletely synthesized recombinant SNX1. E1 and E2, Eluted fractions. SRK29kin, GST::SRK29kin; SRK29kinK561R, GST::SRK29kinK561R; SFR1kin, GST::SFR1kin; SFR1kinK555R, GST::SFR1kinK555R; CLV1kin MBP::CLV1kin; CLV1kinK720E, MBP::CLV1kinK720E. C, RT-PCR analysis of SNX1 expression. Calmodulin (CAM) and actin cDNA were also amplified as controls. R, Root; C, cotyledon; L, leaf; Se, sepal; P, petal; A, anther; O, ovary; St, stigma; –, no cDNA control.
Using the same approach, we were also able to demonstrate interactions between SNX1 and two other PRK kinase domains, from SFR1 and CLV1 (Fig. 6A). SNX1 interacted with both wild-type and kinase-negative forms of the SRK kinase domain, but this was not the case for SFR1 and CLV1 where only the wild-type or only the kinase negative forms interacted, respectively. It is not clear why such differences were observed, but the differences were clearly reproducible. The interaction of SNX1 with the kinase domains of three diverse receptors suggests that this protein may play a role in multiple PRK signal transduction pathways. This hypothesis is supported by the fact that SNX1 transcripts were detected in a wide range of Brassica organs (Fig. 6C).
In this study, we have investigated interactions between several cytoplasmic stigma proteins and the kinase domain of SRK. We show that a stigma-expressed Brassica homolog of KAPP interacts with, and is phosphorylated by, the kinase domain of SRK in vitro. KAPP was also shown to dephosphorylate SRK. These results, together with the observation that SRK is phosphorylated in vivo approximately 1 h after an incompatible pollination (Cabrillac et al., 2001), suggest that KAPP may play a role in SRK down-regulation, as has been proposed for CLV1 and FLS2 (Williams et al., 1997; Stone et al., 1998; Gomez-Gomez et al., 2001). KAPP may not be the only protein phosphatase involved in the SI response because a breakdown of SI has been observed in pistils after treatment with okadaic acid or microcystin LR (Rundle et al., 1993; Scutt et al., 1993). Note, however, that okadaic acid and microcystin LR are inhibitors of type 1 and type 2A phosphatases and would not be expected to inhibit type 2C phosphatases such as KAPP.
Four previously unidentified interacting proteins were recovered by a two-hybrid screen carried out to search for new SRK-interacting proteins. One of these interactors, calmodulin, was of interest because it is known to be a component of many signal transduction pathways in both plants and animals (Sanders et al., 1999; Chin and Means, 2000). Calmodulin has been shown to interact with two animal receptor kinases: the epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) and the insulin receptor (Graves et al., 1985; San José et al., 1992; Joyal et al., 1996; Martín-Nieto and Villalobo, 1998; Feinmesser et al., 1999). However, the role of these interactions is not yet clear. Autophosphorylation of purified rat (Rattus norvegius) liver EGFR was inhibited by calmodulin in vitro, suggesting a direct role for calmodulin in down-regulation of the EGFR (San José et al., 1992). In contrast, the kinase activity of human EGFR, overexpressed in murine fibroblasts, was not inhibited by calmodulin binding (Martín-Nieto and Villalobo, 1998). However, binding of calmodulin may also have more subtle effects because it is known to regulate intracellular trafficking of EGFR (Tebar et al., 2002), and this regulation is thought to be mediated, at least in part, by its antagonistic effect on phosphorylation of EGFR by protein kinase C.
Calcium fluxes have been measured in both the cytoplasm and in the cell wall of stigmatic papillar cells after both compatible and incompatible pollination (Dearnaley et al., 1997; Elleman and Dickinson, 1999). These fluxes are associated with the region of the cell that contacts the pollen grain, and small, localized peaks in cytoplasmic calcium concentration have been correlated with subsequent hydration of pollen grains in B. napus (Dearnaley et al., 1997; Goring, 2000). Therefore, a possible role of calmodulin in vivo might be to mediate cross talk between calcium signaling occurring during pollination and SI signal transduction.
In addition to SRK, calmodulin interacted in a calcium-dependent manner with the kinase domains of three distantly related PRKs (SFR1, RLK4, and CLV1) but not with the kinase domain of BRI1. This suggests that calmodulin may interact with a broad range of PRKs.
A short region from within sub-domain VIa of the SRK kinase domain resembled a calmodulin-binding site based on its predicted amphiphilic α-helical structure, and this region was shown to bind calmodulin when fused to the C terminus of GST. Amphiphilic helices are predicted to occur in the subdomain VIa regions of SFR1, RLK4, and CLV1 but not BRI1, indicating a correlation between the presence of an amphiphilic helix and the ability to bind calmodulin. Sub-domain VIa is located close to the predicted ATP-binding site and the activation loop of the kinase domain, and this region is thought to play a structural role in PRKs (Torii and Clark, 2000). Interestingly, in the Arabidopsis Landsberg erecta mutant, a highly conserved hydrophobic residue (Ile-750) in sub-domain VIa of the ERECTA receptor kinase is replaced by a positively charged Lys residue (Torii et al., 1996). Secondary structure predictions indicate that ERECTA, like SRK, possesses an amphiphilic helix in this region of the kinase domain (even if the helix is less clearly predicted than that of SRK) and the replacement of Ile-750 by a Lys is predicted to modify the amphiphilicity of this putative helix. It would be interesting to determine whether this mutation affects binding to calmodulin.
The interaction observed between SRK and Brassica SNX1 is of particular interest because sorting nexins have been implicated in the down-regulation of animal receptor kinases. Several members of the sorting nexin family have been shown to interact with RTKs or RSKs both in vitro and in vivo (Kurten et al., 1996; Haft et al., 1998; Chin et al., 2001; Parks et al., 2001; Phillips et al., 2001) and modification of the rates of internalization and degradation of the EGFR and the platelet-derived growth factor receptor have been observed after overexpression of sorting nexins (Kurten et al., 1996; Phillips et al., 2001).
In yeast, the SNX1 homolog Vps5p/Grd2p is part of the retromer complex that is essential for retrograde transport from the endosome to the Golgi (Seaman et al., 1998). In addition to Vps5p, the retromer complex includes Vps26p, Vps29p, Vps35p, and Vps17p, and human orthologs of the first three of these proteins have been shown to form a complex that includes SNX1 (Haft et al., 2000). Moreover, human SNX1 reversibly associates with a specific endosomal compartment, again indicating a role in protein trafficking (Kurten et al., 1996, 2001; Teasdale et al., 2001).
Apart from the PX domain, no other sequences are widely conserved in sorting nexins (Teasdale et al., 2001). It is, therefore, significant that the similarity between the Brassica and human SNX1 proteins extends outside the PX domain, indicating that the two proteins carry out a similar function. Interestingly, the Arabidopsis genome is also predicted to encode orthologs of the retromer complex proteins Vps26p (accession no. Q9T091), Vps29p (CAB41864), and Vps35p (NM_127333). Plants, therefore, potentially possess all the components of a sorting nexin-based, vesicle trafficking system. It is possible that KAPP, which plays an important role in the internalization of AtSERK1 (Shah et al., 2002), interacts functionally with such a system to mediate PRK endocytosis.
In contrast to previous studies, which have indicated that plant and animal receptor kinases interact with structurally distinct sets of cytoplasmic proteins (Bower et al., 1996; Gu et al., 1998; Stone et al., 1998; Trotochaud et al., 1999; Schlessinger, 2000), we show here that SRK interacts with two proteins, calmodulin and SNX1, that are closely homologous to animal receptor kinase interactors. It has been proposed that the evolution of membrane-spanning receptor kinases occurred independently in plants and animals, perhaps coinciding with the evolution of multicellularity (Shiu and Bleecker, 2001; Cock et al., 2002). If this was the case, then the interactions with calmodulin and SNX1 in plants and animals were either acquired by convergent evolution, or these proteins already interacted with the common ancestor of plant and animal receptor kinases, which is thought to have been cytosolic (Shiu and Bleecker, 2001). Further analysis of the function of calmodulin and SNX1 in the regulation of receptor kinases in these two kingdoms should help distinguish between these two possibilities.
Cloning the Brassica oleracea Homolog of KAPP
An internal fragment of the Brassica KAPP coding sequence was amplified from a stigma cDNA library in the yeast (Saccharomyces cerevisiae) two-hybrid vector, pAD-Gal4 2.1 (see below), using two oligonucleotides, Kap1 (5′-GGAGGGATCCCAAGTTGGCTGTTCCTGGAAGTCAT-3′) and Kap2 (5′-CGCTGGATCCGGAAGTTTCCTGCCTCCTCGACGCAT-3′), based on the Arabidopsis KAPP gene sequence. Overlapping fragments corresponding to the 5′ and 3′ ends of the KAPP cDNA were then amplified using the two above oligonucleotides and two additional Brassica KAPP oligonucleotides, Kap3 (5′-TGGGCTTCAATTTGCTGTTCACTCC-3′) and Kap4 (5′-GGGATCTGAGGCCACACCAACT-3′), in combination with vector oligonucleotides from a second stigma cDNA library (Giranton et al., 1995) using a nested PCR amplification approach. Multiple cloned PCR fragments were sequenced to obtain the final definitive cDNA sequence.
cDNA Library Construction and Yeast Two-Hybrid Experiments
Total RNA was extracted, using the method described by Cock et al. (1997), from 600 stigmas of a B. oleracea line homozygous for the S3 SI haplotype (Delorme et al., 1995). A cDNA library was constructed from poly(A+) RNA in the HybriZAP vector (Stratagene, La Jolla, CA). Gene fusions of KAPP and ARC1 sequences with the Gal4 activation domain (Gal4AD) were constructed in pACT2 (CLONTECH, Palo Alto, CA). All gene fusions with the Gal4 DNA-binding domain (Gal4DB), including the kinase domains of SRK29 (amino acids 469–854; accession nos. T14519, 30) and SFR1 (amino acids 469–850; accession nos. T14519, 31), the KI domain of Brassica KAPP (amino acids 110–314), and the C-terminal domain of Brassica ARC1 (amino acids 36–661), were constructed in pAS2 (CLONTECH). Mutant kinase domains lacking kinase activity (SRK29K561R and SFR1K555R) were prepared with the Quickchange express kit (Stratagene).
For two-hybrid assays, yeast strains PJ69-4A (James et al., 1996) and Y190 (Flick and Johnston, 1990) were cotransformed using a lithium acetate-based protocol (Gietz et al., 1992) and grown on standard media (Anonymous, 2001).
Protein Expression and Purification
Gene fusions of the wild-type and mutant kinase domains of SRK29 and SFR1 with GST were constructed (Mazzurco et al., 2001; this work) in pGEX vectors (Pharmacia Corporation, North Peapack, NJ). The kinase domains of RLK4, BRI1, CLV1, and a kinase-negative form of CLV1 were expressed in Escherichia coli as fusion proteins with either MBP (for RLK4 and CLV1) or with GST (for BRI1). The fusion protein GST::KAPP included full-length Brassica KAPP without its signal peptide. GST::HEL1 included a fragment of sub-domain VIa of the SRK3 kinase domain (codons 617–643). A similar fusion protein carrying a non-helical, nonamphiphilic peptide of the same size and of similar hydrophilicity was called GST::PEP1. Expression of GST fusion proteins in E. coli and purification on a glutathione-Sepharose column were as described (Mazzurco et al., 2001), except for GST::SRK29K561R, which was grown at 20°C. Hexa-His-tagged Brassica SNX1 and its deleted form (codons 1–157 including the PX domain) were constructed in pQE32 (Qiagen S.A., Courtaboeuf, France) and expressed as described (Channelière et al., 2002).
Recombinant baculovirus containing the hexa-His-tagged Brassica calmodulin 2 was obtained with the Bac-to-Bac baculovirus expression system (Invitrogen, Carlsbad, CA). Hexa-His-tagged wild-type and kinase-negative forms of the mSRK3 (SRK3His and SRK3His) and Brassica calmodulin 2 were expressed in insect cells as described (Giranton et al., 2000). Calmodulin 2 was purified on nickel-nitrilotriacetic acid agarose beads (Qiagen S.A.).
Purified GST::kinase fusion proteins (2 μg in 300 μL) were incubated in 50 mm HEPES (pH 7.4), 150 mm NaCl, 1 mm dithiothreitol (DTT), 5 mm CaCl2, and antiprotease cocktail (Boehringer Ingelheim GmbH, Ingelheim am Rhein, Germany) with 100 μL of calmodulin-agarose resin (Sigma, St. Louis) for 1 h at 4°C in Eppendorf tubes with gentle agitation. The resin was washed with 40 column volumes of the binding buffer, and proteins eluted in 50 mm HEPES (pH 7.4), 150 mm NaCl, 1 mm DTT, 5 mm EGTA, and antiprotease cocktail were detected by immunoblotting using an anti-GST antibody (Pharmacia Corporation). Before carrying out the calmodulin-binding assay, mSRK3His expressed in insect cells was solubilized in 62.5 mm Tris-HCl (pH 6.8), 2.5% (w/v) SDS, 0.13 m DTT, and 20% (w/v) glycerol by heating at 100°C for 10 min and desalted twice on Bio-Gel P6-DG columns (Bio-Rad, Hercules, CA).
For kinase domain affinity-binding assays, 1 μg of GST::SRK29kin or GST::SRK29kinK561R was bound to glutathione-Sepharose beads (100 μL) and then incubated with 2 μg of Brassica calmodulin. Washing and elution were as above, and proteins were detected on silver-stained SDS-PAGE gels.
Binding to SNX1 was detected by incubating E. coli extracts containing equivalent amounts of soluble, recombinant GST- or MBP-kinase domain fusion proteins in affinity lysis buffer (50 mm HEPES [pH 7.4], 150 mm NaCl, 10 mm EDTA, 1 mm DTT, and antiprotease cocktail) with 25 μL of glutathione-Sepharose (Amersham Pharmacia Biotech Inc., Piscataway, NJ) or amylose-Sepharose resin (New England BioLabs, Beverly, MA), respectively. The resin was washed once with affinity wash buffer (50 mm HEPES [pH 7.4], 150 mm NaCl, 10 mm EDTA, and 1 mm DTT) and then incubated with E. coli extracts containing recombinant hexa-His-nexin fusion proteins in affinity lysis buffer. After washing with 120 column volumes of affinity wash buffer, fusion proteins and their interacting partners were eluted twice with 25 μL of either 10 mm glutathione, 10 mm Tris (pH 8), or affinity wash buffer plus 10 mm maltose. All experiments were repeated at least once.
Phosphorylation and Dephosphorylation Assays
Phosphorylation assays were carried out using either the procedure described by Williams et al. (1997) or, when using microsomes, that of Cabrillac et al. (2001). KAPP phosphatase activity was detected as described by Williams et al. (1997) using radiolabeled, autophosphorylated GST::SRK29kin prepared using the procedure described by Giranton et al. (2000).
Sequence Analysis and Secondary Structure Predictions
Sequence data analysis and construction of multiple sequence alignments were carried out using Lasergene sequence analysis software (DNASTAR, London). Neighbor joining trees were constructed from multiple alignments using ClustalW (Thompson et al., 1994) and NJplot (Perrière and Gouy, 1996). Secondary structure was predicted using a panel of programs available at the Web site of the Pôle Bio-Informatique Lyonnais (http://npsa-pbil.ibcp.fr/cgi-bin/npsa_automat.pl?page=npsa_sspred.html).
Reverse Transcriptase (RT)-PCR and RNA Gel-Blot Analyses
Total RNA was isolated from a range of different organs of B. oleracea line P57Si using the method described by Cock et al. (1997). RT-PCR and RNA gel blot experiments were carried out as described by Channelière et al. (2002).
Distribution of Materials
Upon request, all novel materials described in this publication will be made available in a timely manner for noncommercial research purposes, subject to the requisite permission from any third party owners of all or parts of the material. Obtaining any permissions will be the responsibility of the requestor.
We thank Shahinez Madi, Claire Rollin, Anne-Marie Thierry, Hervé Leyral, and Claudia Bardoux for technical assistance; Masao Watanabe for the SRK29 cDNA clone; and Daphne Goring, Erin Morris, John Walker, Steve Clark, and Steve Clouse for various PRK domain expression constructs. We are grateful to Gwyneth Ingram for her comments on the manuscript.
Article, publication date, and citation information can be found at www.plantphysiol.org/cgi/doi/10.1104/pp.103.023846.
↵1 Present address: Swann Building, Institute of Cell and Molecular Biology, King's Buildings, University of Edinburgh, Mayfield Road, Edinburgh EH9 3JR, UK.
↵2 Present address: Unité Mixte de Recherche 7139, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique-Goëmar-Université Paris 6, Station Biologique, Place Georges Teissier, BP 74, 29682 Roscoff Cedex, France
Received March 19, 2003.
Revised April 15, 2003.
Accepted June 23, 2003.
Published October 10, 2003.
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Plant Physiology Oct 2003, 133 (2) 919-929; DOI: 10.1104/pp.103.023846
The Cell Wall of the Arabidopsis Pollen Tube—Spatial Distribution, Recycling, and Network Formation of Polysaccharides
Systems Dynamic Modeling of a Guard Cell Cl− Channel Mutant Uncovers an Emergent Homeostatic Network Regulating Stomatal Transpiration
Architecture-Based Multiscale Computational Modeling of Plant Cell Wall Mechanics to Examine the Hydrogen-Bonding Hypothesis of the Cell Wall Network Structure Model
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Stephen King came out in a recent article saying that he's tired of seeing the "big dewy eyes" romantic vampire that is so popular in pop-culture today. King believes vampires – are – and should be portrayed – as scary, vicious, blood-sucking hunters. He, and many others believe that they are alpha-level dangerous predators, but humans have taken them under their wing and treated them as celebrities and teen-icons.
And King is right to an extent, vampires of late are not portrayed with traditional vampire characteristics – most are not active only at night but are out during the day, none of them sleep in coffins – and when was the last time you saw or heard of a vampire that could shapeshift? Is this a publicity effort by the vampire community to make themselves appear more "human" and lure people into accepting them in culture? Maybe. And along with all of this vampire-craze, the human fear of werewolves continues unabated, because it is the vampires that are all of a sudden the "good" and the "romantic" and the "popular" ones. Will there be a change within the media and pop-culture reflecting the more dangerous and less-romantic aspects of the vampire's personality? Or is the current portrayal of the lovable vampire here to stay? Hard to say. More focus on vampires does however mean that werewolves can stay a little more under the radar, which can make the life of the werewolf just a little bit easier without the scrutiny of the media.
I don't think it is a bad idea, to make vampires romantic. Maybe it is for the best.
ehhe i like blood but dont love it. its just something i do to make meself crazy yet alive lol XD jk. yet still true lol XD and best for the best! woohoo!
Mr. King's merely stating what a lot of vamp lover's have been saying for years. | {
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Christian Acts of Kindness
By Janet Fontaine (narrator), Random Acts of Kindness Foundation (editor), Edward Asner (narrator), Random Acts of Kindness Foundation (corporate author), Arte Johnson (narrator) and Meredith Macrae (narrator)
Jump down to see edition details for: Cassette/Spoken Word
Publisher Audio Literature
Publication date December 1, 1999
Binding Cassette/Spoken Word
Edition Unabridged
Dimensions 0.75 by 4.50 by 7.25 in.
Other format details audio
This collection of inspiring stories present shining examples of everyday Good Samaritans living the Christian credo to 'love thy neighbor as thyself,' such as a church group that shovels strangers' driveways and a woman who opened her home to hurricane victims. Read by Edward Asner, Meredith MacRae, and others. Book available.
Amazon.com description: Product Description: A celebration of the Christian "golden rules" includes stories of a church group that shovels strangers' driveways and a woman who opened up her home in the aftermath of a hurricane.
Cassette/Spoken Word
Unabridged edition from Audio Literature (December 1, 1999)
9781574533385 | details & prices | 4.50 × 7.25 × 0.75 in. | 0.30 lbs | List price $17.95
About: A celebration of the Christian 'golden rules' includes stories of a church group that shovels strangers' driveways and a woman who opened up her home in the aftermath of a hurricane. | {
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Now, over a hundred years since the release of the Rider-Waite deck, Tarot cards are available in a practically endless selection of designs. In general, many of these follow the format and style of Rider-Waite, although each adapts the cards to suit their own motif. No longer just the domain of the wealthy and upper class, Tarot is available for anyone who wishes to take the time to learn it.
As a Meditational Hypnotherapist, I provide sessions online and in person combining the best of both Meditation & Hypnosis, along with specific Hz frequencies that I have created (along with harmonic music) to provide healing and transformation for whatever you are struggling with in your life. Each Meditational Hypnosis session delves deeply into your DNA and shifts it into your RNA. To know more about DNA and RNA please see my videos here
An online reading takes place via Skype or similar video link. It is carried out in real time, and you will pay up-front when booking the session. It is similar to a telephone reading but with two-way visual contact. It is much more like an in-person consultation. A good medium will try to put you at ease and connect with you on a personal level as it makes it more rewarding for both parties.
The Bible says, "For the living know that they will die; but the dead know nothing, and they have no more reward, for the memory of them is forgotten. Also their love, their hatred, and their envy have now perished; nevermore will they have a share in anything done under the sun." In other words, for sure we know it couldn't be Samuel, because when we die, we "know nothing." (For more information on what happens when we die, see our topic on Death).
All of Kerouac's work constitutes a dialogue between his Buddhist and Hindu learning and the residues of his Catholic upbringing. This autobiographical novel, his most joyous and optimistic work, centers on his meeting and friendship with Gary Snyder (here called "Japhy Ryder"), the American poet and student of Chinese and Japanese culture and Zen Buddhism. Kerouac, the child of immigrants and raised in a Massachusetts mill town, is guided by Gary Snyder, Oregon mountain man and anthropologist, in treks up mountains toward "heaven," and in his first steps toward an ecological view and a path of personal independence. Kerouac, in turn, becomes our guide to the spiritual possibilities inherent in the grandeur and beauty of the great American Northwest. As Kerouac and Snyder trade Buddhist one-liners and bring Eastern thought into contact with native American influences like Walt Whitman, Henry David Thoreau, and John Muir, we realize we are witnessing a rebirth of American transcendentalism. The book is filled with a youthful energy and idealism that makes you wish you were there with them during a time when anything seemed possible for young Americans and for the American novel. See also5 Must-Read Summer Books
The Austrian medium Rudi Schneider was investigated in 1924 by the physicists Stefan Meyer and Karl Przibram. They caught Rudi freeing his arm in a series of séances.[137] Rudi claimed he could levitate objects but according to Harry Price a photograph taken on April 28, 1932 showed that Rudi had managed to free his arm to move a handkerchief from the table.[138] According to Warren Jay Vinton, Schneider was an expert at freeing himself from control in the séance room.[139] Oliver Gatty and Theodore Besterman who tested Schneider concluded that in their tests there was "no good evidence that Rudi Schneider possesses supernormal powers."[140]
No, it really doesn't work like that. Just like us, spirits have free will — mediums don't have power over them. Most of the time, you'll hear from the ones you're hoping will come through with a message for you, but it's rare that a medium will guarantee who's going to come through. I've done many a reading with people who want to connect with a specific person, but end up hearing from someone they never expected. It isn't a case of 1-800-Dial-the-Dead! Just such a situation happened recently when I sat with a client named Vivian who had great trouble walking, so I agreed to go to her home.
In 1970 two psychical researchers investigated the direct-voice medium Leslie Flint and found that all the "spirit" voices in his séance sounded exactly like himself and attributed his mediumship to "second-rate ventriloquism".[170] The medium Arthur Ford died leaving specific instructions that all of his files should be burned. In 1971 after his death, psychical researchers discovered his files but instead of burning them they were examined and discovered to be filled with obituaries, newspaper articles and other information, which enabled Ford to research his séance sitters backgrounds.[171]
Another important distinction is that while psychic readings often focus on predicting future events, mediums primarily tune into past and present issues. It's my opinion that predicting the future, while sometimes helpful, runs the risk of disempowering people. Always remember that you do have a say in how your future unfolds. Despite what any psychic or medium may "see" in your future, it is important to remember you were given the gift of free will when you came into this world, and at any moment in time you can absolutely redirect your course and create the life you want by changing your thoughts and actions. Psychic information is often just insight into what potentially could happen based on the road you are currently traveling—and it should be used only as a guideline to help you make the best choices for yourself.
These employees, hired by psychic service companies who know they have no paranormal skills, usually fumble through a telephone session by asking the client numerous questions and providing generic answers to the client's questions. Some callers get disgusted and hang up after several minutes, after paying a tidy per-minute sum to enrich the company.
Jump up ^ God's World: A Treatise on Spiritualism Founded on Transcripts of Shorthand Notes Taken Down, Over a Period of Five Years, in the Seance-Room of the William T. Stead Memorial Center (a Religious Body Incorporated Under the Statutes of the State of Illinois), Mrs. Cecil M. Cook, Medium and Pastor. Compiled and Written by Lloyd Kenyon Jones. Chicago, Ill.: The William T. Stead Memorial Center, 1919.
While the tarot is the most widely known, it's just one type of deck used for divination; others include common playing cards and so-called oracle decks, a term encompassing all the other fortune-telling decks distinct from the traditional tarot. Etteilla eventually switched to using a traditional tarot deck, which he claimed held secret wisdom passed down from ancient Egypt. Etteilla's premise echoed the writings of Court de Gébelin, who allegedly recognized Egyptian symbols in tarot-card illustrations. Though hieroglyphics had not yet been deciphered (the Rosetta Stone was rediscovered in 1799), many European intellectuals in the late 18th century believed the religion and writings of ancient Egypt held major insights into human existence. By linking tarot imagery to Egyptian mysticism, they gave the cards greater credibility.
Jump up ^ "Spiritism is not a religion but a science", as the famous French astronomer Camille Flammarion said in Allan Kardec's Eulogy on April 2, 1869, in Death and Its Mystery – After Death. Manifestations and Apparitions of the Dead; The Soul After Death Translated by Latrobe Carroll (London: Adelphi Terrace, 1923), archive version at Allan Kardec eulogy
The power of the mind, when it is NOT controlled by the conscious awareness of the owner, receives suggestions every second of the day about how it should think, act or respond — impulse. The individual is nothing more than a puppet controlled and programmed by an out of control, chaotic mind. When a being develops awareness and becomes conscious about the events that are taking place around them, they can decide what information to allow in and what information to eliminate. Thus, they become responsible for their life and everything that takes place within it. They no longer require someone to tell them the answers to their questions about probable outcomes, they know that they have the power to create the outcome based on the thoughts and actions they project. They are now able to consciously manifest the life that is in alignment with their dreams, based on their sincere intent and the impeccability of their actions.
The fraudulent medium Ronald Edwin confessed he had duped his séance sitters and revealed the fraudulent methods he had used in his book Clock Without Hands (1955).[164] The psychical researcher Tony Cornell investigated the mediumship of Alec Harris in 1955. During the séance "spirit" materializations emerged from a cabinet and walked around the room. Cornell wrote that a stomach rumble, nicotine smelling breath and a pulse gave it away that all the spirit figures were in fact Harris and that he had dressed up as each one behind the cabinet.[165]
In all cases you should explain your motives clearly to the psychic, clairvoyant, spiritual guide or medium you are consulting. Spiritual readings are generally more interactive than psychic readings since they offer better insights about your inner self. A good spiritual reader will encourage users to ask questions and to question themselves so that they could experience the reading on a more personal level.
I had an online reading with Catherine Kirwan last night, she was so on point with her messages for ...me and gave me clarity on some issues I have going on in my life at the moment. She completely confirmed thoughts and feelings I have been having and mentioned things that there where no possible way of her knowing! I highly recommend her as a spiritual being and an awesome clairvoyant ♥ Love and Light See More
They can't interfere with the lessons you need to learn while you're here. I remember a woman who was thrilled that her mother came through during our session. She wanted her mom to tell her if she should divorce her husband. Of course, the mother couldn't make that decision for her because it wasn't her job. The woman needed to take responsibility for her own life.
In contrast to most oracle decks, which don't include suited pip cards, Lenormand cards feature a unique combination of numbered playing-card imagery on top of illustrated scenes used for fortune-telling. "One of the earliest versions, called the Game of Hope, was made by a German named J.K. Hechtel and was prepared like a board game," says Matthews. "You laid out cards 1 to 36, and the object of the game was to throw the dice and move your tokens along it. If you got to card 35, which was the anchor card, then you're home, safe and dry. But if you went beyond that, it was the cross, which was not so good. It was like the game Snakes and Ladders." In this way, the Game of Hope fell into the Victorian-era tradition of board games that determined a player's life story based on luck.
The most powerful way to read the Tarot is to use the cards to access your intuition and your inner wisdom. The imagery in the cards give you instant access to your subconscious mind and your intuition. And from this place of inner power and wisdom, you can discover how to make positive changes now so you can manifest your goals and your dreams in the future.
This sitting was the one she really needed, with the most recent person coming through. It may not always be the case, but give them a chance; let them know that you're open to a reading and that you're ready, because they take their cues from you. If they know that you're still very emotional, and you may not be ready for a reading and hearing from them, then they're more than likely going to hold back. No matter what the reason, remember they do in fact love you and will do anything they can to let you know it.
In the 1930s Harry Price (director of the National Laboratory of Psychical Research) had investigated the medium Helen Duncan and had her perform a number of test séances. She was suspected of swallowing cheesecloth which was then regurgitated as "ectoplasm".[148] Price had proven through analysis of a sample of ectoplasm produced by Duncan, that it was made of cheesecloth.[149] Helen Duncan would also use a doll made of a painted papier-mâché mask draped in an old sheet which she pretended to her sitters was a spirit.[150] The photographs taken by Thomas Glendenning Hamilton in the 1930s of ectoplasm reveal the substance to be made of tissue paper and magazine cut-outs of people. The famous photograph taken by Hamilton of the medium Mary Ann Marshall depicts tissue paper with a cut out of Arthur Conan Doyle's head from a newspaper. Skeptics have suspected that Hamilton may have been behind the hoax.[151]
In a reading, for instance, if you are skeptical, the messages might not be quite as clear as they could be if you were more open-minded. If you are fearful or angry, this low mental energy could inhibit the clarity of the messages. If you are on medication or abusing drugs or alcohol, your mental and emotional clarity could also affect the clarity of the messages.
German-suited decks for Bauerntarock, Württemberg Tarock and Bavarian Tarock are different. They are not true tarot/tarock packs, but a Bavarian or Württemberg pattern of the standard German-suited decks with only 36 cards; the pip cards ranging from 6 to 10, Under Knave (Unter), Over Knave (Ober), King, and Ace. These use Ace-Ten ranking, like Klaverjas, where Ace is the highest followed by 10, King, Ober, Unter, then 9 to 6. The heart suit is the default trump suit.[1] The Bavarian deck is also used to play Schafkopf by excluding the Sixes.
Modern tarot decks contain 78 cards, broken into two sections, the Major and Minor Arcana (modern terms, used only in relation to tarot used for divinatory purposes). The 56 Minor Arcana, or pips, are broken into four suits of fourteen cards each. These cards are numbered one (Ace) to ten, and there are four "court cards," similar to a regular playing deck, only with one additional face card. The 22 Major Arcana, or trumps, are numbered 0 through 21, although some people exclude the Fool (0), considering this card to be outside the deck, a sort of "wild card," rather like his descendant, the Joker.
Matthews has authored several books on divinatory cards, and her latest is The Complete Lenormand Oracle Cards Handbook. This 36-card deck was named after the celebrity card-reader Mademoiselle Marie Anne Lenormand, who was popular around the turn of the 18th and 19th centuries, though the decks bearing her name weren't actually produced until after her death. The oldest packs in Matthews' collection are two Lenormand-style decks, the French Daveluy of the 1860s and the Viennese Zauberkarten deck from 1864, which were some of the first decks to be illustrated using the technique of chromolithography.
Jump up ^ John Casey. (2009). After Lives: A Guide to Heaven, Hell and Purgatory. Oxford. p. 373. ISBN 978-0-19-997503-7 "The poet attended one of Home's seances where a face was materialized, which, Home's spirit guide announced, was that of Browning's dead son. Browning seized the supposed materialized head, and it turned out to be the bare foot of Home. The deception was not helped by the fact that Browning never had lost a son in infancy."
"The imagery was designed to reflect important aspects of the real world that the players lived in, and the prominent Christian symbolism in the cards is an obvious reflection of the Christian world in which they lived," he adds. As divinatory usage became more popular, illustrations evolved to reflect a specific designer's intention. "The subjects took on more and more esoteric meaning," says Wolf, "but they generally maintained the traditional tarot structure of four suits of pip cards [similar to the numbered cards in a normal playing-card deck], corresponding court cards, and the additional trump cards, with a Fool."
The Tarocco Siciliano is the only deck to use the so-called Portuguese suit system which uses Spanish pips but intersects them like Italian pips.[13] Some of the trumps are different such as the lowest trump, Miseria (destitution). It omits the Two and Three of coins, and numerals one to four in clubs, swords and cups: it thus has 64 cards but the ace of coins is not used, being the bearer of the former stamp tax. The cards are quite small and not reversible.[9]
Other good starting points in studying the intellectual side of the faith are Frank Sheed's Theology for Beginners and the Catechism of the Catholic Church. The Catechism is probably thought of more as a reference book, and it certainly is useful for that—but it also contains a tremendous amount of spiritual wisdom. In pondering the mysteries of our faith, we can better make connections between what the Church teaches and why the Church teaches it.
Graphic designer and artist Bill Wolf, whose interest in tarot illustration dates to his art-school days at Cooper Union in New York, has his own theories about the tarot's beginning. Wolf, who doesn't use cards for divination, believes that originally, "the meaning of the imagery was parallel to the mechanics of the play of the game. The random draw of the cards created a new, unique narrative each and every time the game was played, and the decisions players made influenced the unfolding of that narrative." Imagine a choose-your-own-adventure style card game.
If you are looking for guidance about your life, such as career, relationships, spiritual growth, etc., then you are requesting a psychic reading. I will connect with you "energetically", by working with your aura, which contains information about you, your past, your present and your future. It is my spirit in my body connecting with your spirit in your body. You may receive guidance "psychically" that will help you to make some decisions in your life. My intention is to bring awareness where needed, and provide you with the best and highest guidance to help you move forward from current obstacles in your life. You will always have free will to make choices based upon what guidance you are receiving. Nothing is ever "set in stone".
4) Please have patience during a reading. I know that you are eager to connect with your loved ones, but sometimes others from spirit will come through first, (even pets) before the person you are looking to communicate with. Allow those other spirits the time to connect with you as well. They may have a message for another family member or neighbor or coworker that can be very healing to the person you relay the message to. It is an effort for the spirit to communicate, and their effort need to be acknowledged and respected.
Circo says: "This deck is based on my first deck the Gilded Tarot, but is a complete working of that original deck, every images was redone. So i regard it as a separate entity. It is not cheap, its US $110, that is because its special edition and aimed at collectors, every deck is signed, every deck is also unique. I produced variations in colour on several cards, and then selected those variables randomly while collating each deck. The result is that each deck has its own combination of the 78 cards, I think statistically there is a 1 in 7000 chance that two decks the same. A quantity that far more than the number I printed…" There is also a link to a promotional video on the cards YouTube
These spirits always come through with forgiveness and ask for forgiveness themselves. Believe me when I say that they know just by your thoughts that you've forgiven them and you love them. It's as though they have a higher view of things once they pass over and, as a result, they can see that they were in the wrong all along. Have no fear that your loved ones care for you, and that they've let go of any resentment or anger. Love is eternal, and the love you have for them as well as the love they have for you is equally eternal. That is what they take with them.
Saint after saint has pointed out the positives of spiritual reading. Reading features rather prominently in the 6th century Rule of St. Benedict. Sundays are to be devoted to reading and meals are to be held in silence, with one of the monks reading to the community. St. Alphonsus Ligouri noted that "we cannot always have access to a spiritual Father for counsel in our actions, and particularly in our doubts; but reading will abundantly supply his place by giving us lights and directions to escape the illusions of the devil and of our own self-love, and at the same time to submit to the divine will." Many spiritual masters urged reading the lives of the saints for encouragement and models of holiness. Padre Pio recommended spiritual reading in general, but particularly for difficult times in our lives:
There's no point running away from your problems, as there's no real death, and sadly there's no escape from your dilemmas or issues. One way or another, you will have to deal with it here — or over there. Doing the work I do, I've linked with many people who have taken their own lives, and I always get a very different feeling when I'm communicating with them as opposed to a natural death. They often come through regretting their mistakes and always ask for forgiveness for the sorrow they may have caused to those left behind. It's as though they can see how their choices have affected the people here who loved them.
The first thing you should know before going to a medium demonstration or private reading is that psychic mediums are basically a human telephone to the spirit world—they communicate with spirits. Unfortunately, they are a telephone without a dial. A psychic medium can't just call up anyone from the spirit world with whom you want to talk. Instead, you get whoever is on the other end when the psychic medium "links" with the spirit world.
Two, some psychic mediums can hear spirits. In this method, the spirits actually talk to the psychic medium verbally. The psychic medium may hear the communication in their mind (like hearing thoughts), or they may hear the spirit the way they would hear you or I talking to them. Unfortunately, some spirits are not the greatest communicators and what the psychic medium actually hears may sound more like a faint radio station than a clear telephone signal. This is one reason why some readings are so detailed and accurate while others are sketchy. Just try talking to someone using a cheap set of walkie-talkies and you'll experience what it's like chatting with a weak communicator from the spirit world.
Many people come through asking for forgiveness or they let me know they are taking responsibility for their actions for the hurt they may have caused here. I feel there is free will on the Other-Side and you can be with whomever you want to be. You are not forced to meet anyone that you do not want to have contact with. In all my years of experience people come through with people that they have loved in this life. Never has a spirit ever said to me that they were with someone that caused them any hurt or pain while they were here.
Channeling is a method of trying to communicate with the spirit world that has existed since antiquity. Most modern channelers learn the art through the practice of Eastern meditation. This mildly altered state of consciousness enables the channeler to psychically perceive spirit messages. These manifest themselves as a "thought voice," which is perceived in the stillness of the medium's mind. Experienced mediums can enter into a trance state whereby the spirit entity takes direct control over the medium's voice, speaking through it in an accent quite distinct from the medium's normal mode of speech.
Like common playing cards, the tarot has four suits (which vary by region: French suits in Northern Europe, Latin suits in Southern Europe, and German suits in Central Europe). Each suit has 14 cards, ten pip cards numbering from one (or Ace) to ten and four face cards (King, Queen, Knight, and Jack/Knave). In addition, the tarot has a separate 21-card trump suit and a single card known as the Fool. Depending on the game, the Fool may act as the top trump or may be played to avoid following suit.[1] These tarot cards, without occult symbology, are still used throughout much of Europe to play card games.
Clairsentience occurs as a sense of knowing. It's similar to the psychic ability known as telepathy, except telepathy is performed between humans. Telepathy and clairsentience is the communication of a concept or idea as a whole, or a sense of knowing. It's the 'I feel like' of spirit communication. For example, the medium is not shown or told that uncle Fred was a successful businessman, she simply knows it all of a sudden. Furthermore, the medium may have the feeling of being a very successful person, and therefore knows that while we are on the topic of uncle Fred, he must have either been a successful man himself or is recognizing the success of your client. Accompanying information can clarify this.
The Christian spiritual life is a journey that doesn't exist in a vacuum. Christianity requires a community to exist in and teachers from whom to learn the faith, and features a cloud of witnesses cheering us on (Heb 12:1). The Holy Spirit animates the Church and, among other things, gives her the gifts of knowledge, wisdom, understanding, fortitude, good counsel, and fear of the Lord, piety. We have an obligation to build on those gifts sealed in us at our confirmation: and one of the most effective ways is spiritual reading. By reading good spiritual books, we can build on each of those seven gifts of the Holy Spirit. In addition, we can come to know the saints better, sit at their feet, and learn from their writings.
Communicating with the spirit world daily keeps you in touch with spirit companions, spirit guides, and the universal consciousness, it also allows for in-pourings of infinite intelligent energy. You may discover that your abilities are rather more developed than you had previously imagined and wish to help others with your newly discovered gifts - and you can. Being a spiritual medium can provide enormous amounts of healing to people. For example, providing comfort by showing beyond all doubt that a woman's husband still lives-on in spirit, or confirming to a skeptic that death is not the end, or conveying to a client that her father is pleased with her achievements. Imagine how this can make people feel.
Find the best level of detail: Your question should be focused but not overly detailed. Rather than looking at one aspect of a problem, find a way to look more broadly at it. For example, rather than asking how you can make your home life less chaotic, ask how you can better balance the family's schedules. That's a focused question. But do not go so far as to ask how you can coordinate baseball, soccer and Cub Scout schedules and still have family time — that's too detailed. Only include the minimum level of detail needed in order to express what you want to learn from the cards.
Using Your Tarot Deck Look at the cards one by one, take time to immerse yourself, and try to acknowledge the symbolism. Draw cards only when you feel inspired to do so. Full moon days and Mondays are auspicious for drawing. It is best consult Tarot when you are neither preoccupied or stressed. Your surroundings should be quiet and softly lit, possible. It is also helpful to light candles or incense. Set the cards on a neutral-colored cloth (black or white), and then begin your reading. Questions must be precise and clear. Then the cards have to be well-shuffled, cut, displayed and chosen with your l hand. If you shuffle the cards and one accidentally falls out of the deck, look at it; as it often indicates something important.
"Etteilla was one of the people who actually made divination so esoteric," says Matthews. "He created a deck that incorporated all the things from Court de Gébelin and his book 'Le Monde Primitif' ['The Primitive World'], which suggested an Egyptian origin for the tarot and all sorts of arcane things." Matthews makes a distinction between the tarot's abstract interpretations and the straightforward "cartomantic" reading style that thrived during the 16th and 17th centuries, prior to Etteilla.
By comparing various decks from different time periods, tarot-card enthusiasts can identify the evolution of certain illustrations. "For example," says Matthews, "the modern version of the hermit with the lantern, you'll find that that was an hourglass and he was Saturn or Chronos, the keeper of time. You can see how that translates with the Tarot Bolognese meaning of delay or blockage. It was about time moving slowly, though that's not used as a modern meaning much now."
Just as in any profession, mediums have specialties and areas of expertise. Unlike Allison Dubois in Medium, I don't work with the police in solving crimes. Or, unlike Melinda Gordon in The Ghost Whisperer, I don't help tormented souls cross over. Over the years, it has become very clear that my job lies in working with souls who have happily crossed over to the other side and, for the most part, are at peace. Sure, they may have regrets or unresolved issues, but they're not haunted or lost. Oftentimes, it's the living that are not at peace. The main goal of your deceased loved ones and spirit guides is to assist you in moving on, free of grief and struggle, so you can fulfill your life lessons and enjoy your time here on earth.
People have traveled from all over the world for my in-person readings. I have inherited a very strong intuitive psychic ability. If you are seeking spiritual guidance with your relationship, marriage, love, family, career, money, health matters, or life's daily issues, my insightful accurate psychic reading will help you answer the questions that weigh heavily on your mind. Find out what a true gifted psychic can do for you. I look forward to speaking with you soon!
Can these email readings and healings work via physically long distances? Yes, there is a spiritual energy that transcends human physical form when tapping into another soul for a reading or a healing. Energy and it's effects are beyond that of what we call here on this earth as time and space. Energy is simply energy and its resonance can be felt and experienced at any moment we so choose to be "in tuned" to it. It is free from being what we perceive as 'difficult' at all. I simply meditate upon your soul energy tapping into it in meditation, getting in touch with you and your spirit guides on a soulful resonance, and then I will channel write whatever it is that your soul and your spirit guides have to gift you with their messages. Then when I come out of channeling the messages, I usually check them for grammar and spelling so that the messages make sense and then send it to you via email here. Thus I can provide this to you or to any soul around the globe. Within the spirit and the soul, distance is free from being a factor as we can connect free from being within each other's physical presence:)
Through Guided Imagery, Meditation, Theta and Delta wave pattern healing, and Spiritual Guidance, I assist souls to awareness of where these energetic cyclical patterns origination is and how to transform it within this dimension and within all of their life experiences in all dimensions, so that one can remember, embrace, and treasure the all inclusive inner wisdom of our soul and of our Soul Life Purpose for this Life Experience clearing the pathway to the love and light you are. | {
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Adrenalin er en dansk kortfilm fra 2011 instrueret af Sabine Damkjær Nielsen.
Handling
En gruppe unge, overnatter hos Stefan. Sandra har diabetes, og tør ikke fortælle sine veninder det. Den generte dreng, Patrick, drømmer om hende, men tør hun være sammen med ham og måske miste status i gruppen? Om natten har hun lavt blodsukker, og går i chok, hendes veninder ved ikke hvad de skal gøre, men Mia hjælper hende, og Stefans forældre henter hende. Sandra kommer tilbage og har det godt, nu har hun indset at det er ok at have diabetes, og hun er ikke længere bange for at vise hendes følelser for Patrick.
Referencer
Eksterne henvisninger
Kortfilm fra Danmark
Danske film fra 2011 | {
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So this one time I went to South Africa and saw a lioness in the wild.
Need I say more? Probably not, but I will.
It was our last drive of the trip and we had seen so many animals already…giraffes, elephants, zebras…klipspringers, impala, and wildebeests…But there was something we hadn't seen-lions. We told our game driver that we were eager to see lions and frankly didn't care to stop for much else. (Though we did pause to watch a hippo cross our path and flop into the water!) She said there had been a sighting earlier that day, but she couldn't make any promises. But low and behold..we came upon a whole PRIDE just lounging in the sun. We tracked with them for over an hour and watched as they traveled down the dirt path toward the setting sun until they disappeared under camouflage of golden savannah grass. | {
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Brandboom Connect allows Sellers to browse recommended Buyers in the system and send them proposal presentations.
Your chances of being recommended to Sellers depend on the amount of engagement you have in our system.
As a Buyer, you will not be able to browse for Sellers or specify which Sellers can find you. However, you can fill out your Buyer Profile to let Sellers know what types of products and Brands you carry. That will help them decide if you would be a good match. | {
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Nepal Vacation
Fujimaya Treks and Expedition Pvt Ltd
Message from Managing Director
About Fujiyama Treks
About Nepal Vacation
Why Nepal Vacation
Award and Achievement
Discovering Nepal
Nepal Highlight
Everest Experience
Annapurna Foothill
Nature, Culture & Adventure
Joys of Nepal
Valley & Mountains
Golden Triangular Tour
Trekking Grade
Guide & Porters
Trekking Seasons
Types of Trekking
Poonhill Trek
Tilicho Lake Trek
Jomsom-Muktinath Trek
Gosain Kunda Lake
Kyan Jin Gompa
Cannoning
Heli Tour and Mountain Flight
Honey Hunting
Pony Trek
Nepal and Travel Guiude
Tailor Made Request
Nepal Vacation Posted on July 9, 2016 November 25, 2017 Comments (0)
Trekking Seasons:
Trekking in Nepal is an all season activity. The most popular trekking seasons are spring (February – May) and Fall (September to November), but even in the summer monsoon, trekking is popular in the rain shadow regions north of the Himalayas in areas such as Mustang, Upper Manang and Dolpo.
Main Season : Mid of September to Early December
Second Season: March to May
Monsoon Season : High Himalayan trekking such as Mustang , Dolpo
Winter season : Low land Himalayan trek Up to 3000 meters and enjoy with snow.
Trekkers' Information Management System (TIMS):
TIMS card is for your safety.
With the distinction of Nepal as a trekking destination and its growing charm, a provision of the Trekkers' Information Management System (TIMS) has been implemented to ensure safety and security of the trekkers and to control illegal trekking operations.
As a trekker entering a protected area in Nepal, you will be asked to provide some information about the dates of your trip, the itinerary, and a contact number. These data will be inserted in the visitors' database, where they can be accessed for park management purposes or in case of accidents and/or natural calamities, in order to inform the concerned institutions about the trekkers inside the park at anytime.
TIMS cards should be collected by both Free Individual Trekkers (FITs) and trekkers taking the service of government authorized trekking agencies.
Past experiences have revealed that difficulties were seen while carrying out rescue operations during times of accidents and natural calamities. Due to the lack of proper record system of trekkers, rescue and search missions used to face difficulties in spotting the missing trekkers. Based on the data collected through TIMS cards, however, it will be possible to know the position of a trekker in case a rescue operation is needed.
The provision of Trekkers' Information Management System (TIMS) came into effect on January 1, 2008. Since then, the Trekking Agencies Association of Nepal (TAAN) and Nepal Tourism Board (NTB) started recording trekkers' details and began issuing TIMS Card to trekkers.
NTB and TAAN signed a Memorandum of Understanding (MoU) on March 18, 2010 to implement the TIMS system in a new format from April 1, 2010. NTB and TAAN have introduced separate TIMS Cards for FITs and organized groups. FITs need to have Green TIMS cards by paying Nepali currency equivalent to US $20 per person, while those travelling in groups need to have Blue TIMS cards by paying Nepali currency equivalent to US $10 per person. Trekkers taking the service of trekking agencies can pay fee for TIMS card in US dollars.
Where and how to obtain a TIMS Card?
Free Individual Trekkers:
Free Individual Trekkers can obtain TIMS cards at the offices of Nepal Tourism Board in Kathmandu and Pokhara,
TAAN Secretariat at Maligaon and TAAN Pokhara Secretariat in Pokhara upon filling the TIMS application firm.
Organized Trekkers:
Trekking companies will collect trekkers' data and enter it in the central database and will provide trekkers with a TIMS card after paying fee prescribed above.
Opening Hour/s:
TIMS counter at TAAN follows regular working hours (10am-5pm) and 365 days a year
NTB Offices follow government working hours and days.
Trekking agencies open 12 hours a day seven days a week.
To obtain TIMS Card you need copy of:
a) Passport
b) two (2) Passport-size Photographs.
Why is TIMS Necessary?
The following considerations have been taken into account in the process of issuing TIMS:
All important details regarding trekkers and trekking routes shall be maintained in a computerized Database Management System, which can be useful for the trekkers' safety and security. In order to help carry out search and rescue operations for trekkers in case of natural calamities and other accidents by means of Authentic Information Service. To maintain a record system that includes personal details of trekkers, trekking area, trekking routes, handling agencies, duration, etc. The data generated from the system will be useful to all concerned stakeholders such as tourism organizations, Government agencies, diplomatic missions, tour operators, research institute, etc.
Unauthorized trekking operations will be controlled, thus, resulting in better management of trekking services, which will not only benefit trekkers and field staff, but also trekking companies and Government agencies. Occasional untoward incidents will also be better prevented. Plus, TIMS will upgrade the service standard and will contribute to better management of sustainable mountain tourism development in Nepal.
TIMS will not be required for:
Foreign guests invited by the Government of Nepal
Authorities from the various diplomatic missions present in the country, who hold official letter/s and travel at their own risk
Visitors on certain missions recommended by the concerned Governmental Department(s);
Foreign Nationals possessing a residential visa.
Revenue collected from distribution of TIMS cards is shared into three equal parts for following purposes:
Nepal Tourism Board (NTB) will use the first part for printing TIMS cards, holograms, managing issuing counters and use the remaining amount for tourism marketing, publicity and promotion.
The second part is utilized in the welfare of trekking workers like buying medical and accident insurance policy for them and conducting rescue operations in case of accidents. The amount is also used to launch various programs as a part of corporate social responsibility (CSR) and meet administrative expenses.
The third part is utilized to develop infrastructures, promote, conserve, maintain trekking trails. A substantial amount is also utilized to explore, develop and promote new destinations besides organizing training and workshops for sustainable and responsible tourism development.
Acute Mountain Sickness (AMS)
Some people are more susceptible to altitude sickness than others. If you suffer from a case of altitude sickness it does not mean that you can never go to high altitudes again. However, it does mean in the future, you should pay attention. Awareness of altitude sickness has caused some trekkers to be unnecessarily anxious as they trek. The progression of symptoms is usually gradual, and you will have plenty of time to react appropriately. Design your itineraries to allow plenty of time for acclimatization so that you will be able to adjust to the increase in altitude. Human bodies have the ability to adjust to higher altitudes when given enough time. If a person travels up to high altitudes more rapidly than his or her body is able to adjust, AMS symptoms develop.
The treatments of AMS are first and foremost not to ascend with symptoms and if symptoms are severe, to descend. In rare cases where the descent is difficult or impossible a portable pressure chamber is effective. Three medications have also been proven useful for treating and preventing AMS: Acetazolamide (Diamox), Dexamethasone (Decadron), Nifedipine. Your physician and local Public Health Service are the best sources for further information.
Altitude sickness—also known as acute mountain sickness (AMS), altitude illness, hypobaropathy, or soroche—is a pathological effect of high altitude on humans, caused by acute exposure to low partial pressure of oxygen at high altitude. It commonly occurs above 2,400 metres (8,000 feet) It presents as a collection of nonspecific symptoms, acquired at high altitude or in low air pressure, resembling a case of "flu, carbon monoxide poisoning, or a hangover". It is hard to determine who will be affected by altitude sickness, as there are no specific factors that correlate with a susceptibility to altitude sickness. However, most people can ascend to 2,400 meters (8,000 ft) without difficulty.
Acute mountain sickness can progress to high altitude pulmonary edema (HAPE) or high altitude cerebral edema (HACE), which is potentially fatal.
Chronic mountain sickness, also known as Monge's disease, is a different condition that only occurs after very prolonged exposure to high altitude.
Oxygen Level in Altitude
Altitude (in meters) Oxygen Rate
Sea level 100 %
The percentage of oxygen in air, at 21%, remains almost unchanged up to 70,000 feet (21,000 m). The RMS velocities of diatomic nitrogen and oxygen are very similar and thus no change occurs in the ratio of oxygen to nitrogen. However, it is the air density itself, the number of molecules (of both oxygen and nitrogen) per given level, which drops as altitude increases. Consequently, the available amount of oxygen to sustain mental and physical alertness decreases above 10,000 feet (3,000 m). Although the cabin altitude in modern passenger aircraft is kept to 8,000 feet (2,400 m) or lower, some passengers on long-haul flights may experience some symptoms of altitude sickness.
Dehydration due to the higher rate of water vapor lost from the lungs at higher altitudes may contribute to the symptoms of altitude sickness.
The rate of ascent, altitudes attained, amount of physical activity at high altitude, as well as individual susceptibility, are contributing factors to the onset and severity of high-altitude illness.
Altitude sickness usually occurs following a rapid ascent and can usually be prevented by ascending slowly. In most of these cases, the symptoms are temporary and usually abate as altitude acclimatisation occurs. However, in extreme cases, altitude sickness can be fatal.
Primary symptoms:
Headaches are the primary symptom used to diagnose altitude sickness, although a headache is also a symptom of dehydration. A headache occurring at an altitude above 2,400 metres (8,000 feet = 76 kPa), combined with any one or more of the following symptoms, may indicate altitude sickness:
Lack of appetite, nausea, or vomiting
Fatigue or weakness
Shortness of breath upon exertion
Persistent rapid pulse
Peripheral edema (swelling of hands, feet, and face).
Symptoms that may indicate life-threatening altitude sickness include:
Pulmonary edema (fluid in the lungs)
Symptoms similar to bronchitis
Persistent dry cough
Shortness of breath even when resting
Cerebral edema (swelling of the brain)
Headache that does not respond to analgesics
Gradual loss of consciousness
Increased nausea
Retinal hemorrhage
The most serious symptoms of altitude sickness arise from edema (fluid accumulation in the tissues of the body). At very high altitude, humans can get either high altitude pulmonary edema(HAPE), or high altitude cerebral edema (HACE). The physiological cause of altitude-induced edema is not conclusively established. It is currently believed, however, that HACE is caused by local vasodilation of cerebral blood vessels in response to hypoxia, resulting in greater blood flow and, consequently, greater capillary pressures. On the other hand, HAPE may be due to general vasoconstriction in the pulmonary circulation (normally a response to regional ventilation-perfusion mismatches) which, with constant or increased cardiac output, also leads to increases in capillary pressures. For those suffering HACE, dexamethasone may provide temporary relief from symptoms in order to keep descending under their own power.
HACE can progress rapidly and is often fatal. Symptoms include fatigue, severe dyspnea at rest, and cough that is initially dry but may progress to produce pink, frothy sputum. Descent to lower altitudes alleviates the symptoms of HACE.
HACE is a life threatening condition that can lead to coma or death. Symptoms include headache, fatigue, visual impairment, bladder dysfunction, bowel dysfunction, loss of coordination, paralysis on one side of the body, and confusion. Descent to lower altitudes may save those afflicted with HACE.
Ascending slowly is the best way to avoid altitude sickness. Avoiding strenuous activity such as skiing, hiking, etc. in the first 24 hours at high altitude reduces the symptoms of AMS. As alcohol tends to cause dehydration, which exacerbates AMS, avoiding alcohol consumption in the first 24-hours at a higher altitude is optimal.
Altitude acclimatization
Altitude acclimatization is the process of adjusting to decreasing oxygen levels at higher elevations, in order to avoid altitude sickness. Once above approximately 3,000 metres (10,000 feet = 70 kPa), most climbers and high-altitude trekkers take the "climb-high, sleep-low" approach. For high-altitude climbers, a typical acclimatization regimen might be to stay a few days at a base camp, climb up to a higher camp (slowly), and then return to base camp. A subsequent climb to the higher camp then includes an overnight stay. This process is then repeated a few times, each time extending the time spent at higher altitudes to let the body adjust to the oxygen level there, a process that involves the production of additional red blood cells. Once the climber has acclimatised to a given altitude, the process is repeated with camps placed at progressively higher elevations. The general rule of thumb is to not ascend more than 300 meters (1,000 ft) per day to sleep. That is, one can climb from 3,000 (10,000 feet = 70 kPa) to 4,500 meters (15,000 feet = 58 kPa) in one day, but one should then descend back to 3,300 meters (11,000 feet = 67.5 kPa) to sleep. This process cannot safely be rushed, and this is why climbers need to spend days (or even weeks at times) acclimatizing before attempting to climb a high peak. Simulated altitude equipment that produces hypoxic (reduced oxygen) air can be used to acclimate to high altitude, reducing the total time required on the mountain itself
Altitude acclimatization is necessary for some people who move rapidly from lower altitudes to intermediate altitudes (e.g., by aircraft and ground transportation over a few hours), such as from sea level to 8,000 feet (2,400 m) as in many Colorado, USA mountain resorts. Stopping at an intermediate altitude overnight can alleviate or eliminate occurrences of AMS.
The drug acetazolamide may help some people making a rapid ascent to sleeping altitude above 2,700 metres (9,000 ft), and it may also be effective if started early in the course of AMS. TheEverest Base Camp Medical Centre cautions against its routine use as a substitute for a reasonable ascent schedule, except where rapid ascent is forced by flying into high altitude locations or due to terrain considerations. The Centre suggests a dosage of 125–250 mg twice daily for prophylaxis, starting from 24 hours before ascending until a few days at the highest altitude or on descending;] with 250 mg twice daily recommended for treatment of AMS. The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention suggests a lower dose for prevention of 125 mg acetazolamide every 12 hours. An undesirable side-effect of acetazolamide is a reduction in aerobic endurance performance. Dosage of 1000 mg/day will produce a 25% decrease in performance, on top of the reduction due to high-altitude exposure. The CDC advises that Dexamethasone be reserved for treatment of AMS and HACE during descents, and notes that Nifedipine may prevent HAPE.
A single randomized controlled trial found that sumatriptan may help prevent altitude sickness. Despite their popularity, antioxidant treatments have not been found to be effective medications for prevention of AMS. Interest in phosphodiesterase inhibitors such as sildenafil has been limited by the possibility that these drugs might worsen the headache of mountain sickness.
A promising possible preventative treatment for altitude sickness is myo-inositol trispyrophosphate (ITPP), which increases the amount of oxygen released by hemoglobin.
For centuries, indigenous peoples of the Americas such as the Aymaras of the Altiplano, have chewed coca leaves to try to alleviate the symptoms of mild altitude sickness. In Chinese and Tibetan traditional medicine, extract of root tissue of Radix rhodiola is often taken in order to prevent the same symptoms.
Oxygen enrichment
In high-altitude conditions, oxygen enrichment can counteract the hypoxia related effects of altitude sickness. A small amount of supplemental oxygen reduces the equivalent altitude in climate-controlled rooms. At 3,400 meters (11,155 feet = 67 kPa), raising the oxygen concentration level by 5 percent via an oxygen concentrator and an existing ventilation system provides an effective altitude of 3,000 metres (10,000 feet = 70 kPa), which is more tolerable for surface-dwellers.
Increased water intake may also help in acclimatisation to replace the fluids lost through heavier breathing in the thin, dry air found at altitude, although consuming excessive quantities ("over-hydration") has no benefits and may cause dangerous hyponatremia.
Oxygen from gas bottles or liquid containers can be applied directly via a nasal cannula or mask. Oxygen concentrators based upon pressure swing adsorption (PSA), VSA, or vacuum-pressure swing adsorption (VPSA) can be used to generate the oxygen if electricity is available. Stationary oxygen concentrators typically use PSA technology, which has performance degradations at the lower barometric pressures at high altitudes. One way to compensate for the performance degradation is to utilize a concentrator with more flow capacity. There are also portable oxygen concentrators that can be used on vehicular DC power or on internal batteries, and at least one system commercially available measures and compensates for the altitude effect on its performance up to 4,000 meters (13,000 ft). The application of high-purity oxygen from one of these methods increases the partial pressure of oxygen by raising the FiO2 (fraction of inspired oxygen).
Also, the use of Nitric Oxide has been proven to address and relieve altitude sickness. 12 scientists recently released a study in which Mount Everest trekkers were allowed to naturally adapt to altitude during their ascent. They were tested for nitric oxide levels along the way. The scientists found that their bodies naturally produced more nitric oxide as they climbed higher. "Our results suggest that nitric oxide is an integral part of the human physiological response to hypoxia." Scientific Reports
The only reliable treatment and in many cases the only option available is to descend. Attempts to treat or stabilise the patient in situ at altitude is dangerous unless highly controlled and with good medical facilities. However, the following treatments have been used when the patient's location and circumstances permit:
Oxygen may be used for mild to moderate AMS below 12,000 feet (3,700 m) and is commonly provided by physicians at mountain resorts. Symptoms abate in 12–36 hours without the need to descend.
For more serious cases of AMS, or where rapid descent is impractical, a Gamow bag, a portable plastic hyperbaric chamber inflated with a foot pump, can be used to reduce the effective altitude by as much as 1,500 meters (5,000 ft). A Gamow bag is generally used only as an aid to evacuate severe AMS patients, not to treat them at altitude.
Acetazolamide may assist in altitude acclimatization.
and prevents further impairment of pulmonary gas exchange."
Other treatments include inject able steroids to reduce pulmonary edema, this may buy time to descend but treats a symptom, it does not treat the underlying AMS.
Tea House Trek
Tented camp
Backpackers trek
Trekkers planning to travel to controlled areas in Nepal opened for group trekking need to get Trekking Permit issued by the Department of Immigration under the Home Ministry. The government has opened following previously restricted trekking areas for group trekkers. Trekking permits will not be issued to individual trekkers in those trekking areas. The areas and required fees are as follows:
1 DOLPA DISTRICT
a. Areas of Upper Dolpa For the first 10 days US$ 500 per person and after 10 days US$ 50 per day person or equivalent foreign currency
b. Areas of Lower Dolpo Per week per person US$ 10 or equivalent convertible foreign currency.
2 MUSTANG DISTRICT
Areas of Upper Mustang For the first 10 days US$ 500 per person and after 10 days US$ 50 per day per person, or equivalent convertible foreign currency.
3 GORKHA DISTRICT
a. Manaslu Region From September to November US$ 70 per week per person and after 7 days US$ 10 per day per person or equivalent convertible foreign currency. From December to August US$ 50 per week per person and after 7 days US$ 7 per day per person or equivalent convertible foreign currency.
b. Areas of Chhekampar and Chunchet VDC (Sirdibas-Lokpa-Chumling-Chhekampar -Nile-Chhule Area) From September to November, per person US$ 35 for first 8 days and from December to August per person US$ 25 for first 8 days or equivalent convertible foreign currency
4 MUGU DISTRICT
Areas of Mugu, Dolpu, Pulu and Bhangri For the first 7 days US$90 per person and after 7 days US$ 15 per day per person or equivalent convertible foreign currency.
5 MANANG DISTRICT
Areas of Nar and Phu From September to November, US$ 90 per week per person and December to August US$ 75 per week per person or equivalent convertible foreign currency.
6 DOLAKHA DISTRICT
Gaurishankar and Lamabagar Per week per person US$ 10 Or equivalent convertible foreign currency.
7 RASUWA DISTRICT
Thuman and Timure Per week per person US$ 10 Or equivalent convertible foreign currency.
8 HUMLA DISTRICT
Simikot and Yari (Areas of Limi and Muchu village Development Committee, and area way to Tibet via Tangekhola of Darma Village Development committee) For the first 7 days US$ 50 per person and after 7 days US$7 per day per person or equivalent convertible foreign currency.
9 SANKHUWASABHA
Areas of Kimathanka, Chepuwa,Hatiya and Pawakhola VDCs) For the first four weeks, US$ 10 per person per week and After four weeks, US$20 per person per week or equivalent convertible foreign currency.
10 TAPLEJUNG DISTRICT
Kanchanjanga Region (Areas of Olangchung Gola, Lelep, Papung and Yamphudin VDCs) Per week per person US$ 10 or equivalent convertible foreign currency.
11 BAJHANG DISTRICT
(Areas of Kanda, Saipal and Dhuli) For the first 7 days, US$ 90 per person and After seven days US$ 15 per day per person or equivalent convertible foreign currency.
12 DARCHULA DISTRICT
(Areas of Byas VDC) For the first 7 days, US$ 90 per person and after 7 days US$ 15 per day per person or equivalent convertible foreign currency.
a. To get a group trekking permit an application form with other relevant documents should be submitted through any registered trekking agency of Nepal.
b. Trekking fee can be paid in Nepalese currency: Notwithstanding anything written in above, the Indian citizen can pay in Nepalese currency equivalent to US Dollars.
For more details please contact: [email protected]
Search Your Vacation
Copyright 2021 Nepal Vacation. All Rights Reserved. Developed by Ocean Web | {
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Daniel Sussman
Instructor Biography:
MFA, JD, screenwriter; WGA member who served as a staff writer for ABC's The Practice. Mr. Sussman most recently sold his big-budget disaster feature Galveston to Warner Bros. Pictures. He has sold other scripts to production companies including Polaris Pictures and NBC Television Network. He was also a TV Writing Fellow for ABC/Disney Studios.
Instructor Statement:
Writers need two things in my view (apart from praise and comfort, intelligence and taste, ambition and time that is their own): these two things being a story worth telling and craft. Now you already may have a good story. (If you do, that's great. If you don't, not to worry. It'll come.) Putting story concerns aside for a moment, the good news is that craft isn't mysterious. It can be learned, even mastered. In a spirit of total honesty, though, I must tell you now that mastering craft ain't easy. Writing is hard. It's hard for just about everyone. But, in the immortal words of Lowell Ganz and Babaloo Mandel, "the hard is what makes it great." The craft is what makes it possible. In my class, we devote ourselves to craft and story, to finding a way for you to express in three highly-structured, often constraining acts — that is, in a film script — the amazing things you may hold in your heart.
Our Students Say it Best!
"The guy knows what he's talking about." — Writers' Program Student | {
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IIHS Top Safety Pick+. KBB.com 10 Best UberX Candidates. KBB.com 10 Most Fuel-Efficient Cars Under $25,000. KBB.com 10 Best Green Cars. KBB.com 10 Best Hybrid Cars Under $30,000. Delivers 48 Highway MPG and 51 City MPG! This Toyota Prius has a dependable Gas/Electric I-4 1.8 L/110 engine powering this Variable transmission. Window Grid And Roof Mount Antenna, Wheels: 6J x 15 5-Spoke Aluminum Alloy -inc: full wheel covers, Variable Intermittent Wipers, Trip Computer, Transmission: Continuously Variable Automatic -inc: Electronically controlled.*The Experts' Verdict...*As reported by KBB.com: The 2015 Toyota Prius is all about fuel economy. If you're looking to get a hybrid to save the most gas, has the best reputation and killer resale value to boot, then the Prius is the king. and As reported by The Manufacturer Summary: The world's first and most successful mass-produced hybrid car, the Toyota Prius hybrid continues to expand its dominance. If you're looking for the best fuel economy in the hybrid field, the Prius' 51cty/48 hwy mpg rating is still king. The plug-in model also allows for more options and with the ability to run solely on electric power at ratings of 95 MPGe. The driver is given a range of performance options via the EV, Eco, and Power buttons, which allow for variations in throttle application and fuel consumption. In EV mode, the Prius hybrid functions solely on electric power (speed and miles permitting), while the Power mode setting delivers the full potential of the gasoline engine assisted by the electric motor. The Eco mode setting is probably the most useful of the three, allowing the Prius' computer to modify the throttle response for the best balance of fuel consumption and performance. The Toyota Prius hybrid hatchback features an interior as modern and different as its exterior. The available Solar Roof is embedded with solar panels that can power a fan to circulate ambient air through the cabin when parked in direct sunlight. The contoured dash looks particularly handsome with its 2-tone panels. The Prius' sheet metal is designed to cheat the wind, with sharp-edged creases and flush glass panels. Even the car's wheel covers are aerodynamic. Available safety features include Dynamic Radar Cruise Control which can regulate vehicle speed when cruise control is engaged, a Pre-Collision System which can automatically apply brakes if collision is detected, and Lane Keep Assist which can give a warning notification or when Dynamic Radar Cruise Control is engaged it can gently correct steering.*With This Toyota Prius You'll Be Helping The Environment In Style *Torsion Beam Rear Suspension w/Coil Springs, Tires: P195/65R15 AS, Tailgate/Rear Door Lock Included w/Power Door Locks, Systems Monitor, Strut Front Suspension w/Coil Springs, Steel Spare Wheel, Single Stainless Steel Exhaust, Side Impact Beams, Seats w/Cloth Back Material, Roll-Up Cargo Cover.*Feel Confident About Your Choice *According to Carfax's history report: Carfax One-Owner Vehicle, No Damage Reported, No Accidents Reported.*Visit Us Today *A short visit to Pitts Toyota located at 210 N Jefferson St, Dublin, GA 31021 can get you a reliable Prius today! | {
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Search a company in New Zealand with your criteria (trade name, adress, New Zealand registry number...).
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In the low energy reactor antineutrino physics experiments,either for the researches of antineutrino oscillation and antineutrino reactions,or for the measurement of abnormal magnetic moment of antineutrino,the flux and the spectra of reactor antineutrino must be described accurately. In this paper,the method of calculation of reactor antineutrino spectra was discussed detailedly. Furthermore,Based on the actual circumstances of NP2 reactors and the arrangement of detectors,the flux and the spectra of reactor antineutrino in TEXONO were worked out.
CHEN Dong-Liang, LI Jin, MAO Ze-Pu and WONG T. Calculation of Reactor Antineutrino Spectra in TEXONO[J]. Chinese Physics C, 2002, 26(9): 889-894.
In this paper, using supersymmetric (SUSY) quantum mechanics, we discuss exactly solvable Quantum mechanical model with nonlocal potential. And we present a simple nonlocal presentation of exactly solvable local model, so exactly to obtain energy eigenfunctions and eignvalues.
ZHANG De-Xing and CAI Shao-Hong. Quantum Mechanical Model with Nonlocal Potential[J]. Chinese Physics C, 2002, 26(9): 895-899.
It is shown that the possible higher squeezing order of the superposition state β>+eiφ βeiδ> of the generalized coherent states of the q deformed non-harmonic oscillator can be expressed as k≠2π n/δ,with n an integer and δ the phase difference between the two generalized coherent states. When δ=π,the order of squeezing can only be odd,which is just the result of the generalized even and odd coherent states of the q deformed non-harmonic oscillator;when δ takes other values,the squeezing order can be even. These results show that the parameter phase difference δ plays the key role in determining the possible squeezing order.
LIANG Mai-Lin and YUAN Bing. Phase Difference and the Squeezing Property of the Superpositions of the q-Deformed Generalized Coherent States[J]. Chinese Physics C, 2002, 26(9): 900-903.
Single event effects induced by 15.14MeV/u 136Xe ions in different batches of 32k×8 bits static random access memory are studied. The incident angle dependences of the cross sections for single event upset and single event latchup are presented. The SEE cross sections are plotted versus energy loss instead of linear energy transfer value in sensitive region. The depth of sensitive volume and thickness of "dead" layer above the sensitive volume are estimated.
HOU Ming-Dong, ZHANG Qing-Xiang, LIU Jie, WANG Zhi-Guang, JIN Yun-Fan, ZHU Zhi-Yong, ZHEN Hong-Lou, LIU Chang-Long, CHEN Xiao-Xi, WEI Xin-Guo, ZHANG Lin, FAN You-Cheng, Single Event Effects Induced by 15.14 MeV/u 136Xe Ions[J]. Chinese Physics C, 2002, 26(9): 904-908.
In order to assign γ-ray multipolarity, a method of ADO ratios deduced from coincidence data has been described. The factors affecting the reliability of the ADO ratios have been discussed using an experimental detector configuration. The multipolarities for known γ-rays deduced by the ADO method are consistent with the previous results obtained from γ-ray angular distribution and DCO ratio measurements. This consistence proves that the ADO method is reliable. The advantages of the ADO method over the traditional DCO ratio measurement have been discussed.
ZHENG Yong, ZHOU Xiao-Hong, LIU Min-Liang, LIU Zhong, HE Jian-Jun, GUO Ying-Xiang, LEI Xiang-Guo, ZHANG Yu-Hu and LUO Wan-Ju. γ-Ray Anisotropy Measurement in Coincidence Mode[J]. Chinese Physics C, 2002, 26(9): 909-913.
The effect of the decay data on the measured activation cross section is investigated carefully and testified by several examples. These decay data include the half-life of the product, γ branching ratio of the product and decay scheme. Present work shows that these effects must be considered carefully when evaluating the activation reaction cross section. Sometimes they are main reason for causing the discrepancies among the experimental data.
HUANG Xiao-Long and LU Han-Lin. Study of the Influence of Decay Data in Activation Reaction Cross Section[J]. Chinese Physics C, 2002, 26(9): 914-919.
In the reaction induced by 33.4MeV/u 17N beam on 197Au, the coincident measurment between neutron and fragment was performed with the different combinations of 16 neutron detectors at 4°-83° and 14 telescopes at 2.3°-9.0°. Integrating the measured angular distributions of the different isotopes, the isotopic yield distributions of Z=3-6 elements are obtained. Based on the Abrasion-Ablation model, isotopic yield distributions are calculated using different density distributions for the projectile 17N and compared with the experiment data.
LI Xiang-Qing, HUA Hui, JIANG Dong-Xing, YE Yan-Lin, CHEN Tao, LI Zhi-Huan, GE Yu-Cheng, WANG Quan-Jin, WU He-Yu, JIN Gen-Ming, DUAN Li-Min, XIAO Zhi-Gang, WANG Hong-We, Coincident Measurement between Neutron and Fragment in Reaction 17N+197Au[J]. Chinese Physics C, 2002, 26(9): 920-925.
We have studied the equilibration with respect to isospin degree of freedom in four systems 96Ru+96Ru,96 Ru+96Zr,96Zr+96Ru,96Zr+96Zr at 100 MeV/u and 400MeV/u with isospin dependent QMD. It is proposed in this paper that the neutron-proton differential rapidity distribution is a sensitive probe to the degree of equilibration with respect to the isospin degree of freedom. By analyzing the average N/Z ratio of emitted nucleons, light charged particles (LCP) and intermediate mass fragments (IMF), it is found that there exists memory effect in multifragmentation process. The average N/Z ratio of IMF reduces largely as beam energy increases from 100MeV/u to 400MeV/u, which may result from the change of the behavior of the isotope distribution of IMF. The isotope distribution of IMF does also show certain memory effect at 100 MeV/u case but not at 400 MeV/u case. We also found the rapidity distribution of differential neutron-proton counting in neutron rich nucleus-nucleus collisions at intermediate energies is sensitive to the isospin dependent part of nuclear potential. In conclusion, based on these studies we have found it's an effective way to explore whether the final equilibration could be reached in intermediate HICs by constructing a set of isospin (a)symmetry nuclear-nuclear collision systems with same mass and different charge.
LI Qing-Feng and LI Zhu-Xia. Probing Equilibration in HICs and Symmetry Energy by Using Isospin-Related Observables[J]. Chinese Physics C, 2002, 26(9): 926-932.
The effective Λ nucleon interaction in single Λ hypernuclei is studied using the Relativistic Mean Field theory. Five sets of hyperon meson coupling parameters,for Λ-σ and Λ-ω interactions, are obtained by fitting the recent data of the binding energy of a Λ in the 1s state of 13Λ C,B1s1/2Λ. The detailed method is to fix one of the parameters to be a special value such as 2/3 or 1,or to suppose two of them be equal,and then the parameter sets are deduced. With these parameter sets determined from only this experimental quantity,we calculate the single particle spectra of Λ in single-Λ hypernuclei for a wide range of mass number from A=9 to A=208. The calculations reproduce the available data well.
LV Hong-Feng, LONG Wen-Hui, MENG Jie and ZHOU Shan-Gui. Effective Hyperon-Nucleon Interactions in the Relativistic Mean Field Theory[J]. Chinese Physics C, 2002, 26(9): 933-940.
Phenomenological nucleon-nucleon interactions consisting of central,tensor,spin-orbit and quadratic spin-orbit terms,with Gaussian radial dependence,are constructed by varying their parameters in order to obtain the best fit between the calculated and the experimental values of the binding energy,the root mean-square radius,the D-state probability,the magnetic dipole moment and the electric quadrupole moment of deuteron. The ground-state nuclear wave function of deuteron is expanded in terms of the translation invariant shell model basis functions corresponding to the number of quanta of excitation 0≤N≤10. Moreover,the binding energy,the root mean-square radius and the magnetic dipole moment of the nuclei 3H,4He,5He and 6Li are also calculated by using the new interactions. The wave functions of these nuclei are expanded in terms of the basis functions of the translation-invariant shell model with N=10 for the first two nuclei, N=7 for 5He and N=6 for 6Li. Furthermore,the role of the three body force is investigated for the triton nucleus. The obtained results are in good agreement with the corresponding experimental values.
S.B.Doma. Ground State Characteristics of the Light Nuclei with A≤6 on the Basis of the Translation Invariant Shell Model by Using Nucleon-Nucleon Interactions[J]. Chinese Physics C, 2002, 26(9): 941-948.
The time evolution of expectation values of the basic dynamic variables in a quantum system under different effective Planck constant were compared with the exact values of the basic dynamic variables in classical system. It is found, for the regular motion, the difference comes from the quantum effect; for the chaotic motion, it comes from the dynamical effect and the destruction of the dynamical system. With these results, a correspondence between the quantum heterogeneity of the phase space and the Lyapunov exponent is made satisfactorily.
LIU Fang, LI Jun-Qing and XING Yong-Zhong. Quantum Classical Correspondence in a 2-Dimensional Deformed Harmonic Oscillator System[J]. Chinese Physics C, 2002, 26(9): 949-954.
The relations between the pion source parameters in two models in ultrarelativistic heavy ion collisions are given using pion interferometry at small relative momentum. And comparisons are made with the experimental results of 200 A GeV O+Au collisions.
CHEN Xiao-Fan, YANG Xue-Dong, CHEN Zhi-Lai, HAN Ling and WANG Qing-Dong. Two-Pion Interferometry at Small Relative Momentum in Ultrarelativistic Heavy Ion Collisions[J]. Chinese Physics C, 2002, 26(9): 955-958.
Four plastic scintillators coupled with three photo multiplier tubes (PMTs) were used to construct a preecise trigger timing system. When one charged particle passes through the system, the PMTs can measure its time information independently. By off line data analyzing, a precise trigger timing with resolution about 57ps has been gotten. This system can be used to research the time resolution of detectors.
HUANG Sheng-Li, XU Zi-Zong, WANG Zhao-Min, WANG Xiao-Lian, LI Cheng, CHEN Hong-Fang, WU Jian and ZENG Hui. A Precise Trigger Timing System[J]. Chinese Physics C, 2002, 26(9): 959-963.
Radioactive ion beam is generally characterized by small beam intensity and big beam size. In order to carry on precise scattering and reaction experiments it is necessary to monitoring the incident angle and absolute number of the beam hitting the target. We therefore have designed and made up low pressure multiwire proportional chambers (LPMWPC) which have good beam transparency and are also adequate to be used in vacuum. Experiment test indicates that the position resolution of the chambers is about 0.5mm and the position determination efficiency is larger than 90% for the low Z particles at intermediate energies. This kind of chamber can then be used to detect the direction of the incident particle and to record the absolute number of the particles which really hit the target, or to detect the emitting angle of the outgoing particles.
LI Zhi-Huan, CHEN Tao, YE Yan-Lin, JIANG Dong-Xing, HUA Hui, LI Xiang-Qing, WANG Quan-Jin, GE Yu-Cheng, PANG Dan-Yang, DI Zhen-Yu, TAN Ji-Lian, ZHANG Jin-Xia, FENG Ying, Low Pressure Multiwire Proportional Chamber and Its Application to Radioactive Ion Beam Experiment[J]. Chinese Physics C, 2002, 26(9): 964-970.
An overview of experimental status of the international collaboration on ultra-high energy induced nuclear reactions and the relative heavy-ion physics is given. It includes: 1. theoretical predictions of quark matter (quark gluon plasma), 2. the experiments of ultra-high energy heavy-ion collisions: (1) the BNL/AGS fixed target experiments, (2) the CERN/SPS fixed target experiments, (3) the BNL/RHIC colliding experiments, (4) the CERN/LHC colliding experiments.
CAI Xu and ZHOU Dai-Mei. Experimental Status of Ultra-high Energy Induced Nuclear Reactions[J]. Chinese Physics C, 2002, 26(9): 971-990. | {
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We've all experienced the disappointment of a new beauty buy that didn't deliver.
The cleanser that promised to banish spots forever hasn't made a difference to your skin and the serum all the celebs swear by clogged up yours pores and has left you feeling as empty as your bank account.
But instead of binning these bad beauty buys or banishing them to the back of the cupboard forever, you can now find products that are tailored to you.
Whatever you're after the Beauty Editors at Powder have combed through every product from the beauty icons to the new launches to find the best of the best.
Looking for a cleanser that brightens as well as neutralises redness? They know where to find it.
Need to change your moisturiser as often as the seasons? They've got it sussed.
Want to know the best serum for your skin concern? They've found the one for you.
Now you can wave goodbye to hours – and pounds – spent on beauty products that aren't right for you.
So if you want to discover beauty products that are tailored to you head over to thisispowder.co.uk and say hello to a lifetime of beauty happiness. | {
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Eric McClintock of FSBreak has posted the recording from last weekend's Avsim Town Hall Teamspeak Meeting.
Several new development renders have been posted from the SOCATA TBM 850 project for X-Plane.
FlyJSim has posted the first livery previews from the upcoming Boeing 727 Series for X-Plane in the X-Plane.org Forums.
The freeware Australia Flinders Ranges photoreal scenery for X-Plane is now available to download at X-Plane.org.
The Microsoft Flight Team has announced the Vought F4U Corsair DLC aircraft package to be available soon.
Virtavia has posted the first preview screenshots from the upcoming Douglas A-4F Skyhawk for FSX at the Product Page.
WSSimulation has released the Piper PA-46 Malibu Meridian for FSX. More information and purchase at SimMarket.
Thai Creation has released Kathmandu Tribhuvan International Airport (VNKT) for FS2004. Available at SimMarket.
- All major airport buildings included with high resolution textures and beautiful texture in the night time.
- Real 3d ALSF-1 RWY 02 landing light system.
- Much more to discover by yourself.
AceFly has released the freeware Kiev photo scenery for FSX. Now available to download at AVSIMrus.
Return to Misty Moorings has added the freeware Hollis Harbor scenery addon to the Orbx Pacific Fjords region.
RealAir Simulations has posted daily screenshot number 10 from the upcoming Lancair Legacy for FSX.
OZx has released the freeware Balgo Hill Airport (YBGO) scenery for FSX. Available to download at the OZx Website.
MilViz has posted several external textures previews from the upcoming North American F-86 Sabre for FSX.
Khamsin has announced next week's release of the freeware Boeing B-17G version 1.1 for X-Plane 10.
Orbx has posted Some Newies and Impressions from the Monroe Firstair Field (W16) scenery for the PNW region.
The first development screenshots from Shelter Cove Airport (0Q5) for FSX have been posted in the FSDeveloper Forums.
FranceVFR has released Basse Normandie Photo HD for FSX. More information at the FranceVFR Website.
FlightSim Greenland has released the Kangerlussuaq X scenery for FSX. Available to purchase at SimMarket.
- Highly Detailed version of Kangerlussuaq Airport.
- Custom made Seasonal Textures, and photo ground texture.
- Custom made lakes, coastlines and streams.
Chris Palmer from Angle of Attack has revealed more details from the upcoming JetSet FREE Jet Transition Video Course.
feelThere is now offering a 50% discount on Tower! 2011 Multiplayer Edition. Offer expires Friday June 1st 2012.
Majestic Software has posted another teaser screenshot from the upcoming Bombardier Dash 8 Q400 for FSX.
Blueprint Simulations has released Rio de Janeiro-Galeão International Airport (SBGL) for FSX and FS2004.
- Accurately located aircraft parking positions around every terminal and individually customized static jetways at every gate.
- A significant fraction of the general aviation, aircraft maintenance and cargo facilities within the field's boundary.
Abacus Publishing is offering 25% discounts on all titles during the Memorial Day Spring Savings Sale.
A2A Simulations has posted this familiarization video from the soon to be released Accu-Sim P-51 Mustang for FSX.
A-Flight has posted another teaser screenshot from the upcoming Helsinki-Vantaa Airport (EFHK) scenery for FSX.
More development screenshots have been posted from the ongoing Mil Mi-17 project for X-Plane.
MLADG has released the Aero Vodochody L-29 Delfín for X-Plane 10. Available at SimMarket and X-Plane.org.
AeroSim has announced the soon to be released Boeing 787 for FSX. Details and screenshots at the Product Page.
The Airport Guys has posted another teaser screenshot from the upcoming Virginia General Aviation Pack 1 for FSX.
Thai Creation has added night lighting previews from the upcoming Kathmandu Tribhuvan Intl. Airport (VNKT) for FS2004.
Flight Replicas has posted new virtual cockpit preview screenshots from the upcoming Messerschmitt Bf-109K for FSX.
The freeware Grumman J2F Duck by Swingman has been converted to a FSX native model. Details in the SOH Forums.
Bear Studios has released the updated Mikoyan-Gurevich MiG-17 for FSX, FS2004 and Prepar3D at SimMarket.
- Eight MiG-17 main variant with 10 models for different payload configuration.
- System simulations for radar, range and target designate equipments.
- FSX VC model have shadow casting in SP5 for more realistic visual effect by casting cockpit equipment shadows on other panel and console surfaces.
The recently released Flylogic Switzerland Small Airfields Part 4 scenery for FSX is now also available at SimMarket.
- Numerous site-specific 3D objects around the airfield, such as farmhouses, barns, silos, roads, etc.
GSNext has released the Beauvechain Air Base (EBBE) scenery for FSX. Now available to purchase at SimMarket.
- Many other surprises you will discover if you purchase our product!
RealAir Simulations has posted daily screenshot number 6 from the upcoming Lancair Legacy for FSX.
McPhat Studios has posted several overhead panel previews from the upcoming Coolsky Douglas DC-9 for FSX.
Grand Opening of the IRIS Flight Simulation Software Online Store, 15% discount coupon with newsletter subscription.
New Zealand Vector Land Class (VLC) has posted the first preview screenshots from Murchison Airport (NZMR) for FSX.
GrandSurf has announced that he will be switching his FSX scenery development work from fictional to a real destiation. | {
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The Sacred Heart School Home and School Association promotes family involvement in the school. Home and School provides parents and families with opportunities to work together to implement programs and coordinate activities designed to foster a closer relationship between families and the school. This allows us to build a strong Catholic community through activities geared toward academic, spiritual, and social development.
Families who choose either Option A or B on their school registration form are obligated to provide 20 hours of school community service to receive the reduction in tuition. This 20 hour obligation is per family, not per student. There are many different (and exciting!) events and ongoing volunteer opportunities that occur throughout the school year. These activities also give parents and families the ability to meet and socialize, further promoting and enhancing the experience of community in our school.
Home and School organizes and coordinates all events and tracks volunteer hours that are completed by our families.
There are four Home & School meetings during the school year and all are welcome and encouraged to attend to discuss events and new ideas!
In addition, Home and School helps organize the mentoring of new families by connecting new families with existing families in order to answer any questions and offer guidance as needed.
Home and School meetings take place periodically throughout the year and all SHS parents are invited and encouraged to attend as we discuss upcoming events. Please note, to request an item be placed on the meeting agenda (this includes the submission of new event ideas), please contact Tina Martineau or submit a request in writing to the school office (attn: Home and School Committee) 2 weeks prior to the meeting.
2018-19 meetings will take place on Tuesday, November 13 at 7 p.m. (read meeting notes); Wednesday, February 6 at 7 p.m. (read meeting notes), and Thursday, May 23 at 7 p.m. | {
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Q: Seeing CSS pseudo-elements in Firebug Is there any workaround to see CSS pseudo-elements like :after, :before, etc. (which are known as CSS3 Generated and Replaced Content Module) in Firebug?
Right now, when I select an element, I only see static CSS applied to it. I don't see styles applied to it using :after and :before pseudo-elements.
A: You can use webkit's (chrome) developer's tool to view and modify pseudo-element's style, while you won't be able to inspect them via HTML, you can select the affected elements which generates the pseudo-element and you will see the relevant CSS.
A: click directly onto parent TAGNAME to see its ::after ::before classes:
| {
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Boy found in Debre Markos, East Gojjam – Amhara Region as a baby in 2008. He was adopted to the USA in 2009 using Adoption Avenues, SOS Infants Ethiopia / SOS Enfants Ethiopie, and Toukoul Orphanage.
We inform you that copies of the documents concerning the child have been sent to The Efederi Ministry of Women's Affairs to facilitate the follow up. We hereby entrust the child Bedilu to your orphanage, because we believe that it would be much better for her to join an orphanage where she would benefit from the services offered there.
A little boy to whom the name Bedilu was given, aged approximately 2 months old was found on the 1st December 2008 around 11H30 a.m. abandoned along the route of the Arch of the Covenant at District 3 of Kebele 05. The Police went to the place and pick up the child. We hereby request that you to find a permanent solution for the child and inform you that we have sent the child along with Mrs. Bizualem Ayalew, Head of the Women's Affairs Bureauof Kebele 05.
Additional relinquishment information found on the 1st December 2008 around 11H30 a.m. abandoned along the route of the Arch of the Covenant at District 3 of Kebele 05. | {
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Q: Moment.js formatted time incorrect I'am using moment.js for formatting date, time and duration.
From api I get e.g. this string "1540034040". It should be converted to 13:14
In my React app I have a function which returns return moment(time, 'HH:mm').format('HH:mm');, but then I get another time 15:40? I see there is a package moment timezone. But I don't want to install another package.
Is there somehow a way to fix this with just moment or javascript, without installing another package?
A: The time string you are passing ("1540034040") is having 10 digit long. the moment package is expecting this kind of string in millisecond format( 13 digit long string ).
For example "1540034040000".
For this given string the time will get converting to some other past date with different time because you have passed second instead of milliseconds.
For debugging you should try to print whole date and time of the given string ("1540034040") instead of just hours and minutes. it will make things more clear.
You should try passing the milliseconds. i am sure it will fix the issue.
A: I got this working by:
first transform my string to a number so I am able to use unix() and then format with moment().format()
const timeString = time;
const timeNumber = parseInt(timeString, 10);
return moment.unix(timeNumber).format('HH:mm');
| {
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This 3 level, 6 bedroom, 5.5 bathroom, 4500 sq ft home offers top of the line finishing and construction. High ceiling, radiant heat, high efficiency hot waterheating, video phone, large gourmet kitchen with granite counter tops, Frenchdoors, extensive use of crown moldings and oversized baseboards. There is hard wood flooring on main, large entertainment size living, dining and family rooms, office on main can be 7th bedroom, all 4 bedrooms upstairs are ensuited, master ha s gasfireplace, private balcony and large walk-in closet. Basement offers a 2 bedroom suite, large recreation and games rooms, bar for entertaining and a rough-in 2 piece bathroom.
Clothes Washer/Dryer/Fridge/Stove/DW, Garage Door Opener, Vacuum R.I. | {
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The Caregiver Cafe is a collaborative effort between Cornerstone VNA and the Langdon Public Library. Caregivers and their loved ones are invited to join us for a morning of support, conversation and education on the last Thursday of every month at 10:30 AM. Light refreshments served. | {
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SE1 property specialist Williams Lynch offers a comprehensive list of 2 bedroom flats for rent in Lambeth. If you have a specific property type in mind, why not filter your search for a 2 bedroom flat for rent in Lambeth by going to our Refine Results panel? This handy tool allows you to enter the type of property, location and price range. Alternatively, tap the button at the top of this page to run a new search for a rental property in SE1.
SE1 property specialist Williams Lynch offers a comprehensive selection of 2 bedroom flats for sale in Lambeth. If you are looking to rent a 2 bedroom flat in Lambeth, independent estate agent Williams Lynch can make your search simple, quick and convenient from start to finish.
Two-bedroom flats for rent in Lambeth are found in trendy warehouse conversions, new-build modern developments, period properties with original features, ex-Local Authority blocks and homes above retail premises.
A growing number of City professionals and young couples are choosing to live in Lambeth because it is within walking distance of central London, but local life is not interrupted by crowds of tourists or commuters.
Just 1 mile south-east of Charing Cross, the central London neighbourhood of Lambeth is within easy reach of Waterloo, Southwark and Lambeth North Tube stations, plus Waterloo and Waterloo East Overground stations.
The area around Westminster Bridge Road – which contains a number of executive developments – has a wide variety of pubs, bars and restaurants, while a Tesco Express on Baylis Road is open until 11pm every night of the week.
Nearby attractions include the buzzy bars and restaurants of the South Bank, Archbishop's Park – 10 acres of green space that was once part of Lambeth Palace's private gardens – and the Imperial War Museum. | {
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Tag Archives: Notre Dam
Speed Sightseeing and Three Staircases in Paris
On 2nd September 2002 my son, Jonathan, and I took an early morning flight from Stansted to Paris Charles de Gaulle for a two night stay in the French capital and a plan to see the main sights in just one day. After we arrived we took a train into Paris and then the metro to somewhere near to Montmartre where we were staying in the cheapest hotel that I could find.
As we emerged from the metro station the city was only just beginning to stir into life as the street cleaning machines scrubbed the gutters and North African men in high-visibility jackets swished the pavements with their besom brooms removing the dog mess and the litter in preparation for the day.
It was too early to book into our hotel so we left our bags and went straight back to the metro station stopping for only a very short time at a McDonalds restaurant for a quick breakfast. And then we joined the commuters making their way to work and took the metro to the Arc de Triomphe where we emerged from the subterranean tunnels into a disappointingly misty Champs Élysée.
The traffic circle surrounding the Arc de Triomphe was extremely intimidating. There are no lanes and none of the usual rules of driving etiquette as hundreds of cars race and weave in and out of each other like dodgem cars at a fairground. In the nineteenth century after Paris had been destroyed by the Prussian siege in 1870 an architect called Baron Haussemann redesigned Paris with elegant boulevards and long straight roads but he wasn't blessed with foresight because he failed to anticipate the arrival of the motor car and the pathologically aggressive nature of French drivers.
The French have a ludicrous driving rule called priorité à droite where vehicles from the right always have priority at junctions and roundabouts. This rule is in fact so ludicrous that even the French themselves have seen the sense of virtually abandoning elsewhere in the country but it remains the rule here at the busiest roundabout in France (probably) and cars entering the circle have the right-of-way whilst those in the circle must yield. Braking is forbidden and the use of the horn is compulsory, there is no apparent lane discipline that I could make out and entering the roundabout is an extended game of 'chance' where drivers simply waited to see whose nerve would fold and who would yield first. In France the very desire to own a driving licence should immediately exclude a Frenchman from eligibility to possess one.
We approached the Arch from the Champs Élysée and as far as I could see there was no safe way of crossing and getting to the monument until we eventually found the underground tunnel which took us safely below the traffic chaos above and into the Place de Charles de Gaulle. We shunned the elevator and climbed the steps instead to the top of the fifty metre high building (the second largest triumphal arch in the World) and enjoyed the views of the boulevards and roads converging and radiating away from this famous landmark. Close by we could see the Eiffel Tower and this was where we were going next.
The Eiffel Tower is an iron lattice tower located on the Champ de Mars and has become both a global icon of France and one of the most recognizable structures in the world. The tower is the tallest building in Paris and the most-visited paid monument in the world. Named for its designer, engineer Gustave Eiffel, the tower was built as the entrance arch to the 1889 World's Fair. It is 324 metres tall, about the same height as an 81-story building. Upon its completion, it surpassed the Washington Monument to assume the title of tallest man-made structure in the world, a title it held for 41 years, until the Chrysler Building in New York City was built in 1930.
The tower has three levels but we didn't have time to stand in the queue for the first stage elevator so we took all six hundred steps to the second level and we would have climbed to the very top if we could but the third level is only accessible by an expensive lift. I have visited the Eiffel Tower four times now; in 1979 on a Town Twinning visit to Evreux in Normandy, in 1989 on a weekend trip with some work colleagues to celebrate a new career, this occasion and finally in 2004, the last time that I visited Paris. Unfortunately on every occasion the weather has been overcast and I have never enjoyed the clear views that should really be possible from the top.
Back at ground level the sun was beginning to break through as we crossed the River Seine and onto the Champs de Mars and as it was approaching lunchtime we found a restaurant with pavement tables in the sun and ordered a pizza. The food was reasonably priced but I remember a large glass of beer cost €8 so I made a mental note to find a mini-market on the way back to the hotel for more sensibly priced alcohol for the evening.
Our next stop was Notre Dam Cathedral but as we had walked quite a distance already we took a Batou Mouche barge ride the short distance the River to the Ile de Cîte and as the vessel made its way through the centre of the city we soaked up the historic sites along both banks from the viewing platform at the back which was crowded now because the mist had finally gone and there was full sunshine and a blue sky.
Although we had already climbed to the top of the Arc de Triomphe and half way up the Eiffel Tower we bought tickets and waited in line to climb to the top of the Cathedral but sadly by the time we reached the top and walked around the external galleries the mist had returned and wrapped Paris in a gloomy grey shroud again.
Jonathan was beginning to flag by now and as it was late afternoon we walked a little further around the streets of old Paris and then took a metro back to Montmartre where we walked along the boulevard with its seedy sex establishments and grubby shops and into the touristy cobbled back streets of the district famous for painters, night-life and a red-light district. I found a shop to buy some beer and we rested for a while at the hotel before going out again in the evening when we walked to the Sacré Coeur Cathedral which on account of it being built on the highest point in the city involved an energy sapping walk which more or less finished Jonathan off for the day!
The plan was to find somewhere to eat but he was so tired that he preferred my suggestion of returning to the hotel and I would fetch a McDonalds meal from around the corner and we would just stay in and crash! So we did just that.
Even though the French maintain that they despise the Company and the concept of fast food an awful lot of people eat there. Across France today there are nearly twelve hundred restaurants and in Paris alone there are almost seventy restaurants under golden arches, with even more dotted around the outer suburbs. That's much the same as London, but with only a third of the population. In 2007 the chain's French revenues increased by 11 per cent to €3 billion. That's more than it generates in Britain and in terms of profit, France is second only to the United States itself. It is now so firmly a part of French culture that in 2009 McDonald's reached a deal with the French museum, the Louvre, to open a McDonald's restaurant and McCafé on its premises by their underground entrance.
It had been an excellent day in Paris but a tiring one and as we reflected on the day we dubbed it 'Speed Sightseeing' and we successfully employed this method again in 2003 in Amsterdam and then in 2004 in Rome.
Posted in France, History, Holidays
Tagged Arc de Triomphe, Eiffel Tower, France, Montmartre, Notre Dam, Paris, Sacre Coeur
A Life in a Year – 2nd September, Three Staircases in Paris
As we emerged from the metro station the city was only just beginning to stir into life as the street cleaning machines scrubbed the gutters and North African men in high-visibility jackets swished the pavements with their besom brooms removing the dog mess and the litter in preparation for the day. (The French authorities are trying to tackle the problem of canine excrement but are making little progress and even heavy fines (440€ for a first offence) have little impact. In Paris there are sixteen tonnes of dog deposits every day, which causes 4,550 smelly incidents a week. Removing it costs €15m a year!)
The traffic circle surrounding the Arc de Triomphe was extremely intimidating. There are no lanes and none of the usual rules of driving etiquette as hundreds of cars race and weave in and out of each other like dodgem cars at a fairground. The French have a ludicrous driving rule called priorité à droite where vehicles from the right always have priority at junctions and roundabouts. This rule is in fact so ludicrous that even the French themselves have seen the sense of virtually abandoning elsewhere in the country but it remains the rule here at the busiest roundabout in France (probably) and cars entering the circle have the right-of-way whilst those in the circle must yield. Braking is forbidden and the use of the horn is compulsory, there is no apparent lane discipline that I could make out and entering the roundabout is an extended game of 'chance' where drivers simply waited to see whose nerve would fold and who would yield first.
The tower has three levels but we didn't have time to stand in the queue for the first stage elevator so we took all six hundred steps to the second level and we would have climbed to the very top if we could but the third level is only accessible by an expensive lift. I have visited the Eiffel Tower four times now; in 1979 on a Town Twinning visit to Evreux in Normandy, in 1990 on a weekend trip with some work colleagues to celebrate a new career, this ocassion and finally in 2004, the last time that I visited Paris. Unfortunately on every occasion the weather has been overcast and I have never enjoyed the clear views that should really be possible from the top.
Posted in Age of Innocence, Children, Holidays | {
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Anita Pointer Of The Pointer Sisters Has Died At 74
January 1, 2023 / Posted by: Michael K
Right before 2022 took its final bow and exited stage left, we were hit with more sad news and learned that we'd lost another Pointer Sister. Sadly, Anita Pointer, one of the founding members of the legendary Pointer Sisters, died on the last day of 2022. Anita's death is one for the already-over-flowing Fuck Cancer files since she died after a long battle with cancer. Anita was 74.
Anita's rep, Roger Neal, said in a statement that Anita was surrounded by her family when she died at her home in Beverly Hills, CA after a "somewhat lengthy and heroic battle with cancer." Roger went on to say that Anita is now with her daughter, Jada, and her sisters, Bonnie and June. Cancer took Anita's only child, Jada Rashawn Pointer, in 2003 when Jada was only 37 years old, and June also died of cancer in 2006 at the age of 52. Bonnie died in 2020.
"While we are deeply saddened by the loss of Anita, we are comforted in knowing she is now with her daughter, Jada and her sisters June & Bonnie and at peace. Heaven is a more loving beautiful place with Anita there."
Anita Pointer was born on January 23, 1948, in Oakland, CA. She was the fourth of six children. Anita's father was a reverend, so she regularly sang in church with her siblings. After high school, she got a job as a secretary, and around that time, her sisters Bonnie and June formed a duo called Pointers, A Pair. Not long after that, Anita traded in her typewriter for a mic and quit her secretary job to turn her sisters' musical duo into a musical trio. The Pointer Sisters toured and did backup vocals for other artists like Sylvester and Grace Slick. In 1972, Ruth Pointer joined the group and became the last important ingredient in creating The Pointer Sisters!
Their self-titled debut album was released in 1972, and on it was their first hit, Yes We Can Can led by Anita Pointer!
On The Pointer Sisters' second album, 1974's That's A Plenty, was a country song called Fairytale, which was written by Anita and Bonnie. Because the song was a country hit, The Pointer Sisters were invited to perform at the Grand Ole Opry, making them the first Black group to do so. The song also got The Pointer Sisters a Grammy for Best Country Performance by a Duo or Group with Vocal. And as writers of the song, Anita and Bonnie won the Grammy for Best Country Song.
In the late-70s, The Pointer Sisters took a little break. June needed a breather, Ruth and Anita wanted to spend more time with their families, and Bonnie went solo. Bonnie eventually decided she didn't want to return to The Pointer Sisters, and Anita later said that they didn't think it was possible for the group to go on without her.
"We were devastated," Anita Pointer said of the departure in 1990. "We did a show the night she left, but after that, we just stopped. We thought it wasn't going to work without Bonnie."
But even without Bonnie, The Pointer Sisters made it work. AND HOW! The '80s was the diamond-encrusted platinum era of The Pointer Sisters, and without them that decade would've been a lot less fun, glamorous, and magical. During the '80s, The Pointer Sisters gifted us with many musical gems like He's So Shy, I'm So Excited, Jump (For My Love), Should I Do It, Dare Me, Neutron Dance, and Slow Hand. Here's Anita filling ears with her velvety smooth voice while performing Slow Hand with Ruth and June in 1981:
The Pointer Sisters picked up two more Grammys in the 1980s. They got their star on the Hollywood Walk of Fame in 1994, and starred in a touring production of the musical Ain't Misbehavin'. They continued to perform and make music throughout the 90s, early aughts, and 2010s. The line-up has changed over the years, and Anita stayed with the group until 2015, when she retired due to her health issues. Anita released her memoir, Fairytale: The Pointer Sisters' Family Story, in 2020.
Anita was married twice. When she was 17, she married David Harper. Anita gave birth to their daughter Jada in 1966. Anita and David divorced that same year. She married Richard Gonzalez in 1981, and they later divorced.
Anita is survived by her sister Ruth, her brothers Aaron and Fritz, and her granddaughter Roxie McKain Pointer.
Rest in peace, Anita Pointer.
Pic: Anita Pointer/William Norton
Tags: Fuck Cancer, Rest In Peace, Sadness | {
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That's up to you! Upload a photo to your account and select to make it private (only for your stylist to see) or public (available on our Member Gallery for the Dia Community to see). You can change your settings at any time in your profile. | {
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Cardinals belt Texas 6-2 to win World Series in Game 7
By Ben Walker THE ASSOCIATED PRESS
The St. Louis Cardinals won a remarkable World Series they weren't even supposed to reach, beating the Texas Rangers, 6-2, in Game 7 tonight with another key hit by hometown star David Freese and six gutsy innings from Chris Carpenter.
A day after an epic Game 6 that saw them twice within one strike of elimination, the Cardinals captured their 11th World Series crown. After a whole fall on the edge, Tony La Russa's team didn't dare mess with Texas, or any more drama.
Freese's two-run double tied it in the first inning against loser Matt Harrison and Allen Craig hit a go-ahead homer in the third.
Pitching on short rest, Carpenter improved to 2-0 in the Series and 4-0 in the postseason. La Russa won his third Series title.
In the first Series Game 7 in nine years, Josh Hamilton and Michael Young had RBI doubles in the first against Carpenter, the first pitcher in a decade to make three starts in one Series. But St. Louis came right back in the bottom half off Matt Harrison, who walked two batters before the big hit by Freese.
Craig, starting because of an injury to Matt Holliday, hit his third home run of the Series with one out in the third, sending a 91 mph pitch to the opposite field in right. The ball landed in Cardinals bullpen to the delight of the Busch Stadium record crowd of 47,399.
Craig also made an outstanding catch in the sixth, jumping to snag a drive by Nelson Cruz that appeared likely to hit the top of the left-field wall.
St. Louis added two runs off the bullpen in the fifth without getting a hit. Yadier Molina walked with the bases loaded for the second straight night, this time with Scott Feldman pitching, and ace C.J. Wilson came in and hit Rafael Furcal with his first pitch, forcing in another run.
Texas pitchers tied a Series record with 40 walks and also hit four batters. Other than Craig's homer, all the Cardinals' runs reached base by walk or hit batter.
On Thursday night, the Cardinals were twice down to their final strike before an exhilarating 10-9, 11-inning victory in one of baseball's greatest games.
Craig homered in the eighth to start the comeback from a 7-4 deficit. Freese, who grew up in the St. Louis area, hit a tying, two-run double in the ninth, Lance Berkman had a tying single in a two-run 10th and Freese won the game with a leadoff home run in the 11th.
"You hear people say anyone can get the last three outs," Texas manager Ron Washington said Friday afternoon. "No, no, no, no. You've got to have a special, special soul, special mentality, special aggressiveness, something, to get those last outs. We didn't get them."
Carpenter, pitching on three days' rest for only the second time in his career, allowed five hits and two walks in the first six innings, striking out five. He threw 89 pitches.
Harrison gave up three runs, five hits and three walks in four innings, and Feldman relieved in the fifth.
St. Louis won its first title since 2006 and became the 19th team to overturn a 3-2 Series deficit. The Rangers were trying for their first championship in the 51-season history of a franchise that started as the expansion Washington Senators in 1961.
Home teams have won nine straight Game 7s, starting with the 1979 Pittsburgh Pirates' 4-1 victory at Baltimore.
In his first outing on short rest, Carpenter gave up four runs over three innings in Game 2 of the division series at Philadelphia. He wasn't sharp at all at the start of this one, either, starting seven of his first 10 batters with balls.
Ian Kinsler singled leading off, then tried to steal second on a 1-0 pitch to Elvis Andrus, stumbled and was thrown out at first by Molina. Andrus walked, and Hamilton doubled down the right field line for a 1-0 lead. Young then lofted a soft opposite-field double to right to drive in Hamilton. Carpenter struck out Adrian Beltre and retired Cruz on a groundout to limit the damage.
Harrison then got into trouble with his control with two outs in the bottom half, and the Rangers had Wilson starting to warm up after five batters and 23 pitches.
Albert Pujols walked for the sixth time in the Series, on four pitches, and Berkman walked on five. Freese worked the count full and lined the ball on two hops to the wall in left-center, with Pujols raising both arms in triumph as he crossed the plate. Molina then flied out to Hamilton in front of the fence in center.
Mike Napoli singled leading off the second, and David Murphy hit into a forceout. Harrison sacrificed Murphy to third, Kinsler walked and Murphy took third when Pujols dropped a pickoff throw at first from Molina. Carpenter induced Andrus to hit into an inning-ending comebacker.
Furcal singled leading off the bottom half, but Skip Schumaker grounded into a double play on the next pitch. Carpenter hit Beltre on the forearm with a pitch with two outs in the third before retiring Cruz on a flyout.
Kinsler singled leading off the fifth to reach base for the third time, and Andrus sacrificed. Hamilton then hit a foul pop in front of the third-base dugout. Freese, who dropped a popup for an error on Thursday, leaned over and caught it while slipping. Carpenter then struck out Young, pumping both arms in emotion.
Cardinals manager Tony La Russa didn't decide on Carpenter instead of a rested Kyle Lohse until Friday morning, waiting until after pitching coach Dave Duncan spoke with his ace.
"Dave had a real heart-to-heart with him to gauge just how ready he was to pitch just physically, not mentally but physically," La Russa said. "The last thing is I think what he means to our club, I think our guys feel better about him starting than anybody."
Carpenter, 3-0 this postseason and 8-2 in his career, became just the second pitcher in 20 years to make three starts in one World Series, following Arizona's Curt Schilling in 2001.
La Russa moved slumping Furcal down to No. 7 in the batting order and hit second baseman Ryan Theriot leadoff. Craig started in place of Holliday, who sprained his right wrist in Game 6 and was replaced on the active roster by rookie outfielder Adron Chambers. | {
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France tops International Wine Challenge leaderboard
The top three gold medal-winning nations in the 2012 International Wine Challenge are reigning champions France with 120, Australia with 69 and Portugal with 55.
France tops the leaderboard at the IWC
Co-op to segment wines 'more fiercely' by demographics
The Co-operative is planning to segment its wines "more fiercely" by store demographics, adding more brands to the mix throughout and keeping quirkier wines for its premium shops.
Full list of Harpers Awards finalists revealed
The full list of finalists for next week's inaugural Harpers Awards can now be revealed.
Indies buy wine direct to benefit from euro exchange rate
Independent retailers are seizing the opportunity to buy wines direct in order to boost their margins thanks to sterling's four-year high against the euro.
Wine Stars finalists announced
An initiative giving wineries the chance to compete in a competition to secure a five-minute pitch with the UK's leading buyers has attracted almost 200 entries.
Joe Wadsack: my take on Marks & Spencer's new East Mediterranean wine range
Lemonia, the most family-friendly, plate-smashy, authentic Greek restaurant in all of London was the venue for Marks & Spencer's latest press tasting on Friday.
First Drinks launches £2 million Green Mark vodka campaign
First Drinks has launched a £2 million marketing programme for the Russian vodka Green Mark, which joined its portfolio earlier this year.
Sainsbury's own label wine range performing strongly
Sainsbury's own-label wine range has grown by 13% in the last year, with its Taste the Difference leading the field, up 34%.
Harpers Awards finalists revealed
The runners and riders for the inaugural Harpers Awards include leading players from the national and independent on and off-trade sectors, as well as major wine and spirits suppliers and distributors.
Indie merchants shortlisted for awards
Independent merchants from across the country are in the running to win a series of accolades at the inaugural Harpers Awards, taking place at London's Honourable Artillery Company on May 22.
Drinks trade makes the Rich List
The drinks trade secured around a dozen spots in the Sunday Times' Rich List 2012, published yesterday.
Oddbins matches London's mayoral candidates with wines
Oddbins, the 35-strong high street wine retailer, has selected seven wines that "sum up" each of the mayoral candidates.
D&D Wines enters administration
D&D Wines International has gone into adminstration.
Vintage Seekers launches wine and spirits site, Shop by Celebration
Vintage Seekers, an online site aimed at the luxury market has launched 'Shop by Celebration' a curated collection of wines and spirits to celebrate anniversary years.
Struggling drinks firms should seek help early
Drinks firms shouldn't wait until they're in distress before seeking help in the form of financial support, one expert has said.
Oddbins' creditors left hanging
Oddbins creditors still haven't got any money back after the company went into administration and, while "preferential" suppliers will recover all monies owed, unsecured creditors will get just 1p in the £1 back, a creditors' report has revealed.
Les Vignobles de Foncalieu - coup for co-op
Southern French co-operative Les Vignobles de Foncalieu is witnessing a move to their own branded wines, above own label.
Kumala targets busy consumers in off-trade campaign
Kumala is launching a consumer campaign targeting busy people by offering a chance to win a year's worth of help around the house.
Retailers' own labels overtaking branded wines
Published: 26 March, 2012
It's a "scary" time for wine brands as supermarkets' own versions are leaving them out in the cold, say experts.
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O Centro Lacaniano de Investigação da Ansiedade (CLIN-a) é uma instituição associada ao Instituto do Campo Freudiano, criada à luz do ensino de Jacques Lacan. Constitui-se como uma organização da sociedade civil de interesse público (OSCIP) e dedica-se especialmente à investigação e ao ensino da orientação lacaniana e à participação em um programa de pesquisa, ditado pelo Campo Freudiano, sobre as possibilidades da prática lacaniana nas instituições. Estruturou um programa de acolhimento e atendimento gratuito, a Clínica da Ansiedade, que se encontra em funcionamento desde 2003.
O CLIN-a possui relação intrínseca com a Escola Brasileira de Psicanálise (EBP) e, por conseguinte, com a Associação Mundial de Psicanálise (AMP). Sua sede fica em São Paulo e mantém atividades também em Campinas, Ribeirão Preto e São José dos Campos.
Entrevários - Revista de Psicanálise
A Entrevários - Revista de Psicanálise é a publicação do CLIN-a. Existente desde novembro de 2007, tem periodicidade de um a dois números anuais.
Ver também
Sigmund Freud
Jacques Lacan
Jacques-Alain Miller
Psicanálise
Ligações externas
Psicanálise | {
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Definition: (verb) To censure strongly.
Usage: The newspaper printed an editorial that excoriated the administration for its inaction.
Alchemy may be compared to the man who told his sons he had left them gold buried somewhere in his vineyard; where they by digging found no gold, but by turning up the mould about the roots of their vines, procured a plentiful vintage. So the search and endeavors to make gold have brought many useful inventions and instructive experiments to light. | {
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Stable Doors for Kitchen More Eye Catching » Kitchens have modified a lot over the past few generations. Technological progress and different lifestyles have caused kitchen areas to look very different than they used to. New designs had to be created to hold the modern kitchen. Kitchens were used only to preparing meals for the family. Nowadays, Stable Doors For Kitchen kitchen is the perfect space for most of your family's activities.
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Stable Doors for Kitchen More Eye Catching » Kitchens can often be used to welcome friends and allows the host to easily treat their guests to a treat before the meal is ready. These different uses for kitchens have triggered new trends to surface in designs. The kitchen remodeling market is actually a very interesting business enterprise for a number of do-it-yourself companies.
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Stable Doors for Kitchen More Eye Catching » You will need to have a few various things into consideration when you select a new design for your kitchen. You need to determine how much space there is certainly in your kitchen. If you're completely remodel your kitchen or simply making a few changes, Stable Doors For Kitchen it is important to maximize the quantity of space that is useful. You should also take into consideration the designs used in the rest of your house. If you need a kitchen with enough room to remain and speak to friends or family over a cup of tea, in that case your kitchen shouldn't be completely enclosed from the living room so you can certainly make the changeover between the two rooms. There are several options available for you.
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31 best Stable Doors images on Pinterest from Stable Doors For Kitchen, Bring it together with you when looking for curtains or another beautifying supplies picture sourced from: pinterest.co.uk.
Oak stable door for kitchen House Design Features from Stable Doors For Kitchen, Take it with you when searching for drapes or any other beautifying supplies picture received from: pinterest.com.
posite Doors The Urban Door pany from Stable Doors For Kitchen, Bring it along when buying drapes or another decorating components screenshot got from: theurbandoorcompany.co.uk.
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Stable Doors for Kitchen More Eye Catching » It's also advisable to ask yourself the type of appliances you will need for your kitchen. The equipment you need depend on how big your family is. When you have a sizable family, you will need plenty of storage space, a large Stable Doors For Kitchen fridge and a large oven. You need to carefully choose equipment such as your refrigerator or your dishwasher to allow them to make your work in your kitchen easier. Managing your space efficiently is important since larger appliances will take more room. You'll also have to establish a Stable Doors For Kitchen cover your kitchen redesigning project. | {
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Faith Church Religion and God
All Things Spiritual
Jim Morrison An American Prayer Lyrics
Posted on March 13, 2019 March 13, 2019 by adminCategoriesPosting
The group's unusual jazz-inflected sound, coupled with their lead singer Jim Morrison's lurid lyrics and showmanship. and Full Circle (1972), then reunited in 1978 to make An American Prayer, on wh.
Jim Morrison: Jim Morrison, American singer and songwriter who was the charismatic front man of the psychedelic rock group the Doors, who were known for hit songs such as 'Light My Fire' and 'Hello, I Love You.' Learn more about Morrison's life and musical career in this article.
Love Faith Strength Tattoos Butterfly Tattoos. The symbolism of the butterfly is as diverse as the species itself. Often associated with the soul, the butterfly may represent the spiritual realm.It is also a strong symbol of transformation because the butterfly transforms from a caterpillar into a. Generally, this tattoo symbolizes the person's faith or is a memorial to remember
An American Prayer Jim Morrison James Douglas "Jim" Morrison (December 8, 1943 – July 3, 1971) was an American singer-songwriter and poet, best remembered as the lead singer of.
Country Music Songs with Lyrics & Chords.Titles index Country Songs Collection of 6000+ songs (modern and traditional), with lyrics and chords for guitar, ukulele, banjo etc.
Most Requested Ukulele Songs with Chords and Lyrics Master Collection – Titles index page Master compilation of 400+ Easy Songs, from various Uke clubs, with lyrics for vocal performance plus chords for playing, with downloadable PDF for printing, also suitable for guitar, banjo mandolin etc.
A successor to WILDERNESS: THE LOST WRITINGS OF JIM MORRISON, published in 1988, this volume collects poems and lyrics written by the controversial. those readings were compiled as the 1978 album A.
At first, Wilson played tapes of songs he'd recorded but whose lyrics weren't to his liking—"Sloop. as the Lothario messiah of the moment, Jim Morrison, so neatly put it, to break on through to the.
Feb 11, 2017. An American Prayer is the ninth and final studio album by the Doors. In 1978, seven years after lead singer Jim Morrison died and five years after the. Those familiar with the lyrics of the Doors will not be surprised, but others.
And only one of all the rest to dance and save us with the divine mockery of words
Ry Cooder Comin In On A Wing And A Prayer Ry. Cooder continues to record, tour and compose movie soundtracks. Among the highlights from this Record Plant session are "Police Dog Blues," "F.D.R. in Trinidad," "If Walls Could Talk," "Billy T. Majestyx Archives Dedicated to preserving, restoring, and maintaining score music for entertainment and media since 1997 PLEASE NOTE: What is listed here. A Robert
Dec 18, 2017. Morrison's poems and lyrics will be discussed, namely, creation and. 14 Jim Morrison, "An American Prayer," accessed October 26, 2017,
As the band keyboardist Ray Manzarek said in a 2006 interview, according to the Rock & Roll Hall Of Fame, "Jim Morrison was a great young American poet working in the genre of rock and roll." The poet.
James Douglas Morrison (December 8, 1943 – July 3, 1971) was an American singer, songwriter and poet, best remembered as the lead vocalist of the rock band the Doors.Due to his poetic lyrics, distinctive voice, wild personality, performances, and the dramatic circumstances surrounding his life and early death, Morrison is regarded by music critics and fans as one of the most iconic and.
Coldplay Hymn Churches In White Rock Bc The riding contains the southwest corner of Surrey, White Rock and the Semiahmoo Indian Reserve. This is a safe BC Liberal seat, even with the retirement of Hogg, who has held this riding since the 19. In a statement, the ministry of health told StarMetro that health care providers cannot
Today we remember iconic Doors' frontman Jim Morrison. Seven years after Morrison's death, the band released their ninth and last studio album, An American Prayer, comprised of music and spoken wor.
An American Prayer Songtext von Jim Morrison, music by The Doors mit Lyrics, deutscher Übersetzung, Musik-Videos und Liedtexten kostenlos auf Songtexte.com Songtext von Jim Morrison, music by The Doors – An American Prayer Lyrics
1 Quotes. 1.1 The Lords and the New Creatures: Poems (1969). 1.1.1 The Lords: Notes on Vision; 1.1.2 The New Creatures. 1.2 An American Prayer (1978).
This song is widely considered to be about Van Morrison's relationship with God and religious convictions. Although we've never heard him speak specifically about the song, he does acknowledge a spiritual element in his music.
Organised by Musicians United, a multi-genre underground group, Lost Legends will feature music by everyone from Kurt Cobain, Jim Morrison, Jimi Hendrix and. Naser composes all his music and lyrics.
The program includes an interview with Ray Manzarek, keyboard player with The Doors and close friend and collaborator with Jim Morrison. Manzarek speaks about Morrison, reads some of his poetry and di.
May 13, 2010. Thematically, Morrison's writing (both music lyrics and poetry) cover a wide range of subjects. They titled the record "An American Prayer.
Manzarek met Jim Morrison by chance on Venice Beach. career and produced albums of unreleased Doors material, including "An American Prayer" in 1978, a collage of Morrison's poetry, new recordings.
Contemporary history has given Jim Morrison, the writer, mixed reviews. There's been a lot of retrospective chortling over earnest lyrics, once praised as. Morrison's vanity-published book of poetr.
General Commentwow, this is an amazing passage from morrison, i am studying his work as a poet as part of my senior studies, American prayer seems very contextually relevant aswell in his reference to HIV/AIDS and sexually transmitted diseases, the 'guerrila warefare' referring to vietnamese conflict. it seems this serves as the first.
Come down to the corner of Morrison Street and Densmore Ave. As the drummer for the Doors, John Densmore's name has been inexorably linked with that of lead singer Jim Morrison's. to Morrison's poe.
The original studio recording contained the word "Coca-Cola" in the lyrics, which violated BBC Radio's policy against product placement. The songwriter, Ray Davies, was forced to interrupt the Kinks'.
Prayers In The Bible From Scripture Filled with historical, biblical, and contemporary illustrations, Praying the Scriptures for Your Teenager shows how to make the Bible your source for prayers that. How to use scriptures to pray for spiritual direction, spiritual healing by praying God's Word, how to pray to God, how to pray the scriptures. Here's how you get victory from
Sep 6, 2016. Jim Morrison, the rock idol flung the doors of perception wide open and as we read his. He shared his feelings and his journeys to the boundaries of reality in the lyrics of the legendary band, The Doors. Taught us god in the child's prayer in the night. These are in his album AMERICAN PRAYER.
Singer for The Doors. At the center of The Doors' mystique is the magnetic presence of singer-poet Jim Morrison, the leather-clad "Lizard King" who brought the riveting power of a shaman to the microphone.
This album is not for everyone, but is a must-own for Doors completists and fans of Jim Morrison's poetry.
This was originally called "Brown Skinned Girl," and was about an interracial relationship. Morrison changed it to "Brown Eyed Girl" to make it more palatable for radio stations. Some stations banned it anyway for the line, "Making love in the green grass." This was a hit during the "Summer Of Love.
An American Prayer is the ninth and final studio album by the Doors. In 1978, seven years after lead singer Jim Morrison died and five years after the remaining members of the band broke up, Ray Manzarek , Robby Krieger , and John Densmore reunited and recorded backing tracks over Morrison's poetry (originally recorded in 1969 and 1970).
Where would the Doors' have gone musically had Jim lived? "An American Prayer" (an album that was released after Morrison's death. I thought those were the best lyrics I'd heard for a rock 'n' roll.
The Doors were among the most intense and revolutionary bands of the Sixties (or any decade, for that matter). The impact of their meteoric career has resonated far beyond their brief half-decade as a recording and performing entity. Their words and music captured the Sixties zeitgeist with undeniable power. A cult of personality continues to surround Jim Morrison, their tempestuous lead singer.
For those with a youthful bent, sustained naïveté, or a poetical inclination, the combination of the Doors' music and Jim Morrison's lyrics can be transformative. and bought a copy of An American P.
James Douglas "Jim" Morrison (December 8, 1943– July 3, 1971) was an American. As a result of his lyrics, wild personality, performances, and the dramatic.
I enjoy the Doors; my ex wife hated them. I don't care. An American Prayer simply condenses a pattern of excellence from Jim Morrison and the band. Be a deep thinker, listen, and learn.
BLACK FRIDAY 2018 > Jim Morrison & The Doors – An American Prayer. recorded backing tracks over Morrison's poetry (originally recorded in 1969-1970 ).
Out of the shadows. Ray Manzarek at a Doors concert in Costa Mesa, California, in Aug 2011. Photograph: Rex Features/Startraks Photo It took a certain talent to attract attention if you were in a ban.
The program includes a new interview with Ray Manzarek, keyboard player with The Doors and close friend and collaborator with Jim Morrison. Manzarek speaks about Morrison, reads some of his poetry and.
An American Prayer is the ninth and final studio album by the Doors. In 1978, seven years after lead singer Jim Morrison died and five years after the remaining members of the band broke up, Ray Manzarek, Robby Krieger, and John Densmore reunited and recorded backing tracks over Morrison's poetry (originally recorded in 1969 and 1970). Other pieces of music and spoken word recorded by the.
Apr 30, 2012 · Jim Morrison's An American Prayer: An American Poem by an American Poet James Douglas Morrison is best known as the singer of the 1960's rock group The Doors. Only the most die-hard fans are aware that he was also a very prolific poet and writer.
Jim Morrison Music By The Doors CD An American Prayer / Elektra Sealed, USD. The Door Jim Morrison An American Prayer Record Vinyl LP Album Elektra. Morrison scats extensively because he forgot the lyrics in his drunkardness and.
"An American Prayer" lyrics – THE DOORS. THE DOORS " An American Prayer " [I] Do you know the warm progress under the stars? Do you know we exist? Have you forgotten the keys to the Kingdom? Have you been borne yet & are you alive? Let's reinvent the gods, all the myths of the ages
An American Prayer Wikipedia article Album by The Doors. Awake Ghost Song Dawn's Highway Newborn Awakening To Come Of Age Black Polished Chrome Latino Chrome Angels And Sailors Stoned Immaculate The Movie Curses, Invocations American Night Roadhouse Blues World On Fire Lament The Hitchhiker An.
500 Greatest Albums of All Time: The Doors, 'The Doors' In a new book, The Doors Unhinged, Densmore writes of the unexpected break in the band's long partnership that continued even after Jim. the.
Singer, poet, self-proclaimed shaman and 'Lizard King', exhibitionist and riotous drunk: The Doors' iconic frontman Jim Morrison would. review of the album American Prayer (recorded by the remainin.
Jim Morrison, music by The Doors – An American Prayer Lyrics. Do you know the warm progress Under the stars? Do you know we exist? Have you forgotten the keys To the kingdom Have you been borne yet & Lyrics. Popular Song Lyrics. Billboard Hot 100. Upcoming Lyrics.
B i o g r a p h y (by William Ruhlmann & Richie Unterberger) The Doors, one of the most influential and controversial rock bands of the 1960s, were formed in Los Angeles in 1965 by UCLA film students Ray Manzarek, keyboards, and Jim Morrison, vocals; with drummer John Densmore and guitarist Robby Krieger.The group never added a bass player, and their sound was dominated by Manzarek's electric.
Her style is something of an acquired taste — the verbose, breathless literacy of her poetry and lyrics doesn't work quite. washing over like a Moslem." A review of Jim Morrison's An American Praye.
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