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L_0359 | scientific ways of thinking | T_1900 | FIGURE 1.2 Bacteria can be grown on different types of gel to see what they can consume. | image | textbook_images/scientific_ways_of_thinking_21250.png |
L_0359 | scientific ways of thinking | T_1900 | FIGURE 1.3 This amazing fossil reptile is named Dimetrodon. It lived almost 300 million years ago. It was a dinosaur ancestor. What do you think scientists might be able to learn about it from its fossilized bones? | image | textbook_images/scientific_ways_of_thinking_21251.png |
L_0360 | what is life science | T_1903 | FIGURE 1.5 Human red and white blood cells | image | textbook_images/what_is_life_science_21253.png |
L_0360 | what is life science | T_1904 | FIGURE 1.6 Evolution explains how there came to be so many different species of organisms on Earth | image | textbook_images/what_is_life_science_21254.png |
L_0361 | the scientific method | T_1908 | FIGURE 1.8 Scientific method flow chart | image | textbook_images/the_scientific_method_21256.png |
L_0361 | the scientific method | T_1909 | FIGURE 1.9 Posters are a quick, visual way for scien- tists to communicate the results of their research to other scientists. Professional science posters serve the same purpose as science fair posters. | image | textbook_images/the_scientific_method_21257.png |
L_0363 | safety in life science research | T_1916 | FIGURE 1.14 Common safety symbols | image | textbook_images/safety_in_life_science_research_21262.png |
L_0364 | introduction to plants | T_1922 | FIGURE 10.2 Many birds build their nests in trees. Plant materials are often used to build them. | image | textbook_images/introduction_to_plants_21264.png |
L_0364 | introduction to plants | T_1926 | FIGURE 10.3 These stalks of celery contain bundles of vascular tissue inside ground tissue. | image | textbook_images/introduction_to_plants_21265.png |
L_0364 | introduction to plants | T_1928 | FIGURE 10.4 Two types of root systems | image | textbook_images/introduction_to_plants_21266.png |
L_0364 | introduction to plants | T_1930 | FIGURE 10.5 Nodes and internode of a stem | image | textbook_images/introduction_to_plants_21267.png |
L_0364 | introduction to plants | T_1931 | FIGURE 10.6 Variation in plant leaves | image | textbook_images/introduction_to_plants_21268.png |
L_0364 | introduction to plants | T_1931 | FIGURE 10.7 Stoma on the surface of a leaf, greatly enlarged | image | textbook_images/introduction_to_plants_21269.png |
L_0364 | introduction to plants | T_1931 | FIGURE 10.8 Tree height (left) represents growth in length. Tree rings (right) represent growth in width. | image | textbook_images/introduction_to_plants_21270.png |
L_0364 | introduction to plants | T_1932 | FIGURE 10.9 This diagram shows the general life cycle of a plant. There is variation in the details of the life cycle of different plant species. | image | textbook_images/introduction_to_plants_21271.png |
L_0364 | introduction to plants | DD_0100 | This diagram illustrates three different types of leaves: simple, palmately compound, and pinnately compound. Simple leaves have undivided blades with either lobed or toothed margins. Compound leaves, in contrast, are composed of multiple leaflets. Compound leaves are further grouped into palmate and pinnate leaves. Palmate leaves have leaflets radiating outwards from the end of the petiole, while the leaflets of a pinnate leave are all arranged around the middle vein. To identify whether a leaf is simple or compound, inspect the base of the leaf. Every leaf, whether simple or compound, will have a bud at the base of its petiole, but individual leaflets of a compound leaf will not. All leaves, regardless of type, serve a common function; to help the plant produce food by converting sunlight into chemical energy that the plant can consume. | image | teaching_images/types_leaves_4403.png |
L_0364 | introduction to plants | DD_0101 | The diagram shows plant leaves and their variety of shapes. Leaves are the keys not only to plant life but to virtually all life on land. The primary role of leaves is to collect sunlight and make food by photosynthesis. Leaves vary in size, shape, and how they are arranged on stems. Each type of leaf is well suited for the plants environment. It maximizes light exposure while conserving water, reducing wind resistance, or benefiting the plant in some other way in its particular habitat. For example, some leaves are divided into many smaller leaflets. This reduces wind resistance and water loss. Leaves are basically factories for photosynthesis. Photosynthesis is the process by which plant produces their own food. A leaf is covered with dermal cells. They secrete waxy cuticle to prevent evaporation of water from the leaf. A factory has doors and windows to let some materials enter and leave. The surface of the leaf has tiny pores called stomata (stoma, singular). They can open and close to control the movement of gases between the leaves and the air. | image | teaching_images/types_leaves_4757.png |
L_0364 | introduction to plants | DD_0102 | This diagram depicts the parts of a plant. The root is the part of the plant that lies below the surface It helps to anchor the plant in the soil. It also absorbs nutrients and water from the soil. The stem, leaves, fruits and flowers are present above the surface. Stems support the plant and transport water and nutrients from the roots and food in the form of glucose from the leaves to other plant parts. A plant usually has many leaves which are green in color. Leaves are designed to capture sunlight which the plant uses to make food through a process called photosynthesis. Flowers are usually colorful and attract bees that help in pollination. Fruits provide a covering for seeds. | image | teaching_images/parts_plant_1131.png |
L_0364 | introduction to plants | DD_0103 | The diagram shows four ways leaves can be arranged on their stems. The titles describe the names of these arrangements, which help scientists identify the family and type of plant. A simple leaf arrangement consists of a single leaf attached to the stem. A pinnately compound leaf consists of several leaves or leaflets attached in parallel pairs to a central stem, with a leaf at the tip of the stem. A palmately compound leaf consists of more than three leaflets attached at a central point, reminiscent of a human hand (or palm). A doubly compound leaf is twice divided. The leaflets are arranged in pairs along a stem, which itself is arranged in pairs along a larger stem. The more area a leaf takes up, the more sunlight it can absorb, but in return it will lose more moisture to air flow. Small leaflets, such as doubly compound leaves, reduce both wind resistance and water loss. | image | teaching_images/types_leaves_4528.png |
L_0364 | introduction to plants | DD_0104 | This diagram shows the cross section of a leaf. The leaves are the major site of food production for the plant, through a process called photosynthesis. A leaf is made of many layers covered by two layers of tough skin cells (the epidermis). The epidermis also secretes a waxy substance called cuticle. Each pair of guard cells forms a pore (called stoma; the plural is stomata). Gases enter and exit the leaf through the stomata. Veins support the leaf and are filled with vessels that transport food, water, and minerals to the plant. Most food production takes place in the palisade mesophyll. Gas exchange occurs in the air spaces between the oddly-shaped cells of the spongy mesophyll. | image | teaching_images/parts_leaf_3135.png |
L_0364 | introduction to plants | DD_0105 | The diagram below shows a very basic picture of a plant leaf including 6 parts of said leaf. Transport is carried out by veins containing vascular tissue. Petiole is the thin flat portion that attaches the leaf to a stem. The blade is the part of the leaf that is most commonly associated with the idea of a leaf. Axil is the upper angle of a leaf. A stipule is a small appendage to a leaf and typically comes in pairs. | image | teaching_images/parts_leaf_1118.png |
L_0364 | introduction to plants | DD_0106 | The diagram below shows the different parts of a plant. The root of a plant perform two main functions. First, they anchor the plant to the ground. Second, they absorb water and various nutrients dissolved in water from the soil. Plants use the water to make food. The stem is along with the root one of two main structural axes of a vascular plant. The stem is normally divided into nodes and internodes, the nodes hold leaves, flowers, cones, axillary buds, or other stems. The Branch is a woody structural member connected to but not part of the central trunk of a tree (or sometimes a shrub). A leaf is an above-ground plant organ. Its main functions are photosynthesis and gas exchange. A flower is a special kind of plant part. The flower grows on a stalk äóñ a thin node äóñ which supports it. Flowers have petals. Inside the part of the flower that has petals are the parts which produce pollen and seeds. | image | teaching_images/parts_plant_1145.png |
L_0364 | introduction to plants | DD_0107 | The diagram shows the main parts of a cross section of a typical plant leaf. The cross section of a typical leaf is divisible into three main parts namely, the Epidermis, Mesophyll, and the Veins. The Epidermis is made of several layers of cells that are sandwiched between two layers. The Epidermis protects the tissues which lie between them and also helps in the process of gaseous exchange. Epidermis is further divisible into two types called, the Upper Epidermis and the Lower Epidermis. Beneath the Epidermis is the Mesophyll where Photosynthesis takes place. Photosynthesis is the process by which plants make their own food like sugars & amino acids. The Veins (surrounded by the Bundle sheath cells) provides the necessary support to the leaf in the transport of water and plant food to other parts of the plant. The Stoma located in the Lower Epidermis is an opening that control the gaseous exchange that occurs between the leaf and the atmosphere during photosynthesis. The gas exchange involves the use of common gas like Carbon Dioxide and Oxygen. | image | teaching_images/parts_leaf_3854.png |
L_0364 | introduction to plants | DD_0108 | The diagram shows a leaf identification chart. Plants have leaves in many different shapes, arrangements, margins and venation. Leaves are classified as either alternate, spiral, opposite, or whorled. Plants that have only one leaf per node have leaves that are said to be either alternate or spiral. Alternate leaves alternate on each side of the stem in a flat plane, and spiral leaves are arranged in a spiral along the stem. In an opposite leaf arrangement, two leaves arise at the same point, with the leaves connecting opposite each other along the branch. If there are three or more leaves connected at a node, the leaf arrangement is classified as whorled. The leaf margin is the boundary area extending along the edge of the leaf. There are lots of different types of leaf margins that are important for plant identification. Some common types include entire, crenate and lobate. Leaf venation refers to the arrangement pattern of the veins of the leaf. The pattern of leaf venation is also an important characteristic for the identification of plants. Leaf venation has two common types - reticulate venation and parallel venation. In reticulate venation, all the veins are interconnected, like the strands of the net. In parallel venation, the veins run parallel or nearly parallel to each other and are connected by smaller veins. | image | teaching_images/types_leaves_6317.png |
L_0364 | introduction to plants | DD_0109 | The diagram below shows the different types of leaf margins. The leaf margin is the boundary area extending along the edge of the leaf. There are lots of different types of leaf margins that are important for plant identification. The entire margin leaf has no serrated edges, and is composed by one continuous, smooth surface around the whole plant. The singly-toothed margin is a leaf with serrated or toothed edges that point upwards, like the viola or mint leaf. It is the most common type of leaf, as it brings more of the leaf's surface into contact with the air and so facilitates photosynthesis. The doubly-toothed has small and larger serrations, twice serrated. Lobed edged leaves are characterized by their lobes slightly marked, nervations coming from the center of the leaf and a serrated base. | image | teaching_images/types_leaves_966.png |
L_0364 | introduction to plants | DD_0110 | This diagram shows the parts of a leaf. The Blade is the broad flat part of the leaf. The Petiole is the stemlike part of the leaf that joins the blade to the stem. The Stipules are two small flaps that grow at the base of the petiole of some plants. A leaf has several veins. Veins carry food and water in a leaf. They also support the blade. The large central vein which extends from the base of the blade to its tip is called the Midrib. Smaller veins connect the midrib to other parts of the blade. | image | teaching_images/parts_leaf_557.png |
L_0364 | introduction to plants | DD_0111 | This diagram shows the structure of a flowering plant. The roots are located underground and often span out further than the plant itself does. The roots take up water and nutrients from the ground to feed the plant. These materials move up through the stem to the fruit, flowers, and leaves. The plant takes in water, sunlight, and CO2 to produce oxygen and glucose. As the plant takes in more nutrients, water, sunlight, and CO2, it grows and produces flowers and fruit. Flowers and fruit attract insects who will feed on nectar while spreading pollen and seeds from plant to plant. This helps the plant reproduce and form new plants that will work in the same way. | image | teaching_images/parts_plant_6274.png |
L_0365 | evolution and classification of plants | T_1935 | FIGURE 10.11 Individual stonewort alga (left) and an un- derwater field of stoneworts (right) | image | textbook_images/evolution_and_classification_of_plants_21273.png |
L_0365 | evolution and classification of plants | T_1937 | FIGURE 10.12 Liverworts are small plants that grow close to the ground. | image | textbook_images/evolution_and_classification_of_plants_21274.png |
L_0365 | evolution and classification of plants | T_1942 | FIGURE 10.13 Modern ferns are similar to early vascular plants. The yellow structures on this fern are sporangia. They produce spores for reproduction. | image | textbook_images/evolution_and_classification_of_plants_21275.png |
L_0365 | evolution and classification of plants | T_1945 | FIGURE 10.14 Parts of a seed | image | textbook_images/evolution_and_classification_of_plants_21276.png |
L_0365 | evolution and classification of plants | T_1946 | FIGURE 10.15 Dandelion seeds have tiny "parachutes" that let the wind carry them. Maple tree seeds have "wings" that act like little gliders. Burdock seeds are covered with tiny hooks that cling to animal fur. | image | textbook_images/evolution_and_classification_of_plants_21277.png |
L_0365 | evolution and classification of plants | T_1946 | FIGURE 10.16 Seed-bearing cone and loose, naked seeds | image | textbook_images/evolution_and_classification_of_plants_21278.png |
L_0365 | evolution and classification of plants | T_1948 | FIGURE 10.17 Parts of a typical flower | image | textbook_images/evolution_and_classification_of_plants_21279.png |
L_0365 | evolution and classification of plants | T_1951 | FIGURE 10.18 This bee is peppered with yellow pollen grains that it will carry to other flowers of the same species. | image | textbook_images/evolution_and_classification_of_plants_21280.png |
L_0365 | evolution and classification of plants | T_1951 | FIGURE 10.19 Modern nonvascular plant: moss | image | textbook_images/evolution_and_classification_of_plants_21281.png |
L_0365 | evolution and classification of plants | T_1952 | FIGURE 10.20 Modern seedless vascular plant: fern | image | textbook_images/evolution_and_classification_of_plants_21282.png |
L_0365 | evolution and classification of plants | DD_0112 | This diagram shows the various parts of a flower. The flower shown in the diagram has large bright pink petals. It has two green colored sepals at the bottom. The sepals protect the flower when it is still a bud. The male reproductive part is called a stamen. Stamen has an anther on the top and a long stalk-like filament at the bottom.The female reproductive part known as the pistil is at the center of the flower and it consists of the stigma, style and ovary.The stigma is the top of the pistil. It is sticky to help it "catch" pollen. The style connects the stigma to the ovary.The ovary is where eggs form and seeds develop. The ovules are present inside the ovary. The ovules develop into seeds after fertilization. As seeds develop, the ovary turns into a fruit. | image | teaching_images/parts_flower_1130.png |
L_0365 | evolution and classification of plants | DD_0113 | The diagram shows the internal structure of a corn kernel or corn seed. The seed has three main parts seed coat, endosperm and the embryo. The seed coat is the outermost part of the seed and it protects both the endosperm and the embryo. The endosperm is below the seed coat. It stores food in the seed. The embryo is what gives rise to a new plant. Early growth and development of a plant embryo inside a seed is called germination.The embryo consists of the embryonic leaves, cotyledon and the primary root. | image | teaching_images/parts_seed_7242.png |
L_0365 | evolution and classification of plants | DD_0114 | The diagram shows the different parts of a flower. The male reproductive organ in a flower is the stamen. It has a stalk-like filament that ends in an anther. The anther is where pollen forms. Pollen are powdery grains that contain the male reproductive cells the plant. The ovary is where eggs form and seeds develop. As seeds develop, the ovary turns into a fruit. Petals are usually the most visible parts of a flower. They may be large and showy and are often brightly colored. Together, all of the petals of a flower are called a corolla. Leaf-like green sepals protect the flower while it is still a bud. Collectively the sepals are called the calyx which is the outermost whorl of parts that form a flower. | image | teaching_images/parts_flower_3422.png |
L_0365 | evolution and classification of plants | DD_0115 | Below is a diagram of a basic flower. Usually, the petals are on the outside of the flower and the most visible. Inside, the stamen has a stalk-like filament that ends in an anther. The anther is where pollen forms. The female reproductive organ in a flower is the pistil. It consists of a stigma, style, and ovary. The ovary is where eggs form and seeds develop. As seeds develop, the ovary turns into a fruit. The fruit protects the seeds. It also attracts animals that may eat the fruit and help disperse the seeds. | image | teaching_images/parts_flower_3369.png |
L_0365 | evolution and classification of plants | DD_0116 | The diagram highlights the key features of a bean seed. A seed is an embryonic plant enclosed in a protective outer covering. Bean seeds are dicot seeds as they have two cotyledons in its seed and can be split in half lengthwise into the two cotyledons. A seed coat protects the internal parts of the seed from fungi, bacteria and insects and prevents water loss. The main components of the embryo are the cotyledons, epicotyl, hypocotyl and the radicle. The cotyledons refer to the seed leaves which are attached to the embryonic axis. The epicotyl refers to the embryonic axis above the point of attachment of the cotyledon(s). The hypocotyl refers to the embryonic axis below the point of attachment of the cotyledon(s), connecting the epicotyl and the radicle, being the stem-root transition zone. The radicle which refers to the basal tip of the hypocotyl, grows into the primary root. | image | teaching_images/parts_seed_3.png |
L_0366 | plant responses and special adaptations | T_1955 | FIGURE 10.23 Example of phototropism | image | textbook_images/plant_responses_and_special_adaptations_21285.png |
L_0366 | plant responses and special adaptations | T_1956 | FIGURE 10.24 The leaves of many trees turn brilliant colors of red and yellow when days grow shorter in the fall. | image | textbook_images/plant_responses_and_special_adaptations_21286.png |
L_0366 | plant responses and special adaptations | T_1959 | FIGURE 10.25 This willow tree produces a compound that fights bacteria. | image | textbook_images/plant_responses_and_special_adaptations_21287.png |
L_0366 | plant responses and special adaptations | T_1959 | FIGURE 10.26 Water lilies and cattails have different adaptations for life in the water. | image | textbook_images/plant_responses_and_special_adaptations_21288.png |
L_0366 | plant responses and special adaptations | T_1960 | FIGURE 10.27 A saguaro cactus is adapted for extreme dryness. | image | textbook_images/plant_responses_and_special_adaptations_21289.png |
L_0366 | plant responses and special adaptations | T_1962 | FIGURE 10.28 Venus fly traps are carnivorous plants. | image | textbook_images/plant_responses_and_special_adaptations_21290.png |
L_0367 | what are animals | T_1963 | FIGURE 11.1 Diversity of the Animal Kingdom: (left to right) jellyfish, worm, snail, beetle, gorilla, and snake. | image | textbook_images/what_are_animals_21291.png |
L_0367 | what are animals | T_1964 | FIGURE 11.2 Human nerve cell | image | textbook_images/what_are_animals_21292.png |
L_0367 | what are animals | T_1966 | FIGURE 11.3 Animal Life Cycle. | image | textbook_images/what_are_animals_21293.png |
L_0368 | how animals evolved | T_1970 | FIGURE 11.5 Some major events in animal evolution | image | textbook_images/how_animals_evolved_21295.png |
L_0368 | how animals evolved | T_1972 | FIGURE 11.6 Symmetry in invertebrates. | image | textbook_images/how_animals_evolved_21296.png |
L_0368 | how animals evolved | T_1974 | FIGURE 11.7 Three Cell Layers in a Flatworm. A flat- worm has three cell layers. | image | textbook_images/how_animals_evolved_21297.png |
L_0368 | how animals evolved | T_1974 | FIGURE 11.8 Two Types of Digestive Systems in Invertebrates. On the left is an incomplete digestive system, found in a jellyfish; on the right is the complete digestive system of a roundworm. Invertebrates may have either of these two types of digestive system. | image | textbook_images/how_animals_evolved_21298.png |
L_0368 | how animals evolved | T_1975 | FIGURE 11.9 Cross Section of an invertebrate with a coelom. The coelom forms within the mesoderm. | image | textbook_images/how_animals_evolved_21299.png |
L_0368 | how animals evolved | T_1976 | FIGURE 11.10 A segmented invertebrate: earthworm (annelid) | image | textbook_images/how_animals_evolved_21300.png |
L_0368 | how animals evolved | T_1976 | FIGURE 11.11 A segmented invertebrate: ant (arthropod) | image | textbook_images/how_animals_evolved_21301.png |
L_0368 | how animals evolved | T_1977 | FIGURE 11.12 Tunicates have a notochord. It appears here as a line running down the length of the body. | image | textbook_images/how_animals_evolved_21302.png |
L_0368 | how animals evolved | T_1978 | FIGURE 11.13 This hagfish is a simple vertebrate. It may resemble the earliest vertebrates. | image | textbook_images/how_animals_evolved_21303.png |
L_0368 | how animals evolved | T_1980 | FIGURE 11.14 Exoskeleton shed by a dragonfly | image | textbook_images/how_animals_evolved_21304.png |
L_0372 | insects and other arthropods | T_2010 | FIGURE 12.20 Weevil: an insect in Phylum Arthropoda | image | textbook_images/insects_and_other_arthropods_21324.png |
L_0372 | insects and other arthropods | T_2012 | FIGURE 12.21 Arthropods have three body segments. | image | textbook_images/insects_and_other_arthropods_21325.png |
L_0372 | insects and other arthropods | T_2014 | FIGURE 12.22 Bee head appendages include jaws, eyes, and antennae. | image | textbook_images/insects_and_other_arthropods_21326.png |
L_0372 | insects and other arthropods | T_2014 | FIGURE 12.23 Metamorphosis of a caterpillar into a butterfly | image | textbook_images/insects_and_other_arthropods_21327.png |
L_0372 | insects and other arthropods | T_2015 | FIGURE 12.24 Incomplete metamorphosis in a grasshopper | image | textbook_images/insects_and_other_arthropods_21328.png |
L_0372 | insects and other arthropods | T_2016 | FIGURE 12.25 Specialized mouthparts for eating in in- sects | image | textbook_images/insects_and_other_arthropods_21329.png |
L_0372 | insects and other arthropods | T_2017 | FIGURE 12.26 Dragonfly wings | image | textbook_images/insects_and_other_arthropods_21330.png |
L_0372 | insects and other arthropods | DD_0120 | The diagram shows the life cycle of an arthropod. The majority of arthropods are insects. The life cycle of an arthropod can be broken down into seven stages. The first stage is Egg Mass, which can take 6-9 days to hatch. Next, comes the five nymphal stages of growth. This can take 16-18 days to complete. In some arthropods, newly hatched offspring look like small adults. These arthropods don't go through larval stages. They just grow larger until they reach adult size. This type of life cycle is called incomplete metamorphosis. After this, the arthropod becomes an adult. The adult can now lay a new set of eggs, starting another life cycle. | image | teaching_images/life_cycles_883.png |
L_0372 | insects and other arthropods | DD_0121 | The diagram shows the life cycle of organisms in the Animal kingdom called Arthropods. Arthropods are invertebrates in Phylum Arthropoda. There are more than a million known species of arthropods. In addition to insects, arthropods include animals such as spiders, centipedes, and lobsters. Arthropods reproduce sexually. Male and female adults produce gametes or eggs. If fertilization occurs, eggs hatch into offspring. After hatching, most arthropods go through one or more larval stages before reaching adulthood. The larvae may look very different from the adults. They change into the adult form in a process called metamorphosis. During metamorphosis, the arthropod is called a pupa. It may or may not spend this stage inside a special container called a cocoon. A familiar example of arthropod metamorphosis is the transformation of a caterpillar (larva) into a butterfly (adult). Each life stage can evolve adaptations to suit it for its specific functions without affecting the adaptations of the other stages. In some arthropods, newly hatched offspring look like small adults. These arthropods don't go through larval stages. They just grow larger until they reach adult size. | image | teaching_images/life_cycles_357.png |
L_0372 | insects and other arthropods | DD_0122 | The diagram shows the life cycle of a Frog. Frogs belong to species of animals called amphibians, meaning they can live in land or in water. Adult frogs lay their eggs in water or wet places. A floating clump of eggs is called a frog spawn. The egg begins as a single cell. Several thousand are sometimes laid at once. It becomes surrounded by a jellylike covering, which protects the egg. The egg slowly develops for a period of about 21 days and becomes a tadpole, a baby frog. The tadpole has a long tail, and lives in the water. After about five weeks, the tadpole begins to transform. It starts to grow hind legs, which are soon followed with forelegs. Behind their heads bulges appear where their front legs are growing and their tails become smaller. The tadpole becomes a froglet. Froglets continue to live in water and continue to develop. Over time, the tadpole becomes even more frog-like. They shed their skin and lips. Its mouth widens, and it loses its horny jaws. The tail becomes much smaller, and the legs grow. As they become adult frogs, the life cycle then continues. | image | teaching_images/life_cycles_2331.png |
L_0372 | insects and other arthropods | DD_0123 | The diagram illustrates the life cycle of a butterfly. It begins as adult butterflies lay their eggs. The egg is a tiny, round, oval, or cylindrical object, usually with fine ribs and other microscopic structures. The female attaches the egg to leaves, stems, or other objects, usually on or near the intended caterpillar food. After sometime the caterpillar hatches from the eggs. The caterpillar (or larva) is the long, worm-like stage of the butterfly. It often has a colorful pattern of stripes or patches, and it may have spine-like hairs. It feeds on plant leaves and as it grows, it sheds its skin four or more times to enclose its rapidly growing body. After the caterpillar has grown big enough, they form themselves into a Chrysalis (or pupa). It is the transformation stage within which the caterpillar transforms into an adult butterfly by a process called metamorphosis. | image | teaching_images/life_cycles_6221.png |
L_0372 | insects and other arthropods | DD_0124 | This diagram shows the life cycle of a butterfly. A butterfly lays eggs on leaves or plants. Then, the eggs hatch into larva. These larva grow to full-sized caterpillars. The caterpillars form pupa, or cocoons. Within a few weeks, the pupa begins to unravel and a butterfly emerges. Later, the butterfly will lay eggs and the cycle will begin again. This cycle generally takes less than 4-6 weeks to complete. | image | teaching_images/life_cycles_39.png |
L_0373 | echinoderms and invertebrate chordates | T_2020 | FIGURE 12.29 Adult sea starslike other adult echino- dermshave spiny skin, radial symmetry, and tube feet. This photo shows the underside of a sea star. | image | textbook_images/echinoderms_and_invertebrate_chordates_21333.png |
L_0373 | echinoderms and invertebrate chordates | T_2024 | FIGURE 12.30 Typical chordate body plan | image | textbook_images/echinoderms_and_invertebrate_chordates_21334.png |
L_0373 | echinoderms and invertebrate chordates | T_2026 | FIGURE 12.31 A colony of orange tunicates | image | textbook_images/echinoderms_and_invertebrate_chordates_21335.png |
L_0373 | echinoderms and invertebrate chordates | DD_0125 | This diagram shows the anatomy of a Starfish. Starfish (properly called sea stars) are any echinoderms belonging to the class Asteroidea The cardiac stomach is the part of the stomach of a starfish used for pumping blood. Pyloric stomach: part of the stomach of a starfish connected to the duodenum. Water enters the starfish through the madreporite, a porous structure. There are two glands located in each arm called gonads. They are responsible for the production of gametes (spermatozoids or ovules) depending on the sex of the starfish. Starfish are composed of a central disc from which arms sprout. Most starfish have 5 arms. | image | teaching_images/parts_chordate_body_8146.png |
L_0373 | echinoderms and invertebrate chordates | DD_0126 | This diagram shows the body structure of echinoderms. It has and digestive system: a mouth, pharyngeal slits or clefts, and an anus. It also contains a dorsal, hollow nerve cord, notochord and muscle segments | image | teaching_images/parts_chordate_body_7161.png |
L_0376 | amphibians | T_2048 | FIGURE 13.12 Blue poison-dart frogs | image | textbook_images/amphibians_21347.png |
L_0376 | amphibians | T_2051 | FIGURE 13.13 Frog eggs in a pond | image | textbook_images/amphibians_21348.png |
L_0376 | amphibians | T_2052 | FIGURE 13.14 Tadpoles swimming in shallow water | image | textbook_images/amphibians_21349.png |
L_0376 | amphibians | T_2052 | FIGURE 13.15 Metamorphosis of a frog larva | image | textbook_images/amphibians_21350.png |
L_0377 | reptiles | T_2057 | FIGURE 13.16 Newly hatched loggerhead turtles start crossing the sand to the ocean. | image | textbook_images/reptiles_21351.png |
L_0377 | reptiles | T_2059 | FIGURE 13.17 Like other reptiles, this tree viper snake is covered with overlapping, waterproof scales. | image | textbook_images/reptiles_21352.png |
L_0377 | reptiles | T_2059 | FIGURE 13.18 This lizard, called a skink, is flicking out its blue tongue to sniff the air. | image | textbook_images/reptiles_21353.png |
L_0377 | reptiles | T_2060 | FIGURE 13.19 This baby alligator, being held gently by a game warden, looks just like an adult alligator but on a much smaller scale. | image | textbook_images/reptiles_21354.png |
L_0378 | birds | T_2065 | FIGURE 14.1 Diversity of birds: (from left to right) Macaw, Lorikeet, Hummingbird, and Os- trich. | image | textbook_images/birds_21355.png |
L_0378 | birds | T_2068 | FIGURE 14.2 This gull depends on its feathered wings and large flight muscles to fly | image | textbook_images/birds_21356.png |
L_0378 | birds | T_2070 | FIGURE 14.3 A white peacock spreads out his tail feath- ers to attract a mate. | image | textbook_images/birds_21357.png |
L_0378 | birds | T_2070 | FIGURE 14.4 Variation in bird nests: Killdeer with eggs in nest on ground (left) and Weaver bird weaving elaborate nest in tree (right). | image | textbook_images/birds_21358.png |
L_0378 | birds | T_2074 | FIGURE 14.5 Penguins are flightless birds that are strong swimmers and spend much of their time in the water. | image | textbook_images/birds_21359.png |
L_0378 | birds | T_2077 | FIGURE 14.6 A red-winged blackbird is a generalist that eats a variety of plant and animal foods. | image | textbook_images/birds_21360.png |
L_0379 | mammals | T_2079 | FIGURE 14.8 Like all young mammals, these young dogs like to play. | image | textbook_images/mammals_21362.png |
L_0379 | mammals | T_2079 | FIGURE 14.9 Nursing colt and mother horse | image | textbook_images/mammals_21363.png |
L_0379 | mammals | T_2081 | FIGURE 14.10 Some ways that mammals move: (left) the flying squirrel has webbed skin between its legs that allows it to glide from trees to the ground; (middle) the kangaroo rat has large lower limbs for jumping and can jump farther than any other mammal for its size; (right) the dolphin is well adapted for moving in the water - it has a streamlined body to reduce water resistance and fins to help it swim. | image | textbook_images/mammals_21364.png |
L_0379 | mammals | T_2083 | FIGURE 14.11 Raised fur to conserve heat makes this squirrel look bigger than it actually is. | image | textbook_images/mammals_21365.png |
L_0379 | mammals | T_2086 | FIGURE 14.12 Dogs pant to lose excess body heat. | image | textbook_images/mammals_21366.png |
L_0379 | mammals | T_2086 | FIGURE 14.13 Manatee eating kelp | image | textbook_images/mammals_21367.png |
L_0379 | mammals | T_2087 | FIGURE 14.14 This big-eared Townsend bat is an insect eater. | image | textbook_images/mammals_21368.png |
L_0379 | mammals | T_2088 | FIGURE 14.15 These chimpanzees are omnivores that eat mainly fruit. | image | textbook_images/mammals_21369.png |
Subsets and Splits