Hessa/tqa-multimodalContext-all2 · Datasets at Hugging Face

lessonID stringlengths 6 6	lessonName stringlengths 3 52	ID stringlengths 6 21	content stringlengths 10 6.57k	media_type stringclasses 2 values	path stringlengths 28 76 ⌀
L_0603	mitosis vs. meiosis	T_3183	FIGURE 1.1	image	textbook_images/mitosis_vs._meiosis_21992.png
L_0612	nerve cells and nerve impulses	T_3206	FIGURE 1.1	image	textbook_images/nerve_cells_and_nerve_impulses_22006.png
L_0612	nerve cells and nerve impulses	T_3209	FIGURE 1.2 This diagram shows a synapse between neurons. When a nerve impulse arrives at the end of the axon, neurotransmitters are released and travel to the dendrite of an- other neuron, carrying the nerve impulse from one neuron to the next.	image	textbook_images/nerve_cells_and_nerve_impulses_22007.png
L_0615	non mendelian inheritance	T_3215	FIGURE 1.1	image	textbook_images/non_mendelian_inheritance_22010.png
L_0615	non mendelian inheritance	T_3215	FIGURE 1.2	image	textbook_images/non_mendelian_inheritance_22011.png
L_0615	non mendelian inheritance	T_3216	FIGURE 1.3	image	textbook_images/non_mendelian_inheritance_22012.png
L_0618	organelles	T_3222	FIGURE 1.1 Eukaryotic cells contain special compart- ments surrounded by membranes, called organelles. For example, notice in this image the mitochondria, lysosomes, and Golgi apparatus.	image	textbook_images/organelles_22018.png
L_0625	passive transport	T_3249	FIGURE 1.1 Protein channels and carrier proteins are involved in passive transport.	image	textbook_images/passive_transport_22040.png
L_0630	plant cell structures	T_3262	FIGURE 1.1	image	textbook_images/plant_cell_structures_22053.png
L_0630	plant cell structures	T_3263	FIGURE 1.2	image	textbook_images/plant_cell_structures_22054.png
L_0635	plant reproduction and life cycle	T_3275	FIGURE 1.1	image	textbook_images/plant_reproduction_and_life_cycle_22064.png
L_0648	prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells	T_3308	FIGURE 1.1 Eukaryotic cells contain a nucleus and various other special compartments surrounded by organelles. The nucleus is where the membranes, called	image	textbook_images/prokaryotic_and_eukaryotic_cells_22087.png
L_0648	prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells	T_3309	FIGURE 1.2 Prokaryotes do not have a nucleus. In- stead, their genetic material is located in the main part of the cell.	image	textbook_images/prokaryotic_and_eukaryotic_cells_22088.png
L_0649	protein synthesis and gene expression	T_3311	FIGURE 1.1 Insulin. Each blue or purple bead repre- sents a different amino acid. Just 20 dif- ferent amino acids are arranged in many different combinations to make thousands of proteins.	image	textbook_images/protein_synthesis_and_gene_expression_22089.png
L_0683	sponges	T_3408	FIGURE 1.1	image	textbook_images/sponges_22153.png
L_0708	viruses	T_3485	FIGURE 1.1 These little "alien" looking creatures are viruses, and these specific viruses infect Escherichia coli bacteria. Shown is a representation of viruses infecting a cell. The virus lands on the outside of the cell and injects its genetic material into the cell.	image	textbook_images/viruses_22199.png
L_0708	viruses	T_3487	FIGURE 1.2	image	textbook_images/viruses_22200.png
L_0714	introduction to solutions	T_3510	FIGURE 10.1 These two diagrams show how an ionic compound (salt) and a covalent compound (sugar) dissolve in a solvent (water). MEDIA Click image to the left or use the URL below. URL: https://www.ck12.org/flx/render/embeddedobject/5004	image	textbook_images/introduction_to_solutions_22211.png
L_0715	solubility and concentration	T_3513	FIGURE 10.2 This graph shows the amount of different solids that can dissolve in 1 L of water at 20 degrees C.	image	textbook_images/solubility_and_concentration_22212.png
L_0715	solubility and concentration	T_3515	FIGURE 10.3 Temperature affects the solubility of a solute. However, it affects the solubility of gases differently than the solubility of solids and liquids.	image	textbook_images/solubility_and_concentration_22213.png
L_0715	solubility and concentration	T_3515	FIGURE 10.4 Soda fizzes when carbon dioxide comes out of solution. Which do you think will fizz more, warm soda or cold soda?	image	textbook_images/solubility_and_concentration_22214.png
L_0757	electric charge	T_3848	FIGURE 23.2 Positively charged protons (+) are located in the nucleus of an atom. Negatively charged electrons (-) move around the nucleus.	image	textbook_images/electric_charge_22463.png
L_0757	electric charge	T_3848	FIGURE 23.3 These diagrams illustrate the electric forces between charged particles.	image	textbook_images/electric_charge_22464.png
L_0757	electric charge	T_3849	FIGURE 23.4 Field lines represent lines of force in the electric field around a charged particle. The lines bend when two particles inter- act. What would the lines of force look like around two negatively charged particles?	image	textbook_images/electric_charge_22465.png
L_0757	electric charge	T_3850	FIGURE 23.5 Atoms are electrically neutral, but if they lose or gain electrons they become charged particles called ions.	image	textbook_images/electric_charge_22466.png
L_0757	electric charge	T_3851	FIGURE 23.6 Electrons are transferred from hair to a balloon rubbed against the hair. Then the oppositely charged hair and balloon attract each other.	image	textbook_images/electric_charge_22467.png
L_0757	electric charge	T_3852	FIGURE 23.7 Electrons flow to the girl from the dome. She becomes negatively charged right down to the tips of her hair.	image	textbook_images/electric_charge_22468.png
L_0757	electric charge	T_3853	FIGURE 23.8 Polarization occurs between a charged and neutral object.	image	textbook_images/electric_charge_22469.png
L_0757	electric charge	T_3854	FIGURE 23.9 Lightning occurs when there is a sudden discharge of static electricity between a cloud and the ground.	image	textbook_images/electric_charge_22470.png
L_0758	electric current	T_3855	FIGURE 23.10 Direct current flows in one direction only, whereas alternating current keeps revers- ing direction.	image	textbook_images/electric_current_22471.png
L_0758	electric current	T_3856	FIGURE 23.11 Most car batteries, like the one pictured here, are 12-volt batteries.	image	textbook_images/electric_current_22472.png
L_0758	electric current	T_3859	FIGURE 23.12 The simplest type of battery contains a single cell. The electrodes extend out of the battery for the attachment of wires that carry the current.	image	textbook_images/electric_current_22473.png
L_0758	electric current	T_3859	FIGURE 23.13 A solar cell is also called a photovoltaic (PV) cell because it uses light ("photo-") to produce voltage ("-voltaic"). The contacts in a PV cell are like the terminals in a chemical cell. One contact is negative and the other contact is positive, creating a difference in electric potential, or volt- age, which produces electric current.	image	textbook_images/electric_current_22474.png
L_0758	electric current	T_3862	FIGURE 23.14 These electric cables are made of copper wires surrounded by a rubber coating.	image	textbook_images/electric_current_22475.png
L_0759	electric circuits	T_3868	FIGURE 23.16 A circuit must be closed for electric de- vices such as light bulbs to work. The arrows in the diagram show the direction in which electrons flow through the circuit. The current is considered to flow in the opposite direction.	image	textbook_images/electric_circuits_22477.png
L_0759	electric circuits	T_3869	FIGURE 23.17 The circuit diagram on the right represents the circuit drawing on the left. To the right are some of the standard symbols used in circuit diagrams.	image	textbook_images/electric_circuits_22478.png
L_0759	electric circuits	T_3870	FIGURE 23.18 Series and parallel circuits differ in the number of loops they contain.	image	textbook_images/electric_circuits_22479.png
L_0759	electric circuits	T_3875	FIGURE 23.19 A damaged electric cord is a serious haz- ard. How can it cause an electric short?	image	textbook_images/electric_circuits_22480.png
L_0759	electric circuits	DD_0225	In this figure, you see a Series and a Parallel circuit. The circuits are composed of one battery, two lamps and wires. The battery provides the required voltage for these circuits, and the wire is used to conduct the electricity between different components of the circuit. The Series circuit is shown on the left and the Parallel circuit is shown on the right. There is only one loop in the Series circuit, while the Parallel circuit has two loops. The lamps in the Series circuit will be turned off if one of the circuit components get disconnected. However, one of the lamps in the Parallel circuit will remain on even if the other lamp is disconnected.	image	teaching_images/circuits_1056.png
L_0759	electric circuits	DD_0226	The diagram we see here is that of an electric circuit. There are four components in this circuit - the battery, the switch, the wire and the light bulb. The light bulb shall work only when it is connected to the battery. If the wire is connected loosely, the light bulb won't light because electric current needs a smooth path to flow the current. Wire is a very essential component as the current flows through the wire. Charges must have an unbroken path to follow between the positively and negatively charged parts of the voltage source, in this case, the battery. Electric current cannot flow through an open circuit. A switch controls the flow of current through the circuit. When the switch is turned on, the circuit is closed and current can flow through it. When the switch is turned off, the circuit is open and current cannot flow through it.	image	teaching_images/circuits_228.png
L_0759	electric circuits	DD_0227	The diagram shows both an open and closed circuit. Each circuit contains wires connected to each terminal of the battery along with a light bulb. Each battery contains two terminals, a positive and negative. The positive side is shown with a plus symbol. In the closed circuit, electrons are allowed to flow and illuminate the light bulb. The flow of electrons are shown by the arrows from the positive to the negative terminal through the light bulb. In the open circuit, the wire connected to the negative terminal is not connected to the light bulb. This prevents electrons from flowing through the circuit and the light bulb does not get illuminated.	image	teaching_images/circuits_1578.png
L_0759	electric circuits	DD_0228	The diagram shows a parallel circuit with a battery and 4 resistors. A parallel circuit has two or more paths for current to flow through. All electric circuits have at least two parts: a voltage source and a conductor. The voltage source of the circuit in the diagram is a battery. Voltage is the same across each component of the parallel circuit. The conductor must form a closed loop from the source of voltage and back again. From the diagram, the wires are connected to both terminals of the battery, so they form a closed loop. The diagram also has 4 resistors, which can be any device (such as a lightbulb) that converts some of the electricity to other forms of energy.	image	teaching_images/circuits_1547.png
L_0759	electric circuits	DD_0229	This diagram shows an open circuit. It consists of a bulb, a battery and wires connecting the bulb to the battery. The battery has two terminals, a positive and a negative terminal. A and B are the ends of the wire. In this diagram, A and B are not connected to each other. Hence the circuit is called an open circuit. Electric current cannot flow through an open circuit. Hence the bulb will not light up. If the ends of the wires, A and B were connected to each other, the circuit would be known as a closed circuit. Electric current would flow through this closed circuit which would lead the bulb to be lit.	image	teaching_images/circuits_224.png
L_0760	electronics	T_3878	FIGURE 23.20 Digital and analog signals both change the voltage of an electric current, but they do so in different ways.	image	textbook_images/electronics_22481.png
L_0760	electronics	T_3881	FIGURE 23.21 Each silicon atom has four valence elec- trons it shares with other silicon atoms in a crystal. A semiconductor is formed by replacing a few silicon atoms with other atoms that have more or less valence electrons than silicon.	image	textbook_images/electronics_22482.png
L_0760	electronics	T_3882	FIGURE 23.22 This illustration shows how the parts of a computer fit together.	image	textbook_images/electronics_22483.png
L_0763	electricity and magnetism	T_3897	FIGURE 25.1 Hans Christian Oersted was the scientist who discovered electromag- netism.	image	textbook_images/electricity_and_magnetism_22500.png
L_0763	electricity and magnetism	T_3897	FIGURE 25.2 In Oersteds investigation, the pointer of the magnet moved continuously as it circled the wire.	image	textbook_images/electricity_and_magnetism_22501.png
L_0764	using electromagnetism	T_3899	FIGURE 25.5 How does a solenoid resemble a bar mag- net?	image	textbook_images/using_electromagnetism_22504.png
L_0764	using electromagnetism	T_3900	FIGURE 25.6 An electromagnet uses a solenoid and an iron bar to create a very strong magnetic field.	image	textbook_images/using_electromagnetism_22505.png
L_0764	using electromagnetism	T_3902	FIGURE 25.7 A doorbell uses an electromagnet to move the clapper of a bell.	image	textbook_images/using_electromagnetism_22506.png
L_0764	using electromagnetism	T_3903	FIGURE 25.8 In this simple diagram of an electric motor, the electromagnet is represented by a rectangular wire. It actually consists of an iron bar surrounded by a wire coil.	image	textbook_images/using_electromagnetism_22507.png
L_0764	using electromagnetism	DD_0232	In this diagram, a coil of insulated wire is wound around an iron nail. The wire from the nail is conneted directly to the positive terminal of a battery at one end, and through a switch to its negative terminal at the other. When the switch is thrown, the wire forms a complete circuit and an electric current flows from the negative terminal through the wire to the positive terminal. The current flowing through the wire produces a magnetic field resembling the field of a bar magnet with the poles alligned with the nail the wire is wrapped around. The iron the nail is made from is ferromagnetic, and the magentic feild generated by the current in the wire causes the magnetic domains in the iron to allign with it. This makes for a stronger magnetic field than the wire would generate on it's own. This combination of a wire coiled around a ferromgnetic material is called an electromagnet.	image	teaching_images/electromagnetism_6802.png
L_0764	using electromagnetism	DD_0233	The diagram shows a simple way to make an iron nail become electromagnet. A wire is run from the positive side of a battery then coil around the nail then to the negative side of the battery. As electric current flows through the wire, magnetic field is produced around the coil of wire with the electric current. The coil of wire with electric current flowing through it is called a solenoid. The more turns the coil has, the strong the electromagnetic field will be.	image	teaching_images/electromagnetism_9090.png
L_0765	generating and using electricity	T_3905	FIGURE 25.9 This simple setup shows how electromagnetic induction occurs.	image	textbook_images/generating_and_using_electricity_22508.png
L_0765	generating and using electricity	T_3906	FIGURE 25.10 If a magnet is moved back and forth rela- tive to a coil of wire, alternating current is produced.	image	textbook_images/generating_and_using_electricity_22509.png
L_0765	generating and using electricity	T_3908	FIGURE 25.11 This diagram shows the basic parts of an electric generator. Compare the genera- tor with the electric motor.	image	textbook_images/generating_and_using_electricity_22510.png
L_0765	generating and using electricity	T_3908	FIGURE 25.12 A hydroelectric power plant uses the ki- netic energy of falling water to turn a turbine and generate electricity.	image	textbook_images/generating_and_using_electricity_22511.png
L_0765	generating and using electricity	T_3909	FIGURE 25.13 An electric transformer connects two cir- cuits with an iron core that becomes an electromagnet.	image	textbook_images/generating_and_using_electricity_22512.png
L_0765	generating and using electricity	T_3910	FIGURE 25.14 Whether a transformer increases or de- creases voltage depends on the relative number of turns of wire in the two coils.	image	textbook_images/generating_and_using_electricity_22513.png
L_0765	generating and using electricity	T_3910	FIGURE 25.15 Transformers play an important role in supplying energy to the home. Why are both step-up and step-down transformers needed?	image	textbook_images/generating_and_using_electricity_22514.png
L_0766	properties of matter	T_3912	FIGURE 3.1 This balance shows one way of measuring mass. When both sides of the balance are at the same level, it means that objects in the two pans have the same mass.	image	textbook_images/properties_of_matter_22515.png
L_0766	properties of matter	T_3913	FIGURE 3.2 This kitchen scale measures weight. How does weight differ from mass?	image	textbook_images/properties_of_matter_22516.png
L_0766	properties of matter	T_3913	FIGURE 3.3 If the astronaut weighed 175 pounds on Earth, he would have weighed only 29 pounds on the moon. If his mass on Earth was 80 kg, what would his mass have been on the moon?	image	textbook_images/properties_of_matter_22517.png
L_0766	properties of matter	T_3915	FIGURE 3.4 The displacement method is used to find the volume of an irregularly shaped solid object. It measures the amount of water that the object displaces, or moves out of the way. What is the volume of the toy dinosaur in mL?	image	textbook_images/properties_of_matter_22518.png
L_0766	properties of matter	T_3916	FIGURE 3.5 These are just a few of the physical prop- erties of matter.	image	textbook_images/properties_of_matter_22519.png
L_0766	properties of matter	T_3920	FIGURE 3.6 The iron in these steel chains has started to rust.	image	textbook_images/properties_of_matter_22520.png
L_0768	changes in matter	T_3932	FIGURE 3.16 In each of these changes, only the physical properties of matter change. The chemical properties remain the same.	image	textbook_images/changes_in_matter_22530.png
L_0768	changes in matter	T_3933	FIGURE 3.17 This girl is pouring vinegar on baking soda. This causes a bubbling "volcano."	image	textbook_images/changes_in_matter_22531.png
L_0768	changes in matter	T_3934	FIGURE 3.18 These chemical changes all result in the formation of new substances with different chemical properties. Do you think any of these changes could be undone?	image	textbook_images/changes_in_matter_22532.png
L_0768	changes in matter	T_3936	FIGURE 3.19 Burning is a chemical process. Is mass destroyed when wood burns?	image	textbook_images/changes_in_matter_22533.png
L_0769	solids liquids gases and plasmas	T_3937	FIGURE 4.3 The volume and shape of a solid can be changed, but only with outside help. How could you change the volume and shape of each of the solids in the figure without changing the solid in any other way?	image	textbook_images/solids_liquids_gases_and_plasmas_22536.png
L_0769	solids liquids gases and plasmas	T_3938	FIGURE 4.4 Each bottle contains the same volume of oil. How would you describe the shape of the oil in each bottle?	image	textbook_images/solids_liquids_gases_and_plasmas_22537.png
L_0769	solids liquids gases and plasmas	T_3938	FIGURE 4.5 These images illustrate surface tension and viscosity of liquids.	image	textbook_images/solids_liquids_gases_and_plasmas_22538.png
L_0769	solids liquids gases and plasmas	T_3939	FIGURE 4.6 When you add air to a bicycle tire, you add it only through one tiny opening. But the air immediately spreads out to fill the whole tire.	image	textbook_images/solids_liquids_gases_and_plasmas_22539.png
L_0769	solids liquids gases and plasmas	T_3941	FIGURE 4.7 Both the northern lights (aurora borealis) and a plasma TV contain matter in the plasma state. What other plasmas are shown in the northern lights picture?	image	textbook_images/solids_liquids_gases_and_plasmas_22540.png
L_0769	solids liquids gases and plasmas	T_3944	FIGURE 4.8 Kinetic energy is needed to overcome the force of attraction between particles of the same substance.	image	textbook_images/solids_liquids_gases_and_plasmas_22541.png
L_0769	solids liquids gases and plasmas	DD_0234	There are three states of matter. These three states include solid, liquid, and gas. Solid states of matter are rigid and have a fixed shape and fixed volume. They cannot be squashed. Liquid states of matter are not rigid and have no fixed shape, but have a fixed volume. They too cannot be squashed. Gas states of matter are not rigid and have no fixed shape and no fixed volume. This state of matter can be squashed.	image	teaching_images/states_of_matter_9253.png
L_0769	solids liquids gases and plasmas	DD_0235	The image below shows Gases, Liquids, and Solids. Gases, liquids and solids are all made up of atoms, molecules, and/or ions, but the behaviors of these particles differ in the three phases. Gas assumes the shape and volume of its container particles can move past one another. Liquid also assumes the shape of the part of the container which it occupies particles can move/slide past one another. while solids retains a fixed volume and shape rigid - particles locked into place	image	teaching_images/states_of_matter_9256.png
L_0771	changes of state	T_3951	FIGURE 4.18 Which process changes a solid to a gas? Which process changes a gas to a solid?	image	textbook_images/changes_of_state_22551.png
L_0771	changes of state	T_3954	FIGURE 4.19 Water dripping from a gutter turned to ice as it fell toward the ground, forming icicles. Why did the liquid water change to a solid?	image	textbook_images/changes_of_state_22552.png
L_0771	changes of state	T_3957	FIGURE 4.20 Molten (melted) iron is poured into a mold at a foundry. It takes extremely high temperatures to change iron from a solid to the liquid shown here. Thats because iron has a very high melting point.	image	textbook_images/changes_of_state_22553.png
L_0771	changes of state	T_3959	FIGURE 4.21 Evaporation of water occurs even at rel- atively low temperatures. The water trapped in this pothole will evaporate sooner or later.	image	textbook_images/changes_of_state_22554.png
L_0771	changes of state	T_3959	FIGURE 4.22 Water vapor condenses to form liquid water in each of the examples pictured here.	image	textbook_images/changes_of_state_22555.png
L_0771	changes of state	T_3961	FIGURE 4.23 Solid carbon dioxide changes directly to the gaseous state.	image	textbook_images/changes_of_state_22556.png
L_0771	changes of state	DD_0236	This diagram shows the changes of state in matter. Changes of state are physical changes in matter. They are reversible changes that do not involve changes in matters chemical makeup or chemical properties. They occur when matter absorbs or loses energy. Processes in which matter changes between liquid and solid states are freezing and melting. For a solid to change to a liquid, matter must absorb energy from its surroundings. Freezing happens when the water cools and loses energy until they remain in fixed positions as ice. Processes in which matter changes between liquid and gaseous states are vaporization, evaporation, and condensation. Processes in which matter changes between solid and gaseous states are sublimation and deposition.	image	teaching_images/state_change_7605.png
L_0771	changes of state	DD_0237	The diagram shows the changes of state of matter. The state shifts based from the amount of energy added or removed by the matter. If energy is added to the matter, the particles will slowly disperse away from each other until they are separated from each other. Some examples of this change of state is melting (converting solid to liquid) and evaporation (converting liquid to gas). On the other hand, if the energy is removed, the particles will gather themselves together until they are close to each other. Condensation (converting gas to liquid) and freezing (converting liquid to solid) are some of the process involving this change.	image	teaching_images/evaporation_and_sublimation_8079.png
L_0771	changes of state	DD_0238	The image below shows the different changes in states of matter. A material will change from one state or phase to another at specific combinations of temperature and surrounding pressure. Typically, the pressure is atmospheric pressure, so temperature is the determining factor to the change in state in those cases. The names of the changes in state are melting, freezing, boiling, condensation, sublimation and deposition. The temperature of a material will increase until it reaches the point where the change takes place. It will stay at that temperature until that change is completed. Solids are one of the three phase changes. Their structure and their resistance to change their shape or volume characterize solids. In a solid, the molecules are closely packed together. Liquids are the next of the three phase changes. Liquids are very different from solids, their structure is a bit freer, but not as free as gas. In a liquid phase, the molecules will take the shape of its container or the object that it is in. Gases are the last of the three phase changes. A gas phase is one of the simpler phases, because the gas molecules are the freest. This is because theoretically the molecules behave completely chaotically and they roam anywhere and fill every space of an object or container.	image	teaching_images/evaporation_and_sublimation_8074.png
L_0771	changes of state	DD_0239	The diagram below shows how matter changes state. A material will change from one state or phase to another at specific combinations of temperature and surrounding pressure. Typically, the pressure is atmospheric pressure, so temperature is the determining factor to the change in state in those cases. The states of matter shown are ice (solid), water (liquid) and water vapor (gas). When heat is applied to a material, its change in state typically goes from solid to liquid to gas. There are some exceptions where the material will go directly from a solid to a gas. When a material is cooled, its change in state typically goes from gas to liquid to solid. There are some exceptions where the material will go directly from a gas to a solid.	image	teaching_images/state_change_7606.png
L_0771	changes of state	DD_0240	There are 4 states of matter observable in everyday life: solid, liquid, gas and plasma. This diagram shows 3 of these states: solid, liquid and gas and the processes that cause matter to change states. When a gas changes to a liquid, a liquid changes to a solid or a gas changes to a solid, heat is given out. Conversely, when a solid changes to a liquid, a liquid changes to a gas and a solid changes to a gas, heat is taken in. The names of these processes are provided in the diagram. For example: the process of state change from gas to liquid is called condensation. The process of change from liquid to solid is called freezing. The process of change from solid to liquid is called melting and the process of change from solid to gas is called sublimation.	image	teaching_images/evaporation_and_sublimation_6875.png
L_0805	atoms	T_4150	FIGURE 1.1	image	textbook_images/atoms_22676.png
L_0825	changes of state	T_4216	FIGURE 1.1	image	textbook_images/changes_of_state_22709.png
L_0825	changes of state	T_4216	FIGURE 1.2 again.	image	textbook_images/changes_of_state_22710.png
L_0827	chemical and solar cells	T_4219	FIGURE 1.1	image	textbook_images/chemical_and_solar_cells_22712.png
L_0827	chemical and solar cells	T_4219	FIGURE 1.2	image	textbook_images/chemical_and_solar_cells_22713.png
L_0829	chemical change	T_4224	FIGURE 1.1	image	textbook_images/chemical_change_22716.png
L_0832	chemical properties of matter	T_4234	FIGURE 1.1 When wood burns, it changes to ashes, carbon dioxide, water vapor, and other gases. You can see ashes in the wood fire pictured here. The gases are invisible.	image	textbook_images/chemical_properties_of_matter_22718.png
L_0842	condensation	T_4267	FIGURE 1.1 This picture shows the contrail (condensation trail) left behind by a jet. Water vapor in its exhaust gases condensed on dust particles in the air.	image	textbook_images/condensation_22743.png
L_0842	condensation	T_4267	FIGURE 1.2	image	textbook_images/condensation_22744.png
L_0844	conservation of mass	T_4272	FIGURE 1.1	image	textbook_images/conservation_of_mass_22747.png

L_0603

mitosis vs. meiosis

T_3183

FIGURE 1.1

image

textbook_images/mitosis_vs._meiosis_21992.png

L_0612

nerve cells and nerve impulses

T_3206

FIGURE 1.1

image

textbook_images/nerve_cells_and_nerve_impulses_22006.png

L_0612

nerve cells and nerve impulses

T_3209

FIGURE 1.2 This diagram shows a synapse between neurons. When a nerve impulse arrives at the end of the axon, neurotransmitters are released and travel to the dendrite of an- other neuron, carrying the nerve impulse from one neuron to the next.

image

textbook_images/nerve_cells_and_nerve_impulses_22007.png

L_0615

non mendelian inheritance

T_3215

FIGURE 1.1

image

textbook_images/non_mendelian_inheritance_22010.png

L_0615

non mendelian inheritance

T_3215

FIGURE 1.2

image

textbook_images/non_mendelian_inheritance_22011.png

L_0615

non mendelian inheritance

T_3216

FIGURE 1.3

image

textbook_images/non_mendelian_inheritance_22012.png

L_0618

organelles

T_3222

FIGURE 1.1 Eukaryotic cells contain special compart- ments surrounded by membranes, called organelles. For example, notice in this image the mitochondria, lysosomes, and Golgi apparatus.

image

textbook_images/organelles_22018.png

L_0625

passive transport

T_3249

FIGURE 1.1 Protein channels and carrier proteins are involved in passive transport.

image

textbook_images/passive_transport_22040.png

L_0630

plant cell structures

T_3262

FIGURE 1.1

image

textbook_images/plant_cell_structures_22053.png

L_0630

plant cell structures

T_3263

FIGURE 1.2

image

textbook_images/plant_cell_structures_22054.png

L_0635

plant reproduction and life cycle

T_3275

FIGURE 1.1

image

textbook_images/plant_reproduction_and_life_cycle_22064.png

L_0648

prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells

T_3308

FIGURE 1.1 Eukaryotic cells contain a nucleus and various other special compartments surrounded by organelles. The nucleus is where the membranes, called

image

textbook_images/prokaryotic_and_eukaryotic_cells_22087.png

L_0648

prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells

T_3309

FIGURE 1.2 Prokaryotes do not have a nucleus. In- stead, their genetic material is located in the main part of the cell.

image

textbook_images/prokaryotic_and_eukaryotic_cells_22088.png

L_0649

protein synthesis and gene expression

T_3311

FIGURE 1.1 Insulin. Each blue or purple bead repre- sents a different amino acid. Just 20 dif- ferent amino acids are arranged in many different combinations to make thousands of proteins.

image

textbook_images/protein_synthesis_and_gene_expression_22089.png

L_0683

sponges

T_3408

FIGURE 1.1

image

textbook_images/sponges_22153.png

L_0708

viruses

T_3485

FIGURE 1.1 These little "alien" looking creatures are viruses, and these specific viruses infect Escherichia coli bacteria. Shown is a representation of viruses infecting a cell. The virus lands on the outside of the cell and injects its genetic material into the cell.

image

textbook_images/viruses_22199.png

L_0708

viruses

T_3487

FIGURE 1.2

image

textbook_images/viruses_22200.png

L_0714

introduction to solutions

T_3510

FIGURE 10.1 These two diagrams show how an ionic compound (salt) and a covalent compound (sugar) dissolve in a solvent (water). MEDIA Click image to the left or use the URL below. URL: https://www.ck12.org/flx/render/embeddedobject/5004

image

textbook_images/introduction_to_solutions_22211.png

L_0715

solubility and concentration

T_3513

FIGURE 10.2 This graph shows the amount of different solids that can dissolve in 1 L of water at 20 degrees C.

image

textbook_images/solubility_and_concentration_22212.png

L_0715

solubility and concentration

T_3515

FIGURE 10.3 Temperature affects the solubility of a solute. However, it affects the solubility of gases differently than the solubility of solids and liquids.

image

textbook_images/solubility_and_concentration_22213.png

L_0715

solubility and concentration

T_3515

FIGURE 10.4 Soda fizzes when carbon dioxide comes out of solution. Which do you think will fizz more, warm soda or cold soda?

image

textbook_images/solubility_and_concentration_22214.png

L_0757

electric charge

T_3848

FIGURE 23.2 Positively charged protons (+) are located in the nucleus of an atom. Negatively charged electrons (-) move around the nucleus.

image

textbook_images/electric_charge_22463.png

L_0757

electric charge

T_3848

FIGURE 23.3 These diagrams illustrate the electric forces between charged particles.

image

textbook_images/electric_charge_22464.png

L_0757

electric charge

T_3849

FIGURE 23.4 Field lines represent lines of force in the electric field around a charged particle. The lines bend when two particles inter- act. What would the lines of force look like around two negatively charged particles?

image

textbook_images/electric_charge_22465.png

L_0757

electric charge

T_3850

FIGURE 23.5 Atoms are electrically neutral, but if they lose or gain electrons they become charged particles called ions.

image

textbook_images/electric_charge_22466.png

L_0757

electric charge

T_3851

FIGURE 23.6 Electrons are transferred from hair to a balloon rubbed against the hair. Then the oppositely charged hair and balloon attract each other.

image

textbook_images/electric_charge_22467.png

L_0757

electric charge

T_3852

FIGURE 23.7 Electrons flow to the girl from the dome. She becomes negatively charged right down to the tips of her hair.

image

textbook_images/electric_charge_22468.png

L_0757

electric charge

T_3853

FIGURE 23.8 Polarization occurs between a charged and neutral object.

image

textbook_images/electric_charge_22469.png

L_0757

electric charge

T_3854

FIGURE 23.9 Lightning occurs when there is a sudden discharge of static electricity between a cloud and the ground.

image

textbook_images/electric_charge_22470.png

L_0758

electric current

T_3855

FIGURE 23.10 Direct current flows in one direction only, whereas alternating current keeps revers- ing direction.

image

textbook_images/electric_current_22471.png

L_0758

electric current

T_3856

FIGURE 23.11 Most car batteries, like the one pictured here, are 12-volt batteries.

image

textbook_images/electric_current_22472.png

L_0758

electric current

T_3859

FIGURE 23.12 The simplest type of battery contains a single cell. The electrodes extend out of the battery for the attachment of wires that carry the current.

image

textbook_images/electric_current_22473.png

L_0758

electric current

T_3859

FIGURE 23.13 A solar cell is also called a photovoltaic (PV) cell because it uses light ("photo-") to produce voltage ("-voltaic"). The contacts in a PV cell are like the terminals in a chemical cell. One contact is negative and the other contact is positive, creating a difference in electric potential, or volt- age, which produces electric current.

image

textbook_images/electric_current_22474.png

L_0758

electric current

T_3862

FIGURE 23.14 These electric cables are made of copper wires surrounded by a rubber coating.

image

textbook_images/electric_current_22475.png

L_0759

electric circuits

T_3868

FIGURE 23.16 A circuit must be closed for electric de- vices such as light bulbs to work. The arrows in the diagram show the direction in which electrons flow through the circuit. The current is considered to flow in the opposite direction.

image

textbook_images/electric_circuits_22477.png

L_0759

electric circuits

T_3869

FIGURE 23.17 The circuit diagram on the right represents the circuit drawing on the left. To the right are some of the standard symbols used in circuit diagrams.

image

textbook_images/electric_circuits_22478.png

L_0759

electric circuits

T_3870

FIGURE 23.18 Series and parallel circuits differ in the number of loops they contain.

image

textbook_images/electric_circuits_22479.png

L_0759

electric circuits

T_3875

FIGURE 23.19 A damaged electric cord is a serious haz- ard. How can it cause an electric short?

image

textbook_images/electric_circuits_22480.png

L_0759

electric circuits

DD_0225

In this figure, you see a Series and a Parallel circuit. The circuits are composed of one battery, two lamps and wires. The battery provides the required voltage for these circuits, and the wire is used to conduct the electricity between different components of the circuit. The Series circuit is shown on the left and the Parallel circuit is shown on the right. There is only one loop in the Series circuit, while the Parallel circuit has two loops. The lamps in the Series circuit will be turned off if one of the circuit components get disconnected. However, one of the lamps in the Parallel circuit will remain on even if the other lamp is disconnected.

image

teaching_images/circuits_1056.png

L_0759

electric circuits

DD_0226

The diagram we see here is that of an electric circuit. There are four components in this circuit - the battery, the switch, the wire and the light bulb. The light bulb shall work only when it is connected to the battery. If the wire is connected loosely, the light bulb won't light because electric current needs a smooth path to flow the current. Wire is a very essential component as the current flows through the wire. Charges must have an unbroken path to follow between the positively and negatively charged parts of the voltage source, in this case, the battery. Electric current cannot flow through an open circuit. A switch controls the flow of current through the circuit. When the switch is turned on, the circuit is closed and current can flow through it. When the switch is turned off, the circuit is open and current cannot flow through it.

image

teaching_images/circuits_228.png

L_0759

electric circuits

DD_0227

The diagram shows both an open and closed circuit. Each circuit contains wires connected to each terminal of the battery along with a light bulb. Each battery contains two terminals, a positive and negative. The positive side is shown with a plus symbol. In the closed circuit, electrons are allowed to flow and illuminate the light bulb. The flow of electrons are shown by the arrows from the positive to the negative terminal through the light bulb. In the open circuit, the wire connected to the negative terminal is not connected to the light bulb. This prevents electrons from flowing through the circuit and the light bulb does not get illuminated.

image

teaching_images/circuits_1578.png

L_0759

electric circuits

DD_0228

The diagram shows a parallel circuit with a battery and 4 resistors. A parallel circuit has two or more paths for current to flow through. All electric circuits have at least two parts: a voltage source and a conductor. The voltage source of the circuit in the diagram is a battery. Voltage is the same across each component of the parallel circuit. The conductor must form a closed loop from the source of voltage and back again. From the diagram, the wires are connected to both terminals of the battery, so they form a closed loop. The diagram also has 4 resistors, which can be any device (such as a lightbulb) that converts some of the electricity to other forms of energy.

image

teaching_images/circuits_1547.png

L_0759

electric circuits

DD_0229

This diagram shows an open circuit. It consists of a bulb, a battery and wires connecting the bulb to the battery. The battery has two terminals, a positive and a negative terminal. A and B are the ends of the wire. In this diagram, A and B are not connected to each other. Hence the circuit is called an open circuit. Electric current cannot flow through an open circuit. Hence the bulb will not light up. If the ends of the wires, A and B were connected to each other, the circuit would be known as a closed circuit. Electric current would flow through this closed circuit which would lead the bulb to be lit.

image

teaching_images/circuits_224.png

L_0760

electronics

T_3878

FIGURE 23.20 Digital and analog signals both change the voltage of an electric current, but they do so in different ways.

image

textbook_images/electronics_22481.png

L_0760

electronics

T_3881

FIGURE 23.21 Each silicon atom has four valence elec- trons it shares with other silicon atoms in a crystal. A semiconductor is formed by replacing a few silicon atoms with other atoms that have more or less valence electrons than silicon.

image

textbook_images/electronics_22482.png

L_0760

electronics

T_3882

FIGURE 23.22 This illustration shows how the parts of a computer fit together.

image

textbook_images/electronics_22483.png

L_0763

electricity and magnetism

T_3897

FIGURE 25.1 Hans Christian Oersted was the scientist who discovered electromag- netism.

image

textbook_images/electricity_and_magnetism_22500.png

L_0763

electricity and magnetism

T_3897

FIGURE 25.2 In Oersteds investigation, the pointer of the magnet moved continuously as it circled the wire.

image

textbook_images/electricity_and_magnetism_22501.png

L_0764

using electromagnetism

T_3899

FIGURE 25.5 How does a solenoid resemble a bar mag- net?

image

textbook_images/using_electromagnetism_22504.png

L_0764

using electromagnetism

T_3900

FIGURE 25.6 An electromagnet uses a solenoid and an iron bar to create a very strong magnetic field.

image

textbook_images/using_electromagnetism_22505.png

L_0764

using electromagnetism

T_3902

FIGURE 25.7 A doorbell uses an electromagnet to move the clapper of a bell.

image

textbook_images/using_electromagnetism_22506.png

L_0764

using electromagnetism

T_3903

FIGURE 25.8 In this simple diagram of an electric motor, the electromagnet is represented by a rectangular wire. It actually consists of an iron bar surrounded by a wire coil.

image

textbook_images/using_electromagnetism_22507.png

L_0764

using electromagnetism

DD_0232

In this diagram, a coil of insulated wire is wound around an iron nail. The wire from the nail is conneted directly to the positive terminal of a battery at one end, and through a switch to its negative terminal at the other. When the switch is thrown, the wire forms a complete circuit and an electric current flows from the negative terminal through the wire to the positive terminal. The current flowing through the wire produces a magnetic field resembling the field of a bar magnet with the poles alligned with the nail the wire is wrapped around. The iron the nail is made from is ferromagnetic, and the magentic feild generated by the current in the wire causes the magnetic domains in the iron to allign with it. This makes for a stronger magnetic field than the wire would generate on it's own. This combination of a wire coiled around a ferromgnetic material is called an electromagnet.

image

teaching_images/electromagnetism_6802.png

L_0764

using electromagnetism

DD_0233

The diagram shows a simple way to make an iron nail become electromagnet. A wire is run from the positive side of a battery then coil around the nail then to the negative side of the battery. As electric current flows through the wire, magnetic field is produced around the coil of wire with the electric current. The coil of wire with electric current flowing through it is called a solenoid. The more turns the coil has, the strong the electromagnetic field will be.

image

teaching_images/electromagnetism_9090.png

L_0765

generating and using electricity

T_3905

FIGURE 25.9 This simple setup shows how electromagnetic induction occurs.

image

textbook_images/generating_and_using_electricity_22508.png

L_0765

generating and using electricity

T_3906

FIGURE 25.10 If a magnet is moved back and forth rela- tive to a coil of wire, alternating current is produced.

image

textbook_images/generating_and_using_electricity_22509.png

L_0765

generating and using electricity

T_3908

FIGURE 25.11 This diagram shows the basic parts of an electric generator. Compare the genera- tor with the electric motor.

image

textbook_images/generating_and_using_electricity_22510.png

L_0765

generating and using electricity

T_3908

FIGURE 25.12 A hydroelectric power plant uses the ki- netic energy of falling water to turn a turbine and generate electricity.

image

textbook_images/generating_and_using_electricity_22511.png

L_0765

generating and using electricity

T_3909

FIGURE 25.13 An electric transformer connects two cir- cuits with an iron core that becomes an electromagnet.

image

textbook_images/generating_and_using_electricity_22512.png

L_0765

generating and using electricity

T_3910

FIGURE 25.14 Whether a transformer increases or de- creases voltage depends on the relative number of turns of wire in the two coils.

image

textbook_images/generating_and_using_electricity_22513.png

L_0765

generating and using electricity

T_3910

FIGURE 25.15 Transformers play an important role in supplying energy to the home. Why are both step-up and step-down transformers needed?

image

textbook_images/generating_and_using_electricity_22514.png

L_0766

properties of matter

T_3912

FIGURE 3.1 This balance shows one way of measuring mass. When both sides of the balance are at the same level, it means that objects in the two pans have the same mass.

image

textbook_images/properties_of_matter_22515.png

L_0766

properties of matter

T_3913

FIGURE 3.2 This kitchen scale measures weight. How does weight differ from mass?

image

textbook_images/properties_of_matter_22516.png

L_0766

properties of matter

T_3913

FIGURE 3.3 If the astronaut weighed 175 pounds on Earth, he would have weighed only 29 pounds on the moon. If his mass on Earth was 80 kg, what would his mass have been on the moon?

image

textbook_images/properties_of_matter_22517.png

L_0766

properties of matter

T_3915

FIGURE 3.4 The displacement method is used to find the volume of an irregularly shaped solid object. It measures the amount of water that the object displaces, or moves out of the way. What is the volume of the toy dinosaur in mL?

image

textbook_images/properties_of_matter_22518.png

L_0766

properties of matter

T_3916

FIGURE 3.5 These are just a few of the physical prop- erties of matter.

image

textbook_images/properties_of_matter_22519.png

L_0766

properties of matter

T_3920

FIGURE 3.6 The iron in these steel chains has started to rust.

image

textbook_images/properties_of_matter_22520.png

L_0768

changes in matter

T_3932

FIGURE 3.16 In each of these changes, only the physical properties of matter change. The chemical properties remain the same.

image

textbook_images/changes_in_matter_22530.png

L_0768

changes in matter

T_3933

FIGURE 3.17 This girl is pouring vinegar on baking soda. This causes a bubbling "volcano."

image

textbook_images/changes_in_matter_22531.png

L_0768

changes in matter

T_3934

FIGURE 3.18 These chemical changes all result in the formation of new substances with different chemical properties. Do you think any of these changes could be undone?

image

textbook_images/changes_in_matter_22532.png

L_0768

changes in matter

T_3936

FIGURE 3.19 Burning is a chemical process. Is mass destroyed when wood burns?

image

textbook_images/changes_in_matter_22533.png

L_0769