Hessa/tqa-multimodalContext-all · Datasets at Hugging Face

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L_0407	reproduction and life stages	DD_0169	This diagram shows the blastocyst stage in the process of fertilization. The blastocyst has an inner and outer layer of cells. The inner layer is called the embryoblast, will develop into the new human being. The outer layer is called the trophoblast, will develop into other structures needed to support the new organism. This layer surrounds the inner cell mass or the embryoblast and a fluid-filled cavity known as the blastocoele. When the outer cells of the blastocyst embeds itself in the uterine lining or the endometrium. This process is called implantation. It generally occurs about a week after fertilization.	image	teaching_images/blastocyst_9033.png
L_0408	reproductive system health	T_2359	FIGURE 22.15 HPV, the virus that causes genital warts, may also cause cancer.	image	textbook_images/reproductive_system_health_21516.png
L_0409	what is ecology	T_2364	FIGURE 23.1 Organisms show tremendous diversity. Some of the smallest and largest living or- ganisms are pictured here: billions of mi- croorganisms that thrive in this hot spring give it its striking colors (left); blue whales are the largest living organisms (right). Organisms depend on their environment to meet their needs, so they are greatly influenced by it. There are many factors in the environment that affect organisms. The factors can be classified as either biotic or abiotic.	image	textbook_images/what_is_ecology_21518.png
L_0409	what is ecology	T_2365	FIGURE 23.2 From individuals to the biosphere, ecol- ogy can be studied at several different levels. An ecosystem consists of all the biotic and abiotic factors in an area. It includes a community, the abiotic factors in the environment, and all their interactions. A biome is a group of similar ecosystems with the same general abiotic factors and primary producers. Biomes may be terrestrial (land-based) or aquatic (water-based). The biosphere consists of all the parts of Earth where life can be found. This is the highest level of organization in ecology. It includes all of the other levels below it. The biosphere consists of all the worlds biomes, both terrestrial and aquatic.	image	textbook_images/what_is_ecology_21519.png
L_0410	populations	T_2367	FIGURE 23.3 Patterns of population distribution include clumped, random, and uniform distribu- tions. Each pattern is associated with dif- ferent types of species or environments.	image	textbook_images/populations_21520.png
L_0410	populations	T_2368	FIGURE 23.4 Curve A represents exponential popula- tion growth. Curve B represents logistic population growth.	image	textbook_images/populations_21521.png
L_0410	populations	T_2370	FIGURE 23.5 A population pyramid shows the age-sex structure of a population. This population pyramid represents the human population of the African country of Angola in 2005.	image	textbook_images/populations_21522.png
L_0410	populations	T_2370	FIGURE 23.6 Growth of the Human Population.	image	textbook_images/populations_21523.png
L_0410	populations	T_2372	FIGURE 23.7 The demographic transition occurred in the stages shown in this graph.	image	textbook_images/populations_21524.png
L_0413	biomes	T_2389	FIGURE 23.18 Major terrestrial biomes	image	textbook_images/biomes_21535.png
L_0413	biomes	T_2391	FIGURE 23.19 Terrestrial biomes include tropical rainfor- est, temperate grassland, and tundra.	image	textbook_images/biomes_21536.png
L_0413	biomes	T_2395	FIGURE 23.20 Plants and algae are producers in the littoral zone along the shore of this lake in Iceland.	image	textbook_images/biomes_21537.png
L_0413	biomes	T_2396	FIGURE 23.21 Intertidal zone along the North Sea in the Netherlands Below 200 meters is the aphotic zone. There are no primary producers here because there isnt enough sunlight for photosynthesis. However, the water may be rich in nutrients because of dead organisms drifting down from above. Organisms that live here may include bacteria, sponges, sea anemones, worms, sea stars, and fish. The bottom of the ocean is called the benthic zone. It includes the sediments on the bottom of the ocean and the water just above it. Organisms living in this zone include clams and crabs. They may be few in number due to relatively scarce nutrients in this zone. There are many more organisms around deep-sea vents. Microorganisms use chemicals that pour out of the vents to make food by chemosynthesis. These producers support large numbers of other organisms, including crustaceans and red tubeworms like those pictured in Figure 23.22.	image	textbook_images/biomes_21538.png
L_0413	biomes	T_2396	FIGURE 23.22 Ocean vent biome	image	textbook_images/biomes_21539.png
L_0415	cycles of matter	T_2408	FIGURE 24.7 The water cycle has no beginning or end. It just keeps repeating.	image	textbook_images/cycles_of_matter_21546.png
L_0415	cycles of matter	T_2410	FIGURE 24.8 The thorny devil lizard lives in such a dry environment in Australia that it has a unique specialization for obtaining water. The scales on its body collect dew and channel it to the corners of the mouth, so the lizard can drink it.	image	textbook_images/cycles_of_matter_21547.png
L_0415	cycles of matter	T_2412	FIGURE 24.9 The Carbon Cycle.	image	textbook_images/cycles_of_matter_21548.png
L_0415	cycles of matter	T_2415	FIGURE 24.10 The nitrogen cycle	image	textbook_images/cycles_of_matter_21549.png
L_0415	cycles of matter	DD_0175	This diagram depicts the water cycle, which is an important part of the ecosystem. The water in the water cycle exists in three different phases, liquid, solid (ice) and gas (water vapor). Water from lakes and oceans evaporates and is carried by rising air currents in the atmosphere. In the atmosphere the water vapor condenses and forms tiny droplets of water that form clouds. When the droplets get big enough the water comes back to earth in the form of precipitation. Precipitation can be in the form of rain, snow, sleet, or hail. Eventually the water evaporates again and the cycle starts over. Water can also enter the atmosphere through trees and plants from a process called transpiration.	image	teaching_images/cycle_water_1490.png
L_0415	cycles of matter	DD_0176	This diagram shows the processes of the water cycle. It takes place on, above, and below Earths surface. During the water cycle, water occurs in three different states: gas (water vapor), liquid (water), and solid (ice). Many processes are involved as water changes state to move through the cycle. One of the processes is called Evaporation. It takes place when water on Earths surface changes to water vapor. The sun heats the water and turns it into water vapor which escapes up into the atmosphere. Most evaporation occurs from the surface of the ocean. Sublimation is another process takes place when snow and ice on Earths surface change directly to water vapor without first melting to form liquid water. This also happens because of heat from the sun. Transpiration is yet another process that takes place when plants release water vapor through pores in their leaves called stomata. As the water vapor rises up into the earth's atmosphere, it cools and condenses. Condensation is the process of converting water vapor into water droplets.If the droplets get big enough, they fall as precipitation. Precipitation is any form of water that falls from the atmosphere. Precipitation that falls on land may flow over the surface of the ground. This water is called runoff.The runoff may reach a water body such as an ocean or get soaked into the ground.	image	teaching_images/cycle_water_1503.png
L_0415	cycles of matter	DD_0177	This diagram shows the water cycle. Water from lakes, streams, rivers, and other bodies of water evaporates and turns into clouds. This leads to condensation which leads to precipitation in the form of rain and snow. Some of the precipitation adds to the bodies of water and some goes into the ground. The water that goes into the ground is called ground water--some of it eventually makes its way to bodies of water. Water also can come down from mountains and end up in bodies of water--this is called runoff.	image	teaching_images/cycle_water_4953.png
L_0417	air pollution	T_2423	FIGURE 25.1 This stone statue has been dissolved by acid rain.	image	textbook_images/air_pollution_21553.png
L_0417	air pollution	T_2424	FIGURE 25.2 Earths atmosphere creates a natural greenhouse effect that moderates Earths temperature.	image	textbook_images/air_pollution_21554.png
L_0417	air pollution	T_2424	FIGURE 25.3 Shrinking of the Arctic ice cap due to global warming contributes to rising sea levels.	image	textbook_images/air_pollution_21555.png
L_0417	air pollution	T_2427	FIGURE 25.4 Carbon monoxide alarm	image	textbook_images/air_pollution_21556.png
L_0418	water pollution	T_2429	FIGURE 25.5 Algal bloom	image	textbook_images/water_pollution_21557.png
L_0418	water pollution	T_2430	FIGURE 25.6 Hypoxic dead zone in the Gulf of Mexico	image	textbook_images/water_pollution_21558.png
L_0418	water pollution	T_2435	FIGURE 25.7 Plastic debris in the ocean washes up on shore in the Hawaiian Islands	image	textbook_images/water_pollution_21559.png
L_0419	natural resources	T_2438	FIGURE 25.8 This photo shows a huge coal field in the Philippines as it appears from space. Coal is a fossil fuel and a nonrenewable natural resource.	image	textbook_images/natural_resources_21560.png
L_0419	natural resources	T_2439	FIGURE 25.9 Bare soil is easily washed away by heavy rains or winds, but it takes millions of years to replace. Ruts in soil washed away by runoff are evident in this photo.	image	textbook_images/natural_resources_21561.png
L_0419	natural resources	T_2441	FIGURE 25.10 Worldwide energy use in 2010	image	textbook_images/natural_resources_21562.png
L_0419	natural resources	T_2442	FIGURE 25.11 Sunlight, wind, and living things can all be used as energy resources.	image	textbook_images/natural_resources_21563.png
L_0419	natural resources	T_2444	FIGURE 25.12 If you use air conditioning in hot weather, set the thermostat above normal room temperature to save energy resources.	image	textbook_images/natural_resources_21564.png
L_0419	natural resources	T_2446	FIGURE 25.13 Kitchen and garden wastes can be recycled by composting them.	image	textbook_images/natural_resources_21565.png
L_0424	photosynthesis	T_2494	FIGURE 4.7 Photosynthetic organisms include plants, algae, and some bacteria.	image	textbook_images/photosynthesis_21589.png
L_0424	photosynthesis	T_2495	FIGURE 4.8 The small green, circular structures in the plant cells pictured here are chloroplasts.	image	textbook_images/photosynthesis_21590.png
L_0424	photosynthesis	T_2498	FIGURE 4.9 Chloroplast	image	textbook_images/photosynthesis_21591.png
L_0424	photosynthesis	DD_0183	This diagram depicts photosynthesis. Photosynthesis is the process in which plants synthesize glucose. The process uses carbon dioxide and water and also produces oxygen. The plant gets energy from sunlight using a green pigment called chlorophyll. Photosynthesis changes light energy to chemical energy. The chemical energy is stored in the bonds of glucose molecules. Glucose is used for energy by the cells of almost all living things. Plants make their own glucose.	image	teaching_images/photosynthesis_1262.png
L_0424	photosynthesis	DD_0184	This diagram shows the process of photosynthesis, the process of how plants convert sunlight into energy. The plant uses sunlight and water to make glucose and creates oxygen as a waste product. Chemical energy is stored in the bonds of glucose molecules.	image	teaching_images/photosynthesis_4103.png
L_0424	photosynthesis	DD_0185	This diagram represents photosynthesis. Photosynthesis the process in which plants synthesizes glucose. During photosynthesis, it gets its energy from the sun (light energy.) Photosynthesis changes light energy (the energy the plant receives from the sun) to chemical energy. This process uses carbon dioxide and water. In return, it produces oxygen and carbohydrates. It does this by the energy it receives from the sun. The equation for photosynthesis is 6CO2 + 6H2 O + Light Energy C6 H12 O6 + 6O2.	image	teaching_images/photosynthesis_4126.png
L_0425	cellular respiration	T_2501	FIGURE 4.11 Astronaut Chris Hadfield eats a banana aboard the International Space Station.	image	textbook_images/cellular_respiration_21593.png
L_0425	cellular respiration	T_2505	FIGURE 4.12 Cut-away view of a mitochondrion	image	textbook_images/cellular_respiration_21594.png
L_0425	cellular respiration	T_2505	FIGURE 4.13	image	textbook_images/cellular_respiration_21595.png
L_0425	cellular respiration	T_2508	FIGURE 4.14 How photosynthesis and cellular respira- tion are related	image	textbook_images/cellular_respiration_21596.png
L_0425	cellular respiration	T_2510	FIGURE 4.15 The muscles of these hurdlers are work- ing too hard for aerobic respiration to keep them supplied with energy.	image	textbook_images/cellular_respiration_21597.png
L_0425	cellular respiration	T_2512	FIGURE 4.16 Bread has little holes in it from carbon dioxide produced by yeast.	image	textbook_images/cellular_respiration_21598.png
L_0428	protein synthesis	T_2538	FIGURE 5.15 Blueprints for a house	image	textbook_images/protein_synthesis_21613.png
L_0428	protein synthesis	T_2538	FIGURE 5.16 Comparison of RNA and DNA	image	textbook_images/protein_synthesis_21614.png
L_0428	protein synthesis	T_2540	FIGURE 5.17 Translating the genetic code of RNA. The codons are read in sequence until a stop codon is reached. UAG, UGA, and UAA are all stop codons. They dont code for any amino acids.	image	textbook_images/protein_synthesis_21615.png
L_0428	protein synthesis	T_2540	FIGURE 5.18 How the genetic code is read	image	textbook_images/protein_synthesis_21616.png
L_0428	protein synthesis	T_2543	FIGURE 5.19 Transcription step of protein synthesis	image	textbook_images/protein_synthesis_21617.png
L_0428	protein synthesis	T_2544	FIGURE 5.20 Translation step of protein synthesis	image	textbook_images/protein_synthesis_21618.png
L_0428	protein synthesis	T_2544	FIGURE 5.21 Examples of mutagens	image	textbook_images/protein_synthesis_21619.png
L_0432	darwins theory of evolution	T_2584	FIGURE 7.1 Charles Darwin as a young man in the 1830s	image	textbook_images/darwins_theory_of_evolution_21637.png
L_0432	darwins theory of evolution	T_2585	FIGURE 7.2 Route of the Beagle	image	textbook_images/darwins_theory_of_evolution_21638.png
L_0432	darwins theory of evolution	T_2585	FIGURE 7.3 Giant tortoises on the Galpagos Islands varied in shell shape, depending on which island they inhabited.	image	textbook_images/darwins_theory_of_evolution_21639.png
L_0432	darwins theory of evolution	T_2586	FIGURE 7.4 Variation in beak size and shape in Gal- pagos finches	image	textbook_images/darwins_theory_of_evolution_21640.png
L_0432	darwins theory of evolution	T_2589	FIGURE 7.5 Variation in pigeons as a result of artificial selection	image	textbook_images/darwins_theory_of_evolution_21641.png
L_0433	evidence for evolution	T_2594	FIGURE 7.6 Most of what we know about dinosaurs is based on fossils such as this one.	image	textbook_images/evidence_for_evolution_21642.png
L_0433	evidence for evolution	T_2595	FIGURE 7.7 Fossil footprint of a three-toed dinosaur	image	textbook_images/evidence_for_evolution_21643.png
L_0433	evidence for evolution	T_2595	FIGURE 7.8 Wasp encased in amber	image	textbook_images/evidence_for_evolution_21644.png
L_0433	evidence for evolution	T_2596	FIGURE 7.9 Fossils found in lower rock layers are generally older than fossils found in rock layers closer to the surface.	image	textbook_images/evidence_for_evolution_21645.png
L_0433	evidence for evolution	T_2596	FIGURE 7.10 This whale ancestor, called Ambulocetus, lived about 48 million years ago.	image	textbook_images/evidence_for_evolution_21646.png
L_0433	evidence for evolution	T_2598	FIGURE 7.11 Front limb bones of different mammals	image	textbook_images/evidence_for_evolution_21647.png
L_0433	evidence for evolution	T_2600	FIGURE 7.12 From left to right, embryos of a chicken, turtle, pig, and human being	image	textbook_images/evidence_for_evolution_21648.png
L_0434	the scale of evolution	T_2603	FIGURE 7.13 Fossils show how horses evolved over the past 50 million of years. Horses in- creased in size. Their teeth and feet also changed.	image	textbook_images/the_scale_of_evolution_21649.png
L_0434	the scale of evolution	T_2607	FIGURE 7.14 Darwins finches evolved new traits by natural selection.	image	textbook_images/the_scale_of_evolution_21650.png
L_0434	the scale of evolution	T_2609	FIGURE 7.15 This male anole lizard is puffing out a flap of yellow skin to attract a mate.	image	textbook_images/the_scale_of_evolution_21651.png
L_0434	the scale of evolution	T_2610	FIGURE 7.16 Coevolution of a hummingbird and flower- ing plant	image	textbook_images/the_scale_of_evolution_21652.png
L_0435	history of life on earth	T_2613	FIGURE 7.17 Earths history in a day	image	textbook_images/history_of_life_on_earth_21653.png
L_0435	history of life on earth	T_2615	FIGURE 7.18 Geologic time scale	image	textbook_images/history_of_life_on_earth_21654.png
L_0435	history of life on earth	T_2617	FIGURE 7.19 Model of the earliest cell	image	textbook_images/history_of_life_on_earth_21655.png
L_0435	history of life on earth	T_2619	FIGURE 7.20 How eukaryotic cells may have evolved	image	textbook_images/history_of_life_on_earth_21656.png
L_0435	history of life on earth	T_2621	FIGURE 7.21 Sponges (left) and trilobite fossil (right) from the Cambrian Period	image	textbook_images/history_of_life_on_earth_21657.png
L_0435	history of life on earth	T_2625	FIGURE 7.22 Forest of the Carboniferous Period	image	textbook_images/history_of_life_on_earth_21658.png
L_0435	history of life on earth	T_2626	FIGURE 7.23 The supercontinent Pangaea formed dur- ing the Permian Period.	image	textbook_images/history_of_life_on_earth_21659.png
L_0435	history of life on earth	T_2630	FIGURE 7.24 Tyrannosaurus rex skeleton on display in a museum	image	textbook_images/history_of_life_on_earth_21660.png
L_0435	history of life on earth	T_2633	FIGURE 7.25 Woolly mammoths lived during the last ice age.	image	textbook_images/history_of_life_on_earth_21661.png
L_0435	history of life on earth	DD_0192	The diagram is a representation of the major division of earths history. The geological timescale is a representation of time elapsed after the formation of earth, divided into slices, each differentiated by a geological event whose record is held in rock samples. Geological time is primarily divided into eons, which are divided into eras, which are further divided into periods. The periods are further divided into epochs, and epochs into ages, while eons are grouped into super-eons. The lengths of these eras are often measured by the term "mya," which represents "millions of years ago. The first three eons are grouped under the Precambrian super-eon. The fourth eon, called the Phanerozoic, is ongoing. Although the first three eons together account for most of Earthaó»s history, stretching out for nearly four billion years, there was little of note in terms of biological activity or geological diversity. So, in representations such as the table above, they are usually collectively called the Precambrian. It contains the Hadeon eon, when Earth was forming and the Late Heavy Bombardment took place; the Archeon eon, when water first showed up and the first lifeforms evolved; the Proterozoic eon, when the first multicellular organisms appeared and Earthaó»s atmosphere received oxygen for the first time as a result of the proliferation of cyanobacteria.	image	teaching_images/geologic_time_6924.png
L_0435	history of life on earth	DD_0193	The diagram shows an example of geologic time scale, which is a tool that scientists and historians use to describe and understand the different timeframes of the EarthÕs existence. This geologic time scale shows a timeline of events beginning from the late Proterozoic Era, approximately 650 million years ago. It is divided into eras and periods, and lists the major events that occurred in EarthÕs history each period. From the geologic time scale, we can tell when different creatures evolved and first appeared on Earth. We know that the first amphibians appeared during the Devonian Period in the Paleozoic Era, approximately 400 million years ago. The first dinosaurs appeared during the Triassic Period of the Mesozoic Era, about 250 million years ago. Humans like us only appeared on Earth approximately 2.6 million years ago, during the Quaternary Period of the Cenozoic Era. The human race is very young, considering the Earth is approximately 4.6 billion years old!	image	teaching_images/geologic_time_6918.png
L_0437	bacteria	T_2650	FIGURE 8.9 Salmonella bacteria	image	textbook_images/bacteria_21670.png
L_0437	bacteria	T_2652	FIGURE 8.10 Bacteria classified by shape	image	textbook_images/bacteria_21671.png
L_0437	bacteria	T_2652	FIGURE 8.11 Gram-positive (left) and gram-negative (right) bacteria	image	textbook_images/bacteria_21672.png
L_0437	bacteria	T_2654	FIGURE 8.12 Bacteria are used to make fermented foods such as these.	image	textbook_images/bacteria_21673.png
L_0437	bacteria	T_2655	FIGURE 8.13 Deer ticks are vectors for the bacteria that cause Lyme disease. The ticks are actu- ally very small and may go unnoticed.	image	textbook_images/bacteria_21674.png
L_0442	adulthood and aging	T_2693	FIGURE 1.1	image	textbook_images/adulthood_and_aging_21696.png
L_0449	aquatic biomes	T_2717	FIGURE 1.1	image	textbook_images/aquatic_biomes_21707.png
L_0449	aquatic biomes	T_2718	FIGURE 1.2	image	textbook_images/aquatic_biomes_21708.png
L_0454	autoimmune diseases	T_2735	FIGURE 1.1	image	textbook_images/autoimmune_diseases_21717.png
L_0457	bacteria in the digestive system	T_2745	FIGURE 1.1	image	textbook_images/bacteria_in_the_digestive_system_21724.png
L_0458	bacteria nutrition	T_2750	FIGURE 1.1 These mutualistic bacteria-containing nodules on a soybean root help provide the plant with nitrogen.	image	textbook_images/bacteria_nutrition_21725.png
L_0460	barriers to pathogens	T_2756	FIGURE 1.1 This drawing shows that the skin has many layers. The outer layer is so tough that it keeps out most pathogens.	image	textbook_images/barriers_to_pathogens_21727.png
L_0460	barriers to pathogens	T_2757	FIGURE 1.2	image	textbook_images/barriers_to_pathogens_21728.png
L_0467	blood types	T_2774	FIGURE 1.1	image	textbook_images/blood_types_21741.png
L_0468	blood vessels	T_2777	FIGURE 1.1	image	textbook_images/blood_vessels_21742.png
L_0469	bony fish	T_2781	FIGURE 1.1	image	textbook_images/bony_fish_21743.png
L_0469	bony fish	T_2785	FIGURE 1.2	image	textbook_images/bony_fish_21744.png
L_0470	cancer	T_2788	FIGURE 1.1 The mutations that cause cancer may occur when people are exposed to pathogens, such as the human papilloma virus (HPV), which is shown here.	image	textbook_images/cancer_21745.png
L_0470	cancer	T_2788	FIGURE 1.2 The mutations that cause cancer may oc- cur when people are exposed to chemical carcinogens, such as those in cigarettes. It can be argued that tobacco smoke is the main source of chemical carcinogens.	image	textbook_images/cancer_21746.png
L_0470	cancer	T_2790	FIGURE 1.3 The mutations that cause cancer may oc- cur when people are exposed to radiation, including the radiation from sunlight.	image	textbook_images/cancer_21747.png

L_0407

reproduction and life stages

DD_0169

This diagram shows the blastocyst stage in the process of fertilization. The blastocyst has an inner and outer layer of cells. The inner layer is called the embryoblast, will develop into the new human being. The outer layer is called the trophoblast, will develop into other structures needed to support the new organism. This layer surrounds the inner cell mass or the embryoblast and a fluid-filled cavity known as the blastocoele. When the outer cells of the blastocyst embeds itself in the uterine lining or the endometrium. This process is called implantation. It generally occurs about a week after fertilization.

image

teaching_images/blastocyst_9033.png

L_0408

reproductive system health

T_2359

FIGURE 22.15 HPV, the virus that causes genital warts, may also cause cancer.

image

textbook_images/reproductive_system_health_21516.png

L_0409

what is ecology

T_2364

FIGURE 23.1 Organisms show tremendous diversity. Some of the smallest and largest living or- ganisms are pictured here: billions of mi- croorganisms that thrive in this hot spring give it its striking colors (left); blue whales are the largest living organisms (right). Organisms depend on their environment to meet their needs, so they are greatly influenced by it. There are many factors in the environment that affect organisms. The factors can be classified as either biotic or abiotic.

image

textbook_images/what_is_ecology_21518.png

L_0409

what is ecology

T_2365

FIGURE 23.2 From individuals to the biosphere, ecol- ogy can be studied at several different levels. An ecosystem consists of all the biotic and abiotic factors in an area. It includes a community, the abiotic factors in the environment, and all their interactions. A biome is a group of similar ecosystems with the same general abiotic factors and primary producers. Biomes may be terrestrial (land-based) or aquatic (water-based). The biosphere consists of all the parts of Earth where life can be found. This is the highest level of organization in ecology. It includes all of the other levels below it. The biosphere consists of all the worlds biomes, both terrestrial and aquatic.

image

textbook_images/what_is_ecology_21519.png

L_0410

populations

T_2367

FIGURE 23.3 Patterns of population distribution include clumped, random, and uniform distribu- tions. Each pattern is associated with dif- ferent types of species or environments.

image

textbook_images/populations_21520.png

L_0410

populations

T_2368

FIGURE 23.4 Curve A represents exponential popula- tion growth. Curve B represents logistic population growth.

image

textbook_images/populations_21521.png

L_0410

populations

T_2370

FIGURE 23.5 A population pyramid shows the age-sex structure of a population. This population pyramid represents the human population of the African country of Angola in 2005.

image

textbook_images/populations_21522.png

L_0410

populations

T_2370

FIGURE 23.6 Growth of the Human Population.

image

textbook_images/populations_21523.png

L_0410

populations

T_2372

FIGURE 23.7 The demographic transition occurred in the stages shown in this graph.

image

textbook_images/populations_21524.png

L_0413

biomes

T_2389

FIGURE 23.18 Major terrestrial biomes

image

textbook_images/biomes_21535.png

L_0413

biomes

T_2391

FIGURE 23.19 Terrestrial biomes include tropical rainfor- est, temperate grassland, and tundra.

image

textbook_images/biomes_21536.png

L_0413

biomes

T_2395

FIGURE 23.20 Plants and algae are producers in the littoral zone along the shore of this lake in Iceland.

image

textbook_images/biomes_21537.png

L_0413

biomes

T_2396

FIGURE 23.21 Intertidal zone along the North Sea in the Netherlands Below 200 meters is the aphotic zone. There are no primary producers here because there isnt enough sunlight for photosynthesis. However, the water may be rich in nutrients because of dead organisms drifting down from above. Organisms that live here may include bacteria, sponges, sea anemones, worms, sea stars, and fish. The bottom of the ocean is called the benthic zone. It includes the sediments on the bottom of the ocean and the water just above it. Organisms living in this zone include clams and crabs. They may be few in number due to relatively scarce nutrients in this zone. There are many more organisms around deep-sea vents. Microorganisms use chemicals that pour out of the vents to make food by chemosynthesis. These producers support large numbers of other organisms, including crustaceans and red tubeworms like those pictured in Figure 23.22.

image

textbook_images/biomes_21538.png

L_0413

biomes

T_2396

FIGURE 23.22 Ocean vent biome

image

textbook_images/biomes_21539.png

L_0415

cycles of matter

T_2408

FIGURE 24.7 The water cycle has no beginning or end. It just keeps repeating.

image

textbook_images/cycles_of_matter_21546.png

L_0415

cycles of matter

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FIGURE 24.8 The thorny devil lizard lives in such a dry environment in Australia that it has a unique specialization for obtaining water. The scales on its body collect dew and channel it to the corners of the mouth, so the lizard can drink it.

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cycles of matter

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FIGURE 24.9 The Carbon Cycle.

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cycles of matter

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FIGURE 24.10 The nitrogen cycle

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cycles of matter

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This diagram depicts the water cycle, which is an important part of the ecosystem. The water in the water cycle exists in three different phases, liquid, solid (ice) and gas (water vapor). Water from lakes and oceans evaporates and is carried by rising air currents in the atmosphere. In the atmosphere the water vapor condenses and forms tiny droplets of water that form clouds. When the droplets get big enough the water comes back to earth in the form of precipitation. Precipitation can be in the form of rain, snow, sleet, or hail. Eventually the water evaporates again and the cycle starts over. Water can also enter the atmosphere through trees and plants from a process called transpiration.

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cycles of matter

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This diagram shows the processes of the water cycle. It takes place on, above, and below Earths surface. During the water cycle, water occurs in three different states: gas (water vapor), liquid (water), and solid (ice). Many processes are involved as water changes state to move through the cycle. One of the processes is called Evaporation. It takes place when water on Earths surface changes to water vapor. The sun heats the water and turns it into water vapor which escapes up into the atmosphere. Most evaporation occurs from the surface of the ocean. Sublimation is another process takes place when snow and ice on Earths surface change directly to water vapor without first melting to form liquid water. This also happens because of heat from the sun. Transpiration is yet another process that takes place when plants release water vapor through pores in their leaves called stomata. As the water vapor rises up into the earth's atmosphere, it cools and condenses. Condensation is the process of converting water vapor into water droplets.If the droplets get big enough, they fall as precipitation. Precipitation is any form of water that falls from the atmosphere. Precipitation that falls on land may flow over the surface of the ground. This water is called runoff.The runoff may reach a water body such as an ocean or get soaked into the ground.

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cycles of matter

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This diagram shows the water cycle. Water from lakes, streams, rivers, and other bodies of water evaporates and turns into clouds. This leads to condensation which leads to precipitation in the form of rain and snow. Some of the precipitation adds to the bodies of water and some goes into the ground. The water that goes into the ground is called ground water--some of it eventually makes its way to bodies of water. Water also can come down from mountains and end up in bodies of water--this is called runoff.

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air pollution

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FIGURE 25.1 This stone statue has been dissolved by acid rain.

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air pollution

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FIGURE 25.2 Earths atmosphere creates a natural greenhouse effect that moderates Earths temperature.

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air pollution

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FIGURE 25.3 Shrinking of the Arctic ice cap due to global warming contributes to rising sea levels.

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air pollution

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FIGURE 25.4 Carbon monoxide alarm

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water pollution

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FIGURE 25.5 Algal bloom

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water pollution

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FIGURE 25.6 Hypoxic dead zone in the Gulf of Mexico

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water pollution

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FIGURE 25.7 Plastic debris in the ocean washes up on shore in the Hawaiian Islands

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natural resources

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FIGURE 25.8 This photo shows a huge coal field in the Philippines as it appears from space. Coal is a fossil fuel and a nonrenewable natural resource.

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natural resources

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FIGURE 25.9 Bare soil is easily washed away by heavy rains or winds, but it takes millions of years to replace. Ruts in soil washed away by runoff are evident in this photo.

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natural resources

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FIGURE 25.10 Worldwide energy use in 2010

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natural resources

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FIGURE 25.11 Sunlight, wind, and living things can all be used as energy resources.

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natural resources

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FIGURE 25.12 If you use air conditioning in hot weather, set the thermostat above normal room temperature to save energy resources.

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natural resources

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FIGURE 25.13 Kitchen and garden wastes can be recycled by composting them.

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photosynthesis

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FIGURE 4.7 Photosynthetic organisms include plants, algae, and some bacteria.

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photosynthesis

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FIGURE 4.8 The small green, circular structures in the plant cells pictured here are chloroplasts.

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photosynthesis

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FIGURE 4.9 Chloroplast

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photosynthesis

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This diagram depicts photosynthesis. Photosynthesis is the process in which plants synthesize glucose. The process uses carbon dioxide and water and also produces oxygen. The plant gets energy from sunlight using a green pigment called chlorophyll. Photosynthesis changes light energy to chemical energy. The chemical energy is stored in the bonds of glucose molecules. Glucose is used for energy by the cells of almost all living things. Plants make their own glucose.

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photosynthesis

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This diagram shows the process of photosynthesis, the process of how plants convert sunlight into energy. The plant uses sunlight and water to make glucose and creates oxygen as a waste product. Chemical energy is stored in the bonds of glucose molecules.

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photosynthesis

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This diagram represents photosynthesis. Photosynthesis the process in which plants synthesizes glucose. During photosynthesis, it gets its energy from the sun (light energy.) Photosynthesis changes light energy (the energy the plant receives from the sun) to chemical energy. This process uses carbon dioxide and water. In return, it produces oxygen and carbohydrates. It does this by the energy it receives from the sun. The equation for photosynthesis is 6CO2 + 6H2 O + Light Energy C6 H12 O6 + 6O2.

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cellular respiration

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FIGURE 4.11 Astronaut Chris Hadfield eats a banana aboard the International Space Station.

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cellular respiration

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FIGURE 4.12 Cut-away view of a mitochondrion

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cellular respiration

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FIGURE 4.13

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cellular respiration

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FIGURE 4.14 How photosynthesis and cellular respira- tion are related

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cellular respiration

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FIGURE 4.15 The muscles of these hurdlers are work- ing too hard for aerobic respiration to keep them supplied with energy.

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cellular respiration

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FIGURE 4.16 Bread has little holes in it from carbon dioxide produced by yeast.

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protein synthesis

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FIGURE 5.15 Blueprints for a house

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protein synthesis

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FIGURE 5.16 Comparison of RNA and DNA

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protein synthesis

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FIGURE 5.17 Translating the genetic code of RNA. The codons are read in sequence until a stop codon is reached. UAG, UGA, and UAA are all stop codons. They dont code for any amino acids.

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protein synthesis

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FIGURE 5.18 How the genetic code is read

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protein synthesis

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FIGURE 5.19 Transcription step of protein synthesis

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protein synthesis

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FIGURE 5.20 Translation step of protein synthesis

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protein synthesis

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FIGURE 5.21 Examples of mutagens

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darwins theory of evolution

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FIGURE 7.1 Charles Darwin as a young man in the 1830s

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darwins theory of evolution

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FIGURE 7.2 Route of the Beagle

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darwins theory of evolution

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FIGURE 7.3 Giant tortoises on the Galpagos Islands varied in shell shape, depending on which island they inhabited.

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darwins theory of evolution

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FIGURE 7.4 Variation in beak size and shape in Gal- pagos finches

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darwins theory of evolution

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FIGURE 7.5 Variation in pigeons as a result of artificial selection

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evidence for evolution

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FIGURE 7.6 Most of what we know about dinosaurs is based on fossils such as this one.

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evidence for evolution

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FIGURE 7.7 Fossil footprint of a three-toed dinosaur

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evidence for evolution

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FIGURE 7.8 Wasp encased in amber

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evidence for evolution

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FIGURE 7.9 Fossils found in lower rock layers are generally older than fossils found in rock layers closer to the surface.

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evidence for evolution

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FIGURE 7.10 This whale ancestor, called Ambulocetus, lived about 48 million years ago.

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evidence for evolution

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FIGURE 7.11 Front limb bones of different mammals

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evidence for evolution

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FIGURE 7.12 From left to right, embryos of a chicken, turtle, pig, and human being

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the scale of evolution

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FIGURE 7.13 Fossils show how horses evolved over the past 50 million of years. Horses in- creased in size. Their teeth and feet also changed.

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the scale of evolution

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FIGURE 7.14 Darwins finches evolved new traits by natural selection.

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the scale of evolution

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FIGURE 7.15 This male anole lizard is puffing out a flap of yellow skin to attract a mate.

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the scale of evolution

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FIGURE 7.16 Coevolution of a hummingbird and flower- ing plant

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history of life on earth

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FIGURE 7.17 Earths history in a day

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history of life on earth

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FIGURE 7.18 Geologic time scale

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history of life on earth

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FIGURE 7.19 Model of the earliest cell

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history of life on earth

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FIGURE 7.20 How eukaryotic cells may have evolved

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history of life on earth

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FIGURE 7.21 Sponges (left) and trilobite fossil (right) from the Cambrian Period

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history of life on earth

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FIGURE 7.22 Forest of the Carboniferous Period

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history of life on earth

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FIGURE 7.23 The supercontinent Pangaea formed dur- ing the Permian Period.

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history of life on earth

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FIGURE 7.24 Tyrannosaurus rex skeleton on display in a museum

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history of life on earth

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FIGURE 7.25 Woolly mammoths lived during the last ice age.

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history of life on earth

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The diagram is a representation of the major division of earths history. The geological timescale is a representation of time elapsed after the formation of earth, divided into slices, each differentiated by a geological event whose record is held in rock samples. Geological time is primarily divided into eons, which are divided into eras, which are further divided into periods. The periods are further divided into epochs, and epochs into ages, while eons are grouped into super-eons. The lengths of these eras are often measured by the term "mya," which represents "millions of years ago. The first three eons are grouped under the Precambrian super-eon. The fourth eon, called the Phanerozoic, is ongoing. Although the first three eons together account for most of Earthaó»s history, stretching out for nearly four billion years, there was little of note in terms of biological activity or geological diversity. So, in representations such as the table above, they are usually collectively called the Precambrian. It contains the Hadeon eon, when Earth was forming and the Late Heavy Bombardment took place; the Archeon eon, when water first showed up and the first lifeforms evolved; the Proterozoic eon, when the first multicellular organisms appeared and Earthaó»s atmosphere received oxygen for the first time as a result of the proliferation of cyanobacteria.

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history of life on earth

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The diagram shows an example of geologic time scale, which is a tool that scientists and historians use to describe and understand the different timeframes of the EarthÕs existence. This geologic time scale shows a timeline of events beginning from the late Proterozoic Era, approximately 650 million years ago. It is divided into eras and periods, and lists the major events that occurred in EarthÕs history each period. From the geologic time scale, we can tell when different creatures evolved and first appeared on Earth. We know that the first amphibians appeared during the Devonian Period in the Paleozoic Era, approximately 400 million years ago. The first dinosaurs appeared during the Triassic Period of the Mesozoic Era, about 250 million years ago. Humans like us only appeared on Earth approximately 2.6 million years ago, during the Quaternary Period of the Cenozoic Era. The human race is very young, considering the Earth is approximately 4.6 billion years old!

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bacteria

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FIGURE 8.9 Salmonella bacteria

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bacteria

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FIGURE 8.10 Bacteria classified by shape

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bacteria

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FIGURE 8.11 Gram-positive (left) and gram-negative (right) bacteria

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bacteria

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FIGURE 8.12 Bacteria are used to make fermented foods such as these.

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bacteria

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FIGURE 8.13 Deer ticks are vectors for the bacteria that cause Lyme disease. The ticks are actu- ally very small and may go unnoticed.

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adulthood and aging

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FIGURE 1.1

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aquatic biomes

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FIGURE 1.1

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aquatic biomes

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FIGURE 1.2

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autoimmune diseases

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FIGURE 1.1

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bacteria in the digestive system

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FIGURE 1.1

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bacteria nutrition

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FIGURE 1.1 These mutualistic bacteria-containing nodules on a soybean root help provide the plant with nitrogen.

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barriers to pathogens

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FIGURE 1.1 This drawing shows that the skin has many layers. The outer layer is so tough that it keeps out most pathogens.

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barriers to pathogens

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FIGURE 1.2

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blood types

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FIGURE 1.1

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blood vessels

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FIGURE 1.1

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bony fish

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FIGURE 1.1

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bony fish

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FIGURE 1.2

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cancer

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FIGURE 1.1 The mutations that cause cancer may occur when people are exposed to pathogens, such as the human papilloma virus (HPV), which is shown here.

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cancer

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FIGURE 1.2 The mutations that cause cancer may oc- cur when people are exposed to chemical carcinogens, such as those in cigarettes. It can be argued that tobacco smoke is the main source of chemical carcinogens.

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cancer

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FIGURE 1.3 The mutations that cause cancer may oc- cur when people are exposed to radiation, including the radiation from sunlight.

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