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L_0386 | the muscular system | DD_0140 | This diagram represents the structure of a skeletal muscle. Each skeletal muscle fiber is a single cylindrical muscle cell. Each muscle is surrounded by a connective tissue sheath called the epimysium. Fascia, connective tissue outside the epimysium, surrounds and separates the muscles. Portions of the epimysium project inward to divide the muscle into compartments. Each compartment contains a bundle of muscle fibers. Each bundle of muscle fiber is called a fasciculus and is surrounded by a layer of connective tissue called the perimysium. Within the fasciculus, each individual muscle cell, called a muscle fiber, is surrounded by connective tissue called the endomysium. The connective tissue covering furnish support and protection for the delicate cells and allow them to withstand the forces of contraction. The coverings also provide pathways for the passage of blood vessels and nerves. Commonly, the epimysium, perimysium, and endomysium extend beyond the fleshy part of the muscle, the belly or gaster, to form a thick ropelike tendon or a broad, flat sheet-like aponeurosis. The tendon and aponeurosis form indirect attachments from muscles to the periosteum of bones or to the connective tissue of other muscles. | image | teaching_images/muscle_fiber_7083.png |
L_0387 | food and nutrients | T_2157 | FIGURE 17.2 Good sources of carbohydrates | image | textbook_images/food_and_nutrients_21418.png |
L_0387 | food and nutrients | T_2159 | FIGURE 17.3 Good sources of protein include whole grains, vegetables, and beans. | image | textbook_images/food_and_nutrients_21419.png |
L_0387 | food and nutrients | T_2159 | FIGURE 17.4 Good sources of lipids include fish, nuts, and seeds. | image | textbook_images/food_and_nutrients_21420.png |
L_0387 | food and nutrients | T_2160 | FIGURE 17.5 When you are active outside on a warm day, its important to drink plenty of water. You need to replace the water you lose in sweat. | image | textbook_images/food_and_nutrients_21421.png |
L_0389 | the digestive system | T_2171 | FIGURE 17.10 Major organs of the digestive system make up the GI tract. | image | textbook_images/the_digestive_system_21426.png |
L_0389 | the digestive system | T_2172 | FIGURE 17.11 Peristalsis | image | textbook_images/the_digestive_system_21427.png |
L_0389 | the digestive system | T_2176 | FIGURE 17.12 Digestive system organs and glands | image | textbook_images/the_digestive_system_21428.png |
L_0389 | the digestive system | T_2178 | FIGURE 17.13 Teeth are important for mechanical diges- tion. | image | textbook_images/the_digestive_system_21429.png |
L_0389 | the digestive system | T_2181 | FIGURE 17.14 This diagram shows whats inside each of the millions of villi that line the jejunum and ileum of the small intestine. The villus is drawn greatly enlarged. | image | textbook_images/the_digestive_system_21430.png |
L_0389 | the digestive system | T_2187 | FIGURE 17.15 Picnic food is a potential cause of food- borne illness. | image | textbook_images/the_digestive_system_21431.png |
L_0389 | the digestive system | DD_0141 | Below is a diagram of the digestive system. The digestive system, as you can see, is made up of several different organs and parts of the body. The digestive system breaks down food and absorbs nutrients into your body. The mouth is the first digestive organ that food enters, and the saliva starts the digestion of the food. The esophagus is the long narrow tube that carries food from the oral cavity to the stomach. The stomach stores the food until the small intestine is empty. The liver and gallbladder produce and store other secretions from the food. For instance, the liver produces bile secretions. The large intestine is where the food enters after it leaves the small intestine, and the large intestine is connected to the anus. The anus is where the body releases the food as waste (feces.) | image | teaching_images/human_system_digestive_3675.png |
L_0389 | the digestive system | DD_0142 | This diagram shows major organs and general functions of the digestive system. The digestive system is the body system that breaks down food and absorbs nutrients. It also eliminates solid food wastes that remain after food is digested. It has several organs such as the liver, stomach, pancreas, colon and intestines. Food enters the digestive system through the mouth and exits the system through the anus. In the stomach, chemicals called enzymes change the food into smaller molecules that the body can use. The pancreas is the part of the digestive system that produces important enzymes and hormones that help break down foods. It is located in the abdominal cavity behind the stomach. In the small intestine, our bodies absorb the nutrients from our food. Finally, colon mixes the solid waste material with water so we can easily eliminate it from our bodies through the anus. | image | teaching_images/human_system_digestive_6091.png |
L_0389 | the digestive system | DD_0143 | This diagram shows the digestive system in humans. Each part of the system plays an important role--although some organs such as the gallbladder can be removed without causing any long term effects on the person. The mouth is the beginning of the digestive process. This is where mechanical breakdown occurs--the teeth, tongue, and saliva break down the food so it can travel down the esophagus more easily. The purpose of the esophagus is to move the food down the digestive tract. The stomach mixes the food with enzymes and continues the breakdown. The intestines continue the breakdown and move the food to the rectum. The duodenum is the first part of the small intestine. It is also the shortest part. This is where most chemical digestion takes place. It then moves to the large intestine and then finally the rectum. The rectum is where the remaining food waste leaves the body. | image | teaching_images/human_system_digestive_3678.png |
L_0389 | the digestive system | DD_0144 | The diagram shows the human digestive system. It has several organs such as the liver, stomach, pancreas and intestines. Food enters the digestive system through the mouth and exits the system through the anus. The esophagus is a long tube that connects the mouth and the stomach. In the stomach, chemicals called enzymes change the food into smaller molecules that the body can use. The pancreas is the part of the digestive system that produces important enzymes and hormones that help break down foods. It is located in the abdominal cavity behind the stomach. In the small intestine, our bodies absorb the nutrients from our food. Finally, the large intestine mixes the solid waste material with water so we can easily eliminate it from our bodies through the anus. Overall, there are 9 main organs in the Digestive system. | image | teaching_images/human_system_digestive_3679.png |
L_0390 | overview of the cardiovascular system | T_2189 | FIGURE 18.1 The cardiovascular system transports many substances to and from cells throughout the body. | image | textbook_images/overview_of_the_cardiovascular_system_21432.png |
L_0390 | overview of the cardiovascular system | T_2190 | FIGURE 18.2 Pulmonary and systemic circulation | image | textbook_images/overview_of_the_cardiovascular_system_21433.png |
L_0390 | overview of the cardiovascular system | DD_0145 | This diagram shows the cross-section of the human heart. The human heart is divided into the left and right halves. The heart has an upper chamber called the atrium and a lower chamber called the ventricle in each half. The red arrows show oxygenated blood coming from the lungs into the left atrium which then flows into the left ventricle and leaves the heart through the aorta. The blue arrows show deoxygenated blood coming to the heart from the through the anterior and posterior vena cava, flows through the right atrium, right ventricle and enters into the lungs. | image | teaching_images/human_system_circulatory_3648.png |
L_0390 | overview of the cardiovascular system | DD_0146 | The diagram shows the different components that make up the heart. The heart is the key organ in the circulatory system. As a hollow, muscular pump, its main function is to propel blood throughout the body. The septum is the wall of muscle divides it down the middle, into a left half and a right half. There are 4 chambers in the heart: top chamber is called atrium; bottom chambers are called ventricles. Blood can flow from the atrium to ventricle because of openings called valves. Valves open in one direction like trapdoors to let the blood pass through, then they close, so the blood cannot flow backwards into the atria. There are also valves at the bottom of the large arteries that carry blood away from the heart: the aorta and the pulmonary artery. These valves keep the blood from flowing backward into the heart once it has been pumped out. Blood vessels of the body carry blood in a circle: moving away from the heart in arteries, traveling to various parts of the body in capillaries, and going back to the heart in veins. All of the blood from the body is eventually collected into the two largest veins: the superior vena cava, which receives blood from the upper body, and the inferior vena cava, which receives blood from the lower body region. | image | teaching_images/human_system_circulatory_6068.png |
L_0390 | overview of the cardiovascular system | DD_0147 | The diagram shows the circulatory system. It is the system that circulates blood and lymph through the body consisting of the heart, blood vessels, blood, lymph, and the lymphatic vessels and glands. Arterial circulation is the part of your circulatory system that involves arteries, like the aorta and pulmonary arteries. Arteries are blood vessels that carry blood away from your heart. (The exception is the coronary arteries, which supply your heart muscle with oxygen-rich blood.) Venous circulation is the part of your circulatory system that involves veins, like the vena cavae and pulmonary veins. Veins are blood vessels that carry blood to your heart. Veins have thinner walls than arteries. | image | teaching_images/human_system_circulatory_1379.png |
L_0391 | heart and blood vessels | T_2194 | FIGURE 18.3 Parts of the heart | image | textbook_images/heart_and_blood_vessels_21434.png |
L_0391 | heart and blood vessels | T_2195 | FIGURE 18.4 Blood flows through the heart along two different paths, shown here by blue and red arrows. Notice where valves open and close to keep the blood moving in just one direction along each path. | image | textbook_images/heart_and_blood_vessels_21435.png |
L_0391 | heart and blood vessels | T_2198 | FIGURE 18.5 Arteries, veins and capillaries | image | textbook_images/heart_and_blood_vessels_21436.png |
L_0391 | heart and blood vessels | T_2201 | FIGURE 18.6 Plaque buildup in an artery reduces blood flow through the vessel. | image | textbook_images/heart_and_blood_vessels_21437.png |
L_0392 | blood | T_2203 | FIGURE 18.7 Blood donation | image | textbook_images/blood_21438.png |
L_0392 | blood | T_2205 | FIGURE 18.8 Blood cells include disk-shaped red blood cells (left), spherical white blood cells (right), and small cell fragments called platelets (center). | image | textbook_images/blood_21439.png |
L_0392 | blood | T_2206 | FIGURE 18.9 Normal and agglutinated blood: normal blood smear (left) and agglutinated blood smear (right). MEDIA Click image to the left or use the URL below. URL: https://www.ck12.org/flx/render/embeddedobject/137144 | image | textbook_images/blood_21440.png |
L_0392 | blood | T_2213 | FIGURE 18.10 Comparison of sickle-shaped and normal red blood cells | image | textbook_images/blood_21441.png |
L_0393 | the respiratory system | T_2215 | FIGURE 19.1 Structures of the respiratory system | image | textbook_images/the_respiratory_system_21442.png |
L_0393 | the respiratory system | T_2217 | FIGURE 19.2 How the diaphragm controls breathing | image | textbook_images/the_respiratory_system_21443.png |
L_0393 | the respiratory system | T_2218 | FIGURE 19.3 How gases are exchanged in alveoli | image | textbook_images/the_respiratory_system_21444.png |
L_0393 | the respiratory system | T_2222 | FIGURE 19.4 Changes in the lungs due to asthma (top), pneumonia (bottom left), and emphysema (right) | image | textbook_images/the_respiratory_system_21445.png |
L_0393 | the respiratory system | DD_0148 | The diagram shows the structures of the respiratory system. They include the nose, trachea, lungs, and diaphragm. The diaphragm is a large, sheet-like muscle below the lungs. When you inhale, air enters the respiratory system through your nose and ends up in your lungs, where gas exchange with the blood takes place. In the nose, mucus and hairs trap any dust or other particles in the air. The air is also warmed and moistened so it wont harm delicate tissues of the lungs. Next, air passes through the pharynx, a passageway that is shared with the digestive system. From the pharynx, the air passes next through the larynx, or voice box. After the larynx, air moves into the trachea, or wind pipe. This is a long tube that leads down to the lungs in the chest. In the chest, the trachea divides as it enters the lungs to form the right and left bronchi (bronchus, singular). These passages are covered with mucus and tiny hairs called cilia. The mucus traps any remaining particles in the air. The cilia move and sweep the particles and mucus toward the throat so they can be expelled from the body. Air passes from the bronchi into smaller passages called bronchioles. The bronchioles end in clusters of tiny air sacs called alveoli (alveolus, singular). The alveoli in the lungs are where gas exchange between the air and blood takes place. Shown also is the rib (or ribs) the protect the lungs and other vital organs within the chest. | image | teaching_images/human_system_respiratory_6195.png |
L_0393 | the respiratory system | DD_0149 | The diagram shows the structures of the human respiratory system which is a series of organs responsible for taking in oxygen and expelling carbon dioxide. There are 3 major parts of the respiratory system: the airway, the lungs, and the muscles of respiration. The airway includes the nose, mouth, pharynx, larynx, trachea, bronchi, and bronchioles. In this diagram, we focus on the functions of the nose, mouth, trachea, lungs, and diaphragm. The nose is the primary opening for the respiratory system, made of bone, muscle, and cartilage. The nasal cavity is a cavity within your nose filled with mucus membranes and hairs. Also called the oral cavity, the mouth is the secondary exterior opening for the respiratory system. Most commonly, the majority of respiration is achieved via the nose and nasal cavity, but the mouth can be used if needed. Also known as the wind pipe, the trachea is a tube made of cartilage rings that are lined with pseudo-stratified ciliated columnar epithelium. The lungs work together with the other parts of the respiratory system to allow oxygen in the air to be taken into the body while also enabling the body to get rid of carbon dioxide in the air breathed out. The diaphragm is an important muscle of respiration which is situated beneath the lungs. It contracts to expand the space inside the thoracic cavity, whilst moving a few inches inferiorly into the abdominal cavity. | image | teaching_images/human_system_respiratory_3749.png |
L_0393 | the respiratory system | DD_0150 | This image shows the parts of the human respiratory system. Respiration involves taking in air filled with oxygen into the human body or lungs and releasing carbondioxide from the body. Respiration involves breathing through the nose/nasal cavity. The air then travels down into the lungs through the pharynx, followed by the larynx and finally through the trachea. The lungs are located in the chest cavity or thoracic cavity along with the heart. The chest cavity are covered by ribs on the outside. The pleura lines the thoracic cavity and envelopes the lungs.The trachea is subdivded into two bronchi before it enters the lungs. The bronchi are further divided into tiny bronchioles inside the lungs. The bronchioles have a tree like structure. The lungs are separated from the abdominal cavity by the diaphragm. The diaphragm contracts while breathing in and relaxes when breathing outs.The process of resipration is controlled by the respiratory centers located in the brain. | image | teaching_images/human_system_respiratory_1327.png |
L_0393 | the respiratory system | DD_0151 | The diagram shows the parts of the respiratory system. The human respiratory system is a series of organs responsible for taking in oxygen and expelling carbon dioxide. As we breathe, oxygen enters the nose or mouth and passes the sinuses, which are hollow spaces in the skull. Sinuses help regulate the temperature and humidity of the air we breathe. The trachea, also called the windpipe, filters the air that is inhaled, according to the American Lung Association. It branches into the bronchi, which are two tubes that carry air into each lung. The bronchial tubes are lined with tiny hairs called cilia. Cilia move back and forth, carrying mucus up and out. Mucus, a sticky fluid, collects dust, germs and other matter that has invaded the lungs. We expel mucus when we sneeze, cough, spit or swallow. | image | teaching_images/human_system_respiratory_3601.png |
L_0394 | the excretory system | T_2224 | FIGURE 19.5 Water lost in sweat must be balanced in some way for the body to maintain home- ostasis. | image | textbook_images/the_excretory_system_21446.png |
L_0394 | the excretory system | T_2226 | FIGURE 19.6 The kidneys are the main organs of the urinary system. | image | textbook_images/the_excretory_system_21447.png |
L_0394 | the excretory system | T_2226 | FIGURE 19.7 Structures in the kidney | image | textbook_images/the_excretory_system_21448.png |
L_0396 | chemistry of living things | T_2239 | FIGURE 2.6 Model of an atom | image | textbook_images/chemistry_of_living_things_21456.png |
L_0396 | chemistry of living things | T_2239 | FIGURE 2.7 Model of a water molecule | image | textbook_images/chemistry_of_living_things_21457.png |
L_0396 | chemistry of living things | T_2243 | FIGURE 2.8 Starchy foods | image | textbook_images/chemistry_of_living_things_21458.png |
L_0396 | chemistry of living things | T_2244 | FIGURE 2.9 Hemoglobin is an example of a transport protein in the blood. You can see how it works in the Figure 2.9. The heme parts of a hemoglobin molecule bind with oxygen. Each red blood cell has hundreds of hemoglobin molecules and each hemoglobin molecule can carry up to four oxygen molecules. This is how oxygen is carried in the blood to cells throughout the body. | image | textbook_images/chemistry_of_living_things_21459.png |
L_0396 | chemistry of living things | T_2245 | FIGURE 2.10 Saturated and unsaturated fatty acids In saturated fatty acids, carbon atoms are bonded to as many hydrogen atoms as possible. In other words, the carbon atoms are saturated with hydrogen. Saturated fatty acids are found in fats. In unsaturated fatty acids, some carbon atoms are not bonded to as many hydrogen atoms as possible. Instead, they share double bonds with other carbon atoms. Unsaturated fatty acids are found in oils. | image | textbook_images/chemistry_of_living_things_21460.png |
L_0396 | chemistry of living things | T_2246 | FIGURE 2.11 A nucleotide | image | textbook_images/chemistry_of_living_things_21461.png |
L_0396 | chemistry of living things | T_2246 | FIGURE 2.12 DNA molecule | image | textbook_images/chemistry_of_living_things_21462.png |
L_0396 | chemistry of living things | T_2247 | FIGURE 2.13 This student athlete is using energy to run a race. | image | textbook_images/chemistry_of_living_things_21463.png |
L_0396 | chemistry of living things | T_2250 | FIGURE 2.14 The products of photosynthesis are oxy- gen (O2 ) and glucose. These two sub- stances are also the reactants of cellular respiration. The products of cellular respi- ration are carbon dioxide (CO2 ) and water (H2 O). These two substances are also the reactants of photosynthesis. | image | textbook_images/chemistry_of_living_things_21464.png |
L_0398 | the nervous system | T_2259 | FIGURE 20.2 Parts of a neuron | image | textbook_images/the_nervous_system_21468.png |
L_0398 | the nervous system | T_2261 | FIGURE 20.3 This diagram shows a synapse between neurons. When a nerve impulse arrives at the end of the axon, neurotransmitters are released and travel to the dendrite of an- other neuron, carrying the nerve impulse from one neuron to the next. | image | textbook_images/the_nervous_system_21469.png |
L_0398 | the nervous system | T_2263 | FIGURE 20.4 The brain and spinal cord make up the central nervous system. | image | textbook_images/the_nervous_system_21470.png |
L_0398 | the nervous system | T_2264 | FIGURE 20.5 Three major parts of the brain | image | textbook_images/the_nervous_system_21471.png |
L_0398 | the nervous system | T_2265 | FIGURE 20.6 The four lobes of the left hemisphere are color coded in this illustration. | image | textbook_images/the_nervous_system_21472.png |
L_0398 | the nervous system | T_2268 | FIGURE 20.7 The central nervous system interprets messages from sense organs and inter- nal organs and the motor division sends messages to internal organs, glands, and muscles. | image | textbook_images/the_nervous_system_21473.png |
L_0398 | the nervous system | T_2271 | FIGURE 20.8 Children as young as 2 years of age can be vaccinated against viral meningitis. | image | textbook_images/the_nervous_system_21474.png |
L_0398 | the nervous system | T_2275 | FIGURE 20.9 Wearing the right type of helmet can re- duce the risk of a brain injury when riding a bike. | image | textbook_images/the_nervous_system_21475.png |
L_0398 | the nervous system | DD_0152 | This diagram depicts the parts of a neuron. A neuron is a basic building block of the nervous system that is responsible for receiving and transmitting information. Dendrites are treelike extensions at the beginning of a neuron that help increase the surface area of the cell body. The cell body is where the signals from the dendrites are joined and passed on. The nucleus is present within the cell body. It produces RNA that supports important cell functions. The axon is the elongated fiber that connects the cell body to the axon endings and transmits the neural signal. The axon is often covered with a fatty substance called the myelin sheath that acts as an insulator. | image | teaching_images/parts_neuron_7232.png |
L_0398 | the nervous system | DD_0153 | The diagram below shows the human nervous system. The nervous system conducts stimuli from sensory receptors to the brain and spinal cord and that conducts impulses back to other parts of the body. As with other higher vertebrates, the human nervous system has two main parts: the central nervous system (the brain and spinal cord) and the peripheral nervous system (the nerves that carry impulses to and from the central nervous system). The nervous system consists of the brain, spinal cord, sensory organs, and all of the nerves that connect these organs with the rest of the body. Together, these organs are responsible for the control of the body and communication among its parts. The brain and spinal cord form the control center known as the central nervous system. | image | teaching_images/human_system_nervous_6184.png |
L_0398 | the nervous system | DD_0154 | This diagram shows the structure of a cell. It has the cell body, dived into the dendrite, nucleus, and also the axon. Other parts of the cell are the myelin sheath, node of Ranvier and lastly the synaptic know | image | teaching_images/parts_neuron_7206.png |
L_0398 | the nervous system | DD_0155 | This is a diagram of the anatomy of a brain. The brain is made up of several parts, as you can see in the picture. The brain has four lobes. The frontal lobe is used for the basic purpose of reasoning. The parietal lobe is used for the sense, touch. The temporal lobe is used for hearing. The occipital lobe is used for sight. The cerebellum is the next largest part of the brain. It controls body position, coordination, and balance. | image | teaching_images/human_system_nervous_6178.png |
L_0398 | the nervous system | DD_0156 | The diagram shows the anatomy of a multipolar neutron. A multipolar neuron (or multipolar neurone) is a type of neuron that possesses a single (usually long) axon and many dendrites, allowing for the integration of a great deal of information from other neurons. These dendritic branches can also emerge from the nerve cell body. Multipolar neurons constitute the majority of neurons in the brain and include motor neurons and interneurons. It is found majorly in the cerebral cortex. The nerve endings of an axon don't actually touch the dendrites of other neurons. The messages must cross a tiny gap between the two neurons, called the synapse. There are two types of synaptic cells: presynaptic and postsynaptic. The presynaptic cell is the neuron sending the signal. The postsynaptic cell is the structure receiving the signal. | image | teaching_images/parts_neuron_7230.png |
L_0398 | the nervous system | DD_0157 | The diagram shows the various parts of the human brain. The three main parts of the brain are the cerebrum, cerebellum and medula.The cerebrum is divided down the middle from the front to the back of the head. The two halves of the cerebrum are called the right and left hemispheres. Each hemisphere is further subdivided into lobes which are shown in this diagram. The lobes shown are frontal lobe, parietal lobe, temporal lobe and occipital lobe. The cerebrum is the largest part of the brain, the next largest part is the cerebellum.The spinal cord is a long, tube-shaped bundle of neurons. Cererbum ontrols conscious functions, such as thinking, sensing, speaking, and voluntary muscle movements. Cerebellum contols body position, coordination, and balance. The main function of the spinal cord is to carry nerve impulses back and forth between the body and brain. | image | teaching_images/human_system_nervous_2864.png |
L_0399 | the senses | T_2279 | FIGURE 20.10 You have to keep your eyes on the ball to hit a volleyball. | image | textbook_images/the_senses_21476.png |
L_0399 | the senses | T_2280 | FIGURE 20.11 3-D glasses make movies look three-dimensional. | image | textbook_images/the_senses_21477.png |
L_0399 | the senses | T_2281 | FIGURE 20.12 Parts of the eye | image | textbook_images/the_senses_21478.png |
L_0399 | the senses | T_2282 | FIGURE 20.13 How eye shape affects vision | image | textbook_images/the_senses_21479.png |
L_0399 | the senses | T_2283 | FIGURE 20.14 This outdoor fruit market stimulates all the senses sight, sound, smell, taste, and touch. | image | textbook_images/the_senses_21480.png |
L_0399 | the senses | T_2284 | FIGURE 20.15 How the ears sense sounds | image | textbook_images/the_senses_21481.png |
L_0399 | the senses | T_2286 | FIGURE 20.16 The tiny red bumps on this tongue are taste buds. | image | textbook_images/the_senses_21482.png |
L_0399 | the senses | DD_0158 | Below is a diagram of the ear. The ear is made up of several parts, as shown in the diagram. Sound waves travel through the ear. Sound waves enter the auditory canal. Then they travel to the ear drum where it sends the vibrations from the sound waves to the inner ear. The sound waves then liquify and go into the cochlea. They then travel through the ear nerves, and is sent to the brain. | image | teaching_images/human_system_ear_2866.png |
L_0399 | the senses | DD_0159 | This diagram shows the anatomy of the human ear. The human ear is divided into the outer ear which contains the auricle and the earlobe. The outer ear is followed by the middle ear that contains eardrum and tympanic cavity and the ossicles. Lastly, the inner ear followd the middle ear and it contains the semicircular canals, vestibule, cochlea portions. The auditory cacncal connects the outer ear to the middle ear. The eardrum and the tympanic cavity are are at the end of the auditory canal.The vestibular nerve, semicircular ducts and cochlea are after the tympanic cavity. Ossicles are tiny bones in the middle ear that transmit sound from the eardrum to the cochlea. Sound waves travel through the outer ear, are modulated by the middle ear, and are transmitted to the inner ear. | image | teaching_images/human_system_ear_6103.png |
L_0400 | the endocrine system | T_2288 | FIGURE 20.17 Endocrine system glands | image | textbook_images/the_endocrine_system_21483.png |
L_0400 | the endocrine system | T_2294 | FIGURE 20.18 The thyroid gland is controlled by a negative feedback loop that includes the hypothalamus and pituitary gland. | image | textbook_images/the_endocrine_system_21484.png |
L_0401 | infectious diseases | T_2297 | FIGURE 21.1 Types of pathogens that cause human diseases | image | textbook_images/infectious_diseases_21485.png |
L_0401 | infectious diseases | T_2298 | FIGURE 21.2 Sneezing sends thousands of tiny droplets into the air unless the mouth and nose are covered. Each droplet may carry thousands of bacteria or viruses. | image | textbook_images/infectious_diseases_21486.png |
L_0401 | infectious diseases | T_2299 | FIGURE 21.3 The proper way to wash your hands | image | textbook_images/infectious_diseases_21487.png |
L_0402 | noninfectious diseases | T_2300 | FIGURE 21.4 In panel A, an abnormal cell (2) is prevented from dividing, and the abnormal cell dies (1). In panel B, an abnormal cell is not prevented from dividing. Instead, it divides uncontrollably, leading to the formation of a tumor. | image | textbook_images/noninfectious_diseases_21488.png |
L_0402 | noninfectious diseases | T_2301 | FIGURE 21.5 Chemicals in cigarettes | image | textbook_images/noninfectious_diseases_21489.png |
L_0402 | noninfectious diseases | T_2304 | FIGURE 21.6 This young woman is applying sunscreen to reduce her exposure to cancer-causing UV radiation. | image | textbook_images/noninfectious_diseases_21490.png |
L_0402 | noninfectious diseases | T_2308 | FIGURE 21.7 An insulin pump monitors blood glucose levels and injects the needed amount of insulin to keep glucose levels within the normal range. | image | textbook_images/noninfectious_diseases_21491.png |
L_0402 | noninfectious diseases | T_2310 | FIGURE 21.8 Pollen from ragweed blossoms like these cause allergic reactions in many people. | image | textbook_images/noninfectious_diseases_21492.png |
L_0405 | male reproductive system | T_2328 | FIGURE 22.1 Male reproductive system as viewed from the side The epididymis is a tube that is about 6 meters (20 feet) long in adults. It is tightly coiled, so it fits inside the scrotum on top of the testes. The epididymis is where sperm mature. It stores the sperm until they leave the body. The vas deferens is a tube that carries sperm from the epididymis to the urethra. The prostate gland secretes a fluid that mixes with sperm to help form semen. Semen is a whitish liquid that contains sperm. It passes through the urethra and out of the body. | image | textbook_images/male_reproductive_system_21502.png |
L_0405 | male reproductive system | T_2330 | FIGURE 22.2 Structure of sperm | image | textbook_images/male_reproductive_system_21503.png |
L_0405 | male reproductive system | DD_0164 | This image shows the posterior view of female reproductive system. The female reproductive system (or female genital system) is made up of the internal and external sex organs that function in human reproduction. The female reproductive system is immature at birth and develops to maturity at puberty to be able to produce gametes, and to carry a fetus to full term. The internal sex organs are the uterus and Fallopian tubes, and the ovaries. The uterus or womb accommodates the embryo which develops into the fetus. The uterus also produces vaginal and uterine secretions which help the transit of sperm to the Fallopian tubes. The ovaries produce the ova (egg cells). The external sex organs are also known as the genitals and these are the organs of the vulva including the labia, clitoris and vaginal opening. The vagina is connected to the uterus at the cervix. | image | teaching_images/human_system_reproductory_7014.png |
L_0405 | male reproductive system | DD_0165 | The diagram shows the parts and organs of the male reproductive system. The male reproductive organs include the penis, testes, epididymis, Ductus (vas) deferens, and prostate gland. The penis is an external, cylinder-shaped organ that contains the urethra. The urethra is the tube that carries urine out of the body. It also carries sperm out of the body. The testis (testis, singular) are oval organs that produce sperm and secrete testosterone. They are located inside a sac called the scrotum that hangs down outside the body. The scrotum also contains the epididymis. The epididymis is a tube that is about 6 meters (20 feet) long in adults. It is tightly coiled, so it fits inside the scrotum on top of the testes. The epididymis is where sperm mature. It stores the sperm until they leave the body. The vas deferens is a tube that carries sperm from the epididymis to the urethra. The prostate gland secretes a fluid that mixes with sperm to help form semen. Semen is a whitish liquid that contains sperm. It passes through the urethra and out of the body. Also shown are some parts of the digestive system like the rectum and anus. | image | teaching_images/human_system_reproductory_7036.png |
L_0405 | male reproductive system | DD_0166 | The diagram below shows the female reproductive system. The female reproductive system is made up of the internal and external sex organs that function in human reproduction. The internal sex organs are the uterus and Fallopian tubes, and the ovaries. The uterus or womb accommodates the embryo which develops into the fetus. The uterus also produces vaginal and uterine secretions which help the transit of sperm to the Fallopian tubes. The ovaries produce the ova (egg cells). The external sex organs are also known as the genitals and these are the organs of the vulva including the labia, clitoris and vaginal opening. The vagina is connected to the uterus at the cervix. The uterus or womb is the major female reproductive organ. | image | teaching_images/human_system_reproductory_7039.png |
L_0406 | female reproductive system | T_2333 | FIGURE 22.3 Female reproductive system as viewed from the side fallopian tube. During birth, a baby passes from the uterus through the vagina to leave the body. | image | textbook_images/female_reproductive_system_21504.png |
L_0406 | female reproductive system | T_2337 | FIGURE 22.4 How an egg and its follicle develop in an ovary: (1) undeveloped eggs; (2) and (3) egg and follicle developing; (4) ovulation; (5) and (6) follicle (now called corpus lu- teum) breaking down | image | textbook_images/female_reproductive_system_21505.png |
L_0407 | reproduction and life stages | T_2339 | FIGURE 22.5 Blastocyst stage | image | textbook_images/reproduction_and_life_stages_21506.png |
L_0407 | reproduction and life stages | T_2341 | FIGURE 22.6 Embryonic Development (Weeks 48). Most organs develop in the embryo during weeks 4 through 8. If the embryo is exposed to toxins during this period, the effects are likely to be very damaging. Can you explain why? (Note: the draw- ings of the embryos are not to scale.) | image | textbook_images/reproduction_and_life_stages_21507.png |
L_0407 | reproduction and life stages | T_2343 | FIGURE 22.7 Developments in the fetus | image | textbook_images/reproduction_and_life_stages_21508.png |
L_0407 | reproduction and life stages | T_2345 | FIGURE 22.8 Placenta and umbilical cord | image | textbook_images/reproduction_and_life_stages_21509.png |
L_0407 | reproduction and life stages | T_2347 | FIGURE 22.9 A pregnant woman needs to pay special attention to her diet and eat a variety of healthy foods. | image | textbook_images/reproduction_and_life_stages_21510.png |
L_0407 | reproduction and life stages | T_2348 | FIGURE 22.10 Smiling is an early milestone in infant development. | image | textbook_images/reproduction_and_life_stages_21511.png |
L_0407 | reproduction and life stages | T_2350 | FIGURE 22.11 Learning how to write is a major accom- plishment of childhood. | image | textbook_images/reproduction_and_life_stages_21512.png |
L_0407 | reproduction and life stages | T_2351 | FIGURE 22.12 A teenage boy develops a bump in his throat called an Adams apple because of an increase in the size of the larynx, or voice box. | image | textbook_images/reproduction_and_life_stages_21513.png |
L_0407 | reproduction and life stages | T_2351 | FIGURE 22.13 Teen friends enjoying card games and each others company | image | textbook_images/reproduction_and_life_stages_21514.png |
L_0407 | reproduction and life stages | T_2355 | FIGURE 22.14 This elderly man not only plays the guitar. He built the guitar that hes playing in the photo. to be one of them? If so, adopt a healthy lifestyle now and follow it for life. Doing so will increase your chances of staying fit and active in old age. | image | textbook_images/reproduction_and_life_stages_21515.png |
L_0407 | reproduction and life stages | DD_0167 | This diagram shows a blastocyst, which is a small, fluid-filled ball of cells that travels through the fallopian tube until it implants on the wall of the uterus and continues to develop as an embryo. The blastocyst is composed of an outer, circular layer and an internal mass. The outside is known as the trophoblast and looks like a single layer of cells. It will eventually develop into structures that support the developing fetus. The internal mass is called the inner cell mass, also known as the embryoblast. It will eventually develop into a fetus. | image | teaching_images/blastocyst_9028.png |
L_0407 | reproduction and life stages | DD_0168 | This diagram shows the six stages of development of a human embryo, in two rows that are arranged left to right. The first stage, at the top left, is a fertilized egg, which is a single cell. After fertilization, the egg undergoes mitosis, which replicates the cells so that the embryo can grow. The 2-, 4-, 8-, and 16-cell stages each show a progressively larger number of cells, seemingly arranged at random. The final stage is the blastocyst, where the cells appear to form a ball. After this, the embryo will implant on the wall of the uterus and be known as a fetus. | image | teaching_images/blastocyst_9024.png |
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