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L_0148 | eclipses | DD_0079 | This image shows the types of solar eclipses. When a new moon passes directly between the Earth and the Sun, it causes a solar eclipse. When the sun, moon and Earth are lined up, the Moon casts a shadow on the Earth and blocks our view of the Sun. When the Moons shadow completely blocks the Sun, it is a total solar eclipse. If only part of the Sun is out of view, it is a partial solar eclipse. An anular eclipse occurs when the edge of the sun remains visible as a bright ring around the moon. | image | teaching_images/earth_eclipses_4570.png |
L_0148 | eclipses | DD_0080 | The diagram shows the lunar eclipse. The lunar eclipse occurs when the moon passes behind the earth into its umbra region. During the total lunar eclipse, moon travels completely inside the earth's umbra. But in partial lunar eclipse, only a portion of the moon passes through earth's umbra region. When moon passes through earth's penumbra region, it is penumbral eclipse. Since earth's shadow is large lunar eclipse lasts for hours and anyone with the view of moon can see the eclipse. Partial lunar eclipse occurs at least twice a year but total lunar eclipse is rear. The moon glows with dull red coloring during total lunar eclipse. | image | teaching_images/earth_eclipses_1671.png |
L_0148 | eclipses | DD_0081 | This diagram shows solar eclipse. Moon rotates around the earth on an orbit that is shown in the picture. During solar eclipse, the moon lies between sun and earth so there will be a shadow on earth. Certain regions of earth will be dark due to the shadow of the moon since sun rays do not reach those regions. Moon is smaller than earth so the shadow covers a small region of the earth. The areas marked by Penumbera experience a partial eclipse, while Umbra areas experience full eclipse. | image | teaching_images/earth_eclipses_1654.png |
L_0150 | effect of latitude on climate | T_1128 | FIGURE 1.1 | image | textbook_images/effect_of_latitude_on_climate_20733.png |
L_0151 | effects of air pollution on human health | T_1131 | FIGURE 1.1 A lung tumor is highlighted in this illustra- tion. | image | textbook_images/effects_of_air_pollution_on_human_health_20734.png |
L_0154 | electromagnetic energy in the atmosphere | T_1139 | FIGURE 1.1 The electromagnetic spectrum; short wavelengths are the fastest with the high- est energy. | image | textbook_images/electromagnetic_energy_in_the_atmosphere_20740.png |
L_0154 | electromagnetic energy in the atmosphere | T_1139 | FIGURE 1.2 A prism breaks apart white light. | image | textbook_images/electromagnetic_energy_in_the_atmosphere_20741.png |
L_0155 | energy conservation | T_1141 | FIGURE 1.1 | image | textbook_images/energy_conservation_20742.png |
L_0155 | energy conservation | T_1142 | FIGURE 1.2 A: One way is to look for this ENERGY STAR logo (Figure 1.3). | image | textbook_images/energy_conservation_20743.png |
L_0155 | energy conservation | T_1142 | FIGURE 1.3 | image | textbook_images/energy_conservation_20744.png |
L_0156 | energy from biomass | T_1143 | FIGURE 1.1 | image | textbook_images/energy_from_biomass_20745.png |
L_0157 | energy use | T_1147 | FIGURE 1.1 | image | textbook_images/energy_use_20746.png |
L_0157 | energy use | T_1147 | FIGURE 1.2 | image | textbook_images/energy_use_20747.png |
L_0158 | environmental impacts of mining | T_1148 | FIGURE 1.1 | image | textbook_images/environmental_impacts_of_mining_20748.png |
L_0161 | exoplanets | T_1158 | FIGURE 1.1 The extrasolar planet Fomalhaut is sur- rounded by a large disk of gas. The disk is not centered on the planet, suggesting that another planet may be pulling on the gas as well. | image | textbook_images/exoplanets_20755.png |
L_0162 | expansion of the universe | T_1160 | FIGURE 1.1 | image | textbook_images/expansion_of_the_universe_20756.png |
L_0162 | expansion of the universe | T_1161 | FIGURE 1.2 | image | textbook_images/expansion_of_the_universe_20757.png |
L_0165 | faults | T_1170 | FIGURE 1.1 Joints in rocks at Joshua Tree National Park, in California. | image | textbook_images/faults_20764.png |
L_0165 | faults | T_1171 | FIGURE 1.2 Faults are easy to recognize as they cut across bedded rocks. | image | textbook_images/faults_20765.png |
L_0165 | faults | T_1172 | FIGURE 1.3 | image | textbook_images/faults_20766.png |
L_0165 | faults | T_1172 | FIGURE 1.4 | image | textbook_images/faults_20767.png |
L_0165 | faults | T_1173 | FIGURE 1.5 | image | textbook_images/faults_20768.png |
L_0167 | flooding | T_1179 | FIGURE 1.1 | image | textbook_images/flooding_20774.png |
L_0167 | flooding | T_1179 | FIGURE 1.2 | image | textbook_images/flooding_20775.png |
L_0167 | flooding | T_1180 | FIGURE 1.3 | image | textbook_images/flooding_20776.png |
L_0167 | flooding | T_1183 | FIGURE 1.4 | image | textbook_images/flooding_20777.png |
L_0169 | folds | T_1187 | FIGURE 1.1 | image | textbook_images/folds_20779.png |
L_0169 | folds | T_1189 | FIGURE 1.2 | image | textbook_images/folds_20780.png |
L_0169 | folds | T_1189 | FIGURE 1.3 | image | textbook_images/folds_20781.png |
L_0169 | folds | T_1189 | FIGURE 1.4 Basins can be enormous. This is a ge- ologic map of the Michigan Basin, which is centered in the state of Michigan but extends into four other states and a Cana- dian province. | image | textbook_images/folds_20782.png |
L_0169 | folds | T_1189 | FIGURE 1.5 | image | textbook_images/folds_20783.png |
L_0170 | formation of earth | T_1193 | FIGURE 1.1 Earths interior: Inner core, outer core, mantle, and crust. | image | textbook_images/formation_of_earth_20784.png |
L_0170 | formation of earth | T_1195 | FIGURE 1.2 The Allende Meteorite is a carbona- ceous chondrite that struck Earth in 1969. The calcium-aluminum-rich inclusions are fragments of the earliest solar system. | image | textbook_images/formation_of_earth_20785.png |
L_0171 | formation of the moon | T_1198 | FIGURE 1.1 | image | textbook_images/formation_of_the_moon_20786.png |
L_0172 | formation of the sun and planets | T_1201 | FIGURE 1.1 | image | textbook_images/formation_of_the_sun_and_planets_20787.png |
L_0173 | fossil fuel formation | T_1202 | FIGURE 1.1 This wetland may look something like an ancient coal-forming swamp. | image | textbook_images/fossil_fuel_formation_20788.png |
L_0173 | fossil fuel formation | T_1202 | FIGURE 1.2 | image | textbook_images/fossil_fuel_formation_20789.png |
L_0174 | fossil fuel reserves | T_1204 | FIGURE 1.1 Worldwide oil reserves. | image | textbook_images/fossil_fuel_reserves_20790.png |
L_0174 | fossil fuel reserves | T_1204 | FIGURE 1.2 | image | textbook_images/fossil_fuel_reserves_20791.png |
L_0175 | fresh water ecosystems | T_1206 | FIGURE 1.1 | image | textbook_images/fresh_water_ecosystems_20792.png |
L_0175 | fresh water ecosystems | T_1208 | FIGURE 1.2 | image | textbook_images/fresh_water_ecosystems_20793.png |
L_0175 | fresh water ecosystems | T_1210 | FIGURE 1.3 A swamp is characterized by trees in still water. | image | textbook_images/fresh_water_ecosystems_20794.png |
L_0176 | galaxies | T_1212 | FIGURE 1.1 | image | textbook_images/galaxies_20795.png |
L_0176 | galaxies | T_1212 | FIGURE 1.2 | image | textbook_images/galaxies_20796.png |
L_0176 | galaxies | T_1213 | FIGURE 1.3 The large, reddish-yellow object in the middle of this figure is a typical elliptical galaxy. What other types of galaxies can you find in the figure? | image | textbook_images/galaxies_20797.png |
L_0176 | galaxies | T_1213 | FIGURE 1.4 Astronomers believe that these dusty el- liptical galaxies form when two galaxies of similar size collide. | image | textbook_images/galaxies_20798.png |
L_0176 | galaxies | T_1214 | FIGURE 1.5 | image | textbook_images/galaxies_20799.png |
L_0177 | geologic time scale | T_1216 | FIGURE 1.1 The geologic time scale is based on rela- tive ages. No actual ages were placed on the original time scale. Click image to the left or use the URL below. URL: https://www.ck12.org/flx/render/embeddedobject/186648 | image | textbook_images/geologic_time_scale_20800.png |
L_0178 | geological stresses | T_1218 | FIGURE 1.1 | image | textbook_images/geological_stresses_20801.png |
L_0178 | geological stresses | T_1218 | FIGURE 1.2 | image | textbook_images/geological_stresses_20802.png |
L_0178 | geological stresses | T_1219 | FIGURE 1.3 With increasing stress, the rock under- goes: (1) elastic deformation, (2) plastic deformation, and (3) fracture. | image | textbook_images/geological_stresses_20803.png |
L_0179 | geothermal power | T_1220 | FIGURE 1.1 A geothermal energy plant in Iceland. Ice- land gets about one fourth of its electricity from geothermal sources. | image | textbook_images/geothermal_power_20804.png |
L_0180 | glaciers | T_1222 | FIGURE 1.1 | image | textbook_images/glaciers_20805.png |
L_0180 | glaciers | T_1225 | FIGURE 1.2 | image | textbook_images/glaciers_20806.png |
L_0180 | glaciers | T_1227 | FIGURE 1.3 | image | textbook_images/glaciers_20807.png |
L_0181 | global warming | T_1230 | FIGURE 1.1 Recent temperature increases show how much temperature has risen since the Industrial Revolution began. | image | textbook_images/global_warming_20808.png |
L_0181 | global warming | T_1232 | FIGURE 1.2 | image | textbook_images/global_warming_20809.png |
L_0181 | global warming | T_1232 | FIGURE 1.3 | image | textbook_images/global_warming_20810.png |
L_0181 | global warming | T_1232 | FIGURE 1.4 | image | textbook_images/global_warming_20811.png |
L_0183 | gravity in the solar system | T_1238 | FIGURE 1.1 | image | textbook_images/gravity_in_the_solar_system_20814.png |
L_0184 | greenhouse effect | T_1240 | FIGURE 1.1 The Earths heat budget shows the amount of energy coming into and going out of the Earths system and the im- portance of the greenhouse effect. The numbers are the amount of energy that is found in one square meter of that location. | image | textbook_images/greenhouse_effect_20815.png |
L_0184 | greenhouse effect | DD_0082 | This diagram illustrates the basic processes behind the greenhouse effect. The greenhouse effect is a natural process that warms the Earth, and, in fact, is quite necessary for our survival. In the shown diagram, arrows display how the greenhouse effect works. Electromagnetic radiation from the Sun passes through the Earthó»s atmosphere. The Earth absorbs these short wavelengths and warms up. Heat is then radiated from the Earth as longer wavelength infrared radiation. Some of this infrared radiation is absorbed by greenhouse gases in the atmosphere. Absorption of heat causes the atmosphere to warm and emit its own infrared radiation. The Earthó»s surface and lower atmosphere warm until they reach a temperature where the infrared radiation emitted back into space, plus the directly reflected solar radiation, balance the absorbed energy coming in from the Sun. The equilibrium of incoming and outgoing radiation is what keeps the Earth warm and habitable. | image | teaching_images/greenhouse_effect_6945.png |
L_0184 | greenhouse effect | DD_0083 | When sunlight heats Earth's surface, some of the heat radiates back into the atmosphere. Some of this heat is absorbed by gases in the atmosphere. This is the greenhouse effect, and it helps to keep Earth warm. The greenhouse effect also allows Earth to have temperatures that can support life. Gases that absorb heat in the atmosphere are called greenhouse gases. They include carbon dioxide and water vapor mainly and a small amount of methane and ozone as well. Human actions have increased the levels of greenhouse gases in the atmosphere. The diagram here illustrates exactly what is written above. Apart from Earth, in the Solar System, there also greenhouse effects on Mars, Venus, and Titan. Thus, if it were not for greenhouse gases trapping heat in the atmosphere, the Earth would be a very cold place. | image | teaching_images/greenhouse_effect_6940.png |
L_0185 | groundwater aquifers | T_1242 | FIGURE 1.1 | image | textbook_images/groundwater_aquifers_20816.png |
L_0185 | groundwater aquifers | T_1245 | FIGURE 1.2 | image | textbook_images/groundwater_aquifers_20817.png |
L_0185 | groundwater aquifers | T_1245 | FIGURE 1.3 | image | textbook_images/groundwater_aquifers_20818.png |
L_0185 | groundwater aquifers | T_1245 | FIGURE 1.4 | image | textbook_images/groundwater_aquifers_20819.png |
L_0186 | groundwater depletion | T_1247 | FIGURE 1.1 | image | textbook_images/groundwater_depletion_20820.png |
L_0187 | groundwater pollution | T_1251 | FIGURE 1.1 Tanks may break and leak whatever tox- ins they contain into the ground. | image | textbook_images/groundwater_pollution_20824.png |
L_0188 | growth of human populations | T_1254 | FIGURE 1.1 | image | textbook_images/growth_of_human_populations_20825.png |
L_0188 | growth of human populations | T_1254 | FIGURE 1.2 Click image to the left or use the URL below. URL: https://www.ck12.org/flx/render/embeddedobject/186839 | image | textbook_images/growth_of_human_populations_20826.png |
L_0191 | heat transfer in the atmosphere | T_1258 | FIGURE 1.1 Thermal convection where the heat source is at the bottom and there is a ceiling at the top. | image | textbook_images/heat_transfer_in_the_atmosphere_20827.png |
L_0192 | heat waves and droughts | T_1261 | FIGURE 1.1 | image | textbook_images/heat_waves_and_droughts_20828.png |
L_0196 | hot springs and geysers | T_1278 | FIGURE 1.1 Even in winter, the water in this hot spring in Yellowstone doesnt freeze. | image | textbook_images/hot_springs_and_geysers_20837.png |
L_0196 | hot springs and geysers | T_1279 | FIGURE 1.2 | image | textbook_images/hot_springs_and_geysers_20838.png |
L_0197 | how fossilization creates fossils | T_1280 | FIGURE 1.1 | image | textbook_images/how_fossilization_creates_fossils_20839.png |
L_0197 | how fossilization creates fossils | T_1282 | FIGURE 1.2 Hyenas eating an antelope. Will the ante- lope in this photo become a fossil? | image | textbook_images/how_fossilization_creates_fossils_20840.png |
L_0197 | how fossilization creates fossils | T_1282 | FIGURE 1.3 Fossil shell that has been attacked by a boring sponge. | image | textbook_images/how_fossilization_creates_fossils_20841.png |
L_0197 | how fossilization creates fossils | T_1283 | FIGURE 1.4 | image | textbook_images/how_fossilization_creates_fossils_20842.png |
L_0197 | how fossilization creates fossils | T_1285 | FIGURE 1.5 organisms can be buried by mudslides, volcanic ash, or covered by sand in a sandstorm (Figure 1.6). Skeletons can be covered by mud in lakes, swamps, or bogs. | image | textbook_images/how_fossilization_creates_fossils_20843.png |
L_0197 | how fossilization creates fossils | T_1285 | FIGURE 1.6 | image | textbook_images/how_fossilization_creates_fossils_20844.png |
L_0197 | how fossilization creates fossils | T_1286 | FIGURE 1.7 of past climates and geological conditions as well. | image | textbook_images/how_fossilization_creates_fossils_20845.png |
L_0197 | how fossilization creates fossils | T_1287 | FIGURE 1.8 | image | textbook_images/how_fossilization_creates_fossils_20846.png |
L_0198 | how ocean currents moderate climate | T_1288 | FIGURE 1.1 London, England in winter. | image | textbook_images/how_ocean_currents_moderate_climate_20847.png |
L_0198 | how ocean currents moderate climate | T_1288 | FIGURE 1.2 | image | textbook_images/how_ocean_currents_moderate_climate_20848.png |
L_0199 | human evolution | T_1291 | FIGURE 1.1 | image | textbook_images/human_evolution_20849.png |
L_0199 | human evolution | T_1291 | FIGURE 1.2 | image | textbook_images/human_evolution_20850.png |
L_0201 | igneous rocks | T_1301 | FIGURE 1.1 | image | textbook_images/igneous_rocks_20853.png |
L_0202 | impact of continued global warming | T_1303 | FIGURE 1.1 | image | textbook_images/impact_of_continued_global_warming_20854.png |
L_0202 | impact of continued global warming | T_1304 | FIGURE 1.2 Temperature changes over Antarctica. | image | textbook_images/impact_of_continued_global_warming_20855.png |
L_0202 | impact of continued global warming | T_1304 | FIGURE 1.3 Although scientists do not all agree, hurricanes are likely to become more severe and possibly more frequent. Tropical and subtropical insects will expand their ranges, resulting in the spread of tropical diseases such as malaria, encephalitis, yellow fever, and dengue fever. | image | textbook_images/impact_of_continued_global_warming_20856.png |
L_0203 | impacts of hazardous waste | T_1305 | FIGURE 1.1 | image | textbook_images/impacts_of_hazardous_waste_20857.png |
L_0203 | impacts of hazardous waste | T_1309 | FIGURE 1.2 | image | textbook_images/impacts_of_hazardous_waste_20858.png |
L_0204 | importance of the atmosphere | T_1311 | FIGURE 1.1 | image | textbook_images/importance_of_the_atmosphere_20859.png |
L_0204 | importance of the atmosphere | T_1314 | FIGURE 1.2 | image | textbook_images/importance_of_the_atmosphere_20860.png |
L_0205 | importance of the oceans | T_1320 | FIGURE 1.1 | image | textbook_images/importance_of_the_oceans_20861.png |
L_0206 | influences on weathering | T_1321 | FIGURE 1.1 | image | textbook_images/influences_on_weathering_20862.png |
L_0206 | influences on weathering | T_1323 | FIGURE 1.2 Wet, warm tropical areas have the most weathering. | image | textbook_images/influences_on_weathering_20863.png |
L_0207 | inner vs. outer planets | T_1324 | FIGURE 1.1 | image | textbook_images/inner_vs._outer_planets_20864.png |
L_0207 | inner vs. outer planets | T_1325 | FIGURE 1.2 | image | textbook_images/inner_vs._outer_planets_20865.png |
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