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L_0055 | the sun | T_0542 | FIGURE 24.17 The Suns atmosphere contains the pho- tosphere, the chromosphere, and the corona. This image was taken by NASAs Spacelab 2 instruments. | image | textbook_images/the_sun_20380.png |
L_0055 | the sun | T_0546 | FIGURE 24.18 The darker regions in this image are sunspots. | image | textbook_images/the_sun_20381.png |
L_0055 | the sun | T_0547 | FIGURE 24.19 This image is actually made up of two suc- cessive images and shows how a solar flare develops. | image | textbook_images/the_sun_20382.png |
L_0055 | the sun | DD_0033 | This diagram shows the internal structure of the sun. The atmosphere lies on top and has the following layers. The corona is the outermost layer. Then lies the chromosphere, a reddish gaseous layer immediately above the photosphere of the sun or another star which, together with the corona, constitutes its outer atmosphere. The photosphere is about 300 km thick. Most of the Sun's visible light that we see originates from this region. Then lies the convection zone and the radiation zone. Then is the core which is made up of a very hot and dense mass of atomic nuclei and electrons. | image | teaching_images/sun_layers_6305.png |
L_0055 | the sun | DD_0034 | The diagram represents the various parts of the sun. There are three main parts to the Sun's interior: the core, the radiative zone, and the convective zone. The core is at the center. It is the hottest region, where the nuclear fusion reactions that power the Sun occur. Moving outward, next comes the radiative (or radiation) zone. Its name is derived from the way energy is carried outward through this layer, carried by photons as thermal radiation. The third and final region of the solar interior is named the convective (or convection) zone. It is also named after the dominant mode of energy flow in this layer; heat moves upward via roiling convection, much like the bubbling motion in a pot of boiling oatmeal. The boundary between the Sun's interior and the solar atmosphere is called the photosphere. It is what we see as the visible "surface" of the Sun. The photosphere is not like the surface of a planet; even if you could tolerate the heat you couldn't stand on it. The sun has its own atmosphere. The lower region of the solar atmosphere is called the chromosphere. A thin transition region, where temperatures rise sharply, separates the chromosphere from the vast corona above. The uppermost portion of the Sun's atmosphere is called the corona, and is surprisingly much hotter than the Sun's surface (photosphere). | image | teaching_images/sun_layers_6304.png |
L_0056 | the sun and the earthmoon system | T_0549 | FIGURE 24.20 During a solar eclipse, the Moon casts a shadow on the Earth. The shadow is made up of two parts: the darker umbra and the lighter penumbra. | image | textbook_images/the_sun_and_the_earthmoon_system_20383.png |
L_0056 | the sun and the earthmoon system | T_0549 | FIGURE 24.21 A photo of a total solar eclipse. | image | textbook_images/the_sun_and_the_earthmoon_system_20384.png |
L_0056 | the sun and the earthmoon system | T_0550 | FIGURE 24.22 A lunar eclipse is shown in a series of pictures. | image | textbook_images/the_sun_and_the_earthmoon_system_20385.png |
L_0056 | the sun and the earthmoon system | DD_0035 | The diagram shows the phases of the moon as it moves in orbit around the earth. Although we can see the moon in the night sky, it does not actually produce its own light. Instead, it reflects the light of the sun onto the earth, much like a mirror would. When the moon is fully lit by the sun, we can see the entire face of the moon. This is called a full moon. However, as the moon moves around its orbit, we see less reflected light due to its changing position. The moon is waning when the reflected surface of the moon is becoming smaller. When we can see only half of the waning moon, we call this the last quarter. When the moon reaches the other side of the earth, it becomes completely dark because the earth blocks the sunÕs light. However, as the moon continues to move around the earth, the sunÕs light will gradually reach the moon again, and the moon reappears in the night sky. The moon is waxing when the reflected surface of the moon is becoming bigger. When we can see half of the waxing moon, we call this the first quarter. The moon will continue to grow until it again becomes a full moon. A full lunar cycle takes about 29.5 days. | image | teaching_images/earth_moon_phases_6008.png |
L_0056 | the sun and the earthmoon system | DD_0036 | This diagram shows 8 phases of the moon. When the side of the moon facing the earth is not illuminated by the Sun the moon phase is called New Moon. When the side of the moon facing the earth is fully lit by the sun, the moon phase is known as Full Moon. The first quarter and last quarter are phases when exactly half of the moon is lit by the sun. The intermediate stages are known as Crescent and Gibbous. | image | teaching_images/earth_moon_phases_2534.png |
L_0056 | the sun and the earthmoon system | DD_0037 | The diagram shows the different phases of moon. The moon does not produce any light of its own. It only reflects light from the sun. As the moon moves around the earth, we see different parts of the moon lit up by the sun. This causes the phases of the moon. A full moon occurs when the whole side facing earth is lit. This happens when earth is between the moon and the sun. About one week later, the moon enters the quarter-moon phase. Only half of the moon's lit surface is visible from earth, so it appears as a half circle. When the moon moves between earth and the sun, the side facing earth is completely dark. This is called the new moon phase. Sometimes you can just barely make out the outline of the new moon in the sky. This is because some sunlight reflects off the earth and hits the moon. Before and after the quarter-moon phases are the gibbous and crescent phases. During the crescent moon phase, the moon is less than half lit. It is seen as only a sliver or crescent shape. During the gibbous moon phase, the moon is more than half lit. It is not full. The moon undergoes a complete cycle of phases about every 29.5 days. | image | teaching_images/earth_moon_phases_2549.png |
L_0056 | the sun and the earthmoon system | DD_0038 | This image shows the different phases of moon. The phases of the Moon are the different ways the Moon looks from Earth over about a month. As the Moon orbits around the Earth, the half of the Moon that faces the Sun will be lit up. The different shapes of the lit portion of the Moon that can be seen from Earth are known as phases of the Moon. A new moon is when the Moon cannot be seen because we are looking at the unlit half of the Moon. A waxing crescent moon is when the Moon looks like crescent and the crescent increases ("waxes") in size from one day to the next. The first quarter moon (or a half moon) is when half of the lit portion of the Moon is visible after the waxing crescent phase. A waxing gibbous moon occurs when more than half of the lit portion of the Moon can be seen and the shape increases ("waxes") in size from one day to the next. A full moon is when we can see the entire lit portion of the Moon. A waning gibbous moon occurs when more than half of the lit portion of the Moon can be seen and the shape decreases ("wanes") in size from one day to the next. The last quarter moon (or a half moon) is when half of the lit portion of the Moon is visible after the waning gibbous phase. A waning crescent moon is when the Moon looks like the crescent and the crescent decreases ("wanes") in size from one day to the next. | image | teaching_images/earth_moon_phases_139.png |
L_0056 | the sun and the earthmoon system | DD_0039 | Illustrated in the diagram are the 8 different phases of the moon. The moon does not produce its own light. However, the moon becomes visible to us due to its capability to reflect light from the sun. As it moves around the Earth, we see these phases that result from the different angles the moon makes with the sun. A New Moon occurs when the side of the moon facing the earth is not illuminated by the sun. After a few days, a thin crescent shape of the moon becomes visible in the night sky. The crescent moon waxes, or appears to grow fatter, each night. When half of the moon is illuminated, it is called a First Quarter moon. The moon continues to wax, forms a gibbous shape, until it eventually becomes a Full Moon. This now means that the moon has completed one half of a month. During the second half, the shape of the moon starts to wane, growing thinner every night. Once the moon reaches the Third Quarter, it shows the other half of its disc that is illuminated by the sun. It continues to wane while nearing its approach to the New Moon Phase. The Moon undergoes a complete cycle of phases about every 29.5 days. | image | teaching_images/earth_moon_phases_2736.png |
L_0057 | introduction to the solar system | T_0554 | FIGURE 25.1 On left is a line art drawing of the Ptole- maic system with Earth at the center. On the right is a drawing of the Ptolemaic system from 1568 by a Portuguese as- tronomer. | image | textbook_images/introduction_to_the_solar_system_20386.png |
L_0057 | introduction to the solar system | T_0555 | FIGURE 25.2 Copernicus proposed a different idea that had the Sun at the center of the universe model more seriously. Through his telescope, Galileo saw moons orbiting Jupiter. He proposed that this was like the planets orbiting the Sun. | image | textbook_images/introduction_to_the_solar_system_20387.png |
L_0057 | introduction to the solar system | T_0556 | FIGURE 25.3 This artistic composition shows the eight planets, a comet, and an asteroid. Object Mass (Relative to Earth) Diameter of Planet (Relative to Earth) 3.81 Earths diameter | image | textbook_images/introduction_to_the_solar_system_20388.png |
L_0057 | introduction to the solar system | T_0558 | FIGURE 25.4 The Sun and planets with the correct sizes. The distances between them are not correct. Figure 25.5 shows those distances correctly. In the upper left are the orbits of the inner planets and the asteroid belt. The asteroid belt is a collection of many small objects between the orbits of Mars and Jupiter. In the upper right are the orbits of the outer planets and the Kuiper belt. The Kuiper belt is a group of objects beyond the orbit of Neptune. | image | textbook_images/introduction_to_the_solar_system_20389.png |
L_0057 | introduction to the solar system | T_0558 | FIGURE 25.5 In this image, distances are shown to scale. | image | textbook_images/introduction_to_the_solar_system_20390.png |
L_0057 | introduction to the solar system | T_0562 | FIGURE 25.6 The nebula was drawn together by gravity. | image | textbook_images/introduction_to_the_solar_system_20391.png |
L_0057 | introduction to the solar system | DD_0040 | The diagram shows the Solar System. The Sun and all the objects held by its gravity make up the solar system. There are eight planets in the solar system: Mercury, Venus, Earth, Mars, Jupiter, Saturn, and Neptune. Pluto, Eris, Ceres, Make make and Haumea are dwarf planets. The ancient Greeks believed Earth was at the center of the universe and everything else orbited Earth. Copernicus proposed that the Sun at the center of the universe and the planets and stars orbit the Sun. Planets are held by the force of gravity in elliptical orbits around the Sun. The solar system formed from a giant cloud of gas and dust about 4.6 billion years ago. This model explains why the planets all lie in one plane and orbit in the same direction around the Sun. | image | teaching_images/solar_system_1428.png |
L_0057 | introduction to the solar system | DD_0041 | This diagram shows our Solar system. Our solar system consists of an average star we call the Sun, the planets Mercury, Venus, Earth, Mars, Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus, Neptune, and Pluto. It includes: the satellites of the planets; numerous comets, asteroids, and meteoroids; and the interplanetary medium. Jupiter is the largest planet and Saturn and Neptune have rings around them. Earth lies after Mercury and Venus. All the planets revolve around the sun. Pluto is the farthest and Mercury is nearest to the sun. | image | teaching_images/solar_system_6293.png |
L_0057 | introduction to the solar system | DD_0042 | There are eight planets in the Solar System. From closest to farthest from the Sun, they are: Mercury, Venus, Earth, Mars, Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus and Neptune. The first four planets are called terrestrial planets. They are mostly made of rock and metal, and they are mostly solid. The last four planets are called gas giants. This is because they are large planets that are mostly made of gas. Even though they are made of gas, they have much more mass than the terrestrial planets. Pluto had been called a planet since it was discovered in 1930, but in 2006 astronomers meeting at the International Astronomical Union decided on the definition of a planet, and Pluto did not fit. Instead they defined a new category of dwarf planet, into which Pluto did fit, along with some others. These small planets are sometimes called plutinos. | image | teaching_images/solar_system_1435.png |
L_0057 | introduction to the solar system | DD_0043 | This diagram shows a few of the objects in our solar system. The first object shown in the upper row is the sun which is a star and is at the center of our solar system. The next three objects are the planets mercury, venus, earth. The objects in the second row are the moon which is the Earth's moon followed by the planets mars, jupiter and saturn. Jupiter is the largest planet. The planet saturn contains rings around it. Mercury is the planet closest to the sun in our solar system. Earth is the planet that we live on. The two planets not shown in this diagram are neptune and pluto. | image | teaching_images/solar_system_6303.png |
L_0058 | inner planets | T_0564 | FIGURE 25.7 Tiny Mercury is the small black dot in the lower center of this picture of the Sun. The larger dark area near the left edge is a sunspot. | image | textbook_images/inner_planets_20392.png |
L_0058 | inner planets | T_0564 | FIGURE 25.8 The surface of Mercury is covered with craters, like Earths Moon. | image | textbook_images/inner_planets_20393.png |
L_0058 | inner planets | T_0565 | FIGURE 25.9 | image | textbook_images/inner_planets_20394.png |
L_0058 | inner planets | T_0568 | FIGURE 25.10 Mercury is one of the most dense planets, with a very large core. | image | textbook_images/inner_planets_20395.png |
L_0058 | inner planets | T_0570 | FIGURE 25.11 Venus in real color. The planet is covered by a thick layer of clouds. | image | textbook_images/inner_planets_20396.png |
L_0058 | inner planets | T_0570 | FIGURE 25.12 A topographical image of Venus produced by the Magellan probe using radar. Color differences enhance small scale struc- ture. reddish-brown. | image | textbook_images/inner_planets_20397.png |
L_0058 | inner planets | T_0570 | FIGURE 25.13 Maat Mons volcano on Venus, with lava beds in the foreground. | image | textbook_images/inner_planets_20398.png |
L_0058 | inner planets | T_0573 | FIGURE 25.14 Earth from space. | image | textbook_images/inner_planets_20399.png |
L_0058 | inner planets | T_0576 | FIGURE 25.15 Mars is Earths second nearest neighbor planet. | image | textbook_images/inner_planets_20400.png |
L_0058 | inner planets | T_0578 | FIGURE 25.16 The largest volcano in the solar system, Olympus Mons. | image | textbook_images/inner_planets_20401.png |
L_0058 | inner planets | T_0578 | FIGURE 25.17 The largest canyon in the solar system, Valles Marineris. | image | textbook_images/inner_planets_20402.png |
L_0058 | inner planets | T_0580 | FIGURE 25.18 Phobos is Mars larger moon. It has a 6.9 mile (11.1 km) radius. | image | textbook_images/inner_planets_20403.png |
L_0059 | outer planets | T_0581 | FIGURE 25.19 Jupiter is the largest planet in our solar system. | image | textbook_images/outer_planets_20404.png |
L_0059 | outer planets | T_0584 | FIGURE 25.20 The Great Red Spot has been on Jupiter since weve had telescopes powerful enough to see it. | image | textbook_images/outer_planets_20405.png |
L_0059 | outer planets | T_0584 | FIGURE 25.21 The Galilean moons are as large as small planets. showed that Jupiter has a ring system. This ring system is very faint, so it is very difficult to observe from Earth. | image | textbook_images/outer_planets_20406.png |
L_0059 | outer planets | T_0585 | FIGURE 25.22 Saturn is the least dense planet in our solar system. | image | textbook_images/outer_planets_20407.png |
L_0059 | outer planets | T_0587 | FIGURE 25.23 Cassini scientists waited years for the right conditions to produce the first movie that shows lightning on another planet - Saturn. | image | textbook_images/outer_planets_20408.png |
L_0059 | outer planets | T_0587 | FIGURE 25.24 This hexagon has been visible for nearly 30 years. | image | textbook_images/outer_planets_20409.png |
L_0059 | outer planets | T_0588 | FIGURE 25.25 Titan has an atmosphere like Earths first atmosphere. | image | textbook_images/outer_planets_20410.png |
L_0059 | outer planets | T_0589 | FIGURE 25.26 Uranus is the 7th planet out from the Sun. | image | textbook_images/outer_planets_20411.png |
L_0059 | outer planets | T_0592 | FIGURE 25.27 Uranus rings are almost perpendicular to the planets orbit. | image | textbook_images/outer_planets_20412.png |
L_0059 | outer planets | T_0592 | FIGURE 25.28 The five biggest moons of Uranus: Miranda, Ariel, Umbriel, Titania, and Oberon. | image | textbook_images/outer_planets_20413.png |
L_0059 | outer planets | T_0593 | FIGURE 25.29 Neptune has a great dark spot at the center left and a small dark spot at the bottom center. | image | textbook_images/outer_planets_20414.png |
L_0059 | outer planets | T_0595 | FIGURE 25.30 Neptunes moon Triton. | image | textbook_images/outer_planets_20415.png |
L_0060 | other objects in the solar system | T_0598 | FIGURE 25.31 Asteroid Ida with its tiny moon Dactyl. The asteroids mean radius is 15.7 km. | image | textbook_images/other_objects_in_the_solar_system_20416.png |
L_0060 | other objects in the solar system | T_0598 | FIGURE 25.32 The asteroid belt is between Mars and Jupiter. | image | textbook_images/other_objects_in_the_solar_system_20417.png |
L_0060 | other objects in the solar system | T_0601 | FIGURE 25.33 Meteors burning up as they fall through Earths atmosphere. | image | textbook_images/other_objects_in_the_solar_system_20418.png |
L_0060 | other objects in the solar system | T_0603 | FIGURE 25.34 The Mars Rover, Opportunity, found a metal meteorite on the Red Planet. | image | textbook_images/other_objects_in_the_solar_system_20419.png |
L_0060 | other objects in the solar system | T_0604 | FIGURE 25.35 Comet Hale-Bopp lit up the night sky in 1997. | image | textbook_images/other_objects_in_the_solar_system_20420.png |
L_0060 | other objects in the solar system | T_0607 | FIGURE 25.36 Ceres is a large spherical object in the asteroid belt. | image | textbook_images/other_objects_in_the_solar_system_20421.png |
L_0060 | other objects in the solar system | T_0607 | FIGURE 25.37 Pluto with its moons: Charon, Nix and Hydra. | image | textbook_images/other_objects_in_the_solar_system_20422.png |
L_0060 | other objects in the solar system | T_0608 | FIGURE 25.38 An artists drawing of what Haumea and its moons might look like. The moons are drawn closer to Haumea than their actual orbits. | image | textbook_images/other_objects_in_the_solar_system_20423.png |
L_0060 | other objects in the solar system | T_0609 | FIGURE 25.39 Makemake is a dwarf planet. | image | textbook_images/other_objects_in_the_solar_system_20424.png |
L_0060 | other objects in the solar system | T_0610 | FIGURE 25.40 Eris is the largest known dwarf planet, but its so far from the Sun that it wasnt discovered until 2005. | image | textbook_images/other_objects_in_the_solar_system_20425.png |
L_0061 | stars | T_0611 | FIGURE 26.1 Orion has three stars that make up his belt. Orions belt is fairly easy to see in the night sky. | image | textbook_images/stars_20426.png |
L_0061 | stars | T_0619 | FIGURE 26.2 Stars form in a nebula like this one in Orions sword. | image | textbook_images/stars_20427.png |
L_0061 | stars | T_0622 | FIGURE 26.3 A supernova, as seen by the Hubble Space Telescope. | image | textbook_images/stars_20428.png |
L_0061 | stars | T_0623 | FIGURE 26.4 An artists depiction of a neutron star. | image | textbook_images/stars_20429.png |
L_0062 | galaxies | T_0626 | FIGURE 26.6 These hot blue stars are in an open clus- ter known as the Jewel Box. The red star is a young red supergiant. | image | textbook_images/galaxies_20431.png |
L_0062 | galaxies | T_0626 | FIGURE 26.7 The globular cluster, M13, contains red and blue giant stars. | image | textbook_images/galaxies_20432.png |
L_0062 | galaxies | T_0628 | FIGURE 26.8 The Andromeda Galaxy is the closest ma- jor galaxy to our own. | image | textbook_images/galaxies_20433.png |
L_0062 | galaxies | T_0628 | FIGURE 26.9 The Pinwheel Galaxy is a spiral galaxy displaying prominent arms. | image | textbook_images/galaxies_20434.png |
L_0062 | galaxies | T_0629 | FIGURE 26.10 M87 is an elliptical galaxy in the lower left of this image. How many elliptical galaxies do you see? Are there other types of galaxies displayed? | image | textbook_images/galaxies_20435.png |
L_0062 | galaxies | T_0632 | FIGURE 26.11 This irregular galaxy, NGC 55, is neither spiral nor elliptical. | image | textbook_images/galaxies_20436.png |
L_0062 | galaxies | T_0632 | FIGURE 26.12 The Milky Way Galaxy in the night sky above Death Valley. | image | textbook_images/galaxies_20437.png |
L_0068 | types of rocks | T_0685 | FIGURE 4.1 The rock cycle. | image | textbook_images/types_of_rocks_20468.png |
L_0068 | types of rocks | T_0685 | FIGURE 4.2 Rocks contain many clues about the conditions in which they formed. The minerals contained within the rocks also contain geological information. | image | textbook_images/types_of_rocks_20469.png |
L_0068 | types of rocks | T_0686 | FIGURE 4.3 Lava is molten rock. This lava will harden into an igneous rock. | image | textbook_images/types_of_rocks_20470.png |
L_0068 | types of rocks | T_0686 | FIGURE 4.4 This sandstone is an example of a sedi- mentary rock. It formed when many small pieces of sand were cemented together to form a rock. | image | textbook_images/types_of_rocks_20471.png |
L_0068 | types of rocks | T_0687 | FIGURE 4.5 This mica schist is a metamorphic rock. It was changed from a sedimentary rock like shale. | image | textbook_images/types_of_rocks_20472.png |
L_0068 | types of rocks | DD_0044 | This diagram shows how rocks can change from one type to another when they undergo certain processes. For magma, when it solidifies, it becomes an igneous rock. Igneous rocks can then turn into metamorphic rocks when they undergo metamorphism. They can also turn back into magma when they undergo melting. Otherwise, when igneous rocks go through erosion, they become sediment. Sediment can also be obtained from metamorphic and sedimentary rocks when they undergo erosion, too. Sediments can then undergo lithification to become sedimentary rocks. Sedimentary rocks can also become metamorphic rocks when they undergo metamorphism. And finally, metamorphic rocks can turn into magma when they undergo melting. | image | teaching_images/cycle_rock_6744.png |
L_0068 | types of rocks | DD_0045 | The diagram shows types of rocks and rock formation cycles. There are three major rock types. Rock of any of these three rock types can become rock of one of the other rock types. All rocks on Earth change, but these changes usually happen very slowly. Some changes happen below Earths surface. Some changes happen above ground. Any type of rock can change and become a new type of rock. Magma can cool and crystallize. Existing rocks can be weathered and eroded to form sediments. Rock can change by heat or pressure deep in Earths crust. There are three main processes that can change rock: Cooling and forming crystals. Deep within the Earth, temperatures can get hot enough to melt rock. This molten material is called magma. As it cools, crystals grow, forming an igneous rock. The crystals will grow larger if the magma cools slowly, as it does if it remains deep within the Earth. If the magma cools quickly, the crystals will be very small. Weathering and erosion. Water, wind, ice, and even plants and animals all act to wear down rocks. Over time they can break larger rocks into smaller pieces called sediments. | image | teaching_images/cycle_rock_6723.png |
L_0068 | types of rocks | DD_0046 | The Rock Cycle illustrates how rocks continually change form. There are three basic types of rocks: igneous, sedimentary and metamorphic, and each of these rocks can be changed into any one of the other types. The names of the rock types refer to the way the rocks are formed. Arrows in the diagram display how one type of rock may change to another type of rock. All igneous rocks start out as melted rock(magma) and then crystallize, or freeze. When an igneous rock is exposed on the surface, it goes through the process of weathering and erosion that breaks the rock down into smaller pieces. Wind and water carry the smaller pieces of igneous rock into piles called sediment. Through the process of compaction and cementation, the sediment gets buried and the pieces of rock become cemented together to form a new type of rock called a sedimentary rock. If a sedimentary rock is exposed at the surface, it can be eroded away and eventually changed into a new sedimentary rock. However, if a sedimentary(or an igneous) rock gets buried deep in the Earth, heat and pressure will cause profound physical and/or chemical change. This process is called metamorphosis, and the new rock is called a metamorphic rock. Metamorphic rock can also be weathered and eroded and eventually changed into a sedimentary rock. Or, if a metamorphic rock is forced deeper into the Earth, the rock can melt and become magma. Igneous rock and sedimentary rock can also be forced deep into the Earth and melt into magma. Once magma cools, it forms igneous rocks again. | image | teaching_images/cycle_rock_6748.png |
L_0069 | igneous rocks | T_0688 | FIGURE 4.7 The Sierra Nevada of California are com- posed mainly of granite. These rocks are beautifully exposed in the Yosemite Valley. | image | textbook_images/igneous_rocks_20474.png |
L_0069 | igneous rocks | T_0688 | FIGURE 4.8 (A) This granite has more plagioclase feldspar than many granites. (B) Dior- ite has more dark-colored minerals than granite. (C) Gabbro. (D) Peridotite is an intrusive igneous rock with olivine and other mafic minerals. rapid cooling time does not allow time for large crystals to form. Some extrusive igneous rocks cool so rapidly that crystals do not develop at all. These form a glass, such as obsidian. Others, such as pumice, contain holes where gas bubbles were trapped in the lava. The holes make pumice so light that it actually floats in water. The most common extrusive igneous rock is basalt. It is the rock that makes up the ocean floor. Figure 4.10 shows four types of extrusive igneous rocks. | image | textbook_images/igneous_rocks_20475.png |
L_0069 | igneous rocks | T_0688 | FIGURE 4.9 (A) Lava cools to form extrusive igneous rock. The rocks here are basalts. (B) The strange rock formations of Chiricahua National Monument in Arizona are formed of the extrusive igneous rock rhyolite. | image | textbook_images/igneous_rocks_20477.png |
L_0069 | igneous rocks | T_0688 | FIGURE 4.10 (A) This rhyolite is light colored. Few minerals are visible to the naked eye. (B) Andesite is darker than rhyolite. (C) Since basalt crystals are too small to see, the rock looks dark all over. (D) Komatiite is a very rare ultramafic rock. This rock is derived from the mantle. | image | textbook_images/igneous_rocks_20476.png |
L_0069 | igneous rocks | T_0689 | FIGURE 4.11 This sarcophagus is housed at the Vat- ican Museum. The rock is the igneous extrusive rock porphyry. Porphyry has large crystals because the magma began to cool slowly, then erupted. | image | textbook_images/igneous_rocks_20478.png |
L_0070 | sedimentary rocks | T_0690 | FIGURE 4.13 Cobbles, pebbles, and sands are the sediments that are seen on this beach. | image | textbook_images/sedimentary_rocks_20480.png |
L_0071 | metamorphic rocks | T_0694 | FIGURE 4.14 (A) Hornfels is a rock that is created by contact metamorphism. (B) Hornfels is so hard that it can create peaks like the Matterhorn. | image | textbook_images/metamorphic_rocks_20481.png |
L_0071 | metamorphic rocks | T_0694 | FIGURE 4.15 (A) Regional metamorphic rocks often display layering called foliation. (B) Re- gional metamorphism with high pressures and low temperatures can result in blue schist. | image | textbook_images/metamorphic_rocks_20482.png |
L_0071 | metamorphic rocks | T_0695 | FIGURE 4.16 (A) Marble is a beautiful rock that is com- monly used for buildings. (B) Many of the great statues of the Renaissance were carved from marble. Michelangelo cre- ated this Moses between 1513 and 1515. | image | textbook_images/metamorphic_rocks_20483.png |
L_0072 | earths energy | T_0702 | FIGURE 5.1 Kicking a soccer ball takes energy from your food and gives it to the soccer ball. | image | textbook_images/earths_energy_20484.png |
L_0072 | earths energy | T_0704 | FIGURE 5.2 Rechargeable batteries are renewable because they can be refilled with energy. Is the energy they are refilled with always renewable? | image | textbook_images/earths_energy_20485.png |
L_0073 | nonrenewable energy resources | T_0712 | FIGURE 5.3 Coal is a solid hydrocarbon formed from decaying plant material over millions of years. | image | textbook_images/nonrenewable_energy_resources_20486.png |
L_0073 | nonrenewable energy resources | T_0717 | FIGURE 5.4 This oil refinery processes crude oil into usable energy sources, such as gasoline. | image | textbook_images/nonrenewable_energy_resources_20487.png |
L_0073 | nonrenewable energy resources | T_0725 | FIGURE 5.5 Burning fossil fuels releases pollutants into the air. | image | textbook_images/nonrenewable_energy_resources_20488.png |
L_0073 | nonrenewable energy resources | T_0728 | FIGURE 5.6 Nuclear power plants like this one provide France with almost 80% of its electricity. | image | textbook_images/nonrenewable_energy_resources_20489.png |
L_0074 | renewable energy resources | T_0731 | FIGURE 5.7 Solar energy is clean and renewable. So- lar panels are needed to collect the sun- light for use. | image | textbook_images/renewable_energy_resources_20490.png |
L_0074 | renewable energy resources | T_0735 | FIGURE 5.8 A solar power tower is used to concen- trate the solar energy collected by many solar panels. | image | textbook_images/renewable_energy_resources_20491.png |
L_0074 | renewable energy resources | T_0735 | FIGURE 5.9 Solar panels on top of a car could power the car. This technology is a long way from being practical. | image | textbook_images/renewable_energy_resources_20492.png |
L_0074 | renewable energy resources | T_0736 | FIGURE 5.10 Glen Canyon Dam harnesses the power of flowing water to generate electricity. | image | textbook_images/renewable_energy_resources_20493.png |
L_0074 | renewable energy resources | T_0741 | FIGURE 5.11 Winds are funneled through passes in mountain ranges. Altamont Pass in Cal- ifornia is the site of many wind turbines. | image | textbook_images/renewable_energy_resources_20494.png |
L_0076 | continental drift | T_0762 | FIGURE 6.7 Wegener used fossil evidence to sup- port his continental drift hypothesis. The fossils of these organisms are found on lands that are now far apart. Wegener suggested that when the organisms were alive, the lands were joined and the or- ganisms were living side-by-side. | image | textbook_images/continental_drift_20501.png |
L_0076 | continental drift | T_0763 | FIGURE 6.8 Earths magnetic field is like a magnet with its north pole near the geographic north pole and the south pole near the geographic south pole. Anywhere lavas have cooled, these magnetite crystals point to the magnetic poles. The little magnets point to where the north pole was when the lava cooled. Scientists can use this to figure out where the continents were at that time. This evidence clearly shows that the continents have moved. During Wegeners life, scientists did not know how the continents could move. Wegeners idea was nearly forgotten. But as more evidence mounted, new ideas came about. | image | textbook_images/continental_drift_20502.png |
L_0076 | continental drift | DD_0054 | The diagram shows the changes of Pangaea, which is a supercontinent of continents on the earth. The left upper subfigure shows the configuration of Pangaea in 200 million years ago. The right upper subfigure shows the configuration of Pangaea in 180 million years ago. The left lower subfigure shows the configuration of Pangaea in 65 million years ago. The right lower subfigure shows the current configuration of Pangea. | image | teaching_images/continental_drift_8043.png |
L_0076 | continental drift | DD_0055 | This diagram shows one of the pillars of Wegener's theory of the previous existence of Pangaea: the localization of fossils. Fossils are the remains or impression of prehistoric animals. Many fossils of the same organisms have been found on widely separated places. Wegener thought the existence of Pangaea allowed movement to said organisms that would be impossible nowadays. The diagram shows the area where some species had lived and the suspected routes allowed by the existence of the supercontinent. | image | teaching_images/continental_drift_8044.png |
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