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L_0039 | topographic maps | T_0395 | FIGURE 2.33 A portion of the geologic map of the Grand Canyon, Arizona. | image | textbook_images/topographic_maps_20273.png |
L_0040 | using satellites and computers | T_0396 | FIGURE 2.34 Left: Track of hurricane that hit Galveston, Texas on Sept. 8, 1900. Right: Galveston in the aftermath. | image | textbook_images/using_satellites_and_computers_20274.png |
L_0040 | using satellites and computers | T_0400 | FIGURE 2.35 Satellite in a polar orbit. | image | textbook_images/using_satellites_and_computers_20275.png |
L_0040 | using satellites and computers | T_0400 | FIGURE 2.36 NASAs fleet of satellites to study the Earth. | image | textbook_images/using_satellites_and_computers_20276.png |
L_0040 | using satellites and computers | T_0400 | FIGURE 2.37 Various satellite images: (a) water vapor in atmosphere, (b) ocean surface temperatures, (c) global vegetation. | image | textbook_images/using_satellites_and_computers_20277.png |
L_0040 | using satellites and computers | T_0401 | FIGURE 2.38 (a) You need a GPS receiver to use the GPS system. (b) It takes signals from 4 GPS satellites to find your location pre- cisely on the surface GPS receiver detects radio signals from nearby GPS satellites. There are precise clocks on each satellite and in the receiver. The receiver measures the time for radio signals from satellite to reach it. The receiver uses the time and the speed of radio signals to calculate the distance between the receiver and the satellite. The receiver does this with at least four different satellites to locate its position on the Earths surface (Figure 2.38). GPS receivers are now being built into many items, such as cell phones and cars. | image | textbook_images/using_satellites_and_computers_20278.png |
L_0040 | using satellites and computers | T_0402 | FIGURE 2.39 This three-dimensional image of Mars north pole was made from satellite im- ages and computers. | image | textbook_images/using_satellites_and_computers_20279.png |
L_0040 | using satellites and computers | T_0402 | FIGURE 2.40 Map of insurance filings for crop damage in 2008. | image | textbook_images/using_satellites_and_computers_20280.png |
L_0041 | use and conservation of resources | T_0405 | FIGURE 20.1 Forests should be renewable resources. The forest on the left is healthy and is used for recreation. The forest on the right was killed by acid rain. | image | textbook_images/use_and_conservation_of_resources_20281.png |
L_0041 | use and conservation of resources | T_0407 | FIGURE 20.2 This oil rig was pumping oil from below the ocean floor when it exploded. | image | textbook_images/use_and_conservation_of_resources_20282.png |
L_0041 | use and conservation of resources | T_0410 | FIGURE 20.3 The U.S. uses more than its share of oil. What if everyone used resources this way? (Note: Per capita means per person.) | image | textbook_images/use_and_conservation_of_resources_20283.png |
L_0041 | use and conservation of resources | T_0411 | FIGURE 20.4 Bulldozers crushes a mountain of trash. | image | textbook_images/use_and_conservation_of_resources_20284.png |
L_0041 | use and conservation of resources | T_0411 | FIGURE 20.5 Buying locally grown produce at a farmers market saves resources. | image | textbook_images/use_and_conservation_of_resources_20285.png |
L_0041 | use and conservation of resources | T_0413 | FIGURE 20.6 These types of packaging are hard to recycle. Could you reuse any of them? | image | textbook_images/use_and_conservation_of_resources_20286.png |
L_0042 | use and conservation of energy | T_0417 | FIGURE 20.10 What percent of energy in the U.S. is used for transportation and in homes? | image | textbook_images/use_and_conservation_of_energy_20290.png |
L_0042 | use and conservation of energy | T_0418 | FIGURE 20.11 The U.S. gets 85 percent of its energy from fossil fuels. Where does the other 15 percent come from? | image | textbook_images/use_and_conservation_of_energy_20291.png |
L_0042 | use and conservation of energy | T_0418 | FIGURE 20.12 Energy is used to build and operate an oil well. What happens to the oil after its pumped out of the well? | image | textbook_images/use_and_conservation_of_energy_20292.png |
L_0042 | use and conservation of energy | T_0418 | FIGURE 20.13 Solar panels collect sunlight on the roof of this house. The energy can be used to run the household. | image | textbook_images/use_and_conservation_of_energy_20293.png |
L_0042 | use and conservation of energy | T_0420 | FIGURE 20.14 The Energy Star logo shows that an appliance uses energy efficiently. | image | textbook_images/use_and_conservation_of_energy_20294.png |
L_0043 | humans and the water supply | T_0422 | FIGURE 21.1 In this global water use chart, see how much is used for agriculture. Why do you think so much water is used in agricul- ture? | image | textbook_images/humans_and_the_water_supply_20295.png |
L_0043 | humans and the water supply | T_0422 | FIGURE 21.2 Overhead irrigation systems like this one are widely used to irrigate crops on big farms. What are some drawbacks of irrigation? | image | textbook_images/humans_and_the_water_supply_20296.png |
L_0043 | humans and the water supply | T_0424 | FIGURE 21.3 What will happen to the water that runs off the van? Where will it go? | image | textbook_images/humans_and_the_water_supply_20297.png |
L_0043 | humans and the water supply | T_0425 | FIGURE 21.4 Sunshine brings golfers to the desert but a lot of water is needed to make the desert green enough to play. | image | textbook_images/humans_and_the_water_supply_20298.png |
L_0043 | humans and the water supply | T_0427 | FIGURE 21.5 This glacier in Patagonia, Argentina stores a lot of frozen freshwater. | image | textbook_images/humans_and_the_water_supply_20299.png |
L_0043 | humans and the water supply | T_0429 | FIGURE 21.6 Water is a luxury in Africa, and many people have to carry water home. How would you use water differently if you had to get your water this way? | image | textbook_images/humans_and_the_water_supply_20300.png |
L_0044 | water pollution | T_0433 | FIGURE 21.9 Pollution from a factory enters a stream at a single point. | image | textbook_images/water_pollution_20303.png |
L_0044 | water pollution | T_0434 | FIGURE 21.10 This vehicle is spreading fertilizer on a field before planting. millions of fish. In Wisconsin, cow manure leaked into a citys water supply. Almost half a million people got sick. More than 100 people died. | image | textbook_images/water_pollution_20304.png |
L_0044 | water pollution | T_0434 | FIGURE 21.11 From the air, this looks like a pond of water. Its really a pond of hog manure. To get an idea of how big the lagoon is, check out the vehicles at the bottom of the picture. | image | textbook_images/water_pollution_20305.png |
L_0044 | water pollution | T_0438 | FIGURE 21.12 This coastal ocean water is full of trash and sewage. | image | textbook_images/water_pollution_20306.png |
L_0044 | water pollution | T_0439 | FIGURE 21.13 After an oil rig explosion, hundreds of miles of beaches looked like this one. Cleaning them up was a huge task. | image | textbook_images/water_pollution_20307.png |
L_0044 | water pollution | T_0440 | FIGURE 21.14 Nuclear power plants need huge amounts of water for cooling, so they are built close to water. The water thats returned to the lake may be warm enough to kill fish. | image | textbook_images/water_pollution_20308.png |
L_0045 | protecting the water supply | T_0441 | FIGURE 21.16 Left: The Cuyahoga River flows through Cleveland, Ohio. In the mid 1900s, there was a lot of industry in this part of Ohio. The river became very polluted. Right: Today, the river is much cleaner. | image | textbook_images/protecting_the_water_supply_20310.png |
L_0045 | protecting the water supply | T_0443 | FIGURE 21.17 Why should people always clean up after their pets? | image | textbook_images/protecting_the_water_supply_20311.png |
L_0045 | protecting the water supply | T_0444 | FIGURE 21.18 Four processes are used to treat water to make it safe for drinking. | image | textbook_images/protecting_the_water_supply_20312.png |
L_0045 | protecting the water supply | T_0446 | FIGURE 21.19 This is a drip irrigation system. Look at the soil in the photo. Its damp around each plant but dry everywhere else. | image | textbook_images/protecting_the_water_supply_20313.png |
L_0045 | protecting the water supply | T_0448 | FIGURE 21.20 This beautiful garden contains only plants that need very little water. | image | textbook_images/protecting_the_water_supply_20314.png |
L_0047 | air pollution | T_0458 | FIGURE 22.1 Black particulates coming out of a factory smokestack. Many particulates are too small to see, but they can still be dangerous. | image | textbook_images/air_pollution_20319.png |
L_0047 | air pollution | T_0459 | FIGURE 22.2 Photochemical smog is common in the air over many California cities. | image | textbook_images/air_pollution_20320.png |
L_0047 | air pollution | T_0460 | FIGURE 22.3 Ozone forms near the ground as a sec- ondary pollutant. | image | textbook_images/air_pollution_20321.png |
L_0047 | air pollution | T_0463 | FIGURE 22.4 Cutting and burning trees to clear land for farming is called slash-and-burn agri- culture. How does this affect the atmo- sphere? | image | textbook_images/air_pollution_20322.png |
L_0047 | air pollution | DD_0030 | This diagram show the natural ozone destruction. It consist in 3 steps, the first one occurs when the uv radiation shocks the ozone molecule and this one gets divided into the oxygen molecule and the oxygen atom. Then, the ozone molecule is added to the oxygen atom getting as result those oxygen molecules. | image | teaching_images/ozone_formation_7149.png |
L_0048 | effects of air pollution | T_0466 | FIGURE 22.5 Ozone damaged snap bean plants are shown on the left. Healthy snap bean plants are shown on the right. | image | textbook_images/effects_of_air_pollution_20323.png |
L_0048 | effects of air pollution | T_0466 | FIGURE 22.6 The ozone air quality index gives the parts of ozone per million parts of air. How many parts of ozone are unhealthy for everyone? | image | textbook_images/effects_of_air_pollution_20324.png |
L_0048 | effects of air pollution | T_0469 | FIGURE 22.7 This carbon monoxide detector will sound an alarm if the gas rises above a safe level. | image | textbook_images/effects_of_air_pollution_20325.png |
L_0048 | effects of air pollution | T_0469 | FIGURE 22.8 This diagram shows how mercury bioac- cumulates. Compare the parts per million (ppm) of mercury in phytoplankton and gull eggs. Can you explain the differ- ence? | image | textbook_images/effects_of_air_pollution_20326.png |
L_0048 | effects of air pollution | T_0471 | FIGURE 22.9 This pH scale includes both normal and acid rain. At what pH do fish have prob- lems reproducing? | image | textbook_images/effects_of_air_pollution_20327.png |
L_0048 | effects of air pollution | T_0472 | FIGURE 22.10 Nitrogen and sulfur oxides combine with rain to form acid rain. | image | textbook_images/effects_of_air_pollution_20328.png |
L_0048 | effects of air pollution | T_0473 | FIGURE 22.11 This photo shows a gargoyle that is being dissolved by acid rain on Notre Dame cathedral in Paris, France. | image | textbook_images/effects_of_air_pollution_20329.png |
L_0048 | effects of air pollution | T_0476 | FIGURE 22.12 CFCs break down ozone in the strato- sphere. | image | textbook_images/effects_of_air_pollution_20330.png |
L_0048 | effects of air pollution | T_0476 | FIGURE 22.13 The hole in the ozone layer occurs over Antarctica. How do you think the hole in the ozone layer could affect life on Earth? | image | textbook_images/effects_of_air_pollution_20331.png |
L_0048 | effects of air pollution | DD_0031 | This diagram depicts how the acid rain forms. There are factories, vegetation, houses, river and ocean in the picture. Houses and vegation is on the earth's surface. First, the acidic gases are emitted from the factories. Those acid gases include sulphur dioxide and nitrogen oxides. The acid gases are included in cloud forming process by wind. The clouds containing acid gases dissolve in rainwater to form the acid rain. The acid rain poured to the earth's surface. The acid rain is absorbed to the earth and is flowing to the river. Now, the river contains the acid rain. The river flows to the ocean. The river of acid rain kills plantlife, pollutes rivers and streams, and erodes stonework. This process continues as long as the factories emit the acid gases. | image | teaching_images/acid_rain_formation_6507.png |
L_0048 | effects of air pollution | DD_0032 | This diagram shows how acid rain is caused by air pollution. Acid rain is mainly caused when air pollutants such as sulphur and nitrogen oxides mix with water vapor in the atmosphere. Nitrogen and sulphur oxides are generated on the earth's surface by man-made sources such as factories. A natural source of nitrogen oxides are volcanoes. These air pollutants generated then move upwards into the earth's atmosphere and get deposited back on the earth as dry or wet deposits. Wet deposits happen when gases and particulate matter mixes with water vapor which causes acid-rain/precipitation. Dry deposits come back to earth in the form of acidic gases and particulate matter. | image | teaching_images/acid_rain_formation_8000.png |
L_0049 | reducing air pollution | T_0479 | FIGURE 22.14 This is a model of a hydrogen car. A major problem with hydrogen cars is the lack of hydrogen fuel. | image | textbook_images/reducing_air_pollution_20332.png |
L_0049 | reducing air pollution | T_0480 | FIGURE 22.15 How a Scrubber Works. Some scrubbers use steam to remove pollutants from exhaust. | image | textbook_images/reducing_air_pollution_20333.png |
L_0049 | reducing air pollution | T_0483 | FIGURE 22.16 This diagram shows how a cap-and-trade system works. meeting their goals. Most scientists also think the Kyoto Protocol did not go far enough to limit greenhouse gases. A stricter agreement must be reached very soon. Unfortunately, efforts to limit greenhouse gas emissions are mired in politics. Meanwhile, crucial time is being lost. | image | textbook_images/reducing_air_pollution_20334.png |
L_0050 | telescopes | T_0488 | FIGURE 23.1 The Andromeda Galaxy as it appeared 2.5 million years ago. How would you find out how it looks right now? | image | textbook_images/telescopes_20335.png |
L_0050 | telescopes | T_0488 | FIGURE 23.2 An electromagnetic wave has oscillating electric and magnetic fields. | image | textbook_images/telescopes_20336.png |
L_0050 | telescopes | T_0489 | FIGURE 23.3 The electromagnetic spectrum from radio waves to gamma rays. | image | textbook_images/telescopes_20337.png |
L_0050 | telescopes | T_0492 | FIGURE 23.4 Refracting telescopes can be very large. | image | textbook_images/telescopes_20338.png |
L_0050 | telescopes | T_0492 | FIGURE 23.5 Newtonian reflector telescopes are fairly easy to make. These telescopes can be built by school students. | image | textbook_images/telescopes_20339.png |
L_0050 | telescopes | T_0492 | FIGURE 23.6 The radio telescope at the Arecibo Obser- vatory in Puerto Rico. | image | textbook_images/telescopes_20340.png |
L_0050 | telescopes | T_0492 | FIGURE 23.7 The Very Large Array in New Mexico con- sists of 27 radio telescopes. | image | textbook_images/telescopes_20341.png |
L_0050 | telescopes | T_0493 | FIGURE 23.8 The Hubble Space Telescope has opened up the universe to human observation. | image | textbook_images/telescopes_20342.png |
L_0050 | telescopes | T_0493 | FIGURE 23.9 Stars in the star cluster appear as points of light. Observations like these must be made with a space telescope. | image | textbook_images/telescopes_20343.png |
L_0050 | telescopes | T_0496 | FIGURE 23.10 Galileo made the drawing on the left in 1610. On the right is a modern photo- graph of the Moon. | image | textbook_images/telescopes_20344.png |
L_0050 | telescopes | T_0498 | FIGURE 23.11 The dark lines indicate the elements that this star contains. | image | textbook_images/telescopes_20345.png |
L_0051 | early space exploration | T_0500 | FIGURE 23.12 A rocket pushes in one direction so that it moves in the opposite direction. | image | textbook_images/early_space_exploration_20346.png |
L_0051 | early space exploration | T_0502 | FIGURE 23.13 This missile is pushed upwards into the sky by its thrust. | image | textbook_images/early_space_exploration_20347.png |
L_0051 | early space exploration | T_0502 | FIGURE 23.14 Robert Goddard with the first American rocket to use liquid fuel. This rocket was launched in 1926. | image | textbook_images/early_space_exploration_20348.png |
L_0051 | early space exploration | T_0502 | FIGURE 23.15 A captured German V2 rocket was launched in New Mexico after the war. | image | textbook_images/early_space_exploration_20349.png |
L_0051 | early space exploration | T_0502 | FIGURE 23.16 This Saturn V rocket took the first men to the Moon during Apollo 11. | image | textbook_images/early_space_exploration_20350.png |
L_0051 | early space exploration | T_0503 | FIGURE 23.17 Isaac Newton explained how a cannonball fired from a high point with enough speed could orbit Earth. | image | textbook_images/early_space_exploration_20351.png |
L_0051 | early space exploration | T_0506 | FIGURE 23.18 Communications satellites carry solar panels to provide energy for their mis- sions. | image | textbook_images/early_space_exploration_20352.png |
L_0051 | early space exploration | T_0509 | FIGURE 23.19 Satellites detect different wavelengths of energy. This means that they can find different types of objects. | image | textbook_images/early_space_exploration_20353.png |
L_0051 | early space exploration | T_0510 | FIGURE 23.20 Laika went into orbit on the Soviet space- craft, Sputnik 2. | image | textbook_images/early_space_exploration_20354.png |
L_0051 | early space exploration | T_0510 | FIGURE 23.21 Apollo 11 astronaut Buzz Aldrin with the Lunar Module Eagle and the American flag in the background. The photo was taken by Commander Neil Armstrong. nations working together. | image | textbook_images/early_space_exploration_20355.png |
L_0052 | recent space exploration | T_0514 | FIGURE 23.22 Salyut 7 with a docked spacecraft to bring crew on and off. | image | textbook_images/recent_space_exploration_20356.png |
L_0052 | recent space exploration | T_0514 | FIGURE 23.23 Mir, with an American space shuttle at- tached. | image | textbook_images/recent_space_exploration_20357.png |
L_0052 | recent space exploration | T_0515 | FIGURE 23.24 The International Space Station, as pho- tographed from the Space Shuttle Atlantis in May 2010. | image | textbook_images/recent_space_exploration_20358.png |
L_0052 | recent space exploration | T_0516 | FIGURE 23.25 The space shuttle Atlantis rides a special- ized Boeing 747 from its landing site in California back to Florida. an airplane. The shuttle is launched from Kennedy Space Center in Cape Canaveral, Florida. During launches, the orbiter is attached to a huge fuel tank that contains liquid fuel. On the sides of the fuel tank are two large booster rockets. Figure 23.26 shows the stages of a normal space shuttle mission. Once in space, the orbiter can deliver equipment or supplies to the International Space Station. Astronauts can to repair orbiting equipment such as the Hubble Space Telescope. They may also do experiments directly on board the orbiter. | image | textbook_images/recent_space_exploration_20359.png |
L_0052 | recent space exploration | T_0516 | FIGURE 23.26 The stages of a shuttle mission. The orbiter takes off like a rocket and lands like an airplane. | image | textbook_images/recent_space_exploration_20360.png |
L_0052 | recent space exploration | T_0517 | FIGURE 23.27 The disasters on the Challenger space shuttle mission showed just how danger- ous space travel can be. | image | textbook_images/recent_space_exploration_20361.png |
L_0052 | recent space exploration | T_0520 | FIGURE 23.28 The Cone Nebula is a star-forming pillar of gas and dust. | image | textbook_images/recent_space_exploration_20362.png |
L_0052 | recent space exploration | T_0520 | FIGURE 23.29 This artists painting of one of the two Mars rovers shows the six wheels, as well as a set of instruments being extended forward by a robotic arm. The Cassini mission has been studying Saturn, including its rings and moons, since 2004. The Huygens probe is studying Saturns moon Titan. Titan has some of the conditions that are needed to support life. Some missions visit the smaller objects in our solar system. The Deep Impact Probe collided with a comet in 2005. The probe sent back data from the impact. The Stardust mission visited another comet. There it collected tiny dust particles. Missions are underway to study some asteroids and Pluto. Small objects in our solar system may help us to understand how the solar system formed. | image | textbook_images/recent_space_exploration_20363.png |
L_0053 | planet earth | T_0523 | FIGURE 24.1 This is how the Earth looks from space - like a blue and white marble. | image | textbook_images/planet_earth_20364.png |
L_0053 | planet earth | T_0523 | FIGURE 24.2 Compare the Sun with the other planets and see how the Sun is much bigger than all the other planets. Atmosphere: the thin layer of air, mostly nitrogen and oxygen, that surrounds the Earth. Hydrosphere: all the water on Earth. Biosphere: all the living organisms on Earth. Lithosphere: the solid rock part of Earth, including mountains, valleys, continents, and all of the rock beneath the oceans. | image | textbook_images/planet_earth_20365.png |
L_0053 | planet earth | T_0523 | FIGURE 24.3 Earth has four layers: atmosphere, hydro- sphere, biosphere, and lithosphere. | image | textbook_images/planet_earth_20366.png |
L_0053 | planet earth | T_0525 | FIGURE 24.4 The Moon orbits the Earth, and the Earth- Moon system orbits the Sun. | image | textbook_images/planet_earth_20367.png |
L_0053 | planet earth | T_0525 | FIGURE 24.5 The strength of the force of gravity be- tween objects A and B depends on the mass of the objects and the distance (u) between them. | image | textbook_images/planet_earth_20368.png |
L_0053 | planet earth | T_0525 | FIGURE 24.6 Earths space. magnetic field extends into | image | textbook_images/planet_earth_20369.png |
L_0053 | planet earth | T_0525 | FIGURE 24.7 Earths magnetic field protects the planet from harmful radiation. | image | textbook_images/planet_earth_20370.png |
L_0053 | planet earth | T_0525 | FIGURE 24.8 The needle of a compass will align with Earths magnetic field, making the com- pass a useful device for navigation. | image | textbook_images/planet_earth_20371.png |
L_0053 | planet earth | T_0527 | FIGURE 24.9 Imagine a pendulum at the North Pole. The pendulum always swings in the same direction. But because of Earths rotation, its direction appears to change to observers on Earth. | image | textbook_images/planet_earth_20372.png |
L_0053 | planet earth | T_0529 | FIGURE 24.10 The Earth tilts on its axis. | image | textbook_images/planet_earth_20373.png |
L_0053 | planet earth | T_0529 | FIGURE 24.11 Earths tilt changes the length of the days and nights during different seasons. | image | textbook_images/planet_earth_20374.png |
L_0053 | planet earth | T_0530 | FIGURE 24.12 Earth and the other planets in the solar system make elliptical orbits around the Sun. The distance between the Earth and the Sun is about 150 million kilometers. Earth revolves around the Sun at an average speed of about 27 kilometers (17 miles) per second. Mercury and Venus are closer to the Sun, so they take shorter times to make one orbit. Mercury takes only about 88 Earth days to make one trip around the Sun. All of the other planets take longer amounts of time. The exact amount depends on the planets distance from the Sun. Saturn takes more than 29 Earth years to make one revolution around the Sun. | image | textbook_images/planet_earth_20375.png |
L_0054 | earths moon | T_0531 | FIGURE 24.13 The Mare Moscoviense is one of the few maria, or dark, flat areas, on the far side. | image | textbook_images/earths_moon_20376.png |
L_0054 | earths moon | T_0534 | FIGURE 24.14 Craters, like the one shown in this image, are found on the surface of the Moon. | image | textbook_images/earths_moon_20377.png |
L_0054 | earths moon | T_0534 | FIGURE 24.15 Maria (the dark areas) and terrae (the light areas) cover the Moon. | image | textbook_images/earths_moon_20378.png |
L_0055 | the sun | T_0538 | FIGURE 24.16 The sizes of the planets relative to the Sun, if the Sun was the size of a basketball. | image | textbook_images/the_sun_20379.png |
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