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L_1075 | women and people of color in science | T_5012 | Dr. Ochoa is one of just a few dozen female astronauts in the U.S. She is also the first Hispanic woman in the world to go into space. Although females make up more than half of the U.S. population, fewer than 25 percent of U.S. astronauts are women. Women are also under-represented in science, especially physical sciences such as chemistry and physics. What explains this? Throughout history, womenand also people of color of both gendershave rarely had the same chances as white males for education and careers in science. Cultural, social, and economic biases have made it far harder for them than for white males to excel in this area. This explains why there have been fewer scientists among their ranks. | text | null |
L_1075 | women and people of color in science | T_5013 | Despite their relative lack of opportunities, women and people of color have made many important contributions to science. Several have won Nobel prizes for their discoveries. Just a few of their contributions to physical science are presented in Table 1.1. Scientist Marie Curie (1867-1934) Contribution Marie Curie was the first woman to win a Nobel prizeand she won two of them! She won the 1903 Nobel prize for physics for her discovery of radiation. She won the 1911 Nobel prize for chemistry for her discovery of the elements radium and polonium. C. V. Raman (1888-1970) C. V. Raman was an Indian scientist who won the 1930 Nobel prize for physics. He made important discoveries about how light travels through transparent materials. He was also made a knight of the British Empire for his work. Maria Goeppert-Mayer (1906-1972) Maria Goeppert-Mayer was a German-born American scientist who won the 1963 Nobel prize for physics. She helped to develop a new model of the nucleus of the atom. She was just the second woman to win a Nobel prize for physics, after Marie Curie. Ada E. Yonath (1939-present) Ada E. Yonath was a co-winner of the 2009 Nobel prize in chemistry. She made important discoveries about ribosomes, the structures in living cells where proteins are made. Scientist Mario Molina (1943-present) Contribution Mario Molina is a Mexican-born scientist who won the 1995 Nobel prize for chemistry. He helped to discover how the ozone layer in the atmosphere is being destroyed by pollution. He has received more than 18 honorary degrees for his contributions and even has an asteroid named after him. | text | null |
L_0002 | earth science and its branches | T_0016 | FIGURE 1.11 (A) Mineralogists focus on all kinds of minerals. (B) Seismographs are used to measure earthquakes and pinpoint their origins. | image | textbook_images/earth_science_and_its_branches_20011.png |
L_0002 | earth science and its branches | T_0017 | FIGURE 1.12 These folded rock layers have bent over time. Studying rock layers helps scientists to explain these layers and the geologic history of the area. | image | textbook_images/earth_science_and_its_branches_20012.png |
L_0002 | earth science and its branches | T_0017 | FIGURE 1.13 This research vessel is specially designed to explore the seas around Antarctica. | image | textbook_images/earth_science_and_its_branches_20013.png |
L_0002 | earth science and its branches | T_0018 | FIGURE 1.14 Meteorologists can help us to prepare for major storms or know if today is a good day for a picnic. | image | textbook_images/earth_science_and_its_branches_20014.png |
L_0002 | earth science and its branches | T_0018 | FIGURE 1.15 Carbon dioxide released into the atmo- sphere is causing global warming. | image | textbook_images/earth_science_and_its_branches_20015.png |
L_0002 | earth science and its branches | T_0019 | FIGURE 1.16 In a marine ecosystem, coral, fish, and other sea life depend on each other for survival. | image | textbook_images/earth_science_and_its_branches_20016.png |
L_0003 | erosion and deposition by flowing water | T_0021 | FIGURE 10.1 Flowing water erodes or deposits parti- cles depending on how fast the water is moving and how big the particles are. | image | textbook_images/erosion_and_deposition_by_flowing_water_20018.png |
L_0003 | erosion and deposition by flowing water | T_0023 | FIGURE 10.2 How Flowing Water Moves Particles. How particles are moved by flowing water de- pends on their size. | image | textbook_images/erosion_and_deposition_by_flowing_water_20019.png |
L_0003 | erosion and deposition by flowing water | T_0027 | FIGURE 10.3 Erosion by Runoff. Runoff has eroded small channels through this bare field. | image | textbook_images/erosion_and_deposition_by_flowing_water_20020.png |
L_0003 | erosion and deposition by flowing water | T_0027 | FIGURE 10.4 Mountain Stream. This mountain stream races down a steep slope. | image | textbook_images/erosion_and_deposition_by_flowing_water_20021.png |
L_0003 | erosion and deposition by flowing water | T_0029 | FIGURE 10.5 How a Waterfall Forms and Moves. Why does a waterfall keep moving upstream? | image | textbook_images/erosion_and_deposition_by_flowing_water_20022.png |
L_0003 | erosion and deposition by flowing water | T_0029 | FIGURE 10.6 Meanders form because water erodes the outside of curves and deposits eroded material on the inside. Over time, the curves shift position. | image | textbook_images/erosion_and_deposition_by_flowing_water_20023.png |
L_0003 | erosion and deposition by flowing water | T_0030 | FIGURE 10.7 An alluvial fan in Death Valley, California (left), Nile River Delta in Egypt (right). | image | textbook_images/erosion_and_deposition_by_flowing_water_20024.png |
L_0003 | erosion and deposition by flowing water | T_0032 | FIGURE 10.8 This diagram shows how a river builds natural levees along its banks. | image | textbook_images/erosion_and_deposition_by_flowing_water_20025.png |
L_0003 | erosion and deposition by flowing water | T_0033 | FIGURE 10.9 This cave has both stalactites and stalag- mites. | image | textbook_images/erosion_and_deposition_by_flowing_water_20026.png |
L_0003 | erosion and deposition by flowing water | T_0034 | FIGURE 10.10 A sinkhole. | image | textbook_images/erosion_and_deposition_by_flowing_water_20027.png |
L_0003 | erosion and deposition by flowing water | DD_0001 | The diagram represents the coastal Erosion of a headland. A headland is an area of hard rock which sticks out into the sea. Headlands form in areas of alternating hard and soft rock. Where the soft rock erodes, bays are formed on either side of the headland. As the headland becomes more exposed to the wind and waves the rate of its erosion increases. When headlands erode they create distinct features such as caves, arches, stacks and stumps. The sequence in the erosion of a headland is as follows : 1. Waves attack a weakness in the headland. 2. A cave is formed. 3. Eventually the cave erodes through the headland to form an arch. 4. The roof of the arch collapses leaving a column of rock called a stack. 5. The stack collapses leaving a stump. | image | teaching_images/erosion_6859.png |
L_0003 | erosion and deposition by flowing water | DD_0002 | The diagram shows how a waterfall is formed by erosion. Waterfalls begin with mountain streams that begin high up in mountains. These streams flow down very quickly because of the steep slope, and flowing water, especially fast-moving water, erodes soil and rocks. Soft rock erodes more quickly than hard rock. When soft rock erodes, the stream bed can collapse, causing an abrupt drop in the stream. This sudden drop is what creates a waterfall. In the diagram, the overhang is where the stream bed collapsed to create the waterfall. Because of the flowing water, the soft rock at the side of the waterfall will continue to erode. This continued erosion will cause more of the stream bed to collapse. The waterfall overhang will then retreat upstream and create a higher waterfall. | image | teaching_images/erosion_8064.png |
L_0004 | erosion and deposition by waves | T_0035 | FIGURE 10.11 Ocean waves transfer energy from the wind through the water. This gives waves the energy to erode the shore. | image | textbook_images/erosion_and_deposition_by_waves_20028.png |
L_0004 | erosion and deposition by waves | T_0037 | FIGURE 10.12 Over millions of years, wave erosion can create wave-cut cliffs (A), sea arches (B), or sea stacks (C). | image | textbook_images/erosion_and_deposition_by_waves_20029.png |
L_0004 | erosion and deposition by waves | T_0039 | FIGURE 10.13 Sand deposited along a shoreline creates a beach. | image | textbook_images/erosion_and_deposition_by_waves_20030.png |
L_0004 | erosion and deposition by waves | T_0039 | FIGURE 10.14 Beach deposits usually consist of small pieces of rock and shell in addition to sand. | image | textbook_images/erosion_and_deposition_by_waves_20031.png |
L_0004 | erosion and deposition by waves | T_0040 | FIGURE 10.15 Longshore drift carries particles of sand and rock down a coastline. | image | textbook_images/erosion_and_deposition_by_waves_20032.png |
L_0004 | erosion and deposition by waves | T_0041 | FIGURE 10.16 Spit from Space. Farewell Spit in New Zealand is clearly visible from space. This photo was taken by an astronaut orbiting Earth. | image | textbook_images/erosion_and_deposition_by_waves_20033.png |
L_0004 | erosion and deposition by waves | T_0042 | FIGURE 10.17 Wave-Deposited Landforms. These land- forms were deposited by waves. (A) Sandbars connect the small islands on this beach on Thailand. (B) A barrier island is a long, narrow island. It forms when sand is deposited by waves parallel to a coast. It develops from a sandbar that has built up enough to break through the waters surface. A barrier island helps protect the coast from wave erosion. | image | textbook_images/erosion_and_deposition_by_waves_20034.png |
L_0004 | erosion and deposition by waves | T_0043 | FIGURE 10.18 A breakwater is an artificial barrier island. How does it help protect the shoreline? | image | textbook_images/erosion_and_deposition_by_waves_20035.png |
L_0004 | erosion and deposition by waves | T_0044 | FIGURE 10.19 A groin is built perpendicular to the shore- line. Sand collects on the upcurrent side. | image | textbook_images/erosion_and_deposition_by_waves_20036.png |
L_0006 | erosion and deposition by glaciers | T_0054 | FIGURE 10.27 (A) The continent of Antarctica is covered with a continental glacier. (B) A valley glacier in the Canadian Rockies. (C) The surface of a valley glacier. | image | textbook_images/erosion_and_deposition_by_glaciers_20044.png |
L_0006 | erosion and deposition by glaciers | T_0056 | FIGURE 10.28 Features Eroded by Valley Glaciers. Ero- sion by valley glaciers forms the unique features shown here. | image | textbook_images/erosion_and_deposition_by_glaciers_20045.png |
L_0006 | erosion and deposition by glaciers | DD_0003 | This diagram shows about Erosion and Deposition by Glaciers. Glaciers are made up of fallen snow that, over many years, compresses into large, thickened ice masses. Glaciers form when snow remains in one location long enough to transform into ice. What makes glaciers unique is their ability to move. Due to sheer mass, glaciers flow like very slow rivers. Some glaciers are as small as football fields, while others grow to be dozens or even hundreds of kilometers long. Presently, glaciers occupy about 10 percent of the world's total land area, with most located in polar regions like Antarctica, Greenland, and the Canadian Arctic. Most glaciers lie within mountain ranges. Glaciers cause erosion by plucking and abrasion. Glaciers deposit their sediment when they melt. Landforms deposited by glaciers include drumlins, kettle lakes, and eskers. A ground moraine is a thick layer of sediments left behind by a retreating glacier. A drumlin is a long, low hill of sediments deposited by a glacier. Drumlins often occur in groups called drumlin fields. An esker is a winding ridge of sand deposited by a stream of meltwater. A kettle lake occurs where a chunk of ice was left behind in the sediments of a retreating glacier. When the ice melted, it left a depression. The meltwater filled it to form a lake. | image | teaching_images/glaciers_6926.png |
L_0006 | erosion and deposition by glaciers | DD_0004 | The diagram shows several features of an alpine glacier. Glaciers are masses of flowing ice that are formed when more snow falls than melts each year. Snow falls in the accumulation zone, usually the part of the glacier with the highest elevation. Further down the glacier, usually at a lower altitude, is the ablation area, where most of the melting and evaporation occur. At locations where a glacier flows rapidly, friction creates giant cracks called crevasse. Moraines are created when the glacier pushes or carries rocky debris as it moves. Medial moraines run down the middle of a glacier, lateral moraines along the sides, and terminal moraines are found at the terminus of a glacier. Glaciers cause erosion by plucking and abrasion. Valley glaciers form several unique features through erosion, including cirques and artes. Glaciers deposit their sediment when they melt. Landforms deposited by glaciers include drumlins, kettle lakes, and eskers. | image | teaching_images/glaciers_6936.png |
L_0008 | fossils | T_0066 | FIGURE 11.1 A variety of fossil types are pictured here. Preserved Remains: (A) teeth of a cow, (B) nearly complete dinosaur skeleton embedded in rock, (C) sea shell pre- served in a rock. Preserved Traces: (D) dinosaur tracks in mud, (E) fossil animal burrow in rock, (F) fossil feces from a meat-eating dinosaur in Canada. | image | textbook_images/fossils_20051.png |
L_0008 | fossils | T_0066 | FIGURE 11.2 Fossilization. This flowchart shows how most fossils form. | image | textbook_images/fossils_20052.png |
L_0008 | fossils | T_0067 | FIGURE 11.3 Ways Fossils Form. (A) Complete Preser- vation. This spider looks the same as it did the day it died millions of years ago! (B) Molds and Casts. A mold is a hole left in rock after an organisms remains break. A cast forms from the minerals that fill that hole and solidify. (C) Compression. A dark stain is left on a rock that was compressed. These ferns were fossilized by compression. | image | textbook_images/fossils_20053.png |
L_0008 | fossils | T_0070 | FIGURE 11.4 What can we learn from fossil clues like this fish fossil found in the Wyoming desert? | image | textbook_images/fossils_20054.png |
L_0008 | fossils | T_0071 | FIGURE 11.5 Trilobites are good index fossils. Why are trilobite fossils useful as index fossils? | image | textbook_images/fossils_20055.png |
L_0008 | fossils | DD_0005 | The diagram here shows us the stages of fossil creation. The first picture shows a living dinosaur that may have existed a thousand years ago. The second picture shows us dinosaur bones beneath waterbed. The third picture shows the bones separated and within the earth's rocks. And finally the fourth picture shows a man excavating and discovering the dinosaur bones, also known as fossils. Now what exactly are fossils? Fossils are nothing but the remains or impression of a prehistoric plant or animal embedded in rock and preserved in petrified form. The process by which remains or traces of living things become fossils is called fossilization. Most fossils are preserved in sedimentary rocks. Fossils are our best clues about the history of life on Earth. | image | teaching_images/fossils_9105.png |
L_0008 | fossils | DD_0006 | The diagram shows one way that fossils can form. There are 4 main stages. We see it begins when plants and animals die. They sink to the bottom of the sea. The dead animals become covered by sediment. Over time the pressure from the sediment compresses the dead animals into oil. Oil eventually moves up thru rocks. It then forms a reservoir and the process is complete. | image | teaching_images/fossils_6897.png |
L_0009 | relative ages of rocks | T_0073 | FIGURE 11.6 Laws of Stratigraphy. This diagram illus- trates the laws of stratigraphy. A = Law of Superposition, B = Law of Lateral Conti- nuity, C = Law of Original Horizontality, D = Law of Cross-Cutting Relationships | image | textbook_images/relative_ages_of_rocks_20056.png |
L_0009 | relative ages of rocks | T_0073 | FIGURE 11.7 Superposition. The rock layers at the bottom of this cliff are much older than those at the top. What force eroded the rocks and exposed the layers? | image | textbook_images/relative_ages_of_rocks_20057.png |
L_0009 | relative ages of rocks | T_0074 | FIGURE 11.8 Lateral Continuity. Layers of the same rock type are found across canyons at the Grand Canyon. | image | textbook_images/relative_ages_of_rocks_20058.png |
L_0009 | relative ages of rocks | T_0077 | FIGURE 11.9 Cross-cutting relationships in rock layers. Rock D is a dike that cuts across all the other rocks. Is it older or younger than the other rocks? | image | textbook_images/relative_ages_of_rocks_20060.png |
L_0009 | relative ages of rocks | T_0077 | FIGURE 11.10 Huttons unconformity, in Scotland. | image | textbook_images/relative_ages_of_rocks_20059.png |
L_0009 | relative ages of rocks | T_0079 | FIGURE 11.11 Chalk Cliffs. (A) Matching chalk cliffs in Denmark and (B) in Dover, U.K. | image | textbook_images/relative_ages_of_rocks_20061.png |
L_0009 | relative ages of rocks | T_0081 | FIGURE 11.12 Using Index Fossils to Match Rock Lay- ers. Rock layers with the same index fossils must have formed at about the same time. The presence of more than one type of index fossil provides stronger evidence that rock layers are the same age. | image | textbook_images/relative_ages_of_rocks_20062.png |
L_0009 | relative ages of rocks | T_0085 | FIGURE 11.13 The Geologic Time Scale. | image | textbook_images/relative_ages_of_rocks_20063.png |
L_0009 | relative ages of rocks | T_0086 | FIGURE 11.14 The evolution of life is shown on this spi- ral. | image | textbook_images/relative_ages_of_rocks_20064.png |
L_0009 | relative ages of rocks | DD_0007 | This diagram represents the cross-cutting relationships of rocks. Layer 1, as shown, is the oldest layer because it is the layer that is the deepest. This is the law of superposition. In the diagram below, "dike" is the youngest rock layer. This is figured by the law of cross-cutting relationships. The layers are always older than the rock that cuts across them. In the diagram below, dike cuts through all four layers. Therefore, layer 1 is the oldest, layer 2 is the second oldest, layer 3 is the third oldest, layer 4 is the fourth oldest, and dike is the youngest layer of rock. | image | teaching_images/stratigraphy_9259.png |
L_0009 | relative ages of rocks | DD_0008 | The study of rock strata is called stratigraphy. This Diagram is all about the Laws of Stratigraphy. The laws of stratigraphy can help scientists understand Earths past. The relative ages of rocks are important for understanding Earths history. The diagram refers to the position of rock layers and their relative ages, which is called Superposition. New rock layers are always deposited on top of existing rock layers. Therefore, deeper layers must be older than layers closer to the surface. A is the area covered by Law of Cross-Cutting relationships, B is the unconformities, C is the law of Original Horizontality, D is the Law of Conti-unity, E is the law of Superposition. Some rock layers extend over a very wide area. They may be found on more than one continent or in more than one country. | image | teaching_images/stratigraphy_9262.png |
L_0010 | absolute ages of rocks | T_0089 | FIGURE 11.15 Isotopes are named for their number of protons plus neutrons. If a carbon atom had 7 neutrons, what would it be named? | image | textbook_images/absolute_ages_of_rocks_20065.png |
L_0010 | absolute ages of rocks | T_0089 | FIGURE 11.16 Carbon-14 forms in the atmosphere. It combines with oxygen and forms carbon dioxide. How does carbon-14 end up in fossils? | image | textbook_images/absolute_ages_of_rocks_20066.png |
L_0010 | absolute ages of rocks | T_0090 | FIGURE 11.17 Unstable isotopes, such as carbon-14, decay by losing atomic particles. They form different, stable elements when they decay. In this case, the daughter is nitrogen-14. | image | textbook_images/absolute_ages_of_rocks_20067.png |
L_0010 | absolute ages of rocks | T_0092 | FIGURE 11.18 The rate of decay of carbon-14 is stable over time. | image | textbook_images/absolute_ages_of_rocks_20068.png |
L_0011 | the origin of earth | T_0096 | FIGURE 12.1 The Orion Nebula is the birthplace of new stars. | image | textbook_images/the_origin_of_earth_20069.png |
L_0011 | the origin of earth | T_0096 | FIGURE 12.2 The Inner Planets. | image | textbook_images/the_origin_of_earth_20070.png |
L_0011 | the origin of earth | T_0096 | FIGURE 12.3 The Kuiper Belt, a ring of icy debris in our solar system just beyond Neptune, contains many solar system bodies. | image | textbook_images/the_origin_of_earth_20071.png |
L_0011 | the origin of earth | T_0098 | FIGURE 12.4 Earths layers. | image | textbook_images/the_origin_of_earth_20072.png |
L_0011 | the origin of earth | T_0101 | FIGURE 12.5 Gases from Earths interior came through volcanoes and into the atmosphere. | image | textbook_images/the_origin_of_earth_20073.png |
L_0012 | early earth | T_0108 | FIGURE 12.6 E. coli (Escherichia coli) is a primitive prokaryote that may resemble the earliest cells. genetic instructions to the next generation. | image | textbook_images/early_earth_20074.png |
L_0012 | early earth | T_0110 | FIGURE 12.7 These rocks in Glacier National Park, Montana may contain some of the oldest fossil microbes on Earth. | image | textbook_images/early_earth_20075.png |
L_0012 | early earth | T_0112 | FIGURE 12.8 This fossil is from the Ediacara Fauna. Nothing alive today seems to have evolved from the Ediacara organisms. | image | textbook_images/early_earth_20076.png |
L_0014 | water on earth | T_0132 | FIGURE 13.1 Take a look at this image. Do you think that Earth deserves the name water planet? | image | textbook_images/water_on_earth_20085.png |
L_0014 | water on earth | T_0132 | FIGURE 13.2 What percentage of Earths surface fresh- water is water vapor in the air? Only a tiny fraction of Earths freshwater is in the liquid state. Most liquid freshwater is under the ground in layers of rock. Of freshwater on the surface, the majority occurs in lakes and soil. What percentage of freshwater on the surface is found in living things? | image | textbook_images/water_on_earth_20086.png |
L_0014 | water on earth | T_0134 | FIGURE 13.3 The water cycle has no beginning or end. Water just keeps moving along. | image | textbook_images/water_on_earth_20087.png |
L_0015 | surface water | T_0137 | FIGURE 13.4 All these forms of flowing water are streams. | image | textbook_images/surface_water_20088.png |
L_0015 | surface water | T_0139 | FIGURE 13.5 Water in a stream flows along the ground from higher to lower elevation. What force causes the water to keep flowing? | image | textbook_images/surface_water_20089.png |
L_0015 | surface water | T_0139 | FIGURE 13.6 River basins in the U.S. | image | textbook_images/surface_water_20090.png |
L_0015 | surface water | T_0140 | FIGURE 13.7 The Great Lakes of North America get their name from their great size. | image | textbook_images/surface_water_20091.png |
L_0015 | surface water | T_0143 | FIGURE 13.8 Craters and rifts become lakes when they fill with water. Where does the water come from? | image | textbook_images/surface_water_20092.png |
L_0015 | surface water | T_0145 | FIGURE 13.9 These are just three of many types of wetlands. | image | textbook_images/surface_water_20093.png |
L_0015 | surface water | T_0146 | FIGURE 13.10 A river in Indiana floods after very heavy rains. Some areas received almost a foot of rain in less than 24 hours! | image | textbook_images/surface_water_20094.png |
L_0016 | groundwater | T_0148 | FIGURE 13.11 Water seeps into the ground through permeable material and stops when it reaches an impermeable rock. Predict the purpose of the well in the diagram. | image | textbook_images/groundwater_20095.png |
L_0016 | groundwater | T_0151 | FIGURE 13.12 An aquifer is a layer of saturated porous rock. It lies below the water table. An impermeable layer, such as clay, is below the aquifer. | image | textbook_images/groundwater_20096.png |
L_0016 | groundwater | T_0152 | FIGURE 13.13 In this map, the area over the Ogallala aquifer is shaded in blue. | image | textbook_images/groundwater_20097.png |
L_0016 | groundwater | T_0153 | FIGURE 13.14 Big Spring is named for its large size. It releases more than 12,000 liters of water per second! | image | textbook_images/groundwater_20098.png |
L_0016 | groundwater | T_0153 | FIGURE 13.15 Lake George gets its water from a number of springs. | image | textbook_images/groundwater_20099.png |
L_0016 | groundwater | T_0154 | FIGURE 13.16 Grand Prismatic Spring in the Yellowstone National Park is the largest hot spring in the U.S. How can you tell from the photo that the water in this spring is hot? | image | textbook_images/groundwater_20100.png |
L_0016 | groundwater | T_0155 | FIGURE 13.17 Old Faithful in Yellowstone National Park is a geyser named for its regular cycle of eruptions. | image | textbook_images/groundwater_20101.png |
L_0016 | groundwater | T_0156 | FIGURE 13.18 A well runs from the surface to a point below the water table. Why must a well go lower than the water table? | image | textbook_images/groundwater_20102.png |
L_0016 | groundwater | DD_0009 | The picture shows the groundwater and how it moves. Rivers and lakes hold a lot of Earths liquid freshwater. Twenty times more of Earths liquid freshwater is found below the surface than on the surface. Groundwater (or ground water) is the water present beneath Earth's surface in soil pore spaces and in the fractures of rock formations. A unit of rock or an unconsolidated deposit is called an aquifer when it can yield a usable quantity of water. The depth at which soil pore spaces or fractures and voids in rock become completely saturated with water is called the water table. Groundwater is recharged from, and eventually flows to, the surface naturally. Natural discharge often occurs at springs and seeps, and can form oases or wetlands. Groundwater is also often withdrawn for agricultural, municipal, and industrial use by constructing and operating extraction wells. The study of the distribution and movement of groundwater is hydrogeology, also called groundwater hydrology. | image | teaching_images/aquifers_6510.png |
L_0016 | groundwater | DD_0010 | This diagram depicts how the groundwater is formed. WIth the diagram, we can understand how the groundwater is formed. First, the water is poured down from the cloud to the earth's surface. The water is recharged to the top most layer of the earth called piezometric surface. Below the piezometric surface, the layer containing water is called unconfined aquifer. The top level of the unconfined aquifer is called water table level. Under the unconfied aquifer, there is a layer that the water cannot penetrate. We call the layer as impermeable layer. Under the impermeable layer, a thick layer containing water is called confied aquifer. The earth region that supports the confined aquifer is called confining bed. The hole to obtain water in the unconfied aquifer is called artesian bore. | image | teaching_images/aquifers_6524.png |
L_0016 | groundwater | DD_0011 | This diagram shows the structure of groundwater storage in the earth. The top most layer of the earth is call unsaturated zone and does not have water stored. The below the unsaturated zone, there is a unconfined aquifer which contains the water closest to the earth surface. The boundary between the unsaturated zone and unconfined aquifer is called water table. The unconfined water layer absorbes the water from the surface and provide the water to the river or to the ground by a pump. The water circulation period in the unconfined aquifer is from days to years. Under the unconfined aquifer, there is a confining bed. Under the confining bed, there is confined aquifer. This is deeper layer than unconfined aquifer and the water returning cycle to the ground is century long. Under the confined aquifer, there is another confining bed. Below the confined aquifer, there is another confined aquifer. The water returning cycle to the ground is millenium long. | image | teaching_images/aquifers_6953.png |
L_0017 | introduction to the oceans | T_0158 | FIGURE 14.1 Volcanoes were one source of water va- por on ancient Earth. What were other sources? | image | textbook_images/introduction_to_the_oceans_20104.png |
L_0017 | introduction to the oceans | T_0159 | FIGURE 14.2 At the time shown, there was one vast ocean and two smaller ones. How many oceans are there today? Thats why some people refer to the oceans together as the World Ocean. | image | textbook_images/introduction_to_the_oceans_20105.png |
L_0017 | introduction to the oceans | T_0161 | FIGURE 14.3 The oceans and atmosphere exchange gases. Why does water vapor enter the atmosphere from the water? | image | textbook_images/introduction_to_the_oceans_20106.png |
L_0017 | introduction to the oceans | T_0163 | FIGURE 14.4 Coral reefs teem with life. | image | textbook_images/introduction_to_the_oceans_20107.png |
L_0017 | introduction to the oceans | T_0166 | FIGURE 14.5 What percentage of the salts in ocean water is sodium chloride? | image | textbook_images/introduction_to_the_oceans_20108.png |
L_0017 | introduction to the oceans | T_0168 | FIGURE 14.6 Distance from shore and depth of water define ocean zones. Which zone is on the ocean floor? | image | textbook_images/introduction_to_the_oceans_20109.png |
L_0017 | introduction to the oceans | DD_0012 | This diagram represents the layers of the ocean. The oceans are divided into two broad realms; the pelagic and the benthic. Pelagic refers to the open water in which swimming and floating organisms live. Organisms living there are called the pelagos. From the shallowest to the deepest, biologists divide the pelagic into the epipelagic the mesopelagic the bathypelagic the abyssopelagic and the deepest, the hadopelagic. The last three zones have no sunlight at all. The Habitat zone is formed by 5 mini zones: Abbysal, Bathyal, Hadal, Neritic, and Oceanic .One-third of the Earth is made up of the Abbysal zone. It is very cold and dark in this zone. In the Bathyal zone, the food and temperature easily fall into the deepest zones of the ocean. The Hadal zone is the deepest zone in the ocean. It has high-pressure conditions and it's really cold. The Neritic zone is rich in plants, animals, and nutrients that are carried by currents of land. In the Oceanic zone, there is an abundant life of plankton. | image | teaching_images/ocean_zones_7130.png |
L_0017 | introduction to the oceans | DD_0013 | This diagram shows the ocean floor. Like land terrains, the ocean floor also has ridges, valleys, plains and volcanoes. The seabed (also known as the seafloor, sea floor, or ocean floor) is the bottom of the ocean. The oceanic zone begins in the area off shore where the water measures 200 meters (656 feet) deep or deeper. It is the region of open sea beyond the edge of the continental shelf and includes 65% of the ocean's completely open water. The photic zone or sunlight zone is the depth of the water in a lake or ocean that is exposed to such intensity of sunlight which designates compensation point. The aphotic zone is the portion of a lake or ocean where there is little or no sunlight. It is formally defined as the depths beyond which less than 1% of sunlight penetrates. The abyssal zone is the layer of the pelagic zone of the ocean. At depths of 4,000 to 6,000 metres (13,123 to 19,685 feet), this zone remains in perpetual darkness and never receives daylight. The continental shelf is the area of the seabed around a large landmass where the sea is relatively shallow compared with the open ocean. This is geologically part of the continental crust. Studying the ocean floor is difficult because the environment is so hostile but scientists have discovered good ways to study the ocean floor through the years. Some of the ways are by using a sonar and special vehicles (some of which can even be done remotely). | image | teaching_images/ocean_zones_8125.png |
L_0018 | ocean movements | T_0170 | FIGURE 14.8 Waves cause the rippled surface of the ocean. | image | textbook_images/ocean_movements_20111.png |
L_0018 | ocean movements | T_0170 | FIGURE 14.9 A wave travels through the water. How would you describe the movement of wa- ter molecules as a wave passes through? | image | textbook_images/ocean_movements_20112.png |
L_0018 | ocean movements | T_0172 | FIGURE 14.10 Waves break when they reach the shore. | image | textbook_images/ocean_movements_20113.png |
L_0018 | ocean movements | T_0173 | FIGURE 14.11 A 2004 tsunami caused damage like this all along the coast of the Indian Ocean. Many lives were lost. | image | textbook_images/ocean_movements_20114.png |
L_0018 | ocean movements | T_0174 | FIGURE 14.12 Where is the intertidal zone in this pic- ture? | image | textbook_images/ocean_movements_20115.png |
L_0018 | ocean movements | T_0176 | FIGURE 14.13 High and low tides are due mainly to the pull of the Moons gravity. | image | textbook_images/ocean_movements_20116.png |
L_0018 | ocean movements | T_0176 | FIGURE 14.14 The Sun and Moon both affect Earths tides. | image | textbook_images/ocean_movements_20117.png |
L_0018 | ocean movements | T_0177 | FIGURE 14.15 Earths surface currents flow in the pat- terns shown here. | image | textbook_images/ocean_movements_20118.png |
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