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"Represent the example for the following task: Generate an appropriate title for the given text. The generated title must be short and include the main topic of the text. The preferred titles are under fifteen words.:",
"Victoria Jones, 23, kept up the pretence for two years, the General Teaching Council for Wales heard. She was found guilty of unacceptable professional conduct which she had denied. The Newport teacher was cleared of compromising her position of trust and bringing the school into disrepute. Ms Jones, who worked at Ringland Primary School's nursery, admitted taking 82 photographs of a baby girl from the social networking website, the council heard. She was said to have claimed the baby she called Keira was one of twins - and that her brother, Harrison, born with Down's Syndrome, had died soon after birth. Ms Jones was accused of weaving \"an elaborate web of deceit\" to gain revenge on her ex-boyfriend Daniel Barberini, 26, after their 16-month relationship ended. New York The disciplinary panel heard she thought up the hoax after a former schoolmate added her as a \"friend\" on Facebook to show her the pictures of her own daughter. The photos showed the child hours after she was born, celebrating her first birthday, enjoying Christmas and playing at home. Ms Jones claimed to have given birth to his twins in New York before emigrating from Britain to Australia. The hoax came to light when Mr Barberini showed one of the pictures to a friend who also knew the baby's real mother. Speaking before the hearing, Mr Barberini said: \"I still can't believe how Victoria could be so cruel. I was so proud of my little girl and to lose her like that was just horrendous.\" 'One of the quietest' The baby's mother informed the police but after an investigation officers ruled the teacher had not broken the law. The mother said she remembered Ms Jones from school as \"one of the quietest people you could ever meet\". \"She had access to my Facebook site as a friend but I haven't seen her for six years,\" she said. \"After I found out what was going on she phoned me and wanted to meet up - but I said no.\" Panel chairman John Collins said: \"We are satisfied Miss Jones' actions fall short of that expected of a registered teacher. \"Although acts were conducted in her private life, the consequences impacted adversely in her standing as a teacher as well as bringing the profession into disrepute. 'Right-minded person' \"She used the photos to support a fictitious tale in her personal cause. We are satisfied she copied photos of the child from Facebook.\" Presenting officer Gwenno Hughes-Marshall had earlier said some parents had regarded her actions as a silly mistake, while others had threatened to remove their children from the school. \"One student teacher didn't return as she didn't want to be associated with the school after Miss Jones' actions,\" she said. The teacher, who did not attend the hearing, was represented by her union NASUWT. Colin Adkins, her union representative, earlier told the panel: \"Any right-minded person, as Victoria Jones does now, would consider her actions as wrong. \"But the acts were conducted in her private life.\""
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"Represent the example for the following task: Generate an appropriate title for the given text. The generated title must be short and include the main topic of the text. The preferred titles are under fifteen words.:",
"A panel found Mark Rodda guilty of \"unacceptable professional conduct\" during his time at Brookfield Community School in Chesterfield, Derbyshire. His behaviour had a \"detrimental and negative effect on pupils\", the Teaching Regulation Agency (TRA) ruled. The school said it acted promptly as soon as it became aware of the allegations. East Midlands Live: 'Taxi driver' rapist found guilty; Fantasy football success for cricket star Between January and May 2017, Mr Rodda was alleged to have engaged in inappropriate physical contact with one or more pupils while employed as a science teacher at the school. A TRA panel heard evidence from several students, including one who said the teacher had massaged a classmate's shoulders for \"a good 10 seconds at least\". The panel found the allegations proven and ruled Mr Rodda had also touched students' hair and faces and put his arms around them. During the hearing, the panel heard evidence that Mr Rodda told a pupil he had \"not hit puberty\" and said to another he was going to \"snap his neck\". In addition, the panel ruled Mr Rodda and been dishonest when applying for the position at Brookfield Community School by not revealing he resigned from his previous school ahead of another disciplinary hearing into his conduct. The teacher had not shown remorse for his behaviour, the panel added. Following the hearing, Mr Rodda was given an indefinite ban from teaching in any school or sixth form college in England. Steve Edmonds, head teacher at Brookfield Community School, said: \"The safety and welfare of our pupils is our paramount concern. \"As soon as we were made aware of the allegations we acted promptly in suspending Mark Rodda, taking all the appropriate disciplinary action in accordance with the school's policies and in consultation with all the relevant authorities.\""
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"Represent the example for the following task: Generate an appropriate title for the given text. The generated title must be short and include the main topic of the text. The preferred titles are under fifteen words.:",
"By Claire BatesBBC News Magazine Jeremy Vine was cycling home down a narrow road last Friday when he was tailgated by an impatient driver who jumped out of her car, shouted at him and appeared to kick his bike. Later she threatened to \"knock [Vine] out\" and warned: \"I could be done for murder.\" Like many other cyclists who've experienced similar treatment, Vine had filmed the incident and posted footage on Facebook, as well as passing it on to police. Cycle cameras were first sold as accessories for recreational riders to allow them to edit and create films of their journeys. One of the first was the GoPro video camera, which launched in 2006. But it soon became apparent they were useful for recording collisions. Cyclists began posting near-misses and other dangerous driving on video-sharing websites like YouTube. The roads can be dangerous places for cyclists, who are particularly vulnerable to injury. In 2014, 21,287 cyclists were injured in reported road accidents, according to the Royal Society for the Prevention of Accidents (RoSPA). This included 3,514 who were killed or seriously injured. There aren't any statistics showing if helmet cameras have made the roads any safer for cyclists. However, motoring journalist Quentin Willson thinks the more cameras - including dashboard cameras in cars - there are on the roads the better, because they are more likely to deter bad behaviour. \"I think cars should have dashcams and cyclist should have headcams. If drivers and cyclists are driving properly, then neither should have a problem with being filmed,\" he says. Conventional methods enforcing road safety aren't working, Willson says. He'd like to see insurance companies offering discounts to drivers with dashboard cameras to help tackle problems caused by a \"motoring underclass\" of bad and often uninsured drivers: \"They may be angry being filmed but anything that brings them to book is good, I think.\" Footage of road rage attacks on cyclists has a habit of going viral. A driver caught on camera verbally abusing a cyclist in south London last year suffered a torrent of abuse online after the footage was shared on social media. But there are concerns that as well as inflaming confrontations, such footage may also be fuelling a motorist vs cyclist mentality. In 2014, The Daily Telegraph's Andrew Critchlow warned that \"self-appointed digital road vigilantes\" were doing more harm than good. Comment boards under road rage videos often descend into a war of words between motorist and cyclists, each accusing the other of unsafe road use. Facebook comments under Jeremy Vine's video are also mixed. Michael Hutchinson, former Commonwealth Games cyclist and columnist for Cycling Weekly, is sceptical about the effectiveness of cycle and dashboard cameras. \"I don't think, day-to-day, it makes a difference to safety on the roads. I think cameras aren't that common at the moment and so people who are reacting on the roads, like in the Jeremy Vine case, probably don't stop to consider if they are being filmed before taking action,\" Hutchinson says. \"In these incidents I suspect the perpetrators aren't rationally thinking their behaviour through.\" Hutchinson does think that they can play an important part after a road rage attack has taken place, however: \"One problem cyclists often have is when they report an incident to police, they are told 'prove it', and helmet camera provides some evidence. It also helps with insurance providers if it's one person's word against another.\" Today, both helmetcam and dashcam footage are increasingly used as evidence in both civil and criminal courts, according to personal injury solicitors Claims Action. They play the same role as CCTV footage. According to the company's website, in order to admit a video recording from a helmet camera as evidence, it must be downloaded onto a CD and be accompanied by a certificate countersigned by a solicitor stating that it has not been altered. However, while road rage incidents may generate clicks and shares, this kind of assault doesn't appear to be the biggest danger facing cyclists. According to RoSPA figures for 2013, \"failing to look properly\" was the highest known contributory factor to an accident involving at least one cyclist and another vehicle. Their records showed that one third of the 9,375 incidents were caused by cyclists while two thirds were caused by drivers of other vehicles. And while the presence of a camera might conceivably make a motorist think twice about launching a road rage attack, it's less clear whether it will encourage drivers and cyclists alike to pay attention to the road. Follow @BBCNewsMagazine on Twitter and on Facebook"
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"Represent the example for the following task: Generate an appropriate title for the given text. The generated title must be short and include the main topic of the text. The preferred titles are under fifteen words.:",
"A team in Kenya and the US are working on the project, Ushahidi's innovation manager has told the BBC. The platform is being used to collect and verify information which can be shared to affiliated groups for action. Republican candidate Donald Trump has said he believes the election will be rigged. Some fear his call for his supporters to monitor the voting process could lead to intimidation. His opponent, Hillary Clinton, has dismissed the voter fraud allegations. Millions of Americans are voting to elect a president and leaders in federal and state levels. Other states are also running ballot measures to get the public to vote on local issues. \"The team is currently combing through social media and dealing with messages sent directly to its platform, verifying the content before escalating to the right people,\" Ushahidi's innovation manager Chris Mukuria told the BBC. A statement on Ushahidi's website says that it has partnered with several institutions including the Election Protection Committee, \"who run one of the largest non-partisan election monitoring organizations in the USA\". \"Our honest hope is that all of this is for naught, and that end of the day Tuesday we look at all the reports and that 99.9% of reports say: 'Everything went great!'\" Ushahidi's chief operating officer Nathaniel Manning said in a statement. Ushahidi around the world Ushahidi was launched in 2008 by a group of activists and developers to monitor and map the violence in Kenya after a disputed election. The platform has been used in several countries and in different projects, from monitoring sexual harassment in Egypt and to respond to the needs during the earthquake Haiti in 2012. The application that has been deployed to monitor the US elections has also been used in Mexico and Nigeria, Mr Mukuria said. \"The team plans to continue monitoring the elections until polls close,\" he added. A momentous election Mrs Clinton is the Democratic candidate for the presidential race and is aiming to become the first woman president of the United States. Mr Trump, a real-estate billionaire and a reality-TV star, beat seasoned politicians in the primaries to emerge as the Republican candidate for the presidential race."
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"Represent the example for the following task: Generate an appropriate title for the given text. The generated title must be short and include the main topic of the text. The preferred titles are under fifteen words.:",
"It said it was in the \"very early\" stages of the investigation and did not yet know who was behind the pages. It said the creators had gone to greater lengths to hide their identities than a Russia-based campaign to disrupt the 2016 presidential vote. It described attempts to erase election interference as an \"arms race.\" What did Facebook discover? The social network said in a blog that it had identified 17 suspect profiles on Facebook and seven Instagram accounts. It said that there were more than 9,500 Facebook posts created by the accounts and one piece of content on Instagram. In total more than 290,000 accounts followed at least one of the pages involved, it added. Facebook said the suspect accounts had also run about 150 ads on Facebook and Instagram, costing a total of $11,000 (£8,300). The most popular fake accounts were: Why can't Facebook be sure who is responsible? The \"bad actors\" went to far greater lengths to cover their tracks than the Russian-based Internet Research Agency (IRA) had in the past, Facebook said. This included using virtual private networks (VPNs) to hide their location, and using third parties to run ads on their behalf. Furthermore, the social network said it had not found evidence of Russian IP (internet protocol) addresses. But it did find one link between the IRA and the new accounts. One of disabled IRA accounts shared a Facebook event hosted by the Resisters page. The page also briefly listed an IRA account as one of its administrators. It added that it \"may never be able to identify the source\" for the fake accounts. \"The set of actors we see now might be the IRA with improved capabilities, or it could be a separate group,\" explained Facebook's chief security officer Alex Stamos. \"This is one of the fundamental limitations of attribution: offensive organisations improve their techniques once they have been uncovered, and it is wishful thinking to believe that we will always be able to identify persistent actors with high confidence.\" What is the company doing about it? Facebook has removed the suspect accounts, but says other legitimate page administrators unwittingly interacted with them. For example, after the Resisters account created a Facebook event for a protest on 10 to 12 August called \"No Unite the Right 2\", five other page owners offered to co-host the demonstration and posted details about transportation and locations. Facebook said it had contacted the admins involved and would alert the 2,600 users who had expressed interest in the event. The firm said it would also continue efforts to detect further misuses of its platform and work more closely with law enforcement and other tech firms to understand the threats faced. How have US politicians reacted? Democratic congressman Adam Schiff said: \"Today's announcement from Facebook demonstrates what we've long feared: that malicious foreign actors bearing the hallmarks of previously-identified Russian influence campaigns continue to abuse and weaponise social media platforms to influence the US electorate.\" Democratic Senator Mark Warner, who is vice-chairman of the Senate Select Committee on Intelligence, also pointed his finger at Moscow. \"Today's disclosure is further evidence that the Kremlin continues to exploit platforms like Facebook to sow division and spread disinformation, and I am glad that Facebook is taking some steps to pinpoint and address this activity,\" he said. Republican Senator Lindsey Graham added that he intended to pursue retaliatory measures by introducing a sanctions bill against Russia on Thursday \"that has everything but the kitchen sink in it\". \"It'll be the sanctions bill from hell. And any other country that is trying to interfere with our election should suffer the same fate.\" Senate Intelligence Committee chairman Richard Burr, a Republican, said that the operation's apparent goal had been to \"sow discord, distrust, and division in an attempt to undermine public faith in our institutions and our political system\". \"Russians want a weak America,\" he added. Analysis: Dave Lee, North America technology reporter This may look like another disastrous headline for Facebook, but it isn't. Earlier in the year it promised to improve its so-far shambolic efforts at removing misinformation. It promised to hire more people, enlist outside help and work on new automated detection methods. Today it was able to share a tangible, politician-friendly example of how those efforts came together, to quash a misinformation campaign before it apparently caused much harm. But the future is troubling and predictable. This latest campaign was more sophisticated than anything that came before it - the use of third parties to buy advertising in the US is a difficult problem for Facebook to tackle without snarling up its ads operation. And to state the obvious, while Facebook was able to detect this specific operation, none of us really know how big this problem is. What happened with the 2016 elections? Shortly after the vote, Facebook's chief Mark Zuckerberg derided suggestions that fake news posted to the platform had influenced the presidential election, saying it was a \"pretty crazy idea\". But he has since apologised for being so dismissive. In September 2017, Facebook acknowledged that Russians had indeed used fake identities to try to influence the US electorate before and after the election, and had posted comments, ads and details about street protests to achieve this. US intelligence agencies have also concluded that Russian state operators used fake social media accounts in an attempt to interfere with the campaign. President Putin has, however, denied that Russia meddled."
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"Represent the example for the following task: Generate an appropriate title for the given text. The generated title must be short and include the main topic of the text. The preferred titles are under fifteen words.:",
"Three of the study's authors said they could not longer vouch for its veracity because Surgisphere, a healthcare firm behind the data, would not allow an independent review of its dataset. Its findings led the WHO to suspend its testing on the anti-malaria drug. But leaders including US President Donald Trump continue to tout its use. Surgisphere chief executive Sapan Desai, the study's fourth author, told The Guardian newspaper he would co-operate with an independent audit but said transferring the data would \"violate client agreements and confidentiality requirements\". What did the study say? Research for the article, published last month in medical journal The Lancet, involved 96,000 coronavirus patients across 671 hospitals worldwide. Nearly 15,000 were given hydroxychloroquine - or a related form, chloroquine - either alone or with an antibiotic. It concluded that the drug showed no benefits against coronavirus and increased the risk patients developing irregular heart rhythms and dying. Mandeep Mehra, a Harvard University professor who led the study, together with Frank Ruschitzka of the University Hospital Zurich and Amit Patel of the University of Utah, said in a statement that they had tried to arrange for a third-party peer review of the data, but Surgisphere had refused to co-operate. \"We deeply apologize to you, the editors, and the journal readership for any embarrassment or inconvenience that this may have caused,\" the group added. Is there any evidence the drug works against coronavirus? There is concern in the scientific community about using such drugs to treat coronavirus. Hydroxychloroquine is safe for treating malaria, and conditions like lupus or arthritis, but so far no clinical trials have recommended it for use against Covid-19. Results from one clinical trial at the University of Minnesota have shown that hydroxychloroquine is not effective at preventing coronavirus. The WHO said on 3 June that it would resume its trials after halting them last month. Other studies are also taking place in several countries including the UK, US and Senegal. In March, the US Food and Drug Administration granted an \"emergency use\" authorisation for its use on a limited number of hospitalised cases. But the following month, it issued a warning about its use because of reports of heart problems in some patients. Why has it gained prominence? Despite concerns for its safety and efficacy, US President Donald Trump revealed in May that he was taking hydroxychloroquine as a preventative measure against Covid-19, but later said he'd stopped. Mr Trump has repeatedly referred to its potential. At a press conference in April, he said: \"What do you have to lose? Take it.\" Following Mr Trump's comments, there was a sharp increase reported in prescriptions in the US for both hydroxychloroquine and the related drug, chloroquine. Brazilian President Jair Bolsonaro has also claimed in a video that \"hydroxychloroquine is working in all places.\" This was removed by Facebook for breaching its misinformation guidelines. There has also been a global surge in demand for them."
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"Represent the example for the following task: Generate an appropriate title for the given text. The generated title must be short and include the main topic of the text. The preferred titles are under fifteen words.:",
"Former Scrutiny Management Committee (SMC) President Chris Green said an appeal system was needed. Guernsey does not have any impartial body ruling on requests for official information. Mr Green argued for a statutory official, like the Office for Data Protection to take charge of appeals. The current system allows requests to be submitted, but the States can refuse with no means to challenge. The former deputy, who stood down before October's General Election, said any replacement needed legal weight to be \"truly effective\". Among successful candidates, only two mentioned introducing FOI in online manifestos, but one sits on the States Assembly and Constitution Committee, which would be responsible for introducing one. 'Deserves closer scrutiny' Mr Green pointed to a report produced by the SMC in August outlining as a suitable model for the law. He explained Guernsey needed an appeal mechanism headed up by an independent body like the Office of Data Protection to be \"truly effective\". Mr Green said: \"It also should be headed up by a person with real authority, if they are going to strike down a decision of a States committee to withhold public information.\" Jersey has had an FOI law since 2011 and decisions not to disclose can be appealed to the Office of Information Commissioner. Mr Green, who has returned to being a full-time advocate - a Guernsey lawyer, also pointed to new authority given to SMC as being vital. The powers introduced this term, can compel people to appear before the committee and produce documentation via court order. He said: \"This new reality will be something that will weigh very heavily with a principal committee or Policy and Resources under examination.\""
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"Represent the example for the following task: Generate an appropriate title for the given text. The generated title must be short and include the main topic of the text. The preferred titles are under fifteen words.:",
"Chris CookPolicy editor, Newsnight The original transparency legislation, passed in 2000, contained a provision which gave the Cabinet the right to simply kill requests even if a court had ordered that the request be answered. It was used, for example, to block requests for documents relating to the decision to go to war in Iraq, the recent English NHS reforms and the proposed High Speed 2 rail link. The judges, however, concluded that the veto was an unlawful provision: they did not like the notion that the executive could simply overrule a court without any constraint. So, for now, the Act is operating without a backstop by which ministers can zap requests. So if members of the public go back for those vetoed releases now, they might well be able to get them. That ministers want to bring in fresh law to reintroduce the veto is not an enormous surprise. David Cameron responded to the court ruling at the time by stating: \"If the legislation does not make Parliament's intentions for the veto clear enough, then we will need to make it clearer\". There are some things to be aware of. The civil service proposals First, whatever happens, there will be no further royal letters. The law has already been amended to make this release into a one-off. Second, while some form of veto may return for the FoI Act, it is not quite clear what it will cover. To conform with the judges' wishes, it would need to be reconfigured and constrained in some way. Third, there are parts of the old veto that are not coming back. The little-known Europe-wide Environmental Information Regulations cover information releases about physical spaces or the environment. It is a tough little law, which is hard to avoid. And its roots in European law mean that it is harder to change than the conventional Freedom of Information Act. So that is now probably veto-free forever. Fourth, I would not be surprised if they used the opportunity to cut back transparency requirements. As I wrote in March, a senior legal official told me they might \"sort out a few other things while the patient is on the table\". Requesters should be nervous. So what exactly might they do? The civil service has proposed previously that time officials spent \"considering\" requests and redacting them should be capped. These proposals could be lethal to the act in Whitehall. At the moment, officials are asked to estimate how much time it would take to find documents. If the estimate is that it could cost more than a certain limit, they go no further. A common complaint about the lowest transparency departments is that they often lie to inflate these costs so they can refuse releases. Now imagine how much worse that would be if they were also asked to add in how much time they expect to spend \"thinking\" about a request and the amount of time they might need to spend blacking out contentious information. It would be an invitation for the worst parts of Whitehall to refuse requests at will. You might think that sounds conspiratorial. It is. But remember how much some parts of the civil service hate transparency. It is already quite common for officials to mark documents as \"policy\" and \"sensitive\" because they (incorrectly) think it will make it easier to refuse requests. The Department for Education installed an instant messenger system that is set up to destroy data immediately so conversations are never recorded and so can never be requested. The enforcement problem Indeed, at the moment, officials know that in some departments, finding innovative ways to refuse requests is a way to win kudos from senior mandarins. Requests signed off by Roger Smethurst in the Cabinet Office and Nicholas Howard in Downing Street both stand out for their determination to avoid disclosure. That dark corner of Whitehall is particularly secretive. Indeed, Sue Gray (job title: \"Director General, Propriety and Ethics Team\") at the Cabinet Office has given advice to special advisers on how to destroy data in their email accounts specifically in order to avoid needing to make disclosure. She has also pressed officials in other departments to resist releases, even ones they were relatively relaxed about making. Why does this keep happening? Well, the Information Commissioner's Office, which is responsible for enforcing the act, is routinely quizzed about this (often by me). But nothing ever happens. Indeed, the continued refusal to act against the worst offender has spawned its own website, simply entitled: \"Has The ICO Issued An Enforcement Notice Against the Cabinet Office Yet?\" Even before one considers what officials might now try to do to our most important transparency law, it is important to note how weak the act is already. There is a serious compliance problem in Whitehall, and the ICO has decided not to do anything about it."
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"Represent the example for the following task: Generate an appropriate title for the given text. The generated title must be short and include the main topic of the text. The preferred titles are under fifteen words.:",
"It comes after Prime Minister Hun Sen proposed banning anyone convicted of a crime from leading a political party. Mr Rainsy has faced several lawsuits from the government and is currently abroad to avoid a two-year prison sentence for defamation. His Cambodia National Rescue Party is seen as the main challenger to Hun Sen, who has led Cambodia since 1985. Mr Rainsy announced his resignation on social media, but said: \"In all circumstances I continue to cherish and uphold the CNRP's [Cambodia National Rescue Party's] ideals in my heart.\" His party has described the defamation charges against him as politically motivated. The CNRP made strong gains in the disputed 2013 elections, taking 55 seats while Hun Sen's party took 68. Cambodia's next general election is scheduled for 2018."
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"Represent the example for the following task: Generate an appropriate title for the given text. The generated title must be short and include the main topic of the text. The preferred titles are under fifteen words.:",
"Her Majesty made the comment during a visit to the National Institute of Agricultural Botany in Cambridge. She surprised people at the institute by taking a shovel and digging into the earth as she planted a tree. While in the city she also had lunch at Queens' College and officially opened the new site of Royal Papworth Hospital. The renowned heart and lung hospital moved 16 miles (25km) from Papworth to Cambridge and welcomed its first patients in May. Beginning her tour of the city at the National Institute of Agricultural Botany, the Queen, accompanied by the Duchess of Gloucester, viewed an exhibition celebrating 100 years of crop research. The institute's chief executive Dr Tina Barsby said: \"On the rehearsal, the idea was that she would supervise the planting of a tree. \"But she gave her bag to someone to hold and said 'I'm still perfectly capable of planting a tree' and she put the soil in herself.\" During the afternoon, Her Majesty was given a tour of Royal Papworth Hospital at its new site on the Cambridge Biomedical Campus. There were loud cheers and applause as she unveiled a plaque in the hospital's main entrance to mark the formal opening. The hospital opened as a tuberculosis colony in 1918 in the village of Papworth Everard, about 12 miles west of Cambridge, and was home to the first successful heart transplant in the UK in 1979. It was granted a royal title by the Queen in 2017. You may also like: Since opening in May, more than 9,000 patients have been through the outpatients department of Royal Papworth and clinicians have carried out more than 2,000 procedures. Retired surgeon Professor John Wallwork, chairman of the NHS foundation trust that runs the hospital, said: \"It's a huge honour for ourselves and for the hospital and the biomedical campus to have the Queen come.\""
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"Represent the example for the following task: Generate an appropriate title for the given text. The generated title must be short and include the main topic of the text. The preferred titles are under fifteen words.:",
"Volunteers took part in the project, organised by the city council, to plant 60 English oak trees at Castle Hill Country Park. Parks officer Stefan Cabaniuk said the oak was a native species, closely associated with English parks. He said the new trees were a fitting tribute to the Queen, who began her royal tour in Leicester. Last month the Queen visited De Montfort University and Leicester Cathedral as she kicked off her Diamond Jubilee tour of the UK. Related Internet Links Leicester City Council"
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"Represent the example for the following task: Generate an appropriate title for the given text. The generated title must be short and include the main topic of the text. The preferred titles are under fifteen words.:",
"By Charlie JonesBBC News Melanie Connell felt a strange sensation in her chest and decided to go to Ipswich Hospital. Doctors said the 54-year-old had suffered a heart attack and needed surgery. Women would often experience mild chest pain similar to indigestion during a heart attack, according to the NHS. Mrs Connell, who lives in Erwarton in Suffolk, said she was doing some gardening two weeks ago when she felt a \"raw\" sensation in her chest. \"It was nothing like you see on television. No sweating, no sickness, no crushing pain, no pain shooting up my arms, jaw or neck,\" she said. The mother-of-two has a history of heart problems in her family, so when the pain reached her back, she decided to go to hospital. She said she was worried about going during the pandemic but felt it was important \"not to be frightened off\" by coronavirus. A consultant confirmed Mrs Connell had suffered a heart attack and sent her to The Royal Papworth Hospital in Cambridge for surgery. She was allowed to go home five days after her triple bypass and said she was now \"pottering around like an old bruised and battered tortoise\". \"Please don't feel embarrassed or worried about going to hospital. If I hadn't gone that evening, I may not have seen the morning,\" she said. Women were often unaware of their risk of a heart attack and slow to seek medical help even before the lockdown, according to research. Barbara Kobson, senior cardiac nurse at the British Heart Foundation, said: \"We are living in uncertain times, and it's understandable that people might feel apprehensive about going to hospital or putting unnecessary strain on the NHS. \"But heart attacks don't stop for a global pandemic. Treating them is still a top priority for the NHS and there are systems in place for them to do this.\" Find BBC News: East of England on Facebook, Instagram and Twitter. If you have a story suggestion email [email protected]"
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"Represent the example for the following task: Generate an appropriate title for the given text. The generated title must be short and include the main topic of the text. The preferred titles are under fifteen words.:",
"Giving evidence at the Old Bailey, Andrew Hill said \"it was the primary aim of the display to avoid risk\". It is the first time the ex-military pilot has spoken in public since he was pulled from the wreckage of his plane. Mr Hill, 54, from Sandon in Hertfordshire, denies 11 counts of manslaughter by gross negligence. His vintage jet crashed on to the A27 on 22 August 2015 after failing to complete an aerobatic manoeuvre. Asked by his defence barrister Karim Khalil if he had ever \"any mind to cause risk to anybody\" at an air show, Mr Hill said: \"Absolutely not. It was the primary aim of the display to avoid risk.\" 'Disciplined approach' Questioned about what he got out of displays, he said it was \"probably the highest level of discipline in what you could do with flying an aircraft, particularly in this environment now I'm in the civilian world\". Mr Hill went on to reject the prosecution's description of him as a \"cavalier pilot\", saying he \"took a structured, disciplined approach\" to flying. \"I held back from areas I was uncomfortable doing... we have our strengths and weaknesses and experience,\" he told the court. Taking the court through his thoughts and processes when preparing for display flights, Mr Hill said he was known for his \"detail and preparation and planning\". Before he took off at North Weald airfield on the day of the crash, he was seen walking around in his flying suit. He told the court he had been carrying out a practice by walking through the display, which is something he does with all his displays, after making diagrams of his routines on paper. Jurors were shown more footage of Mr Hill flying at different air shows, including him carrying out the same \"bent loop\" stunt in the same aircraft at an air show at Shannon Airport just over a month before the crash. The court heard about a flight at Duxford where Mr Hill received a \"display line\" call, alerting him to the possibility he might breach the \"display line\". Mr Hill said: \"I disregarded it because I was concentrating on flying.\" He said later the flight information controller apologised to him for making the call and told him he had not realised what he was doing. Asked if he had any concerns on whether he could control the manoeuvres he had in mind, Mr Hill replied: \"No.\" Jurors earlier heard Mr Hill was educated in Kent, and was recruited into the RAF as a frontline pilot straight from university. During his career, he was on active service for a month in northern Iraq, and also received an award for writing a computer programme that contributed to aircraft safety. Mr Hill left the RAF in 1995 and went into civil aviation, becoming a commercial pilot starting with Virgin Atlantic before moving to British Airways and progressing \"relatively quickly\" to the most senior position of captain. He suffered burns, fractures and a collapsed lung after the vintage jet he was flying crashed. Mr Hill had passed medical checks before the crash, while tests and scans carried out afterwards did not show any sign of a medical condition - including cognitive impairment - which may have affected his health leading up to the crash, the court heard. The trial continues."
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[
"Represent the example for the following task: Generate an appropriate title for the given text. The generated title must be short and include the main topic of the text. The preferred titles are under fifteen words.:",
"Robert Murgatroyd, 52, charged his passengers £500 each for a birdwatching trip, leaving from City Airport in Barton, Greater Manchester. But the plane was over its weight limit and came down near the M62. Murgatroyd was convicted of endangering his passengers and was sentenced to three years and six months in prison. He was also found guilty of six further offences relating to the crash on the morning of 9 September 2017. Police said the pilot had endangered \"dozens\" of lives as he sought to \"make a quick buck\". Manchester Crown Court heard the pilot intended to fly to the Isle of Barra but the Piper PA-28 light aircraft was more than 400lbs over its weight limit. Murgatroyd filled the fuel tanks to capacity but set off without making checks on the weight of the full plane, and with the wrong flight manual on board. After crossing the M62 near the airport twice, the plane crashed into a field. The pilot broke his nose in the crash, one passenger suffered a cut to his hand, another passenger suffered suspected cracked ribs and whiplash, and a third passenger suffered a serious cut to the head and severe bruising to his ribs. Murgatroyd, of Poulton-le-Fylde in Lancashire, was also found to be flying without an appropriate licence, the court heard. Although he held a private pilot's licence, he was not allowed to run commercial flights, meaning his insurance was invalid. Speaking after the sentencing, Sgt Lee Westhead, of Greater Manchester Police, lambasted Murgatroyd's \"utter stupidity\" and \"greedy and reckless actions\". \"Make no mistake, this could quite easily have been a truly terrible disaster, all caused because one man saw an opportunity to make a quick buck,\" he said. \"Murgatroyd endangered the lives of dozens of people that day, including those of motorists passing beneath his overloaded plane on the M62. \"That this crash only resulted in two relatively minor injuries is extremely fortunate.\" Murgatroyd was found guilty of:"
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[
"Represent the example for the following task: Generate an appropriate title for the given text. The generated title must be short and include the main topic of the text. The preferred titles are under fifteen words.:",
"The Welsh Government will also pay the outstanding legal costs of the Sergeant family, following the inquest into the late AMs death. Mr Sargeant was sacked from the cabinet by the then first minister Carwyn Jones in November 2017, over allegations of inappropriate behaviour with women. The Alyn and Deeside AM took his own life days later. The decision by the First Minister Mark Drakeford was welcomed by Mr Sargeant's family. \"We must draw a line under everything and let our grieving process begin,\" they said. Carwyn Jones had called the inquiry, and appointed barrister Paul Bowen to chair it, following the death of Mr Sargeant. The inquiry was to look into Mr Jones' actions before and after the dismissal. It never got off the ground. The work stalled after the family of Mr Sargeant, unhappy at the format, began legal action. A High Court judge found it was unlawful that Mr Jones took decisions on the probe. The coroner at Mr Sargeant's inquest later said that sacked ministers should be given more support. After the inquest First Minister Mark Drakeford asked the chairman of ACAS, Sir Brendan Barber, to see if a way forward could be found between Mr Jones and Carl Sargeant's family. Sir Brendan recommended that the investigation should not proceed, and that the Welsh Government should meet the outstanding legal costs of the Sargeant family for the inquest. \"I have decided to accept and to implement both,\" Mr Drakeford said. \"I know that all parties involved now share a wish to bring an end to the public controversy in relation to the tragic death of Carl, allowing us all to remember him as the valued husband, father, colleague and friend that he was.\" In a statement, the family of Mr Sargeant said: \"We have come to realise that the inquiry process would be unlikely to give us the answers we seek. \"So, enough is enough. We must draw a line under everything and let our grieving process begin. We also have no desire to distract the Welsh Government at a time of national crisis. Neil Hudgell, the family's solicitor, said: \"While feeling a great sense of frustration that answers to some questions will never be found, I hope they can now find some sense of closure in calling a halt to proceedings.\" In correspondence published by the Welsh Government, Sir Brendan said that he felt the actions and decisions of the former first minister \"have now been extensively scrutinised and questioned through the public processes of the coroners' inquest\". He said the family's judicial review and the inquiry proceedings costs have been met by the Welsh Government, but their costs for the inquest had not. \"It would seem wrong to me for this whole episode to be concluded with an ordinary family like the Sargeants to be at risk of being left with any significant outstanding legal bills,\" he said. 'Exchanges' He said he has facilitated \"exchanges\" between Carwyn Jones and the family on his handling of the decisions the former first minister took. \"I hope these exchanges have been helpful to the family, but I well recognise that there will always I suspect remain a host of unanswered questions in their minds.\" But Sir Brendan said both sides had a \"strong wish\" to move on from public discussion of Mr Sargeant's death and the \"desperately unhappy circumstances surrounding that\". Mr Drakeford wrote he agreed with Sir Brendan that that the costs of the Bowen inquiry were not justifiable, and that the Welsh Government would make a payment of £220,000 to the Sargeant family, a figure Sir Brendan said would meet \"all outstanding legal costs\". 'Questions that simply have no answers' In a statement, Carwyn Jones said: \"This has been a traumatic time for everybody involved, particularly the family. \"With any tragedy of this kind, there will always be many questions that simply have no answers, but I am glad that they now have an opportunity to move on as best they can.\" Welsh Conservative assembly leader Paul Davies said: \"While I fully respect the agreement between the first minister and the Sargeant family it is clear that many questions remain unanswered and there is more information which could and should have been made available to them and assembly members for scrutiny.\" Plaid Cymru Leader Adam Price added: \"The wishes of the Sargeant family to bring this matter to a close must be respected and our thoughts continue to be with them. \"But it should never have taken this long for a decision to be made - and history will not look back kindly over the Welsh Government's handling of this case.\""
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"Represent the example for the following task: Generate an appropriate title for the given text. The generated title must be short and include the main topic of the text. The preferred titles are under fifteen words.:",
"Reading Borough Council had voted to introduce a £22.50 annual charge for the service while it was led by a Conservative - Lib Dem coalition. The new Labour minority council said it had frozen the bills before they were sent to the 17,000 affected households. A final decision on whether to scrap the charges will be made in July. One-off payment Environment councillor Paul Gittings said the review was part of the Labour group's pledge ahead of May's council elections. Garden waste will continue to be collected fortnightly in the borough while the review is taking place. Previously, people living in Reading only made a one-off payment of £10 for a green bag or a one-off payment of £32.50 for a green bin. About 17,000 households currently use the service."
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"Represent the example for the following task: Generate an appropriate title for the given text. The generated title must be short and include the main topic of the text. The preferred titles are under fifteen words.:",
"The idea will be scrutinised by a Bridgend council committee which will look at the issues of such a move. There are no firm plans to follow this through but but in order to \"fully move away\" from single-use plastics a report said it would have to scrap bin bags and replace them with bins. Any change would cost about £1m. Other suggestions in a bid to move towards becoming one of the first plastic free counties in Wales, include: According to the report, which will go before the council committee on Monday, 2,109 tonnes of plastic are recycled from kerbside collections in Bridgend every year. An extra 1,197 tonnes, including children's toys and garden furniture, are taken to tips, where they are recycled. Last year changes to bin collections in Bridgend saw homes with fewer than five occupants limited to throwing out just two bags of non-recyclable rubbish every fortnight. The controversial changes sparked complaints about pests, odour and missed collections. But the authority said the scheme, run by private contractor Kier, had led to an increase in recycling from 58% in 2016-17 to 68.5% in 2017-18. It now says if it is to become fully plastic free further changes would have to be made to the way rubbish is collected in Bridgend. \"To embrace fully a move away from single use plastics would realistically involve a move to a wheeled bin waste collection system, which was a consideration previously discounted in the build-up to the new waste collection system,\" it reads. Bridgend joins other authorities who are considering becoming plastic free following a rise in concern about the impact of plastic pollution on our oceans, following the airing of BBC documentary Blue Planet II. On Tuesday Newport council will consider whether to encourage businesses to use paper bags and scrap the use of plastic knives and forks in a bid to start reducing the use of plastics across the city. Last month Chepstow, in Monmouthshire, joined Aberporth, New Quay and Aberystwyth, all in Ceredigion, as one of the UK's 301 plastic-free communities designated by Surfers Against Sewage. But the banner over the 13th Century archway in the town was slated as it was made of plastic."
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"Represent the example for the following task: Generate an appropriate title for the given text. The generated title must be short and include the main topic of the text. The preferred titles are under fifteen words.:",
"The council said the move was part of plans to save an estimated £60m to £70m over four years. The council said over the past year it had not replaced empty posts and would continue to try to minimise compulsory redundancies \"wherever possible\". Councils' funding was cut by 7.1% a year over four years last month. Chancellor George Osborne revealed details of the Spending Review on 20 October. He announced £81bn cuts to public spending over four years in a bid to reduce the budget deficit. Further savings Worcestershire County Council said it now estimated having to make savings of up to £70m over four years, rather than £45m over three years which it originally forecast. The council announced 57 proposals aimed at making savings, including plans to cut £11m from children's services, spending less on public transport and changes to other services. It said these proposals would help save about £43.5m, with further planned savings expected to be announced next year. The council said it would find out exactly how much it needed to save following detailed government announcements on funding. In the 2009-10 financial year, the government's budget deficit hit a record £155bn. It has been estimated that the cuts will lead to the loss of 490,000 public sector jobs across the country."
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"Represent the example for the following task: Generate an appropriate title for the given text. The generated title must be short and include the main topic of the text. The preferred titles are under fifteen words.:",
"By Judith BurnsEducation reporter Its depiction, at a screening of the film Suffragette to a teenage audience as part of the Into Film Festival, drew gasps from those perhaps not familiar with the story of the votes-for-women campaigner whose death propelled the cause on to the newspaper front pages. But a question-and-answer session with screenwriter Abi Morgan and actress Romola Garai revealed other viewers had done their homework. \"It's an incredible film, stunning,\" said Khadija, 17, from Ellen Wilkinson school in west London. Historical debate She particularly liked its focus on a group of working-class campaigners in the East End - but took issue with the absence of leading figures in the movement who were of Asian origin. Her comments echo complaints when the film was launched last month, that it had airbrushed out the contributions of ethnic minority women to the movement. \"I did a bit of research beforehand and came across a group of Asian women that were at the forefront. \"So I came into the film really excited to see them and to be honest I was quite disappointed they simply weren't there, not even in the extras,\" said Khadija. Abi Morgan knew exactly who she meant - two Asian women played a large part in funding the movement. \"But both of them were aristocratic,\" and one, Princess Sophia Duleep Singh, was a god-daughter of Queen Victoria, she explained. Mass migration had yet to happen and although there was some - it was predominantly Irish and Jewish, she said. \"I could only find one photograph of a woman of colour in the suffragette movement.\" She gave Khadija her email address and asked her to pass on her research. Other audience members were keen to explore the balance between fact and creativity in historical drama. \"Ultimately it's an act of creation,\" said Abi. \"What I wanted to do was create fictional characters that would collide with history. \"I discovered this area of east London and a really interesting group of women to focus on.\" Modern battles Sometimes practical problems got in the way of accuracy too, she explained. For example, a key speech by suffragette leader Emmeline Pankhurst, made in the film outside a London house, was in fact delivered in the Albert Hall. \"But we couldn't afford the Albert Hall. You are always cutting your cloth.\" The discussion highlighted how some parts of the film are still relevant today, particularly battles for equal pay and against sexual violence. Romola Garai, who plays the wife of an MP, said women of the political class could involve themselves in the movement but were often constrained by their husbands' careers. But the working-class heroine of the film \"has no safety net. So the stakes are much higher. She has no family network, no education to fall back on,\" said the actress. \"Would you have been a suffragette at the time?\" was another question. \"There were a lot of women involved in the movement at the time who wore badges and jewellery - the equivalent of wearing a T-shirt. \"I think I would have done a bit more than wear a T-shirt,\" said Romola. \"I have a bad feeling I might have written a cheque,\" said Abi, \"but it's a bit like asking if I would be brave enough to stand up and protest against rape in India or be part of the Arab Spring. \"The fury and anger of some of these protests makes me feel that maybe I could.\" Funding She explained that it had taken her six years to get funding for the movie and she finally managed to raise $14m (£9m), which is really quite a small budget for a film. If she had been male and looking for funding for a film based on male struggles, she believes the funding would have been easier. It is ironic, she said, that \"the one film that promotes equality for women is having its diversity questioned. \"The film is absolutely about promoting equality for all women, including women of colour.\" However, she was glad the question had been raised \"because we need to talk about it\". Khadija says she will be continuing the conversation by email. \"I am definitely going to pass on what I thought of it and things I came across. \"It is important that she is interested for future films, which hopefully women will also get involved in, which I think is really exciting.\" Suffragette is one of 150 films being shown free to 400,000 children and young people during the Into Film Festival, which runs until 20 November across the UK."
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"Represent the example for the following task: Generate an appropriate title for the given text. The generated title must be short and include the main topic of the text. The preferred titles are under fifteen words.:",
"By Emma JonesEntertainment reporter She described the festival in Bentonville, Arkansas, as \"making Hollywood history\" - showing only films promoting women and diversity. But in 2015, is such an event really necessary? Oscar and Golden Globe winner Davis, who turns 60 next year, believes so. Famous for playing strong women characters such as wayward runaway housewife Thelma in Ridley Scott's 1991 road movie Thelma and Louise; pioneering baseball player Dottie Hinson in A League of Their Own; or President Mackenzie Allen in TV show Commander in Chief; in 2004 she started the Geena Davis Institute on Gender in Media \"after watching TV with my daughter and wondering, 'where are all the girls?'\" she says. Davis's organisation has done the first research in to on-screen gender diversity in two decades. She claims that her results, which looked at female characters in popular films across 11 countries, including the UK, are sobering. \"The ratio of men to women on screen is at exactly the same levels as in 1946. It hasn't moved. We've calculated that at the current rate, it's going to take 700 years to achieve on-screen equality in films and television. Clearly, we need to lose a couple of zeros from that analysis.\" According to the Institute's research, the disparity is at its worst in children's programming - with one girl on screen for every three boys. Even in mainstream films and TV shows, the research claims that there are three men with speaking parts for each woman. \"Women have just not been there on screen,\" the actress continues. \"And if they are there, they're not doing inspiring things. Female characters working in science, technology, engineering and maths are outnumbered seven to one by males. Only 7% of judges are played by women, and only 4% of sports characters. \"I believe we're teaching kids to have an unconscious bias against girls, that they're just serving the function of beauty. \"So that's why there's a need for this event,\" she says. \"There is gender inequality, and the fastest way to fix it is to fix it through media and then life will imitate art.\" To qualify for the festival, a film had to either star a woman, have a diverse cast, or have either a female director, writer or producer. Davis calls the ratio of women filmmakers to men in the US \"appalling\" - the latest figures from the Directors Guild of America, released in 2013, put the number of women directors who were members at around 5%. A further incentive to come to Bentonville rested with the guarantee that winning films will get distribution with the US media sponsors the festival attracted - US supermarket Walmart, the AMC movie chain, or video streaming site Vudu. \"This is intentionally a highly visible and highly commercial festival,\" she says. \"While the there are equal numbers of male and female film students in most countries, it drops off sharply afterwards. \"We need financial momentum to get things going, and I want to show how vital and commercial these kinds of films can be. We want people to want to come here, knowing they can get a film deal, but in order to qualify they need to hire more women and more minorities. New figures released show that Hunger Games actress Jennifer Lawrence was being paid $20m (£12.5m) for her new film Passengers - double the fee of her leading man, Chris Pratt. However, voicing concerns about deeper inequalities between men and women working in Hollywood has become a recurring theme, with Patricia Arquette speaking out against a \"gender pay gap\" during her Oscar acceptance speech in February. Meryl Streep also recently announced she was starting a screenwriting fund for women over the age of 40, because she claims the industry lacks female voices and parts. Streep also suggested that it was harder for a male audience to identify with female characters - something Geena Davis disagrees with. \"My twin boys, who are 11 - their favourite film is Frozen,\" she says. \"But I do think is that a lot of male screenwriters are afraid of writing a female part, of getting her wrong, giving her flaws, or deliberately making her unlikeable. My response to that is just create more of them. When there's a lot of women on screen, it doesn't matter if they're not brave, or strong, or likeable, or clever. It just matters that they're there.\" Denying \"there's a plot in Hollywood against women - any bias is totally unconscious,\" Davis relates that when she meets executives with her research, she \"gets two reactions\". Either they say \"oh we've fixed it\", and they name something like The Hunger Games as an example, or their jaws hit the floor. I just want what we see on screen to reflect the make up of the world's population. \"Obviously, if you're making Saving Private Ryan, that's a different matter. But in crowd scenes, why can't half the President's council be women? This industry is literally the only one that can see overnight change and I do think it will happen.\" Robert De Niro was a lone male celebrity guest at the Bentonville Film Festival, after coming to present a HBO documentary about his artist father. Friends actress Courtney Cox was also present, along with Davis's co-star Rosie O'Donnell from A League of Their Own, for a special screening at Bentonville's baseball park. The winning feature was a female-directed feature, Jack of the Red Hearts, about a young runaway girl, starring Famke Janssen. Davis promised the festival would return next year. \"I never meant to go so far with this, but I'm glad I did,\" she says. \"My kids are so used to it now. When I watch TV with them, if I even start to lean over, they roll their eyes and say, 'yeah Mom, we know - there's not enough girls.'\""
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"Represent the example for the following task: Generate an appropriate title for the given text. The generated title must be short and include the main topic of the text. The preferred titles are under fifteen words.:",
"Ms Sturgeon, 46, who has no children, revealed that she had a miscarriage while she was deputy first minister. She said she hoped allowing the details to be written about in a new book would challenge assumptions made about women. \"Sometimes... having a baby just doesn't happen - no matter how much we might want it to,\" she added. 'Personal choices' In the book, Scottish National Party Leaders, Ms Sturgeon spoke about how she lost the baby when she was 40, shortly before the 2011 Scottish parliamentary election campaign period. Ms Sturgeon, who is married to SNP chief executive Peter Murrell, was in the early stages of her pregnancy and preparing to share the news when the miscarriage occurred. She told author Mandy Rhodes that instead of dealing with her grief at home on 3 January 2011 she attended the 40th anniversary of the Ibrox disaster, in which 66 Rangers football supporters were crushed to death. In a statement released following the publication of extracts from the book in the Sunday Times magazine, the first minister said: \"This was obviously a painful experience for Peter and I and while Mandy has known about it for some time, she has always respected our decision not to talk about it publicly. \"I gave her the go ahead to make reference to it now in the hope that it might challenge some of the assumptions and judgements that are still made about women - especially in politics - who don't have children. \"There are many reasons why women don't have children. Some of us simply don't want to, some of us worry about the impact on our career - and there is still so much to do, through better childcare, more progressive working practices and more enlightened attitudes, to make sure we don't feel we have to choose. \"And sometimes, for whatever reason, having a baby just doesn't happen - no matter how much we might want it to. She added: \"For me, as for many women, all of these things have been true at different times of my life - the point is that judgements and assumptions shouldn't be made about what are personal choices and experiences.\" On Sunday morning, Ms Sturgeon also tweeted: \"Thanks for all your kind messages this morning. @PeterMurrell & I really appreciate it.\" In extracts from the book in The Sunday Times Magazine, Ms Sturgeon said she was uncertain if she could have been a mother as well as leading Scotland's devolved government. She said: \"If the miscarriage hadn't happened, would I be sitting here as first minister right now? It's just an unanswerable question. I just don't know. \"I've thought about it but I don't know the answer. I'd like to think 'yes', because I could have shown that having a child wasn't a barrier to all of this, but in truth I don't know.\" Miscarriage Source: NHS Choices"
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"Represent the example for the following task: Generate an appropriate title for the given text. The generated title must be short and include the main topic of the text. The preferred titles are under fifteen words.:",
"The bid to save the area, which was cleaned up and renamed the Children's Wood and North Kelvin Meadow, has involved public hearings and protests. Over the years it has been backed by teachers, climate campaigners and celebrities. As a result Glasgow City Council has now granted a community asset transfer. A local charity, which runs the site in Maryhill, had submitted an application to have the area transferred to the community last year. However, while they awaited the outcome, the council inserted a clause allowing them to take back an undefined part of the land at any point for \"educational purposes\". This triggered fears the site could be built on in the future but, following an online public hearing, it was withdrawn and the group were granted a 25-year lease for the land. A Glasgow City Council spokesman said: \"The committee approved the removal of the condition, as requested by the Children's Wood.\" 'Shared vision' Prof Niamh Stack, chair of the Children's Wood, described it as a \"community anchor\" which is especially valuable in the current climate. She said: \"The Children's Wood is so much more than just a physical space: it is a hub of community actions that can now be determined by, and for, that community.\" Emily Cutts, director of the charity, praised the councillors who voted to support the asset transfer and back the community's \"shared vision\". She added: \"The land, and what happens on it, is a model for how we can create sustainable, playful and resilient communities. \"Given the year we have all had, we needed this news now more than ever and it takes a large weight off our community. \"I hope our historic agreement with the council inspires others to create and support outdoor community spaces for all to use, particularly with children in mind. When children are at the heart of a project it brings everyone together.\" Marguerite Hunter Blair, chief executive of Play Scotland, described the success as a \"pot of gold at the end of the rainbow moment\" for locals. And local resident and actor Tam Dean Burn said: \"It's inspiring that Glasgow Council have recognised and endorsed the true value of this wonderful green space with this decision. \"I'm hugely excited at how the community self-empowerment that got us here can now further develop as a shining example to other areas of Glasgow and beyond in desperate need of such grassroots sanctuaries.\" In 2016 the Scottish government blocked controversial plans for a new housing development on the site at Clouston Street, which had fallen into disuse. The move came 11 months after councillors took the unusual step of backing the controversial housing development and the opposing community use plan."
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"Represent the example for the following task: Generate an appropriate title for the given text. The generated title must be short and include the main topic of the text. The preferred titles are under fifteen words.:",
"By Kevin KeaneBBC Scotland's environment correspondent About 11,200 hectares of new planting was undertaken last year, a significant increase on 2017. Aforestation is seen as an important tool in tackling climate change but planting rates up until now have been low. Ministers plan to increase the target further in 2024, from 10,000 to 15,000 hectares. Increasing forest cover allows the trees to absorb more carbon dioxide, one of the greenhouse gases responsible for global warming. The majority of the planting has been carried out by private companies with about 1,000 hectares coming from the government's new agency Forestry and Land Scotland. Environment emergency Rural Economy Secretary Fergus Ewing said: \"A new approach to woodland creation proposals was introduced last year and whilst this has helped us deliver the target, it also ensures that communities and interest groups are consulted along the way. \"But there is also a huge environmental significance to the increase in tree planting. We are now facing a global environment emergency. \"In Scotland alone, around 9.5 million tonnes of CO2 each year are removed from the atmosphere by our forests - this is a clear example of why an increase in tree planting is so important in the fight against climate change.\" The figures have been released following the announcement that the 2017 target for reducing greenhouse gas emissions were missed. A streamlined application process and better grant packages are being cited for the increased planting. Forests cover about 18.7% of Scotland's land mass with a target to increase that figure to 21% by 2032. Stuart Goodall from forestry body Confor said: \"Planting trees locks up carbon and by harvesting and replanting them sustainably, we can produce an infinitely renewable supply of wood with which to build homes and to manufacture an array of everyday products - while also reducing carbon in the atmosphere. \"Scotland is leading the way in the UK, with 84% of all new planting happening in Scotland. Confor has worked long and hard with the Scottish government to get to this point and I truly hope the momentum will be maintained in the coming years. \"We now need the rest of the UK to move beyond ramped-up rhetoric on a climate emergency and begin to take the positive action that we see in Scotland.\""
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"Represent the example for the following task: Generate an appropriate title for the given text. The generated title must be short and include the main topic of the text. The preferred titles are under fifteen words.:",
"By Jamie McIvorBBC Scotland local government correspondent 1. What is Cosla? Cosla represents the collective interests of all 32 councils in Scotland. Councils choose to join Cosla and pay a subscription because they think it is in their interests to do so. The organisation has its own staff and offices in Edinburgh. Its main role is to lobby on behalf of local government, represent the collective views of councils and deals with pay negotiations. But because it represents councils across the political spectrum it is rarely able to take a strong public stand on issues of controversy such as the council tax freeze. Well - at one level, it's one for the anoraks. Councils chose to join this organisation which works for their collective interests. If a council quits, it doesn't make any difference to local services, the terms and conditions of staff or how much you pay in council tax. What is more interesting are the reasons why some councils and councillors are wondering whether remaining in Cosla might be the right thing to do. Basically, this move exposes tensions in local government over funding - in particular over the way the Scottish government's money for councils is distributed between the 32 councils. Well there's been speculation for some time that some of the Labour councils in the west of Scotland - Glasgow, Renfrewshire, Inverclyde, South Lanarkshire - might decide to leave. At the root of it all is money - and the way government money is distributed to councils. As a general rule, about 80% of every council's budget is from central government - and there's a complicated formula that's used to calculate just how much each council gets. Some Labour councils have been pushing to get that formula changed. But not surprisingly, any move to change that formula would have both winners and losers and those who feel they'd lose out don't want change. The thinking among some Labour councillors who'd been pushing for change is that if Cosla agreed, if the whole of Scottish local government agreed, then it might happen. But if it doesn't happen and they pull out of Cosla they might have a freer hand to fight the Scottish government. This is one challenge. The Scottish government holds the reins - they give the cash. There would be no guarantee the funding deal would be any better for a particular council. But I think the feeling is more that some councillors feel membership of Cosla isn't value for money. Because Cosla represents all councils of all different political persuasions, it can rarely take a stance on controversial issues - it has been individual councils who have condemned, say, the terms of the council tax freeze. Now Glasgow City Council's likely to discuss whether to stay in Cosla between now and the end of March. One thing they'll be looking at is whether a number of councils in the west of Scotland might be able to work together, lobby for their interests with central government and the like, at a far lower cost - without supporting the staff or overheads of Cosla which has staff and a big office in Edinburgh. And there is the argument that four or five councils of a similar political persuasion may be more powerful lobbying collectively than one organisation having to say something all 32 basically agree on. Indeed. One important thing Cosla does is negotiate nationally set pay and conditions for council staff. Over time, without Cosla, might wider differences in pay and conditions emerge? Trade union Unison would rather Cosla stays together and fear breakaways simply weaken the message and encourages divide and rule. The other thing is there's been concern for years over alleged creeping centralisation in Scotland. In fact, Cosla's looking just now at how local government might be strengthened after the referendum. The fear would be that without one organisation representing councils, any process of centralisation might be harder to counter."
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"Represent the example for the following task: Generate an appropriate title for the given text. The generated title must be short and include the main topic of the text. The preferred titles are under fifteen words.:",
"A Natural Resources Wales (NRW) investigation looked into the incident, which happened at Llyn Padarn in Llanberis in 2009. The report said the nutrients also caused a toxic algal bloom which closed the lake for weeks at a time. Stricter limits have since been imposed on a local sewage works. The algal bloom can cause illness in humans and animals. Dwr Cymru/Welsh Water has previously said it planned to change the area's sewerage network to avoid the lake, which hosts a rare fish population. The report said that since stricter limits were put in place at the sewage works the situation had \"stabilised\". The investigation followed a complaint received by the then regulator, Environment Agency Wales, which became part of NRW. Tim Jones, of NRW, said: \"This confirms what previous reports found - that the sewage did cause damage to the lake in 2009 and caused the algal bloom. \"What is good to hear though is that the regulatory measures that tightened the sewage treatment work's permit - combined with other work by Dwr Cymru Welsh Water to improve the local sewage network - appear to have been effective.\" Under Dwr Cymru's proposed changes all sewage would be piped away from Llanberis to another treatment plant below the lake. Despite the changes the algal bloom could still reappear as it is encouraged by weather conditions and the fact some nutrients were still getting into the lake, said Natural Resources Wales. Details of the investigation were presented on Friday to the Llyn Padarn Forum, which is made up of businesses, councillors, anglers and others with interest in the lake. The algal bloom closed the lake for certain times in 2009 hitting local businesses in the Llanberis area. Last year a local angling club said it was taking legal steps to prevent what it called an environmental disaster at the lake. Nearby homeowners and businesses are also being asked to stop using traditional household cleaners to help prevent the return of the toxic algae. A breeding programme has been set up in a bid to protect the lake's rare Arctic charr population, which can only be found in a few cold, deep lakes in north Wales."
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"Represent the example for the following task: Generate an appropriate title for the given text. The generated title must be short and include the main topic of the text. The preferred titles are under fifteen words.:",
"Natural Resources Wales (NRW) said more than 500 dead fish were found in the River Cain, a tributary of the Vyrnwy near Llansantffraid-ym-Mechain. NRW officers said the likely source was drainage of a wildlife pond and wetland by a landowner. It is thought nutrients in this water reduced oxygen levels in the river. Rob Ireson, senior environment officer at NRW, said: \"Draining water from a pond to a stream may seem quite harmless - but it is what probably wiped out most of the fish on this stretch of the Cain. \"The water may look and smell normal - but it can be lethal for fish.\" NRW said it was likely the fish suffocated when the drained water - which they believe contained low levels of dissolved oxygen and carried nutrients that could reduce oxygen levels even more when they break down - mixed with the river water."
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"Represent the example for the following task: Generate an appropriate title for the given text. The generated title must be short and include the main topic of the text. The preferred titles are under fifteen words.:",
"Dougal Lane, president of the Guernsey Fisherman's Association, said warmer sea temperatures had led more fish to swim north to Bailiwick waters. \"It's been an incredible year for flat fish, there's never been so many turbot and brill on the ground,\" he said. \"We seem to be seeing a lot of Mediterranean type bream... we'd never heard of them, and now we see them quite regularly.\" Mr Lane raised concerns in November 2011 over warmer temperatures keeping bass away from Guernsey waters."
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"Represent the example for the following task: Generate an appropriate title for the given text. The generated title must be short and include the main topic of the text. The preferred titles are under fifteen words.:",
"More than 8,000 people took part in the Abbey Dash charity event on 27 October. Age UK said the route, which was updated this year, \"was re-assessed after the event\", and the error found. \"We are extremely sorry that this has happened and apologise for any disappointment this may have caused participants,\" said organisers. The race, which is in its 34th year, follows a route from Leeds city centre to Kirkstall Abbey and back. The route was slightly altered this year. The 2019 event raised about £200,000, said Age UK. Finishing times for the race would not now be recognised by UK Athletics, it added. Stewart, one of the runners, said in a tweet he was \"genuinely gutted\" his time would not count as he had set a personal best time. More stories from Yorkshire The 2019 men's race was won by Omar Ahmed who clocked 28:38, while Charlotte Arter ran 31:34, which would have been the fourth best British women's 10km time, reported Athletics Weekly. Lydia Curran, of Age UK, said the the route would be re-licensed for 2020. \"We are so grateful for everyone who took part and raised vital funds to help improve the lives of older people in Leeds and the rest of the country,\" she added. The Abbey Dash is not the first race to fall foul of measurement problems. Three years ago, the Greater Manchester Marathon race was found to be 380m short. The Sheffield Half Marathon was cancelled amid confusion in 2014 after a lack of water for the runners. Follow BBC Yorkshire on Facebook, Twitter and Instagram. Send your story ideas to [email protected]. Related Internet Links Age UK Leeds Abbey Dash"
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"Represent the example for the following task: Generate an appropriate title for the given text. The generated title must be short and include the main topic of the text. The preferred titles are under fifteen words.:",
"By Robin SheeranBBC News NI They say running events and triathlons across NI are particularly vulnerable due to the increased costs incurred. A law, which came into effect in late 2017, transferred responsibility for permits from police to councils. The Department for Infrastructure said any proposal to amend or revoke the legislation would require the approval of a minister of the NI Executive. Northern Ireland has had no government since January 2017, when a power-sharing deal collapsed. 'Slaughtered' Ciaran Kearney, from NI Sports Forum, says nine events have been cancelled this year in the Downpatrick area alone. The Ireman triathlon, due to be held in Groomsport, County Down, in September, has also been cancelled. Community Multisport, the not-for-profit company which organised the event, informed entrants this was \"due to the uncertainty, red tape and costs\" associated with the legislation. Conal Heatley, from the organisation, said it had \"slaughtered the calendar for smaller events\". \"Unfortunately, the legislation is broken,\" he said. \"It doesn't work.\" Peter Jack, from the Triangle Triathlon Club, questioned whether the government really wanted to fight illnesses such as heart disease and diabetes. \"It's a tax on health and fitness, a tax on charities and a tax on Northern Ireland,\" he said. Signage and cones The legislation imposes a stringent set of requirements on events held on public roads. There is no set charge for permits - the amount has been left to the discretion of councils. Some have decided to issue free permits to small events, while others charge hundreds of pounds. Event organisers claim there is no consistency in the fees being charged. Depending on the nature of the event, organisers may have to supply a traffic management plan and risk assessment, and proof they have consulted residents or businesses. Organisers are responsible for road signage and cones but these can only be put in place by qualified contractors. Previously, organisers obtained permission from the Police Service of Northern Ireland (PSNI) under general policing powers and there was no charge. A Department for Infrastructure spokesperson said the legislation was first enacted in 2010 and was \"subject to both a public consultation and the scrutiny of the full assembly process\". He said councils had \"a discretionary power to recover costs incurred\". The PSNI said any sporting event requiring any restriction or regulation of traffic fell within the remit of the new road closure application arrangements. \"As with all new processes and procedures it is expected that there will be some teething problems, particularly given that this represents a significant change for event organisers and the district councils who handle the applications,\" they said. \"Once the application and traffic regulation order come to police for action, it is very much business as usual for us and we engage with organisers to formulate plans and discuss what resources are required. \"Given that we are almost a year since the changes were introduced, police have seen a significant improvement in how the applications are being submitted and processed.\""
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"Represent the example for the following task: Generate an appropriate title for the given text. The generated title must be short and include the main topic of the text. The preferred titles are under fifteen words.:",
"By Damon Rose BBC News, Ouch Jonnie Peacock, the amputee sprinter who lit up the beloved stadium with a charismatic gold win on what they called Thrilling Thursday last summer, came third in the 100m sprint on Sunday - even though he beat the time he achieved to win the gold last year. The (alternative) sporting summer isn't over, though. Perhaps hoping to bask in the afterglow of London 2012 there are three other significant disability events awaiting us and they're not linked to the Paralympics. Underway right now is the Deaflympic Games in the Bulgarian capital, Sofia. They're proud to say the event has a longer history than the now much bigger and richer Paralympics. It's the 22nd Deaflympics. The first was in 1924, which means it pre-dates the Paralympics by 24 years. It also boasts more athletes - upwards of 4,600, compared to the London Paralympics total of 4,300. It has 18 events. The opening ceremony on Friday featured a traditional flame-lighting ceremony, a parade of athletes from the competing nations, along with Bulgarian music and dance. On hearing deaf people have their own Games, a common response is silence, followed by, \"But aren't they as physically able as the Olympians? What's the point of a separate event?\" Deaf people will tell you that it's all about differences in communication. Success isn't just born of one athlete, it's also due to the hard work of the team surrounding the superstar. It is networking and communication that builds teams, something in which deaf athletes are less able to partake if surrounded by people who can't communicate in sign language, for instance. Sporting success is likely to be lower until communication and language difficulties are solved. If you were a spectator you'd notice that starting guns are replaced by a traffic light system and referees use flags to communicate. Underway from 3 August is the World Dwarf Games, held this year at Michigan State University, US. As the name suggests, the competitors are all people of restricted growth, but to reflect the name of the games, I'm going to stick with using the \"D\" word for the purposes of this article, language fans. There are fewer athletes registered for this event - just 400, in fact. Unlike deaf athletes, dwarfs do compete in the Paralympics. 2012 made stars of Team GB's Ellie Simmonds, and power lifter Zoe Newson. In the Paras, they inhabit a category called Les Autres (The others, in French) where less easily definable people go. There are 14 events at the Dwarf Games which include old disability mainstays like archery, table tennis and boccia, plus swimming, soccer and more. Athletes from across the world take part. I was temporarily thrown when I read that one of the events is called the flippy flyer tennis ball throw. For a moment, It felt like the respectability boundary may have been transgressed and my pantomime sensors started to kick in - until I saw it was for children. Lastly, and back to the UK for this one, in late August it's the Special Olympics National Summer Games. 1,700 athletes from England, Scotland and Wales will compete in Bath. All athletes have a learning impairment, meaning they're below 75 on the IQ scale. The Games are described on the website as \"a grassroots sports programme only for athletes with intellectual disabilities, of all abilities and ages.\" Two percent of the population have a learning disability, one in three of those are considered obese. The Special Olympics training and competitions promote self esteem, and good physical and mental health. Competitors with the greatest ability may progress on to the Paralympics which has a class for athletes with intellectual disabilities. At London 2012 the events they featured in were swimming, athletics and table tennis. The opening ceremony of the National Summer Games is on 28 August at the famous Royal Crescent and most events will take place at the University of Bath. The next Special Olympics World Summer Games are in Los Angeles in 2015. You can follow Ouch on Twitter and on Facebook, and listen to our monthly talk show"
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"Represent the example for the following task: Generate an appropriate title for the given text. The generated title must be short and include the main topic of the text. The preferred titles are under fifteen words.:",
"By Sean CoughlanEducation correspondent The National Union of Teachers' conference heard warnings that schools had become \"exam factories\". Delegates criticised \"chaotic\" changes to primary assessment and voted for a ballot to boycott tests taken by seven and 11 year olds and baseline tests. The government said a boycott would only \"disrupt children's education\". NUT leader Christine Blower said the union would consider a ballot to boycott tests in summer 2017. She said the union was also calling on the education secretary to cancel this year's Sats tests. Baseline tests The NUT annual conference in Brighton on Easter Sunday accused the primary school testing system of being unreliable and increasingly confused. Delegates particularly criticised the baseline tests being introduced in Reception classes. The test is intended to provide a starting point against which to measure future progress through primary schools. But Sara Tomlinson from Lambeth said that such tests were \"not what the first six weeks of school should be about\". She said that children should be learning social skills and \"not just sitting down and repeating words like parrots\". The conference motion condemned the \"chaotic and wholly unacceptable way\" in how changes to primary assessment have been managed. There were warnings of unresolved \"ambiguities\" in what standards children should be achieving. There have been particular warnings about the spelling, punctuation and grammar element of primary tests, with claims that they are unrealistically difficult for the age group. Delegates attacking a \"testing culture\" have warned that the primary assessment plans will mean there would be tests in Reception, Year 1, Year 2 and Year 6. There are warnings from teachers that an excessive emphasis on testing narrows the curriculum and reduces creativity, with the pressure of school league tables taking precedence over the needs of individual pupils. There are also claims that tests can be stressful for pupils. The NUT conference last year also voted for a boycott of baseline testing. 'Disappointing' A spokeswoman for the Department for Education said that parents had a right to expect that there should be tests to show that children leave primary school with the right skills in maths and literacy. \"We want to see all children pushed to reach their potential. In order to do that, and to recognise the achievements of schools in the most challenging areas, we want to measure the progress that all pupils make as well as their overall attainment. \"It is disappointing to see that the NUT are taking this approach, which would disrupt children's education, rather than working with us constructively as other unions have.\""
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"Represent the example for the following task: Generate an appropriate title for the given text. The generated title must be short and include the main topic of the text. The preferred titles are under fifteen words.:",
"By Jamie McIvorBBC Scotland education correspondent Members of the country's largest teaching union, the EIS, have voted overwhelmingly for a work to rule. Their concerns are related to the work linked to the new school qualifications. Education Secretary John Swinney said: \"The result of today's ballot is disappointing albeit on what appears to be a low turnout.\" He added: \"Given that we are addressing the issues of teacher workload, industrial action in our schools would not be in the interests of anyone, least of all pupils and parents. \" The union said members voted in favour of action by 95% to 5%. The work to rule will be targeted at the Scottish Qualifications Authority (SQA) - there is no suggestion of school activities being affected. Possible action might include refusing to provide cover for colleagues absent on SQA business and not attending SQA seminars and sticking to working time agreements on any work associated with developing the qualifications. 'Teachers' frustration' The union said it would be issuing guidance to members immediately over what they should stop doing. Earlier this week, the Scottish government called on unions to come up with ideas for cutting the workload. General secretary Larry Flanagan said: \"Scotland's secondary teachers have voted overwhelmingly in favour of industrial action against the severe workload burden that has been generated by the Scottish Qualifications Authority. \"This ballot result reflects the frustration of Scotland's secondary teachers over the excessive assessment demands being placed on them and their pupils, particularly around unit assessments at National 5 and Higher; and the EIS now has a very clear mandate to implement an immediate work-to-contract in relation to SQA activity.\" Mr Flanagan added: \"The target of this industrial action is both SQA bureaucracy and excessive internal unit assessment, with its associated workload burden for teachers and unacceptable assessment pressures on students. \"It is not our intention that this action should impact directly on pupils, and teachers will continue to teach classes normally and to assess pupils' work. \"We will be issuing guidance to our members advising which SQA-related activities they should withdraw co-operation from, and which activities teachers should continue to undertake as normal.\" 'More to be done' Mr Swinney said that he and First Minister Nicola Sturgeon were already taking steps to tackle bureaucracy and \"free up teachers to teach\" and were considering further measures. These included creating a working group, involving the teacher unions, to focus on what more needed to be done to embed the new qualifications and to reduce assessment workload. He said the chief inspector of education had written to schools with guidance on national expectations on qualifications and assessment that would further reduce unnecessary workload on teachers and provide clarity. \"Schools have a responsibility to apply this guidance, which will directly assist in reducing workload.\" he said. \"The concerns raised by teachers are being addressed - but we recognise there is more to be done to free up our teachers to teach for the benefit of all in our education system.\" A spokesman for the SQA said: \"We are disappointed the EIS has decided to take this action, particularly when we have taken steps to alleviate teacher workload without compromising national standards and maintaining the integrity and credibility of the qualifications. \"The priority of the entire education system is to work together to ensure the best possible learning opportunities are provided to our young people. We are deeply concerned that, as a result of this action, these opportunities could be jeopardised.\""
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"Represent the example for the following task: Generate an appropriate title for the given text. The generated title must be short and include the main topic of the text. The preferred titles are under fifteen words.:",
"By Sean CoughlanBBC News education correspondent The Ofqual exam regulator has launched a consultation on a grading system that will rank from nine at the very top down to one for the lowest performers. The changes, to be introduced from 2017, will also link exam grades to international Pisa tests. Ofqual's Glenys Stacey says it will improve the \"calibration\" of exams. But head teachers leaders suggested there were still \"parts of the puzzle missing\". The substantial changes, being put out for consultation, would provide a much clearer distinction between high-flying pupils currently achieving A and A* grades. The highest grade - to be described as a grade nine - will be awarded to only half the pupils now achieving an A*, according to Ofqual's proposals. International benchmarks In last summer's GCSE exams, there were 6.8% of pupils graded as A*. The new highest grade would be awarded to only the top 3%, or about 20,000 pupils. Under the new system, an A grade would equate to a grade seven - and the current C grade, widely seen as the pass level, would become a grade four. For the first time, there will be a link between England's exam grades and international benchmarks. The results of Pisa tests in competitor countries, which have become an influential measure for international comparisons, will be used to establish grade five. It will be expected to be set at about half or two-thirds of a grade higher than the current grade C. And it remains to be decided whether grade four or grade five will become the expected level in future, for measures such as school league tables and minimum standards for schools. A sample of pupils will also take a new test - the National Reference Test - which will be used to monitor the performance of each cohort, so that examiners will have a reference point for differences in ability between different year groups. These changes will begin with three subjects - maths, English language and English literature. These will be the first wave of tougher GCSEs, to be taught from September 2015, with the first awards under the proposed new system in summer 2017. Other subjects are planned to follow, including history, geography and some sciences. 'Greater accuracy' If adopted, the proposed changes would mean that GCSEs in England would have a different grading system and structure from GCSEs in Wales and Northern Ireland, extending the differences between the systems. Ofqual chief Glenys Stacey says the changes are intended to \"strengthen awarding\" and to give greater accuracy in grades. Russell Hobby, leader of the National Association of Head Teachers, \"broadly welcomed\" the proposals and hoped the consultation would help to address some of the \"discontent\" over marking and grades. But a high-performing independent school rejected the plans - and said it would be more likely to make them switch to International GCSEs. \"For years governments of different political complexions have mistakenly tried to use GCSE qualifications as a measure of both a young person's learning and a school's performance,\" said Helen Stringer, vice-principal of the Stephen Perse Foundation school in Cambridge. \"This current proposal simply aims to extend this flawed system so that the qualification also has to become a measure of the quality of the national education system.\" Brian Lightman, general secretary of the Association for School and College Leaders, said there were still \"parts of the puzzle\" missing in how the new system would work. \"Until it is made clear to teachers what students need to know in order to achieve a grade, and they have detailed specifications and sample questions, they will not be able to plan for these examinations. \"While we understand the government's wish to raise the bar by aligning some grades to Pisa, this raises all kinds of issues. Pisa is a completely different kind of exam than the new GCSEs. \"We welcome the proposal to introduce a reference test, which will help to make an objective judgement about whether standards have improved or not year or year. The careful consideration being given to different ways of awarding grades is also welcome.\" Chris Keates, leader of the Nasuwt teachers' union, warned that: \"Schools, parents and pupils are being thrown into further confusion over yet more reform to the qualifications system.\""
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"Represent the example for the following task: Generate an appropriate title for the given text. The generated title must be short and include the main topic of the text. The preferred titles are under fifteen words.:",
"The Exeter-based airline said that the Embraer 175 jets would \"underpin\" its expansion into Western Europe. The first of the 88-seater planes is scheduled to be delivered in September 2011 with the order set to be completed by March 2017. And it has the option to buy a further 105 aircraft, meaning the deal could be worth up to $5bn. There were a number of other major deals announced at Farnborough on Tuesday, with purchases by airlines and leasing firms from around the world. 'Good time to buy' Several major airline orders are being unveiled this week at Farnborough, the world's largest air show. The biennial show is normally used as an arena for companies in the aerospace industry to make major announcements. \"We are securing an aircraft that fits with our stated aim of furthering our position as the leading regional airline in Europe,\" said Flybe's chief executive, Jim French. \"This is a good time to buy aircraft and fits Flybe's long tradition of ground-breaking deals which power the long-term growth of the company.\" Flybe said many of its passengers chose the airline over low-cost carriers because of the leg room and seating configuration that its planes allowed. The airline's fleet also includes Bombardier Q400 aircraft. Last week, Flybe announced a tie-up with Air France that would give both airlines access to new routes. More deals Other deals on Tuesday included Chilean carrier ordering 50 Airbus A320 planes with a list price of around $4.15bn. Royal Jordanian ordered three Boeing 787-8 Dreamliners, while Orient Thai Airlines ordered 12 Superjet 100 planes. Meanwhile Air Lease Corporation ordered 60 Boeing next-generation 737s, and 20 jets from Brazilian firm Embraer for close to $800m at list price. And Ireland-based aircraft leasing company Avolon put in an order for 12 next-generation 737-800s, with a value of $921m at list prices."
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"Represent the example for the following task: Generate an appropriate title for the given text. The generated title must be short and include the main topic of the text. The preferred titles are under fifteen words.:",
"By John CampbellBBC News NI Economics & Business Editor The wings for the plane are made in Belfast at a factory employing about 1,000 people. Delta, a major US carrier, is the single biggest customer for the A220 and announced the new orders at the Paris air show. The A220 was formerly the Bombardier C Series before Airbus bought a majority share in the project in 2017. On Monday, US aircraft leasing company ALC signed a letter of intent to buy 50 A220s"
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"Represent the example for the following task: Generate an appropriate title for the given text. The generated title must be short and include the main topic of the text. The preferred titles are under fifteen words.:",
"By Jane WakefieldTechnology reporter New Zealand firm Martin Aircraft Company is building a one-person jetpack scheduled to go on sale in 2016. And it actually seems to work. Although currently slated for use by emergency services, it is only a small leap to imagine it in the hands of commuters. \"In five to 10 years time we wouldn't be surprised to see jetpacks flying around on a daily basis,\" according to chief executive Peter Coker, \"in some countries even being used instead of transport.\" Realistically though, personal flight is likely to remain elusive for most of us. Meanwhile cities' populations are expanding rapidly, and congestion, pollution and travel stress look likely to rise in tandem, unless we seriously reform our creaking urban transport systems. Greener cities Some cities are investing in big infrastructure projects, such as London's Crossrail, while others see the future lying with greener transport alternatives, like electric buses or bike-sharing schemes. Denmark's Copenhagen has set itself the ambitious goal of becoming the world's first CO2-neutral capital by 2025, and has rolled out an electric bike-sharing scheme, following the lead of other cities such as Paris, Madrid, Barcelona and Mexico. Copenhagen's e-bikes have tablet computers installed between the handlebars with onboard GPS navigation. Users can book and pay for the bikes via their smartphones. In other cities around the world, authorities are rolling out fleets of electric buses and trialling wireless charging, where buses drive onto special platforms to be charged when in the depot. In the UK, the Carbon Trust believes that by 2050 up to half of the country's light duty vehicles could be powered by hydrogen fuel cells, with water as the only waste product. Changing tack But, for many, the really radical change lies not in the type of transport but how we use it. \"In 10 or 20 years the modes of transport may not be that different - we will still have buses, tubes and trains,\" says Paul Zanelli, chief technology officer of Transport Systems Catapult, one of seven technology centres set up by the UK government. \"But instead of buying a piece of cardboard at a train station and then at the end of your journey walking to wait for a taxi, everything will be integrated.\" We'll simply decide where we want to go and an app will work out the fastest and cheapest way to get there, he believes. \"It will give you options based on its knowledge about you, the traffic situation and even the weather. So it might calculate that it is a nice day, there is disruption on your normal route so it will book you an e-bike or an automated taxi.\" Part of the solution lies in better planning, believes Colin Divall, professor of railway studies at York University. \"The really difficult thing is organising ourselves in such a way that minimises the need to move people and things in the first place,\" he says. \"This means better design of cities and urban areas. Slow travel is sometimes better than fast travel.\" Share and share alike Prof Carlo Ratti, head of Massachusetts Institute of Technology's Senseable City Lab, believes our attitude towards car ownership is changing. \"We are at the beginning of a huge revolution. In future we are going to see far more car and ride-sharing in our cities. We predict that, in future, four out of five cars can be removed from the road.\" Analysis at the Senseable City Lab found that if people shared taxis in New York City it would remove the need for 40% of the cabs currently driving around the city and still get everyone to their destinations on time. Uber, the app-based taxi firm that is already shaking up the traditional cab industry, launched its own cab-sharing scheme, UberPool, in August 2014. Tomorrow's Transport is a series exploring innovation in all forms of future mobility. It admitted that cab sharing was a \"bold social experiment\", not least because the sharers would have to decide whether or not to talk to each other. Many car manufacturers, conscious that ownership is on the decline, are also starting to invest in their own car-sharing schemes, as they realise that in future they may be selling mobility services rather than cars. Hands off the wheel An even bigger change to city travel could happen if driverless cars hit the roads. \"The technology is there. Next year autonomous cars will start to be sold,\" says Prof Ratti. \"Self-driving cars promise to have a dramatic impact on urban life, because they will blur the distinction between private and public modes of transportation. \"Your car could give you a lift to work in the morning and then, rather than sitting idle in a parking lot, give a lift to someone else in your family - or, for that matter, to anyone else in your neighbourhood, social media community, or city.\" It has to be said, other commentators are more sanguine about the immediate prospects for driverless cars, given the regulatory, legal and technological challenges they still face. Sentiment mapping A congestion-free utopia may sound a long way off as you stand on a crowded platform listening to garbled train cancellation announcements. But at least social media and big data analytics are already helping us make smarter transport choices and run our transport systems more efficiently. In Brazil, for example, analysis of bus and passenger data is identifying weak spots in Sao Paulo's bus system. How big data will improve Sao Paulo's bus service Brazil's biggest city, with its 11 million people and six million cars, is notorious for traffic jams, writes the BBC's Rafael Barifouse. Now a World Bank-financed project is using big data analytics to improve the city's bus system. US company Urban Engines is analysing 30 million pieces of data generated by 15,000 GPS-equipped buses and passengers using the city's budget ticket system, Bilhete Unico. The data is used to create a digital map showing real-time passenger numbers, journey times, and which routes are overcrowded or underused. Ciro Biderman, director of SPTrans, the city's bus agency, says the pilot has already shown that a surprisingly high number of buses run at less than 15% capacity. \"Nobody complains when a bus is too empty so our surveys didn't show that,\" he says. The data analysis is also helping to identify bus companies that are failing to meet their contractual obligations. Improvements to the system are expected within months, says Mr Biderman. Many of us already use social media to check for news of delays or cancellations from official channels and each other. \"Sentiment mapping\" of all this social data is giving valuable feedback to transport operators, says Mike Saunders, chief executive of Commonplace, a firm specialising in the art. \"Social media has an important role to play in urban transport systems. Lots of information is generated from Twitter and that can be used to understand where there are problems or delays,\" he says. \"The tougher challenge is to work out how we make sure the data is accurate and foolproof.\" So future urban transport promises to be cleaner, greener, integrated and smart. But for millions of frustrated commuters around the world, that future can't come soon enough."
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"Represent the example for the following task: Generate an appropriate title for the given text. The generated title must be short and include the main topic of the text. The preferred titles are under fifteen words.:",
"Since 2014 there have been at least 12 instances of money being found in Blackhall Colliery, County Durham, usually amounting to £2,000 in £20 notes. The money was always left in plain sight and often on pavements. The benefactors told police they had received unexpected windfalls and wanted to give something back. One of the Good Samaritans - who both wish to remain anonymous - said she felt an \"emotional connection\" to the former pit village after being helped by a resident and wanted to \"repay the kindness she received\". Over the past six years £26,000 has been handed in by village residents. Durham Police said all the previous bundles had been returned to the finder. The benefactors would deliberately leave the money where it would be found by people in need, including pensioners, and they would then often wait to make sure it was picked up. Det Con John Forster, of Durham Police, said he was \"really pleased\" the mystery had been solved. He added: \"I am glad we can now definitively rule out the money being linked to any crime or a vulnerable person. \"I would like to thank the Good Samaritans for getting in touch and also to the honest residents of Blackhall who have continued to hand the money in.\" It is unknown whether the pair will continue to leave bundles of money but any that are found and handed in to police will continue to be returned to the finder. You may also be interested in: Follow BBC North East & Cumbria on Twitter, Facebook and Instagram. Send your story ideas to [email protected]. Related Internet Links Durham Police"
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"Represent the example for the following task: Generate an appropriate title for the given text. The generated title must be short and include the main topic of the text. The preferred titles are under fifteen words.:",
"By Ciaran McCauley BBC News NI The note, worth an estimated £50,000, was found in Northern Ireland by a woman known only as \"J\". She sent the fiver back to the Scottish gallery it came from, and asked for it to be used to benefit a charitable cause. \"£5 note enclosed, I don't need it at my time of life. Please use it to help young people,\" she wrote. The anonymous benefactor is known to be from County Donegal in the Republic of Ireland. The Tony Huggins-Haig Gallery, in Kelso, Scotland, told BBC News NI the five-pound note would likely be auctioned off in aid of Children in Need. The gallery created the notes in conjunction with Birmingham micro-artist Graham Short. Just four notes were specially engraved and spent in each of the home countries. The first was found in a café in south Wales in December, with the second discovery coming in Scotland inside a Christmas card the same month. England is now the only area yet to discover its jackpot Austen note. However, it is Ireland's anonymous donor who is causing the biggest stir after she discovered the rare fiver - and handed it back. According to the gallery, the woman got in touch in mid-January to tell them she had found the note while visiting Enniskillen in County Fermanagh. The artist, Graham Short, had previously told the BBC that he spent it \"in a small bar called Charlie's Bar\". When the gallery asked the woman to prove her find, she sent them a picture of the note, verifiable through its serial number, along with a dated copy of her local newspaper, the Donegal Democrat. Michael Huggins, the gallery's assistant manager, said the woman then asked for a couple of weeks to \"mull over\" what she might do with it. \"Then we received this note in the mail along with the fiver,\" he told BBC News NI. \"The note just said she wanted it to be used to help young people.\" There are few clues as to the identity of the unidentified Donegal donor. The woman spoke on the phone to gallery artist Tony Huggins-Haig, Michael said, who described her voice as \"soft\" and \"older\". \"With that and the note when she refers to her age, we think it's an older woman,\" he added. \"But, all we know is that she is from County Donegal and that she wants the money to go to benefit young people.\" He added that the gallery had been in touch with Children in Need, and it's likely the note will be auctioned with an added bonus. \"It seems we'll auction it off, but we've also spoken to the artist Graham Short about creating another one-off note as well. So we'll auction both off together.\""
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"Represent the example for the following task: Generate an appropriate title for the given text. The generated title must be short and include the main topic of the text. The preferred titles are under fifteen words.:",
"The 21-year-old disappeared on 1 February after a night out in Hull and her body was found in the Humber estuary almost seven weeks later. Polish national Pawel Relowicz, 25, was remanded in custody when he appeared at Hull Crown Court. He did not enter any pleas during the hearing. A provisional trial date has been set for June 2020 at Sheffield Crown Court. The body of Ms Squire, from High Wycombe, Buckinghamshire, was discovered in the Humber estuary following extensive searches involving hundreds of police officers and members of the public. Follow BBC East Yorkshire and Lincolnshire on Facebook, Twitter, and Instagram. Send your story ideas to [email protected]."
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"Represent the example for the following task: Generate an appropriate title for the given text. The generated title must be short and include the main topic of the text. The preferred titles are under fifteen words.:",
"Earlier this month Nick Gargan, 48, was found guilty of eight charges of misconduct but cleared of gross misconduct by an independent panel. Details can not yet be made public about what the panel ruled Mr Gargan had done, according to the police and crime commissioner's (PCC) office. He is returning to work but not yet in Avon and Somerset, the PCC said. Sue Mounstevens added he would be \"carrying out some work with the National Police Chief's Council [NPCC]\", although no further details were given. Mr Gargan, who joined the force in March 2013 will, officially remain employed as chief constable. According to its website, the NPCC develops best practice for different areas of police work in areas such as criminal justice, cyber-crime and drugs. Mr Gargan was initially investigated by the Independent Police Complaints Commission which found there was no case to answer for any criminal charges being brought against him. The commission then recommended his case be referred to an independent misconduct proceedings panel. Dorian Lovell-Pank QC chaired the panel, which included Her Majesty's Inspector of Constabulary, Wendy Williams, and independent member John Rickard. A private hearing, separate from Avon and Somerset Police, was held to discuss the matter and the findings of the panel are yet to be published. In the meantime, Mr Gargan and Avon and Somerset PCC Sue Mountstevens said they were not allowed to speak publicly about the case. Mr Gargan has told the BBC he wanted the details of his offences made public immediately, and could not see any reason why they should not be. However Ms Mountstevens said: \"The misconduct process is not yet complete. I'm waiting for the misconduct panel's report. When I receive that I will hold a further hearing with the chief constable to determine his sanction.\""
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"Represent the example for the following task: Generate an appropriate title for the given text. The generated title must be short and include the main topic of the text. The preferred titles are under fifteen words.:",
"Mr Gargan, 48, was found guilty of eight charges of misconduct but has been allowed to return to work. The Avon and Somerset branch of the federation said it \"cannot envisage\" how the public or police can have \"confidence in his leadership\". Mr Gargan said he understood people had questions and said he would address these. In a statement issued through the Chief Police Officers Staff Association, he said he was \"very much looking forward to returning to work\" and \"beginning the process of rebuilding confidence in the force\". The comments about his return to work were made in an open letter to Avon and Somerset Police and Crime Commissioner Sue Mountstevens. Mr Gargan was suspended following allegations of data protection breaches and inappropriate behaviour with women. A panel found him guilty of misconduct - but cleared him of gross misconduct. His suspension was lifted and a phased return to work prepared. Mr Gargan said his actions had \"fallen below the standards expected of a chief constable\". 'Tarnished reputation' In the letter seen by the BBC, the Police Federation said the chief constable is \"the person that sets the standard of professional behaviour and ethical conduct\" and the role \"must be beyond reproach\" in the eyes of the public and police officers. It said its officers had been asked on a daily basis by \"the communities they serve\" how the chief constable \"can return to work in these circumstances\". The letter ends with the federation calling on the commissioner to \"show strong leadership in dealing with this issue\". Some former members of the force have also criticised Mr Gargan's return. One group of retired officers said the \"debacle\" had caused \"more pain and damage to morale than is imaginable\". Lawrie Lewis, a retired Chief Superintendent, said the force's reputation had been \"severely tarnished\". Sue Mountstevens said: \"The procedure to be followed in relation to the sanction hearing is strictly regulated. \"As with all judicial processes when proceedings are not complete it is not possible to discuss or comment upon them until they have been finalised.\""
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"Represent the example for the following task: Generate an appropriate title for the given text. The generated title must be short and include the main topic of the text. The preferred titles are under fifteen words.:",
"The Independent Police Complaints Commission (IPCC) is looking into the chief constable on two counts. One allegation is that he provided misleading information after the Hillsborough tragedy when 96 fans died. Sir Norman quit saying the inquiry into his role after the 1989 disaster was \"a distraction\" to West Yorkshire Police. In a statement, the IPCC said: \"Retirement or resignation does not prevent criminal prosecution should the investigation identify criminal offences, including misconduct in a public office.\" Sir Norman is also facing a second allegation that he \"attempted to influence the decision-making process of the West Yorkshire Police Authority in connection with the referral that they had made\". 'Came as surprise' In its statement, the IPCC said it had written to the police authority on 23 October with a provisional view about whether the allegations which are the subject of the second investigation would amount to misconduct or gross misconduct [i.e. whether they would justify dismissal]. The commission said: \"We were aware that the police authority were meeting at lunchtime to discuss this. \"In accordance with the legislation, we had advised the police authority that suspension was a matter for them, but we should be consulted. \"We were not informed of Sir Norman's resignation in advance of the stories appearing in the press and the decision came as a surprise to us. \"We are seeking clarification from West Yorkshire Police Authority.\" The watchdog added: \"It should be noted we can and, in this case, will investigate both criminal offences and misconduct matters after an officer has retired or resigned as it is in the public interest to do so. \"Retirement or resignation precludes any internal misconduct sanction as once an individual leaves the police service there is no opportunity to take disciplinary action.\""
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"Represent the example for the following task: Generate an appropriate title for the given text. The generated title must be short and include the main topic of the text. The preferred titles are under fifteen words.:",
"Lynn McNally, 46, was found dead at a property in Mullinder Drive in Ketley on Wednesday. West Mercia Police said she died from multiple stab wounds. Paul Beddoes, 44, also of Mullinder Drive, has appeared at Telford Magistrates Court. He was remanded in custody and will next appear at Shrewsbury Crown Court on 27 February. Supt Tom Harding said Ms McNally's next-of-kin were being supported by specialist officers. The force previously said it was treating the death as an \"isolated incident\" and said its investigation is still ongoing."
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"Represent the example for the following task: Generate an appropriate title for the given text. The generated title must be short and include the main topic of the text. The preferred titles are under fifteen words.:",
"The body of Jackie Hoadley, 58, was found dead at home in Broad Oak Close on Sunday. Sussex Police said Raymond Hoadley, 62, of Willowfield Road, Eastbourne, had been charged with her murder. The force said arrangements were being made for a virtual court hearing and Mr Hoadley was expected to appear before Lewes Crown Court on Friday."
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"Represent the example for the following task: Generate an appropriate title for the given text. The generated title must be short and include the main topic of the text. The preferred titles are under fifteen words.:",
"Linda Norgrove, 36, from Lewis, was killed during a mission to rescue her from hostage takers last year. Her parents John and Lorna Norgrove set up a foundation in her name. In a letter accompanying the charity's first newsletter, they said initially they had difficulties making a mark but have since made good progress. Launched just over a year ago, the Linda Norgrove Foundation has gone on to fund projects helping to improve the lives of disabled children and encourage women's literacy in remote areas. It has also provided financial support to a \"safe house\" for vulnerable women and children and awarded a grant to a new tourism business in the Wakhan Corridor, north-east Afghanistan. In their letter the Norgroves said: \"We have found Afghanistan to be a difficult place to work because of the pace of change, the complicated politics and the security situation. \"At first we didn't seem to be getting anywhere but, as time has passed, we've found our feet and have now made good progress identifying projects that fit with our requirements of making a real difference whilst avoiding aid dependency as much as possible.\" The couple added: \"We are keen on small scale projects that donors can identify with and that we can more easily monitor to ensure that the money has been spent as planned.\" The Norgroves have thanked their supporters and fund-raisers in the letter and newsletter."
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"Represent the example for the following task: Generate an appropriate title for the given text. The generated title must be short and include the main topic of the text. The preferred titles are under fifteen words.:",
"\"We must not let the drug cartels exploit the [coronavirus] pandemic to threaten American lives,\" President Donald Trump said. The move comes a week after the US charged Venezuelan President Nicolás Maduro and other senior officials in the country with \"narco-terrorism\". It accused them of flooding the US with cocaine and using drugs as a weapon to undermine the health of Americans. A $15m (£12.5m) reward was offered for information leading to Mr Maduro's arrest. The Venezuelan government called the US deployment a \"diversion\" from the current pandemic spreading around the US - and the world at large. The US military deployment will further escalate tensions between the two nations. Washington has long accused the Venezuelan president of leading a corrupt and brutal regime, a charge he has repeatedly rejected. It backs the opposition leader Juan Guaidó, who declared himself interim president last year. But the US deployment comes two days after US Secretary of State Mike Pompeo offered to lift crippling sanctions against Venezuela if Mr Maduro and Mr Guaidó agreed to a power-sharing deal. Under the US plan, Venezuela's left-wing president would \"step aside\" and a transitional council would govern until fresh elections. The US imposed its latest round of sweeping sanctions against Venezuela last year in an attempt to force Mr Maduro to step down. However, Mr Maduro has so far resisted all attempts to remove him from power. What is the new deployment about? President Trump made the announcement at the White House on Wednesday. \"Today, the United States is launching enhanced counter-narcotics operations in the Western Hemisphere to protect the American people from the deadly scourge of illegal narcotics,\" he said. Mr Trump added that the US was co-operating with 22 partner nations, enabling the US Southern Command to \"increase surveillance, disruption and seizures of drug shipments and provide additional support for eradication efforts which are going on right now at a record pace\". \"We're deploying additional Navy destroyers, combat ships, aircraft and helicopters, Coast Guard cutters and Air Force surveillance aircraft, doubling our capabilities in the region,\" the US president said. The Venezuelan response came swiftly, as expected. \"Donald Trump today tried to divert attention... by creating an escalation of statements and an escalation with Venezuela,\" said President Maduro. \"We're going to stay here in peace... attending to the pandemic, controlling the pandemic.\" What is the US argument on drugs? The charges against Mr Maduro and 14 members of his inner circle were announced on 26 March and include narco-terrorism, drug trafficking, money laundering and corruption. US Attorney General William Barr accused Mr Maduro of conspiring with a faction of the Colombian Farc rebel group \"to flood the United States with cocaine\" and \"devastate American communities\". Mr Barr said the Colombian rebels had \"obtained the support of the Maduro regime, who is allowing them to use Venezuela as a safe haven from which they can continue to conduct their cocaine trafficking\". \"Maduro very deliberately deployed cocaine as a weapon... to undermine the health and wellbeing of our nation,\" US Attorney Geoffrey Berman said. He accused Mr Maduro and his top aides of running a \"narco-terrorism partnership with the Farc for the past 20 years\". In a separate statement, the State Department said those named in the indictment had \"violated the public trust by facilitating shipments of narcotics from Venezuela, including control over planes that leave from a Venezuelan air base\". Mr Maduro accused the US and Colombia of conspiring against Venezuela and causing widespread violence in the country. He has long accused the US of trying to overthrow him in order to seize control of Venezuela's oil reserves. What's the background to the Venezuela crisis? Mr Maduro narrowly won a presidential election in April 2013 after the death of his mentor, President Hugo Chávez. He was elected to a second term in May 2018 in an election seen as flawed by international observers. Venezuela has experienced economic collapse - inflation was 800,000% last year - and 4.8m people have left the country. Mr Guaidó has accused President Maduro of being unfit for office. He has won the support of many in the country as well as US and EU leaders. But Mr Maduro has remained in power and is backed by the army - as well as by Russia, China and Cuba."
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"Represent the example for the following task: Generate an appropriate title for the given text. The generated title must be short and include the main topic of the text. The preferred titles are under fifteen words.:",
"He spoke as he revived a Korean War-era measure allowing the US to ramp up production of vital medical supplies. Two lawmakers meanwhile became the first members of Congress to test positive for the infection. The US has more than 9,300 cases of Covid-19 and has seen 150 deaths so far, according to estimates. Globally there are some 220,000 confirmed cases and over 8,800 deaths. What did President Trump say? At a White House press conference, the president was asked by a reporter whether he considered the country to be on a war footing in terms of fighting the virus. \"It's a war,\" he said. \"I view it as a, in a sense, a wartime president.\" Mr Trump has been holding daily briefings on the emergency this week after being accused of playing down the outbreak in its early stages. He said: \"We must sacrifice together, because we are all in this together, and we will come through together. It's the invisible enemy. That's always the toughest enemy. \"But we are going to defeat the invisible enemy. I think we are going to do it even faster than we thought, and it'll be a complete victory. It'll be a total victory.\" Mr Trump announced he was signing the 1950 Defense Production Act, which empowers the president to direct civilian businesses to help meet orders for products necessary for national security. But he said later on Twitter that he would only invoke the measure \"in a worst case scenario in the future\". Mr Trump also described as an \"absolute, total worst case scenario\" a warning by his Treasury Secretary, Steve Mnuchin, that the pandemic could send US unemployment rocketing to 20%. The president said two US Navy hospitals ships would be pressed into service to help alleviate an expected shortage of sick beds. The USNS Comfort is expected to be sent to New York Harbor, though defence officials said it is currently undergoing maintenance in Virginia. The other vessel, USNS Mercy, is being prepared to deploy to a location on the West Coast. During the press conference, Mr Trump again rejected suggestions that his use of the term \"Chinese virus\" to describe Covid-19 was racist. Earlier in the day the US-Canada border, the world's longest, was effectively closed, except for essential travel and commerce. Mr Trump also announced a new crackdown on migrants or asylum seekers crossing the US-Mexico border. He said his administration would invoke a statute that allows people to be blocked in order to prevent the spread of communicable diseases. Which congressmen have coronavirus? The office of Ben McAdams, a Utah Democrat, said on Wednesday evening he had tested positive for the virus. The 45-year-old said he developed \"mild cold-like symptoms\" after returning from Washington DC on Saturday evening. Mr McAdams said he immediately self-isolated at home, but \"my symptoms got worse and I developed a fever, a dry cough and laboured breathing\". His doctor referred him on Tuesday for a Covid-19 test, which came back positive on Wednesday, according to the statement. The representative said he would remain in self-quarantine until he had recovered. Mario Diaz-Balart, a Florida Republican, also announced on Wednesday he had tested positive for coronavirus. \"I'm feeling much better. However, it's important that everyone take this seriously,\" the 58-year-old tweeted from self-quarantine at his flat in Washington DC. Mr Balart said he did not plan to return to Florida, noting his wife, Tia, has underlying conditions \"that put her at exceptionally high risk\". The news will likely send a shiver through Congress, which has many elderly members. Its representatives and senators are usually eager to shake hands with the aides, colleagues, constituents and lobbyists they encounter daily. They also often find themselves at close quarters with each other while riding the dedicated subway beneath the Capitol complex. What is Congress doing to combat coronavirus? On Wednesday, the president signed a coronavirus relief package that was passed earlier in the day in the US Senate by 90-8. The bill provides free virus testing and paid sick, family and medical leave for workers at companies with 500 employees or fewer, as well as expanded funding for food welfare. It is estimated the paid leave provisions of the bill alone will cost $105bn (£90bn). The White House and Congress are also discussing additional coronavirus economic stimulus measures that could cost up to $1.3tn. Mr Trump has said that package might include direct payments of up to $1,000 to Americans to encourage spending. Despite efforts to sustain the economy, the Dow Jones plummeted again on Wednesday erasing nearly all the gains it has made since Mr Trump took office. How else is the US responding to coronavirus? The leader of Baltimore, Maryland, urged gang members to stop shooting each other, saying hospital beds are needed to treat coronavirus patients. Following a spate of shootings on Tuesday night, Mayor Jack Young said: \"We cannot clog up our hospitals and their beds with people that are being shot senselessly because we're going to need those beds for people infected with the coronavirus. \"And it could be your mother, your grandmother or one of your relatives. So take that into consideration.\" Meanwhile, as the US shortage of face masks becomes severe, the US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) said nurses can \"use homemade masks (e.g., bandana, scarf) for care of patients with Covid-19\". The CDC, one of the world's leading public health institutes, said this should only be done \"as a last resort\" and conceded it was \"unknown\" if this would actually protect health workers from the virus. US Immigration and Customs Enforcement (ICE), which handles deportations of foreign nationals, said on Wednesday it would postpone most arrests during the coronavirus crisis. The Department of Homeland Security agency said it would also suspend enforcement operations at or near healthcare facilities. As of Tuesday, there were no confirmed cases of Covid-19 among the 37,000 detainees in ICE detention facilities."
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"Represent the example for the following task: Generate an appropriate title for the given text. The generated title must be short and include the main topic of the text. The preferred titles are under fifteen words.:",
"Here is the full transcript. Orla Guerin, BBC News As we sit here, there is US aid across the border in Colombia. We have met many people here who tell us they are desperately in need of aid. Why not allow it through? Nicolás Maduro, Venezuelan president First of all, it's a show, that the United States government has set up with the compliance of the Colombian government to humiliate the Venezuelans. Venezuela is a country that has the capacity to satisfy all the necessities of our people. Venezuela is a country that has problems like any country. We are in a battle that has been going on for many years, a successful battle, to reduce poverty, misery, in order to increase the job capacity, to establish a social security system to protect 100% of our pensioners, in order to establish a public health system that reaches all the Venezuelan population, to establish an educational system, that reaches 90% of our girls, boys, and our young. Venezuela is a country that has dignity, and the United States has intended to create a humanitarian crisis in order to justify a military intervention - \"humanitarian\". And this is part of that show. That's the reason that we, with dignity, tell them that the miniscule crumbs that they intend to bring with toxic food, with leftovers that they have, we tell them no - Venezuela has dignity, Venezuela produces and works and our people do not beg from anyone. Guerin You say the humanitarian aid is a show, but are you actually saying that the hunger is a show? We have seen it with our own eyes. I have met a mother of five who told me that her children go to bed every night with nothing to eat, and just a short drive from here, we have actually seen people reaching into the garbage with their hands to find food to eat. Are you honestly saying there is no hunger in Venezuela? Maduro I am telling you that the BBC in London has created a stereotype - the American media also - of a Venezuela that doesn't exist. We have 4.4% of what we call extreme poverty, misery. Of course this is still something that we have to overcome, but we came from 25% of extreme poverty, and we have reduced all the indexes of inequality. Venezuela today currently has indexes recognised by international organisations in the highest levels of social equality in social investment. Do we have problems? Yes. But Venezuela is not a country with hunger. Venezuela has the highest levels of nutrients, has extremely high levels of access to food and that stereotype, that stigma that they have tried to put on us, has only one objective: present a humanitarian crisis that does not exist in Venezuela, in order to do an intervention. In any case I tell you, the United States, Donald Trump's government, has sequestered $10bn (£7.75bn) of bank accounts that belong to us. They have sequestered billions of dollars in gold in London that are ours - that is money to buy supplies, raw materials, food, medicines. They have sequestered $1.4bn for many months, that we are going to use to buy food, medicines in Euroclear. It's very simple: if you want to help Venezuela, release the billions of dollars in resources that belong to us. So don't come with a cheap show, a show of indignity, of humiliation, where they offer $20m dollars in food that is toxic, and rotten. Guerin I know your position, President Maduro, is that there is no humanitarian crisis in Venezuela. If that is the case, why have more than three million of your people left? That's one tenth of the population. The Unites States says people are leaving at the rate of 5,000 per day. If there is no crisis here, what is driving them from their homeland? Maduro You all have a problem, in the Western media, that you take it as a fact any lie that is broadcast. All that emigration campaign that has been said about Venezuela has been exaggerated. Venezuela is a country that receives immigrants, and you don't show that and you don't broadcast it. Venezuela has here 5.8 million Colombians, that have immigrated due to the war in Colombia - because of the violation of human rights, and because of the misery. We have more than 300,000 Italians, more than 300,000 Portuguese, more than 300,000 Spaniards, more than a million Arabs, more than 300,000 Ecuadoreans, more than 300,000 Peruvians, There are more than 10 million immigrants coming every year to Venezuela. Now, due to the economic war there is a new phenomenon of migration. We have the official numbers that show no more than 800,000 Venezuelans have left in the past two years, due to economic reasons, trying to look for new alternatives. Many of those Venezuelans were shattered because they encountered situations they did not expect like racism, discrimination, labour slavery, and thousands are coming back. In any case I can tell you that Venezuela is a country that offers opportunities in areas such as social development, social protection, social security, and that is why that, despite the economic blockade and the economic sanctions, and the economic persecution, Venezuela is still a country that receives immigrants. That's the truth. Last year, in December 2018, you know how many Colombians came? 120,000 Colombians came to set up in Venezuela, which led us to the number of 5.8 million. That's the truth that nobody says. The thing is that the script is established in the West to disfigure the Venezuela situation, and justify any intervention, any aggression, as is happening right now. Guerin But with respect, President Maduro, you can see every day at the border with Colombia large numbers of people leaving here. Even if we accept your figure that only 800,000 have gone, that's almost a million of your people who have left. Yet you are saying there is no humanitarian crisis. Maduro You have to see that economic war that we have been enduring, the financial persecution. Every single account that Venezuela has in the world has been traced. That has had an impact on the economic reality. And of course, some Venezuelans thought - because of the social media campaigns - to go and find an alternative type of job abroad. The educational level of the Venezuelans that have left is very high. There are a lot of university professionals that have left, people of a very good level have left, workers qualified to a high technical standard, and looking for alternatives abroad, they found even worse situations. And you can almost be assured that the majority of these Venezuelans that have left due to the economic reasons are going to come back. Venezuela has the problems that any country could have, in the South, in the Third World, in Latin America. We have made a lot of progress in our social indexes, that is a reality. Venezuela is a country that has the highest measures of social advancement on the whole continent. Now we have problems, yes, of course we do. If we have the most powerful empire in the world, Orla, the most powerful empire in the world, targeting all our accounts, freezing all our assets abroad, going after every ship that comes to Venezuela bringing products, of course that has brought considerable disruption. We have confronted it, and rest assured, we will overcome. Guerin You say some of the problems here could be seen in other countries, but with respect, Mr President, you have a hyper-inflation rate last year of 1,000,000%. Nowhere else in the world is experiencing hyper-inflation like that. When you came to power, just before you came to power, the inflation rate here was 20%. So are you saying that the complete economic collapse here has nothing to do with you? Maduro I'll tell you again: you take as reference anything that comes in the Western media. I invite you to look at Venezuela in depth. Of course we have problems of an economic aggression, but 1,000,000% inflation, no country in the world would survive that, Orla. So you take as truth: you don't even question any number as long as it's against Venezuela, you don't question it. You are completely non-critical of the lies that are being said about Venezuela. Well, that's the way you are, that's the way BBC is, that's the way CNN is. You are the Western media, because you are in the script, to intervene in our country. Why is Venezuela so interesting for the West, why is it so interesting for the United States? If we produced potatoes, if we produced parsley, if we produced apples, maybe we would not even exist on the geopolitical map. But because Venezuela produces oil, and it's the largest oil reserve in the world, because Venezuela has the fourth-largest reserves of gas, because we have and are now certifying the largest gold reserves in the world, Venezuela is important. Venezuela is leader of Opec, Venezuela presides nowadays in Opec, so it's important to throw stuff at Venezuela, to make attacks of all sorts - social, economic, political, military - to surround Venezuela in order to create a situation the way they did with Iraq, with Libya. But Venezuela is not Iran or Libya, Venezuela has its capacity. We will confront all these issues and be assured that all those campaigns of media aggression, of lies, we will slowly start to conquer them with reality. Guerin You think we have a preconceived idea. I came to Venezuela for the first time two weeks ago. We have had a chance over those two weeks to see living conditions for ourselves. We have met with a young cancer patient whose mother was told she had to pay for his biopsy herself, and she told us it would take two years to earn the money. We met a young patient with tuberculosis, who was getting no treatment because there are no medicines. We met a young man with a brain tumour who told us he has been waiting a year for an operation because he himself has to rent surgical equipment. These are people that we have met and have heard their stories first hand. What do you say to them? Maduro That we are putting up a huge fight. Of the $1.4bn that was sequestered in Euroclear, half of that was to bring medicines to fight diabetes, to fight cancer. The money was frozen over there, and then we started looking via Portugal, and then they froze over $2bn with which we had bought substitutes for these medicines. In spite of all that, we brought medicines into the country. It's a huge effort. No country has endured what we have endured. Guerin But the people can't afford to buy it. There may be medicine but we have met people who say that two boxes of antibiotics costs a month's salary. Maduro You are first talking about specific cases - some people that had surgery, and some people that are being taking care of. You can rest assured that the Venezuelan social health system will reach them, and rest assured that everything that has to do with the medical system, we have a primary system of medicine distribution, that no other country in the world has. We have the family doctors, we have more than 30,000 doctors distributed in the communities, in the barrios, and the doctor not only takes care of his clinic, he goes from house to house. In the clinic and in the visits from house to house, he takes the medicine directly to the person that needs it. That gives us very extensive coverage and we have been managing with a huge effort - with the economic blockade, with the economic persecution - we have been stabilising the pharmaceutical industry, the national pharmaceutical industry, and we have been regulating with a huge effort, three times what a country that is not blocked has to do, in order to regulate the supply and sale of medicines, in the private system. Guerin But we stood in a hospital not far from here and we saw ourselves that they didn't have insulin, they had not had it for five years. They didn't have basic medication. This is a public hospital in Caracas, not in a distant part of the country. Maduro I'm not talking about the interior of the country, or about Caracas, I'm talking about the entire country, which is affected. So they choke us and they ask us, why are we suffocating? That's your question. You don't question anything. The financial persecution, the blockade, the mental scheme that you bring, from the West, from London, simply is just to finish killing the person who is being choked, and kicked. And our scheme is different. Our scheme is one of resistance to take care of the people. You come to justify all the persecution, and the social consequences of that persecution. Because if I had my money secured, the money of the country, in a bank account and then it's sequestered, and that money was to bring medicines, then you come and say that there are no medicines in the country. Why don't we have medicines? And then you should also ask, why did it happen? Try to change your mental scheme. Why is Venezuela the geopolitical centre of the world? Why Venezuela, and why is it not any country in Asia, or Latin America, or Africa? Why? Ask yourself. Because they want to conquer us, colonise us. They won't be able to - we are solid, legitimate, and popular. People that are suffering know the reasons why, and they are conscious of the protection that we give them, and they support this revolution. If that were not the case, we would not have been here for 20 years, winning 23 elections out of 25. You have to ask yourself, why the mental schemes that you use, why the script that you bring from the North, does not work in Venezuela. Why? Guerin But your election victory last year is disputed by many people. There are now more than 50 governments that have recognised Juan Guaidó as the interim President of Venezuela. Maduro Fifty, where did you get that number from? Where do you get your numbers from, really? You bring a mental picture that you should check. You should check, I am not going to tell you more because really it's up to you, if you are an objective journalist, stable, or you only come here to verify your war campaign, the BBC's war campaign, and the western campaign against Venezuela. Venezuela is a noble country. Venezuela has the right to peace. It's not right that we are enduring this campaign of war. Venezuela does not want war. Venezuela does not want the result of all these campaigns that you conduct, that one day troops will come, in order to conquer our country. Venezuela wants peace, and respect, and for all of you to stop lying daily, please. Guerin But do you dispute the figure? Do you dispute that 50 countries have now recognised the opposition leader Juan Guaidó? Maduro It's not that I agree, it is that you are lying. It's not that I agree or you agree. You bring an image, you are a person, that expresses a dogmatism, of the West, against Venezuela. You are dogmatic: you are not capable of checking yourself, and seeing if one thing is true, or not. You are dogmatic. You have no critical sense. There is only one way of thinking. That's how you call it - it's called one way of thinking. Guerin President Maduro, these are facts. These countries have now recognised the opposition leader here as the president. What do you say to them? Maduro First of all, it's not 50, not even the European Union. It's not my duty to say. It's about 10 countries - governments, not countries, governments - that are in alignment with the politics of Donald Trump. What you have to ask yourself is where does all this political aggression come from? Where does this coup d'état scenario come from? Where does it come from? Trying to impose on Venezuela a government that nobody has elected, a government that declared itself in a public square, absolutely unconstitutional and irregular. Where does it come from? From the White House. Who conducts it? Donald Trump. The extremists of the White House have taken it upon themselves to carry out a coup in Venezuela. And we have rejected it and the entire world has rejected it. Now a Western campaign continues in a rushed way, I would say in an evil way. Donald Trump's politics continue. I would tell the world - Europe, London, the United Kingdom - ask yourselves, if you are not being led to a road with no exit, to failure, as you are letting Donald Trump lead you to a completely extremist illegal politics that violates the United Nations charter. And it has no support in Venezuela. It has already failed, that politics of trying to impose a government that nobody elected. In Venezuela according to this constitution, the sovereignty resides in the people and is non-transferable. It is non-transferable. And only through the people's vote you can elect a president in Venezuela. That's like someone comes to a public square in London, and proclaims himself Queen of England, or proclaims himself prime minister, and then three governments come and recognise it. That's outrageous. It's one of the biggest political outrages in international politics. In Venezuela, the people vote, and according to this constitution, only the people can put you in power and remove you. Guerin You say it's up to the people to decide. Why not call a new presidential election, a free and fair and credible election, and let the people have their say? It seems as if your country now is very divided on the question of who should be president. Maduro Well, there could be a debate in any country - who should be prime minister, who should be president - but every country has an electoral schedule. They have rules, electoral rules. Venezuela in the last 18 months has had votes to elect 23 governors, and we won 19. We have 335 municipalities, and out of 335 we won 307. We have chosen, and we have gone to the polls six times in the past 18 months, and on 20 May of last year, we had an election based on the constitution, for president of the republic, and I won with 68% of the vote. The opposition since then, the government of the United States, has boycotted this election. Because they knew that there was no candidate from the opposition that could beat me in a presidential election, and they positioned this coup d'état a year ago. Venezuela already had its election. The election that's still pending - and we will probably bring it forward - is the parliamentary election. That's the organism of the democratic institutions in Venezuela that has not been re-legitimised. I completely agree that we should bring that election forward, the parliamentary election, and the elections for the president of parliament. Look at this: there is a very important element. Our constitution allows a feature called a recall referendum. It's one of the few places in the world where it exists. It means that in the middle of the term of any popular election, the people could activate a recall referendum. The opposition has that option left, in the year 2022, to start the process of a recall referendum. Let's respect the rules of the game. Let nobody impose worldwide blackmail, international blackmail, so that Venezuela breaks its rules, or electoral regulations. Guerin Could you win a presidential election now? Maduro I already won it. And nowadays all the polls say that the Popular Bolivarian forces that I represent - that we represent - we have the social majority, cultural, political, electoral. We have won. You should know, in 20 years, we have won 23 elections out of 25 that we have held: presidential elections, for governors, for mayors, for parliament, referendums. Guerin But many would say they have not always been fair, particularly the last one. There are allegations of ballot stuffing, and opposition candidates were not allowed to take part. It was not a level playing field in the last election, and this is why many would say that your victory in that election is in doubt. If you are confident now of a new victory, why not have a new election? Maduro What is the logic, reasoning, to repeat an election? There has not been even one legal question internally to the electoral authority, which is the highest authority that regulates the elections, within the judicial branch. What there have been are political questions, and from whom? From the government of the United States. The government of the United States, since January 2018, four months before the elections were held, Donald Trump said we are not going to recognise any results of the presidential elections held in Venezuela. And still we hadn't even set the date. Listen Orla, please, it's a war. I pray that God enlightens you, and enlightens the opinion of the audience watching the BBC. It's a political war, of the United States empire, of the interests of the extreme right that today is governing, of the Ku Klux Klan, that rules the White House, to take over Venezuela, and they have positioned a political strategy, communications, diplomatic, warmongering, in order to take over Venezuela. And we, with the truth in our country, we are dismantling all that manipulation, all those lies that are repeated day after day. Guerin Do you really think the Ku Klux Klan is ruling America? Maduro I believe that the extremist sector of the white supremacists of the Ku Klux Klan lead the United States. I believe it's a gang of extremists. Guerin Are you calling President Trump a white supremacist? Maduro He is, publicly and openly, and he has stimulated the fascist tendencies - neo-fascists, neo-Nazis - within the United States, in Europe, in Latin America. It's an extremist sector that hates the world. They hate us Latin Americans, Central Americans, Mexicans, Venezuelans. They hate us, they belittle us, they hate the entire world, because they only believe in their own interests, and in the interests of the United States. So in this battle that we are leading for Venezuela, I tell you, it's a battle that goes beyond our country, the battle to respond. Look at this: Donald Trump threatened us with a military invasion, just a few days ago. He said he was going to send the United States army into Venezuela. Why? What is the reason, the pretext, the motive to declare war against Venezuela, which is a peaceful country? I call upon the people of the world, to wake up, open your eyes, to see that it is an aggression against the peaceful country. That Venezuela has problems like many other countries in the world, but only in peace can we solve our problems. And if you really want to help Venezuela, you have to support peace. Say no to the intervention, tell the United States, hands off Venezuela, and support Venezuela in its own efforts to resolve its own problems through dialogue. Guerin You say to the Americans hands off Venezuela, and that's fair enough, it's your country. But do you think you are also facing criticism from Latin American nations? It's not only Washington that is criticising you at the moment, it's also some of your neighbours here in Latin America. Maduro Well unfortunately some governments of the extreme right are now in power - Colombia, for example, Chile. They are governments - the one from Chile comes from the Pinochet tradition, President Piñera, Macri in Argentina. And now they form a bloc of extreme right. They have substituted the international policy of respect, tolerance, to impose an ideology, an ideology that has imposed great intolerance in international politics. And we have strongly opposing viewpoints. Well, they form a group of 11 countries. With the rest of the countries of Latin America, and the Caribbean, we have permanent relationships. We just had a meeting in Montevideo, a very important meeting that everyone should know about, promoted by Mexico, Bolivia, Uruguay, and the 14 governments from Caricom, from the Caribbean. They propose a mechanism for dialogue, to help Venezuela in four phases. These countries make up 17 countries of Latin America and the Caribbean. They are currently working on a process of dialogue that I fully support, a dialogue with no secrets, an open dialogue, and that will allow Venezuela to deal with these issues in peace, and resolve them. Guerin But Europe is also questioning your legitimacy. It's not only the White House, it's not only some of the neighbours here in Latin America. It's also large powerful countries in Europe. Maduro It's unfortunate that Europe, after being kicked by Donald Trump, is now behind Donald Trump - some countries, some governments are behind Donald Trump in a completely illegal policy that has no reason to be. I have been in meetings very frequently with European Union ambassadors, and I have read them the constitution, and I have demonstrated that they are outside of the international rules of the game, of respect. Everything that they say is a lie. Well, I really hope from the European countries, even those who have gone in the wrong direction, and those who are just waiting, observing, I hope for more from them. I hope that they listen to us. They only listen, as I told them, to one version. The statements and the communications from the European Union, are a complete reproduction of what the Venezuelan extreme right has said. It can't be. Orla, we are really a force that exists, with a historic background, and cultural background, with a political and democratic background. This Bolivarian movement that was founded by Commandante Chávez has an existing force, powerful, in Venezuela, that deserves to be heard. I tell Europe, listen more, open your ears, and please, follow the path of respect. Guerin How much of your gold is currently being frozen in the Bank of England? There are assets of Venezuela belonging to this country that you have been trying to access through the Bank of England. How much of your gold is currently frozen, and have you any chance of getting that? Maduro Well, in general, in England there could be more or less 80 tonnes. Legally, it's Venezuela's gold, established by the institutions. It's protected by the central banks. It's gold that belongs to the central bank of Venezuela. And I hope that international law will be respected. And the Central Bank of Venezuela is respected. And that hopefully the law will prevail. And that Venezuela is not robbed of the gold that legally belongs to us. Guerin What would you say to the British government and to Theresa May? Maduro In reality we have not had much of a relationship with the prime minister. If she would listen to me, I would tell her that she should open her ears wide and see the aggression and not be partners in crime in what could be an invasion, a war in Latin America. That the extremist group that is in the White House is willing to do anything, and in the name of Venezuela, I tell her look at the reality. Look into the heart of Venezuela. It goes beyond the information and the campaigns that are being waged daily against us. And that hopefully she has the opportunity that the UK and in general Europe could then propose a respectful dialogue between Venezuelans. There is a severe risk to peace in Latin America and the Caribbean. Venezuela will fight if we have to, for our liberty and for our independence. We fought in the past and there were many English, Irish that were on the battlefields of Venezuela. I am sending a message beyond Mrs May to the people of the United Kingdom, the people of England, to all the people of the United Kingdom, to have solidarity with us and support peace, and to enforce John Lennon's song, Give Peace A Chance. Give Peace a Chance and give truth a chance in Venezuela - that would be my call. Guerin You have said you are ready to fight. Are you ready to take up arms against the US military if they decide to cross the border? Maduro They would not leave us any other option. We would have to defend the right of our country to exist. To defend our right to peace. I hope that doesn't happen. I hope that public opinion will be on the side of peace and they can see how noble the Venezuelan people are, and that we have a right to discuss our own problems in peace. And that nobody interferes with Venezuela. No-one. And that this extremist group that is in the White House is defeated by powerful world-wide public opinion. I have faith in that. I am a believer, I am a Christian and I always ask God to enlighten us and protect us. And I have faith that we are going to accomplish everything in peace. Guerin The opposition has talked about getting volunteers, getting people to the border to get the aid across. If they attempt to do that, would your troops fire on your own people? Maduro We have never done that. We would never do that. We have never done that. The opposition has its tactics, its politics. They create their own shows. They have the freedom in this country to do anything they want. But there has never been and never will be repression of that kind. Please. Guerin But there have been people killed in anti-government protests. Just last month, the United Nations said that as many as 40 were killed, about 26 by your security forces. People have been killed for protesting. Maduro What protests? They have not shown a single bit of proof of a campaign that lasted 15 days. I saw it, I watch international news and the international news was showing a Venezuela that was not on the streets. Of course, on 23 January there were big rallies. The opposition held a big march and so did we. And with those images and other images of confrontation on the streets, they ended up saying that there were enormous protests that lasted 15 days in Venezuela. I spoke to prime ministers and presidents from around the world who called me, on 25, 28, 29 January, on 1 February and they were asking me if there were big demonstrations in the streets. And I said no, Venezuela is working, Venezuela is in peace. Because they tried to show - look at this. In order to justify this coup d'état and find international support, they had a plan to stir up the main cities in the country, but they failed. It's a small group of delinquents that went out to the streets, paid for by sections of the opposition and they were caught in the middle of their violent action. Guerin There were many large-scale protests. We have seen some of those ourselves. We have also seen your supporters. But do you dispute that the opposition has been able to bring large numbers out and these people have said they are calling for change? Maduro Yes, I saw them. And they were given the right to protest and have big protests, the same for the opposition as for us. Venezuela is a dynamic democracy with people who support the revolution and people who oppose the revolution. Whenever they go out and march, they will have the right to do so. And I always say I hope they do it in peace. They have small violent cells of protesters that, when the demonstrations are over, the marches of the opposition, always try to have a confrontation with the police in order to cause disturbance. The opposition have all the freedom to march as many times as they want, with their slogans and demands and we are also going to mobilise our people. Fortunately our people have a dynamic democracy. Guerin Is there any set of circumstances in which you would give up power? Maduro It is not about me as an individual wanting to be in power, Orla, and it is not my individual choice to abandon power. I am part of a social, political and historical revolutionary movement and that popular movement placed me in this position of responsibility. Complying with all the constitutional steps, electoral requirements and the mandate that they gave me is very powerful. And I have to comply with that mandate with my life. I swore to do this. I swore in the national supreme court to give my life to uphold and enforce the constitution. That is the mandate. And I am going to go beyond words to the end of what is possible to do this. Guerin Are you confident you still have the support of the army? There is a lot of intimidation in the army now - people are being jailed when they speak out against you. Maduro Well, that is another of the myths that were created throughout this campaign against me. The national Bolivarian armed forces are structurally humane. they are Bolivarian. Democratic. Structurally institutionalised. And they are armed forces forged through their values and a new doctrine, a new concept with teaching academies, and with a university for permanent learning. It's a new type of armed forces. This is not just an army, just made up of a random group of people, nor is it a rebellious army. It is not an army in the style of Pinochet. Nor will it be. So therefore these armed forces are loyal to the constitution. Loyal. Firmly loyal to the constitution. Mobilised in defence. Preparing themselves to defend the country. With very high moral values. They are very conscientious. And loyal to the Constitutional Commander in Chief, who is Nicolás Maduro. I am the head of state and the head of government and, according to the constitution, I am the Commander in Chief. They are loyal because they have a conscience and they have morals. They are not rebellious armed forces. And they are not armed forces that will put themselves at the service of the interests of the United States, of Donald Trump's Empire of the United States. Donald Trump has given orders on Twitter. It's incredible, Orla. Donald Trump, John Bolton, Mike Pompeo, Mike Pence - they have commanded the Venezuelan armed forces to rise up in rebellion against the president of the republic. They have gone to extreme lengths and I am sure it has never been done with any country in the world before. And where are the armed forces? Are they going to serve Donald Trump? No. The armed forces are loyal. To the country and the constitution and recognising their commander in chief as the legitimate chief. I have a level of relationship that I inherited from Commandante Hugo Chávez, and that I have developed. So it is now a very deep, sincere honest and real relationship with all the officers, with the armed forces, with the soldiers. And that is a big strength that our country has. Guerin How do you think Hugo Chávez would feel if he saw Venezuela today? Maduro He would feel motivated to fight for our country as he always did. Commandante Chávez had to endure very similar circumstances to these, very similar. George W Bush launched a coup d'état against him on 11 and 12 April 2002. He was kidnapped and they were going to kill him and Chávez did not hesitate, not even for one second, to defend his principles, his ideals and to fight to stay alive. So therefore Chávez is a huge inspiration for us. I always think, what would Chávez do in these circumstances? And that helps me a lot to find the right way forward, to know what to do every day. Guerin One last question, if I may, about the Americans. If President Trump was to put 5,000 US troops on the Colombian border, how would you respond? Maduro He can put a million there if he wants to. If it's inside Colombia, he can bring a million tanks, a million planes, a million soldiers. It's not a problem. If they stay inside Colombia, there is no problem. We will defend Venezuela and we will make them respect Venezuela. And with the conscience of the world and the conscience of the decent people of the world, we must tie the hands of Donald Trump, prevent Donald Trump from starting a war in Latin America. Or from assaulting Venezuela. I appeal for solidarity. I appeal for the active solidarity of all people of conscience in the world, beyond any ideology. No to a war in Venezuela. No to an invasion of Venezuela. And that we all tell Donald Trump: hands off Venezuela. Venezuela wants peace, tranquillity, happiness. Guerin If a convoy comes through without authorisation, would you fire upon it? If a plane comes in without authorisation, would it be attacked? Maduro They should send a convoy with the dollars they have stolen from us. Send a convoy with the gold, with the 80 tonnes. Let it come, the convoy with money. It's our money. With that, we could solve all our country's problems. Guerin What would you say to the people who are hungry now, to the people who can't find food, can't find medicine, who are worried they won't have fuel? What do you say to them? Maduro I tell them, and more than that, I act. I generate jobs, the pension system, protect Venezuelan families, continue to protect Venezuelan families, continue reducing extreme poverty. We have made a commitment between 2017 and 2025 to reach a state of zero poverty and we are going to accomplish it. You will see that we will do it. Guerin A very last question: can you tell me how much a kilo of cheese costs in Venezuela? Maduro It has different prices depending on the region. Guerin Because we have been told it is the equivalent of a month's wages and that is what it is costing people just to buy one kilo of cheese. Maduro We have different scales of salary. Now this is a very Venezuelan issue. I don't think your audience is interested in that. You see, because if we had time to compare the jobs, social protection, social security, public health, and public education available to the Venezuelan people, then with time your audience would probably understand. So I can tell you in Venezuela we have a policy of social protection to generate jobs and our people will progressively start solving their problems and they won't want for anything. I can tell you that. Guerin Have you heard from Jeremy Corbyn, the British opposition leader, during this crisis? Do you feel he hasn't given you enough support? He has been a strong supporter of Venezuela in the past. Maduro No, we haven't spoken. Guerin And do you think he should have given you support? Maduro I think he should continue to be the leader that he is in the United Kingdom."
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"Represent the example for the following task: Generate an appropriate title for the given text. The generated title must be short and include the main topic of the text. The preferred titles are under fifteen words.:",
"Graphene is thin, strong, flexible and electrically conductive, and has the potential to transform electronics as well as other technologies. An Irish-UK team poured graphite powder (used in pencil leads) into a blender, then added water and dishwashing liquid, mixing at high speed. The results are reported in the journal Nature Materials. Because of its potential uses in industry, a number of researchers have been searching for ways to make defect-free graphene in large amounts. The material comprises a one-atom-thick sheet of carbon atoms arranged in a honeycomb structure. Graphite - mixed with clay to produce the lead in pencils - is effectively made up of many layers of graphene stacked on top of one another. Jonathan Coleman from Trinity College Dublin and colleagues tested out a variety of laboratory mixers as well as kitchen blenders as potential tools for manufacturing the wonder material. They showed that the shearing force generated by a rapidly rotating tool in solution was sufficiently intense to separate the layers of graphene that make up graphite flakes without damaging their two-dimensional structure. However, it's not advisable to try this at home. The precise amount of dishwashing fluid that's required is dependent on a number of different factors and the black solution containing graphene would need to be separated afterwards. But the researchers said their work \"provides a significant step\" towards deploying graphene in a variety of commercial applications. The scientists have been working with UK-based firm Thomas Swan to scale up the process, with the aim of building a pilot plant that could produce a kilo of graphene per day by the end of the year. In addition to its potential uses in electronics, graphene might have applications in water treatment, oil spill clean-up and even in the production of thinner condoms. In 2010, Manchester University researchers Andre Geim and Konstantin Novoselov shared the Nobel Prize in Physics for their discovery of graphene. They published details of their advance in the academic journal Science in 2004. They famously used sticky tape to peel off the layers of graphene from graphite. Graphene can currently be grown atom-by-atom via a process called chemical vapour deposition. However, while this can produce metre-scale sheets of graphene, they also contain defects which can inhibit their properties."
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"Represent the example for the following task: Generate an appropriate title for the given text. The generated title must be short and include the main topic of the text. The preferred titles are under fifteen words.:",
"The Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation has awarded scientists $100,000 (£60,000) to create stronger, thinner condoms from the new \"wonder material\". The substance will be mixed with latex to produce a material which will encourage use by \"enhancing sensation\". Graphene, the thinnest, strongest material known, was first isolated at the University of Manchester in 2004. It has more often been linked to potentially revolutionising products such as smartphones and broadband. Its discovery won Manchester-based scientists Sir Andre Geim and Sir Kostya Novoselov the Nobel Prize for Physics in 2010. First 'everyday use' The charity has offered the Grand Challenges Explorations grant to the Manchester research team to develop new composite materials for condoms, which it wants to make more desirable in order to increase global usage. Dr Papa Salif Sow, senior program officer on the HIV team at the foundation, said a \"redesigned condom that overcomes inconvenience, fumbling or perceived loss of pleasure would be a powerful weapon in the fight against poverty\". Dr Aravind Vijayaraghavan, who will lead the researchers, said that since it was isolated, \"people have wondered when graphene will be used in our daily life\". \"Currently, people imagine using graphene in mobile phone screens, food packaging and chemical sensors. \"If this project is successful, we might have [an everyday] use which will literally touch our everyday life in the most intimate way.\" The National Graphene Institute at the University of Manchester is being established with a £23m grant from the European Regional Development Fund. The five-floor building is set to open in 2015, creating 100 jobs."
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"Represent the example for the following task: Generate an appropriate title for the given text. The generated title must be short and include the main topic of the text. The preferred titles are under fifteen words.:",
"It is hoped a coating which has long-lasting \"virus destroying\" properties could be made from chitosan, a chemical naturally found in the shells. It is being developed in north Wales by the firm Pennotec and chemists at Bangor University. They hope it can used on protective equipment to halt virus spread. The Gwynedd-based company, working with Bangor University's BioComposites Centre, has modified chitosan found in lobster and crab shells to make the anti-virus product. They now hope to create a coating which can be applied to medical equipment, and masks and gowns worn by NHS staff, which will kill any virus coming into contact with it. Once the chitosan-based coatings have been developed, their effectiveness against viruses, particularly coronaviruses, will be tested in the laboratory. The scientists received funding from a UK government scheme to carry out the research. Pennotec managing director Jonathan Hughes said: \"We are very excited about this new application for our chitosans. \"Our business is focused on developing natural products from wastes that have benefits to health, society and the environment. Medical materials are a new departure for us.\" Dr Rob Elias, director of Bangor's Biocomposites Centre, said it could be a game-changing approach for personal protective equipment: \"It's massive, the impact of this is is huge. \"If we can improve the microbial virucidal activity of those surfaces by this type of technology and this approach, you can imagine that we're really helping to reduce the rates of transmission. \"So it's got a massive impact into the society - great opportunity.\" Dr Elias said the chitosan was one of the world's most important polymers available to chemists, as well as being a naturally-occurring resource. The crab shells providing the raw material are not only natural, they are also local as they are provided by Gwynedd firm Selective Seafoods. The company usually supplies catering companies with cooked crab, and the shells are a by-product. \"We live in such a throw-away society, it's absolutely ridiculous, so anything that can help recycle anything at all - it's absolutely brilliant,\" said co-owner Mary Griffiths-White. \"I'm hoping it will put a stop to the spread of the coronavirus. Once you've got a protective covering, surely that's going to help the world in general.\""
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"Represent the example for the following task: Generate an appropriate title for the given text. The generated title must be short and include the main topic of the text. The preferred titles are under fifteen words.:",
"Some 20 teenagers originally faced murder charges following the 2010 murder of Sofyen Belamouadden under a law increasingly being used to tackle gang violence. After four trials lasting 21 months, three have been convicted of murder, five of manslaughter, including Bayode, 12 of lesser charges and three cleared. The case is the latest example of how the law of joint enterprise can be deployed to successfully prosecute crimes involving large numbers of people. But some campaigners argue the law is a \"lazy\" option for prosecutors and can lead to miscarriages of justice. The centuries-old law allows a whole group of people to be prosecuted for the differing roles they played in a murder. There is a version of the law in Scotland, although it is applied slightly differently. Historically, joint enterprise helped authorities deal with duels, enabling them to prosecute the duellers, their supporters and doctors who treated the wounded. To make a normal murder charge stick, prosecutors need to prove the defendant intended to kill. But the terms of joint enterprise are different - and at the heart of it is the concept of foresight. Prosecutors must prove the defendants were involved in some kind of common criminal enterprise and, in the course of their actions, the individuals could have foreseen that one member of the group might kill or inflict serious harm. In other words, if three friends were walking down the road and one stabbed a passer-by, the others could not be prosecuted if they genuinely had no idea that their companion was carrying a knife or intended to use it. But if the trio looked for trouble, and each person knew that one of them was carrying a knife as a weapon, then each could be convicted over its use because they could have foreseen the consequences. The most well-known and controversial conviction involving joint enterprise was that of Derek Bentley in 1952, for the murder of a policeman. He was convicted of the shooting and subsequently hanged. But he did not pull the trigger and the killer was too young to be sentenced to death. Bentley was in fact convicted on his disputed words - \"Let him have it\" - and on the joint enterprise principle that he could have foreseen the outcome. After a long campaign, the Court of Appeal quashed the conviction in 1998. A more recent case went all the way to the House of Lords. In 2004, Tyrone Clarke was stabbed to death in a gang fight in Leeds - and four men were convicted of his murder. They lost their appeal after the Law Lords concluded they could be found guilty by joint enterprise, even though there was no evidence that any of the four had inflicted the fatal injuries. The legislation has been used increasingly in recent years to deal with knife crime among teenage gangs as it allows police to cast a net widely and deal with walls of silence. Metropolitan Police Commander Simon Foy said this was a reflection of detectives' growing experience in investigating such murders. \"I've heard it called a lazy law and that we're just scooping people up, but it's a painstaking account of everyone who has been involved. That description is not accurate,\" he says. But campaign group Joint Enterprise Not Guilty by Association (Jengba) says the law promotes miscarriages of justice. It has been approached by 338 people who say they have been wrongfully convicted. \"Many of whom are serving life sentences for something they did not do, did not foresee what was going to happen nor intend to happen, but have been convicted by an archaic law that is being abused to get convictions and not justice,\" co-ordinator Gloria Morrison says. You can find out more about the history and development of the law of joint enterprise by listening to this BBC Radio 4 Law in Action programme from 2009."
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"Represent the example for the following task: Generate an appropriate title for the given text. The generated title must be short and include the main topic of the text. The preferred titles are under fifteen words.:",
"Soutik BiswasDelhi correspondent Fast track courts are not new in India - have they worked? Going by numbers, yes. Ever since they were set up by the federal government in 2001 to help tackle the case backlog, more than 1,000 fast track courts have disposed of more than three million cases. Many lawyers believe this is a considerable achievement given the fact that more than 30 million cases are pending in high and district courts in India. To add to litigants' woes, there's also a shortage of judges as vacancies are not filled: high courts have 32% fewer judges than they should and district courts have a 21% shortfall. No wonder the ratio of judges is as low as 14 per one million people, compared with over 100 judges per million citizens in the US. Some years ago, a Delhi High Court judge reckoned it would take more than 450 years to clear the backlog given then judge numbers. All this prodded the government to launch a scheme under which more than 1,700 fast track courts would tackle long-pending cases at a cost of $90m (£56.18m). An average of five such courts were to be established in each district of the country. The judges were to be a mix of retired high court judges and promoted judicial officers. But funding has been an issue. The central government said it could no longer fund the new courts after March 2011, leaving future funding decisions to individual states. The result - some states have done away with the courts after finding them too expensive to run. Former Supreme Court chief justice KG Balakrishnan has said the fast track courts were quite successful in reducing the backlog of cases. \"If you go by numbers, the record of these courts has been good. But we still don't have any evidence on the quality of the judgements these courts have delivered,\" says Dr V Nagaraj who teaches law at the Bangalore-based National Law School of India University. Hasty trials raise fears of possible miscarriages of justice. India's Law Commission sums up the paradox: \"Justice delayed is justice denied and at the same time justice hurried is justice buried.\" Leading lawyer and rights activist Colin Gonsalves says fast-track courts have not turned out to be a \"very satisfactory system of delivering justice\". He told Voice of America recently that people are \"generally very upset by the declining standards of these courts and have defined it as 'fast-track injustice.'\" \"These courts are given unrealistic targets of cases to finish. They have been told they ought not get involved in too much technicality, and that broadly if they get a feeling that a person is guilty, then declare him guilty and if he is innocent, then declare him innocent.\" \"But that's not how the criminal justice system works. It requires care and attention. Decisions are not made on the basis of hunches and guess work, which is what the fast-track courts turned out to be. Judges [were] cutting down on evidence, not allowing full cross-examinations, proceeding in the absence of lawyers in many cases.\" Dr Nagaraj echoes a similar sentiment, saying there's \"some scepticism\" about how these courts work. He is mainly concerned with the fact that many of the judges are retirees who are on contracts \"and not really accountable to the high court for any miscarriage of justice\". Eventually, experts say, India may have to bite the bullet if it wants to speed up justice - to achieve the government's target of 50 judges for every million people more judges will need to be appointed in regular courts."
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"Represent the example for the following task: Generate an appropriate title for the given text. The generated title must be short and include the main topic of the text. The preferred titles are under fifteen words.:",
"The shooting happened on the Grange Farm estate in Kesgrave, Suffolk, at about 08:40 BST on 7 September. Another boy, aged 15 and who cannot be named due to his age, appeared at Ipswich Crown Court two days later charged with attempted murder. Norwich Youth Court heard the victim was shot in the face, allegedly after a confrontation. The defendant, from the Woodbridge area, is also charged with possessing a firearm, a 12-gauge Beretta over-and-under shotgun, with intent to cause fear of injury of another person, and possession of a firearm with intent to endanger life. He was remanded in custody for a plea hearing on 7 December. A provisional trial date was set for 25 January."
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"Represent the example for the following task: Generate an appropriate title for the given text. The generated title must be short and include the main topic of the text. The preferred titles are under fifteen words.:",
"Robert PestonEconomics editor Well, it's because the surge in house prices, even after the great crash and recession, increased the proportion paying IHT to 6% in the past year. And the OBR currently forecasts the share of taxpayers among estates to continue rising to 11.6% in 2019. The Tories also believe that those figures understate the number of households legitimately worried about the tax - in that they point out that a quarter of all houses in the UK are worth more than £325,000 (which is the IHT threshold for a single person who has not been widowed). They say that plenty of their target voters, in their 60s, give away assets and rearrange their affairs to get their net worth below the tax threshold. And most of those would no longer need to go to that bother. That said, given the UK's skewed residential property market, most of the benefit would go to residents of London and the South East, which are the only two parts of the UK, according to official figures, where average house prices exceed £325,000. The average house price in the South East is £338,000 and it's £510,000 in London. So this appears to be a policy aimed at Tory heartlands. But even then, its impact should not be overstated. Expected house price inflation means that if the Tories were to implement the policy in 2017 as planned, the forecast 11.6% of estates paying the tax based on the current threshold would fall only to today's level, of 6%. Strikingly, David Cameron and George Osborne think that the best way of selling the policy to the middle-middle class is to be seen to be paying for it by taking a swipe at the upper-middle and upper classes. So anyone - either a married couple or a single person - bequeathing assets of £2m or more will see the IHT threshold reduced by 50p for every pound that those assets are worth more than £2m, until, for estates worth £2.35m, the threshold is the same as today's. Also, the tax cut's cost of just over £1bn a year will be met by significantly reducing the tax breaks on pension contributions for those earning £150,000 or more. Morale booster? What would happen is that the current annual allowance of £40,000 for obtaining tax relief on pension contributions would be reduced by 50p for every pound of income earned over £150,000, until at an annual income of £210,000 the allowance would be cut to a floor of £10,000. So with 300,000 people earning above £150,000, the Tories would be taking probably more than £2bn from the top 1% of taxpayers - many of whom would vote Tory through thick and thin - to give perhaps around £1bn to the children of perhaps one in 10 asset-rich older people, who would also largely vote Tory, presumably. Maybe these tax reforms are largely about boosting the morale of their people, rather than winning many additional votes. By the way, if you do earn £150,000 or more, you should note that it is now more or less certain that your tax breaks for pension savings are likely to shrivel to almost nothing after the election, since Labour has announced a very similar raid on the tax relief you receive. And if, like me, you were also puzzled by why George Osborne and David Cameron felt they needed to say how they are paying for the IHT giveaway, but not how they would finance the promised £8bn of additional spending for the NHS and other costs, also around £8bn, of promising to raise the thresholds for paying tax at all and for paying tax at the 40% rate, there is an answer. An official says it's the 2017 implementation date for IHT change that makes all the difference - in that the other tax cuts and health spending increase would only be done when affordable and by the end of the Parliament. In other words, George Osborne and David Cameron are asking voters to trust them on their record to deliver those other big commitments. Which some people will interpret as meaning that those other promises are more fiscally reckless or less serious than the IHT reform - though George Osborne denied that today."
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"Represent the example for the following task: Generate an appropriate title for the given text. The generated title must be short and include the main topic of the text. The preferred titles are under fifteen words.:",
"By Brian MilliganPersonal Finance reporter Think tank the Resolution Foundation said the number of multiple home owners grew by 30% between 2002 and 2014. That figure includes buy-to-let landlords - counted as one owner even if they have multiple properties - as well as those who own separate properties to live in themselves. At the other end of the scale, four in 10 adults own no property at all. The foundation said the number of people without property had also risen over the 12-year period. As a result, the study concluded that there was a growing gap between those who have property wealth and those who do not. The government is already ploughing £60m a year into rural and coastal communities that are most affected by second home ownership, such as Cornwall and Cumbria. The money - raised from the Stamp Duty surcharge - supports first-time buyers. Baby boomers Those most likely to own a second home are baby-boomers, currently aged between 52 and 71. They also typically live in the south of England. \"Contrary to the popular narrative, these second-home owners are rarely your typical middle-income worker shoring up savings, or ordinary retirees boosting pension income,\" said Laura Gardiner, senior policy analyst at the Resolution Foundation. \"They tend to be baby boomers who are very wealthy indeed relative to their peers, living in the south and east of England.\" Those born since 1981 own just 3% of second homes, according to the report. Stamp duty Since April 2016 those buying second homes have been subject to higher rates of Stamp Duty in England and Wales, and higher Land and Buildings Transaction Tax (LBTT) in Scotland. In addition, landlords are no longer able to claim tax relief on all their mortgage payments. This change is being phased in between April 2017 and 2020. It is not yet known to what extent such changes have led landlords to sell up. Despite those clamp-downs, the Resolution Foundation would like the government to do more to end the property wealth gap. \"Policy makers should consider what more can be done to ensure that home ownership doesn't become the preserve of the wealthy for generations to come,\" said Ms Gardiner."
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"Represent the example for the following task: Generate an appropriate title for the given text. The generated title must be short and include the main topic of the text. The preferred titles are under fifteen words.:",
"The shadow chancellor pledged to help people \"at the mercy of an unforgiving, unrestrained housing market\". And he said a future Labour government would build 100,000 council homes a year and boost home ownership. Ministers said the \"proposals for excessive state regulation\" would \"destroy investment in new housing\". At a conference on the economy hosted by Labour in London, party leader Jeremy Corbyn said government intervention was needed to solve the housing crisis. He said the party would \"always seek to distribute the rewards of growth more fairly\" and pledged to break with the \"failed economic orthodoxy that has gripped policy makers for a generation\". Labour's proposed National Investment Bank will boost the UK's infrastructure, he added. George Osborne warns Brexit will hit house prices In his speech, Mr McDonnell said Labour would not win the next general election unless it showed that it was a responsible custodian of public money. \"We can reject the dreadful choice of austerity and maintain solid government finances,\" he said. He highlighted reviews Labour had set up into the workings of the Treasury, HM Revenue & Customs and the remit of the Bank of England's monetary policy committee. BBC News political correspondent Chris Mason said the shadow chancellor was seeking to take on critics that have suggested the party is only ever capable of grumbling about the government, rather than setting out an alternative. But he said, coming four years before the next general election, the speech was big on vision, but short on detail. Council-backed mortgages The measures put forward at the conference will be subject to consultation, and will not immediately become party policy. They include powers to regulate private rent rises - similar to those pledged by former Labour leader Ed Miliband in the party's unsuccessful general election campaign - below the rate of inflation for the duration of a tenancy. Critics previously said Labour's pre-election proposals would reduce investment in housing stock. The \"local rent regulation\" suggested by Mr McDonnell would be available to councils in each area, rather than set nationally. The National Landlords Association welcomed Labour's focus on making housing more affordable but warned the party not to \"pull the rug from under the feet of responsible landlords\", while new Labour mayor of London, Sadiq Khan, told the BBC he did not favour rent controls in the capital. Mr McDonnell said there would be a new \"forum\" for elected mayors who are in charge of cities across the country. \"For the first time, national economic policy making will be influenced directly by local decision makers representing their metropolises and their local communities,\" he told the conference. The forum will look for solutions to the \"housing crisis\" with Labour favouring an extension of local authority-guaranteed mortgages. Mr McDonnell said he wanted to see more local authorities following the examples of Manchester, Warrington and Sandwell by \"offering cheap, local authority-backed mortgages to first-time buyers in particular\". He criticised the workings of the government's Help to Buy scheme, saying it was not targeted at people who need assistance the most. \"Labour would make it a mission to ensure that families and young people on ordinary incomes aren't locked out of home-ownership,\" he said. He said new council homes would be a \"top priority\", funded by savings in the Housing Benefit bill. Tax haven The shadow chancellor said Labour governments under Tony Blair and Gordon Brown had relied too heavily on tax revenues from financial services, and public-private partnerships to fund infrastructure projects, and did not do enough to clamp down on tax evasion and avoidance . \"It helped create an unfair tax system,\" he said. But he said in opposition, the party was holding the Conservatives to account and a future Labour government would ensure the UK would \"no longer act like a tax haven for the super-rich\". Addressing the Labour proposals on housing, a Department for Communities and Local Government spokeswoman said the government was \"creating a bigger and better private rented sector\". She added: \"The vast majority of tenants across the country are seeing their rents remain stable, and are happy with the service they receive from landlords. \"These proposals for excessive state regulation would destroy investment in new housing, push up prices and make it far harder for people to find a flat or house to rent.\""
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"Represent the example for the following task: Generate an appropriate title for the given text. The generated title must be short and include the main topic of the text. The preferred titles are under fifteen words.:",
"Peter May, 62, abused the women after removing their underwear during massage sessions at his premises in Bradford. He was arrested in 2018 after his first victim reported the assault to police. The second victim then came forward. May, who was convicted in December of two counts of assault, must register as a sex offender for 10 years. Sentencing May at Bradford Crown Court, Judge Jonathan Gibson said each of the complainants had been particularly vulnerable at the time and the effect on them had been substantial. May, of Pickles Lane, Bradford, was jailed for 12 months in prison for each of the two offences, the sentences to be served concurrently. The judge also imposed a 10-year sexual harm prevention order. Under the terms of the order, May, who worked from a base in Thornton, is now banned from providing services as a masseur to females unless they are aware of his conviction and the circumstances of it. West Yorkshire Police's Det Sgt Chantel Markham said May was well known in the area as a sports masseur. \"His victims bravely came forward to the police to report the offences and also gave evidence at court during the trial,\" she said. Encouraging other victims of sexual abuse to come forward, she added: \"You will be listened to and supported.\" Follow BBC Yorkshire on Facebook, Twitter and Instagram. Send your story ideas to [email protected]. Related Internet Links HM Courts & Tribunals Service West Yorkshire Police"
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"Represent the example for the following task: Generate an appropriate title for the given text. The generated title must be short and include the main topic of the text. The preferred titles are under fifteen words.:",
"Paul Lewis, 33, offered children as young as eight free snacks as an enticement to engage in sexual activity, police said. After he was reported, officers raided Lewis's home and found an indecent video on his phone. He was jailed for 10 years at Sheffield Crown Court. Lewis, of Lower Dolcliffe Road, Mexborough, admitted seven sexual offences, committed between July and October 2018. against boys and girls aged eight to 11. Investigating Officer Amy Fourlis said police identified the victim in the video found on Lewis's mobile, and managed to speak to the child. This resulted in additional charges being brought against him. More Yorkshire stories \"Lewis abused a clear position of trust and the victims have shown courage in telling their parents what happened and being interviewed by police,\" said Ms Fourlis. \"Thanks to them, we were able to build a strong case against Lewis and identify further offences. I'm pleased that he has been handed a significant jail term and offers the community some reassurance.\" Lewis admitted inciting a girl under 13 and a boy under 13 to engage in sexual activity, possessing an indecent photograph of a child, outraging public decency and one count of breaching a sexual harm prevention order."
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"Represent the example for the following task: Generate an appropriate title for the given text. The generated title must be short and include the main topic of the text. The preferred titles are under fifteen words.:",
"By James LongmanBBC News, Aulnay-sous-Bois, France But today the talk is still about the alleged sexual assault on one of their friends, 22-year-old Theo, a young black man, who was brutalised by police. A truncheon, they say, was rammed into his backside, leaving him hospitalised for two weeks. I meet his sister Eleanor, behind the graffiti-covered building where the assault is said to have taken place. \"They pulled him around the side to make sure the cameras couldn't see it,\" she says. \"Everyone here knows where the CCTV cameras are, and he tried to get to a place where they could see him. But the police - there were four of them - they pulled him back. \"I was afraid. I was afraid to see how he is and what they had done.\" Eleanor says she was in disbelief when she heard the details of what had happened. Her elder brother told her it was rape. \"'Rape?' I said. 'What are you talking about?' \"I started to cry because I was so shocked. But after that I knew I had to be strong.\" Attacks by police, residents here say, are pretty common. But this provoked real anger. Protests erupted across the French capital - cars were burned and property destroyed. Mejdi is 27 and was born on the estate. He rides up and down on his BMX, but is keen to stop and talk. \"If there is no charge for rape,\" he warns, \"people here will go mad.\" \"Nothing changes here. I was here in 2005 during the massive protests - they came back and tried to clean the place up. But you don't change anything with a coat of paint. Work, hope. We have none of that.\" He - like many here - is bright and well informed. He knows what the problems are - but is despondent that no-one seems to want to solve them. An air of boredom and hopelessness hangs over this place. For the young men here, the state is the enemy. Police cars drive up and down the roads, through column after column of social housing. Groups of young men shout \"rapists\" as they go by. Local activist Franco, from the anti-negrophobia league, says the anger is justified. \"The expression of their anger is the consequence of this first violence against Theo. This violence is a system, and this keeps us in a place where we cannot progress. \"When there is no justice, we have to fight to have it.\" Theo's ordeal is part of a bigger cycle of violence that keeps on spinning. Youth vs police; black vs white; haves vs have nots. And communities left behind. Fabien is also from the anti-negrophobia group. \"What the police are trying to do right now is not protecting us,\" he says. \"They want us to just shut up. They don't want us to express in any shape or form. They are just here to shut us down. \"We have to come and ask for justice. We have to acknowledge that this injustice is particular to a certain type of people. Coloured, minority, black, Arab - whatever you want. We are the most exposed to the systemic racism of the French state.\" Theo himself appealed for calm from his hospital bed. His sister is also keen to stress her commitment to peace. \"We speak because we trust in justice,\" she says. But she knows what's in store if that justice isn't seen to be done. \"If not, there will be more anger, for sure,\" Eleanor says."
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"Represent the example for the following task: Generate an appropriate title for the given text. The generated title must be short and include the main topic of the text. The preferred titles are under fifteen words.:",
"In May, the Care Quality Commission (CQC) said standards in ensuring patient dignity were not good enough. The CQC said there had now been improvements in using call bells and help with meals. The report said improvements in care are still needed when patients move between services. The CQC carried out its inspection on 27 and 28 September and spoke to 45 people. Its report looked at five categories of standards. 'Dignity respected' Standards are now being met in the category of \"treating people with respect and involving them in their care\" - the area which was failing earlier this year. The Dignity & Nutrition For Older People review in May said call bells were out of reach of patients, there was a lack of help with meals and patients had to use commodes by their beds rather than being taken to a toilet. The latest report said: \"People who use the service can be assured that they have their privacy and dignity respected and that staff provide an explanation of the treatment and care to be provided. \"[Patients] were all complimentary about the staff across the hospital and, whilst they said that the staff were busy at times, they did not get the impression that they were short-staffed.\" Tim Roberts, regional organiser for Unison, said: \"The examples which the initial report found were completely inexcusable, but they were still a very tiny minority. \"Some of our members were shocked that colleagues were treating patients in that way and workers throughout the trust have been working with management to address it.\" Mental health needs The hospital was meeting standards in three other categories, but there are \"improvements required\" in the category of \"standards of providing care, treatment and support that meets people's needs\". The CQC said this referred to delays for patients arriving in accident and emergency in getting mental health assessments if needed. They acknowledged senior managers are working with the mental health trust to address this. The report said: \"Whilst there are action plans in place... further work in contractual developments between the providers and commissioners is needed, if people using services are to be confident that the care, treatment and support provided to meet their assessed needs is robust and all those involved co-operate to ensure this happens.\" Ipswich Hospital said it would be talking to staff about the report before making a response in public."
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"Represent the example for the following task: Generate an appropriate title for the given text. The generated title must be short and include the main topic of the text. The preferred titles are under fifteen words.:",
"The BBC revealed in July that the Royal College of Surgeons (RCS) had called the situation at Cardiff's University Hospital of Wales where 12 patients died over 15 months \"dangerous\". In a follow up visit, the RCS said there was still substantial work but improvements had been made. The local health board confirmed plans to invest £2.5m tackling waiting lists. During their visit, members of the RCS found there were still problems at the hospital. One of the biggest concerns was that those needing treatment had been left waiting so long that their condition had got significantly worse - needing more complex surgery. Cardiff and Vale University Health Board said it was tackling problems by: Medical director Dr Graham Shortland, said: \"Things have moved on considerably. \"However, we do know that there is still much to do and we are only at the start of delivering our ambitious proposals.\" Hospital improvements The hospital aims to increase the number of heart surgery procedures from 900 to 1,100 a year, and 1,300 in the longer term, with extra staff and cardiac intensive care beds. David Ward, RCS vice president, said the hospital had taken concerns seriously and \"a number of improvements have already been made\". \"We would like to work with NHS leaders to see the long-term plan to increase capacity for cardiac surgery developed as soon as possible, helping deliver high quality care for patients where and when they require it,\" he added."
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"Represent the example for the following task: Generate an appropriate title for the given text. The generated title must be short and include the main topic of the text. The preferred titles are under fifteen words.:",
"The Care Act was introduced in England last year to provide better support for those needing care and those who provide it unpaid. But Carers UK says many carers are still waiting too long for an assessment of their needs. The government said the new rights for carers were \"not yet fully embedded\". But social care minister Alistair Burt said unpaid carers made an invaluable contribution to society, and the government would work with councillors to ensure that good practice was adopted more widely. The report by Carers UK says the new law has not yet delivered the promised improvements. A total of 6,149 carers and former carers responded to Carers UK's annual survey earlier this year. Only responses from the 3,076 people currently caring for a family member or friend in England were included in the report. Carers are entitled to an assessment of their needs, but the charity's survey suggests almost a third of those who had an assessment had to wait more than six months to get it. It also says 54% of those responding to the online survey expected their quality of life to get worse in the next year - compared with 50% before the changes were brought in. Survey results Of carers who received an assessment in the past year: Helena Herklots, chief executive of Carers UK, said while the Care Act is a powerful piece of legislation, more needed to be done. She added: \"If the Care Act is to deliver on its promise to improve support for carers, the government must set-out a clear expectation of when carer's assessments should be carried out, alongside investment in the care and support services that are desperately needed to backup families. \"Caring is not an issue that we, as a society, can afford to ignore. After all, caring will touch each and every one of our lives - whether we provide care for a loved one or need care ourselves.\" Mr Burt, the minister for community and social care, said that while the Care Act introduced significant new rights for carers, they were not yet fully embedded. \"That is why we are working hard with the sector to support and challenge Local Authorities and share the great practice that already exists,\" he said. \"We want to do all we can to support carers through our new Carers Strategy and I urge everyone with caring responsibilities to respond to our call for evidence.\""
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"Represent the example for the following task: Generate an appropriate title for the given text. The generated title must be short and include the main topic of the text. The preferred titles are under fifteen words.:",
"By Lucy Hooker & Katie Prescott Business reporters, BBC News It couldn't get hold of any boxes. The boom in online ordering during the pandemic has also meant rocketing demand for cardboard, as consumers have started taking delivery of everything from bicycles to houseplants. In the end Jawbone had to delay the launch of online deliveries by three weeks while the company looked for packaging. They put out a plea to local customers on social media: could you bring a box with you? And founder Ben Hughes went on a mad scramble to find the right kind of double-walled delivery boxes that would protect the cans of beer adequately in the post. \"I wanted to get the boxes branded. But we haven't been able to. All the suppliers are saying you have to wait a few months for that.\" The Confederation of Paper Industries (CPI) says while there is always a peak in demand in the run up to Christmas, stockpiling around the Brexit deadline exacerbated the problem. Covid-19 also led to complications with shipping and staffing challenges, which affected the industry on a global basis. The CPI described it as a \"perfect storm\" but said new capacity coming on stream would help ease the pressure. Multinational packaging firm, DS Smith, said the problem lies partly in the recycling chain. Pre-pandemic when most deliveries were made in bulk to High Street shops and restaurants, packaging found its way quickly back into the system via recycling firms. Disappointed customers \"All our boxes are made from recycled material,\" said group chief executive Miles Roberts. \"One of the challenges for us is that, with so much packaging now in peoples homes or in their garages, how do we get that paper back into the recycled network, how we can get it back into our mills so we can convert it into paper and reuse it again?\" Richard Ellison had to explain the problems to some disappointed customers. About 100 customers, expecting a next-day delivery of organic wine from Wanderlust Wine, saw their orders slip by a day or two. Some were \"massively hacked off\", he says. Like Jawbone, Wanderlust Wine had run short of packaging. \"We were warned there was a shortage of raw materials,\" says Mr Ellison. Prices jumped and the lead time on orders went from a week to three months. \"That's a huge lead time to get boxes made,\" he says. He ended up buying 3,000 boxes at double the cost, he says. And now he's switched to using non-branded standard boxes rather than the bespoke ones designed for Wanderlust. Even supermarkets are feeling the pinch with Asda, Lidl and the Co-op, finding they had to switch to plastic boxes for their eggs for the same reason, prompting criticism on social media. \"There is a shortage of the pulp used to make the cardboard boxes that is affecting all retailers. These plastic ones are 100% recyclable but we hope to go back to the cardboard ones as soon as we can,\" Asda responded on Twitter. Axl Barber, boss of packaging firm Rightbox, says the problems started back in October but now \"it's really crazy\". \"A standard box with flaps at top and bottom can get made up in days and delivered in a week in a normal times,\" he says. \"At the moment it's two months, three months.\" He's helping small firms find solutions on a case-by-case basis, using whatever boxes can be found. One firm selling PPE resorted to using boxes without lids by wrapping them thoroughly. Some firms are blaming the suppliers of raw materials themselves, others point the finger at the retail behemoths, like Amazon for taking more than their fair share. Amazon said it has been reducing the amount of packaging it uses in recent years, including sometimes shipping products in their own packages without additional \"shipping boxes\"."
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"Represent the example for the following task: Generate an appropriate title for the given text. The generated title must be short and include the main topic of the text. The preferred titles are under fifteen words.:",
"By Russell Hotten & Lucy HookerBusiness reporter, BBC News The firm has run out of carbon dioxide which it uses to package the product. The CO2 scarcity has already forced beer, fizzy drink and meat firms to curb production. Warburton's supplies 1.5 million crumpets a week to UK consumers, packaged using carbon dioxide to give them longer shelf life and prevent mould. But plants in London and Burnley have run out of CO2 and supplies at the company's Stockton site are intermittent. \"We have had quite big shortfalls,\" said Tearmh Taylor, a spokeswoman for Warburton's. \"We're probably running at about 50% of what we can normally make\" she said. You may also be interested in: Only the Midlands plant is operating normally and the firm doesn't know when supplies will resume. Their supplier said it could be next week but have had no confirmation. Meanwhile, the British Beer and Pub Association (BBPA) said brewers were \"working their socks off\" to keep the beer flowing. Scotland's biggest abattoir is closed and other meat producers are considering adapting their products to use less CO2. Some food and drink firms have asked whether the government could help alleviate the problem. \"If a similar issue were to affect the water industry... then you feel government would be acting with far greater urgency,\" the Food and Drink Federation said.. What is the problem? CO2 is widely used in the food processing and drinks industries. It puts the fizz into beer, cider and soft drinks, and is used in food packaging to extend the shelf life of salads, fresh meat and poultry. The gas is also used to stun pigs and chickens before slaughter, and create dry ice to help keep things chilled while in transit. However, several UK and mainland European producers of carbon dioxide - a by-product from ammonia production that is used in the fertiliser industry - closed for maintenance or scaled down operations. In the UK, only two of five plants that supply CO2 are operating at the moment. The shortage comes at the same time demand for food and drink is soaring. \"The football, the weather, the BBQs have created the sort of demand for beer we only see at Christmas,\" one big UK brewing company told the BBC. What are the pubs saying? Brigid Simmonds, chief executive of the British Beer and Pub Association struck a reassuring note: \"Although stocks of bulk CO2 remain low, brewers across the country are working their socks off around the clock to ensure there is still plenty of beer to go around. \"The UK can produce as much as 10 million pints of beer per day, and with signs of things improving, pubs will certainly not be running dry. \"Our message to beer drinkers and England fans is clear: Keep calm and carry on going to the pub. If your usual beer of choice isn't available, then why not use it as an opportunity to try something new?\" These assurances come after big pub chains in Wetherspoon and Ei Group reported they had temporarily run out, or were short of, brands including John Smith's, Strongbow, Amstel and Birra Moretti in the run-up to Thursday evening's England match against Belgium. What about the meat industry? Scotland's biggest abattoir closed this week until further notice, and meat processors are considering shortening \"sell by\" dates because packaging will contain lower levels of CO2. There have been concerns about animal welfare if animals don't go to slaughter at their usual rate. \"The last few days have alerted the country to how dependent we are on CO2,\" Nick Allen, chief executive of the British Meat Processors' Association, told the BBC on Thursday. He criticised CO2 producers for a lack of information about when carbon dioxide supplies might return to normal. \"It makes planning difficult,\" Mr Allen said. The British Poultry Council said its members continued to live \"day-to-day\" as they tried to stretch out their dwindling supplies of the gas. What does the government say? The meat industry has become increasingly frustrated by a lack of information coming from CO2 firms and the UK government in particular over when supplies might return to normal. \"They are not telling us, which means we can't plan,\" said Richard Griffith, from the British Poultry Council. The Department for Environment, Food and Rural Affairs, and the Department of Business both said they were monitoring the situation. However, the Food and Drink Federation said ministers should really be on the \"front foot\" over what could develop into a major food supply issue. When can the industry expect more supplies? The industry trade journal Gas World, which first reported the news that CO2 was running short, said that two tankers full of liquid CO2 from mainland Europe have been delivered to ports in the UK in the past couple of days. A number of European plants are beginning to increase supplies, while another factory that had closed because of technical issues rather than maintenance, is due to come back online in mid-July."
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"Represent the example for the following task: Generate an appropriate title for the given text. The generated title must be short and include the main topic of the text. The preferred titles are under fifteen words.:",
"Mike Sellers said contingency plans would cost £4m, but the Department for Transport (DfT) had provided £345,000. He said the government was \"not accepting there is going to be a potential issue at Portsmouth\". The DfT said the estimated risk of disruption did not warrant extra funding. Mr Sellers said delays at the port, which could be caused by post-Brexit customs checks, could cause congestion across Portsmouth and supply issues to the Isle of Wight and the Channel Islands. He said there were currently only 13 lorry lengths between the port and the motorway. This would be supported by two new lorry triage processing points, on the edge of Portsmouth and on the A31 near Winchester. 'Empty supermarket shelves' He said: \"There has been a lot of work in the port industry to prepare for the worst case. \"I am confident we will be Brexit ready whatever the outcome may be, even a no-deal. \"The issue at the moment is around the funding not the preparation.\" He said 95% of food and medical supplies consumed on the Channel Islands came through Portsmouth, and a 48-hour delay to freight services could see supermarket shelves empty on the islands. A DfT spokeswoman said: \"The government will consider a claim for support should the local authorities find themselves in a position of financial hardship following the implementation of mitigation works.\""
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"Represent the example for the following task: Generate an appropriate title for the given text. The generated title must be short and include the main topic of the text. The preferred titles are under fifteen words.:",
"Mark DevenportPolitical editor, Northern Ireland@markdevenporton Twitter The DUP MLA Lord Morrow has included the suggestion in his Stormont private member's bill on human trafficking. He isn't a voice crying in the wilderness. In Scotland, Labour MSP Rhoda Grant believes criminalising those who use prostitutes would reduce demand for their services. But her bid to get a ban fast-tracked through the Holyrood parliament was rejected in June. South of the border, the Immigrant Council of Ireland has launched a high profile Turn Off The Red Light billboard campaign urging TDs to follow the example of the ban already in force in Sweden. The former House of Commons leader Harriet Harman proposed outlawing paying for sex back in 2007, but the suggestion didn't make it through Westminster. Instead, the then Labour government pushed through a measure making it illegal to use a prostitute \"controlled for another person's gain\". This measure is already in force in Northern Ireland and pleading ignorance of the circumstances under which a prostitute is working does not count as a defence. Lord Morrow sees outlawing prostitution as part of a William Wilberforce-type crusade against modern day slavery - his consultation has been timed to conclude in October on world anti-slavery day. Those who object to a ban tend to counter that it will only push the \"oldest profession\" further underground, making those involved more vulnerable. The arguments for and against have been admirably summarised phere. Lord Morrow says his bill will bring Northern Ireland into line with EU anti-trafficking directives, but it goes much further than the Stormont Justice department's response to the same directives. The Justice Minister David Ford is already backing two changes to the law to criminalise trafficking someone within the UK and to enable a UK national who has been involved in trafficking someone abroad to be prosecuted in Northern Ireland. There's a strong consensus around the need to tackle human trafficking, exemplified by the recent creation of a Stormont all party group on the issue. Whether that consensus extends to a complete ban on paying for sex will depend on MLAs' evaluation of the success or failure of the Swedish ban, and that will then determine whether the Morrow bill gets the all party backing normally required for a Stormont private members bill to make its way into law."
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"Represent the example for the following task: Generate an appropriate title for the given text. The generated title must be short and include the main topic of the text. The preferred titles are under fifteen words.:",
"By Reevel AldersonHome affairs correspondent, BBC Scotland It will build on the work done by Labour MSP Jenny Marra who had proposed her own bill. She said it could mean Scotland would have some of the world's most robust and effective legislation on trafficking. Justice Secretary Kenny MacAskill said the government's bill would make Scotland \"hostile\" for traffickers. The Human Trafficking Bill is aimed at strengthening the existing law - giving an improved definition of the offence to help police and prosecutors tackle the problem. It is estimated there are currently five people in prison in Scotland, convicted of human trafficking. But in 2013, a total of 99 people were referred to agencies as potential victims - 22 of them under the age of 18. Mr. MacAskill has visited a \"safe house\" operated by the charity Migrant Help where victims of trafficking can find refuge. Sex act One of the victims, a gay Ugandan man whose name is being protected, has told how he left his country after his mother was killed when a mob burned down her house, angry at her son's sexuality. John - not his real name - said he paid a man $3,000 to help him leave Uganda, then flew to Scotland. He was locked in a room for a fortnight until he was taken for a drive by a white man. \"About an hour into the drive, this gentleman asks me if I can perform a sexual act on him,\" he told BBC Scotland. He said he was bewildered and refused, which made the driver angry. \"He was like 'You mean I have paid £200 for you, and I'm not going to get any action?' Those were his words exactly.\" John escaped from the car, and fled, spending a night on the streets before he was able to find help. Mr. MacAskill said such trafficking was a heinous crime. \"Hearing first-hand the terrible histories victims of trafficking have, only serves to reinforce the need for robust legislation to allow our police and prosecutors greater powers, to detect and prosecute those who seek to make money from human misery.\" He added: \"Ultimately we are determined to develop legislation that gives our police, prosecutors and other agencies the powers to make Scotland a hostile environment for human traffickers, but also helps to identify and support the needs of victims.\" 'Most robust' The proposed government bill develops the work of Labour's Jenny Marra who put forward her own bill designed to define the crime of trafficking in Scotland for the first time, enshrining the UN's Palermo Protocol, which looks to prevent, suppress and punish trafficking, into Scots law. It would also help stop the criminalisation of victims by making it illegal to punish those who have been forced to commit crime as a result of their trafficking. The government bill is unlikely to include that provision, but Ms Marra welcomed the action by ministers. She told BBC Scotland: \"I am very pleased the government is to bring forward a bill based on the work I have been doing. \"If fully implemented, Scotland will end up with some of the most robust and effective anti-trafficking laws in the world.\" Robert McCrea, chief executive officer of Migrant Help, said the proposed legislation would put the interests of victims to the fore. \"Victims' support has always been caring and sophisticated,\" he said. \"Therefore we understand why the Scottish government would wish to formalise this work by compounding the best practice and experience into a bill proposal.\" The UK government has published a Modern Slavery Bill to tackle human trafficking, which will increase sentences for offenders who enslave others into a single act. Ministers say this is in addition to other non-legislative action being taken, for example at the UK border and working with source countries to prevent people becoming victims of trafficking in the first place."
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"Represent the example for the following task: Generate an appropriate title for the given text. The generated title must be short and include the main topic of the text. The preferred titles are under fifteen words.:",
"By Jayne McCormackBBC News NI Political Reporter On Saturday, delegates voted at a conference to relax the party's stance and also rejected allowing members a conscience vote on abortion. Sinn Féin president Mary Lou McDonald said Carol Nolan's resignation was \"disappointing but not surprising\". In March, Ms Nolan was suspended from the party for three months after voting against the bill allowing the Irish abortion referendum to be held. On Tuesday, Ms Nolan, whose suspension from the party was due to finish at the end of June, told Irish national broadcaster RTÉ that she had decided to hand in her resignation. Last month, a referendum in the Republic of Ireland removed a constitutional amendment which effectively outlawed abortion. At Sinn Féin's Ard Fheis (party conference) at the weekend, the party overwhelmingly backed a motion meaning it can now support a law coming before the Irish parliament which is expected to allow abortions within the first 12 weeks of pregnancy. 'People have spoken' Some members of the party had expressed concern that Sinn Féin was effectively going to create a \"cold house\" for those opposed to abortion. In a statement, Ms McDonald said she regretted Ms Nolan's decision to resign, but defended the party's recent decision. \"Sinn Féin made every effort to give its members space and latitude to articulate a position contrary to the party's position in the recent referendum campaign on repeal of the eighth amendment,\" she said. \"The people have spoken on this issue. The Sinn Féin Ard Fheis has democratically agreed the party's position to support the forthcoming legislation. \"I wish Carol and her family well.\" Ms Nolan has represented the Offaly constituency for Sinn Féin in the Dáil (Irish parliament) since 2016. It is understood she will remain as an independent."
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"Represent the example for the following task: Generate an appropriate title for the given text. The generated title must be short and include the main topic of the text. The preferred titles are under fifteen words.:",
"The teacher said he had been attacked while alone in a classroom in Aubervilliers, a suburb of Paris. But prosecutors said he had wounded himself with a box cutter and was now being questioned as to why he lied. France remains on high alert following the terror attacks in Paris on 13 November that left 130 people dead. The 45-year-old teacher - who has not been named - has been treated in hospital for superficial wounds to his side and neck. According to his account, a man had attacked him with a box cutter at about 07:10 (06:10 GMT) on Monday and had shouted: \"This is for Daesh [Islamic State]. It's a warning\". The incident sparked a manhunt in the northern suburb, as police tried to track down the alleged attacker. The anti-terrorism branch of the Paris prosecutor's office also opened an investigation for attempted murder in relation to a terrorist act. Earlier on Monday, Education Minister Najat Vallaud-Belkacem visited the scene and vowed to increase security at French schools. All classes at the Jean-Perrin preschool were cancelled. Mayor of Aubervilliers Pascal Beaudet said it was not yet known what had motivated the teacher to lie. He said the teacher had 20 years' experience and was \"appreciated\" by parents at the school. Last month, the Islamic State's French-language magazine Dar-al-Islam recently urged followers to kill teachers in France, describing them as \"enemies of Allah\" for teaching secularism. Rachel Schneider, of the French primary school teachers' union SNUipp, said many teachers had been alarmed by the threat. \"We have received many calls from colleagues, who are very worried,\" she said. \"They don't necessarily think there will be an organised attack, but they fear this message of murderous madness will inspire unstable people to action.\" Aubervilliers is in the Seine-Saint-Denis department of the Ile-de-France region."
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"Represent the example for the following task: Generate an appropriate title for the given text. The generated title must be short and include the main topic of the text. The preferred titles are under fifteen words.:",
"By Lucy WilliamsonParis correspondent The dramatic show of national unity - after the decapitation of teacher Samuel Paty outside Paris - hid growing dissent in some parts of the country over the nation's view of secularism and freedom of speech. \"Last year, a student told me that it was completely legitimate to kill someone who failed to show respect to the Prophet [Muhammad],\" Fathia Agad-Boudjhalat, a history teacher, told French radio. \"It comes from what they hear in their families.\" Fathia has used cartoons of the Prophet Muhammad for years, along with cartoons of Donald Trump and Emmanuel Macron, to teach about freedom of speech. But many in her profession report worrying trends among a minority of students who seem at odds with French laws and values. State secularism - or laïcité - is central to France's national identity. It's as important as the concepts of \"liberty, equality, fraternity\" that make up its post-Revolutionary motto. Laïcité decrees that the public space - whether classrooms, workplaces or ministries - should be free of religion. Curbing freedom of expression to protect the feelings of one particular community, the state says, undermines the country's unity. But there is evidence that a growing number of people in France are uncomfortable with this argument and want the boundaries around secularism and free speech to change. According to Michaël Prazan, a former teacher, this dissent began to grow in the early 2000s when the government banned religious symbols in schools. Back then, he was teaching in a suburb of Paris with a high Muslim population. He believes teachers have failed to react to a growing chasm between them and some of their students. \"We need to be more responsive as soon as there is a student who poses a problem in class, such as rejoicing in a terrorist act,\" he told me. \"We need to deal with it quickly before it spills over onto the internet and a death threat for the teacher.\" Teachers say they noticed a change after 2015, when Islamist gunmen attacked the satirical magazine Charlie Hebdo after it published cartoons of the Prophet Muhammad. \"They deserved it,\" some students told philosophy teacher Alexandra Girat, \"because the cartoons were too much - they shouldn't represent the Prophet [Muhammad] that way.\" Polls suggest wider public opinion in France has hardened since the attacks, with a majority of people now supporting the magazine's decision to publish the cartoons. Previously, most said it was an \"unnecessary provocation\". Meanwhile, almost 70% of Muslim respondents believe publishing the images was wrong. But both sample groups strongly condemned the attacks themselves. The roots of deepening divisions over religious identity and freedom of speech are complex. They include the influence of conflicts overseas and the racism and social marginalisation experienced by many descendants of Muslim immigrants here. France's national values are hard to defend, some say, if they don't appear to apply to you. So where does all that leave teachers like Samuel Paty, who are tasked with teaching students about freedom of speech? One woman at Sunday's rally said France's leaders needed to act. \"We can't leave teachers alone to face these complicated religious, moral and philosophical questions,\" she told us. \"They need direction.\" We've been sounding the alarm for years,\" Iannis Roder, a historian and teacher, told French radio. \"I hope this is a turning point in recognising the reality of what happens on the ground.\" President Macron has reportedly asked the government to come up with \"concrete action\" and to strengthen security in schools, promising that \"fear will change sides\". More than 80 people who posted online messages of support for Mr Paty's killer will be investigated by police, and associations with radical links are under fresh scrutiny too. The government is under pressure, with one senior opposition figure criticising Mr Macron's approach and calling for \"armes et non des larmes\" - weapons not tears. But after so many attacks here over the past five years, the divisions - and the disillusion - seem to grow a little more each time. How pupils will react to the killing of Mr Paty won't be clear until early November, when schools return after a two week break leading up to the Christian holiday of Toussaint. After the attacks in 2015, some children refused to take part in a minute's silence that was held across the nation to remember those who died. A similar national moment is planned for Mr Paty when schools return next month. Once again, teachers will be watching to see what the response of their pupils will be."
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"Represent the example for the following task: Generate an appropriate title for the given text. The generated title must be short and include the main topic of the text. The preferred titles are under fifteen words.:",
"Hundreds of security personnel are searching for Cherif Chekatt, 29, on both sides of the Franco-German border. The suspect had a string of criminal convictions and had become a radical Islamist while in prison. Police say he is highly dangerous and should not be approached. French officials announced on Thursday that a third person had died in the aftermath of the Strasbourg attack. Five people were seriously wounded, they said, including a man described as brain dead. Why are searches taking place in Germany? Chekatt has been in jail in Germany as well as France, and German reports suggested he may have received a call from Germany shortly before the Strasbourg attack. He did not answer the call, but investigators were trying to establish who was behind it, RBB Inforadio reported. Border checks on drivers near Strasbourg brought traffic to a near standstill on Thursday The French government and police union urged \"gilets jaunes\" (yellow-vest) protesters to call off demonstrations planned for Saturday to enable authorities to maintain security in the run-up to Christmas. A 23-year-old protester was struck by a lorry and killed at a roundabout in Avignon on Wednesday night. The lights of Paris' Eiffel Tower were turned off overnight in tribute to the victims of the Strasbourg attack. The mayor of Paris, Anne Hidalgo, said the gesture was to show the city's support to the families affected and \"all of Strasbourg\". Who is leading the manhunt? Interior Minister Christophe Castaner told the parliament that 720 police officers and other members of the security forces were searching for the gunman, who was injured in an exchange of fire with soldiers who were patrolling the Christmas market in Strasbourg when the attack occurred. Across the nearby border, German police were conducting searches after France's Deputy Interior Minister, Laurent Nuñez, acknowledged that the gunman might no longer be in France. Border agents were checking vehicles crossing the Rhine river, which marks the Franco-German frontier, leading to long lines of traffic in both directions. Mr Castaner said the country had moved to the highest level of alert, expanding police powers and increasing vigilance. He added that security at all Christmas markets would be stepped up. The mayor of Strasbourg, Roland Ries, has said the Christmas market there will be closed on Wednesday and Thursday, with flags lowered to half-mast at the local town hall. How did the attack unfold? At about 20:00 local time (19:00 GMT) on Tuesday, a man opened fire close to Strasbourg's famed Christmas market near one of the central squares, Place Kléber, which attracts thousands of visitors. France's anti-terror prosecutor, Rémy Heitz, said the man had shouted \"Allahu Akbar\" (\"God is greatest\") as he opened fire. As well as the fatalities, 12 people were wounded, six of them seriously, he added. The suspect was armed with a gun and a knife and escaped the area after commandeering a taxi, Mr Heitz said. As he fled he came into contact with four soldiers, Mr Heitz said, and began firing at them. The soldiers fired back, apparently hitting him in the arm. The attacker boasted to the taxi driver that he had killed 10 people, and also said he had been injured during a firefight with soldiers. He ordered the taxi driver to drop him in the vicinity of the police station in the Neudorf area. When he got out the vehicle, he fired at police officers before escaping into the night. Four people connected to the suspect had been detained overnight in Strasbourg, Mr Heitz said. Sources close to the investigation quoted by Reuters news agency said they were the suspect's mother, father and two brothers. What do we know about the suspect? According to police, Cherif Chekatt was born in Strasbourg and was already known to the security services as a possible Islamist terrorist threat. He was the subject of a \"fiche S\", a watchlist of people who represent a potential threat to national security. He has 27 convictions for crimes including robbery spanning France, Germany and Switzerland, and has spent considerable time in prison as a result. Police were seeking him on Tuesday morning in connection with another case, but did not find him at home. A search of his apartment in Neudorf revealed a grenade, a rifle, four knives - two of which were hunting knives - and ammunition. 'Weary and deflated' By Damian Grammaticas, Strasbourg Strasbourg's famous Christmas market is now a gloomy place. The lines of wooden huts are all shuttered. The owner of one told us how he had to flee when he heard the gunshots and take shelter in a local bar. \"We're all shaken up,\" he said. At this time of year, the place should be thronged with people who come from far and wide to sightsee and shop, buying everything from hot sausages to souvenirs. Now there's a weary, deflated feeling. Police stand guard at cordoned off alleyways. \"Everyone was shouting, everyone was running, running, afraid,\" said one eyewitness who'd seen the gunman shooting randomly. Strasbourg has been a target for failed terror attacks before. But now it's happened, people here are hurt and outraged. As one said: \"It's shameful.\" Who are the victims? Anupong Suebsamarn, 45, a tourist from Thailand, has been named by Thai media as one of the dead. He is believed to have been on holiday with his wife. The Italian foreign ministry has said one of the injured is an Italian journalist who was covering the European parliament, but declined to confirm media reports that he was in a serious condition. One soldier was slightly injured by a ricocheting bullet during an exchange of fire with the gunman. Why is Strasbourg a target? Strasbourg has been the target of jihadist plots in the past. Not only does it have one of France's oldest Christmas markets, but it is the official seat of the European Parliament. That parliament was in session at the time of Tuesday evening's attack. In 2000, the Christmas market was at the centre of a failed al-Qaeda plot. Ten Islamist militants were jailed four years later for their part in the planned New Year's Eve attack. However, MEPs were determined to carry on the morning after the attack, with German MEP Jo Leinen posting a picture of singing and Christmas lights in the European Parliament."
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"Represent the example for the following task: Generate an appropriate title for the given text. The generated title must be short and include the main topic of the text. The preferred titles are under fifteen words.:",
"The Ministry of Justice announced plans in July to consult on closing 15 courts. But responding to the proposals, the senior presiding judge, Lord Judge said five should remain open and a further six should be reviewed. A final decision is expected by the Lord Chancellor later this year. The original courts earmarked for closure stretch from Flint Magistrates' Court in north-east Wales, down to Chepstow Magistrates' Court in the south. The proposals also covered Rhyl and Pontypool County Courts. But in his response, the Lord Chief Justice warns that if the plans proceed, there will be \"little, if any, slack left\" in the Welsh justice system. \"There is high unemployment and considerable social deprivation in parts of the country, while other parts are large, sparsely populated, rural areas,\" noted the senior presiding judge in the report published on Thursday. \"A bus or train fare for some will mean genuine hardship. \"In some cases I am of the view that poor facilities and low utilisation do not outweigh the genuine difficulty which court users will experience when travelling to court. Lord Judge also expressed concerns over access to family justice services. \"There is nothing to suggest that family work has been a factor in the consultation and would urge consideration of this before any plans to close family centres are implemented,\" he added. 'Real difficulties' The report, which is being presented to the Lord Chancellor, Kenneth Clarke, states that five proposals to close courts cannot be supported. These are Aberdare County and Magistrates' Court, Abergavenny Magistrates' Court, Cardigan Magistrates' Court, Llangefni Magistrates' Court and Pwllheli Magistrates' Court. In the case of the Cardigan court, the review warns that those without a car could face a two hour bus journey to reach the proposed replacement services at Aberystwyth. \"A large part of the country would be a considerable distance from a court were Cardigan to close,\" states the report. \"This court, perhaps more than most, demonstrates the real difficulty between access to justice and modern-day appropriate facilities. \"On balance, I think retention is justified.\" A similar case is made for Llangefni Magistrates' Court, as users would face travelling to Holyhead, which the Lord Chief Justice notes would mean \"substantial and difficult journeys\" for those in outlying areas. The document also makes the case for reviewing whether closure is necessary at a further five magistrates' courts at Ammanford, Barry, Chepstow, Denbigh and also Pontypool County Court. The Lord Chief Justice said that of the 15 proposals, only four did not face objections: Abertillery, Flint, and Llandovery Magistrates' Courts, and Rhyl County Court. 'Administering justice' \"It is obvious that a number of courts in different parts of England and Wales no longer fulfil any sufficiently valuable public purpose,\" added Lord Judge in his foreword to the report. \"The current national financial crisis has provided us with a useful opportunity to examine the court estate, and I supported this public consultation which provided an opportunity not only to examine the locations where our courts are situated, but also whether they were sufficiently meeting their purpose in the administration of justice throughout the country.\" Responding to the views of the Lord Chief Justice, a spokesperson for Her Majesty's Court Service said: \"The responses to each document will now be studied in detail, including consideration of alternative proposals from respondents, and the impact of each proposed closure analysed fully. \"Recommendations will then be made to the Lord Chancellor who will decide, in each case, whether or not to close the courts and whether to merge any Local Justice Areas. \"We anticipate that he will make his decisions later this year.\""
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"Represent the example for the following task: Generate an appropriate title for the given text. The generated title must be short and include the main topic of the text. The preferred titles are under fifteen words.:",
"The Ministry of Justice plans, which are out of consultation, are part of a wider cost-cutting exercise aimed at saving £37m. Magistrates have told the BBC Radio Wales' Eye on Wales programme the closures will damage the judicial system. But HM Courts Service says the court estate in Wales needs to be examined. Among those on the closure list are Pwllheli magistrates' court in Gwynedd, where magistrates sit two days a week. The consultation document claims the court is under-used and its facilities inadequate to hear the necessary range of cases. But those involved in the criminal justice system say closure would erode local justice and leave some court users living in the further reaches of the Llyn Peninsula facing a potential two-hour journey to Caernarfon court, where cases would be transferred. Eurwyn Lloyd Evans, chair of the magistrates in Gwynedd, said: \"The rural areas are losing out again. \"It's easy to draw circles on maps and say, 'well it's only 20 miles and you can get there', you can probably do that in the cities but it's not that easy in the rural areas. \"This is going to erode local justice in the area.\" Court cases The closure affect criminal cases in magistrates courts, family law, public law and other civil cases heard in the county courts - five of which are on the closure list in Wales, including Aberdare, Pontypool and Llangefni on Anglesey. Barry magistrates, which was earmarked for closure in 2006 but reprieved after a campaign of opposition, is back on the list once again. Alun Cairns, Vale of Glamorgan MP, said: \"There's an exceptionally important principle here, and that's about local justice, whereby people are tried, and found guilty or innocent, within their own community rather than an alien environment. \"Of course, the financial context is very different now to what it was four years ago, and it seems to me as though officials have said to the minister, these are options we looked at in the past, let's look at them again.\" Other closure-threatened courts include Cardigan, Llandovery, Abergavenny and Denbigh. HM Court Service's courts director for Wales, Claire Pillman, said: \"I think it's right in the current difficult financial circumstances that we take a look at how we use the court estate across Wales. \"We're extremely proud of the service we deliver to court users in Wales, but we do need to look at those courts which are less frequently used, and perhaps to focus work on those courts where facilities are better for users.\" Eye on Wales is broadcast on BBC Radio Wales on Monday 19 July at 1830 BST."
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"Represent the example for the following task: Generate an appropriate title for the given text. The generated title must be short and include the main topic of the text. The preferred titles are under fifteen words.:",
"Almost half of local authorities reduced their support for buses in 2013 and some may remove all support next year, the study says. It adds that next year will be \"very difficult\" as many local authorities have deferred cuts to next year to allow for public consultations. The campaign gathered data from local councils in England and Wales. It found a net reduction of £10m in spending on subsidies for bus services in England in the 2013-14 financial year. 'Watershed moment' The campaign's report also showed that since 2011, as many as 264 bus services have been cut or withdrawn in England. Of those, 147 cuts were made in the current financial year. \"Cuts to bus services are now reaching critical levels,\" said Martin Abrams, from the Campaign for Better Transport. \"This is a watershed moment. If government doesn't take action to help support buses we will see whole networks disappear.\" The report highlights many individual authorities that have made cutbacks. It says that Worcestershire and Cumbria county councils are consulting on plans to cut their entire budget for supporting bus services. The report adds that Essex County Council has plans to reduce its support by 30%. Government response In September, official data showed there were 70 million fewer journeys on England's buses last year, a fall of 1.4%. Stripping out London, where bus travel has been booming for years, the decline was higher, at 2.5%. At the time, Transport minister Norman Baker said: \"The government spends well over £1bn per year on concessionary travel and other support for buses every year. \"We are protecting bus subsidy and targeting it where it is needed most as well as making significant new funding available for bus improvements. \"The Department for Transport strongly supports bus travel. It is true that some councils have noticeably cut bus services, but others have not.\""
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"Represent the example for the following task: Generate an appropriate title for the given text. The generated title must be short and include the main topic of the text. The preferred titles are under fifteen words.:",
"The £25m project, also known as London Ashford Airport, includes a runway extension of almost 300m (328yds) and a new terminal. The RSPB and Lydd Airport Action Group have lodged separate appeals. The airport's bosses said government permission for expansion was a \"victory\" for common sense. The plans, which were initially proposed in 2010, were given the go-ahead by the government in April after a public inquiry. Lydd Airport said development would see an increase of 500,000 passengers a year. Chris Corrigan, the RSPB's South East regional director, said: \"Dungeness is one of the most important wildlife sites in the world - it is protected at global, European and UK levels. \"Over recent years, our concerns about the impact of expanding nearby Lydd Airport led to the need to argue our case at a public inquiry. \"The stakes are too high to risk the future of one of our best and most important places for nature without testing the basis for this decision which we consider to be flawed.\""
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"Represent the example for the following task: Generate an appropriate title for the given text. The generated title must be short and include the main topic of the text. The preferred titles are under fifteen words.:",
"The £25m expansion plan was approved by Shepway District Council in March 2010 but the government ordered an inquiry must be held. It will open on 15 February at Shepway Civic Centre in Folkestone, then be adjourned for the rest of the week. Site visits will be carried out before the inquiry reopens on 22 February. Lydd Airport's plans to build a new terminal and extend its runway by almost 300m (328yds) were approved after a seven-hour meeting of the council. The new terminal will be able to handle up to 500,000 passengers a year. The council also approved a 150m (164yds) starter apron, for aircraft to be parked, loaded and boarded. There were more than 12,000 objections to the planning application, including from Greenpeace, the RSPB, British Energy, the Campaign for the Protection of Rural England, Kent Wildlife Trust and the British Hedgehog Preservation Society. The inquiry will look at the issues on a topic-by-topic basis, touching on ornithology, noise, ecology, nuclear safety and socio-economic considerations. Members of the public will be able to speak on 1, 5 and 6 July. A final decision on the application is not expected until late 2011 at the earliest."
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"Represent the example for the following task: Generate an appropriate title for the given text. The generated title must be short and include the main topic of the text. The preferred titles are under fifteen words.:",
"But developers Hadleigh Industrial Estates said they still wanted to bring a manufacturer on board. They have also applied to build 134 homes as part of a £20m project. Director Richard Lanyon said: \"The plans, as submitted, remain the only viable option - without the mix of uses we've identified, it'll remain empty.\" The old Hotpoint washing machine factory, which once employed 1,000 people, closed in 2009 with 300 job losses. In June this year the prospect of a deal with Reflex & Allen to create an \"automotive industrial park\" was floated. The car components firm has a plant on Kinmel Park in Bodelwyddan, on the other side of the A55, where it manufactures pneumatic and hydraulic tubing. In addition to refurbishing the old Hotpoint site, the development also included new factory units, training centre and regional ambulance centre. Mr Lanyon said the collapse of the deal showed the fine tuning of the funding arrangements. He said: \"Nobody has fallen out with anybody. \"Reflex & Allen were faced with a situation where they had to vary the terms at the last minute before signing. 'Key strategic site' \"We've always said that the economics of the deal were finely balanced and this rather frustratingly proves the point. \"Any variation to the funding, whether in terms of the price for the refurbished factory or the housing, make the scheme unviable.\" Mr Lanyon said £20m would still be invested in the site if the planning permission is granted. He estimated the site could provide up to 400 jobs. \"This is a key strategic site for manufacturing in Wales and we're hopeful of full support from Denbighshire's planning committee in September so that we can continue to pursue a manufacturing tenant for the factory.\""
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"Represent the example for the following task: Generate an appropriate title for the given text. The generated title must be short and include the main topic of the text. The preferred titles are under fifteen words.:",
"In an article for the Guardian, he said anti-Semitism was a \"real problem\" that Labour was \"working to overcome\". But he did not give in to demands to adopt all the examples of anti-Semitism cited by the International Holocaust Remembrance Alliance (IHRA). Critics in the Labour Party said the article had changed nothing. In his article, he said he recognised the \"strong concerns\" about Labour's code of conduct and that many Jewish organisations believed it should include all 11 examples of contemporary anti-Semitism cited by the IHRA in its guidelines. Mr Corbyn, a long-standing supporter of the rights of Palestinians, defended Labour's decision not to include one of the examples - which warns against \"claiming that the existence of a State of Israel is a racist endeavour\". He said this had \"sometimes been used by those wanting to restrict criticism of Israel that is not anti-Semitic\". But he added: \"I feel confident that this outstanding issue can be resolved through dialogue with community organisations, including the Jewish Labour Movement, during this month's consultation.\" The Labour leader also wrote that he would \"not for one moment accept that a Labour government would represent any kind of threat\" to Jewish life in the UK. \"That is the kind of overheated rhetoric that can surface during emotional political debates,\" he said. Analysis By Susana Mendonca, BBC political correspondent This was supposed to be Jeremy Corbyn reaching out to the Jewish community to repair frayed relations. The tone of some of what he said was conciliatory. He acknowledged the party had a problem with anti-Semitism and accepted the Jewish community should have been consulted earlier on the code of conduct. But there was no sudden change in policy on the code - and nothing short of that was ever going to silence his critics. The timing didn't help either as it was released just before the Jewish Sabbath, leading some to suggest that was intended to avoid reaction from the Jewish community. Labour tells me that was not the case and the article was supposed to have been published much earlier in the day. Nonetheless the reaction has come - and it hasn't been positive. \"Vague and meaningless\" was the assessment from the Campaign Against Antisemitism. Expect this row to continue rumbling on through this long hot summer. Labour MP Ian Austin, who is being investigated over his alleged behaviour during a row about the party's code of conduct, said Mr Corbyn's article will \"make matters much worse\". \"Under his leadership, the Labour Party has caused huge offence and distress to the Jewish community yet he's not just completely failed to make a single change, but repeated some of the things that have caused this problem,\" he said. Another Labour MP, Wes Streeting, a leading critic of Mr Corbyn's stance on anti-Semitism, told the BBC his party leader was guilty of \"the same old hand wringing we've heard time and time again\". A Jewish Labour Movement spokesperson said: \"Today, other than another article bemoaning a situation of the party's own making, nothing has changed. There is no trust left. We find ourselves asking once again for action, not words.\" But Barnaby Raine, a Jewish Labour party member and supporter of Mr Corbyn, told BBC Radio 4 that the article demonstrated a significant step forward for the leader. \"He has acknowledged that anti-Semitism is a serious problem in the Labour party,\" he said. \"He has taken on those people that say that they support him, even though they are anti-Semities. \"And he has done something… which I think this is especially important - he has condemned those people, not just who hold anti-Semitic attitudes, but who dismiss this whole thing as just a smear on the Labour party.\" 'Still no wiser' Earlier it emerged that Labour had offered to drop disciplinary action against Dame Margaret Hodge if she issued an \"appropriate apology\" over an anti-Semitism row. The party launched an investigation into the veteran Labour MP after a confrontation she had with Mr Corbyn. She has published letters on social media between her lawyers and Labour's general secretary, Jennie Formby. \"I'm still no wiser as to what I'm accused of; the nature of complaints received; who the investigating officer is; or what the time frame for the investigation will be. Is this fair?,\" Dame Margaret said. Solicitors from Mischon de Reya, which is acting for Dame Margaret, have told the Labour Party either to proceed with the investigation or to drop it, and if not, they have warned that she may take the Labour Party to court. They also say the Barking MP will not apologise as she does not accept that she breached Labour rules. Mr Corbyn had been hoping to make a speech addressing the anti-Semitism row at the Jewish Museum, in London, but the museum has now said there are \"no plans\" for a Labour event there."
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"Represent the example for the following task: Generate an appropriate title for the given text. The generated title must be short and include the main topic of the text. The preferred titles are under fifteen words.:",
"By Ross HawkinsPolitical correspondent, BBC News Remember the councillor who thought Hitler was the greatest man in history? Remember the candidate who suggested asking the so-called Islamic State why it wasn't attacking Israel? Remember the student who said a large part of the Oxford University Labour Club had a \"problem with Jews\"? Imagine the reaction, Jewish figures say, if these were stories about any other minority. They appear with politically damaging regularity. Now, though, it seems change will come. Activists and MPs have told BBC Radio 4's Today programme they are trying to toughen the rules on anti-Semitism, Islamophobia and racism. Even if they fail, I'm told a party review by Labour peer Lady Royall into allegations of anti-Semitism may well also suggest rewriting the rulebook. Poisonous atmosphere That is highly unlikely to be the end of this story, though, because it goes to the heart of a poisonous atmosphere in parts of the Labour movement. Jeremy Corbyn's critics - who are many and vociferous - put the blame at his door. It is he, they say, who has attracted new members with these views, who has condemned anti-Semitism but not acted and who has - on occasion - made what they think are utterly inadequate responses to offensive language. Their concerns are fundamental - they simply don't believe anyone who describes the Palestinian militant group Hamas as a friend wants to tackle this issue. On the other side, his supporters remind us of those condemnations of anti-Semitism and the decision to launch an inquiry, and point out this is not a new problem. Lost in the fury about a member suspended then readmitted after anti-Semitic comments only to become vice-chair of her local party, was the fact those decisions were made not under Mr Corbyn, but his predecessor Ed Miliband. No Labour leader could be expected to vet the thousands of new members who have signed up. For some fighting Mr Corbyn's corner, this issue is serious and real, but is also being used as a stick to beat him by his internal political enemies. There are those who have long seen allegations of anti-Semitism as attempts to silence legitimate criticism of Israel - on which different wings of the Labour movement take passionately opposing views. The political debate, then, is not at heart merely a row about rules or party management, but fundamental differences within Labour. Changing the rulebook will not necessarily change what people say or write, merely how they are dealt with. It certainly won't change how people feel, and there are plenty in Labour who seek no part in its civil wars but wonder why anti-Semites choose to join their party."
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"Represent the example for the following task: Generate an appropriate title for the given text. The generated title must be short and include the main topic of the text. The preferred titles are under fifteen words.:",
"By Iain WatsonPolitical correspondent, BBC News But don't assume today's deliberations aren't significant. Allies of Jeremy Corbyn interpret Labour's current policy policy - agreed at the 2018 conference - to mean the party would keep open the option of a \"public vote\" (i.e. a referendum) to avoid \"a bad Tory deal\" or \"no deal\". But Labour's deputy leader Tom Watson is campaigning for a vote on any deal - including one that Jeremy Corbyn might negotiate. An ally of the party leader on the NEC, Claudia Webbe, has denounced Tom Watson as \"divisive\". But, in truth, he is merely highlighting the divisions which are already there. Some Labour MPs in Leave-supporting areas want no mention of a second referendum - a view shared by some of the leader's shadow cabinet allies. Others can live with the current formulation of a heavily caveated commitment to a referendum as a last resort. But the need to fight European elections - taking place on 23 May - has led 34 of the party's candidates to say that this ambiguity is no longer sustainable. Around 100 MPs from across the party agree with them. They want a clear commitment to a referendum under all circumstances. For opponents of Jeremy Corbyn there is a bonus too. Polling suggests an overwhelming number of party members back a referendum and want to remain. If Mr Corbyn stands in the way of this, the hope is that some of the newer members on the left will become disillusioned with his leadership. And that hope for his opponents is a fear for some of his backers. Groups such as Love Socialism, Hate Brexit have as their driving force members of the left-wing group Momentum. They believe the project of enthusing younger left-wing voters will stall unless the leadership shifts position on a referendum. From Tom Watson's perspective, even if he loses the argument at the left-dominated NEC, he will have been seen as a champion of the party's grassroots and will have gained the support of some significant trade unions. Some of Jeremy Corbyn's allies, meanwhile, are keen to defeat the position favoured by the party's deputy not just to put him in his box. They believe that defeating a call for a referendum on any deal would allow them to reach agreement with the government in the current Brexit talks. If they can get commitments to workers' rights and something that looks like a customs union, then this would no longer be deemed a \"bad Tory Brexit\" and there would be no need to have a second referendum - which they feel could alienate working class Leave voters. It would also get Brexit settled before the party conference season (and the October deadline set by the EU) and allow the party to relaunch on a platform of \"healing divisions\". A question of leadership There would, of course, be a big rebellion in Labour's ranks but as no option at this stage is a good option, then this might be seen as a price worth paying. Or it might provoke a challenge to the Corbyn leadership. But the last time the party leader was challenged - for what was seen as his lacklustre support for Remain in the 2016 referendum - his supporters rallied round and his opponent, pro-EU Owen Smith, was defeated. So although there may be a wedge between Jeremy Corbyn and some of his left-wing supporters on Europe right now, they may return to his fold if they believe his leadership is seriously in danger. So far though, Brexit has had a range of unintended political consequences so don't rule out the possibility of further dramatic developments."
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"Represent the example for the following task: Generate an appropriate title for the given text. The generated title must be short and include the main topic of the text. The preferred titles are under fifteen words.:",
"Colston's Girls' School took it down after a different statue of the 17th Century slave trader was thrown into Bristol's harbour during an anti-racism protest on Sunday. The separate Colston's School, which was founded by the merchant, said it was also \"looking at\" a name change. Both schools were set up using funds from the slave trader. The girls' school was opened in 1891, 170 years after Colston's death, and was funded through a financial endowment from the slave trader. The school's website states it is directly descended from Colston's Hospital, which opened in 1710 and was paid for by the merchant and which later became the separate Colston's School. The 3ft (90cm) high statue of Colston had stood on a 5ft (1.5m) plinth at the girls' school for decades, the Bristol Post reported. A spokeswoman for the school was unable to provide any information about what had since happened to it since its removal. \"We recognise that Edward Colston is a divisive figure in Bristol and that we have a role to play in the passionate debate about the use of his name across the city,\" she said. \"This is an ongoing discussion that we are very much part of, with one immediate action being the removal of the statue of Colston from the reception area.\" The headmaster of Colston's School, Jeremy McCullough, said there was \"no doubt\" the funds used by Colston to establish the school came \"at least in part from the abhorrent and brutal trade in human lives\". \"The name of our school, therefore, does not always sit comfortably with the very inclusive and diverse nature of our school community and is something that we have reviewed regularly,\" he said. \"It is not a change that could or should be taken lightly, or indeed made overnight, but it is certainly something that we are looking at again. \" The city's Colston Hall music venue also said it aimed to announce a new name in the autumn. The venue, which is currently closed for refurbishment, announced in 2017 that its name would change. A spokesman said as a \"demonstration of its commitment\", the existing \"external signage\" would now be removed. Meanwhile a petition to replace the Colston statue that was torn down with one honouring civil rights campaigner Dr Paul Stephenson has gained more than 30,000 signatures. Dr Stephenson organised the Bristol Bus Boycott of the 1960s, which saw campaigners overturn a ban on ethnic minorities working on the city's buses and which influenced the creation of the Race Relations Act."
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"Represent the example for the following task: Generate an appropriate title for the given text. The generated title must be short and include the main topic of the text. The preferred titles are under fifteen words.:",
"A sign bearing Colston's name was removed from the office block in June. It came after protesters pulled down a statue of the merchant in the city centre during a Black Lives Matter demonstration. Changes have also been announced for Colston's Girl's School and the Colston Hall, now called Bristol Beacon. Investment firm AEW, which owns the high-rise block on Colston Street, said: \"Having taken the time to carefully review our options regarding the future naming of the building, we will be consulting with our tenants over the coming weeks with a view to having a new name by the end of the year.\" Since Colston's statue was toppled and thrown into Bristol's harbour, the city has been examining its historical links with the slave trade. Last month, Colston's Girls' School voted to change its name, with 75% of staff and students in favour after a consultation. A new name is yet to be announced. And in September the Colston Hall, an arts venue in the city centre, announced it would change its name to Bristol Beacon. The statue of Colston was retrieved from the harbour four days after the protests. It has since been preserved and is expected to be given a new home in a city museum. On his death in 1721, Colston bequeathed his wealth to charities in the city. As a result, many of the city's street names and landmarks bear his name. Follow BBC West on Facebook, Twitter and Instagram. Send your story ideas to: [email protected]"
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"Represent the example for the following task: Generate an appropriate title for the given text. The generated title must be short and include the main topic of the text. The preferred titles are under fifteen words.:",
"It happened two weeks after the bust was erected in the city of Oakland. Police have launched an investigation. Sculptor Leo Carson called the destruction an act of \"racist aggression\". He said he would rebuild the piece in bronze. Ms Taylor's death spurred protests against racism and police brutality. The ceramic bust in Oakland depicted her smiling, with a message on its base that reads: \"Say her name: Breonna Taylor.\" It was found smashed on Saturday. The Oakland police department said late on Monday that it was investigating what appeared to be an act of vandalism, but had not yet identified any suspects or motive. Oakland Mayor Libby Schaaf described it as a \"vicious attack against the light [and] justice sought in Breonna Taylor's name.\" \"We will keep moving forward; Oakland will not tolerate acts of hatred,\" she wrote on Twitter. Mr Carson told local media that he made the statue to honour the legacy of the Black Lives Matter movement. He said he was \"devastated and enraged\" that it had been destroyed, but announced on Monday that he had raised enough money to rebuild the statue in bronze. What happened to Breonna Taylor? Plainclothes police officers stormed Ms Taylor's Louisville home shortly after midnight on 13 March. The 26-year-old medical technician was in bed with her boyfriend, Kenneth Walker, at the time. The officers were executing a search warrant as part of a drugs investigation. Mr Walker fired a shot from his licensed gun, later telling police he thought that Ms Taylor's ex-boyfriend had broken in, according to the New York Times. The three officers returned fire, discharging 32 rounds, according to a ballistics report from the FBI. Ms Taylor was shot amid the commotion and died on the hallway floor. No drugs were found at the property, though Jefferson County Prosecutor Thomas Wine said the search was cancelled after the shooting. Ms Taylor's family sued Louisville authorities in May and reached a $12m (£9.4m) settlement. None of the officers have been charged with Ms Taylor's death. One was charged in September with \"wanton endangerment\" for firing into a neighbour's apartment."
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"Represent the example for the following task: Generate an appropriate title for the given text. The generated title must be short and include the main topic of the text. The preferred titles are under fifteen words.:",
"The government had sought to keep the 58 studies secret, saying they would undermine Brexit talks. Mr Davis was effectively forced into agreeing to their publication by a Labour motion in the House of Commons. But the Brexit secretary claims there has been a misunderstanding about what they contain. In a letter to Labour MP Hillary Benn, he said the analysis ranged from \"very high level overarching\" work to specific examinations \"of certain product lines in specific sectors\". But, he added, \"it is not, nor has it ever been, a series of discrete impact assessments examining the quantitative impact of Brexit on these sectors\". \"Given the above, it will take my department - and other departments, since this work draws on inputs from across government - time to collate and bring together this information in a way that it accessible and informative for the committee,\" he added. He also argued that some sections should remain \"private\" because they contained \"confidential or commercially sensitive information\" or details that could damage Brexit talks because they had \"been developed to underpin advice to ministers of the negotiation options in various scenarios\". He said he would meet Mr Benn, the chairman of the Commons Brexit committee, on Monday to discuss what it would be in the public interest to release. 'Not sensible' But Commons speaker John Bercow has told the government it has 24 hours to publish the analyses or say why it hasn't. Responding to a point of order from Labour, following the publication of Mr Davis's letter, Mr Bercow said: \"the motion passed on Wednesday obliges ministers to provide the Committee on Exiting the European Union with the impact assessments arising from sector analyses. \"That should be done very promptly indeed. Failing that, I expect ministers to explain to the House, before we rise tomorrow (Tuesday) evening, why they have not provided them and when they propose to do so.\" Mr Bercow added that the Brexit secretary had contacted him to say that the government would provide the material before MPs begin a week-long recess on Tuesday. Speaking earlier at the Institute for Government in London, Mr Benn said: \"I don't want to publish stuff about negotiating fall-backs, red lines. That would not be sensible.\" But he stressed that he wanted to see the material \"as soon as possible\", and that it would be for the committee to decide what information was made public."
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"Represent the example for the following task: Generate an appropriate title for the given text. The generated title must be short and include the main topic of the text. The preferred titles are under fifteen words.:",
"Some Conservative MPs joined Labour in calling for the 58 documents, which focus on different sectors of the economy, to be published. Labour is seeking to use an arcane parliamentary procedure to force the government's hand. The government did not contest the motion and earlier said there was an \"obligation\" not to publish the papers. After the motion was carried unanimously, Commons Speaker John Bercow said: \"It is sensible for us, the House, to wait for the government's response and if I receive a representation I will reflect upon it\" He said MPs should not expect the response on Wednesday but, when pressed by Conservative Sarah Wollaston, he indicated that he would not expect the House to have to wait \"for a period of several days\". On Monday the government published the list of sectors that have been looked at, ranging from aerospace and aviation to tourism and legal services, but has argued that releasing them would undermine its negotiating position with the EU. During the Commons debate, former Conservative minister Anna Soubry said the documents should be published and could be redacted if necessary. Another Conservative MP, Sarah Wollaston, said they should be sent to \"all relevant select committees\". Labour, which organised the debate, sought to make use of what it called an \"ancient, but still effective\" parliamentary tool to secure the documents' publication. This involved tabling a motion that \"an humble address be presented to Her Majesty\" requiring that the reports \"be laid before this House and that the impact assessments arising from those analyses be provided to the Committee on Exiting the European Union\". The unusual tactic won the support of Tory Eurosceptic backbencher Jacob Rees-Mogg, who said the motion should be binding on the government, and during the debate MPs appealed to the Speaker's chair for clarity. Deputy Speaker Eleanor Laing said it would be for the government to respond, adding: \"It is not for the chair to decide how the minister should answer the question.\" Brexit Minister Robin Walker argued there was a \"clear obligation\" not to release the information. Labour's Brexit spokesman Sir Keir Starmer said it was a \"victory for Parliament and for democracy\". \"Ministers cannot keep withholding vital information from Parliament about the impact of Brexit on jobs and the economy,\" he said. \"[Brexit Secretary] David Davis must now respond to Parliament's ruling and urgently set a date for when he will share these papers.\" Brexit negotiations are set to resume on 9 and 10 November with the UK seeking to make enough progress to persuade the EU to move talks onto future issues like trade."
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"Represent the example for the following task: Generate an appropriate title for the given text. The generated title must be short and include the main topic of the text. The preferred titles are under fifteen words.:",
"Laura KuenssbergPolitical editor@bbclaurakon Twitter But they were still a warning to the UK, to the prime minister, the Brexit secretary and his cabinet colleagues that the UK has to decide what it really wants from its future relationship with the EU. It is far from the first time that he has referred to impending deadlines - one of his favourite phrases seems to be \"the clock is ticking\" - but whether you are the greatest enthusiast out there for Brexit, or worried about impending potential consequences, this time the Barnier warning does relate to a very specific timeline - which does make this an important week. Tomorrow the prime minister's top EU official, Olly Robbins, will travel to Brussels, the first visit of two this week, to discuss how to crack on with the talks with his opposite numbers. It seems he'll try to give the other side a picture of where the UK is heading before the crucial cabinet committee meetings on Wednesday and Thursday. Those meetings aren't designed to be the final decision-making hours on the final shape of our future relationship with the EU. But the point is to try to get the cabinet to agree an overall pitch. As negotiators get into the second phase, what is the UK's overall broad approach - is it to start with a model like the Canadian free trade deal, and add on elements as they see fit? Or is it to start with the presumption of a much closer relationship and chuck out bits one by one that the government doesn't like? You would be right in thinking that this debate has been going on for a LONG time. It's been raging since the referendum, and it is the fundamental dividing line in the Tory party right now, after decades of divisions and grudges over our relationship with the Europeans. Think it's extraordinary that the cabinet hasn't really come down on this one way or the other after all this time? The prime minister's desire to have a \"bespoke\" arrangement has been her holding position. And frankly, waiting until the last minute to come down in favour of one thing or another has been part of her survival technique. If she had forced it much earlier, she could have risked cabinet strops (yes even more) or even walkouts. But there is hope that on Wednesday and Thursday the cabinet can be coaxed to come to some kind of consensus about whether, broadly, they are going into the next phase of the talks coming from the standpoint of ministers like the chancellor, who favour binding ties for good, or Boris Johnson, who is arguing for a freer approach. Then on Friday, Olly Robbins will be back on the Eurostar to sit down with the EU's negotiators again, in theory, with a plan based on the cabinet's discussions. If he can, then the second phase of the talks can truly start in earnest, and Mr Barnier's warning will perhaps have finally been heeded. I'm told that this Friday will be the first time the EU has been given an official update on the government's position since the fraught days of the end of phase one in December. Given though that the EU negotiator has given such warnings before, does it really matter if the timetable goes awry? The prime minister has tried to shrug off the sense that this is somehow decision time. Technically however there is a time pressure. In March the European Council is publishing guidelines about the framework for the future relationship. In other words, there is meant to be an agreed broad approach to the negotiations in less than eight weeks. Call for clarity If the UK hasn't given much information about what it wants to achieve, how, the thinking goes, can the process be designed? Again, it is fair to say on the government side, that's miles away from the final details of the deal. But away from the demands at Westminster or Brussels, businesses around the country are keen to have clarity. And on both sides of the talks, privately officials say that if the UK doesn't come forward this time, the reality could be that the EU ends up starting to put the agreement together. Essentially, because of the time constraints, if the UK isn't willing to start sketching out the agreements, the EU will pick up the pen. One senior EU source said \"the more clarity the UK can provide on how it sees its future relationship, the more productive the EU Council can be in pushing these negotiations forward\". In other words, if you don't make your minds up, well, March could still be vague, leaving only seven months until October when the heads of terms of the deal are meant to be done. A vague deal leaves uncertainty open for another long few months, and pushes into another financial year. One Tory peer, Lord Bridges, who was recently a member of the Brexit department itself, warned that if ministers didn't make up their mind about what it wanted soon it was headed for a deal that was \"meaningless waffle\", leaving the UK at a disadvantage - the EU with the whip hand in the talks. There are good political reasons why it has taken this long. The prime minister has given carefully-choreographed big speeches that have set out her overarching principles at Lancaster House and in Florence. Both required huge political efforts to get them through her party. But the self-set deadline of the Article 50 talks and the discipline of the Brexit process means there is not much room for further delay."
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"Represent the example for the following task: Generate an appropriate title for the given text. The generated title must be short and include the main topic of the text. The preferred titles are under fifteen words.:",
"Helen ThomasNewsnight business editor@helentbbcon Twitter The debate over corporate governance in the UK does need reinvigorating. You don't need to share the economic philosophy of shadow chancellor John McDonnell to think that progress in how we encourage companies to consider the interests of a broader range of so-called stakeholders has been pretty timid. But the way Labour is suggesting doing this seems to raise more questions than it answers. Of course, the finer details of the plans aren't yet available. But according to reports, any company with over 250 employees would have to hand over a 10% stake - over time - to its staff. The stake would be built up gradually over 10 years and would be managed by a dedicated fund. Employees couldn't buy or sell shares - but they would benefit from dividends paid by the company up to a limit of £500. Payments above that limit would go to the government. The first question to ask is whether this really looks like share ownership at all. Equity - by its nature - involves an ownership stake with potentially unlimited upside (and the risk of unlimited downside). If workers are unable to sell their shares, it's not clear that they would directly benefit from share price appreciation (or the shares going up in value). Dividends meanwhile are paid at the discretion of the company's board (and not all companies choose to do so). Fast-growing companies may prefer to reinvest their profits in future growth, not pay out dividends. Assuming that the workers' dividends are paid from the same pot as other investors, it's not clear what - if anything - the workers at those companies would receive. Conversely, what happens if a company pays a special dividend after a particularly strong year? Even if the government's take goes into a socially-motivated wealth fund, the workers could miss out on the full rewards on offer to other shareholders. The sense that this involves giving workers a type of second-class equity leaves the proposals open to another criticism: that this is just another tax on business, albeit one that comes with a worker bonus scheme attached. In fairness, Labour's proposals on ownership go hand in hand with other ideas, notably that a third on the seats on company boards would go to workers' representatives. And the funds managing employees' shares would have a voting stake alongside other investors. But advocates of greater employee ownership told Newsnight that the devil would be in the detail. How you structure this type of policy affects whether you reap the wider potential benefits in terms of improved productivity and longer-term thinking. One group welcomed the idea of broader equity ownership in the UK (with only about 12% of UK company shares currently owned by individuals) but said there might need to be more thought to guard against workers being \"locked in\" to underperforming firms, rather than benefitting from better performance elsewhere in a sector. Another said they feared that this proposal \"missed the point\". Business groups were - of course - quick to condemn the idea. The CBI suggested it would \"only encourage investors to pack their bags\". It is undoubtedly true that the prospect of handing over 10% of the company will be unappealing to current investors. (Their ownership stake would be diluted, or cut slightly, as the shares are issued to workers). To the extent that this is seen as a quasi-government stake, it could also impact UK-listed companies valuation versus international peers. But it is also worth asking how many loopholes there will be for companies to structure their way around such a requirement. The 250 employee threshold where the requirement kicks in could act as a deterrent to growth (or as an incentive to set up smaller offshoots). It would likely be impossible to force such a measure on privately-owned companies that aren't listed on the stock market. The Financial Times reported that foreign-listed companies with substantial UK workforces would similarly not be obliged to give shares to their employees. (And London's capital markets are home to plenty of companies who do virtually all their business, and have the vast bulk of their workers, overseas). The Labour party has said it intends to launch a consultation on the details of its employee ownership proposal. That may help determine whether this is a radical corporate governance proposal aimed at recasting the relationship between UK society and its largest businesses. Or a government revenue-raising initiative in disguise. You can watch Newsnight on BBC 2 weekdays 22:30 or on iPlayer. Subscribe to the programme on YouTube or follow them on Twitter."
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"Represent the example for the following task: Generate an appropriate title for the given text. The generated title must be short and include the main topic of the text. The preferred titles are under fifteen words.:",
"By Iain WatsonPolitical correspondent, BBC News But some members are unhappy with what they see as a possible power grab by some of the big unions who control 50% of votes at next week's conference. Discussions will focus on what changes are needed to the party's rules in order to implement proposals from the year-long democracy review. The conference will then vote to approve or reject them. There is a left-wing, pro-Corbyn majority on the National Executive Committee (NEC) but some issues have proved divisive even within the left. Momentum - the group set up to support Jeremy Corbyn's leadership - has been pushing for 'open' parliamentary selections. This would allow parliamentary hopefuls to compete against any sitting MP between general elections for any Labour nomination. But some unions - also under left-wing control - believe this would diminish their role in the process of choosing MPs. So I am told a compromise is being brokered. Currently for a sitting MP to be challenged, 50% of their local party branches have to agree - and that includes not just branches consisting of individual party members, but branches of 'affiliated' trade unions, too. In other words, those unions that pay for a link to the Labour Party such as Unite and the GMB. Under the compromise plan, a contest would be triggered if just 30% of union or party branches agree. So the existing system of selections would be reformed rather than swept away. Part of the union There has, however, been a further wrangle over the compromise. The democracy review was sold as a way of empowering the membership and some on the left are fearful that it will instead further empower trade union leaders. Some local trade union branches have very few members while many of the branches consisting of fully-paid up individual party members are much larger. So a relatively small number of trade unionists could trigger a re-selection contest since it would be much easier to get 30% of trade union branches to give the sitting MP the thumbs down than 30% of the (often much larger) membership branches. There had been talk of a further compromise - giving less weight to smaller union branches. On the latest information I have, it looks like this further proposal may have been dropped. One NEC member suggested privately that the \"compromise\" - rather than either protecting sitting MPs or giving members a much greater say - would in effect allow Unite chief Len McCluskey \"to pick off whoever he wants\". So even the \"compromise\" hasn't been agreed. Not knowingly undersold, one insider said \"it could be war\". Follow the leader There has also been a change to the initial proposal for selecting Jeremy Corbyn's eventual successor. What was floated at the last meeting of the NEC was a new system which would allow a candidate to get nominated with the backing of just 5% of MPs (the current threshold is 10%) so long as either 10% of local constituency parties, or 10% of unions, also nominated them. Today the NEC will discuss a new proposal - a future leader would require not only the support of 10% of MPs and local parties but would now also require the support of two trade unions that account for 5% of 'affiliated' members. Complicated as that is (and believe it or not, I have simplified the options) the upshot is that a leadership candidate wouldn't get on the ballot without the backing of some big unions. And some Momentum activists are complaining that this would skew power away from rank and file party members and are pledging to oppose it. Momentum has been pressing its members to deluge the NEC with emails calling for the leadership threshold to be reduced to 5% of MPs and for any compromise on parliamentary selections to be ditched. \"Their phones are imploding under the weight of emails,\" one source said. The NEC is likely to be expanded to include, specifically, party members with disabilities and those from an ethnic minority background. But the proposal today is that these new places will be elected equally by unions and rank-and-file members, not just by the party membership alone. Local authority After the last NEC meeting, a Corbyn-sceptic told me he had \"kicked into the long grass\" a proposal that the leaders of local authority Labour groups would be elected by the wider membership and not just by councils. Well, someone has got the political lawnmower out, because it's back on the agenda now. And local government manifestos might be drawn up not by councillors but wider local government committees which include trade union nominees. Pretty vacant? Under the current system when an NEC place chosen by the members (the unions, councillors, shadow cabinet and MPs/MEPs have their own dedicated places) becomes vacant, the runner up in the annual elections is automatically promoted onto the NEC. I understand an NEC member is considering standing down and that would mean comedian Eddie Izzard (who wasn't supported by the left) would be elevated. But under proposals to be discussed today a by-election, seen as unnecessarily expensive by opponents, would be held in future - increasing the chance of a left-wing replacement A proposal to have existing NEC members choose amongst themselves who joins them has been dropped. Democracy is coming? Clearly there are plenty of issues still to be agreed, but whatever backroom deals are done, or compromises concluded, it's likely by the end of Labour conference that it will be easier to replace sitting MPs and that it's even more likely that someone on the left (not necessarily the so-called 'hard left') will replace Jeremy Corbyn when the time comes. And that the tension between a vision of a \"members-led\" party which Momentum has been advocating, and one where the big trade unions retain power, will continue."
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"Represent the example for the following task: Generate an appropriate title for the given text. The generated title must be short and include the main topic of the text. The preferred titles are under fifteen words.:",
"Simon JackBusiness editor They will meet on Monday afternoon to decide their response. The boss of the bank has described this plan as getting \"several holes in one in a row\". Golfers will know how hard that is and the wind of political risk has just picked up. If they do decide the plan is now too risky then the government may have no choice but to nationalise the bank. That would trigger a so-called \"bail in\" which means people who lent the bank money would have to write it off. Unfortunately, 65% of those creditors are ordinary retail investors so the damage would be widespread and politically toxic. There is another option. The Italian government could decide to simply break the rules and nationalise the bank without hitting small investors. That might be politically expedient but would be bitterly opposed in Germany and would set back immeasurably the project of banking union (separating the financial risk of banks from their governments - a move that came in response to the eurozone crisis of 2012). The money comes directly out of some small investors' pockets or it comes out of every citizen's taxes. The latter would be seen across Europe as a massive defeat in the battle to make sure taxpayers are not the first port of call when a bank fails. The fate of Europe's oldest and weakest bank has ramifications not just for Italy but for the entire European banking reform project."
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"Represent the example for the following task: Generate an appropriate title for the given text. The generated title must be short and include the main topic of the text. The preferred titles are under fifteen words.:",
"By Daniel NasawBBC News Magazine, Kansas On 2 November 1950, Father Kapaun made the decision that led to his death. The Korean war chaplain was in the middle of a firefight, with the American forces overrun by Chinese soldiers outside a crossroads town called Unsan in North Korea. Lighting forest fires to frustrate US reconnaissance planes, the Chinese surrounded the Americans and pressed in, attacking with small arms, grenades and even bayonets. Meanwhile, Chaplain Emil Kapaun, a Catholic priest from a farming village in Kansas, gathered the wounded in a dugout shelter made of logs and straw. When American officers ordered the able-bodied to retreat, Father Kapaun, a 35-year-old captain, refused to leave the wounded. As the Chinese soldiers began lobbing grenades into the dugout, Kapaun negotiated a surrender. \"Father Kapaun had several chances to get out,\" Warrant Officer John Funston later told a Catholic priest who collected accounts of Father Kapaun's actions in Korea, \"but he wouldn't take them.\" His capture and forced march northward with hundreds of other American prisoners was merely the beginning of Father Kapaun's trial, an ordeal that ended in his death from starvation, cold and lack of basic medical care at a prison camp in North Korea six months later. For his heroism, a group of Kansas politicians is pushing to have him awarded the Medal of Honor, America's highest military decoration. Reports of Kapaun's selfless bravery have got him shortlisted for another rare high honour: the Catholic Church has named Kapaun Servant of God, the first step toward sainthood, and the Vatican has opened a formal inquiry into whether he merits canonisation. If President Obama awards him the Medal of Honor, he will be just the fifth Catholic priest to receive the award - out of 3,458 American soldiers, sailors, marines and airmen who have won it. If he is named a saint, Kapaun will be the first member of the US military so honoured. \"He gave his life for those people that he was serving,\" says Father John Hotze, an investigator for the diocese advocating for Kapaun's canonisation. \"At the time of his death, he was giving his life for his fellow prisoners... and he was that example of Christ present in the world today.\" A small-town boy When Kapaun sailed to Korea from an occupation base in Japan, he was a physically fit, hardy priest whose rugged good looks recall a young Kirk Douglas. Those who knew him remembered him as a man's man who loved the rough army life, enjoyed bowling and talking sport with the lads, and who cared deeply for the young men under his care, be they Catholic, Protestant or Jewish. \"He was a strong, holy man and he was very determined to do what the bishop wanted him - help the boys,\" says his sister-in-law Helen Kapaun, 83. \"It's really hard to think of him as so brave and having so much courage and strength. Not because of what I had seen in him, only because I never realised he could be that strong and holy.\" Kapaun was born in 1916 to a poor family in Pilsen, a tiny farming community in central Kansas. Like other boys, he helped out on the farm, milking cows and tending livestock and weeding the garden. The resourcefulness, capacity for hard work and physical toughness needed to eke out a living on the prairie in the 1920s helped prepare him for the army - and the prison camp. Life in Pilsen centred on a small Catholic church where congregants confessed both in Czech and English, and from an early age, Kapaun earned a reputation as devout beyond his years. He left home at 14 for a Catholic boarding school run by Benedictine monks. In 1940, at age 24, Kapaun was ordained as a priest. He soon returned to give his first Mass at the church he was raised in. Pilsen celebrated him with a procession through the town. As America entered into World War II, other young men in town were leaving for the military. Kapaun wanted to join up as a chaplain, but his bishop refused. Instead, he settled into a familiar, if awkward, life as a young priest in the parish in which he was raised. \"There are people here, relatives and friends, who are superior to me (in age, in school, etc.),\" he wrote to his bishop, perhaps hinting delicately he thought he could better serve the church elsewhere. \"Some find it difficult to look up to me as their spiritual superior.\" Eventually the bishop relented, and in August 1944, Kapaun left for army chaplaincy training. 'A young calf' In his correspondence with friends, family and churchmen back home, Kapaun gushed with enthusiasm for his new role. \"Army life does a person a lot of good,\" he wrote to his parents. He particularly enjoyed the long marches. \"In the evening I feel as fresh as a young calf.\" After service in Burma and India, far from combat, Kapaun mustered out of the army in 1946. Life back in the States seemed to bore Kapaun. He completed a graduate degree in education in Washington DC, then returned to Kansas to take a position in Timken, a small town in need of a priest who could speak Czech. In summer 1948, Kapaun told the army he would return to the chaplaincy if given permission. On an army questionnaire, he specifically requested extended duty overseas, according to his biographer William Maher. So Kapaun again donned the uniform of a US Army officer, this time as a captain. In January 1950, he was crossing the Pacific for Japan, assigned to the 8th Cavalry Regiment of the 1st Cavalry Division. Those men were among the first US troops to join the fight in Korea, crossing the Sea of Japan and landing at Pohangdong, South Korea, in July 1950. \"Tomorrow we are going into combat,\" he wrote to Bishop Mark Carroll of Wichita. \"I have everything in order, all Mass stipends, my will, etc.\" Foxhole hopping Within days Kapaun and his comrades were on the front lines, engaged in heavy fighting against the North Korean forces. As a chaplain, Kapaun never appears to have fired on enemy forces personally, though he admitted to carrying a weapon at times. But he refused to stay behind, putting himself in as much danger as any of the grunts in his unit and exhibiting awe-inspiring bravery, his comrades have recounted to army and church investigators. With the troops dug into fighting positions, Kapaun would dash back and forth along the line, jumping from one foxhole to another to check on the men, pray with them and tend to the wounded. \"He came to me when I was in charge of setting up headquarters and asked if he could say Mass for the men in that area,\" Captain Joseph O'Connor recalled in 1954. \"I said, 'Father, things are pretty hot here at present and I don't think you should be up here.' Father said, 'Then I think we need a Mass, Captain'.\" He also administered last rites to countless dying soldiers, helped bury American and enemy dead, and wrote personal letters to the families of fallen soldiers. \"I have been on the front lines for eight days. We were machine-gunned, hit by mortars and tanks,\" he wrote to friends in Timken, Kansas. \"Three times we escaped with our lives... God has been good to me. Others have not been so fortunate. There are many horrors in war. A fellow can only stand so much.\" During a battle on 2 August 1950, Kapaun and another officer ran across the no man's land between the lines, dodging intense machine-gun and small-arms fire, to rescue a wounded soldier. For his efforts, Kapaun was awarded the Bronze Star, one of the highest combat decorations in the US military. 'Turned into animals' Kapaun had several close calls. During one battle, his tobacco pipe was shot from his mouth. In another, a 88mm tank shell whizzed by his head, knocking his helmet off. On the night of his capture at Unsan, Kapaun and about 15 to 25 wounded who could still walk left the dugout at gunpoint and joined hundreds of American prisoners on a long, desperate forced march northward, deeper into North Korea. Many of the men were too hurt to walk, and the Chinese soldiers abandoned anyone who fell behind to freeze to death. Survivors said that Kapaun, even as he was suffering frostbite on his feet, helped carry wounded men in litters hundreds of miles, shaming recalcitrant comrades into helping. Eventually, Kapaun and his fellow captives were imprisoned in a camp near Pyoktong, just south of the Yalu River. Dozens had fallen behind and died along the way. There, the Chinese and Korean captors held them in freezing and near-starving conditions. Kapaun sneaked around the camp stealing food - grain, potatoes, salt, peppers and garlic - from the Chinese stores, and fed his comrades from his own meagre rations. He tended the sick and wounded, bathing them and washing their clothes, day after day as conditions only worsened and more and more men perished. He served as a moral exemplar, survivors said, persuading the sickest and most miserable not to give up. \"By February and March, the majority of us had turned into animals, were fighting for food, irritable, selfish, miserly,\" recalled Captain Robert Burke in a 1954 letter to Father Arthur Tonne, a Kansas priest who compiled anecdotes about Kapaun. \"The good priest continued to keep a cool head, conduct himself as a human being, and maintain all his virtues and ideal characteristics. \"When the chips were down, Father proved himself to be the greatest example of manhood I've ever seen in my life.\" Through it all, the chaplain stubbornly refused to renounce his faith. He defied and confronted the guards during forced indoctrination sessions. At risk to his own safety and life, he would sneak about the camp to comfort and encourage the young enlisted men and hold secret prayer services. One survivor told Maher how Kapaun would carry a bucket on his furtive jaunts about the camp, to make it look as though he were on a chore if confronted. \"By his very presence, he could turn a stinking mud hut into a cathedral,\" the survivor, Lt Raymond Dowe, recounted to Maher. With little food, poor sanitation and almost no medical care, Kapaun's health deteriorated. By early spring he was limping from a blood clot in his leg and wore a patch over an infected eye. He contracted dysentery and pneumonia. After months in near-freezing and starving conditions, Kapaun died in late May 1951. \"In his last hour he heard my confession,\" a comrade named Felix McCool recalled in a letter to Father Tonne. \"Father Kapaun said: 'As you see, I am crying too, not tears of pain but tears of joy, because I'll be with my God in a short time.'\" Road to sainthood Father Kapaun was posthumously awarded the Distinguished Service Cross, the US Army's second-highest combat decoration, for his actions at Unsan. Under US law, the Medal of Honor must be recommended to the US president within two years of the deed and awarded within three years of the date of the deed. The campaign to recognise Kapaun comes as the White House said on Monday that President Obama would award a posthumous Medal of Honor to another US serviceman, Leslie Sabo, for his heroics during the Vietnam War in 1970. Sabo, 22, was recommended posthumously for the nation's highest award, but the citation ended up lost in military bureaucracy and was forgotten until 1999. Stories of Kapaun's heroics at the battle of Unsan began to trickle out right away, but his deeds at the prison camp remained mostly untold until 1953, when the North Koreans released the surviving Americans from Pyoktong. In recent years, members of Kansas's congressional delegation began lobbying their colleagues to waive the Medal of Honor time limit for Kapaun. The exemption was signed into law in December, and in January, the six congressmen and senators asked Secretary of Defence Leon Panetta to recommend that President Barack Obama award the medal - the penultimate step in a long bureaucratic process. \"He was an amazing man in multiple dimensions - in his life as a chaplain... and its intersection with his duty as a military leader,\" says Kansas Congressman Mike Pompeo. \"The two come together in these incredible stories of heroism at this difficult moment in our nation's history. He did this in a way that is so unique: not seeking glory or for himself, but always in service.\" It is unclear when or whether Mr Panetta and Mr Obama will award the medal, but Mr Pompeo says he is confident. Meanwhile, the effort of Father Hotze and the diocese of Wichita to win canonisation for Kapaun, which Father Hotze launched in 2001, has moved to Rome. There, the Vatican's Congregation for Saints will carry out its own investigation. Father Hotze speculates Kapaun was just a selfless individual whose natural inclination was to give what he had to others, including his energy and effort. On the farm in Kansas, that meant taking on whatever job was dustiest and hottest. As a young priest, it meant manual labour at the churchyard not typically performed by clergymen. But on the front lines and in the prison camp, that quality was magnified to heroic proportions because of the horrific situation in which it was expressed, Father Hotze says. \"He knew he was going to die, he had the courage and strength to realise a better way to face death is to realise you have helped these other people,\" he says. \"Even the heroic actions that he took they are not beyond the ability of any one of us. Each and every one of us can offer clothes, food, comfort, encouragement. \"He shows us that we too can be great, we too can be saintly people, based on our day-to-day actions.\""
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"Represent the example for the following task: Generate an appropriate title for the given text. The generated title must be short and include the main topic of the text. The preferred titles are under fifteen words.:",
"Pte George Henry Thompson was 26 when he died near the German town of Wittenburg in 1945. Thompson, from Tynemouth, had been captured five years previously during the Allied forces' retreat to Dunkirk. His final resting place has been confirmed following research by the Green Howards Museum in Richmond. The Long March Thompson joined the 4th Battalion of the Yorkshire regiment and was deployed to France in February 1940. He was captured by German forces at Athies and imprisoned at Stalag XX(A), a camp south of Torun in occupied Poland. In 1945 and with the Soviets closing in, the Germans moved their POWs further west in what became known as the Long March. Forced to walk up to 28 miles (45km) a day through snow with scant clothing and only four potatoes to eat, many prisoners like Thompson succumbed to disease, hypothermia or cruelty of their guards. Where he was buried was a mystery until a researcher, Steve Foster, who was looking into his father's time as a POW, found a grave in Wittenburg cemetery marked \"unbekannt Englische soldat\" (unknown English soldier). 'Final whisper heard' Steve Erskine, assistant curator at the Green Howards Museum, said: \"No military action had taken place at Wittenburg, there were no records of any British soldier being involved in a fatal accident in the area; the only explanation was that a POW from a column on the Long March was buried in the plot and, given this logic and the circumstances, we concluded this must be George Thompson's last resting place.\" The Commonwealth War Graves Commission has now agreed to replace the German headstone with one saying the grave is believed to be that of Thompson. Mr Erskine said he had hoped to find relatives of the soldier but none could be located before the grave was rededicated on Friday. He said: \"Soon, George's name will be removed from the wall of missing servicemen at the Dunkirk memorial. \"It's taken some unrelated family history research, more than 70 years, and a certain amount of persuasion, but Private George Thompson's whisper has finally been heard.\""
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"Represent the example for the following task: Generate an appropriate title for the given text. The generated title must be short and include the main topic of the text. The preferred titles are under fifteen words.:",
"In a new report, it said most North Koreans also lacked access to basic healthcare or sanitation. Diarrhoea and pneumonia are the two main causes of death for children under five, the report said. Humanitarian needs had been exacerbated by \"recurrent natural hazards\", such as frequent floods and drought. \"Amidst political tensions, an estimated 18 million people across DPRK [North Korea] continue to suffer from food insecurity and undernutrition, as well as a lack of access to basic services,\" the UN report said. \"Furthermore, 10.5 million people, or 41% of the total population, are undernourished.\" Isolated North Korea, which has a population of about 25 million, has faced significant food shortages for years. Hundreds of thousands are believed to have died during a widespread famine in the 1990s. The UN report said the situation had improved since then, \"in part as a result of humanitarian assistance\". However, two-thirds of North Koreans still depend on food being distributed by the state. The UN report said rations of items such as cereals and potatoes had been reduced from 380g per person per day to just 300g for several months last year. \"Fluctuations over the year are normal,\" it said, but added that state \"rations are consistently lower than the government target of an average of 573g per person per day\". North Korea is heavily sanctioned under UN resolutions for its nuclear and missile tests. The report said international sanctions had affected humanitarian efforts, making it more difficult for agencies to transfer funds and equipment. It also noted a \"radical decline in donor funding since 2012\". \"As a result agencies have been forced to significantly reduce the assistance they provide. Consequently, critical needs of some of the most vulnerable have not been met. \"More predictable funding is urgently required to ensure the immediate needs of the most vulnerable are addressed.\""
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"Represent the example for the following task: Generate an appropriate title for the given text. The generated title must be short and include the main topic of the text. The preferred titles are under fifteen words.:",
"Onasi Olio-Rojas, 20, was filming himself while weaving in and out of traffic on US Route 6 in Providence, Rhode Island, when he lost control of his car on Wednesday. He was seriously injured after hitting a rubbish truck which was pulling onto the road and crossed three lanes before hitting a concrete barrier. Police say they're considering bringing charges against him. \"It's a grand slam of things not to do,\" Captain John Allen of the Rhode Island State Police told NBC 10 WJAR. \"Phone in your hand. No seat belt. Travelling at a high rate of speed. In and out of traffic. \"Some of the speeds you see on that video are incredible. [He's] clearly way out of control.\" This is what Onasi Olio-Rojas' car looked like after the crash. Providence firefighters also posted this photo on Twitter. Police say Onasi Olio-Rojas was driving with a suspended licence at the time of the accident and he's had two previous accidents this year. He was taken to hospital in February with minor injuries after a crash with another driver and was pulled over in May for driving on the hard shoulder, aggressive driving and texting while driving. Officers say they're still investigating this latest case and they may bring charges of reckless driving, speeding and driving with a suspended licence. The crash also caused hours of delays as emergency services cut the 20-year-old out of his car. The truck driver wasn't hurt. It appears that Facebook has taken down Onasi Olio-Rojas' account. This is photo of the truck that the driver hit. Find us on Instagram at BBCNewsbeat and follow us on Snapchat, search for bbc_newsbeat"
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"Represent the example for the following task: Generate an appropriate title for the given text. The generated title must be short and include the main topic of the text. The preferred titles are under fifteen words.:",
"The driver suffered minor injuries and told police she was using the car's driver-assisting Autopilot mode. The crash has similarities to other incidents, including a fatal crash in Florida where the driver's \"over-reliance on vehicle automation\" was determined as a probable cause. Tesla has said customers are reminded they must \"maintain control of the vehicle at all times\". In a statement, it added: \"When using Autopilot, drivers are continuously reminded of their responsibility to keep their hands on the wheel.\" As yet, it has still to be confirmed that the Autopilot mode was indeed engaged. The California crash appears to be the latest example of semi-autonomous vehicles struggling to detect stationary objects. A Tesla driving in Autopilot hit a stationary fire engine in Utah in May. According to a police report obtained by the Associated Press, the Tesla accelerated before it hit the vehicle. It has also emerged that a Tesla Model 3 driver has blamed Autopilot for a crash in Greece last Friday, in which the car suddenly veered right \"without warning\". The motorist, You You Xue, voiced his concerns about Autopilot on Facebook. \"The vigilance required to use the software, such as keeping both hands on the wheel and constantly monitoring the system for malfunctions or abnormal behaviour, arguably requires significantly more attention than just driving the vehicle normally,\" he wrote. One influential tech industry-watcher has raised concern about Tesla's software, noting that Google's car division has claimed that an all-or-nothing approach is safer. \"There is a serious argument that the incremental, 'level 2/3' approach to autonomous cars followed by Tesla, where the human isn't driving but might have to grab the wheel at any time, is actively dangerous and a technical dead end,\" tweeted, a partner at the venture capital firm Andreessen Horowitz. \"Waymo decided not to do this at all.\" It is not the first time the Autopilot feature has been linked to dangerous behaviour. In England, a driver was banned from driving after putting his Tesla in Autopilot on the M1 and sitting in the passenger seat. 'Deceptive' naming The news comes after two US rights groups urged the Federal Trade Commission to investigate Tesla over its marketing of the assisted driving software. The Center for Auto Safety and Consumer Watchdog said it should be \"reasonable\" for Tesla owners to believe that their car should be able to drive itself on Autopilot. It called the naming of the Autopilot \"deceptive and misleading\". Media questions The chief executive of Tesla, Elon Musk, has previously complained abut media attention on Tesla crashes. He tweeted: \"It's super messed up that a Tesla crash resulting in a broken ankle is front page news and the ~40,000 people who died in US auto accidents alone in past year get almost no coverage.\" His comments received support from prominent academic and psychologist Steven Pinker, who has in the past voiced concerns about Tesla's Autopilot."
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"Represent the example for the following task: Generate an appropriate title for the given text. The generated title must be short and include the main topic of the text. The preferred titles are under fifteen words.:",
"By Claire BatesBBC News Magazine Jeremy Vine was cycling home down a narrow road last Friday when he was tailgated by an impatient driver who jumped out of her car, shouted at him and appeared to kick his bike. Later she threatened to \"knock [Vine] out\" and warned: \"I could be done for murder.\" Like many other cyclists who've experienced similar treatment, Vine had filmed the incident and posted footage on Facebook, as well as passing it on to police. Cycle cameras were first sold as accessories for recreational riders to allow them to edit and create films of their journeys. One of the first was the GoPro video camera, which launched in 2006. But it soon became apparent they were useful for recording collisions. Cyclists began posting near-misses and other dangerous driving on video-sharing websites like YouTube. The roads can be dangerous places for cyclists, who are particularly vulnerable to injury. In 2014, 21,287 cyclists were injured in reported road accidents, according to the Royal Society for the Prevention of Accidents (RoSPA). This included 3,514 who were killed or seriously injured. There aren't any statistics showing if helmet cameras have made the roads any safer for cyclists. However, motoring journalist Quentin Willson thinks the more cameras - including dashboard cameras in cars - there are on the roads the better, because they are more likely to deter bad behaviour. \"I think cars should have dashcams and cyclist should have headcams. If drivers and cyclists are driving properly, then neither should have a problem with being filmed,\" he says. Conventional methods enforcing road safety aren't working, Willson says. He'd like to see insurance companies offering discounts to drivers with dashboard cameras to help tackle problems caused by a \"motoring underclass\" of bad and often uninsured drivers: \"They may be angry being filmed but anything that brings them to book is good, I think.\" Footage of road rage attacks on cyclists has a habit of going viral. A driver caught on camera verbally abusing a cyclist in south London last year suffered a torrent of abuse online after the footage was shared on social media. But there are concerns that as well as inflaming confrontations, such footage may also be fuelling a motorist vs cyclist mentality. In 2014, The Daily Telegraph's Andrew Critchlow warned that \"self-appointed digital road vigilantes\" were doing more harm than good. Comment boards under road rage videos often descend into a war of words between motorist and cyclists, each accusing the other of unsafe road use. Facebook comments under Jeremy Vine's video are also mixed. Michael Hutchinson, former Commonwealth Games cyclist and columnist for Cycling Weekly, is sceptical about the effectiveness of cycle and dashboard cameras. \"I don't think, day-to-day, it makes a difference to safety on the roads. I think cameras aren't that common at the moment and so people who are reacting on the roads, like in the Jeremy Vine case, probably don't stop to consider if they are being filmed before taking action,\" Hutchinson says. \"In these incidents I suspect the perpetrators aren't rationally thinking their behaviour through.\" Hutchinson does think that they can play an important part after a road rage attack has taken place, however: \"One problem cyclists often have is when they report an incident to police, they are told 'prove it', and helmet camera provides some evidence. It also helps with insurance providers if it's one person's word against another.\" Today, both helmetcam and dashcam footage are increasingly used as evidence in both civil and criminal courts, according to personal injury solicitors Claims Action. They play the same role as CCTV footage. According to the company's website, in order to admit a video recording from a helmet camera as evidence, it must be downloaded onto a CD and be accompanied by a certificate countersigned by a solicitor stating that it has not been altered. However, while road rage incidents may generate clicks and shares, this kind of assault doesn't appear to be the biggest danger facing cyclists. According to RoSPA figures for 2013, \"failing to look properly\" was the highest known contributory factor to an accident involving at least one cyclist and another vehicle. Their records showed that one third of the 9,375 incidents were caused by cyclists while two thirds were caused by drivers of other vehicles. And while the presence of a camera might conceivably make a motorist think twice about launching a road rage attack, it's less clear whether it will encourage drivers and cyclists alike to pay attention to the road. Follow @BBCNewsMagazine on Twitter and on Facebook"
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"Represent the example for the following task: Generate an appropriate title for the given text. The generated title must be short and include the main topic of the text. The preferred titles are under fifteen words.:",
"Peter Pickering, 80, raped and abducted the then-18-year-old in 1972 after luring her into his van. Weeks later, he raped and killed schoolgirl Shirley Boldy, 14. He admitted her manslaughter and has been under a hospital order since. Jurors at Leeds Crown Court took just two hours to return guilty verdicts. More stories from across Yorkshire The court heard Pickering had picked the woman up in his van as she walked to work in the Stocksbridge area of South Yorkshire. Now in her sixties, the woman said that after getting in to the van voluntarily Pickering had driven to a secluded spot where he went \"berserk\". He switched from being being amiable and pleasant to acting like a \"mad man\", she said, handcuffing her burning her breasts with cigarettes and said \"I suppose I'm going to have to kill you now.\" The woman said: \"I was stunned into silence. I just thought I was going to die. I had no doubt in my mind that was what he intended.\" 'Sex maniac proper' Jurors heard how, three to four weeks after the attack, Pickering abducted, raped and killed Shirley Boldy in Barnsley. The woman told jurors she did not think she would have been believed if she had reported the attack in the 1970s, and had to be persuaded by police to co-operate in 2016. She said: \"I remain of the fervent belief that whether he has a mental illness or not the man is a monster and wherever he is now that's the right place for him to be.\" The court heard Pickering was caught when police were alerted by comments he made to doctors found in medical notes. They also found a pair of handcuffs, believed to have been used in the attack on the woman, and exercise books filled with Pickering's fantasies in a garage he rented in Sheffield. One of the messages said: \"Sex is predominant in my mind, eclipsing all else. Maybe I will be a sex maniac proper. Rape, torture, kill.\" Pickering, who did not give evidence during the trial, is due to be sentenced at a later date. The judge, Mr Justice Goss, said he needed new reports on the defendant's mental state to be prepared. He told Pickering, who appeared by video link and was seen leaning on a walking stick, that he would be subject to his continuing hospital order until a date for sentencing is fixed. Pickering's barrister, Sasha Wass QC, asked the judge if her client could be sentenced in Reading or Swindon - closer to Thornford Park Hospital, in Berkshire, where he is being held. Det Supt Nick Wallen, of West Yorkshire Police, said: \"His victim has had to live a lifetime of knowing that Pickering, while not at large, had not answered for the dreadful and terrifying ordeal he put her through on that evening.\""
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"Represent the example for the following task: Generate an appropriate title for the given text. The generated title must be short and include the main topic of the text. The preferred titles are under fifteen words.:",
"Roger Dodds, 81, also abused colleagues while working for Sheffield City Council's education department between 1975 and 1993. The council has been accused of failing to act and moved Dodds to a position working with schools after complaints. It said it was now \"deeply sorry\". In December Dodds admitted indecently assaulting four men and a young boy. In a statement read out in court, one of Dodds' victims said the abuse made him feel such \"shame and disgust\" he was unable to tell anyone for 20 years. \"His left hand started to feel its way into my right jeans pocket. When that started to happen, I just became frozen and unable to move.\" Anonymous victim In the 1970s Dodds, of Cotswold Road, Sheffield, was responsible for providing grants to college and university students. The court heard he had used his position to abuse teenagers, forcing students to engage in sexual acts in order to get grant payments. He also indecently assaulted colleagues. The court heard Dodds had shown no remorse. Dodds had known the athlete Sebastian Coe, the court was told, and had lured a child victim by telling him he could meet him, although the meeting never happened. Read more about this and other stories from across Yorkshire His offending went unchallenged despite his victims alerting his employers and two separate internal investigations held into allegations made against him. In the 1980s he was investigated by Sheffield City Council following complaints from colleagues but was moved to a different council post, working with schools. Further allegations in 1993 led to a second council investigation after which Dodds was allowed to take an early retirement package with an enhanced pension. One employee said hearing about the complaints gave him the courage to tell managers about the abuse he had been subjected to. 'Really horrible man' The five victims were at Sheffield Crown Court to hear him sentenced. In an impact statement read out in court, one victim said he was just 17 when he was abused by Dodds which had left him feeling such \"shame and disgust\" he was unable to tell anyone for 20 years. He said: \"I went in complete trust to the council buildings to pick up expenses that I needed. \"What happened to me in those council offices shaped my view about myself and other people.\" One victim told the BBC he held the council responsible for the abuse he suffered. \"I was the victim of a really horrible man,\" he said. \"The council are so responsible. I even think at times the council are more responsible than he was. They allowed it to happen. Everyone knew. Everyone in the council knew but they chose to do nothing about it.\" Another victim, Richard Rowe, who waived his legal right to anonymity, said he was subjected to \"terrifying\" assaults over an 18-month period. However, he said when he told council colleagues what was happening, he was told to stay quiet. Another man said he believed more victims might still come forward. \"We are just the tip of the iceberg,\" he said. Dodds was initially arrested and interviewed in May 2008 following complaints. However, the Crown Prosecution Service (CPS) decided to take no further action against him. 'Never defend indefensible' Those earlier complaints were reviewed by the CPS following a new allegation in 2014 and a decision was made to charge him with all the complaints in 2016. Sheffield City Council said it welcomed the fact Dodds had been brought to justice. Jayne Ludlam, executive director for Children, Young People and Families, said the authority's thoughts were with the victims. She added: \"We are deeply sorry that Dodds committed these offences while working at Sheffield City Council decades ago. \"We are glad to see that, finally, such cases of historic abuse are coming before the courts, justice is being done, and victims are having their voices heard. \"Despite the fact that this happened more than a quarter of a century ago, we have accepted responsibility and would never defend the indefensible.\" South Yorkshire Police said Dodds' sentencing marked the culmination of a lengthy police investigation into his behaviour over several decades."
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"Represent the example for the following task: Generate an appropriate title for the given text. The generated title must be short and include the main topic of the text. The preferred titles are under fifteen words.:",
"By Rebecca HenschkeBBC News, Jakarta The second time I met Mama Yuli she told me she had killed someone once. Knifed him. I scanned the heavily made-up face carefully, the eyes rimmed by fake eyelashes and bright red-painted lips, to see if she was teasing me. I decided she wasn't. Years later she said there had been a misunderstanding - and that what she had meant was that she would do anything to protect her fellow prostitutes. Mama Yuli - Yulianus Rettoblaut, to use her full name - grew up in a remote village on the island of Papua, in the east of Indonesia. It was a lonely place to be when, at the age of 11, she started to realise she wasn't straight. \"I started feeling attracted to men. I thought: 'What is this feeling; is it an illness?' There was no-one there who was transgender, or gay. \"It was not until I was 18 - when a friend at university who was also transgender took me to Jakarta - that I realised there was this whole other world that existed.\" In the megacity of Jakarta she was not alone. \"I felt like a weight had been lifted from me. I saw that if we wear beautiful clothes and make-up you could easily attract guys,\" she says. Waria are often lusted after - most work as prostitutes. Many are also rejected by their families, and as Indonesia embraces a stricter version of Islam, they are increasingly despised, or even attacked by vigilantes. Mama Yuli takes me one night to a spot near a railway line to meet Irna, who is dressed in skin-tight clothes, showing off her cleavage. While gender reassignment surgery is far too expensive for most Waria, many save up and get simple breast operations. Irna takes her customers to a small tent next to the tracks. The place reeks of urine. \"I have been stripped naked, beaten and my face slashed with a knife,\" she says. \"And they chant 'Allahu Akbar' while they hit us.\" Mama Yuli says she wasn't pretty enough to become a prostitute, so instead she became their protector. And it was while she was working with the prostitutes that she heard her parents had died. To this day she feels somehow responsible. \"They were so disappointed that I was wearing women's clothes that they died,\" she says. \"It's as if I killed them.\" Find out more When she went home for the funeral her brother, a policeman, put a gun to her head and threatened to kill her. \"He said I had shamed my family,\" she says. \"They shaved off my long hair, but I managed to escape. I decided then that I needed to prove that I wasn't worthless.\" She is now the first Waria to hold a master's degree in law and has set up Indonesia's first care home for elderly transgender people who have been disowned by their families. And she runs the annual Miss Waria beauty pageants - which is the reason for a recent telephone call. \"We need you as a judge,\" Mama Yuli cries down the phone. \"You need to be one of the judges for Miss Waria Indonesia, Reeebeecca,\" she insists. I am slightly apprehensive. But you don't mess with Mama Yuli. For a few years the pageants took place out in the open, but recently they have been raided by the vigilantes, so this one is happening in secret. Mama Yuli tells me firmly - many times - not to invite any local journalists along. But it's not hard to find. \"You here to see the beautiful Waria?\" asks a street vendor who sees me staring at a map on my phone. \"Over there, in that old school hall!\" he tells me excitedly. Number 10 from Papua, number nine from Sulawesi, number seven from Bali… The crowd goes wild as Waria from all over this diverse archipelago take to the stage in revealing sequined dresses. It's one of the few occasions when they can party so freely. In ridiculously high heels, contestants strut down the catwalk in time to pumping techno beats. Backstage, hair and make-up artists have been working on them all day. It's a serious business and they look amazing. On the judging panel with me are a gay TV heart-throb, a stunningly beautiful former Miss Waria Indonesia, a leading Waria human rights activist, and a man dressed in a white robe and Islamic prayer hat. \"Who is that man in the white robe?\" I ask. \"She is a Waria from Sulawesi,\" Mama Yuli explains. \"They are revered and respected as prayer leaders.\" I try to take careful, fair notes as I watch the explosion of colour and bare skin. \"Number seven - nice smile. I like the red shoes on number three. Cool that number one is wearing traditional dress.\" But it all becomes a blur. After what seems like hours we are called into a side room. Decision time. The gay heart-throb wants the most beautiful \"female-looking Waria\" to win. \"He looks sooo like a woman,\" he gushes. \"If that's all we are looking for then go watch Miss Indonesia,\" snaps the activist. We need someone to lead us. It's starting to get heated when Mama Yuli's faithful assistant rushes over and hands us all a note. On it is her list of winners. \"What's this?\" asks the TV star. \"Mama Yuli has decided,\" is the reply. Any debate is over. No-one messes with Mama Yuli. Recently her brother - the one who threatened to shoot her - visited her old people's home. \"Our family is very proud of you,\" he told her. \"You are famous and doing good work.\" As she tells me about it, the tears mess up her make-up. Correction 19 May 2017: This story has been amended to include later clarification by Mama Yuli of her comment about having killed someone. Join the conversation - find us on Facebook, Instagram, Snapchat and Twitter."
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"Represent the example for the following task: Generate an appropriate title for the given text. The generated title must be short and include the main topic of the text. The preferred titles are under fifteen words.:",
"Chris CookPolicy editor, Newsnight The original transparency legislation, passed in 2000, contained a provision which gave the Cabinet the right to simply kill requests even if a court had ordered that the request be answered. It was used, for example, to block requests for documents relating to the decision to go to war in Iraq, the recent English NHS reforms and the proposed High Speed 2 rail link. The judges, however, concluded that the veto was an unlawful provision: they did not like the notion that the executive could simply overrule a court without any constraint. So, for now, the Act is operating without a backstop by which ministers can zap requests. So if members of the public go back for those vetoed releases now, they might well be able to get them. That ministers want to bring in fresh law to reintroduce the veto is not an enormous surprise. David Cameron responded to the court ruling at the time by stating: \"If the legislation does not make Parliament's intentions for the veto clear enough, then we will need to make it clearer\". There are some things to be aware of. The civil service proposals First, whatever happens, there will be no further royal letters. The law has already been amended to make this release into a one-off. Second, while some form of veto may return for the FoI Act, it is not quite clear what it will cover. To conform with the judges' wishes, it would need to be reconfigured and constrained in some way. Third, there are parts of the old veto that are not coming back. The little-known Europe-wide Environmental Information Regulations cover information releases about physical spaces or the environment. It is a tough little law, which is hard to avoid. And its roots in European law mean that it is harder to change than the conventional Freedom of Information Act. So that is now probably veto-free forever. Fourth, I would not be surprised if they used the opportunity to cut back transparency requirements. As I wrote in March, a senior legal official told me they might \"sort out a few other things while the patient is on the table\". Requesters should be nervous. So what exactly might they do? The civil service has proposed previously that time officials spent \"considering\" requests and redacting them should be capped. These proposals could be lethal to the act in Whitehall. At the moment, officials are asked to estimate how much time it would take to find documents. If the estimate is that it could cost more than a certain limit, they go no further. A common complaint about the lowest transparency departments is that they often lie to inflate these costs so they can refuse releases. Now imagine how much worse that would be if they were also asked to add in how much time they expect to spend \"thinking\" about a request and the amount of time they might need to spend blacking out contentious information. It would be an invitation for the worst parts of Whitehall to refuse requests at will. You might think that sounds conspiratorial. It is. But remember how much some parts of the civil service hate transparency. It is already quite common for officials to mark documents as \"policy\" and \"sensitive\" because they (incorrectly) think it will make it easier to refuse requests. The Department for Education installed an instant messenger system that is set up to destroy data immediately so conversations are never recorded and so can never be requested. The enforcement problem Indeed, at the moment, officials know that in some departments, finding innovative ways to refuse requests is a way to win kudos from senior mandarins. Requests signed off by Roger Smethurst in the Cabinet Office and Nicholas Howard in Downing Street both stand out for their determination to avoid disclosure. That dark corner of Whitehall is particularly secretive. Indeed, Sue Gray (job title: \"Director General, Propriety and Ethics Team\") at the Cabinet Office has given advice to special advisers on how to destroy data in their email accounts specifically in order to avoid needing to make disclosure. She has also pressed officials in other departments to resist releases, even ones they were relatively relaxed about making. Why does this keep happening? Well, the Information Commissioner's Office, which is responsible for enforcing the act, is routinely quizzed about this (often by me). But nothing ever happens. Indeed, the continued refusal to act against the worst offender has spawned its own website, simply entitled: \"Has The ICO Issued An Enforcement Notice Against the Cabinet Office Yet?\" Even before one considers what officials might now try to do to our most important transparency law, it is important to note how weak the act is already. There is a serious compliance problem in Whitehall, and the ICO has decided not to do anything about it."
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"Represent the example for the following task: Generate an appropriate title for the given text. The generated title must be short and include the main topic of the text. The preferred titles are under fifteen words.:",
"The government's proposal is to make more use of what's known as a Closed Material Procedure (CMP) in civil law - ie, cases that are not criminal trials. Under CMP, part of the case is argued behind closed doors so that the government can reveal sensitive national security information, such as an intelligence assessment by MI5. The information is revealed to the judge and security-vetted lawyers called Special Advocates. The system has been approved by the European Court of Human Rights - but opponents say it can never be completely fair. CASES WHERE THERE ARE ALREADY CLOSED HEARINGS National Security deportations The CMP system was developed in the late 1990s because the European Court said that the-then system for deporting people who were judged a threat to national security was unfair. Today, in these cases, the person who the government wants to remove from the UK challenges the deportation order at the Special Immigration Appeals Commission. The most well-known case before it is that of radical cleric Abu Qatada. In this semi-secret court, the person who is appealing against deportation makes their case and then the commission goes into a secret hearing. During that session, the full national security case is outlined - meaning sensitive secret intelligence assessments. A Special Advocate argues against it on behalf of the appellant - but cannot go back to their client to ask them for a response to specific points. Terrorism Prevention and Investigation Measures These are the house-arrest style conditions imposed on some terrorism suspects - the system used to be called Control Orders. A challenge to a T-PIM is similar to those in national security deportations - there is an open and closed element of the case. In theory, the final public judgement includes as much detail as possible because Britain's top judges have ruled that each suspect needs to have a proper idea of the secret case against them, even if sensitive intelligence-gathering techniques must be protected. Other cases Closed hearings have featured in an employment tribunal where an immigration officer lost his security clearance because he was related to a man convicted over the 2006 airlines liquid bomb plot. Closed hearings have also featured at the Parole Board where a release is being challenged - but the reasons are too sensitive to reveal to the prisoner. CASES WHERE THERE COULD BE CLOSED HEARINGS Some of the cases detailed below have already been through the courts. Each represents a situation where the government would want to use closed hearings to defend itself and protect sensitive information. Binyam Mohamed Binyam Mohamed was detained in the wake of the US-led invasion of Afghanistan. Pakistani interrogators first beat him and then the US organised his rendition to Morocco. He was tortured and, at one point, they took a scalpel to his genitals. He ended up in Guantanamo Bay. His British lawyers fought a long-battle to prove that London had some indication of his treatment before he was taken to Morocco. They argued that information helped prove that any confession he had made was worthless. He won his case and the Court of Appeal released seven sensitive paragraphs detailing what Washington had told London. In this case, the government argued that the information could not be released because it belonged to the US intelligence agencies - and that it was given to the UK on the basis that it would never be released. In actual fact, the Court of Appeal in London only released it after it had been published by a US judge. Guantanamo Bay detainees Men from the UK who were held at Guantanamo sued the government for damages for its alleged complicity in their detention and transfer to the US military camp. The case was focused on documents alleging that the UK knew what was happening to the men and could have stopped it. Ministers authorised a multi-million pound settlement to make the men drop their cases and so prevent any documents seeing the light of day. The Supreme Court ruled that the government could not withhold information in cases like these. If the new law goes ahead, this is precisely the kind of case that would be affected because the government could produce material behind closed doors to defend itself. Libyan rendition cases Two former Libyan dissidents, Sami al-Saadi and Abdul Hakim Belhadj, allege that the UK was involved in their kidnap and rendition. They say they were tortured in one of Colonel Gaddafi's prisons. The men are preparing their cases which are largely based on documents uncovered during the dictator's overthrow. If these men had attempted to bring their cases without already having seen the documents, the case would be similar to the Guantanamo Bay legal action. Drone strikes Noor Khan is a Pakistani man who says his father was killed by a US drone strike. His British lawyers have begun an action alleging that GCHQ, the government's secret communications centre, may be helping to provide the US with information used to identify targets. We don't know whether this is true or not - but if the case ever gets to court, the government would want to use a closed procedure to protect GCHQ's workings. Citizenship cases In a recent ruling , the High Court said that the government could not use closed material in cases where people have been denied citizenship. The cases involve people who have been told they cannot have a British passport because they are not of good character. But in each case, the home secretary has not revealed the full reasons because she says it would be harmful to national security. What that means is that there is some kind of secret assessment of the individual and to reveal it would give away how the government came to that conclusion. In the case, Mr Justice Ouseley said that the parties could not voluntarily agree to a closed procedure - and that Parliament would have to legislate. The UK Human Rights Blog, edited by lawyers, explains the cases in full here ."
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"Represent the example for the following task: Generate an appropriate title for the given text. The generated title must be short and include the main topic of the text. The preferred titles are under fifteen words.:",
"Martin RosenbaumFreedom of information specialist It is a document that was never used. It was prepared by the civil service in case the 1992 general election resulted in a Labour victory and Neil Kinnock became prime minister. This is the front page of a set of procedural guidelines that would have been distributed to his ministerial team under his name, if his government had ever been formed - it has the initials NK at the bottom. It is one of a number of official papers prepared for the possibility of a Kinnock premiership, which I have been trying to obtain under freedom of information. The Cabinet Office turned down my request for them, the Information Commissioner upheld this refusal for the bulk of the material, but instructed the Cabinet Office to release this particular document. Each incoming prime minister has issued procedural guidance to ministerial colleagues since Clement Attlee in 1945. A version was first publicly disclosed in 1996, by the man who beat Lord Kinnock, Sir John Major. It is now routinely published today as the Ministerial Code. Pledged But the intriguing feature of the Kinnock version is point two, where the draft says he will publish this guidance note \"in accordance with our policy on freedom of information\". In 1992 Labour pledged to introduce a Freedom of Information Act, and the officials who drafted this document were clearly anticipating that policy. Given that the Cabinet Office was preparing to release this paper in 1992 in line with a predicted Freedom of Information law, it seems puzzling and ironic that - despite a real FOI law now existing - it refused to disclose it over 20 years later until ordered to do so by the Information Commissioner. As for the other documents prepared for Neil Kinnock in 1992, the BBC is appealing the case to the Information Rights Tribunal. The government argues that releasing them would encourage officials to write future briefings that are \"excessively detailed\" and \"verbose\"."
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"Represent the example for the following task: Generate an appropriate title for the given text. The generated title must be short and include the main topic of the text. The preferred titles are under fifteen words.:",
"The support will go directly to those injured and displaced by the explosion, providing access to food and medicine as well as other urgent supplies. The UK, which has already given £5m to the emergency relief effort, said it showed its commitment to \"stand by\" the Lebanese people in their hour of need. France's Emmanuel Macron has warned the country's future is \"at stake\". Addressing a virtual meeting of world leaders to discuss the economic and political fallout from the tragedy, the French president said it was a \"wake-up call\" for the Lebanese government and the international community had a huge stake in the country's \"reconstruction\" to help ensure regional stability. The blast in the city's port destroyed large parts of the surrounding area, killing more than 150 people, injuring more than 5,000 and leaving more than 300,000 homeless. In a phone call with the Lebanese president on Saturday, Prime Minister Boris Johnson said the UK would \"stand by the country in its hour of need\". In the immediate aftermath of the disaster, the UK offered £5m in emergency support, £3m of it for the British Red Cross. It is now proposing to give a further £20m to the World Food Programme, run by the United Nations. The extra money comes after an assessment of the health situation on the ground by a team of specialist UK medics, who arrived in the city on Friday. \"The devastation we have seen in Lebanon this week has left people without homes, medical care and wondering how long it will be until the country's food supplies run out,\" International Development Secretary Anne-Marie Trevelyan said. \"Today the world is coming together to stand by the Lebanese people, and as one of the biggest donors to this crisis so far, the UK is pledging more urgent support to help all those affected by this terrible disaster.\" In response, the World Food Programme said it was grateful for the \"swift and heart-warming response\". Ms Trevelyan is representing the UK at Sunday's donors' event, which is being chaired by UN Secretary General Antonio Guterres and Mr Macron. Officials estimate the blast at the warehouse, which stored more than 2,000 tonnes of ammonium nitrate, caused up to £11.5bn in damage. One British aid worker told the PA news agency that the explosion had had a \"devastating\" impact on the city. \"The area of affected property is massive,\" Rob Davis, from Search and Rescue Assistance in Disasters, said. He and other volunteers have been trying to find survivors and evaluate the structural safety of buildings hit by the blast. He told PA that buildings more than six miles from the epicentre of the blast had been damaged. 'Time for action' The explosion has left many homes without water or electricity while the city's hospitals, already dealing with a spike in Covid-19 cases, risk being overwhelmed. Amid growing popular anger at the Lebanese government and the country's economic stagnation, Mr Macron told Sunday's meeting that its people needed help now. He urged the Lebanese authorities to co-operate with its allies in the region and the West to stop other countries who wanted to sow \"division and chaos\". \"The time to wake up and for action has come,\" he said. \"The Lebanese authorities must now make political and economic reforms, demanded by the Lebanese people and through which can permit the international community to act efficiently for the reconstruction of Lebanon. \"I think at this moment, over these days the future of Lebanon is at stake. The future of the Lebanese people but also a whole region.\""
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"Represent the example for the following task: Generate an appropriate title for the given text. The generated title must be short and include the main topic of the text. The preferred titles are under fifteen words.:",
"Newly-elected Labour MP Emma Coat Dent called for the situation to be addressed by Kensington and Chelsea Borough Council \"without delay\". Tottenham MP David Lammy said claims the survivors of Grenfell Tower had been given so little was \"outrageous\". Downing Street later said residents who lost their homes will receive a down-payment of at least £5,500 from Monday. The prime minister said residents would be given £500 in cash followed by a bank payment for the rest of the funds. More than £2.8m has been donated in total for the victims' fund and Theresa May has pledged £5m in emergency funds. At least 58 people are dead - or missing, presumed dead - following the blaze early on Wednesday. Police fear that number may rise and the BBC understands about 70 people may have been killed. 'Victorian England' In a letter to Home Secretary Amber Rudd, Ms Coat Dent wrote: \"I have been told that some people who have lost their homes have been sent out of borough and are being given only £10 per day subsistence. If this is accurate it must be addressed without delay. \"A very firm commitment that in the short, mid and long-term, residents affected are located within the borough or in close neighbouring boroughs - so they are close to their local networks, schools, work and communities - must be formally announced and communicated to all residents without delay.\" Labour MP David Lammy said he had heard similar stories when he met local people on Saturday. Mr Lammy told ITV's Peston on Sunday: \"I met people yesterday who had been given that £10. \"They have lost everything. Why are we behaving like this is Victorian England where charity steps in, people step in, but we don't have local government able to co-ordinate?\" He added: \"We know how to do this we did it after the riots. We do it after floods. So you have got to ask why these people in Kensington and Chelsea are not getting it. What's different to them than exists in the rest of the country? \"It's an outrage, it's a scandal, it's appalling.\" Ms Dent Coad earlier told BBC One's Sunday Politics that survivors were being repeatedly moved between hotels. \"We are still hearing stories of people not being allocated properly,\" she said. \"There's one woman this morning and her child, they have been moved three times since Wednesday into different accommodation. \"That's absolutely appalling.\" Kensington and Chelsea Borough Council has yet to respond to requests for a comment. However, council leader Nick Paget-Brown earlier told BBC Radio 4's The World This Weekend the emergency operation was drawing support from other London boroughs because the disaster was too great for one borough alone to handle. He said he did not accept his council had focused on its rich residents, and had worked to improve housing stock and social services."
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"Represent the example for the following task: Generate an appropriate title for the given text. The generated title must be short and include the main topic of the text. The preferred titles are under fifteen words.:",
"A charity looking after the 629 migrants on the Aquarius, stranded off Malta, says two Italian ships will help take them to Spain's port of Valencia. Spain is some three days' sailing away. Italian Prime Minister Giuseppe Conte hit back angrily at France, calling its stance on migrants \"hypocritical\". He criticised \"countries that have always preferred to turn their backs when it comes to immigration\". In the past five years Italy has taken in more than 640,000 mainly African migrants and says its EU partners must ease the burden. Most migrants who survive the perilous voyages from North Africa end up in overcrowded Italian camps. Among them are refugees fleeing war and persecution, who have a right to asylum. The Aquarius migrants, mainly sub-Saharan Africans, were picked up off Libya's coast at the weekend. They were found in inflatable boats and are now being looked after by Doctors without Borders (MSF) and the Franco-German charity SOS Méditerranée aboard the Aquarius. Mr Macron's spokesman Benjamin Griveaux said the French president recalled that \"in cases of distress, those with the nearest coastline have a responsibility to respond\". \"There is a degree of cynicism and irresponsibility in the Italian government's behaviour,\" he quoted President Macron as saying. The plan is for the Aquarius to be joined by an Italian coastguard ship and a warship, then for all three to head for Valencia. The coastguard ship Dattilo and the warship are expected to take migrants on board from the Aquarius in the coming hours. There are medics and UN Children's Fund (Unicef) workers on the Dattilo. SOS Méditerranée tweeted photos of fresh supplies arriving on board on Tuesday. Earlier the crew said the ship could not sail to Spain while it was overcrowded, and conditions at sea were deteriorating. Among the migrants are seven pregnant women, 11 young children and 123 unaccompanied minors. The minors are aged between 13 and 17 and come from Eritrea, Ghana, Nigeria and Sudan, according to a journalist on the ship, Anelise Borges. Fifteen migrants have serious chemical burns and several suffered hypothermia, according to MSF. Italy defiant Italian Deputy Prime Minister Luigi Di Maio shrugged off the French criticism. \"I'm glad the French have discovered responsibility: if they want, we will help them,\" he said. \"Let them open their ports and we will transfer a few of the people to France.\" Earlier, Italian Interior Minister Matteo Salvini defended his refusal to let the ship dock, saying: \"Saving lives is a duty, turning Italy into a huge refugee camp is not.\" Instead he urged Malta to receive the migrants. His right-wing League party is in a new populist government which has pledged to stop the migrant influx to Italy and deport failed asylum seekers. However, the Italian coastguard ship Diciotti is currently taking 937 migrants to the Sicilian port of Catania. They were picked up not by charities but by the EU naval rescue mission off Libya. Spain's Prime Minister Pedro Sánchez, who took office a week ago, said he would give \"safe harbour\" to the Aquarius, after Italy and Malta had refused. The nationalist authorities on the French island of Corsica also offered to receive the Aquarius, before the latest plan involving Italian ships was announced. Aid worker Aloys Vimard, also on board, told the BBC the migrants were afraid they would be returned to Libya. What is the law on accepting ships? Rules on disembarking and assisting rescue ships such as Aquarius are governed by international law. The International Convention for the Safety of Life at Sea dictates that any ship learning of distress at sea must assist regardless of the circumstances. It says that the country responsible for operations in that area has primary responsibility for taking them from the ship. It also clearly states that the relevant government \"shall arrange for such disembarkation to be effected as soon as reasonably practicable\". A big question for Spain: What happens to the next ship? By Kevin Connolly, Europe correspondent, BBC News The EU wrote its rules about how migrants should be handled in the 1990s, when no-one could have imagined the collapse of Libya would create huge flows of desperate people heading across the Mediterranean from sub-Saharan Africa and the Middle East. The rules say migrants are the responsibility of the first member state where they land - an overwhelming problem in countries like Greece and Italy, where the election of a populist government is at least in part a response to the pressure. And when Matteo Salvini proclaims \"victory\", he's telling his voters that the promise of a tougher line on immigration is real. He is challenging the EU to find a proper solution too, based on forcing other member states to accept quotas of migrants - something it has failed to do so far. And he's incidentally created a big question for Spain. Will its offer to the Aquarius be extended to more ships in the future?"
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"Represent the example for the following task: Generate an appropriate title for the given text. The generated title must be short and include the main topic of the text. The preferred titles are under fifteen words.:",
"For more than two decades, apparently healthy children in a region of Bihar suffered sudden seizures and lost consciousness. Almost half died, baffling doctors. New research, published in the medical journal The Lancet, now suggests they were poisoned by the fruit. Hypoglycin Most of the victims were poor children in India's main lychee-producing region who ate fruit that had fallen on to the ground in orchards, the journal said. Lychees contain toxins that inhibit the body's ability to produce glucose, which affected young children whose blood sugar levels were already low because they were not eating dinner. They woke screaming in the night before suffering convulsions and losing consciousness as they suffered acute swelling of the brain. Researchers examining sick children admitted to hospital in Muzaffarpur between May and July 2014 found a link to an outbreak of sickness that caused brain swelling and convulsions in children in the Caribbean. That outbreak was caused by the ackee fruit, which contained hypoglycin, a toxin that prevents the body from making glucose. Tests then showed that lychees also contained hypoglycin. This led health officials to tell parents to make sure young children got an evening meal and limit the number of lychees they were eating. Children suffering symptoms associated with the outbreak should be rapidly treated for hypoglycaemia, or low blood sugar, officials said. The number of reported cases of the sickness has since fallen from hundreds each year to about 50, the New York Times reported."
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"Represent the example for the following task: Generate an appropriate title for the given text. The generated title must be short and include the main topic of the text. The preferred titles are under fifteen words.:",
"Ashley Gamble, from Leicester, told the Sun that dozens of the creepy-crawlies emerged from a cocoon on the fruit. There is speculation they were Brazilian wandering spiders, a bite from which can cause an \"extremely painful\" erection and possible death. Asda said finds like this were \"rare\" and it was investigating further. Mr Gamble, who moved his family out of the home for a brief period, said it was like \"something out of a horror movie\". \"All our bananas are washed and sprayed before they are transported to the UK and every single piece of fruit is manually checked for quality and stowaways,\" a spokeswoman for Asda said. \"We sell one billion bananas every year and the chance of finding a spider is incredibly low, but very occasionally one hangs around to give us a fright.\" To rid the property of the spiders a pest control firm heated the house up to 60°C to neutralise them. Paul Gale, from the company, said Brazilian wandering spiders were \"potentially lethal\". \"They are from a humid, moist climate. The heat we're putting in is a dry heat and they are unable to live.\" Matthew Holden, from the Nottingham Reptile Centre, said their venom could cause an \"extremely painful\" erection. However, he added that the \"spiders in fruit stories\" could be \"blown out of proportion\" as they were probably more likely to be harmless and from the UK. There has been no independent confirmation of what species was found at the house."
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[
"Represent the example for the following task: Generate an appropriate title for the given text. The generated title must be short and include the main topic of the text. The preferred titles are under fifteen words.:",
"The food-poisoning bug Listeria was shown to respond to an antibiotic even though the bacteria carry genes that should make them highly resistant. Scientists said the antibiotic, called fosfomycin, should be reconsidered as a treatment for Listeria infections. Early lab tests had indicated fosfomycin failed to kill Listeria. This was because the bacteria carry a gene that enables them to break down the drug. Further studies, however, found the drug was effective at killing Listeria in infected cells in the lab and in mice. Contaminated foods Genes that are only activated when the bacteria infect the body cancel out the effects of the drug-destroying gene, Edinburgh University researchers found. The findings suggest fosfomycin could prove to be a useful treatment for life-threatening Listeria case , the researchers said. Listeria infection - also known as listeriosis - is the most lethal food-borne disease known and is often fatal. It is caused by eating contaminated foods such as soft cheeses, smoked salmon, pates, meats and salads. The infection is particularly deadly for those with weak immune systems, such as older people and newborns. It can also cause miscarriage. The bacteria reproduce within the cells of the body and frequently affect the brain, which only certain medicines are able to treat. This limits the treatment options for serious infections, and so fosfomycin may prove highly beneficial. The study, published in the journal PLOS Genetics, was funded by Wellcome. Prof Jose Vazquez-Boland, who led the research at the University of Edinburgh's division of infection medicine, said: \"Our study focused on Listeria, but this important discovery may be relevant for other species of bacteria too. \"It is encouraging that we may be able to repurpose existing drugs in the race against antibiotic resistance.\""
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"Represent the example for the following task: Generate an appropriate title for the given text. The generated title must be short and include the main topic of the text. The preferred titles are under fifteen words.:",
"MP Michelle Rempel said on Wednesday that a refugee-friendly message is misleading asylum seekers about how welcoming the country is to claimants. More than 11,300 people have illegally entered Canada from the US this year. The influx coincides with the election of US President Donald Trump, who stood on an anti-immigration platform. Mr Trudeau, on the other hand, has spoken of Canada welcoming refugees, saying in January: \"To all those fleeing persecution, terror and war, Canadians will welcome you.\" But in the first two weeks of August, more than 3,600 people crossed into the country from the US. As a result, processing and sheltering the migrants has put a strain on government resources. Ms Rempel, who is in charge immigration issues in the Conservative shadow cabinet, said Mr Trudeau's Liberal party had no real plan in place to tackle the problem. \"Our system now is in shambles,\" she said. Ms Rempel pointed to a June report from the Canadian Press on a government document suggesting refugee claimants could face up to an 11-year wait for a hearing if asylum claims continue to rise. The MP pointed Mr Trudeau's January message as feeding the myth that receiving refugee status in Canada is easy. On Wednesday Mr Trudeau held a meeting with a task force on irregular migration in Montreal, Quebec - the province which has taken the brunt of the surge in border crossings. The city's Olympic stadium is sheltering hundreds of migrants, while a temporary tent city for migrants in neighbouring Ontario is expected to stay open for two months and house about 500 people. But while Mr Trudeau praised the government for \"doing a very good job\" increasing the speed with which claims were being processed, he echoed the tougher tone the Canadian authorities have been taking in recent weeks. \"Canada is an open and welcoming society because Canadians have confidence in our immigration system and have confidence that we are a country based on laws,\" Mr Trudeau told reporters. \"You will not be at an advantage if you choose to enter Canada irregularly. You must follow the rules and there are many.\" The government has been warning would-be asylum seekers that people who do not have legitimate asylum claims face deportation. Many of those crossing the border are Haitians who fear that the Trump administration in the US would remove their temporary protected status, brought in following the 2010 earthquake, from deportation. It expires in 2018. However, Reuters news agency said Canada fears a \"huge surge\" because people from El Salvador, Nicaragua and Honduras also face losing their protected status in the US next year."
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[
"Represent the example for the following task: Generate an appropriate title for the given text. The generated title must be short and include the main topic of the text. The preferred titles are under fifteen words.:",
"Migration Commissioner Dimitris Avramopoulos said the three countries had ignored \"repeated calls\" from the EU's executive to take their share. Only 20,869 of the 160,000 refugees have so far been relocated in the EU. The three states could be referred to the European Court of Justice (ECJ) and eventually face heavy fines. The relocation plan was conceived in response to the large influx of migrants and refugees in 2015, in an attempt to relieve pressure on frontline states, mainly Greece and Italy, where the vast majority of migrants were arriving. EU countries agreed to relocate 160,000 asylum-seekers between them - though Romania, the Czech Republic, Slovakia and Hungary voted against accepting mandatory quotas. Hungary and Slovakia challenged the quota last month in the ECJ. While the UK and Ireland were exempt from the original 2015 proposal, Poland's previous government backed the plan, although its current Eurosceptic administration has since rejected it. The Czech Republic has accepted only 12 of the 2,000 it had been designated, while Hungary and Poland have received none. \"I regret to see that despite our repeated calls to pledge to relocate, the Czech Republic, Hungary, and Poland have not yet taken the necessary action,\" Mr Avramopoulos, told journalists. \"For this reason, the Commission has decided to launch infringement procedures against these three member states. I sincerely hope that these member states can still reconsider their position and contribute fairly.\" 'Dysfunctional' system But Poland has already signalled it will not fall into line with the quota. \"Each decision to relocate groups of migrants encourages thousands or millions more at the borders of Europe, to come to Europe, to get on boats and pontoons and risk their lives to reach the European continent,\" said Polish government spokesman Rafal Bochenek. Czech Prime Minister Bohuslav Sobotka stressed that his country too would not take part either, \"with regard to the worsened security situation in Europe and dysfunctionality of the quota system\". The quotas were based on the size and wealth of each country, but Austria and Denmark have so far not taken in any refugees either. Despite the small number of refugees relocated from Italy and Greece, the European Commission says the pace has quickened since January."
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"Represent the example for the following task: Generate an appropriate title for the given text. The generated title must be short and include the main topic of the text. The preferred titles are under fifteen words.:",
"By Hanna Yusuf and Steve SwannBBC News The letter accuses police and her local council of failing to safeguard the teenager, who left for Syria in 2015. The government stripped Ms Begum of her UK citizenship in February - a decision her family has said it will appeal. The Home Office said it \"does not routinely comment on individual cases\". The lawyer, Tasnime Akunjee, said Home Secretary Sajid Javid's decision was a \"politically-driven abuse of power\" to try to further his \"own personal political objective\" of becoming prime minister. Shamima left the UK at the age of 15 alongside two fellow Bethnal Green Academy pupils, 15-year-old Amira Abase and 16-year-old Kadiza Sultana. She was found in a Syrian refugee camp by a Times journalist in February this year. She was heavily pregnant with her third child and said she wanted to return home. She has since been granted legal aid to fight the decision to revoke her British citizenship. In the letter, seen by the BBC, lawyer Mr Akunjee claims the family was not told that Shamima had been interviewed by police when another girl at the same school left for Syria the previous December. Had they known, he says, the family would have been able to stop Shamima from following her. The letter makes the point that police interviewed seven friends of this first Bethnal Green runaway schoolgirl, whom the lawyer says had been \"groomed for exploitation and trafficked internationally\". But the police spoke to these seven girls, including Shamima, Amira and Kadiza, without the knowledge or consent of their parents. The lawyer says that by questioning the girls without their parents, they were effectively put on notice that \"they were being monitored and would have to leave for Syria immediately\". The letter says that it was only after Shamima, Amira and Kadiza also ran away that Tower Hamlets Council took the decision to make the four remaining girls in the friendship group wards of court to protect them from the consequences of potential radicalisation. Calling the chain of events \"arguably the worse case of child radicalisation in the western hemisphere\", the letter criticises Tower Hamlets Council for having yet to launch a serious case review, conducted when a child has been abused or neglected and suffered serious harm as a result. Moving on to Home Secretary Sajid Javid's decision to revoke Begum's citizenship, Mr Akunjee contends that the government has \"neglected to consider the failings of the UK government, which led to Ms Begum becoming a child victim of trafficking\". Addressing the Conservative leadership contender, he wrote: \"Your act represents the most profoundly egregious, capricious and politically-driven abuse of power.\" \"It was a unilateral response... deployed as an artifice or device to further your own personal political objective of being prime minister. Ms Begum was a pawn to your vanity.\" The letter says Ms Begum was \"born, raised, groomed and radicalised here in the UK\", and should not be left for another country to deal with. The decision to strip her of her British citizenship was unlawful, \"unprincipled\" and a \"knee-jerk reaction to the media furore\", it adds. \"Your cynical decision amounts to human fly-tipping.\" One passage of the 16-page letter quotes Shamima Begum's sister, Renu Begum, who says the family has \"suffered loss so many times\". She says the family lost \"a niece and nephew we never met\", referring to the first two children Shamima said she had in Syria. Shamima told the BBC in February that both children had died. She went on to have another child after being found in the al-Hol refugee camp in Syria. The baby was less than three weeks old when he died of pneumonia, according to officials in the camp. Renu Begum says: \"When Shamima was found in al-Hol, we had hope that we could rebuild something of our family. Sajid Javid stole that from us.\" The Home Office declined to comment on the letter. But it said any decisions to deprive individuals of their citizenship are based on all available evidence and not taken lightly. A spokesman for Tower Hamlets Council said the case \"did not meet the threshold for a serious case review\". Instead the council provided \"in-depth support to the school, its staff, parents and pupils in order to investigate what had happened and stop others following in their footsteps\". Commander Clarke Jarrett, head of the Metropolitan Police's Counter Terrorism Command, said: \"Our focus was not to criminalise anyone, but to prevent tragedies and support the girls and their families. Our priority and focus from the moment the girls were reported missing was their safety and wellbeing.\" Nikita Malik, from the Henry Jackson Society, a think tank that advocates the spread of liberal democracy, said the UK must be \"very careful employing terms of victimhood to individuals who have joined terrorist organisations\". \"Islamic State trafficked several Yazidi women into sexual slavery and forced marriage,\" she said. \"This is a different scenario to Shamima Begum and other individuals who chose to travel to Syria.\" \"We must not forget that a decision was made to join a terrorist organisation and this comes with consequences that can only be determined through due process, evidence, and a court to decide the level of participation that Shamima Begum played in Islamic State.\""
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"Represent the example for the following task: Generate an appropriate title for the given text. The generated title must be short and include the main topic of the text. The preferred titles are under fifteen words.:",
"Officers were called to Jinnah Court, near the city centre, early on 23 February after reports a man was injured in the road. Paul Ackroyd, 37, was pronounced dead at the scene by paramedics. The 17-year-old youth was arrested on Wednesday and remains in custody. Three other people have been bailed and a fourth released without charge."
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"Represent the example for the following task: Generate an appropriate title for the given text. The generated title must be short and include the main topic of the text. The preferred titles are under fifteen words.:",
"Lee Marshall, 38, died in hospital after he was found by officers in Commercial Road, Bulwell, Nottingham, in the early hours of Friday morning. Calvin Turner, of Bulwell, and Adam Ward, of Aspley, both 18, and a 16-year-old boy who cannot be named will appear before magistrates later. Police are appealing for witnesses to come forward. Follow BBC East Midlands on Facebook, on Twitter, or on Instagram. Send your story ideas to [email protected]."
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"Represent the example for the following task: Generate an appropriate title for the given text. The generated title must be short and include the main topic of the text. The preferred titles are under fifteen words.:",
"Queen Elizabeth Gardens in Salisbury was sealed off in July. In March, Sergei Skripal, 66, and his daughter Yulia, 33, were found collapsed on a bench in the Maltings shopping centre, near the gardens. In June, Dawn Sturgess and Charlie Rowley fell ill after they visited the gardens. Ms Sturgess later died. Police said the site was now safe and could be returned to public use. Nearby streams and rivers were also searched as part of the investigation. Deputy Chief Constable Paul Mills said: \"Today marks a milestone in terms of our ongoing response to the incident. \"Queen Elizabeth Gardens has been searched by specially-trained officers and the results reviewed. \"Decontamination activity was conducted, is now complete and the site is safe and can be returned to public use.\" The Skripals were found unconscious suffering from the effects of the nerve agent on 4 March. Ms Skripal and her father were discharged from Salisbury District Hospital in April and May respectively, following treatment. Ms Sturgess died after she and Mr Rowley collapsed having been exposed to the nerve agent on 30 June. Meanwhile, the government has pledged another £2.5m in funding for Wiltshire Police to cover the costs of the two cases."
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"Represent the example for the following task: Generate an appropriate title for the given text. The generated title must be short and include the main topic of the text. The preferred titles are under fifteen words.:",
"By Jean MackenzieNewsbeat reporter The new independent section has been brought in to test candidates' navigation skills and make the tests more like real driving. Learners will have to follow road signs or a series of directions rather than being told where and when to turn. The new practical standard also applies to the motorcycle module two test and to the LGV test. Chris Nelson, 18, from Hampshire agreed to try it out to see how it compares with the old one. He originally passed last year with a few minor faults and said he found it quite easy. \"The manoeuvres were hard but my driving instructor had prepared me well,\" he said. 'Likely to fail' Once in the car, Chris was told to follow signs to Stanmore, northwest London, for 10 minutes without asking for help. He managed OK but said he found it hard because there was a lot to think about at the same time. \"You do have to look at the signs and it does take you away from concentrating on your driving,\" he admitted. \"If I had had that as my driving test a year ago I think I would have got more flustered, which would have made me more likely to fail.\" One of the reasons the new test has been brought in is because the Driving Standards Agency (DSA) found new drivers were struggling to find their way around after they had passed. Pass Rates Chris thinks the independent driving will make things easier in the long run. \"People drive to different destinations all the time and they need to know how to get there. \"But if you have just started it will be harder and you will probably have to have more lessons.\" The DSA says it does not expect there to be a big drop in the pass rate and that drivers shouldn't need any more lessons. Chris's examiner Cheryl also thought it would also be quite straightforward. \"Now that instructors know this is going to be included it will be quite easy for them to prepare their pupils,\" she said."
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"Represent the example for the following task: Generate an appropriate title for the given text. The generated title must be short and include the main topic of the text. The preferred titles are under fifteen words.:",
"The Driven group also plans to try out a fleet of autonomous vehicles between London and Oxford. The cars will communicate with each other about any hazards and should operate with almost full autonomy - but will have a human on board as well. Previous tests of driverless vehicles in the UK have mainly taken place at slow speeds and not on public roads. The Driven consortium is led by Oxbotica, which makes software for driverless vehicles. Founder Prof Paul Newman, of Oxford University, said: \"We're moving from the singleton autonomous vehicle to fleets of autonomous vehicles - and what's interesting is what data the vehicles share with one another, when, and why.\" The project is backed by an £8.6m government grant and involves an insurance company, which will assess the risks involved at each stage of the journey. The UK government has committed about £100m in total towards autonomous driving projects and has said it wants Britain to \"lead the way in developing\" the tech. But one expert said the country risks falling behind what is being done abroad. \"Britain is trying to keep up, but the big development in the field is going on elsewhere,\" said Prof David Bailey from Aston Business School. \"That includes Google in the US, Volvo in China and Daimler in Germany. \"And amounts being committed [by the UK] are relatively small beer. \"The Obama government, for example, proposed spending billions of dollars over 10 years.\" Calum Chace, author of Surviving AI, agreed that the UK appears to have fallen behind. \"I don't know why we have to wait until 2019,\" he said. \"But in a way it doesn't matter how aggressively the UK pushes this tech. When the US does this large-scale technology we will have to adopt it too. \"It will save so many lives and so much money.\""
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"Represent the example for the following task: Generate an appropriate title for the given text. The generated title must be short and include the main topic of the text. The preferred titles are under fifteen words.:",
"It happened in Ashover Road, Old Tupton, near Chesterfield, at about 21:00 GMT on Friday. The man was taken to hospital but later died. Derbyshire Police said a 25-year-old man was being held on suspicion of causing death by dangerous driving. Eyewitnesses are being sought by officers. Follow BBC East Midlands on Facebook, Twitter, or Instagram. Send your story ideas to [email protected]."
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"Represent the example for the following task: Generate an appropriate title for the given text. The generated title must be short and include the main topic of the text. The preferred titles are under fifteen words.:",
"By Karl MercerPolitical Correspondent, BBC London We are not in a time of beer and sandwiches. This is not the 1970s, when union barons and politicians shared snacks and hard talk at Number 10. In fact, these days the capital's union leaders can't even get their feet through the front door at City Hall. Since becoming mayor, Boris Johnson hasn't held talks with those who run London's transport unions despite numerous strikes. The only time he talked to Bob Crow, the former leader of the RMT, was when Mr Crow called in to a radio show the mayor was on. Critics say the mayor should play more of a role in building bridges, but the mayor says it's for his team at Transport for London to do the talking. But it's hard to split the politics from the process. Remember the root cause of this dispute: the mayor's ambition to run tubes through the night on Fridays and Saturdays. It was a decision announced on the very day he revealed that TfL was to close its ticket offices (before becoming mayor he'd promised that none would shut under a Johnson administration). As the unions went on strike over that decision, the mayor was happy to call for a change in the threshold for strike ballots - one that required the unions to get higher turnouts and higher majorities before they took action. It is a call that has been heeded in Westminster. The new government's Trade Union Bill will require a 50% threshold for ballot turnout and in key areas, like health, education and transport, require 40% support from all eligible members for action to go ahead. Interestingly, the current strikes would still have gone ahead even if that legislation had been in place since both turnout and support are well above the government's suggested levels. So where are we now with the current dispute? Despite weeks of talks the two sides remain some way apart. From the sidelines, the mayor has accused the unions of \"playing politics\" and, from the frontline, the unions have accused the mayor of - you guessed it - \"playing politics\". At least there's one thing they agree on."
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"Represent the example for the following task: Generate an appropriate title for the given text. The generated title must be short and include the main topic of the text. The preferred titles are under fifteen words.:",
"A limited service was in place for the second evening rush hour of the strike, which began on Tuesday at 21:00 GMT. The RMT and TSSA unions said they would take part in talks with management on Friday aimed at resolving the dispute. The first of two planned strikes has ended, but services will not be back to normal until Friday morning London Underground (LU) said. LU said up to 190 of 270 stations were open, but a full service could not resume immediately because of shift patterns. Further industrial action is planned for Friday between 09:30 and 11:30 and 18:30 to 20:30, when the unions are asking members to leave ticket barriers open. They are also urging members not to issue penalty fares. LU's chief operating officer Phil Hufton said the company was \"not obliged to pay employees in full if they refuse to carry out their full range of contractual duties\". Earlier Transport for London (TfL) said nine of the 11 lines were running and nearly 75% of stations were open, more than on Wednesday. For a second day millions of commuters were affected, many to relying on buses instead of the Underground. 'Wiggle room' Ahead of Friday's planned talks, the Mayor of London Boris Johnson told BBC London 94.9, there was \"wiggle room\". He apologised to people who had experienced disruption and repeated that he thought passengers would be safer and better protected with members of staff on concourses, instead of \"behind plate glass\". The mayor said the unions had shown a \"failure to engage\" in talks, adding: \"Rather than hurting hard-working Londoners and hard-pressed small businesses they should have been talking to TfL this week.\" 'Get serious' RMT leader Bob Crow said it was the first he had heard of \"wiggle room\", adding: \"My negotiators have been told for the last five weeks there is none.\" TSSA leader Manuel Cortes said it was time for the mayor to \"get serious\", saying 70% of the network was at a standstill. He said: \"We want no more stunts or PR baloney from Boris. We want serious and detailed talks on our genuine fears for the safety and security of passengers and staff under these far-reaching plans.\" James, from Harrow, who supervises a small station, told BBC London 94.9 he was worried about his job and the safety implications of the changes. He said he was currently a supervisor at one station and had one other staff member with him. Under the changes, he would have to oversee five stations. He said: \"I don't want to strike. It's the first time I've ever been on strike. \"But there are incidents every day - someone who is blind, or someone who wants guidance. Very rarely do you have one person at a station.\" Police staff Philip, from Croydon, works in a ticket office and said workers still had to handle lots of Oyster-related problems, including visitors from overseas wanting refunds before they return home. TfL has said its proposed changes, which will lead to 960 job losses - but none compulsory - will modernise systems and save £50m a year. The industrial action came as the government said it was considering plans to declare London Underground an essential service, akin to the police, in order to curb the threat of future strikes. Thousands of Metropolitan Police civilian staff are planning to strike for two days in a row over a 1% wage rise. The action will coincide with the next planned 48-hour Tube strike. You can follow any disruption on the BBC London travel Twitter feed @BBC Travel Alert or on the BBC London Travel Page. You can also get regular travel updates from the BBC London 94.9 travel team."
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[
"Represent the example for the following task: Generate an appropriate title for the given text. The generated title must be short and include the main topic of the text. The preferred titles are under fifteen words.:",
"The former chancellor introduced metro mayors in devolution plans for English regions while in government. He told a conference of northern business leaders mayors were now part of the \"national conversation\". But Mr Burnham has said England has \"devolution in name but not in reality\". The Labour former cabinet minister has been at war with Prime Minister Boris Johnson over financial support for his region, which culminated in the PM imposing tier three coronavirus restrictions. Later, in an interview with the BBC's Newscast, Mr Osborne warned Mr Johnson against being \"at war\" with the Treasury, following the latest round of financial support being announced. He told the prime minister to \"embrace\" his position as \"First Lord of the Treasury\" - the additional role held by the PM - adding: \"You know the prime minister who makes use of the Treasury, where you really do have a lot of policy-making capacity, is a prime minister who is going to be more powerful.\" Mr Osborne, who among other roles now leads the Northern Powerhouse Partnership, called for more devolution during the Covid recovery. Speaking to the Great Northern Conference, he said he could see \"real representation in the North\". \"We now have a national political conversation where representatives of the north of England are heard on our national news. \"And that is a fantastic success story,\" he added, referring to coverage of Mr Burnham's clash with the government over financial support for Manchester. \"We need to be more courageous in giving many more powers to these local elected leaders,\" Mr Osborne said, as \"we're beginning to see a much more balanced, healthy British society and state where not every decision is taken at Westminster and other voices are heard.\" \"But we've got much more to do.\" But speaking at a parliamentary select committee meeting on Thursday, Mr Burnham said England had \"devolution in name but not in reality\". Mr Burnham rejected accusations he had been \"posturing\" during the failed negotiations with the government. He accused ministers of operating a \"divide and rule\" strategy, which he said was \"not the way to get a through a pandemic\" which has had a \"severe\" impact on his region. Mr Burnham was supported at the Commons business committee by Steve Rotheram, the mayor of the Liverpool City Region, who said that \"for far too long too many decisions have been taken with London centricity - not just the area of London, but the overall London culture that exists in Parliament\". Mr Rotheram was the first regional mayor to make an agreement with the government for his area to adopt tier three restrictions. Since 2017, eight English regions have appointed directly elected mayors. This means 12m people in England, over 20% of the population, now live in mayoral authority areas. Mayors have some powers over policy areas such as adult education and transport, but these vary from region to region. The eight new regional mayors operate under a different system to London, which elected its first mayor in 2000. The Conservative Party's 2019 election manifesto committed to \"full devolution across England... so that every part of our country has the power to shape its own destiny,\" which is set include more metro mayors. The government was due to publish a white paper on the subject in 2020, but the Financial Times reported it had been delayed until next year. In a speech via video link to the Great Northern Conference, Mr Johnson reiterated the government's commitment to \"level up\" the North of England. \"Even now, as we are still up to our thighs in the mud of the trenches, grappling with this virus, my message to you is that it cannot be enough simply to get through the crisis. We must build back better, build back stronger, build back faster,\" he said. He added: \"That means our work to level up and unleash the talent and potential of the North - by investing in education, skills and infrastructure - is now more urgent than ever. \"We will move departments of state, ministers, private offices and all, to great Northern cities and regions that represent the future of this country.\""
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"Represent the example for the following task: Generate an appropriate title for the given text. The generated title must be short and include the main topic of the text. The preferred titles are under fifteen words.:",
"The young birds of prey, also known as sea eagles, are part of a five-year reintroduction programme on the island. Forestry England said \"very sadly\" the remains of one of the male eagles had been found, with tests now under way to discover the cause of its death. Attempts are continuing to find another eagle whose tracker data showed he flew to Essex and back before disappearing. The tracker worn by the second eagle, known as \"Culver\", stopped working shortly after its return from the mainland. Keen for sightings Searches were being carried out to try and find the bird, according to a Forestry England spokesman. \"We are keen to hear from anyone who may have seen Culver,\" he added. The six birds were collected from the wild in Scotland and were released on the island in August. They are being provided with food daily and are monitored using the special tracking devices. The birds, which have a wingspan of up to 2.5m (8ft), had not been recorded in England since 1780. Natural England has issued a licence to the Roy Dennis Wildlife Foundation for the five-year reintroduction programme. The project will see at least six birds released annually, but they are not expected to breed until 2024."
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"Represent the example for the following task: Generate an appropriate title for the given text. The generated title must be short and include the main topic of the text. The preferred titles are under fifteen words.:",
"An area south of Felixstowe Pier in Suffolk has been sealed off after a 30ft (9m) female whale washed up on the beach there. The first whale, a minke calf, was spotted on a mudbank in the River Ore, near Felixstowe, on Saturday afternoon. Another dead adult whale was seen in the water off Harwich, Essex. Coastal volunteers believe they could be part of a much wider pod. For whale updates, visit BBC Local Live: Suffolk John Cresswell, from the Felixstowe Volunteer Coast Patrol Rescue Service, said it was normal for porpoises to wash up on the shore, but not whales. \"This is very sad,\" he said. \"It is such a loss to the ocean life. \"They are such amazing mammals.\" He said council officials were planning to call in a special company to dispose of the whale that washed up on the beach, after plans to tow it up the coast and \"let nature take its course\" were abandoned over fears the carcass could become a hazard."
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"Represent the example for the following task: Generate an appropriate title for the given text. The generated title must be short and include the main topic of the text. The preferred titles are under fifteen words.:",
"Thames Valley Police were called at 11:47 GMT on Sunday to help hunt down the bird, which was seen running in the road at Chiltern Bank, Peppard Common. The feathered truant was later seen in Shiplake Bottom and Hilcrest Lane, and is still at-large. A single crew was called to the area to locate the bird, and the owner is also trying to locate it. On Twitter a spokesperson said when officers approached the landed bird \"he gave it the legs\". Police added the bird was last seen running across fields in the Sonning Common area. TVP Road Policing likened it to a scene in British cop comedy Hot Fuzz, where Simon Pegg and Nick Frost's characters are tasked with recovering a swan that went on-the-run. Rheas are large, flightless birds related to ostriches and emus. In 2015 Edward the emu escaped his home in Wheatley and went on the run for six days."
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[
"Represent the example for the following task: Generate an appropriate title for the given text. The generated title must be short and include the main topic of the text. The preferred titles are under fifteen words.:",
"By Michael BristowBBC News, Beijing It also says there has been a rise in operations directed against China. The views were made in China's National Defence white paper, issued by the government. The paper outlines the country's current views on security issues and gives an overview of its military forces. Fierce competition In the document, released on Thursday, China gives a downbeat assessment of the regional security situation. \"Profound changes are taking shape in the Asia-Pacific strategic landscape. Relevant major powers are increasing their strategic investment,\" it says. \"International military competition remains fierce.\" The document singles out the United States. According to China, it is reinforcing military alliances and getting more involved in regional affairs. Beijing also says foreigners are now more suspicious of China - and have increased \"interference and countering moves\" against it. Relations between China and the United States, particularly on military matters, have been strained over recent years. That tension eased slightly following Chinese President Hu Jintao's state visit to the United States earlier this year. But the potential for disagreement remains high. \"We admit that our military ties continue to face difficulties and challenges,\" said Col Geng Yansheng, spokesman for the Ministry of Defence, at a press conference to launch the white paper. No issue threatens the relationship more than US support for Taiwan, a self-governing island off China's eastern coast that Beijing considers its own. \"The United States continues to sell weapons to Taiwan, severely impeding Sino-US relations,\" says the white paper. Col Geng made it clear that the two countries must respect each other's core interests. For China, that includes Taiwan. \"China is willing to work with the US, based on respect, trust, equality and mutual benefits,\" he said. The United States and some of China's neighbours occasionally express their concerns about the ultimate aim of Beijing's military modernisation. But the white paper reiterates that no one has anything to fear. It says China's armed forced, known as the People's Liberation Army, are there purely to defend the country. China, it says, has a strategy of \"attacking only after being attacked\"."
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[
"Represent the example for the following task: Generate an appropriate title for the given text. The generated title must be short and include the main topic of the text. The preferred titles are under fifteen words.:",
"Designs for combat aircraft, ships and missile defences were among those compromised, a Pentagon paper found, the Washington Post reported. A public version of the same Defense Science Board report said in January that the US was unprepared for a full-scale cyber attack. A Pentagon spokesman said \"intrusions\" had not eroded its technological edge. The Defense Science Board did not return requests for comment from the BBC. The Washington Post report comes as Australia discloses Chinese hackers stole floor plans for the new headquarters of its domestic intelligence agency. The compromised US designs include those for advanced Patriot missile systems called PAC-3, an Army anti-missile system known as Thaad, and the Navy's Aegis ballistic-missile defence system, according to the Washington Post. The F/A-18 fighter jet, V-22 Osprey aircraft, Black Hawk helicopter and the Navy's new Littoral Combat Ship were also compromised. The F-35 Joint Strike Fighter, the most expensive weapons system ever built, was also cited on the list. 'Full confidence' The reports do not describe the extent of the theft, but correspondents say the hack could give China information that could be used against the US in the event of a conflict. In a statement, US defence department spokesman George Little said the Pentagon maintained \"full confidence in our weapons platforms\". \"The Department of Defense takes the threat of cyber espionage and cyber security very seriously, which is why we have taken a number of steps to increase funding to strengthen our capabilities,\" he said. \"Suggestions that cyber intrusions have somehow led to the erosion of our capabilities or technological edge are incorrect.\""
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"Represent the example for the following task: Generate an appropriate title for the given text. The generated title must be short and include the main topic of the text. The preferred titles are under fifteen words.:",
"It comes after the pandemic has strained many producers and forced the US to scramble for medical gear. The initial review is focused on computer chips, pharmaceuticals, rare earth minerals and large batteries, such as those used in electric cars. China is a key supplier for many of those items. US officials said the review was not targeted at China, which like the US imports most of its computer chips and has been trying to boost domestic production. They said the administration was interested in increasing some production in the US and expected to work with other countries for items that could not be made domestically. Reliance on \"strategic competitor nations\" is expected to be part of the analysis, they added. \"While we cannot predict what crisis will hit us, we should have the capacity to respond quickly in the face of challenges,\" the White House said in a statement announcing the study, which will start with a 100-day focused review, before widening its scope. \"The United States must ensure that production shortages, trade disruptions, natural disasters and potential actions by foreign competitors and adversaries never leave the United States vulnerable again.\" Under pressure The president, who will formally sign the executive order on Wednesday, has come under pressure as firms such as General Motors and Ford have cut production and announced lay-offs due to the shortage of chips - key components for many electronic products, which have been in high demand due to the pandemic. Republicans have also pushed Mr Biden to do more to address reliance on China, while business and technology lobby groups have also called on the administration to introduce investment tax credits to encourage the building of more US semiconductor manufacturing plants, where the chips are produced. \"While the governments of our global competitors have invested heavily to attract new semiconductor manufacturing and research facilities, the absence of US incentives has made our country uncompetitive and America's share of global semiconductor manufacturing has steadily declined,\" the groups wrote in a recent letter, signed by the US Chamber of Commerce, the Semiconductor Industry Association and the Alliance for Automotive Innovation, among others. \"To be competitive and strengthen the resilience of critical supply chains, we believe the US needs to incentivize the construction of new and modernized semiconductor manufacturing facilities and invest in research capabilities.\" US semiconductor firms currently account for 47% of global chip sales, according to the Semiconductor Industry Association. However, just 12% of chips are made in the US, down from 37% in 1990. Under former President Donald Trump, the US adopted a protectionist approach, increasing border taxes and in some cases forbidding US firms from doing business with Chinese competitors in an effort to boost US producers. Amid the changes, Taiwan Semiconductor Manufacturing Co. (TSMC), the world's largest contract chipmaker, last May announced plans to build a $12bn (£8.5bn) factory in the US."
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"Represent the example for the following task: Generate an appropriate title for the given text. The generated title must be short and include the main topic of the text. The preferred titles are under fifteen words.:",
"By James BadcockMadrid If tourism is vitally important to the Spanish economy, accounting for 12% of GDP, nowhere is it more crucial than in the Balearic Islands, where it represents 35% of the region's economic output. Normally, June would see the beaches of Majorca, Ibiza and the archipelago's smaller islands busy with international tourists, who made up the bulk of the more than 16 million visitors the region received in 2019. This year only got started with a batch of just over 5,000 Germans, given special permission to stay in the Palma Beach resort on Majorca as a pilot scheme to test Spain's emergency protocols for safe tourism in the Covid-19 age. \"We are very pleased with the pilot programme, and our customers have been able to see that holidays are possible with safety. \"People are wearing face masks, there is hydro-alcoholic gel when you enter the restaurant, and in the bathroom the taps are electric so you don't have to touch them,\" says Juan Miguel Ferrer, chief executive of Palma Beach. \"The peace and quiet is actually wonderful,\" tourist Martin Bröcker told German media. Praising the temperature checks at the airport and extra measures in the local hotels, he said: \"whoever wants to go on holiday to Majorca has to help ensure there's no new outbreak.\" Quieter nightlife as the clubs stay silent Although flights to Majorca are expected to reach levels of 30% to 40% of a normal summer, the atmosphere at Palma Beach is set to remain considerably more sedate than other years. Mr Ferrer accepts that the Covid-19 effect will accelerate the existing tendency towards less nightlife and more daytime experiences. In June the Balearic Islands government announced that nocturnal excesses would not be a part of this summer. There are strict rules limiting opening times and conditions in pubs and clubs, and nightclubs are banned from operating at all in Magaluf and Palma Beach on Majorca as well as Sant Antoni on Ibiza - the resorts that have become notorious for so-called \"booze tourism\". \"There won't be that kind of mass tourism because those places are not going to open; it's a clear message,\" says Iago Negueruela, the Balearic minister for the economy, labour and tourism. \"We had already started a process and it is irreversible. The pubs won't open this year. We are no longer going to receive or tolerate that kind of tourist, who can be a risk for themselves and others.\" Mr Negueruela highlights the law against \"tourism of excesses\" that his government introduced at the start of the year, banning pub crawls and happy hours. End of an era for 'booze tourism'? The current situation can only accelerate the end of what he says is a mere remnant of a bygone age, the minister argues. \"Our hotel sector has already staked out its preference for quality and not just numbers, but the perception does not always accompany the reality. Even in Magaluf, a transformation has been taking place, with a focus on five-star hotels, its beaches and gastronomy.\" Industry leaders recognise that Covid-19 may make crowding a taboo for all future visitors. \"Some elements of this crisis might be temporary, like face masks,\" says Andreu Serra, tourism chief for the Mallorca Council island administration. \"But this is also an opportunity to improve our care of tourists, by using technology to control numbers so we know when beaches will be full, and generally boosting hygiene in all hospitality areas.\" Time to turn away from tourism? Not everyone is sighing in relief at the return of tourists to Majorca and the other islands. Local environmentalists criticise the over-dependence on a sector that has transformed the archipelago's landscape, while creating employment that is largely low-paid and seasonal in nature as property prices and even rents skyrocket beyond the means of most employees. For Antoni Pallicer Mateu, a member of publishing collective Tot Inclòs that aim to inform on tourism's impact on the islands, Balearic citizens and in particular Majorcans have become prisoners to a sector \"that is so vulnerable to instability\" and whose use of resources is such that almost all other needs have to be imported. \"Now it's a pandemic, but in the near future it could be a climate or energy crisis, or simply a crisis in our main markets of Germany and the UK,\" argues Mr Pallicer Mateu. \"Tourism benefits tour operators, agencies, hotel chains, rental companies like Airbnb, and also a Majorcan middle class who own property and companies. But it is benefiting the working class and small businesses less and less. Mass tourism is driving us towards unsustainability and an environmental and even social collapse.\" In the Balearic high season, the population of the islands usually doubles due to tourism, as the one million residents are matched by a million tourists. Little wonder, then, that registered unemployment in May was double the normal amount for that month, at 75,000. \"We have tourism dependency, and we will for another 15 years at least, because no other alternative has been developed,\" says Mr Ferrer, noting that the non-services part of the economy only covers 15% of Balearic GDP. \"It's a moment of political opportunity to criticise tourism right now, but that's what is paying people's wages every month,\" Mr Ferrer continues. \"I doubt many of our waiters and waitresses who have been out of work these past few months would subscribe to this point of view.\""
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"Represent the example for the following task: Generate an appropriate title for the given text. The generated title must be short and include the main topic of the text. The preferred titles are under fifteen words.:",
"It started normally enough as a winter holiday in the sun of Tenerife. When we arrived in the bustling little tourist town of Puerto de la Cruz in the north of the island last week, it was everything you would expect with busy cafes, bars and shops. The first hint of change came on Saturday. A Jet2 rep came to our hotel shortly after aircraft bringing tourists from the UK turned back mid-flight. She was calm and professional but knew only that return flights would continue for at least a few days. An automated text later on Saturday said Jet2 intended to fly us back as scheduled on Friday. For the rest of that day the town was busy as normal although one cafe worker said he didn't expect to be open the next day. He was right. That evening we were in the hotel bar. There was live music and it was busy with residents and people from other hotels. Mid-evening the doors were literally barred and non-residents asked to leave. On Sunday morning we took a short walk. Very little was open but people were free to move about on the streets. By afternoon, that had changed. Local officials were touring in cars with speakers asking people to stay indoors. One older resident from our hotel went to a pharmacy - one of the few reasons allowed for tourists to venture out. She made the mistake of stopping to take some pictures and almost immediately police pulled up and asked her to keep moving. So now we really are confined to the hotel. The staff, all of them worried about their future, are doing a great job of looking after us. The hotel bar and restaurant are open as normal for guests. But as of today, the pool and terrace are closed. Our hotel staff believe that is one of the things they have to do under the lockdown rules. But such is the confusion about the new regulations, the hotel next to us has all its public spaces open. So as we sit on our balcony, the only outdoor space available to us, we can at least watch other people enjoying the sun by the pool."
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"Represent the example for the following task: Generate an appropriate title for the given text. The generated title must be short and include the main topic of the text. The preferred titles are under fifteen words.:",
"By Mervyn JessBBC News A little further along the shore line, bobbing in the windswept waters of Sligo Bay are the fibreglass pleasure craft of those who are weathering the bitter economic climate better than most. In the midst of all this gloom - a visit from the Queen, the first since Ireland gained independence. The country's connections with the crown are historic, numerous, controversial and bloody. A few miles along the Sligo coast stands Classiebawn Castle, the former holiday home of Lord Mountbatten. He was killed in 1979 when his fishing boat was blown up by the IRA after setting out to sea from nearby Mullaghmore harbour. His murder was viewed as blow to the British establishment and a direct strike against the Royal Family itself. Mayor of Sligo Matt Lyons said the local tourist industry is still recovering from that event. 'Great boost' \"Mullaghmore attracted a lot of English people prior to Lord Mountbatten's murder. It took years and years for that to recover and it hasn't really recovered,\" he added. \"Now the Queen is coming to the Republic and that's going to be a great boost for the country.\" Councillor Lyons recognises that there will be those opposed to the visit. \"I know that some people don't agree with it but the reality is that whether we like it or not, people are fascinated with the Royal Family and the visit will attract large numbers of people to the Republic,\" he said. \"The benefit to tourism and the TV exposure you just couldn't buy.\" In a bold move instigated by a Sligo Presbyterian minister, the Queen was invited to the county. The aim, to help heal old wounds and to bring Catholics and Protestants closer. The invitation was eventually and politely turned down by Buckingham Palace but the clergyman behind it, the Rev Alan Mitchell says this isn't the end of the story. \"We may not have the Queen visiting the border counties this time but we know that Prince Charles is very keen to visit this part of the world,\" he said. \"And if the Queen's visit is successful and I'm sure it will be, then it'll open the door to other high profile visits in the future. \"We've been assured by the British Embassy and the Department of Foreign Affairs that County Sligo will be very high on the list.\" Winds of change So are the winds of change blowing through the north west coast of Ireland or will the protestors prevail? Sean McEniff of the Fianna Fail party has been a councillor in Bundoran in County Donegal for over fifty years. \"You always have that sort of thing in any town, the noisy minority as I would call them, that go around spraying and painting walls, but that wouldn't represent the people of Bundoran\" said Councillor McEniff. While welcoming the fact that the Queen is coming to the Republic, the state visit has also surprised the veteran politician. \"I never even thought in my wildest dreams that it would ever happen\" he said. Donegal has a strong republican tradition but on the surface at least the Queen's visit is not causing that many waves. Ground-breaking Michael Daly who is Editor-in-Chief of the Donegal Democrat says it is not really a subject for public discussion. \"The people in general are very unwilling to come out publicly and say what their view is,\" he said. \"But the sense I get from many of them is that while they may not be out waving union jacks, the Queen is coming here and maybe she should have been here long before this. \"I don't see huge numbers of people in Donegal, which has a very republican tradition, getting hugely animated about it apart from the interest groups.\" There is a view that the Queen's state visit to Ireland will lay another foundation stone in constructing a new and better future for all traditions in Ireland. Reverend Mitchell agreed. He said this ground breaking event was equally important to people on both sides of the border. \"We're living in a new day,\" he said. \"It's about prosperity, good relations, working together, integrating people, recognising people's right to be different and joining hands to build a great future for the island of Ireland.\""
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"Represent the example for the following task: Generate an appropriate title for the given text. The generated title must be short and include the main topic of the text. The preferred titles are under fifteen words.:",
"By Neil SmithArts reporter Yet the 25-year-old entertainer may have pulled off her biggest coup to date in persuading tech giant Apple to reverse the payment policy of its new streaming service. Her decision to withhold her latest album 1989 in protest at Apple's intention not to remunerate artists during a three-month trial period prompted a humiliating public climb-down that will send tremors throughout the industry. It is a testament to the power Swift now wields as a singer, a businesswoman and a cultural force. Here are five ways her influence has manifested itself. 1) Challenging assumptions about streaming music Apple Music is not the first streaming service with which Swift has taken issue. Last year she withdrew her entire back catalogue from Spotify, saying she felt it did not adequately reward artists. Some accused her of greed or opportunism in denying its users access to her material. British singer Billy Bragg also accused her of double standards, because she allowed her music to appear on YouTube and other streaming services. Yet Swift defended what Bragg described as \"nothing more than a corporate power play\", insisting she was making a principled stand on behalf of artists in general. \"The landscape of the music industry itself is changing so quickly, that everything new, like Spotify, all feels to me a bit like a grand experiment,\" she told Yahoo Music last November. \"I'm not willing to contribute my life's work to an experiment that I don't feel fairly compensates the writers, producers, artists, and creators of this music.\" Central to the debate is whether streaming services should offer new music at a premium to their users, maximising the return for artists and producers, or make it as freely accessible as any other part of the artist's back catalogue - the current Spotify model. Taylor is of the opinion \"that music should not be free\". And by selectively hand-picking which streaming services do and do not have access to her material, she is actively shaping how streaming itself operates. Taylor Swift is also forging a path for artists who no longer wish to be ghettoised into arbitrarily separated musical genres. The Pennsylvania native started out as a country artist, even persuading her parents to relocate to Tennessee when she was 14 in order to be closer to Nashville, country's spiritual home. With the release of Red in 2012, however, her music entered a more experimental phase, combining traditional country stylings with pop, folk and even dubstep. Swift has described 1989 as her \"first documented and official pop album\", saying she wants \"to make music that reflects all of my influences\". \"I think in the coming decades the idea of genres will become less of a career-defining path and more of an organisational tool,\" she wrote in The Wall Street Journal last July. How many other artists in future might benefit from her refusal to be pigeon-holed? Every artist has a social media profile. Yet Swift's decision to host personalised playbacks of 1989 for some of her most devoted fans was a game-changer that could usher in a new era of one-on-one fan interaction. A perfect combination of teenage slumber party and exclusive media event, Taylor's \"secret sessions\" saw her merging the roles of girl next door, domestic homebody and stealth marketer to devastating effect. If the aim was to get the word out, she could have hardly planned it better. Yet it also served to circumvent the traditional model of having the press be the sole arbiters of a new release's worth. The 25-year-old has become something akin to a fairy godmother to the fans she calls \"Swifties\". She helped Rebekah Bortnicker pay off her college tuition fees; flew to Ohio to attend Gena Gabrielle's bridal shower; and sent dozens of fans personally-wrapped Christmas presents. A gauntlet has been thrown down to the One Directions and Justin Biebers of this world, both of whose followings will doubtless be expecting something similar or better the next time they have a record to push. Those who claim the CD is dead should take a look at Swift's sales, which have remained stubbornly buoyant despite the overall downturn in physical format sales. Her stance on streaming is doubtless a factor. Ask Taylor herself, though, and it comes down to the value of the material itself - not just in monetary terms, but also \"on an emotional level\". \"People are still buying albums, but now they're buying just a few of them,\" she wrote in her Wall Street Journal piece. \"They are buying only the ones that hit them like an arrow through the heart or have made them feel strong or allowed them to feel like they really aren't alone.\" \"More than anyone else, Swift knows how to create albums people will pay for,\" wrote Time magazine last year in a cover story profile entitled The Power of Taylor Swift. Swift may not be changing the world with regards to album sales. Yet she may be stopping a little part of it from changing completely. Since she first came to widespread prominence in 2008, Swift's love life and list of celebrity boyfriends has been a source of near-constant media interest and speculation. Recently, though, the singer has publicly bridled against the way she has been defined by those she is dating, calling foul on an article in OK! Magazine that described her as \"Harry Styles' ex-girlfriend\" and \"Calvin Harris' rumoured girlfriend\". \"This misleading headline and your choice of words in label[l]ing me are why we need feminism in 2015,\" she tweeted in response to a piece promoted on Twitter with the words \"Taylor Swift has made a pregnancy announcement\". (Swift, it should be noted, was not announcing her own pregnancy, but merely helping a couple at one of her recent concerts share their happy news.) It is not the first time Taylor has used the F-word. In an interview with men's magazine Maxim last month, she said feminism was \"probably the most important movement that you could embrace, because it's just basically another word for equality.\" She puts those words into practice, too, by supporting and championing fellow female artists, with Ellie Goulding, Haim and Lorde all receiving a helping hand from the planet's top pop star. \"She definitely brought me into this amazing world of supportive female friendship,\" said Lorde in a recent interview with Dazed magazine. Swift allying herself to the feminist cause probably won't change the world. There's every chance, though, that it might change the conversation. Taylor Swift performs in Glasgow, Manchester and London this week."
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[
"Represent the example for the following task: Generate an appropriate title for the given text. The generated title must be short and include the main topic of the text. The preferred titles are under fifteen words.:",
"Fans will have to buy a copy of her sixth album before it's made available on services like Apple Music and Tidal. Taylor Swift has criticised streaming companies in the past, calling them \"unfair\" to musicians, and pulled her back catalogue off Spotify in 2014. \"I don't feel [it] fairly compensates the writers, producers, artists, and creators of music,\" she said. Taylor tweeted a picture of a London bus with Reputation artwork and the caption \"Friday. #reputation\". Bloomberg reported earlier this week that streaming companies are still negotiating with the singer over when they can start offering her album. Taylor Swift has had a difficult relationship with streaming sites and has criticised the effect they're having on the music industry. Her last album, 1989, only returned to Spotify in June as a \"thank you\" to fans after it sold 10 million copies. She limited her tracks on Apple Music after challenging the firm over the fact it wasn't planning to pay royalties to artists during its three-month launch trial period in 2015. In an open letter, she wrote: \"We don't ask you for free iPhones. Please don't ask us to provide you with our music for no compensation.\" In response, Apple reversed its payment policy. Reputation features 15 tracks including a collaboration with Ed Sheeran and US rapper Future on the track End Game. Taylor Swift's representatives haven't replied to a BBC request for comment about when fans will be able to access Reputation on streaming sites. A smart business move By Sinead Garvan, Newsbeat entertainment reporter It's not come as much of a surprise that Taylor Swift's sixth album Reputation hasn't appeared on any streaming platforms. There were plenty of reports this week that it would stay off those sites to start with. According to numerous reports, streaming executives have been told they must wait a week, while retailers were initially told the album would not go on streaming sites for two weeks. This is simply a smart move if you want huge first week sales figures. Adele kept 25 off streaming services for seven months - she sold more than three million albums in the first week. It's unlikely Taylor will break that record but early predictions from pre-orders would suggest she will hit the million mark in the first week, beating 1989. Most people on social media suggest they're happy to buy a hard copy of Taylor Swift's new album or download it. US actor Colton Haynes was very excited about the release of the album. Natalie's happy to buy it so she can listen to it now. But some people are refusing to buy Reputation. Tori says she won't be purchasing a physical copy. And Melina thinks Taylor Swift not putting her album on streaming services will just push people to download it illegally. Find us on Instagram at BBCNewsbeat and follow us on Snapchat, search for bbc_newsbeat"
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"Represent the example for the following task: Generate an appropriate title for the given text. The generated title must be short and include the main topic of the text. The preferred titles are under fifteen words.:",
"Losses deepened at the industry leader, which offers music over the internet for free with advertisements or ad-free for a fixed monthly rate. Revenue increased by 80% over the past year, beating the 45% growth rate of 2014 by a wide margin. Net losses increased by 7% from the previous year to €173m. Spotify's main expenses are royalties paid to artists. It said its revenue from advertisements had nearly doubled while it user base had also grown significantly. It had 89 million active monthly users by the end of 2015, 28 million of which were paying for subscriptions. More competition Spotify, long at the forefront of online music streaming, said it was prioritising investment, as it faces increasing competition. Apple launched its own music streaming service in 2015, while Rhapsody and Deezer are two other companies offering a similar service. As the industry leader, the firm has received a lot of criticism from artists who argue that the royalties they receive from streaming are not fair, and that streaming platforms fail to support new artists. It has led to some big names like Taylor Swift, Adele and Radiohead keeping some or all of their music off the service."
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"Represent the example for the following task: Generate an appropriate title for the given text. The generated title must be short and include the main topic of the text. The preferred titles are under fifteen words.:",
"A new database allows the public to search a government archive of 41 million wills dating back to 1858. Wills have always been public documents and the existing £10 fee for each document applies to downloads. A name and year of death is required to find wills, which should be ready for download within 10 days of order. The archive can be used to trace family history, and to view the wills of famous names including AA Milne and Beatrix Potter. It contains wills from England and Wales. Different procedures apply in Scotland and Northern Ireland. The database also includes the wills of those who died while serving in the British armed forces between 1850 and 1986. BBC correspondent Nick Higham said the scheme would be supported by staff at the Birmingham warehouse where the documents were housed. \"For many wills, someone still has to locate the physical copy in the warehouse, scan it and send it off,\" he said. \"They've taken on extra staff, but admit that no-one's ever made such a large database of documents available to order online and it's hard to predict demand for the service.\" Courts minister Shailesh Vara said: \"This fascinating project provides us with insights into the ordinary and extraordinary people who helped shape this country, and the rest of the world.\""
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"Represent the example for the following task: Generate an appropriate title for the given text. The generated title must be short and include the main topic of the text. The preferred titles are under fifteen words.:",
"Author JK Rowling announced the series will also be available as audiobooks through a new website, Pottermore. The interactive website will also feature new material which Rowling says she has been \"hoarding for years\". \"This is such a great way to give something back to the fans who made Harry Potter such a huge success,\" the author said. The Harry Potter novels have sold more than 450 million copies through Bloomsbury in Britain, and Scholastic in the United States. However the e-books - which will be available in several languages - will be published through Rowling's Pottermore Publishing, rather than her print publishers which do not own the digital rights. 'New stuff' Pottermore will go live on 31 July - Harry Potter's birthday. Rowling told the BBC that the new material was being released online, rather than in a new book, because she did not have \"a new story\". \"Most of this writing is material I generated while I was writing the books initially,\" she said. \"It's background, and lots of details that didn't make it into the book. \"Some of it is new stuff in response to things fans have asked me over the years.\" The site, which Rowling said she had been working on for two years, promises to immerse users in the boy wizard's world, offering opportunities for computer gaming, social networking and an online store. Sections let users shop for wands in Diagon Alley, travel to Hogwarts from the imaginary platform at London's King's Cross train station and be sorted into Hogwarts' school houses using the Sorting Hat. One million users will initially be chosen to help develop the online world, before it is open to all users from October. Rowling told reporters at the London Pottermore launch she had no intention of writing an eighth Harry Potter book. \"I do have closure with Harry. I'm pretty sure I'm done on the novel front, but it was fun while it lasted,\" she said."
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"Represent the example for the following task: Generate an appropriate title for the given text. The generated title must be short and include the main topic of the text. The preferred titles are under fifteen words.:",
"This BBC News database is the most comprehensive public record of its kind, telling the story of over 100 people from the UK who have been convicted of offences relating to the conflict and over 150 others who have either died or are still in the region. This interactive content is optimised for modern, javascript-enabled web browsers. Please ensure you have javascript enabled and a current browser. The information above has been compiled from open sources and BBC research. Some details have been withheld for legal reasons or are unavailable."
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"Represent the example for the following task: Generate an appropriate title for the given text. The generated title must be short and include the main topic of the text. The preferred titles are under fifteen words.:",
"Protesters are calling for opposition candidates to be allowed to register for the September polls. The authorities have refused to register them despite each candidate gathering the minimum 5,000 signatures needed to be eligible to run. Opposition leaders including the most prominent, Alexei Navalny, joined supporters at the rally. Activists opposed to the government of President Vladimir Putin say the authorities have wrongly declared supporters' signatures invalid. Around 30 candidates were barred from running. Speaking at the event Mr Navalny told protesters: \"We will show them this is a dangerous game. We should fight for our candidates.\" He vowed that there would be a bigger rally next week unless authorities register a number of candidates for the vote. One candidate, Lyubov Sobol, has been on hunger strike for more than a week, demanding that she be allowed to run. Organisers said on Facebook that they were protesting for a Russia \"without bandits, fraudsters, swindlers and thieves\". Local authorities gave permission for the rally to take place. Last week, police arrested dozens of protesters at another rally in defence of independent election candidates. The protests come amid a drop in approval ratings for Mr Putin and anger over declining living standards and widespread corruption."
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"Represent the example for the following task: Generate an appropriate title for the given text. The generated title must be short and include the main topic of the text. The preferred titles are under fifteen words.:",
"Men in green uniforms and black balaclavas encircled female protesters who shouted, \"Only cowards beat women!\" Among the detained was Nina Bahinskaya, a 73-year-old great-grandmother who has become an icon of the protest movement. Mass protests are expected for the sixth straight Sunday over what was widely seen as a rigged election. President Lukashenko, who has ruled Belarus for 26 years, claimed an overwhelming victory in the 9 August poll, but a brutal crackdown on initial protests against the result only fuelled popular anger. Around 2,000 people, mostly women, joined Saturday's march, which has become a weekly prelude to mass demonstrations every Sunday. They briefly scuffled with police who then blocked their path and started picking people one by one. Police detained so many protesters that they ran out of room in vans and had to free some of the women, according to AFP news agency. It reported that Ms Bahinskaya was taken to a police station and released shortly afterwards. Video posted by the independent Tut.by website showed a masked officer abruptly removing the flag and flowers she was carrying as she was pushed into a van. In total, more than 300 women were detained, local human rights group Viasna said. Police did not give a number. The opposition movement has been led by three women but only one, Maria Kolesnikova, has not gone into exile. She was charged with incitement to undermine national security days after allegedly ripping up her passport when the authorities tried to expel her from the country. Svetlana Tikhanovskaya, who stood against Mr Lukashenko as the opposition candidate, said she won the election and was forced to flee to Lithuania shortly afterwards. She is expected to meet European Union foreign ministers and the bloc's diplomatic chief in Brussels on Monday. The third of the three women, Veronika Tsepkalo, has also left the country, a former Soviet republic. The EU is considering fresh sanctions on the Lukashenko government because of the crackdown on the protests. According to UN Special Rapporteur Anaïs Marin, more than 10,000 peaceful protesters have been \"abusively arrested\" and \"over 500 cases of torture, committed by state agents\" have been reported. Mr Lukashenko says the demonstrations are backed by foreign powers and has offered to implement constitutional reforms but, so far, has refused to step down. Earlier this month, he secured a $1.5bn (£1.2bn) loan from Russia.."
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[
"Represent the example for the following task: Generate an appropriate title for the given text. The generated title must be short and include the main topic of the text. The preferred titles are under fifteen words.:",
"The Nazi-Soviet non-aggression agreement included a secret protocol that redrew the map of Europe. Fifty years later, up to two million people joined hands across the Baltics in a peaceful, anti-Soviet protest. The Baltic Way human chain galvanised the Baltic push for independence. For fifteen minutes on 23 August 1989, people held hands along a stretch of more than 650km (400 miles) from Tallinn in Estonia, via Riga in Latvia to the Lithuanian capital, Vilnius. Inspired by their achievement, pro-democracy protesters in Hong Kong on Friday were to stage a 40km human chain. There have been weeks of protest against a proposed law that would allow extraditions to China. The bill has since been suspended. What was the Molotov-Ribbentrop pact? The Baltic Way protesters chose the anniversary of the pact between the Soviet Union and Nazi Germany to highlight the secret deal to carve up Europe. Officially it was a non-aggression, neutrality pact. But under a secret protocol agreed in Moscow by the countries' two foreign ministers, Latvia, Estonia and Finland were to be consigned to the Soviet sphere while Lithuania came a few days later. Poland was to be carved up and part of Romania handed to the Soviets. Within days, Poland was invaded by Nazi Germany, and by the Soviets not long after. The non-aggression pact ended with the Nazi invasion of Russia in June 1941. What do the five EU states say? In a statement on Friday to mark the 80th anniversary of the pact, the foreign ministers of Poland, Romania and the three Baltic republics said the Molotov-Ribbentrop pact had \"doomed half of Europe to decades of misery\". They said the memory of the victims \"compels us to promote historical justice by... raising public awareness of the totalitarian legacy on the European continent\", and they warned of disinformation campaigns aimed at manipulating history. Remembering the fall of Iron Curtain, they added that 30 years ago their nations began the democratic transformations that led to them becoming \"vigorous members of the European Union\". What does Russia say? An exhibition opened this week featuring documents from 1939 that include the infamous Soviet-Nazi pact. The message from figures in Moscow was that Russia had offered an alliance to France and Britain to counter Adolf Hitler, but that the talks were going nowhere. The \"irresponsible and cowardly policies\" of Britain and France had pushed Hitler's Germany to attack the Soviet Union, said foreign intelligence head Sergei Naryshkin. \"Not wanting to wage war on two fronts, Germany made unprecedented concessions to guarantee Soviet neutrality in the Polish campaign,\" he added. Foreign Minister Sergei Lavrov, speaking at the opening of the exhibition, accused a number of countries of making short-sighted decisions aimed at appeasing Hitler. \"Naively calculating that the war would pass them by, the Western powers played a double game. They tried to steer Hitler's aggression eastwards. In those conditions, the USSR had to safeguard its own national security by itself,\" he said."
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"Represent the example for the following task: Generate an appropriate title for the given text. The generated title must be short and include the main topic of the text. The preferred titles are under fifteen words.:",
"The John Madjeski Academy paid for the majority of the uniform for all pupils, so all parents had to provide was tailored trousers, a shirt, and shoes. One parent, Sally-Anne Brown, was angry her son Joshua, 14, was sent home twice in a day - once for not wearing his blazer and again for his footwear. Principal Nicola Maytum said the new uniform was driving standards up. Blazers and ties were chosen at the Whitely school, in consultation with parents and pupils, during the last school year. But Miss Brown said she was shocked when Joshua was sent home twice on the first day of term. Miss Brown admitted she received a letter from the school about the new uniform but said she was unaware Joshua would have to take both his jumper and blazer with him. \"It was so hot he didn't want to wear his blazer and jumper, or put his new blazer in his bag and get it crumpled,\" she said. Decision 'ridiculous' After her son was sent home she drove him back to school with his blazer. But he was home again because his black leather Vans shoes broke the new uniform regulations. \"The uniform is smart but to make Joshua lose a day of school over a pair of shoes is ridiculous,\" she said. Joshua has since been allowed to return to school in the shoes but is awaiting a decision on whether they contravene the uniform. If deemed to do so, he will be lent a pair of shoes by the school. Mrs Maytum said when she was appointed in January \"it was the student voice that said 'We want to be smarter'.\" \"Their old uniform was down-at-heel so we involved the students and consulted with the parents about a new uniform,\" she recalled. \"Some parents were cross that about 40 out of 1,000 pupils had to be sent home, but the overwhelming response was positive.\" Mrs Maytum confirmed that all pupils must have their jumper and blazer with them at school, but do not have to wear both at all times. She said: \"There's a common sense approach - we're mindful of the warm weather so we don't want them to bake. \"They can take their jumpers and blazers off at break, and in class, at the teacher's discretion.\""
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"Represent the example for the following task: Generate an appropriate title for the given text. The generated title must be short and include the main topic of the text. The preferred titles are under fifteen words.:",
"Monmouth Comprehensive is phasing in the uniform from September and told parents they must purchase it from a preferred supplier. Some parents are angry at having to buy £20 trousers and £16 skirts from Trutex, rather than from cheaper shops. The school's stance is contrary to Welsh Government uniform advice. Monmouthshire council said the school consulted with the \"whole school community over a lengthy period\" as per government guidelines. Deputy head Andy Williams sent a letter to parents which said \"sending students home (in line with Welsh Government guidance) is, of course, our last resort\". The community Facebook page has received hundreds of comment from concerned parents. Paula Beddis Simpson wrote: \"I am a single parent doing 2/3 jobs to make ends meet, it's totally unfair. As long as they are proper grey school trousers and pupils look smart, what is the problem?\" Alex Watkins added: \"It's not as if people are refusing to adhere to the uniform, just would like to choose where to buy trousers skirts and shirts. It's hardly unreasonable.\"' Year seven and sixth form pupils will be expected to wear a branded blazer and tie instead of the existing polo shirt and jumper, which the school says had become \"tired, inconsistent and not fit for purpose\". 'Some concern' Pupils in other years can change to the new uniform from September if they choose to or if their old uniform is in need of replacement Parents claim the new uniform will cost more than £100 if they are forced to buy from the supplier. The school said it would cost £97 for boys and £93 for girls. The Welsh Government says governing bodies should consider stipulating \"basic items and colours but not styles so that items can be bought from retail chains at reasonable prices and not just from one supplier\". The school, which will move to a new £33m building in 2018, has acknowledged \"there has been some concern over the cost of trousers and skirts from our suppliers\". My Williams wrote: \"We trialled the use of barcodes for parents to buy cheaper (but often less ethically sourced) items from high street retailers. \"But quickly found that codes and styles changed, allowing many students to create a very different style of uniform including tight, skinny jean type trousers and inappropriate skirts. \"The school simply cannot keep pace with brand and style changes that will add to inconsistency in a school with over 1500 students.\" Council officer Will McLean said: \"The design of school uniforms and the rules which apply to them are determined by school governing bodies.\" Pupils eligible for free school meals will receive free uniform items in their first year."
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"Represent the example for the following task: Generate an appropriate title for the given text. The generated title must be short and include the main topic of the text. The preferred titles are under fifteen words.:",
"Samantha Yeoman, who denies unacceptable professional conduct, claims she did not act dishonestly, a General Teaching Council for Wales (GTCW) panel heard on Wednesday. She quit as head teacher at Rogerstone Primary School in 2014. The GTCW panel has retired to consider its verdict. Mrs Yeoman has denied unacceptable professional conduct by allowing staff to manipulate the 2013 National Reading and Numeracy Test results to enable pupils to get better grades. 'Not disadvantaged' Her statement said she accepts that staff were allowed to highlight incorrect answers and pupils were allowed to change them but said this was \"against her instructions and... out of her control\". In his closing argument, Mrs Yeoman's representative Gwylim Roberts-Harry said Mrs Yeoman's actions \"don't amount to dishonesty\" and the case was \"based on witnesses who feel aggrieved by the way Samantha Yeoman had treated them in the past\". He told the panel that the tasks concerning the administration of the tests were delegated to the then deputy head teacher Wayne Millard. Her statement said teachers were allowed to see the test papers \"in order to ensure children had access and were not disadvantaged\"."
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"Represent the example for the following task: Generate an appropriate title for the given text. The generated title must be short and include the main topic of the text. The preferred titles are under fifteen words.:",
"The plans form part of Highland Council's £55m West Link road project. The route of the proposed new road in Inverness goes through land used by Highland RFC. In June, councillors approved proposals for a replacement golf course for Torvean Golf Club because of the West Link."
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"Represent the example for the following task: Generate an appropriate title for the given text. The generated title must be short and include the main topic of the text. The preferred titles are under fifteen words.:",
"Councillors on the local authority will be asked to consider the plans for the new road, which could cost up to £34m to construct. The council says the new road is needed to ease travel across Inverness and free up congested city centre streets. There has been local opposition to the preferred route because it would involve construction on green spaces. Highland Council has proposed creating new sports pitches and facilities as part of the West Link project. These could cost up to £9.5m to build."
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"Represent the example for the following task: Generate an appropriate title for the given text. The generated title must be short and include the main topic of the text. The preferred titles are under fifteen words.:",
"But developers Hadleigh Industrial Estates said they still wanted to bring a manufacturer on board. They have also applied to build 134 homes as part of a £20m project. Director Richard Lanyon said: \"The plans, as submitted, remain the only viable option - without the mix of uses we've identified, it'll remain empty.\" The old Hotpoint washing machine factory, which once employed 1,000 people, closed in 2009 with 300 job losses. In June this year the prospect of a deal with Reflex & Allen to create an \"automotive industrial park\" was floated. The car components firm has a plant on Kinmel Park in Bodelwyddan, on the other side of the A55, where it manufactures pneumatic and hydraulic tubing. In addition to refurbishing the old Hotpoint site, the development also included new factory units, training centre and regional ambulance centre. Mr Lanyon said the collapse of the deal showed the fine tuning of the funding arrangements. He said: \"Nobody has fallen out with anybody. \"Reflex & Allen were faced with a situation where they had to vary the terms at the last minute before signing. 'Key strategic site' \"We've always said that the economics of the deal were finely balanced and this rather frustratingly proves the point. \"Any variation to the funding, whether in terms of the price for the refurbished factory or the housing, make the scheme unviable.\" Mr Lanyon said £20m would still be invested in the site if the planning permission is granted. He estimated the site could provide up to 400 jobs. \"This is a key strategic site for manufacturing in Wales and we're hopeful of full support from Denbighshire's planning committee in September so that we can continue to pursue a manufacturing tenant for the factory.\""
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"Represent the example for the following task: Generate an appropriate title for the given text. The generated title must be short and include the main topic of the text. The preferred titles are under fifteen words.:",
"Samantha Eastwood, 28, was last seen leaving Royal Stoke University Hospital at 07:45 BST on Friday and did not return later for her night shift. She has not used her bank cards or car since going missing, police believe. Det Supt Simon Duffy said the report by neighbours of hearing a scream \"forms part of one of a number of theories\" regarding Ms Eastwood's disappearance. The noise was heard in the vicinity of Ms Eastwood's address in Stockton Brook, Stoke-on-Trent, at about 14:00 on Friday. Det Supt Duffy said he was unable to comment further on this element of the investigation. The force is treating her case as a \"high-risk missing person\" inquiry. A 32-year-old man from Stoke-on-Trent, who was arrested earlier this week on suspicion of kidnap following her disappearance, has been released under investigation. Several locations are being searched and the public has been urged to report any sightings of vehicles parked in \"strange locations\", isolated areas or lay-bys. Det Supt Duffy said: \"As far as we can ascertain, she's taken no bank cards with her. \"That has obviously ramped up the concern because we can't see there's been any access to finances through usual means, and similarly, the vehicle as well. \"That just leads us to say it is totally out of character.\" Police said she had been in a relationship and engaged, but it had been broken off earlier in the year and she is currently single and living alone. A post shared on Facebook indicated that Ms Eastwood appeared to have been selling her wedding dress on an online marketplace. Speaking to the BBC on Thursday, Liz Rix, chief nurse at University Hospitals of North Midlands NHS Trust, said: \"The way her colleagues talk about Sam, it's clear that she is an absolutely dedicated and committed midwife. \"We do call ourselves a family and one of our family is missing. \"We want to see Sam back where she belongs, working with the team that absolutely loves her.\" Earlier on social media, Ms Rix said it had been a \"difficult week\" for staff at Royal Stoke University Hospital where Ms Eastwood works. She added that when Ms Eastwood did not turn up for work \"her colleagues immediately knew something was not right\". \"Everyone here is praying for her safe return and our thoughts are with Sam's family. \"If Sam reads this, I just want to say that we really miss you and we just want to know that you are safe\", she said."
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"Represent the example for the following task: Generate an appropriate title for the given text. The generated title must be short and include the main topic of the text. The preferred titles are under fifteen words.:",
"Humberside Police said it had \"received hundreds of calls\" from the public since the 21-year-old student went missing in Hull on Thursday. A neighbour reported hearing the scream close to where Miss Squire was last seen near Beverley Road. Police searched a pond at nearby Oak Road Playing Fields on Tuesday. Five officers from the police regional marine unit waded through the waist-deep water using sticks to break the ice, as the search entered its fifth day. Police believe Miss Squire got a taxi at the Welly Club music venue before arriving at her student house at about 23:30 GMT, where her mobile phone was found. But detectives do not believe the University of Hull student, from High Wycombe in Buckinghamshire, entered the house. She was spotted on CCTV 10 minutes later near a bench on Beverley Road, by the junction with Haworth Street, where it is thought a motorist stopped to offer her help. She is believed to have been in the area for about 30 minutes. According to The Sun, a woman living in a street close to Miss Squire's home reported hearing a scream on the night she went missing. \"It sounded like someone being attacked, it was blood-curdling,\" the woman told the newspaper. \"It was just one female scream. I was in bed reading and it made me sit up and go, 'Oh my God.'\" Police said they were \"extremely grateful\" for the information and help received from the public. \"Our house to house enquiries are continuing and we are visiting residents to speak to people and take statements as part of this ongoing investigation,\" the force said. On Tuesday, Miss Squire's parents, Lisa and Russell Squire, urged their daughter to \"get in touch\" in an emotional video appeal. \"Libby, my darling pie, we just want to know that you are safe,\" her mother said. Mrs Squire also posted a message on Facebook thanking everyone for their \"continued love and support\". She wrote: \"If love alone could bring our Libby Pie back she would be sat cuddling with us now.\" Officers said her mobile phone \"has not provided any further insight as to where she may be or her movements that night\". The motorist who pulled over near the bench subsequently made contact with detectives and had \"really helped out\" with the search, police said. Police have been searching in drains, including the frozen Beverley and Barmston Drain, and wheelie bins along the street. About 200 students were also involved in a search of the university premises. The family previously said Miss Squire's disappearance was \"very out of character\" and they were \"broken without her\". Miss Squire, who is 5ft 7in tall and has long dark brown hair, had been wearing a black leather jacket, black long-sleeved top and a black denim skirt with lace. The University of Hull has said it was \"deeply concerned\" about her and was working closely with police. Earlier, about 200 students and staff gathered in the rain at the university to show solidarity and support for Miss Squire, her family and friends. Vice-chancellor Prof Susan Lea thanked the crowd for all their help in the search. Student Union president Osaro Otabo told the students that support was available for anyone who needed it. She said: \"This real sense of community is something I think is quite special here in Hull.\""
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"Represent the example for the following task: Generate an appropriate title for the given text. The generated title must be short and include the main topic of the text. The preferred titles are under fifteen words.:",
"The 21-year-old disappeared on 1 February after a night out in Hull and her body was found in the Humber estuary almost seven weeks later. Polish national Pawel Relowicz, 25, was remanded in custody when he appeared at Hull Crown Court. He did not enter any pleas during the hearing. A provisional trial date has been set for June 2020 at Sheffield Crown Court. The body of Ms Squire, from High Wycombe, Buckinghamshire, was discovered in the Humber estuary following extensive searches involving hundreds of police officers and members of the public. Follow BBC East Yorkshire and Lincolnshire on Facebook, Twitter, and Instagram. Send your story ideas to [email protected]."
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"Represent the example for the following task: Generate an appropriate title for the given text. The generated title must be short and include the main topic of the text. The preferred titles are under fifteen words.:",
"He laid a wreath at the Tomb of the Unknown Australian Soldier in Canberra before officially reporting for duty. He also presented a letter from the Queen in which she wrote that her grandson would \"benefit greatly\" from spending time with Australian troops. The prince, called Captain Wales in his military role, will leave the British army in June after 10 years' service. During his placement in Australia, he will patrol with Aboriginal soldiers and train with the country's special forces. He officially reported for duty to Air Chief Marshal Mark Binskin, Chief of the Defence Force, after laying his wreath and placing a poppy during a tour of the Australian War Memorial. 'Common values' He also presented the Queen's letter, in which she wrote: \"I am delighted that the long and enduring association between the Australian and British armies will be joined by the military secondment of my grandson, Prince Harry. \"Together, our armed forces share skills, resources and resolve in order to uphold and defend our common values. \"In 2015, when together we commemorate the many sacrifices of our countrymen at Gallipoli a century ago, it is fitting that we can also reflect on the strength and persistence today of those common values and our professional military ties. \"I know that Captain Wales will benefit greatly from spending time with the Australian Diggers [soldiers] and I thank you for welcoming him into your ranks.\" The Australian military has said the placement will be \"challenging and hectic\", and the prince has said he is \"tremendously looking forward\" to it. The placement will be briefly interrupted when he travels to Turkey later this month for commemorations to mark the allied campaign at Gallipoli in 1915, in which thousands of soldiers from Australia and New Zealand were among the dead. It is believed that the prince will do voluntary work for charities later in the year as he considers his future options."
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"Represent the example for the following task: Generate an appropriate title for the given text. The generated title must be short and include the main topic of the text. The preferred titles are under fifteen words.:",
"The prince, whose four-month deployment to the country has just ended, spoke about his role as an Apache co-pilot gunner, and whether he had killed. \"Yeah, so lots of people have. The squadron's been out here. Everyone's fired a certain amount,\" he said. \"If there's people trying to do bad stuff to our guys, then we'll take them out of the game.\" Prince Harry left Afghanistan on Monday. News teams were allowed to interview him during his deployment, if they agreed to delay broadcast until he had left the country. As well as discussing his role in Afghanistan, he talked about various other issues, including that he had \"let my family down\" when he was pictured naked in a Las Vegas hotel room last year. He said this was \"probably a classic example of me probably being too much Army and not enough prince.\" But he added: \"But at the end of the day I was in a private area and there should have been a certain amount of privacy that one should expect.\" He also talked about: On his role in Afghanistan, one journalist said: \"You are the man with the trigger in your hand, and if called upon, you will fire, and presumably you have and you will kill the enemy?\" The prince responded: \"Yeah, so lots of people have. The squadron's been out here. Everyone's fired a certain amount. Probably a little bit more than this time last year, to a certain extent, but that's just the way that its balanced out. Mainly due to weather, well whatever the reasons, I don't know. \"We fire when we have to, take a life to save a life, but essentially we're more of a deterrent than anything else.\" He said missions to recover injured troops were a key role. \"Our job out here is to make sure the guys are safe on the ground. \"Now if that means shooting at someone who's shooting at them, then we'll do it.\" 'Stuck in Bastion' Prince Harry is the first member of the Royal Family to see active combat since his uncle, the Duke of York, fought in the Falklands War. Captain Wales, as the prince is known in the military, arrived for his second tour as part of the 100-strong 662 Squadron, 3 Regiment, Army Air Corps in September. Within days of arriving, Camp Bastion was attacked by Taliban insurgents. Prince Harry was moved under guard to a secure location during the attack. Prince Harry said: \"Obviously the papers back home were like 'this is all against me'. No-one really knows yet. But either way, this camp is in the middle of Afghanistan and it should be expected to be attacked at any point... and it was on my birthday, so it was a bit of a reality check.\" His first tour was cut short in 2008 after 10 weeks because a media blackout was broken. He was removed from Afghanistan in case he became a target. Then he was part of ground forces, calling in air strikes against enemy positions. He was disappointed to be withdrawn, and determined to return to front-line combat. He said: \"My choice would have been back out on the ground with my regiment - that sounds quite spoilt when I'm standing in front of this [helicopter], £45 million worth, but hopefully my friends and family back home know exactly what I'm talking about.\" Brotherly support He expressed support for his older brother, William, to serve in combat. William currently flies search and rescue missions from RAF Valley on Anglesey. \"Obviously he'd love to be out here and I don't see why to be honest with you, I don't see why he couldn't.... no-one knows he's in the cockpit.\" He added: \"Yes, he'd get shot at but, you know, if the guys who are doing the same job as us are being shot at on the ground, I don't think there's anything wrong with us being shot at as well. \"People back home have issues with that, but we're not special - the guys out there are. Simple as that.\" He also described how he juggled his different roles in life. \"You've got to be able to flick the switch all the time. \"I think I said a while back there's three 'me's, as it were. One in the army, one socially - my own private time - and one sort of with the family and stuff like that. \"So, you know, there is a switch and I flick it when necessary. And I like to think it's measured and balanced... Army comes first - it is my work at the end of the day.\""
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"Represent the example for the following task: Generate an appropriate title for the given text. The generated title must be short and include the main topic of the text. The preferred titles are under fifteen words.:",
"Jawad IqbalAnalysis and insight editor@JIAnalysisBBCon Twitter The Prince of Wales warned that young people are being radicalised at an \"alarming rate\" and that it is one of the \"greatest worries\". Prince Charles went on: \"The frightening part is that people can be so radicalised either through contact with somebody else or through the internet, and the extraordinary amount of crazy stuff which is on the internet.\" Prince Charles put his finger on an issue that refuses to go away and his intervention is just the latest in a series of attempts to discuss this pressing problem. But it is easier said than done, as Communities Secretary Eric Pickles found when he wrote an open letter a few weeks ago to 1,000 Islamic leaders asking for their help in dealing with radicalisation. His co-signatory was Lord Ahmad, who just happens to be Muslim. Not that it helped much. The letter got short shrift in some quarters. The Muslim Council of Britain, an organisation that claims to represent 500 mosques, schools and charities, was particularly fierce in its criticism of the letter - even though Mr Pickles didn't write to the MCB. Ibrahim Mogra, the assistant general secretary of the MCB, dismissed the initiative. He said that imams had been working for years to \"better educate\" young people, and that the demand could fuel anti-Muslim sentiments in British society. The main source of radicalism is the internet, not mosques, he went on. But critics of the MCB said its response was an attempt to shut down discussion rather than engage in a constructive dialogue. In some ways, this goes to the nub of the issue. Those on one side of the argument accuse Muslims of keeping their heads down, averting their gaze, and not condemning loudly enough the role of extremists. On the other side, Muslims say there should be no pressure on them to speak and they should not have to prove their legitimacy as citizens. And anyway, they go on to say, they do condemn atrocities - but this is lost in the noise around the atrocity in question. In writing to imams and others, ministers again highlighted the role of mosques in tackling extremist ideology. The precise role of mosques though is hard to assess. Who runs Britain's mosques? Much is made of the influence of the Saudi-inspired Wahhabi sect (or Salafis, as they prefer to call themselves) in Britain's mosques, but this is a relatively small school of religious influence here. The bigger school of Islamic thought is believed to be that of the Deobandis, a conservative interpretation of Islamic law that governs teaching in almost half of Britain's mosques. But generally speaking there is no hierarchical Muslim religious leadership, no single authority figure the equivalent of, say, the Archbishop of Canterbury, and imams have a fair degree of independence. Expulsion of extremists Official government policy has tended to focus on expelling controversial imams or denying visas to extremist preachers. In the past certain mosques - for example, Finsbury Park in north London where the radical cleric Abu Hamza was based - are known to have played a role in driving young and impressionable recruits into the hands of extremists. But others argue that more recently this malign recruiting role has been taken over by the internet and social media. This is an ongoing argument. For example, the Quilliam Foundation, an anti-extremism think tank, published some research on the issue last year. It suggested that the \"majority of radicalised individuals came into contact with extremist ideology through offline socialisation prior to being further indoctrinated online\". In other words, the radicalisation seed is sown through person-to-person contact first of all. The Pickles letter, his supporters would argue, is the kind of thing ministers have been saying for some time in relation to extremism. And in defence of Mr Pickles, it has to be acknowledged that speaking about extremism is fraught with political and cultural traps. Ministers are rightly worried that some terrorist atrocity might happen on their watch. And in the wake of the attacks in Paris, who wouldn't be? But at the same time they don't want to put a step wrong in dealing with a community that, rightly or wrongly, feels put upon. The Muslim leaders from their viewpoint presumably see themselves as negotiating a difficult path. Their own legitimacy as leaders is constantly open to question - after all, Britain has many Muslim communities. Communication dilemmas But ministers' attempts to reach out - or not - to British Muslims during heightened concern over terrorism have always posed dilemmas. The coalition government has come under attack from one of its own former members. Baroness Warsi, the first Muslim woman to sit in Cabinet, has rounded on the government's strategy towards Muslims, saying its failure to engage had fuelled resentment in the Muslim community. The same issue - how to engage with the Muslim community - was resolved in the Blair government by hugging close the Muslim Council of Britain, even though it is - and was - a largely self-appointed body. But the relationship wasn't without its ups and downs. Ministers distanced themselves from the group over its damaging refusal to attend Holocaust Memorial Day. Then, in 2009, the then Communities Secretary Hazel Blears severed links with the MCB after its deputy secretary general, Daud Abdullah, declared his personal support for Hamas in Gaza. The organisation, some claim, has never really recovered in official circles. When David Cameron became prime minister, he demanded the MCB distanced itself from Dr Abdullah. The Prevent anti-extremism programme has been another bone of contention between ministers and critics of government policy in dealing with extremism. The Labour government spent millions of pounds on the scheme - which really came into its own in the wake of the 2005 London bombings - but its impact has been hard to quantify and critics claim it has stigmatised Muslims. The Home Office has in recent years cut counter-terror funds to many Muslim organisations as part of its reform of the Prevent strategy. It continues to draw fire from a variety of quarters. Risk of alienation The former head of MI5, Eliza Manningham-Buller, reportedly says it is counter-productive in that it runs the risk of alienating the very communities whose help is crucial in tackling extremism. Others claim that Prevent highlights a wider fault in official thinking, with too much focus placed on dealing with radicalisation and not enough attention paid to tackling issues such as integration and alienation. In truth, no-one really knows how to connect all the dots in the journey that takes an apparently ordinary young person and turns him or her into a violent extremist. And for a grouping that is almost constantly in the news, misconceptions about Muslims are still commonplace and can't help when it comes to making policy. For example, the actual percentage of Muslims in the UK is around 5%, but those surveyed by Ipsos Mori recently said they thought it was 21%. Hardly surprising perhaps given the number of stories about Muslims in the media. Religious conversion - an issue in prisons where the number of Muslims is now at an all-time high, according to Ministry of Justice figures - is not necessarily the same as radicalisation, and counter-terrorism policies face the challenge of distinguishing between legitimate expression of faith and extremist ideologies. Illiberal beliefs and practices, however uncomfortable, do not always end up in violent extremism. And perhaps just as importantly for politicians and policy makers, the biggest challenge of all is how to get the message through to all of Britain's Muslims, a community - indeed communities - comprised of Shia and Sunni, speaking a number of different languages and made up of many ethnicities."
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"Represent the example for the following task: Generate an appropriate title for the given text. The generated title must be short and include the main topic of the text. The preferred titles are under fifteen words.:",
"Police said they were left with \"no choice\" after the woman left her home in Warrington in a \"blatant flouting\" of Covid-19 rules. She left home on \"several occasions\" including three visits to a gym in Warrington, Cheshire, after returning from Mykonos. The island is currently on the government's 14-day quarantine list. Warrington is also currently subject to tighter restrictions after a rise in coronavirus cases. Supt Julie Westgate said: \"On this occasion officers from Cheshire Police have had no choice but to issue a fixed penalty notice of this nature. \"It's a shame we have had to do this because the majority of Cheshire residents are sticking to the rules. \"Unfortunately this woman put not only herself but others at risk by consistently breaching the regulations. \"Our officers will always engage, explain and encourage the public to make the right decision, but in this instance they had to enforce due to the blatant flouting of the rules.\" Why not follow BBC North West on Facebook, Twitter and Instagram? You can also send story ideas to [email protected]"
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[
"Represent the example for the following task: Generate an appropriate title for the given text. The generated title must be short and include the main topic of the text. The preferred titles are under fifteen words.:",
"The 19-year-old was issued with the fixed penalty notice after he allowed more than 50 people into his home on Harlaxton Drive, in Lenton, on Friday. Nottinghamshire Police said it used its full powers to deal with the \"reckless\" organiser who \"deliberately flouted\" the rules after an initial warning. The new \"rule of six\" coronavirus restrictions come into force on Monday. The tighter laws limit gatherings to six people indoors and outdoors in England. People have been warned not to treat this weekend as a \"party\" after one scientist warned the UK was \"on the edge of losing control\" of the virus. Nottinghamshire Police said officers attended the house party after Nottingham City Council officers were met with \"hostility from the organiser\" at 22:20 BST. About 50 people were found at the address, who were all ordered to leave, and the host was issued with the fine, it added. Ass Ch Con Steve Cooper said: \"This party was a clear example of a householder who deliberately flouted the rules without a care for anyone else and as a result we have used the full powers we have to deal with this. \"Under current rules we can issue fines to anyone hosting gatherings of more than 30 people which can result in fines of up to £10,000. And now we are on the eve of rules becoming even tighter so there can be gatherings of no more than six.\" Follow BBC East Midlands on Facebook, Twitter, or Instagram. Send your story ideas to [email protected]."
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"Represent the example for the following task: Generate an appropriate title for the given text. The generated title must be short and include the main topic of the text. The preferred titles are under fifteen words.:",
"Devon and Cornwall Police said they were found parked in a layby above Saunton Sands at about 03:00 GMT and fined for breaching lockdown rules. Officers tweeted that it \"beggars belief\" that they drove about 200 miles (322 km) \"as they fancied a surf\". Earlier this week two men from the Midlands were found in Brixham, Devon. having driven there. In both cases the offenders were fined for breaching coronavirus rules which say exercise should be taken locally. Officers in the Saunton case said the \"vast majority\" of people were following the guidance and added \"to the minority blatantly breaching, we are out and about\". Follow BBC News South West on Twitter, Facebook and Instagram. Send your story ideas to [email protected]. Related Internet Links Devon and Cornwall Police"
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"Represent the example for the following task: Generate an appropriate title for the given text. The generated title must be short and include the main topic of the text. The preferred titles are under fifteen words.:",
"The image went viral after it was taken on 28 October in Virginia, close to a Trump golf resort. Juli Briskman, who was identified as the cyclist in the image, alleges she was fired by employers Akima LLC after she posted it to her online profiles. The company did not respond to the BBC's request for comment. Ms Briskman told US media the firm had called her into a meeting a day after she informed their HR department she was the subject of the widely circulated image. She told the Huffington Post news website that executives had told her they classified the image as \"lewd\" or \"obscene\", and therefore deemed that it violated their social media policies after she had posted it to her Twitter and Facebook accounts. However Ms Briskman said she had emphasised to management that she had not been in working hours when the photograph was taken and had not mentioned her employers on the social media pages. Ms Briskman also alleges that a male colleague was allowed to keep his job after deleting a post deemed as offensive in a separate incident. She therefore questions why she was immediately dismissed from her role. The 50-year-old mother-of-two had reportedly been at the government contractor firm for six months working in communications. Despite losing her job, Ms Briskman said she did not regret making the gesture. \"In some ways, I'm doing better than ever,\" she told The Huffington Post \"I'm angry about where our country is right now. I am appalled. This was an opportunity for me to say something.\" The press photographer, Brendan Smialowski, told the AFP website that it was common to see people protesting or making obscene gestures at presidents as they drove by. He said that he had been struck by the \"tenacity\" of Ms Briskman after she made the gesture several times and made attempts to catch up with the motorcade."
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"Represent the example for the following task: Generate an appropriate title for the given text. The generated title must be short and include the main topic of the text. The preferred titles are under fifteen words.:",
"Cardiff University graduate Rayhan Qadar later told the BBC the message was a \"dumb mistake\" and he \"did not hit anyone\". But his employer Hargreaves Lansdown said the tweet was \"unacceptable\" and confirmed his dismissal. Avon and Somerset Police earlier appealed for any victim to call them. 'Bad joke' A spokesman for the Bristol-based stockbrokers said one of its employees \"failed to conduct themselves to the standards we expect of our staff\". \"Upon becoming aware of this issue we have terminated this person's employment with immediate effect,\" he added. Twitter users slated his apparent boast, but only after re-tweeting it and sharing it hundreds of times. Astronomer Adam Whittaker wrote: \"You know what's dumber than leaving the scene? Tweeting it for the world to see. I'll be following your case\". Mr Qadar later sent two more tweets to his 1,323 followers which said his earlier message about the cyclist was \"obviously not true\". \"I did not hit cyclist. Not today. Not ever. A bad joke on my part it seems. \"Anyone who follows me on Twitter know 99% of the things I tweet is nonsense.\" Avon and Somerset Police earlier confirmed it was investigating the claims and appealed for any potential victim to come forward."
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[
"Represent the example for the following task: Generate an appropriate title for the given text. The generated title must be short and include the main topic of the text. The preferred titles are under fifteen words.:",
"By Claire BatesBBC News Magazine Jeremy Vine was cycling home down a narrow road last Friday when he was tailgated by an impatient driver who jumped out of her car, shouted at him and appeared to kick his bike. Later she threatened to \"knock [Vine] out\" and warned: \"I could be done for murder.\" Like many other cyclists who've experienced similar treatment, Vine had filmed the incident and posted footage on Facebook, as well as passing it on to police. Cycle cameras were first sold as accessories for recreational riders to allow them to edit and create films of their journeys. One of the first was the GoPro video camera, which launched in 2006. But it soon became apparent they were useful for recording collisions. Cyclists began posting near-misses and other dangerous driving on video-sharing websites like YouTube. The roads can be dangerous places for cyclists, who are particularly vulnerable to injury. In 2014, 21,287 cyclists were injured in reported road accidents, according to the Royal Society for the Prevention of Accidents (RoSPA). This included 3,514 who were killed or seriously injured. There aren't any statistics showing if helmet cameras have made the roads any safer for cyclists. However, motoring journalist Quentin Willson thinks the more cameras - including dashboard cameras in cars - there are on the roads the better, because they are more likely to deter bad behaviour. \"I think cars should have dashcams and cyclist should have headcams. If drivers and cyclists are driving properly, then neither should have a problem with being filmed,\" he says. Conventional methods enforcing road safety aren't working, Willson says. He'd like to see insurance companies offering discounts to drivers with dashboard cameras to help tackle problems caused by a \"motoring underclass\" of bad and often uninsured drivers: \"They may be angry being filmed but anything that brings them to book is good, I think.\" Footage of road rage attacks on cyclists has a habit of going viral. A driver caught on camera verbally abusing a cyclist in south London last year suffered a torrent of abuse online after the footage was shared on social media. But there are concerns that as well as inflaming confrontations, such footage may also be fuelling a motorist vs cyclist mentality. In 2014, The Daily Telegraph's Andrew Critchlow warned that \"self-appointed digital road vigilantes\" were doing more harm than good. Comment boards under road rage videos often descend into a war of words between motorist and cyclists, each accusing the other of unsafe road use. Facebook comments under Jeremy Vine's video are also mixed. Michael Hutchinson, former Commonwealth Games cyclist and columnist for Cycling Weekly, is sceptical about the effectiveness of cycle and dashboard cameras. \"I don't think, day-to-day, it makes a difference to safety on the roads. I think cameras aren't that common at the moment and so people who are reacting on the roads, like in the Jeremy Vine case, probably don't stop to consider if they are being filmed before taking action,\" Hutchinson says. \"In these incidents I suspect the perpetrators aren't rationally thinking their behaviour through.\" Hutchinson does think that they can play an important part after a road rage attack has taken place, however: \"One problem cyclists often have is when they report an incident to police, they are told 'prove it', and helmet camera provides some evidence. It also helps with insurance providers if it's one person's word against another.\" Today, both helmetcam and dashcam footage are increasingly used as evidence in both civil and criminal courts, according to personal injury solicitors Claims Action. They play the same role as CCTV footage. According to the company's website, in order to admit a video recording from a helmet camera as evidence, it must be downloaded onto a CD and be accompanied by a certificate countersigned by a solicitor stating that it has not been altered. However, while road rage incidents may generate clicks and shares, this kind of assault doesn't appear to be the biggest danger facing cyclists. According to RoSPA figures for 2013, \"failing to look properly\" was the highest known contributory factor to an accident involving at least one cyclist and another vehicle. Their records showed that one third of the 9,375 incidents were caused by cyclists while two thirds were caused by drivers of other vehicles. And while the presence of a camera might conceivably make a motorist think twice about launching a road rage attack, it's less clear whether it will encourage drivers and cyclists alike to pay attention to the road. Follow @BBCNewsMagazine on Twitter and on Facebook"
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"Represent the example for the following task: Generate an appropriate title for the given text. The generated title must be short and include the main topic of the text. The preferred titles are under fifteen words.:",
"By Sanchia BergToday programme Offences for which lower compensation was awarded included ones involving drink, drugs or violence. The Criminal Injuries Compensation Authority said statutory guidance obliged it to reduce or refuse awards if victims had unspent convictions. A leading child abuse lawyer called for a review of the \"scandalous\" approach. Alan Collins said civil case judges increasingly took the opposite view, and accepted that abuse could have a lifelong effect, with addictions being a possible consequence. Abused for many years Since 2010, CICA - an executive agency sponsored by the Ministry of Justice - has awarded compensation to 12,665 people who were sexually abused as children, or as adults lacking mental capacity. But some 438 people have had their government-funded compensation reduced because they had committed criminal offences themselves, the BBC learned after a series of Freedom of Information requests. Of the 27 cases where compensation was reduced between June 2014 and June 2015, half were for drink, drugs, theft or property offences. Eight involved violence against people. CICA would not say how many applications by such victims had been rejected. \"The Criminal Injuries Compensation Scheme has always asked that awards are reduced or refused if the victim had unspent convictions,\" it said in a statement. No review planned The Ministry of Justice said the refusal or reduction of an awarded payment reflected the fact the individual \"may have caused distress, loss or injury to another person, and cost the taxpayer money through a police investigation or court proceedings\". It said there were no plans to review the scheme. Odette Tovey, a Sheffield-based legal representative for several grooming victims whose applications have been rejected by CICA, said: \"The crimes committed against the victims far outweigh the crimes that these victims committed.\" Some of these had been abused for many years, from their early teens, added Ms Tovey, and CICA was their only route to potential compensation. Ms Tovey said CICA needed to take into consideration that victims' crimes \"were as a result of mental health problems developed because of the period of abuse they went through\". Victims could be eligible for compensation of £27,000 if no deductions were made, said Ms Tovey. The average award after CICA compensation reduction was £8,423. Abuse victim's story Jane was groomed and abused for more than four years after running away from her South Yorkshire home at the age of 15. She was given drugs and alcohol and forced to have sex with men she did not know. A lead witness at her abuser's trial, Jane was turned down for compensation because she has unspent convictions for theft and assault - offences which took place before the trial took place and when she says she was addicted to so-called legal highs. She has since given up drugs, has married, and is pregnant with her first child. Jane - not her real name - has paid back the money she stole and says she feels remorse for her actions, but says they should not negate her compensation. She told the BBC: \"I've hurt someone else, they didn't expect to be hurt, they didn't deserve to be hurt, I just hurt them so I could get money. \"I've been told by a couple of people that they received about £15,000, and that makes me really angry - because while the main witnesses haven't received anything, the others have.\""
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"Represent the example for the following task: Generate an appropriate title for the given text. The generated title must be short and include the main topic of the text. The preferred titles are under fifteen words.:",
"The scheme was set up by the Savile estate, the BBC, the NHS and lawyers representing alleged victims of the radio DJ. It received High Court approval in February despite objections from the Jimmy Savile Charitable Trust. Representatives of the trust argue more money will go to lawyers than victims. They say funds which could be used for charitable causes will be diverted, and that there is no way of weeding out false claims. Robert Ham, a barrister acting for the Jimmy Savile Charitable Trust, said the arrangements for compensation did not include a way assess the validity of alleged victims' cases. He added it was \"a matter of common sense these sort of situations are likely to attract numbers of fraudulent claims\". He stressed that neither the trust nor the trustees were \"in any way\" implicated in allegations made against Savile. The trust is a registered charity with aims including the \"relief of poverty\" and the \"relief of sickness\". 'Complex situation' Lord Justice Patten, one of the judges hearing the arguments, said the court had received a letter from the Charity Commission expressing concerns about the trust's charitable funds being \"diverted to the costs of litigation\". Lawyers representing alleged victims fear that further legal action might run up costs which will eat into the money available for compensation. When the compensation programme was established, Mr Justice Sales described it as a \"sensible and pragmatic\" attempt to resolve a \"complex situation\". He also ruled that the trust should pay legal bills of more than £250,000 run up by alleged victims in the fight to secure the compensation scheme. The judge specified about 140 people had \"intimated\" that they had personal injury claims against Savile and his estate in relation to sexual abuse. The trust's lawyers say the number of people intending to make claims has now risen to more than 160. Savile, a Radio 1 DJ who also presented the BBC's Top Of The Pops and Jim'll Fix It, died aged 84 in October 2011 - a year before allegations that he had sexually abused children were broadcast in an ITV documentary. Research carried out by the NSPCC for Panorama in June found that most of the abuse took place on BBC premises, in hospitals and at children's homes. A series of reports published in July indicated that he sexually assaulted victims aged five to 75 in NHS hospitals over decades of unrestricted access. The hearing is expected to last two days."
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"Represent the example for the following task: Generate an appropriate title for the given text. The generated title must be short and include the main topic of the text. The preferred titles are under fifteen words.:",
"The Jillings report had remained unpublished after fears compensation claims and litigation could follow by those named in the report. However following criticism last year that the subsequent Waterhouse inquiry into the issue had not uncovered the full-scale of the abuse, the BBC submitted a Freedom of Information request to get the Jillings report made public. ABUSE The report examined claims of abuse in nearly 40 care homes in the former Clwyd County Council area from the 1970s to the 1990s. The authors found evidence of \"extensive abuse\" over a \"substantial\" number of years and said children were severely disturbed by it. The report said at least 12 young people died. The claims centred on allegations of historic abuse made in the early 1990s relating to the Bryn Estyn home in Wrexham, which closed in 1984, involving \"at least\" 24 young people. A police investigation and subsequent trial saw seven former staff convicted of abusing children. The panel of three felt hampered by a number of constraints \"some of them to a serious extent\". Some information was retained by the police for legal reasons (see below). Much of the the council material was incomplete, in the wrong order, and some was undated and unsigned. There were delays receiving responses from the council and some staff refused to be interviewed. The panel felt it had \"major gaps\" in its knowledge for these reasons and also stressed it could not successfully address \"wider areas of concern including that public figures had been involved in the abuse\". Concerns were raised with the chief constable of North Wales Police about the independence of the investigation into the abuse allegations. The report said the chair of social services and the county secretary and solicitor told North Wales Police and the Home Office that profoundly serious allegations against members of the police should not be investigated. The police also declared 130 boxes of files to be sub judice and did not hand them over to the panel. The report found there was no mechanism to ensure independent investigations of allegations against officers were carried out. The report found \"time and time again\" the response to indications children may have been abused were \"too little and too late\". The needs of young people were \"incidental rather than a primary concern\". It said there had been \"a conflict of interest between safeguarding professional position versus the safety of children and young people. The interests of children have almost invariably been sacrificed\". The panel's investigation gave residents the chance to \"bear witness to what they had experienced and to share the anguish that they felt over lives distorted by abuse.\" Many said: \"This is the first time I have felt heard.\" The Jillings authors said that without exception former residents \"did not appear to be motivated out of a desire for financial recompense (as had been feared and alleged) or out of malice\". They added: \"The motivation appeared to be a genuine desire to see the situation improved for children in care - to safeguard the protection of future children.\" The panel referred to the fact there were at least 10 previous internal inquiries at Clwyd council, and questioned their outcomes. An earlier report on the Cartrefle children's home, Broughton, in 1992, was not published because of concerns it may prejudice a trial and also because of concerns it may invalidate the council's insurance. The panel made reference specifically to this buried report \"in the hope that by doing so such a fate will not overtake our report\". They called for a judicial inquiry in \"full public scrutiny.\" Their hopes for their report were dashed: the council shelved the report. Mr Jillings claimed it was because of council fears over insurance claims. A tribunal of inquiry was later held by retired High Court judge Sir Ronald Waterhouse which gathered evidence from 650 people over four years, reporting in 2000 which mostly focused on seven homes. However that inquiry did not submit the Jillings report in evidence, saying its contents were \"largely hearsay in relation to the issues that we had to decide on, on which we were to receive direct evidence\". The successor authorities to Clwyd eventually published the document after a Freedom of Information request from the BBC. A new police investigation into abuse claims, Operation Pallial, and a review of the Waterhouse inquiry led by Mrs Justice Macur are ongoing."
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"Represent the example for the following task: Generate an appropriate title for the given text. The generated title must be short and include the main topic of the text. The preferred titles are under fifteen words.:",
"It comes as Boris Johnson launches a review of sentencing of some dangerous and prolific offenders. He said dangerous criminals must be taken off the streets and punishments \"fit the crime\" if the public was to have confidence in the justice system. Lawyers said the new money did not make up for 10 years of \"relentless cuts\". The news fuels speculation ministers are preparing for a general election with a series of spending commitments and new initiatives. On Sunday the prime minister promised to create an extra 10,000 new prison places and expand stop-and-search powers. But Downing Street said it is not planning an early election. Announcing the sentencing review, Mr Johnson said: \"We have all seen examples of rapists and murderers let out too soon or people offending again as soon as they're released. \"This ends now. We want them caught, locked up, punished and properly rehabilitated.\" The review, which will begin immediately, will look at whether violent and sexual offenders are serving sentences that reflect the severity of their crimes. It will report back in the autumn. 'Protect the public' Under the current system, criminals sentenced to 12 months or more generally serve the first half of their time in prison and the second half \"on licence\" in the community, where they may be subject to recall. Dangerous offenders can be given extended sentences, which mean they must serve two-thirds before being eligible for parole. Justice secretary Robert Buckland said the review will focus on those violent, sexual and prolific offenders who are not currently given these extended sentences. He told BBC Radio 4's Today programme that Mr Johnson \"wants to see prison being used appropriately to protect the public\". But sentencing decisions should still be based on individual circumstances not \"targets or numbers\", Mr Buckland said. Opposition parties warned there was no easy fix for the current rise in violent crime. Liberal Democrat justice spokeswoman Wera Hobhouse said increasing prison sentences would merely \"overcrowd prisons and waste millions of pounds\". She said: \"For years, Labour and Tory ministers have made sentences longer and longer, without any evidence that they prevent crime. \"It may sound tough, but it hasn't made our communities any safer.\" The incentive of early release is seen by many as critical for keeping order in prisons. Sir David Latham, a former judge and chairman of the Parole Board for England and Wales, told BBC Radio 5 Live: \"Prisons are significantly overcrowded and the risks of violence in prisons have increased very substantially over the last few years.\" Last year saw record levels of assaults on prison staff as well as a rise in self-harm by inmates. Sir David said the way to ensure the safety of the public was by monitoring offenders after release with effective probation services. \"The essence of early release is that there should be proper control over that prisoner,\" he said. But he denied that sentencing needed to be tougher. \"Sentencing has in fact increased over the last 20 to 30 years quite substantially,\" Sir David said. Downing Street said the extra £85m for the CPS - which prosecutes criminal cases in England and Wales - will help staff respond to the rise in violent crime and an \"explosion of digital evidence\". Director of public prosecutions Max Hill QC said the money came at a \"crucial time\" for criminal justice. Mr Hill said: \"Our work is changing, and this new funding will provide the increased capacity to enable us to respond effectively to challenging trends we currently face.\" A spokesman from the CPS said the money would also help deal with the higher caseload they were anticipating as a result of Mr Johnson's plan to recruit 20,000 more police officers. 'Severely underfunded' In 2018-19 the CPS received £528m in government funding, but lawyers said the additional funding over two years was only a \"modest first step\". Chris Henley, chair of the Criminal Bar Association, said: \"The criminal justice system is severely underfunded, as a result of relentless cuts over the last 10 years.\" He said more money was needed for the prosecution system and the courts to \"restore public faith\", as increasingly \"those who commit crime walk free and the innocent risk being convicted\". Labour's shadow home secretary, Diane Abbott, accused the prime minister of \"clearing the ground\" for a general election rather than creating real solutions for the criminal justice system. She said: \"Anyone can promise tens of thousands of police officers, if you're not saying exactly how you're going to fund it. There's been a whole series of these promises and Boris doesn't explain how he will pay for it.\""
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"Represent the example for the following task: Generate an appropriate title for the given text. The generated title must be short and include the main topic of the text. The preferred titles are under fifteen words.:",
"An overhaul of sentencing laws has been announced by the Justice Secretary Robert Buckland. Whole-life orders will also be extended to 18 to 20-year-olds convicted of terrorism causing mass loss of life. Mr Buckland said it marked the end of \"complex and confusing\" laws. Speaking in the House of Commons, Mr Buckland said the measures would \"keep offenders who pose a risk to the public off our streets for longer\". He said they would \"help restore public confidence that robust sentences are executed in a way that better reflects the gravity of the crimes committed\". Mr Buckland also said protecting the public meant \"finding new ways to break cycles of crime, to prevent a revolving door of short custodial sentences that we know offer little rehabilitative value\". More help is being promised for those with mental health issues, addictions and neurodiverse conditions such as autism. It comes after the criminal justice system ground to a halt during the coronavirus pandemic. There are steep backlogs and delays for victims and defendants, who are facing trial dates years ahead. Among the new interventions proposed in a White Paper published on Wednesday are: And offenders sentenced to between four and seven years in prison for serious crimes such as rape and manslaughter will no longer be automatically considered for release halfway through their jail terms. However, one charity boss warned that \"increasing the prison population through longer sentences will only add more pressure to this already stretched system\". Campbell Robb, chief executive of social justice charity Nacro, said the UK needed a system that \"gives victims justice, reduces re-offending and creates a safer UK for everyone - senselessly banging people up for longer will not deliver this.\" While tougher sentences are among the measures proposed, changes to criminal records to reduce the time offenders have to declare past crimes to employers are also included. A focus on supporting ex-offenders will see custodial sentences become \"spent\" after 12 months without reoffending, with convictions of up to four years no longer disclosed after a further four crime-free years. Sentences of more than four years will not automatically be disclosed to employers after a further seven-year period of rehabilitation is completed. Labour's shadow justice secretary David Lammy welcomed the changes but sought assurance that new sentencing rules would not be applied \"gratuitously\". \"It would be wrong to abandon the general presumption in criminal law that when you're younger there is more opportunity for redemption and to turn your life around,\" he said. For the past few days, the government has been trailing its White Paper with a series of eye-catching announcements promising tougher sentences for terrorists, violent offenders and motorists who kill. Many of the plans are likely to command broad public support while measures to relax criminal records disclosure rules have the potential to make a real difference to ex-offenders struggling to find work. But the timing of the proposals is somewhat odd, as the government grapples with the biggest crisis the criminal justice system has faced in decades. Problems caused by the coronavirus have meant that a huge backlog of trials across England and Wales has got even bigger. The sentencing changes, if they go ahead, won't help the tens of thousands of victims, witnesses and defendants caught up in the backlog who now face the prospect of waiting up to two years for their day in court. The announcement of reforms to sentencing comes after lawyers warned hundreds of thousands of people may have to wait until 2022 for justice, due to delays in the Crown Courts. Since lockdown began in March, the backlog of Crown Court cases has risen by 6,000 to 43,000. The Ministry of Justice has pledged an extra 1,600 court staff and £80m towards a range of measures, including more Nightingale courts. And Mr Buckland has told the BBC he would \"use every tool in the book\" to clear the case backlog. Speaking on the BBC's Today programme, he said the situation in Magistrates' Courts was \"encouraging - with the number of cases being dealt with exceeding the number coming into the system\". And he said the Crown Courts had been \"unique\" compared to other countries, as it \"kept going\" throughout the pandemic. But, he added: \"I am bearing down daily on my team in the Courts and Tribunals Service to make sure that they have got the resources they need to make the buildings safe and that judges and listing officers are doing everything they can to get those cases listed so we can achieve swift justice.\" Meanwhile detection rates for crimes remain low, having fallen from one-in-seven crime reports leading to a charge in 2015 to around one-in-14 last year."
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"Represent the example for the following task: Generate an appropriate title for the given text. The generated title must be short and include the main topic of the text. The preferred titles are under fifteen words.:",
"HM prisons inspectors found overcrowding at HMP Dorchester and that staff were complacent about prisoner safety during their visit in July. A full inspection was carried out in 2009 and 17 recommendations were made. Eight had not been achieved but overall the report concluded that the prison was safe with excellent staff-prisoner relationships. Inspectors said: \"HMP Dorchester has responded positively to some key findings from our last inspection but there are some enduring concerns.\" 'Insufficient progress' The 250 prisoners were only allowed out of their cells for an average of 5.7 hours a day during the week - significantly below the expected 10 hours a day. In the main inspection areas of respect, purposeful activity and resettlement they found that the prison was making sufficient progress against the 2009 recommendations. But the short follow-up inspection found it was making \"insufficient progress\" in the area of safety. The inspectors' report said there was \"still no analysis of trends or patterns in violent incidents\" reported at safety meetings, which were poorly attended."
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"Represent the example for the following task: Generate an appropriate title for the given text. The generated title must be short and include the main topic of the text. The preferred titles are under fifteen words.:",
"The Haudagain roundabout vote followed a heated debate in the council chamber over what the work could mean to the lives of people living locally. The roundabout, at the bottom of Anderson Drive, is a notorious bottleneck. The £3m design contract was awarded to Jacobs in April."
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"Represent the example for the following task: Generate an appropriate title for the given text. The generated title must be short and include the main topic of the text. The preferred titles are under fifteen words.:",
"Transport Scotland has given Farrans Construction Ltd the £49.5m Haudagain improvement scheme contract in Aberdeen. The Haudagain roundabout is notorious as a scene of traffic congestion. RJ MacLeod Ltd has won a £9.6m contract to make improvements to a hairpin bend on the A9 at Berriedale Braes in Caithness. The A9 drops from a height 150m (492ft) to 20m (65ft) as it enters a valley at the braes north of Helmsdale. Transport Secretary Michael Matheson said the contracts would create work in the construction industry and bring about improvements to connectivity. Both projects are expected to begin this year. Related Internet Links Geograph Transport Scotland"
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"Represent the example for the following task: Generate an appropriate title for the given text. The generated title must be short and include the main topic of the text. The preferred titles are under fifteen words.:",
"Reading Council chose OOAK Developments as its preferred bidder for the Arthur Hill pool site in June last year. But council leader Jason Brock said talks had been \"discontinued\", adding the situation was \"regrettable\". Arthur Hill campaigner Peter Burt urged the council to hold a public consultation on the future of the site. He said: \"Unfortunately, it comes as no surprise that the council's botched and secretive plans to sell the site have come a cropper. \"The first thing the council must do now is consult with local people over the future of the Arthur Hill site, rather than push ahead with unworkable plans to sell the site for development.\" The pool building on Kings Road was built in 1911 on land donated for community use by the family of Arthur Hill, the mayor of Reading between 1883 and 1887. It was closed in December 2016 after councillors deemed it too expensive to maintain and decided to sell. The Information Commissioner ordered the council in May to release details of the previously proposed £1.15m deal after the authority had refused, claiming such details were \"commercially sensitive\". Mr Brock said the council would \"continue to consider the re-use of the site for housing, including council housing key worker housing, or other affordable housing provision\". He added the authority was committed to providing a new pool in east Reading."
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"Represent the example for the following task: Generate an appropriate title for the given text. The generated title must be short and include the main topic of the text. The preferred titles are under fifteen words.:",
"By Michelle RobertsHealth editor, BBC News online Although several cancers are caused by infections, Cancer Research UK says it is too early to add prostate cancer to this list. The University of California scientists tested human prostate cells in the lab. They found a sex infection called trichomoniasis aided cancer growth. More research is now needed to confirm the link, they say in the journal Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences (PNAS). Sex infection Trichomoniasis is believed to infect some 275 million people worldwide and is the most common non-viral sexually transmitted infection. Often, a person will have no symptoms and be unaware that they have it. Men may feel itching or irritation inside the penis, burning after urination or ejaculation, or a white discharge from the penis. Women may notice itching or soreness of the genitals, discomfort with urination, or a discharge with an unpleasant fishy smell. This latest research is not the first to suggest a link between trichomoniasis and prostate cancer. A study in 2009 found a quarter of men with prostate cancer showed signs of trichomoniasis, and these men were more likely to have advanced tumours. The PNAS study suggests how the sexually transmitted infection might make men more vulnerable to prostate cancer, although it is not definitive proof of such a link. Prof Patricia Johnson and colleagues found the parasite that causes trichomoniasis - Trichomonas vaginalis - secretes a protein that causes inflammation and increased growth and invasion of benign and cancerous prostate cells. They say more studies should now follow to further explore this finding - particularly since we still do not know what causes prostate cancer. Nicola Smith, health information officer at Cancer Research UK, said: \"This study suggests a possible way the parasite Trichomonas vaginalis could encourage prostate cancer cells to grow and develop more quickly. \"But the research was only done in the lab, and previous evidence in patients failed to show a clear link between prostate cancer and this common sexually transmitted infection. \"There's been a lot of research into prostate cancer risk and we're working hard to piece together the puzzle. \"But there are still no known lifestyle factors that seem to affect the risk of developing the disease - and no convincing evidence for a link with infection. \"The risk of prostate cancer is known to increase with age.\" Prostate cancer is now the most common cancer in men in the UK - about one in nine men will get it at some point in their lives. It is more common in men over 70, and there appears to be some genetic risk since the disease can run in families."
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"Represent the example for the following task: Generate an appropriate title for the given text. The generated title must be short and include the main topic of the text. The preferred titles are under fifteen words.:",
"By James GallagherHealth and science correspondent A study on 246 patients, reported in the journal European Urology, showed a single cycle of chemo was just as effective as the standard two cycles. But the \"shorter, kinder and cheaper\" approach reduced the side-effects for cancer patients, scientists said. Experts believe having less chemotherapy would make a \"huge difference\" to quality of life. Testicular cancer is quite rare, affecting around 2,400 people in the UK each year. However, it is unusual in that it strikes relatively young men - it is the most common type of cancer in those aged between 15 and 49. The overwhelming majority of people diagnosed (98%) survive for at least 10 years after the cancer is first detected. But as it affects people relatively young, the side-effects of treatment could last a lifetime. The study, by the Institute of Cancer Research, London and University Hospitals Birmingham NHS Foundation Trust, was trying to reduce side-effects. Patients in the trial - who were thought to be at high risk of the cancer coming back - were given just one course of chemotherapy. Two years later, the cancer had recurred in only 1.3% of men - which is roughly the same number as those having the standard two courses. Prof Robert Huddart, from the Institute of Cancer Research, said: \"Reducing the overall dose of chemotherapy could spare young men who have their whole lives ahead of them from long-term side-effects, and also means they will need fewer hospital visits for their treatment. \"This new trial is already changing clinical practice on a global scale.\" Chemotherapy can damage the immune system, increasing the risk of infections, damage organs - including the kidneys - and affect fertility. Prof Emma Hall, another scientist at the institute, said: \"Our study has found strong evidence to suggest that testicular cancer chemotherapy can be safely reduced from two cycles to just one - making their treatment shorter, kinder and cheaper.\" Martin Ledwick, Cancer Research UK's head information nurse, said: \"Providing men with a kinder treatment option linked to fewer side-effects could make a huge difference to their quality of life. \"As more and more people survive cancer, it's essential to carry out studies like this, which look at how to improve things for people living with - and after - the disease.\" Follow James on Twitter."
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"Represent the example for the following task: Generate an appropriate title for the given text. The generated title must be short and include the main topic of the text. The preferred titles are under fifteen words.:",
"It is hoped the findings may help in the fight against the common cold. The common cold is caused by a virus, but scientists want to understand how such illnesses are affected by natural bacteria in the respiratory tract. The study may also indicate why infants who suffer from lots of colds are more at risk of developing asthma later on. \"The respiratory tract is home to a wide variety of bacteria and we are beginning to understand that the types and numbers of these bacteria - what we refer to as the microbiota - can influence our respiratory health,\" said Dr Roland P Neumann from University Children's Hospital, Basel. Common link Researchers based their results on swabs taken from 167 babies. The swabs were taken as soon as the infants developed the first signs of a cold - and then again three weeks later. Scientists analysed the swabs by testing for the presence of respiratory viruses, such as the common cold, and for the types and numbers of different bacteria present. Researchers also considered other factors which can affect respiratory health, including the time of year and the baby's age at the point of their first cold, whether the infant had siblings or attended nursery, and whether they were regularly exposed to cigarette smoke. The study, published in ERJ Open Research, suggests that babies who have a wide variety of different bacteria living in their nose tend to recover more quickly from their first respiratory virus. By comparison, those who have less variety and more bacteria from either the Moraxellaceae or Streptococcaceae family recover more slowly. Previous studies have shown a similar link between bacteria found in these family groups and the development of respiratory disease in adulthood. Researchers have suggested two possible explanations for the link between nose-dwelling bacteria and respiratory infection: The research was part of a larger study that is following a group of babies from birth to investigate the complex interactions of genetic and environmental factors and their influence on lung health. In the longer term, it could help determine \"what healthy microbiota is - and if there is an opportunity to influence it\", with probiotics for example, although Dr Neumann stressed such a conclusion was purely speculative at this stage. Prof Tobias Welte, President of the European Respiratory Society, who was not involved in the study, welcomed further research. \"There is an association between respiratory symptoms in babies in the first year of life and the development of asthma by school age. \"We do not yet fully understand this link but the bacteria living in the upper airways could play a role. \"We need to do more research to understand the relationship between these bacteria, respiratory infections and long-term lung health.\""
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"Represent the example for the following task: Generate an appropriate title for the given text. The generated title must be short and include the main topic of the text. The preferred titles are under fifteen words.:",
"Part of the road surface collapsed in Broomshaw Road, Barming, Kent, \"causing a leak on a six-inch water main\". South East Water said affected customers were without water \"for a short time\" but supplies have since been restored. Resident Russ Palmer said: \"It was a bit of a shock. We had a family day and couldn't use any water.\" The hole appeared at the end of resident Nolly Clarke's driveway. \"I was just so glad that I wasn't driving my car over that part at the time,\" she said. South East Water said it first received reports from residents alerting them to the problem at 08:00 BST on Sunday. \"Our technician visited the site and found that part of the road surface had collapsed, causing a leak on a six-inch water main,\" a company spokesperson said. \"Approximately 30 customers were without water for a short time before we were able to alter the flow of water around our network to restore supplies to everyone affected.\" It said it had fenced the area off to make it safe and would return on Tuesday to complete repairs to the pipe and road. Carol Valentine, highways manager for Kent County Council, added: \"From a highways perspective, we have made the site safe and fenced it off.\""
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"Represent the example for the following task: Generate an appropriate title for the given text. The generated title must be short and include the main topic of the text. The preferred titles are under fifteen words.:",
"Tooting High Street was shut in the early hours, causing rush hour disruption. Police tweeted a picture of the scene, near Tooting Broadway Station, that was strewn with debris as water gushed from a crack in the pavement. It is not known if the burst pipe was damaged in recent severe cold weather. Some people in the area had low water pressure or no water supply because of the flooding but repairs have since been completed, Thames Water said. It comes after thousands of homes were left without water or suffered from low pressure because of freezing weather over the weekend. Writing to Thames Water, London Mayor Sadiq Khan described the shortage as \"unacceptable\". In a letter to the firm's CEO Steve Robertson, Mr Khan said: \"I am extremely concerned to see the supply issues experienced this weekend with significant numbers of Londoners being left without water for up to four days. \"While I appreciate that the weather conditions played a part in the water outages and increase in leaks I would have expected Thames Water to have foreseen this and had appropriate plans in place. \"It is critical that Thames Water reviews and steps up plans to upgrade and maintain your network. \"I expect generous compensation to be issued to those affected and that this will be clearly and proactively communicated as well as issued quickly.\" A spokesman for Thames Water, said \"The mayor of London and the Consumer Council for Water have asked us to look at how we compensate customers in these circumstances and we've agreed to do so. \"For now our focus remains on getting every single customer back into supply.\" Thames Water said its engineers reached the scene in Tooting \"very quickly\" and have stopped the flooding. The A24/Tooting High Street remains closed between Tooting Broadway Station and Hoyle Road while Mitcham Road has reopened. Transport for London said Tooting Broadway Station remained fully open and trains were running as normal."
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"Represent the example for the following task: Generate an appropriate title for the given text. The generated title must be short and include the main topic of the text. The preferred titles are under fifteen words.:",
"The landslip happened near Salisbury on 18 February, leaving a 20m (66 ft) section of track unsupported. Replacement bus services are being used with trains unable to run between Salisbury and Romsey. Network Rail said repairs have been complicated by flooding, and a long term plan to rebuild the embankment will begin when the waters subside. Mark Killick, route director for Network Rail Wessex, said: \"This landslip is a serious challenge. Our absolute priority is to safely reopen the line for passengers and I can confirm that engineers have devised an interim solution that will see the line re-opened by the end of March.\" Christian Neill, deputy director of customer experience at South Western Railway, said: \"We are working closely with Network Rail to ensure services return back to normal as quickly as possible.\""
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"Represent the example for the following task: Generate an appropriate title for the given text. The generated title must be short and include the main topic of the text. The preferred titles are under fifteen words.:",
"Dominic CascianiHome affairs correspondent@BBCDomCon Twitter If we want to live in a free and open society, then no security infrastructure could ever remove all the risks. But there are really effective methods to stop lorry attacks and to protect public spaces. I'm among a small group of journalists fortunate enough to have seen one of the key methods tested, quite literally, to destruction. The US, Israel and the UK are among the nations that have led the thinking on protecting public spaces with the development of measures ranging from in-your-face massive barriers to incredibly subtle changes in the street scene that you and I would barely notice. Anyone who visits these nations' capitals will be in no doubt about the physical security that surrounds critical buildings. Our Parliament is ringed by massive black barriers. The area around the New York Stock Exchange is surrounded by anti-vehicle ramps and any visitor to Israel doesn't need to be told what security looks like. 'Target hardening' With careful planning, cities can be \"hardened\" by the creative use of special barriers and bollards capable of withstanding direct impacts - stopping a lorry from reaching its goal. Does this engineering and other related measures turn a city into a fortress? Let's go back to the example of Parliament. The large black barriers that surround the Palace of Westminster are obvious. They're designed to stop a lorry strike at high speed and I saw a prototype of them tested in 2009. You can watch the video of that exercise on the old version of our website - although it may not work on modern smartphones. But less than 100m from Parliament lies Whitehall, the home of many of the UK government's ministries. There are no large black barriers there. Well that's not strictly true. The barriers are there - you just can't see them because they've been built into the architecture of a street scene that allows the free movement of pedestrians but would stop a lorry attack. Now, governments are obviously going to protect critical infrastructure - but what makes the Nice and Berlin attacks so frightening is that they were not buildings, but public spaces where people were out enjoying themselves. If attackers shift their focus from \"national\" landmarks to what's known in the security jargon as \"soft targets\", how can anywhere ever be safe? The UK government's approach has been to have a team of dedicated police officers, engineers, architects and other experts who advise everyone from city councils through to Premiership football clubs about how to reduce the risk of vehicle-borne attacks to crowded locations. There is planning guidance and the Royal Institute of British Architects has its own dedicated advice on designing for counter-terrorism without turning the nation into Alcatraz. When local police counter-terrorism security advisers assess a location, they don't just say, \"pour a load of concrete and hope for the best\". Each recommended measure for a UK location has been tested to internationally-recognised criteria, including an official British Standards Institute specification. So, depending on the specific location, many of the barriers increasingly built into our landscape have been tested to see if they can withstand a head-on impact from a seven-tonne lorry driven at 50mph (80 kmh). The most well-known example of that kind of planning in action can be found at Arsenal's Emirates' Stadium, where giant letters spelling out the club name are, in fact, also a massive shield. If a Berlin-like lorry attack were attempted at the stadium, the letters would absorb the energy of the collision. In all likelihood, the lorry would simply smash itself to pieces. Other public locations around the UK have been similarly hardened. Now, fairly obviously, nobody wants to see massive Parliament-style black barriers on the seafront of seaside resorts. But, again, there are measures that can reduce the risk. Temporary road barriers made of large reinforced concrete blocks can be deployed at public events within hours and can even be securely anchored into the ground with the minimum of disturbance to the landscape. Lesser measures, such as a series of complex chicanes, may be enough to thwart a lorry attack long enough for the police to arrive. These kinds of measures are regularly seen at major political events, such as party conferences or summits - but less so at public events. Could a lorry attack happen in the UK? Fairly obviously, yes, which is why the UK has guides for event organisers, urging them to think through how they mitigate the risks of becoming a target for terrorism. The key guide for major outdoor events runs to 81 pages, and it starts by urging organisers to answer some key questions: So when the German authorities investigate the full circumstances of how this lorry was able to cause such devastation, they will have to ask themselves whether they have a system in place that can prepare and protect for such an atrocity."
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"Represent the example for the following task: Generate an appropriate title for the given text. The generated title must be short and include the main topic of the text. The preferred titles are under fifteen words.:",
"By Robin BrantPolitical Correspondent, BBC News The intelligence services have estimated there are about 500 Britons who have gone to fight for the group known as Islamic State (IS). Under the proposals unveiled by the prime minister during his visit to Australia, British fighters could be banned from coming home for two years. The plans form part of the Counter-Terrorism Bill that the government hopes will be law by the end of January. But it is highly contentious and there are serious concerns about whether it is workable given other established laws on citizenship, immigration and human rights. 'Managed return' Critics fear that excluding Britons from returning to the UK - even if they face the most serious national security allegations - could amount to making them stateless. There are numerous questions that lawyers and politicians will have about the legality of what is being proposed. First, there are the other countries involved. Will Turkey be happy to detain - for potentially months on end - a Briton suspected of illegally fighting for a terrorist organisation if he turns up at Ankara airport but is banned from departing for the UK? It is not clear if the British government has negotiated any agreements at this stage. There is also the question of why these people need to be excluded in the first place. Can't they be arrested and charged with supporting terrorism as soon as they arrive back? A senior government source emphasised that exclusion would be temporary and said the aim was to establish a \"managed return\", which would allow British jihadists to come home if they agree to certain conditions. One of those could be Terrorism Prevention and Investigation Measures (TPims). But herein lies another problem: these conditions are being proposed based on suspicion of involvement in terrorist activity abroad. Yet there is a higher burden of proof for a TPim to be put in place at the moment, which is reasonable belief of involvement in terrorism. It is not just the proposals to invalidate passports and ban British jihadist suspects that are problematic. The coalition also wants to give the police and some border officers new powers to seize passports of anyone at the border who they have reasonable suspicion is travelling to engage in terrorist-related activity. Passports could be seized for 30 days. But it is apparent that the police already have existing powers to seize passports for seven days, without suspicion. If this is used, why is a new power to retain a passport for longer needed? And if reasonable suspicion is needed then why, a lawyer might say, can't the suspect be arrested and face prosecution? These are all questions that Home Office lawyers would have wrestled with over the past two months as they looked for a viable, legal and effective way to try to deal with a problem that is top of the list for MI5 and Scotland Yard's counter-terror command."
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"Represent the example for the following task: Generate an appropriate title for the given text. The generated title must be short and include the main topic of the text. The preferred titles are under fifteen words.:",
"Tom EdwardsTransport correspondent, London@BBCTomEdwardson Twitter I recently visited Lavender Primary School in Enfield in north London, where teachers in hi-vis jackets set up barriers to stop cars and vans travelling through the road. Compared to the usually hectic drop off, it is now a calm and pleasant environment. Kids scoot, cycle and walk up to the school gates. These are 'School Streets' and seem to be a less controversial scheme compared to the more contentious Low Traffic Neighbourhoods (LTNs). Although some of the time they are used in conjunction together. Modal shift And its popularity is growing across London. I remember seeing the first one in Camden in 2017. New funding means they have increased dramatically. Another 430 have been planned in the city at a cost of £4.08m. Of those, 127 schemes have been set up - costing about £10,000 each. So what do they do? They reduce pollution around schools and increase road safety. Teachers say within one week of the scheme beginning, they have seen an increase in schoolchildren walking to school. It seems the scheme is a good way to get what transport planners call \"modal shift\" - when people switch transport modes. They also embody a subtle shift in attitude towards cars. The programme sends out the message that it is not acceptable to drive your child to school. Enfield councillor Ian Barners told me he has had very few complaints about the streets around schools. Who can argue about providing a clean, safe environment for schoolchildren and getting them to walk to school? However, despite LTNs having many supporters, they also have some opponents. 'Moral high ground' LTNs really try and get people to change habits through making driving inconvenient as well as making the alternative - walking and cycling - more attractive. Many who live in LTNs love them. Others do not and think driving through residential areas is acceptable. What \"School Streets\" have - which LTNs do not - is the moral high ground. Schoolchildren should not be subjected to dangerous polluted roads. To seriously change the mindset and encourage active travel School Streets seems a very easy win."
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"Represent the example for the following task: Generate an appropriate title for the given text. The generated title must be short and include the main topic of the text. The preferred titles are under fifteen words.:",
"The changes mean vets will be allowed to shorten the tails of some working dogs, which ministers say are at increased risk of injury. Opposition members launched a last-ditch attempt to maintain the blanket ban, ahead of the final Holyrood vote. However the government ultimately won out with Conservative backing. Members voted by 86 to 29 to pass an amendment to existing laws, with nine members abstaining. The vote was not along unanimous party lines, with SNP backbencher Christine Grahame urging members of her own party to vote down the change. Nine SNP members ultimately abstained, while the Lib Dems were also split, with four MSPs backing the move and one - Alex Cole-Hamilton - opposing it. Specific exemptions The Scottish government brought in the outright ban - the only one of its kind in the UK - in 2007 as part of the Animal Health and Welfare (Scotland) Act. The amendment to the law brings in exemptions for two specific breeds of working dog - spaniels and hunt point retrievers - and only applies to the final third of the tail. The move was earlier backed by the environment committee, although that vote was also a split decision. Scottish Government Veterinary Adviser Andrew Voas told the committee he estimated about 80 puppies would have their tails docked a year to avoid having to carry out one amputation on an older dog due to injury, which would cause more pain than the earlier procedure. Extra time was provided for debate of the matter in the chamber, rather than the usual procedure of moving straight to the vote on secondary legislation. Labour MSP David Stewart said ending the blanket ban would be \"a retrograde step for animal welfare\" which was not backed by any animal welfare or veterinary group. Green member Mark Ruskell added that ending the ban was an \"ill-conceived, illogical, anti-scientific reversal of what was a progressive policy to protect dogs\". And deputy presiding officer Christine Grahame urged fellow SNP backbenchers to vote \"with impartial and informed opinions\" and \"reject exemptions to tail docking\". However Conservative member Finlay Carson said his party would back the change for \"a very limited number of working dogs\", while recognising that it was an emotive issue. And Environment Minister Roseanna Cunningham closed by telling members that the exemption would only apply to spaniels and hunt point retrievers. She said vets would make decisions in the best interests of animals. She said the move was \"proportional\", conceding that tail shortening was \"briefly painful\" but saying this was nothing compared to the injuries suffered by some working dogs later in life. 'Deeply saddened' Animal welfare groups including the Dogs Trust and OneKind voiced disappointment at the move. Dogs Trust Deputy Veterinary Director Run Hanaghan, who gave evidence at Holyrood opposing the move, said: \"Tail docking involves severing through bone, nerve, muscle, and connective tissue when pups are less than 5 days old, at which point it is very difficult to guarantee they will go on to be working dogs. \"We are deeply saddened that the Scottish Government is reintroducing this outdated and unnecessary practice. Sadly today we've seen a significant step backwards for animal welfare from a country who once led the way.\" However, the Scottish Gamekeepers Association welcomed the move, saying it was \"recompense for all working spaniels and hunt point retrievers who have had to endure ten years of painful injuries\". Chairman Alex Hogg said: \"The ban on tail docking in 2007 was made with good intentions but failed to account for working dogs, whose jobs are very specific. The welfare of these animals was compromised by the legislation and Scottish government deserve immense credit for taking a progressive, evidence-based step to rectify that today. \"Some have conflated tail shortening with full tail docking, which leaves dogs with only a stump. This is the opposite. It is a quick, preventative procedure protecting the animal over its whole working life, leaving it with an expressive, waggy tail.\""
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"Represent the example for the following task: Generate an appropriate title for the given text. The generated title must be short and include the main topic of the text. The preferred titles are under fifteen words.:",
"By Cemlyn DaviesBBC Wales Brexit reporter The Continuity Bill would bring powers over devolved matters currently wielded at EU level to Cardiff Bay. The draft legislation is being fast-tracked amid a row between Welsh and UK ministers over the UK government's EU (Withdrawal) Bill. UK ministers want temporary control over matters such as animal health, food labelling and chemical regulation. Cabinet Office Minister David Lidington has said that with these powers devolved governments will \"follow current EU laws for a little bit longer while we work out a new UK approach\". Further debates on the Continuity Bill will take place in the Senedd on Wednesday, when it is expected to be passed. On Tuesday, a Committee of the Whole Assembly debated amendments including calls from Plaid Cymru for changes to limit Welsh ministers' powers in the future. The bill would give ministers so-called Henry VIII powers which would allow ministers to amend legislation without the need for an assembly vote. Plaid AM Simon Thomas said he agreed such powers were needed to avoid a \"legislative hole\", but argued the arrangement should be revised five years after Brexit. He said it was important to protect the rights of the current assembly, and future assemblies or Welsh Parliaments \"to ensure government ministers are not using powers irresponsibly or irrationally or in a way that wasn't foreseen at this stage\". Mr Thomas's proposed \"sunset\" clause was passed without opposition. 'Waste of time' Neither UKIP nor the Welsh Conservatives put forward any amendments to the bill. Tory leader Andrew RT Davies said: \"We think it's a complete waste of time having the Continuity Bill in the first place.\" \"The Welsh Government and the assembly's time would be far better spent on dealing with the day-to-day issues that people raise in Wales.\" Labour and Plaid Cymru AMs are expected to vote in favour of the bill on Wednesday. UKIP AMs will have a free vote while the Conservatives will vote against."
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"Represent the example for the following task: Generate an appropriate title for the given text. The generated title must be short and include the main topic of the text. The preferred titles are under fifteen words.:",
"In a televised address, he confirmed that level three restrictions would be imposed nationwide from Wednesday. The move rejects a recommendation by public health experts to impose the strictest level five measures. Mr Martin said moving to level five could have \"severe implications\". \"If we all act now we can stop the need to go further, with introducing level four and five restrictions,\" he continued. The taoiseach said this would risk hundreds of thousands of jobs. The challenge for government \"at this stage\", he added, was to be as \"effective and proportionate as possible\" in how it deals with Covid-19. No crowds at sport The Irish government's decision rejects the recommendation by National Public Health Emergency Team (NPHET) to move to level five. This would have seen restrictions similar to the lockdown measures imposed in March. But Tánaiste (Deputy PM) Leo Varadkar told RTÉ the government did not think the NPHET recommendation had been \"thought through properly\". Level three measures mean there will now be tighter limitations on gatherings and people will be advised to work from home unless absolutely necessary. It also means that sporting fixtures in the Republic of Ireland will be played behind closed doors, with only professional or elite sporting activities permitted. Mr Martin said the country's five-level system allowed the government to have a flexible and appropriate response to \"new trends\". However, he said it also gives \"everybody a fair opportunity to plan and respond\". In response to Mr Martin's statement, Sinn Féin president Mary-Lou McDonald questioned what additional support would be provided for families, workers and businesses affected by the new regulations. The taoiseach reported that the new restrictions would be reviewed in three weeks' time. Counties Donegal and Dublin had already been placed under level three restrictions in recent weeks. There were 518 new cases in the country on Monday, with no further deaths in the previous 24 hours. Level three restrictions involve: The letter sent to the government by the NPHET on Sunday calling for a move to level five restrictions nationwide was published on Monday evening. It states that \"it is vital we do everything in our power now to arrest the current trajectory nationally and very substantially suppress the virus back down to a low level of transmission in advance of the winter months.\" It adds: \"The NPHET advises that the profile of the disease is such that a graduated approach will not have sufficient or timely impact on the trajectory and scale of the disease and will not protect the core priorities set out above. \"A graduated approach would, ultimately, result in application of level five measures as mitigation. \"In contrast, the immediate application of level five is intended to limit the impact of public health of Covid-19\"."
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"Represent the example for the following task: Generate an appropriate title for the given text. The generated title must be short and include the main topic of the text. The preferred titles are under fifteen words.:",
"The North Sea tragedy happened on 6 July 1988 when explosions and a fireball ripped through the rig. A rededication ceremony and remembrance service was held at the Memorial Garden in Aberdeen's Hazlehead Park on Saturday morning. A Sea King helicopter from RAF Lossiemouth opened the service by conducting a fly-past. The ceremony included a roll call of those lost in the disaster. The service was conducted by Rev Gordon Craig, the chaplain to the oil and gas industry. He said: \"It was emotional. There were a lot of tears when the piper played his lament.\" The minister said it was important the anniversary was marked. \"Piper Alpha's taught the industry a lot of things,\" he said. \"Sadly it took the lives of 167 men for it to learn some of the lessons. But the safety of the North Sea has improved beyond all recognition.\" In total, 61 men survived the disaster. One of them, Roy Thompson, told the BBC how he jumped from the burning platform. \"My mind was made up for me, my feet were on fire and so was my boiler suit,\" he said. \"There was no thought to it, if you're on fire you'll jump. \"To hear the names of the men we lost read out today was very emotional.\" The tragedy shook the industry, and directly led to more than 100 changes in safety practices. Since procedures were changed, fatalities have fallen. Prime Minister David Cameron wrote to industry body Oil and Gas UK to mark the anniversary. He said: \"The 25th anniversary of the Piper Alpha disaster is a fitting moment to mark the skill, bravery and dedicated professionalism of all those who work offshore. \"We will never forget the 167 who lost their lives. And my thoughts as Aberdeen remembers its loss are with their families and loved ones, the survivors and all those involved on that tragic night.\" New generation Meanwhile, an online educational resource to help teach pupils about Piper Alpha has been launched. Accessed via the teachers' intranet, it is an online space where teachers can share ideas and discuss approaches to including the disaster in lessons. The site features interviews with survivors, and news and documentary content. First Minister Alex Salmond said: \"The 25th anniversary has rightly had a substantial emphasis in making sure that the new generation of offshore workers understand the importance of Piper Alpha in creating the current offshore safety regime. \"However, given that the oil industry will be with us for the next half century and more, we also have a responsibility to ensure that new generations of Scots understand the significance of the world's worst offshore disaster.\""
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"Represent the example for the following task: Generate an appropriate title for the given text. The generated title must be short and include the main topic of the text. The preferred titles are under fifteen words.:",
"The men, from the Isle of Whithorn area of Dumfries and Galloway, died when the vessel went down off the coast of Douglas on 11 January 2000. Chief Minister Howard Quayle said the loss was \"still being mourned\". Manx fishermen, the RNLI and coastguard attended the ceremony on Douglas Head. Mr Quayle said: \"As a seafaring nation, we understood the heartache of those left behind and this tragedy has led to an enduring bond between the island and the men's hometowns.\" Scotland's First Minister Nicola Sturgeon said the people of the Isle of Man \"share our enormous sadness on this anniversary\". \"It was a devastating loss to the Isle of Whithorn, and one that continues to be felt all these years on,\" she added. Skipper Andrew Mills (known as Craig), 29, his brother Robin Mills, 33, their cousin David Mills, 17, Martin Milligan, 26, John Murphy, 22, David Lyons, 18, and Wesley Jolly, 17 died when the boat sank in heavy seas while heading for shelter in Ramsey Bay. The bodies of all seven men were found on board the 21m (70ft) long vessel on 15 January 2000. The Manx government funded a £1m operation to raise the vessel from the seabed in June the same year. The scallop dredger remained in Douglas Harbour until it was eventually scrapped in 2013. Related Internet Links Isle of Man Government"
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"Represent the example for the following task: Generate an appropriate title for the given text. The generated title must be short and include the main topic of the text. The preferred titles are under fifteen words.:",
"The security forces who advanced a kilometre have now consolidated positions in the area, he said. In the fighting between the army and the Tamil Tigers, nineteen LTTE cadres were killed and thirty injured while one soldier was killed and five injured, Brigadier Nanayakkara said. 'Shankar' killed In Batticaloa, Brigadier Nanayakkara said , an eastern military leader of the LTTE, called 'Shankar' killed himself exploding a grenade. \"This happened when the the security forces wanted to check this person on suspicion\", he said.Civilians photographed Asked why the people living in and around Kallimune near the Mannar Naval Base were being photographed by security forces, Brigadier Nanayakkara said the photos were taken and identities were registered for their own safety. \"If the identity of the residents of the area are known to the security forces, they will have less trouble in corden and search operations\", said the military spokesman."
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"Represent the example for the following task: Generate an appropriate title for the given text. The generated title must be short and include the main topic of the text. The preferred titles are under fifteen words.:",
"The supermarket said it was taking over the former Kwoks factory in Grimsby's Europarc business park to launch its own seafood processing operation. The Bradford-based company hopes to produce 10,000 tonnes of seafood every year and expects production to start by the end of 2012. Nearly 180 jobs were lost when Kwoks closed the factory three years ago. Minister for Cities Greg Clark MP, who visited the town last week, said: \"Grimsby has been through tough times, but this news from Morrisons is a real vote of confidence in the economic future of the area. \"This investment reinforces Grimsby's position as the heart of a vital cluster for the food processing industry, and will create valuable growth and jobs.\""
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"Represent the example for the following task: Generate an appropriate title for the given text. The generated title must be short and include the main topic of the text. The preferred titles are under fifteen words.:",
"The firm said it would add the jobs to its existing 6,000-strong workforce in its distribution and customer service centres \"in the coming months\". \"As we see greater demand, we are able to rapidly grow our talented team across the UK,\" said Amazon's director of UK operations, John Tagawa. Amazon currently has eight UK distribution centres. The firm said it could not provide a regional breakdown of where the new positions would be created, but they would be across its distribution centres in Doncaster, Dunfermline, Gourock, Hemel Hempstead, Milton Keynes, Peterborough, Rugeley and Swansea Bay. Amazon said it had already increased its UK workforce by 2,000 people over the past two years. The online retailer said it had also made changes to the way its staff worked \"for the benefit of its entire workforce\". The changes made include staff now working four longer days a week of 10 hours per shift and share grants for staff who have worked for the firm for more than a year. It said permanent staff started on an average of £7.39 per hour, and could earn up to £8.90 per hour after 24 months."
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"Represent the example for the following task: Generate an appropriate title for the given text. The generated title must be short and include the main topic of the text. The preferred titles are under fifteen words.:",
"By Clodagh RiceBBC News NI business correspondent Rooney Fish in Kilkeel employs 67 people and exports crabs, lobsters, oysters and other shellfish. The family business's key markets are China, Hong Kong, Korea, Vietnam, Taiwan and Thailand and the EU. Its managing director Andrew Rooney said: \"Now I've the stock sitting here that I can't sell.\" \"I had plans in place for Korea but they said: 'No, sorry, we're now taking it.' \"My sales had shot down and that was literally overnight.\" Many of Mr Rooney's customers in places like Shanghai are in lockdown, which means the streets are empty and nobody is going to restaurants. He says a drop in tourists travelling to the EU from Asia means demand has also fallen in places like Italy and France. The company exports between 600 tonnes and 800 tonnes of product a year to China and about 500 tonnes and 600 tonnes to the EU. Some products can be frozen but others, like oysters, cannot. Andrew said he has weekly orders of between four tonnes and 10 tonnes of oysters to France that have stopped and two tonnes a week to China that have stopped. He said it was becoming \"very, very tight\" for his business. He said: \"The problem is when the product is landed from the fishing boats, the fishing boats are paid.\" \"The auctioneers are paid, seafish levies are paid and it's sitting in my cold store. \"I've 67 staff here that I still have to keep on a weekly wage. \"The workers need paid, the boats need paid, fishermen and electricity bills need paid.\""
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"Represent the example for the following task: Generate an appropriate title for the given text. The generated title must be short and include the main topic of the text. The preferred titles are under fifteen words.:",
"An aircrew was on a routine patrol when it spotted the group frantically waving a makeshift flag on Anguilla Cay. The Cuban nationals told officials they had survived largely on coconuts. One of the crew members involved in the rescue efforts told the BBC he was \"amazed that they were able to survive for so long\". The group was first spotted on the island located between the Florida Keys and Cuba on Monday. Coast Guard official Riley Beecher told the BBC that he was out on patrol when \"something caught the attention of my eye\". When he came back round at a lower altitude, he realised that there were people on the island in distress. The crew was not equipped to carry out an immediate rescue, but food, water and a radio were dropped to them so they could communicate. \"Unfortunately we didn't have any fluent Spanish speakers but in my broken Spanish I was able to discern that they were from Cuba and that they needed medical assistance. They made sure to stress that they had been on the island for 33 days,\" Lt Beecher said. The group of two men and one woman told Coast Guard officials that they swam to the island after their boat sank. Justin Dougherty said the group later told him they were \"able to get nourishment from coconuts\". \"At first glance the island doesn't seem to have much, but there is some shrubbery there and some trees so they were able to stay out of the elements somewhat,\" he said. US media reports say they also survived on rats and conchs. The trio were finally airlifted from the island by helicopter on Tuesday and taken to a medical centre in Florida, though they have no reported major injuries. They have since been transferred to US Immigration and Customs Enforcement, the Coast Guard says. Members of the rescue team told the BBC they had never witnessed a situation like it before. \"I've never come across anyone who's been [stranded] for anywhere like that length of time before,\" Lt Dougherty said. You might be interested in watching:"
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"Represent the example for the following task: Generate an appropriate title for the given text. The generated title must be short and include the main topic of the text. The preferred titles are under fifteen words.:",
"Hunstanton Coastguard said the 14 adults and four children were trapped on Scolt Head Island, off Brancaster in Norfolk, on bank holiday Monday. The group, including five dogs, was brought back to shore by Hunstanton RNLI at about 17:15 BST. \"People don't understand how fast the tide travels,\" said Tony Garbutt, from HM Coastguard. \"It comes in faster that you can run and it will knock you off your feet. \"The coast is a dynamic environment and conditions will change according to the weather and tides.\" Mr Garbutt said despite the number of signs and warnings in place around Brancaster, some people still seemed keen to walk out to the island at low tide often to see the SS Vina shipwreck. \"There is not a lot to see - they would probably see more at their local scrapyard,\" he said. \"Tide times are published, but people don't seem to understand that is at the top of the tide - two hours before that you can be cut off.\" Mr Garbutt said the number of visitors to beaches had increased over the weekend after the easing of lockdown restrictions, but island rescues were a \"problem each year\". On Wednesday, a family of three also had to be saved after becoming cut off by the incoming tide at the same spot. Find BBC News: East of England on Facebook, Instagram and Twitter. If you have a story suggestion email [email protected] Related Internet Links RNLI: Hunstanton Lifeboat Station National Trust: Brancaster Estate Scolt Head Island and its Wildlife Norfolk Blogger: Scolt Head Island"
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"Represent the example for the following task: Generate an appropriate title for the given text. The generated title must be short and include the main topic of the text. The preferred titles are under fifteen words.:",
"Mr Santos said only the Red Cross would be allowed to be involved, because he did not want \"a media spectacle\". Jesse Jackson had agreed to go to Colombia next week to seek the release of former US marine Kevin Scott Sutay, held by leftist Farc rebels since June. The Farc say they want to free Mr Scott to boost peace talks. During a visit to Cuba on Saturday, Rev Jesse Jackson had agreed to mediate, following a Farc statement saying his \"experience and probity\" would speed up the process of freeing Mr Scott, a veteran of the war in Afghanistan. But President Santos reacted quickly, writing on Twitter. \"Only the Red Cross will be allowed to facilitate the release of the North American kidnapped by the Farc. We won't allow a media spectacle.\" 'Service to nation' Earlier this month, during a visit to Colombia, Jesse Jackson had called on Colombia's largest rebel group to release Mr Scott. The left-wing rebels responded by releasing a statement on Saturday inviting the civil rights leader to participate in the negotiations over the ex-soldiers' release. Hours later, the American leader accepted the invitation in Cuba, where he had met rebel leaders who are in Havana for peace talks with the Colombian government, as a service \"to Kevin Scott, his family and our nation.\" \"We have made contact with the State Department urging them to contact as quickly as possible the nearest of kin of Kevin Scott because his release is imminent,\" he said. In their statement, the Farc say they have not yet released Mr Scott because the government has not \"fulfilled the minimum conditions required\" for freeing him. Earlier this week, the left-wing rebels had requested the involvement of former Senator Piedad Cordoba in the release process, but President Santos also dismissed this to avoid a \"media spectacle\". As a result, on Friday Mrs Cordoba sent a letter to the Farc declining to participate. The freeing of Mr Scott would \"contribute to a positive mood\" in the continuing peace talks with the Colombian government in Cuba, the Farc say. So far, officially there has been agreement on only one of six points on the agenda - land reform. Five decades of internal conflict in Colombia have led to the displacement of hundreds of thousands of people. And a study by Colombia's National Centre for Historical Memory suggests 220,000 people have died in the violence."
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"Represent the example for the following task: Generate an appropriate title for the given text. The generated title must be short and include the main topic of the text. The preferred titles are under fifteen words.:",
"\"When I was five, I remember thinking, 'God, I'd give anything to be white,\" he writes in his new book Naturally Tan. The 36-year-old, who grew up in Doncaster and is of Pakistani heritage, says that he \"worried constantly\" that \"bad things would happen\" to him because of his skin. He says he now knows it is \"beautiful\". Tan is Queer Eye's fashion expert and, like his Queer Eye friends, spends the majority of his time each episode sharing messages of self-love and body positivity with the show's guests - although admittedly with more tough love than the rest of the crew. But as a child Tan says he wasn't as confident in his own skin as he is now. \"The importance of being pale is very bizarre. The people around me certainly didn't intend to pass on this belief, but I was aware of it and affected by it just the same,\" he writes. \"I had been so conditioned to think that if you were white, you were automatically more attractive.\" That's why as a 10-year-old he stole his cousin's bleaching cream. \"I haven't had the balls to tell her I took it, because, since then, I've been ashamed of the fact that I succumbed to the pressure. \"I kept the dirty little secret to myself. I'd only use it at night, before bed, when no-one else was going to catch me,\" he says, adding how painful the cream was to use. Queer Eye fans will know how importantly Tan takes self-love, so won't be surprised to hear how differently he feels towards his skin now. \"If you ask me what my favourite thing about my appearance is, I'll say my skin,\" he says. \"As a ten-year-old, I could never have imagined that you could find my skin colour beautiful, and I'm willing to bet most non-white people have thought the same thing.\" Follow Newsbeat on Instagram, Facebook, Twitter and YouTube. Listen to Newsbeat live at 12:45 and 17:45 weekdays - or listen back here."
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"Represent the example for the following task: Generate an appropriate title for the given text. The generated title must be short and include the main topic of the text. The preferred titles are under fifteen words.:",
"Now 27, Bash has millions of followers across social media platforms, especially TikTok, but still remembers his first day at school in Glasgow. Seven-year-old Bachala Mbunzama had arrived in the UK as an asylum seeker from the Democratic Republic of Congo. \"We lived in a hotel in London for about a year,\" he says. \"Until one day our names were on a list telling us we would be sent to Glasgow.\" \"I would not say we picked Glasgow. We just got given it.\" Soon after arriving in the city, he started school. Bash tells the BBC Scotland documentary Behind the Smile that he wanted to make friends and went over to a group to say hello. A girl stepped out of the crowd and spat in his face, he says. \"All I did was wipe it off. I thought 'is this how you get treated in Scotland?',\" Bash says. \"In London I never experienced that. My first racist encounter was that day.\" It wasn't the last, he says. Every time he was racially insulted it brought his confidence \"from 100 to zero\", Bash says, but he could not work out how to fight back. He says he would often try to keep away from people by pretending he did not speak English. Later at high school, he noticed that if he joked it made him popular. \"When I started hearing people say 'he's funny' I started feeling more comfortable,\" he says. \"People like funny people. That's my armour. If someone was about to fight me or swear at me they would say 'I can't fight this guy, he's funny'. To fight racism I used comedy.\" And the racist stereotypes and abuse he suffered was used in his comedy. Bash has posted videos about how he was asked if, when he lived in Africa, he had to chase his dinner with a spear or how all people in Glasgow wanted to feel his hair. \"I would take that race thing that hurt me the most and I would turn it into a wee sketch,\" he says. \"That's how I dealt with it.\" At first he posted on Vine, a briefly popular site that shared six-second videos, but he started to get more successful when he went on Facebook. \"The people I did not expect to find it funny, did,\" he says. \"The people that were in school that were mean or bullying me when I was there, they laughed. The people I used to want approval from were laughing.\" He was now at college studying construction and had worked in nightclubs but posting videos became his main obsession. His big break came about four years ago when he shared a video showing his response to Rihanna wearing shoes that looked like a pencil. Bash posted a simple video featuring his booming laugh and it got noticed and shared - around the world. It got re-posted in so many places it notched up seven million views in a day. Bash the Entertainer was a hit but his mum was not so sure about her boy's chosen career. He says she came around when she saw how much he was getting paid for a link-up with social media site Unilad. Since then he has built up a huge following over YouTube, Twitter, Facebook, Snapchat and TikTok, He recently posted a video on Tiktok that got 30 million views. It was a short clip of him blowing his lips to the sound of gunshots. Other hits include the CEO of Copying Sounds and his takedowns of the outfits worn by celebrities for the annual Met Gala. The consistent success of his videos has brought financial rewards in the form of advertising revenue and brand tie-ups with fast food and clothing companies. But there is a dark side in the comments left on social media. \"Online hate gets right in here,\" he says pointing at his brain. \"And it stays there.\" \"It'll get to the point where I don't want to post because I don't want people to say mean things about me,\" he says. Behind the constant smile and his trademark laugh is pain and memories of his past, Bash says. He is enjoying his success but he is also battling panic attacks and stress. He says he tries every day to be positive and true to himself. \"The way I was raised was always to be humble,\" he says. \"I don't like to be too flashy, I'm always happy with what I've got.\" So despite his success he is not living the high life in a penthouse apartment or 10-bedroomed mansion, although he says he could be. He still lives in a Glasgow high rise but jokes: \"Maybe soon you'll see me in a Merc and a big mansion.\" Bash the entertainer: Behind the Smile is on the BBC Scotland channel on Tuesday at 22:30 and on the iplayer."
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"Represent the example for the following task: Generate an appropriate title for the given text. The generated title must be short and include the main topic of the text. The preferred titles are under fifteen words.:",
"By Owen AmosBBC News, Washington DC Ten years ago, Muhammad Syed became an ex-Muslim. Born in the US, he grew up in Pakistan believing \"100 per cent\" in Islam. \"You don't encounter doubt,\" he says. \"Everyone around you believes it.\" And then, in 2007, he realised something. He didn't believe at all. As a boy, Muhammad was interested in \"astronomy, the space programme, Star Trek, Star Wars\". He calls himself liberal. His parents had PhDs. He moved back to the US in his early 20s, a few months before 9/11. When America went to war, he joined anti-war protests. At the same time, some of his Pakistani friends became \"ultra conservative\". \"There was one guy in particular,\" says Muhammad. \"I knew him through high school. \"We were in the same college. We were similar people - he was liberal like me. Then he grew this foot-and-a-half long beard.\" His friend's outlook \"scared\" Muhammad. \"He was talking about torture in the grave (an Islamic belief in punishment after death),\" he says. \"And he was talking about it being a real thing that people have witnessed - a very superstitious type of thinking. \"Coming from a scientific background [and] going into that, was a little bizarre. So I spent about a year or so looking into religion.\" Muhammad studied the Koran, the hadiths (reports describing the Prophet Muhammad), and secondary texts. \"My perspective was 'Islam is humanistic and scientific' - the sort of thing you're told,\" he says. \"I wanted to show my friend his perspective was wrong. But when I went through it, it was very clear that his perspective was actually the Islamic perspective. \"He was right and I was wrong.\" In the same period, Muhammad had dinner with friends. One had survived leukaemia earlier in his life. \"He was praising God for his recovery,\" says Muhammad. \"But in my head I was thinking about the probability of recovering from leukaemia - there's a certain percentage that do. \"I thought: 'How do you know that God is the one that saved you - versus you being in the percentage that is saved generally?' \"At that point I knew what he is saying is fantastical. It's not really real. It's an issue of probability. \"From there I thought: 'I understand this is all false, and I've understood it for a while, I just haven't self-acknowledged it.'\" Did he chose not to believe? \"It's not that you want to, or don't want to, believe it anymore,\" he says. \"It's like you understand Newton's equations for gravity - if you understand them, you understand them. \"You can't not understand them afterwards.\" Muhammad calls his family \"relatively liberal\". \"Mom in particular was very open-minded,\" he says. So he decided to tell them he was an ex-Muslim. Not immediately, but \"within a few weeks, certainly a month or two\". And what did they say? \"They were obviously traumatised and shocked,\" he says. For some Muslims, leaving the faith is a religious crime. A 2016 report found atheists can - in principle - be sentenced to death in 13 Muslim-majority countries. \"If you love somebody you want the best for them,\" says Muhammad. \"If you believe that by going down a certain path a relative will - say - burn for eternity, it's hard not to push back. \"A lot of that pushback comes from a place of love. It's not from a place of hate.\" After realising he didn't believe, Muhammad was open about it. He spoke to friends about his beliefs. He got to know other ex-Muslims. At one social event, he met Sarah Haider. Born in Pakistan and raised in Texas, Sarah left the faith when she was \"15 or 16\". She had never met another ex-Muslim. \"When I found out Muhammad was an atheist, I didn't believe him,\" she says. \"I thought maybe it was a joke. When I realised it was the case, it really was astounding to me.\" Sarah describes her parents as \"conservative relative to Western parents in general, and liberal relative to Muslim parents\". \"They never abused me,\" she says. \"But they were never happy with my choices. I got pushback every step of the way. \"It was a long process for them to understand this was an intellectual choice, and to have some mild respect for it. But they did get there, and many ex-Muslims' parents would not have. \"I know ex-Muslims who have no contact with their family at all - either for fear of physical abuse or retribution, or because the family have shunned them.\" After meeting each other, Muhammad and Sarah decided to find other ex-Muslims. \"Sarah thought she was the only one,\" says Muhammad. \"We thought there were probably others like that.\" Through word-of-mouth, and online forums, they built a small, informal network of ex-Muslims. Then came the next step: meeting in real life. Muhammad tried to vet people. He spoke to them on the phone. But, despite the precautions, they feared violent Muslims discovering their meeting place. \"It was pretty scary,\" remembers Sarah. \"I was tense from the very beginning. In fact, I was not entirely on board with the idea. \"I was curious and excited, but part of me was nervous. I knew I was taking a risk just showing up.\" Muhammad remembers \"one guy going to the bathroom for a really long time\". \"I was half-joking to Sarah that he's probably assembling a gun,\" he says. Half-joking but half-thinking…? \"Could be,\" he says. \"Could be.\" The guy came back from bathroom without a gun. The meeting went well, and word spread. Other events took place in bars, cafes, and restaurants in the Washington DC area. One person travelled six hours there and six hours back. Some people were \"badly traumatised\". At almost every event, someone cried. \"When we saw the demand, we thought we needed to do more,\" says Muhammad. They decided to expand to other cities. In autumn 2013, he and Sarah created Ex-Muslims of North America, and became the public face of apostasy. Did he think twice? \"Of course,\" he says. \"You have to assess the risk. You have to figure out whether this was worth it. \"But there was no other way. Somebody had to take that chance. Somebody had to make that happen.\" But why Muhammad? He could have done nothing, and had an easier life. \"I didn't honestly see another way,\" he says. \"There were no other people that were doing this, even around the world. We were in the right place, the right time, and I had the right mentality. \"I would say it's part of my upbringing. If somebody is in trouble you try to help.\" Four years on, Muhammad and Sarah's network - which is run by volunteers and relies on donations - has around 1,000 ex-Muslims in 25 cities in North America. People often call in the middle of night. Sometimes they're suicidal. One person - after telling his family he was leaving Islam - had a gun put to his head. Another was forced to take part in an exorcism. Another man, fearing for his safety, fled his family. They hired a private investigator to find him; he has moved states six times in 18 months. Ex-Muslims of North America (Ex-MNA) help in different ways. \"If they want to talk, we usually connect them with somebody - similar age group, somebody that can understand them,\" says Muhammad. \"Often it's ethnic - so, for example, Saudi people can understand Saudis better. We have people from 40 different ethnic backgrounds.\" The group offers practical help, too. \"We had a young girl, her parents weren't letting her study,\" says Muhammad. \"Home schooled at high school, expected she would get married, she can't go to college, she wanted out. She wanted to live her life. \"We were able to connect her to someone else, someone who had a spare couch. It's not much - but for somebody who has nothing, it's huge.\" Do they get threats, as well as cries for help? \"Usually via email or social media platforms,\" replies Muhammad. \"But there's a random person saying something on the internet, and then there are very specific, credible threats. Some people prove they are a legitimate threat. \"The first time it happened we called the police. They didn't understand the issue at all. But we were able to connect with the FBI and they understood it.\" Has Muhammad ever left his home because of a threat, even for one night? \"We talked about doing that,\" he says. \"We decided not to.\" On a Sunday night in Washington DC, a policeman sits by the door of room 309 at George Washington University's Marvin Center. Inside, around 50 people - men and women, young and old, a mixture of races - wait patiently. They are here for \"Normalizing Dissent\", the Ex-MNA's tour of college campuses. The tour began at the University of Colorado Boulder (where all bags were searched for weapons) and has taken in Virginia, two dates in Georgia, and DC. It moves to Boston on Thursday, and there are more events planned next spring. It's a brave move, but Muhammad says the events have been \"amazing\". There was an argument in Georgia, but only between two members of the audience. In DC, Muhammad is joined by Imtiaz Shams, an ex-Muslim from London (Sarah is in Australia). Imtiaz co-founded Faith to Faithless, a British group that helps ex-religious people from all backgrounds. He is younger than Muhammad and similarly well-read. But he has the timing - and confidence - of a stand-up comic. The talk zips from Islamic scripture, to racism - they get called \"white\" a lot - to the problems with right and left-wingers. Parts of the right use ex-Muslims to demonise brown people, Muhammad and Imtiaz say. At the same time, parts of the left white-wash Islam's faults so they \"don't upset a minority\". While Muhammad criticises Islam - \"When people talk about how feminist (the Prophet) Muhammad was, they should be ridiculed, they should be laughed at\" - he praises parts of it. \"You can find beauty within Islam itself,\" he tells the audience. \"It's an amalgam of many, many ideas. Some are good, some bad. \"A lot of them are outdated, because it was the 7th Century. It doesn't mean they're all bad. Personally speaking, one of the better things in Islam is the emphasis on charity.\" The talk ends with questions - some from Muslims, some from non-Muslims. They are all respectful. The policeman sits by the door, legs crossed, interested. Before the talk, Muhammad admitted he had doubts. Not about leaving Islam - but about whether being a well-known ex-Muslim was worth it. \"Of course, everybody has those moments,\" he says. \"It's normal, it's human. Is this worth the toll it's taking on me? \"But on the flip side you also see the good you're doing. You see the people who were suffering in bad situations [who are] doing great now. \"It's heartening to hear those stories - to hear how we've affected their lives.\""
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"Represent the example for the following task: Generate an appropriate title for the given text. The generated title must be short and include the main topic of the text. The preferred titles are under fifteen words.:",
"The legislation would allow authorities to scrutinise deals where they think taxes may have been avoided by routing investments via other countries. However, critics said the laws were not clear and there were fears they could impact foreign investment funds. The rupee gained almost 1.5%, rising to 52.91 against the US dollar on Tuesday. \"For foreign institutional investors (FIIs), their near-term concern over the General Anti-Avoidance Rules (GAAR) is resolved now,\" said KK Mital of Global Capital. \"FII inflows will definitely improve and there will be a restoration of confidence.\" Weak fundamentals? However some analysts said the rise in the Indian currency may only be a temporary one, not least due to concerns about India's overall economic growth. India's economy grew at its slowest pace in almost three years during the first three months of the year. Meanwhile the rate of inflation continues to remain high despite efforts by the central bank to rein in price increases. To make matters worse, high volatility in global oil prices have made it tough for policymakers to control consumer price rises. Analysts said that given these issues, the rupee is likely to remain under pressure. \"Elevated oil prices and cooling growth momentum, against a backdrop of high inflation, continue to create a poisonous environment for the currency,\" said Jonathan Cavenagh of Westpac. Mr Cavenagh added that even though oil prices had fallen recently, low prices needed to be \"sustained for a longer period\" for them to have a positive impact on the rupee."
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"Represent the example for the following task: Generate an appropriate title for the given text. The generated title must be short and include the main topic of the text. The preferred titles are under fifteen words.:",
"The economy grew by 5.3% from a year earlier. That was down from a rate of 5.5% in the previous three months. India has taken various steps, including opening its retail and aviation sectors to foreign investment, in an attempt to boost its growth rate. However, analysts said more measures were needed to spur the economy. The latest growth figure matched that seen in the first quarter of the year, which had been the lowest rate for three years. Brinda Jagirdar, chief economist at State Bank of India, said that India's central bank needed to cut interest rates to help revive growth. The central bank, the Reserve Bank of India (RBI), has so far resisted the calls to lower borrowing costs, saying its focus is to keep inflation under control. However, Ms Jagirdar said that \"there is a wide-scale slowdown in growth and focus now should shift from inflation to growth\". \"Growth has become critical as consumption is stalling on top of continued investment slowdown,\" she added. Bottoming out? Several factors have contributed to India's economic growth slowing over the past few months. Weaker global demand for exports, a dip in foreign investment and a political stalemate over key reforms have been cited as key reasons behind the drop in the growth rate. Prompted by fears that growth may slow further, the government has announced reforms to attract foreign investment in key sectors over the past few weeks. At the same time, the RBI has - twice in two months - lowered the amount of money that banks need to keep in reserve to try to boost lending. The moves are expected to inject 275bn rupees ($5bn; £3.1bn) into the markets. Analysts said these measures, coupled with signs of improvement in major economies such as the US, were likely to have a positive impact on growth in the coming months. \"The global environment is improving, some policy action is happening in India that will boost overall business sentiment and improve the investment climate,\" said Sujan Hajra, chief economist at Anand Rathi Securities in Mumbai. \"Agricultural outlook is [also] likely to be better than previously expected, which will aid growth. \"The second half of the fiscal year will be slightly better than the first half, and we expect growth to be around 6% during the period,\" he added."
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"Represent the example for the following task: Generate an appropriate title for the given text. The generated title must be short and include the main topic of the text. The preferred titles are under fifteen words.:",
"Robert PestonEconomics editor So, as I mentioned earlier this week, Britain's longest depression since serious record-keeping began is now officially over. Plainly this is good news (and do read my earlier note for reasons why you probably won't be feeling as prosperous as you did six years ago, or why the actual moment of depression's end will probably turn out to have been a bit earlier than currently thought). Here's one positive knock-on: an unexpectedly large growth in profits announced by Royal Bank of Scotland this morning - which has boosted RBS's capital and share price, and perhaps means taxpayers' losses on the eventual privatisation of the bank won't be as ginormous as feared. So what kind of recovery has this been? Well it has been completely dominated by our service industries. Which should not be a great surprise since they contribute more than three quarters to our national output. Glass half full? Without a resurgence in services, there would be no prospect at all of the UK regaining the income lost in the great crash of 2007-8. But nonetheless many will be slightly depressed that although the service economy is now just under 3% bigger than it was at the peak, manufacturing is still more than 7% smaller, and the production industries as a whole have been diminished by 11%. As I have bored on about for a while, although it is heart-warming to see UK manufacturing growing right now, there has been no rebalancing of the economy back towards the makers. Also, within services, the contribution of shoppers to the recovery remains immense - and the retail trade made the biggest contribution to the latest quarter's services surge. That suggests we may be at a premature end to households' attempts to strengthen their finances and pay down debts - and shows that growth in the economy remains perilously sensitive to the cost of money. Or to resume my habit of telling you stuff you know, the scale and pace of interest rate rises will have a hugely important bearing on the sustainability of this recovery. That said, the glass is definitely half full today. Boom and bust The UK is growing much faster than all the UK's big rich competitor economies, including Germany and America. And although it has taken us much longer to grow above the past peak than it did for the US and Germany, the original contraction in our economy was much sharper than for them - because we were so dependent on our bloated, hobbled banks. Here is the measure of how and why, for the UK especially, a depression caused by a banking crisis is so much worse than other economic contractions. We are now 25 quarters, or six years and three months, since the slump began. After 25 quarters had elapsed from the very painful downturn of 1979, the contraction that defined the early years of Margaret Thatcher's government, the British economy was 8% bigger than its previous peak. And 25 quarters after the recession of 1990, that caused by Nigel Lawson's boom and bust, the UK was 16% larger than its past record level. Today, 25 quarters on from a great crash that many blame on Gordon Brown's complacent attitude to City regulation, the economy is more-or-less the same size as it was. Lest we forget, this has been the mother of all modern depressions."
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"Represent the example for the following task: Generate an appropriate title for the given text. The generated title must be short and include the main topic of the text. The preferred titles are under fifteen words.:",
"By Caroline Parkinson and Helen BriggsBBC News The latest results of the new \"friends and family\" test saw one English A&E department out of 144 get a \"negative score\" - Chase Farm Hospital in London. Critics say the survey is too blunt an instrument for feedback as response rates at some hospitals are low. NHS England said the findings contained \"home truths\" but it was \"early data\" and should be treated carefully. The survey, which started in April, looked at patients who stayed in hospital overnight or attended A&E. The questionnaire, backed by the prime minister, asked the question: \"How likely are you to recommend our ward/A&E department to your friends and family if they needed similar care or treatment?\" About 400,000 people overall responded to the friends and family test data survey. Each hospital was given a score based on patient satisfaction levels, ranging from -100 to + 100. Out of 4,500 wards in England, 36 received an overall negative figure in June, although response rates in some hospitals were very low. In A&E, one hospital out of 144 received a negative score in the same month (Chase Farm in north London). The test is seen as central to the government's response to the Mid Staffordshire inquiry. The survey is projected to cost £150m a year. Tim Kelsey, NHS England's director of patients and information, said direct patient and citizen feedback was vital to improving services the NHS provides. \"From this first publication, we can see a significant and real variation in the quality of customer services across the NHS,\" he said. \"There are home truths here and everyone will expect those trusts who have large numbers of their patients choosing not to recommend their services to respond as quickly as possible.\" However, he said it was important that this \"early data\" was treated carefully. He added: \"Low response rates can have a dramatically disproportionate impact on scores. As more and more patients respond, the data will become more and more robust.\" Method 'simplistic' Peter Lynn, professor of survey methodology at the University of Essex, said he was concerned that differences in scores between trusts or between wards may, in some cases, be misleading. \"This can arise because the rather simplistic methodology used to collect the data makes no allowance for differences between trusts or wards in types of patients, types of treatments, or the proportions or types of patients who provide an answer,\" he said. \"Additionally, variation was allowed between trusts in the way the test was administered. Although the objective is only to shine a light on poorer-performing trusts, the concern is that the light may not be shining in the right places. The methodology of this test really should be improved.\" Jocelyn Cornwell, director of the Point of Care Foundation, an independent charity working with health and social care organisations, said: \"Collecting feedback is really important, but I think the question patients are asked doesn't make sense. \"Some hospitals were using much better methods of collecting feedback. But they've had to abandon what they were doing and replace it with this rather blunt instrument.\" The friends and family test began nationally in April, after a year of pilots in the Midlands and east of England. There are plans to further expand the test to maternity services in October, and to GP practices, community services and mental health services by the end of 2014, then to all parts of the NHS by the end of March 2015."
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"Represent the example for the following task: Generate an appropriate title for the given text. The generated title must be short and include the main topic of the text. The preferred titles are under fifteen words.:",
"Keighley Clarke, 29, of Sutton-in-Ashfield, had a mastectomy but was not given the proper follow-up treatment because of the faulty tests. Almost 80 breast cancer patients were recalled by King's Mill Hospital after being given inaccurate test results. The hospital has apologised for the mistake and carried out an inquiry. 'Very worried' Mrs Clarke, a mother of four, said hormone treatment to stop the disease spreading was delayed because of the error. \"When they told me that they made this big error, it felt like I had taken 10 steps back. It makes me wonder if the cancer has returned,\" Mrs Clarke said. \"I am very worried and anxious and I feel let down by Kings Mill - it is quite upsetting to think you can't trust them. \"They think an apology is acceptable but I don't - they are playing with people's lives and, obviously, I am one of them and I think I have been put at risk.\" The errors, which were revealed in early October, were in tests between 2004 and 2010 to determine whether women would benefit from hormone treatment. At least 120 women were given false negative results which meant some of them would have benefited from treatment different to the one they were given. Mrs Clarke, who had a mastectomy and has now started hormone treatment, is still waiting for reconstructive surgery. Hospital officials said the fault was due to a technical issue and not medical error. The hospital is run by the Sherwood Forest Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, which also runs Newark Hospital."
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"Represent the example for the following task: Generate an appropriate title for the given text. The generated title must be short and include the main topic of the text. The preferred titles are under fifteen words.:",
"By Anna BradleyChair of Healthwatch England We know that patients are reluctant to make a fuss when standards slip on hospital wards. Many simply don't know how to make a complaint, others are actually scared of the consequences. Yet we often hear complaints referred to as 'gold dust' by hospital bosses in terms of improving services. You would think then that health and care organisations would be eager to hear from anyone who wanted to report a concern or complaint. However, our research suggests that tens of thousands of incidents are slipping under the radar because those who witness poor care and try to report it are being told, in one particular case, to \"mind their own business\". 'Civic-minded individuals' Responding to a Freedom of Information request, a third of hospitals across England told us that they don't record complaints from \"third parties\", ie those that witness rather than personally experiencing poor care. Many of the hospital trusts that replied incorrectly stated that such complaints cannot be investigated without the permission of the patient. Others said they record such incidents as informal feedback only, with no follow-up provided to the courageous and civic minded individuals complaining on behalf of vulnerable patients. In the worst cases some hospitals just flat out said they don't record these complaints. Even where these reports are recorded, they are often not included in formal stats allowing hospitals so their complaints data doesn't tell the true story. For me this is symptomatic of a much bigger problem around complaints handling in the NHS and social care services. The fact that doctors and nurses would rather tell one of these \"citizen whistleblowers\" they can't complain because they don't tick the right box or have the permission to make a complaint is just wrong. If a passer-by reports an abandoned bag in an airport, the staff don't say: \"I'm sorry sir, but do you have the permission of the bag owner.\" Rather they are thanked for their vigilance. If the policy makers and politicians are serious about driving culture change in the NHS then more needs to be done to wipe out this 'compute says no' attitude and encourage staff to welcome feedback - positive and negative. 'Long hard look' With the secretary of state for health's update on progress against the recommendations of the Francis inquiry expected in the next few weeks, I implore him to take a long hard look at the complaints question. In our report, 'Suffering in Silence', we set out a vision for streamlining and refocusing the complaints system around what people want. Firstly, the system needs to make it easier for people to complain, including institutions understanding that everyone, including third parties, has the right to raise concerns. Secondly, every case should be dealt with compassionately, with a speedy, personalised response that actually addresses the poor experience and includes an outline of what happens next. Lastly, those who fail to up their game must be held to account by being put into \"special measures\" by the regulators, issued with financial penalties and ultimately being shut down and replaced. In short, it's time for the health and social care sector to get serious about complaints, and stop finding loopholes to avoid having to face up to their mistakes."
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"Represent the example for the following task: Generate an appropriate title for the given text. The generated title must be short and include the main topic of the text. The preferred titles are under fifteen words.:",
"Expectant parents are bombarded with advice about what they should and shouldn't be doing. Pregnant women mustn't eat too much as it may raise the baby's risk of obesity or diabetes, but they mustn't diet as that could have a similar effect. Neither should they exercise for fear of triggering a miscarriage, or get too stressed out because that's bad for the baby too. And if they do get stressed, they can't drink alcohol or go for a spa treatment to relax. You might start to think that staying at home would be the sensible thing to do, only this too is ridden with potential dangers for your unborn child: from ice-cream, to pet shampoo, to hair dye. Even lying down or your back can allegedly cut off your baby's blood supply. When I fell pregnant three years ago, I felt paralysed and somewhat patronised by all the conflicting advice out there. I was also obsessed with the little life that was growing inside me, and desperate for more information about what it was doing in there. Could it taste the curry I was eating; hear the songs I was singing; or sense when I took a swim in the freezing outdoor swimming pool near my home? So I began a quest to investigate the truth behind the old wives' tales, alarming newspaper headlines and government guidelines, and to probe deeper into the inner world of the developing child. So Bumpology was born. Booze and breastfeeding Some of what I discovered while researching the book amused and amazed me: I learned that parents who already have a couple of boys are statistically more likely to go on having boys, though no-one really understands why; that the shape of a woman's bump provides no clues as to the gender of the baby within, but that women with severe morning sickness are slightly more likely to be carrying a girl; and that contrary to the received wisdom, babies actually can focus on objects further than 30cm away (even if they often under- or overshoot). I also learned that much of the research underpinning medical advice on things like alcohol consumption - and even the health benefits of breastfeeding - is far from clear-cut and often aimed at the general population, rather than taking the individual into consideration. In the case of alcohol, there's clear evidence that heavy drinking is harmful -- and even a daily glass of wine may increase the odds of a baby being born underweight, which carries additional risks to its health. However, below this level, there is a massive grey zone where scientists simply don't yet have an answer to whether or not alcohol causes harm. When it comes to breastfeeding, it's quite true that breast milk is best for babies, or at least better than formula milk in terms of protecting them against infections in the short term. But when it comes to the much-touted long-term benefits of breastfeeding, such as protection against obesity, diabetes or allergy, the research is less convincing. Certainly women who can't breastfeed for whatever reason, and who live in countries with a decent standard of health care, shouldn't waste too much time worrying that they are causing long-term damage to their baby's health. 'Overblown' However, what alarmed me the most was the realisation that much of what women are told about the risks of medical interventions during labour - things like induction, epidural anaesthesia and undergoing a c-section - are overblown. At the same time, statistics about the odds of needing medical assistance or on complications like tearing during a vaginal birth are frequently not talked about. I believe that access to this kind of information could have a big influence on women's expectations of labour and on some of the decisions they make when planning for the birth of their child. I also think it could help women to come to terms with things if labour doesn't go according to plan and they need additional help getting their baby out. Having a baby can be one of the greatest joys that life bestows. However, it is also hard work and new parents can do without the unnecessary guilt, anxiety and doubt that misleading pregnancy advice brings. It is also a time of great wonder and through my research I have learned things about my own children that will never cease to amaze me. I believe it's time to push aside the scaremongering and allow parents the freedom to enjoy this precious period of their lives."
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"Represent the example for the following task: Generate an appropriate title for the given text. The generated title must be short and include the main topic of the text. The preferred titles are under fifteen words.:",
"By Luke WaltonRadio 4 PM programme The case will decide if a child born with serious disabilities caused by her mother's alcohol consumption should be compensated as a victim of crime. Some estimates suggest thousands are born every year in the UK with serious health defects caused by alcohol. Senior health officials have said there are mixed messages on the issue. NHS guidance states \"women who are pregnant or trying to conceive should avoid alcohol altogether\". But it continues: \"If they do choose to drink, to minimise the risk to the baby, we recommend they should not drink more than one or two units once or twice a week, and should not get drunk.\" The Royal College of Obstetricians and Gynaecologists has said \"current scientific opinion points to there being no hard evidence that very small amounts of alcohol consumption during pregnancy are harmful\". But advice and research can seem inconclusive. 'Safest option' According to the Foetal Alcohol Spectrum Disorder (FASD) Network, which supports families affected by the problem, health defects caused by alcohol include learning difficulties as well as behavioural and emotional problems. Pregnant mothers need to be educated to steer clear of alcohol, said Maria Catterick, FASD Network's founder. \"We are told that alcohol is a poison on the one hand, but on the other hand we are told that maybe it's OK to drink one or two units.\" Alcohol-related pregnancy risks Dr Shonag MacKenzie, lead obstetrician at Northumbria Healthcare NHS Trust, believes the advice can be confusing: \"A small amount can lead to more drinks,\" she said, \"we do know that actually the only absolutely safe policy is no alcohol at all in pregnancy.\" In September, 12 directors of public health in the North East of England wrote an open letter complaining that there were \"a lot of mixed messages about how much alcohol is 'safe' during pregnancy\". \"We want to send a clear message to parents-to-be that alcohol and pregnancy don't mix - the safest option is an alcohol free pregnancy,\" they said in the letter. \"This needs to be the advice given during all stages of pregnancy from conception to birth by all healthcare professionals,\" they added. A Department of Health spokesman said the chief medical officer for England was reviewing alcohol guidelines, with new draft guidelines expected next year. One woman who lives in the North East and asked not to be identified adopted baby girls who were later diagnosed with Foetal Alcohol Syndrome (FAS). \"Due to the brain damage both my children have problems with ADHD, bits of autism, sensory dysfunction, memory problems,\" she said. She said there was a shortage of support services for children with FAS, and her girls would need help into adulthood. \"When they are both around 18 to 20 years old chronologically, they are only going to be like a 10-year-old socially.\" Criminalising women? The Court of Appeal will decide later this month whether a seven-year-old with FAS and now in local authority care is entitled to a payout from the government-funded Criminal Injuries Compensation Scheme. Neither the council, which is in the North West of England, nor the child can be named for legal reasons. Solicitor Neil Sugarman, who represents the council that is taking the claim on behalf of the child, said the mother \"had been warned on a number of occasions that if she continued to drink excessively the child would be harmed\". \"It's for the court of appeal now to decide whether recklessly taking alcohol was tantamount to poisoning the foetus,\" Mr Sugarman said. He said his firm, Bury-based GLP Solicitors, represented about 80 other children damaged by foetal alcohol. But campaigners fear the compensation claim could end up labelling mothers as criminals. \"I don't believe at all it is worth going down this route to criminalise women,\" said FASD Network's Maria Catterick. \"Most women would never drink alcohol, knowingly harming their baby. The messages have been totally unclear,\" she added. Mr Sugarman denies the compensation claim will criminalise women. He said the case was \"simply about proving that if there was recklessness and it has resulted in damage, the child is then entitled to an award which will improve their lives\". Listen to PM from 17:00 BST on BBC Radio 4, Monday to Saturday each week."
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"Represent the example for the following task: Generate an appropriate title for the given text. The generated title must be short and include the main topic of the text. The preferred titles are under fifteen words.:",
"By Kate ScotterBBC News \"Everything was just wrong.\" That's how Emily felt when she started gaining weight, feeling exhausted all the time and \"totally out of control\". She couldn't understand it - she was fit, healthy and training six times a week for long-distance triathlons. But within three months, she went from preparing for Ironman events to \"needing a snooze every single day\". The personal trainer went to the doctor several times over the following four years and was repeatedly given conflicting advice. \"I just wasn't getting any answers. I was told I was stressed, that they needed to change what [contraceptive] I'm on, I needed to exercise more, I needed to lose weight.\" Emily says not knowing what was wrong with her was \"scary\" and that every couple of months, she would have \"episodes\" where she didn't feel like herself. \"I didn't understand what was happening and I was really scared about why I wasn't me any more,\" she says. \"I had episodes of just being psycho... It wasn't just being a bit ratty but proper angry and I would keep going back for arguments. Then afterwards, I would feel totally wiped out. \"It was terrifying, as I felt totally out of control. It's like you've been body-snatched and you're watching another person.\" Emily had \"endless\" hormone tests that all came back normal. She ended up conducting her own research and told the doctor she thought she either had chronic fatigue syndrome or perimenopause. Together, they identified that her symptoms seemed to run in conjunction with her menstrual cycle and at 42, she was finally diagnosed with perimenopause - a phase that can last up to 10 years and cause hot flushes, night sweats and mood swings, similar to the menopause. \"I didn't know perimenopause even existed [but] I felt such a relief because I now knew what was going on,\" she says. \"I didn't know there was this transition, I just thought you toddled along happily and one day you had a few hot flushes, your periods finished and you were done.\" For most women in the UK, the average age of reaching the menopause is 51, but decreasing levels of oestrogen can cause perimenopausal symptoms. Emily struggled at first with the impact of the condition. She had been used to training for 12 to 15 hours a week through swimming, cycling and running, but felt too tired to exercise - something that had brought her social benefits as well as fitness. Many of her friends were from the Norwich-based triathlon club Tri-Anglia and the Bungay Black Dog running club, so she saw them less frequently. She also didn't finish the 2017 Outlaw Half Holkham - an event consisting of a 1.2-mile (1,900m) swim, 56-mile (90km) bike and 13.1-mile (21km) run - due to her symptoms and she pulled out of Ironman Vichy in France as the distances were double and she felt \"there was simply no point\" going. \"A huge part of [training] was socialising and catching up with people; I would run with one of my friends which was an opportunity to chat and I would do long runs with my dogs,\" she says. \"I felt lost not being able to do that.\" You may also be interested in: What is perimenopause? Source: Dr Susanna Unsworth from Cambridge Women's Health The 43-year-old decided not to take medication and instead adapted her lifestyle to \"allow for fatigue\". Cardiovascular exercise still \"wipes me out for days\" so instead she has taken up power-lifting. \"Now I know what it is, I feel happy to ride it out,\" she says. \"I don't take PT clients in the evening any longer, I allow time for naps, I make sure I get early nights when I need to.\" She has also channelled the years she spent trying to get answers into an online support service called Perimenopause Hub, where women with the condition all over the world can find out more about symptoms and get support. It has a Facebook group with more than 1,200 members and experts on hand to give advice. Emily, who says the project has \"grown and grown\", will also be hosting a three-day online summit on 20-22 March. \"The feedback has been phenomenal. People have been in contact and said they feel they are 'no longer alone', 'I'm not different', 'I'm not the only one going through this',\" she says. \"It's been lovely creating this community. It's like I've given permission to people to talk about it and that's really cool.\""
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"Represent the example for the following task: Generate an appropriate title for the given text. The generated title must be short and include the main topic of the text. The preferred titles are under fifteen words.:",
"WhatsApp has filed a lawsuit against Israeli firm NSO Group, alleging it was behind the cyber-attacks that infected devices in April and May. NSO Group, which makes software for surveillance, says it only works with government agencies. The government has denied the claims. \"These attempts to malign the government of India for the reported breach are completely misleading,\" a government statement read, adding that it would take \"strict action\" against those responsible for the attack. India has also asked WhatsApp for a detailed explanation, Information and Technology Minister Ravi Shankar Prasad said in a statement on Twitter. NSO Group has also denied the allegations against them. \"In the strongest possible terms, we dispute the allegations and vigorously fight them,\" NSO Group said in a statement to the BBC. \"The sole purpose of NSO is to provide technology to licensed government intelligence and law enforcement agencies to help them fight terrorism and serious crime,\" it added. How did the hack take place? Hackers were able to remotely install surveillance software on phones and other devices by using a major vulnerability in the messaging app. Targets received video or voice call requests from an unknown number - which even if ignored, allowed the spyware, known as Pegasus, to be installed on the device. This allowed users to remotely access everything on the phone, including text messages and location. WhatsApp has not disclosed the number of Indians targeted. \"While I cannot reveal their identities and the exact number, I can say that it is not an insignificant number,\" WhatsApp spokesperson Carl Woog told The Indian Express newspaper. Who has been targeted? Indian news site Scroll says it has confirmed that at least 17 individuals, including activists, scholars and journalists, were affected by the breach. \"The profile of the private Indian citizens targeted in this case suggests the involvement of state agencies in India,\" technology writer Prasanto K Roy told the BBC. \"These people are all activists, journalists and lawyers who work with or represent tribal people and dalits (formerly untouchables) in sensitive areas where people have clashed with the state.\" Mr Roy added that the list of people targeted so far is very specific. \"I can't think of a single foreign government, not even Pakistan, who would be interested in these particular private citizens.\" Lawyer Nihalsing Rathod, who has defended human rights activists arrested after caste-based violence broke out in the western state of Maharashtra in August 2018, told BBC Marathi that his phone had been targeted. The arrests of the activists had been sharply criticised by many as a \"witch hunt\" against those who challenged the governing Bharatiya Janata Party (BJP). Another of those targeted is Bela Bhatia, a writer and human rights lawyer who has alleged constant harassment by police in the volatile central state of Chhattisgarh. What is India's relationship with WhatsApp? With 400 million users, India is the biggest market for the Facebook-owned company. However, it is not the first time that the messaging platform has found itself in trouble with local authorities. A spate of lynchings driven by rumours of child kidnappings circulating on WhatsApp prompted Indian authorities to demand that the company do something to curb the spread of misinformation on its platform. WhatsApp then took several steps, including advertising in newspapers and limiting the number of forwards a single user could send to five. It also marked messages that had been forwarded with a label. Since then, the government has gone a step further by saying that it would introduce new rules in January 2020 that would allow it to monitor, intercept and trace social media messages. In response, WhatsApp has said this would not be possible, \"given the end-to-end encryption\" the app uses. What has WhatsApp done since the breach? Soon after it discovered the cyber-attacks in May, the company rolled out a fix, adding \"new protections\" to their systems and issuing updates. Cyber-experts at the University of Toronto's Citizen Lab helped WhatsApp identify more than 100 cases of \"abusive targeting of human rights defenders and journalists in at least 20 countries across the globe, ranging from Africa, Asia, Europe, the Middle East, and North America\". Its decision to sue NSO Group is the first time an encrypted messaging provider has taken legal action of this kind WhatsApp promotes itself as a \"secure\" communications app because messages are encrypted end-to-end. This means they should only be displayed in a legible form on the sender or recipient's device."
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"Represent the example for the following task: Generate an appropriate title for the given text. The generated title must be short and include the main topic of the text. The preferred titles are under fifteen words.:",
"It follows criticism from Chinese businessman Li Shufu, who recently said the firm \"must be watching all our WeChats every day\". In response the Tencent-owned firm said suggestions that it was watching users was \"pure misunderstanding\". All Chinese social media platforms are required to censor public posts deemed illegal by the government. Mr Li is quoted in Chinese media reports as saying he believed Tencent monitored everyone's account. The high-profile businessman owns Geely Holdings which in turn owns the Volvo car brand. It is one of China's largest automobile manufacturers and is one of the few not controlled by the government. Privacy score In a post on its social media platform in response to his comments, WeChat said it: \"does not store any users' chat history. That is only stored in users' mobiles, computers and other terminals\". \"WeChat will not use any content from user chats for big data analysis. Because of WeChat's technical model that does not store or analyse user chats, the rumour that we are watching your WeChat everyday is pure misunderstanding.\" WeChat's privacy policy states that it may need to retain and disclose users' information in response to a request by the government or law enforcement. In a 2016 report on the privacy of messenger apps, compiled by rights activists Amnesty International, Tencent scored zero out of 100. \"Not only did it fail to adequately meet any of the criteria, but it was the only company which has not stated publicly that it will not grant government requests to access encrypted messages by building a 'backdoor'\", the report read. In September, the Chinese government fined Tencent, alongside Baidu and Weibo, for failing to properly censor online content, asking them to increase content monitoring methods."
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"Represent the example for the following task: Generate an appropriate title for the given text. The generated title must be short and include the main topic of the text. The preferred titles are under fifteen words.:",
"Google is accused of using the Java programming language in its Android mobile operating system unlawfully. The internet search giant maintains Android was built \"from scratch\". Last week the jury ruled that Google had infringed Oracle's copyright but could not agree on whether Google's actions constituted \"fair use\". As an open-source programming language, Java can be used, free of charge, by companies wanting to build tools and applications. 'Reckless path' Crucially, the case focuses not on using the Java programming language itself, but rather the use of 37 application programming interfaces (APIs) which help developers create software on the platform. In closing arguments over the patent dispute, Oracle attorney Michael Jacobs accused Google of embarking on a \"reckless path to patent infringement\" when developing Android. Google attorney Robert Van Nest said there was no inclination the search giant had infringed the patents until Oracle threatened litigation. \"There's not a single document, not an email,\" Mr Van Nest said. Oracle is seeking $1bn (£630m) in damages for copyright infringement, while any potential settlement for the separate claim of patent violation is expected to be much less. Prior to the case being brought to trial, Google offered to pay $2.8m (£1.75m) in damages on the two patents remaining in the case, covering the period during 2011 in which they were used. For future use, Google offered to pay 0.5% of Android's revenue on one of the patents until its expiry in December this year. Google also proposed giving Oracle 0.015% of revenues for use of a second patent which is valid until April 2018. Oracle rejected both offers, court filings said."
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"Represent the example for the following task: Generate an appropriate title for the given text. The generated title must be short and include the main topic of the text. The preferred titles are under fifteen words.:",
"David Braben, one of the creators of the original, is seeking £1.25m ($2m) via Kickstarter to fund the updated version. Called Elite: Dangerous it will involve the same mix of interstellar travel, trading, piracy and spaceships as the original 8-bit game. Those who pledge cash to the project will also get a chance to shape the development of the updated version. \"Elite is a game that I've wanted to come back to for a very, very long time,\" Mr Braben told the BBC. \"It's the sort of game that I would very much like to play today.\" Funding squeeze When Elite was first published in 1984 it instantly became a huge success. Its wire-frame 3D graphics and open-ended play across eight randomly generated galaxies was at odds with the narrow, 2D side-scrolling games that were the norm at the time. \"It changed the way that people looked at games very much for the better,\" said Mr Braben. The updated version will keep the open-ended, space trading setting and will make use of modern PC power to create a vast interstellar territory that players can explore. Ships will be fitted with hyperspace drives to enable them to get around and the planets, stars, asteroid belts and other things found in deep space will be procedurally generated. However, said Mr Braben, its exact final form will be partly down to those that pledge cash. \"The people who are involved in Kickstarter can be involved in the game,\" he said. The finished PC game should be ready in March 2014 although some of the early development work has already been done at Mr Braben's game studio Frontier. The underlying network technology to support the multi-player version of the game is almost done and stress tests are being carried out to ensure it can support large numbers of players. A single player version will also be available. When it appears the game will face competition from both new and established titles. Space trading and piracy sim Eve Online has a dedicated following and more recent titles, such as FTL and Pioneer, are winning fans. On Kickstarter, veteran game designer Chris Roberts is seeking cash for Star Citizen which shares many of the traits of Elite. Finally, by the time Elite appears Markus Persson, creator of Minecraft, may have finished work on his space simulation game 0x10c. Audience Mr Braben said he had turned to Kickstarter to fund Elite because it was the type of game that would be hard to persuade a publisher to back. \"Publishers want to see the end result before they move forward and with a lot of games like this it's very important to balance the design of the game as you are going,\" he said. As well as providing funding, Kickstarter also helped to ensure that there was an audience interested in the game. \"It also helps us at Frontier to validate that there is a market for this type of game out there,\" he said. \"We then have the confidence that we know who we are making the game for.\" Kickstarter has become a firm favourite among game makers keen to get backing for their projects. The launch of a UK-focused Kickstarter has also provoked projects from British game studios. Games including Kung Fu Superstar, mmoAsteroids and Sir, You Are Being Hunted are all looking for cash via the crowdfunding site."
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"Represent the example for the following task: Generate an appropriate title for the given text. The generated title must be short and include the main topic of the text. The preferred titles are under fifteen words.:",
"Dave LeeNorth America technology reporter It spanned a decade or so, starting in the mid-to-late 70s, a period which launched the infamous title Space Invaders and also brought us games like Asteroids, Lunar Lander and - of course - Pacman. The necessity of games arcades was due to the sophisticated technology on offer. Dedicated cabinets had computers set up to play that game and that game alone. Home gaming, in the very early days of Space Invaders, was simply too expensive for most. As time went on, technology got better. And cheaper. Suddenly, games arcades were losing their purpose in life. If a PlayStation gave you as good an experience in your bedroom, why go to a building and spend your spare change to play for just a few minutes at a time? And the social scene of arcades - where many a young romance blossomed - drifted away too. Through the 90s, and into the noughties, games arcades all but disappeared. But in the halls of E3 this week, a show where attendees are looking years into the future of the multi-billion dollar industry, there's talk of \"Arcade 2.0\". A rebirth. Why? Virtual reality. For the first time since the Golden Age, the public is showing interest in gaming technology they can't yet afford. And, even if they could, it's not something that most homes could accommodate to its full potential. E3 games expo Will the tortoise or hare win? We Happy Few: 'E3's creepiest game' Finally some progress on diversity? Legend of Zelda: First look at Nintendo's new game Meditating in virtual reality Have Just Dance's Moves become too hard? Warehouse scale That's why virtual reality arcades are popping up all over the globe. Some are small projects, a good-sized room with the latest kit. Others are big budget smashes, like Hub Zero. Nestled in Dubai, Hub Zero is an \"indoor video game park\". The attractions include an installation by VRcade, a company that has created a totally tether-free VR system - one that allows for multiple players in the same game simultaneously. The Seattle-based firm's typical customers include shopping centres or cinemas - in other words, anywhere where there's available space. I suggested, quite smartly I thought, to approach any pub that had an ageing bucking bronco in the corner. VRcade differs from its competition by aiming to produce customised VR experiences that make use of the real physical location. Motion sensors are placed around the area to monitor the movement of the player, as well as any in-game peripherals. It means all movements are tracked, whether you're jumping or ducking or rolling. \"Right now this is room scale,\" explained Ivan Blaustein, VRcade's director of product integration, as he gave me a demonstration. \"We want warehouse scale.\" It's an experience most could never replicate at home. Bring your mates The major players in virtual reality are HTC, PlayStation and Oculus. \"I personally love arcades,\" said Joel Braten, HTC's global head of content for the Vive headset. \"I grew up in them. Based on the conversations we're having, this is about ready to take off really in a big way.\" HTC's biggest weakness, and one that prevents it being able to offer the same kind of carefree multiplayer offered by VRcade, is the headset's tether - a cable that runs down your back and is consequently always at the back of your mind, quite literally, as you work your way around virtual worlds. But if VR raises the potential for arcades to return, fans of the classic games scene doubt it will carry the same charm. \"We traditionally have arcade games from a specific era where it wasn't just about money,\" said Scott Davids, a collector who runs EightyTwo, a Los Angeles bar he's filled with old arcade machines. \"I wonder if that's what VR is going to be about - you pay $10 and get a five minute game.\" He attributed the fall of the games arcade not to the rise of high-powered consoles, but instead to what he said were overly strict regulations on businesses running arcades. And games makers became greedy, he said - increasingly demanding players to continually pump money in to keep on playing. If virtual reality does bring about a surge in games arcades, it may be fleeting. PlayStation VR, which will be launched in October this year, will cost just $399, and will work on the current PlayStation 4. But then again, unlike other gaming technologies - that have been miniaturised from arcade cabinet to console and more recently to smartphone - those enjoying VR will always want space to enjoy it to the fullest. It may not be the golden age of button bashing and coin inserting - but it is a welcome development if, like Mr Davids, you believe gaming is an activity best enjoyed in the company of other people. Follow Dave Lee on Twitter @DaveLeeBBC and on Facebook Read and watch more E3 coverage"
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"Represent the example for the following task: Generate an appropriate title for the given text. The generated title must be short and include the main topic of the text. The preferred titles are under fifteen words.:",
"A consultation over the future of the Ineos acrylonitrile manufacturing plant at Seal Sands had been launched in October. Alex Cunningham, the MP for Stockton North, told the BBC he had received an email from Ineos confirming the operation was to close early next year. The firm, which belongs to Britain's richest man Jim Ratcliffe, has been approached for comment. Mr Cunningham said: \"The company has made it clear it's a very old plant, it's outdated and needs huge investment in order to bring it up to modern standards. \"They're talking about hundreds of millions of pounds and say the plant doesn't make that much. \"A week before Christmas, it must be devastating for the workers. They've got tremendous skills. \"The chief executive is one of the richest people in the world, but he prefers to invest his money in the Middle East rather than Teesside.\" 'Decades of underinvestment' In the email sent to Mr Cunningham, Ineos said it had \"reluctantly concluded that the plant should close\", citing safety concerns for its employees handling \"significant quantities of hazardous material\". The firm said it had invested almost €200m (£178m) in the site since it purchased it in 2008, but added it would require another €200m \"to try to counter decades of underinvestment\". Staff would be supported through the firm's employee assistance scheme, it said, with the possibility some could transfer to other factories. A second plant on the 268-acre site, which produces industrial nylon, will remain open. It is operated by Ineos on behalf of Basf."
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"Represent the example for the following task: Generate an appropriate title for the given text. The generated title must be short and include the main topic of the text. The preferred titles are under fifteen words.:",
"The 91-year-old Duke of Edinburgh was taken to Aberdeen Royal Infirmary on Wednesday from Balmoral. It is the duke's third hospital stay in nine months. He has not had any visitors so far after doctors advised him to rest - but his family are said to have been in contact by phone. The duke spent four days in hospital over Christmas, following an operation to clear a blocked heart artery. And after attending events to mark the Queen's Diamond Jubilee in June, he was admitted to hospital for five nights, missing several days of festivities after sustaining a previous bladder infection."
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"Represent the example for the following task: Generate an appropriate title for the given text. The generated title must be short and include the main topic of the text. The preferred titles are under fifteen words.:",
"The Queen's husband, who will be 92 on Monday, was admitted to the London Clinic on Thursday and is expected to stay in hospital for about two weeks. Buckingham Palace said the admission was pre-arranged and not an emergency. Prime Minister David Cameron said the duke was held in the \"highest esteem\" by the British people and the whole country would be wishing him well. The Queen is continuing with her engagements for the day, and has officially opened the BBC's rebuilt Broadcasting House in central London. As the Queen toured the BBC's new headquarters, Radio 4 Today programme presenter John Humphrys asked her how the Duke of Edinburgh was. \"I don't know,\" she replied, before adding: \"He's not ill.\" The duke went to hospital straight after a Buckingham Palace garden party on Thursday afternoon. Guests said he showed no signs of being unwell. Prince Philip will undergo surgery under general anaesthetic and the Palace said in a statement that further updates would be issued \"when appropriate\". The prime minister sent a personal message to the Duke of Edinburgh on Thursday wishing him a speedy recovery. He said the duke was an \"extraordinarily dedicated public servant\". \"I know the whole country will be thinking about him, thinking about the family and wishing him well,\" he added. Meanwhile, Prince Philip's grandson, Peter Phillips, said he was in \"good hands\". Speaking at a show jumping event in east London, he said: \"We are being kept up to date in terms of what's happening, but he's one of those people who just wouldn't want you to stop because he's gone into hospital.\" In the past week, the duke has been having unannounced \"abdominal investigations\" at the hospital in central London, where police officers have been standing guard outside. Prince Philip pulled out of an engagement for the Royal National Institute of Blind People on Monday, after becoming unwell ahead of attending a service at Westminster Abbey marking the 60th anniversary of the Queen's coronation. The Queen had been due to visit the BBC's £1bn headquarters with the duke, but instead carried out the engagement alone. The monarch met personalities such as Sir Bruce Forsyth and David Dimbleby, and watched The Voice star Danny O'Donoghue sing with his band The Script in Radio 1's Live Lounge. The Queen was shown around the state-of the-art broadcasting centre - home to BBC News and World Service among others - by BBC director general Tony Hall and BBC Trust chairman Lord Patten, as well as meeting journalists in the newsroom. The last time the Queen visited Broadcasting House was seven years ago to mark the 80th anniversary of the corporation's Royal Charter. In April, Buckingham Palace played down fears about the Duke of Edinburgh's health after he was pictured in Canada with purplish skin around his eye. It said he did not fall and simply woke up with the discoloration. Prince Philip has been admitted to hospital three other times in the past two years after suffering health scares. After attending events to mark the Queen's Diamond Jubilee a year ago, he went to hospital for five nights after sustaining a bladder infection. He spent four days in hospital over Christmas 2011 following an operation to clear a blocked heart artery. In August 2012, he was treated at Aberdeen Royal Infirmary for a bladder infection. Kate Williams, royal historian at Royal Holloway, University of London, said Prince Philip \"is a man who is determined to carry on\". She added: \"He has had seven public engagements this week. There probably aren't many people across the country in their 90s who are keeping up such a schedule.\" Simon Galloway, a consultant general surgeon at the University Hospital of South Manchester, said a fortnight is a \"fairly lengthy\" hospital admission but it was not usual for someone of the duke's age. Related Internet Links British Monarchy"
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"Represent the example for the following task: Generate an appropriate title for the given text. The generated title must be short and include the main topic of the text. The preferred titles are under fifteen words.:",
"Now recovering in hospital after spending two weeks on a ventilator, he says it's difficult for others to imagine what he's been through. As the path out of lockdown is laid out, the 64-year-old wants to warn others not to risk catching the disease. The delivery driver's condition deteriorated so much while he was self-isolating at home that he believed he would die before reaching hospital. \"I thought I wasn't going to last to get here\", he told BBC Scotland. \"The paramedic kept going on the radio, saying 'I need that ambulance now'. \"By the time I got into that ambulance I thought I was ready to go - I thought that was me finished, totally.\" Mr McCue can't remember being on the ventilator, but he can remember being distressed by what he now realises were sometimes \"frightening\" hallucinations. During one he thought he was in a video game - he could see the exit but couldn't leave. Everyone around him was able to get out but he was stuck. Now that he is off the ventilator - and the sedatives that you are put on to be ventilated - he says the hardest thing is realising the impact his hospitalisation, at the Royal Alexandra Hospital in Paisley, had on his family. The \"emotional side\" has been seeing what everyone else has been going through - up all night with worry, unable to visit and relying on doctors contacting his wife every day to give updates on his condition. When he was finally able to speak to his family, he said there were tears. \"You can't get any words out 'til you can say 'I love you'. It was extremely emotional.\" He wants others to think about what the impact would be on themselves and their families if they become seriously ill with the virus. Mr McCue said that even when restrictions were lifted, he thought it was important to stay at home wherever possible. \"You're not just keeping yourself safe - it's yourself, your family and everybody else.\" He said anyone who decided to go and socialise should realise that they're taking a chance with their health and that of their families. \"If we're on lockdown, we're on lockdown - simple as. Go to work, do your job, go home - that's you.\" Mr McCue is not sure what the long term consequences will be for his health. He will have to go back to hospital for a chest x-ray so doctors can assess the damage to his lungs. He thinks for the rest of his life he will have to sleep on his back. \"There's different things I've got to do now\", he said. \"It maybe be that I can't sleep on my side for rest of my life. I hate sleeping on my back, but I need all the oxygen I can get.\" For now, he is gearing up to tackle a flight of stairs. Once he is able to climb them, he can be discharged from hospital and continue his recovery at home. And as for getting back to doing his deliveries, Mr McCue thinks his \"just get on with it\" approach when he's unwell will have to change. \"I've got to look at life and work differently now if I feel unwell\", he added."
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"Represent the example for the following task: Generate an appropriate title for the given text. The generated title must be short and include the main topic of the text. The preferred titles are under fifteen words.:",
"By Hafizullah Maroof BBC Afghan After the call, Shafiullah, who was 16, boarded the boat. He was one of about 100 passengers that night, last June, and one of thousands of men who have have fled Afghanistan every month this year in search of a more secure life in Europe. Shafiullah was already inside Turkey, but the people smugglers he had paid to ferry him to Istanbul were heading across Lake Van to avoid police roadblocks. The lake's waters are dangerous, and the smugglers were setting out at night. Somewhere across the water, the vessel they had chosen to carry their human cargo - including at least 32 Afghans, seven Pakistanis and one Iranian - sank. Sixty-one bodies were recovered, but the rest, including Shafiullah, are missing. Some bodies could be deep below the surface, Turkish authorities told the BBC, making recovery unlikely. At least four of those thought to have perished, including Shafiullah, were sent by a smuggler in Kabul. The BBC approached the smuggler and he agreed to talk on the condition that his identity was disguised. 'Everything is arranged by phone' Elham Noor (not his real name) has well-established links with other criminals and claims a high success rate in sending people to Italy, France, and the UK. \"Smuggling is not an individual business, it's a huge network,\" he said. \"We have connections with one another.\" Noor doesn't travel with the migrants though. \"Everything is arranged over the phone,\" he said. Noor has no shortage of clients. Many Afghans are desperate to leave their country. Afghanistan is among the poorest in the world, it has been ravaged by decades of war. According to the United Nations, 2.7 million Afghans are currently living abroad as refugees - putting Afghanistan behind only Syria and Venezuela in the list of countries which produce the most migrants and refugees. So Noor has no need to advertise. His clients call him. Young Afghans looking to make the journey will typically seek out a trafficker who has already sent somebody else from their region. But only a small percentage of those who try to reach Europe succeed at their first attempt, and some never return. Shafiullah's uncle Sher Afzal said the family knew the journey would be dangerous. \"But we didn't anticipate this,\" said. Afzal is in mourning, but it's a strange, hollow kind of grieving that lacks certainty. Shafiullah is still listed as missing. The family, who live in the eastern Afghan city of Jalalabad, would like to hold a memorial service for Shafiullah, but they have no remains. There has already been a ceremony for the two migrants whose bodies were recovered. \"Now we want to see his dead body. We don't expect him to be alive,\" Afzal said. Shafiullah saw no prospect of a future in Jalalabad. He contacted Noor to get passage to Italy, paying the trafficker $1,000 (£741) as a first instalment. He was bundled together with other migrants and moved from one place to another in cars, trucks, and sometimes on foot. Shafiullah crossed Iran and entered Turkey, but his journey came to an end on Lake Van, moments after he called his family. Noor told the BBC he paid the money back to Shafiullah's family and to others whose journey's were cut short. Shafiullah's family confirmed that they had received the money. $8,500 to get to Italy Noor said the tragedy had added to his misgivings about people smuggling. He recognises the human cost when things go wrong, he said. But it is a lucrative trade, and a hard one to leave after so many years. \"We charge $1,000 for Afghanistan to Turkey,\" Noor said. \"From Turkey to Serbia, it is $4,000. From there to Italy, we charge another $3,500. It is $8,500 altogether.\" These are huge sums of money in a country where the average per capita annual income is just over $500. Noor pockets between $3,000 and $3,500 for every migrant who successfully reaches Italy. And all Noor has to do to is pick up the phone, arrange some money transfers and pay the occasional bribe to the Afghan authorities. He never meets anyone in person who is not known to him or a close relative or friend. He relies on his reputation to bring in clients and is wary of speaking to strangers. It's a comfortable life, particularly by Afghan standards, and the trappings of wealth are obvious - the cars, the clothes, the houses. Noor knows that migrants face a risky journey without travel documents. They are kept hidden during the day and moved at night, using the network's safe houses along the way, in cities like Tehran, Van and Istanbul, he said. The migrants are advised not to carry any valuables like expensive jewellery or watches which could attract thieves. Noor usually tells the migrants not to carry more than $100 in cash. The journey to Turkey, a major hub for Afghans heading to Europe, can take from a week to a couple of months, depending on what happens on the way. One migrant who made it to Istanbul, passing through on his way to the West, was Hazrat Shah, a former soldier in the Afghan army. After his village came under the control of the Taliban, the 25-year-old feared reprisal attacks on his family, so he deserted from his unit and decided to leave the country. He set off from Nangarhar in eastern Afghanistan earlier this year, attempting to make it to Italy. \"After reaching the border [between Turkey and Iran], it took almost a month to arrive in Istanbul. I stayed there for a few months and worked in hotels to earn money to pay for the smugglers,\" Shah told the BBC. The eastern Mediterranean route, which involves crossing the sea between Turkey and Greece, is particularly favoured by migrants. The European border agency estimates that in the first 10 months of this year, more than 17,000 people crossed over to Europe through this route, and almost a quarter of these are thought to be Afghan. It was difficult to get from Greece to Bosnia - Shah was deported several times before he made it - but his attempts to move further met with repeated failure. \"It was horrible. In the last attempt I was injured as well. The police beat me a lot,\" he said. \"They took our shoes and jumpers. We were forced to return in the dark. It is so hard to get through.\" 'The smugglers can't help' Shah is not sure if he will ever get to Italy, but he is in no mood to call the people smugglers back in Afghanistan for help. They disappear at the first sign of trouble, he said, and many who undertake the journey regret trusting them. \"There is a possibility that you can die or be injured or abducted at every stage of the journey - and nobody can help you,\" he said. \"It is not possible for them [the people smugglers] to help as they are afraid of the police. It is a dirty game.\" Shah said he had lived in horrific conditions for many months and has seen many die on the way. \"You will receive very little food and water to keep you alive. I saw people dying of thirst without water. Other migrants can't help them because if you give your water to them, you face the same situation,\" he said. According to the International Organisation for Migration (IOM), more than 1,000 people have died trying to cross the Mediterranean this year. This is mainly because they are forced to travel on overcrowded boats, often during rough weather. Many others, like Shafiullah, die before reaching the Mediterranean and are not even included in this statistic. But there is no shortage of Afghans wanting to migrate. After an explosion near the German embassy in Kabul in 2017, which killed at least 150 people, most European countries closed their visa application centres in Afghanistan, which has made travelling legally to Europe even harder and only increased the flow of clients seeking the services of smugglers like Noor. From migrant to trafficker Noor himself was once in a similar situation. Like so many others, he too once dreamed of living a comfortable life in the UK. He undertook the same journey when he was just 14. His dad paid $5,000 to smugglers. \"I still remember the difficulties of my journey, particularly in Bulgaria where we were kept hidden in trains - I was even forced to jump from a moving train,\" Noor said. In Calais, Noor was offered a commission of 100 euros (£90) for every migrant he introduced to a smuggler. This is how he got his start in the business of people smuggling. Noor reached the UK illegally and continued to work with smugglers. But he returned to Afghanistan at the age of 21 when he realised the police were looking for him, he said. Some of the migrants who managed to reach Europe through Noor's network passed on his details to others, and his network and reputation grew. \"Despite the uncertainty, people still trust me to take them out of the country,\" he said. Noor said about 100 people who paid him to deliver them to a better life were currently on their way to Europe. But he insisted they would be the last. He was getting out of the business, he claimed. He said the disaster with Shafiullah's boat had hurt him, but the migrants knew the risks. \"I apologised many times to the families. I told them clearly in the beginning, anything can happen on the way,\" he said. \"They have accepted this. God will decide whether to forgive me or not.\" Another trafficker who knew Noor said he would find it difficult to stop. \"People will continue to call him for years to come, and the chance to make money won't simply go away the moment he calls it quits,\" the trafficker said. Whether Noor gets out or not, the people smuggling will continue. Many thousands Afghans will still be desperate for a safer and better life. In Autumn, not long after Shafiullah's boat sank, two of his relatives made it as far as Turkey. They have just been deported back home. When the weather gets warmer next summer, they may try again. You may also be interested in"
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"Represent the example for the following task: Generate an appropriate title for the given text. The generated title must be short and include the main topic of the text. The preferred titles are under fifteen words.:",
"By Orla GuerinBBC News, Cairo The relatives who departed with her are believed to be among about 500 people who drowned when traffickers rammed their boat. Survivors say the migrants had refused to transfer to a smaller ship, fearing it was less sea-worthy. Traffickers ended the argument by sinking their vessel. For the Bakr family - who are Palestinians - this was the second catastrophe in recent years. Hamas drove them from Gaza in 2007 and seized their business interests. They settled in Egypt but faced many problems so - for the first time - some turned to the traffickers. \"I was completely against it but they kept saying there was no future here, or back home in Gaza,\" said Atef Bakr, a family elder who stayed behind. \"They had this dream to get to Europe and to have a decent life for themselves and their children.\" Mr Bakr, a former colonel in the Palestinian security forces, has the slow speech and reddened eyes of a man crushed by grief. These days he spends his time searching for updates about the disaster and mourning almost two dozen relatives, including his brother, his son and his grandson. His mother, Amina, sat alongside in a white headscarf, recalling better days in Gaza. \"We used to eat together, drink together, do everything together. We hope to God to be reunited one day. We hope to hear that they are all right,\" she said, before giving way to tears. In a bitter irony, most of the dead were strong swimmers as the family were fishermen. \"They used to swim in the sea in all seasons,\" said Mr Bakr. \"They could deal with rough seas and cold water. They were still young. How could they drown?\" The Bakrs set sail from Damietta in northern Egypt where people smuggling is a growth industry. There are said to be about 20 departure points along the coast. \"Last year trafficking wasn't organised but now the gangs are getting connected with each other and the business is getting bigger,\" said Muhammed Al Kashef, a researcher for the Egyptian Initiative for Personal Rights (EIPR). \"The traffickers now have more money and more power,\" he said. \"By next year it will be hard to tackle them.\" Mr Al Kashef, who advocates on behalf of migrants and monitors traffickers, says Palestinians, Egyptians, Libyans and Syrians are now involved in the trade. The key traffickers and brokers are shadowy figures known only by nicknames like Abu Hamada (also called the Doctor and the Captain), and the General. Migrants pay at least $2,000 (£1,200) and sometimes up to $4,000 per person, depending on the condition of the boat. The traffickers operate from public places - including harbours alongside tourist beaches - when the coast is clear. Mr Al Kashef says they work between dawn and 5pm to avoid coastguard patrols at night. When migrants arrive at the departure point they are put on fishing boats that ferry them out to larger vessels in international waters. They spend two to three days there waiting for the boat to be filled with hundreds of migrants. When the ship is packed they begin the voyage to Italy. They are transferred en-route to another vessel that brings them to Italian territorial waters. The traffickers then phone an SOS to the coastguard and dump the migrants in the sea. More than 3,000 have drowned in the Mediterranean this year, according to the International Organisation for Migration. But the European Border Agency, Frontex, says a record number - 182,156 - have made it to Europe by sea. That is three times the total for 2013. The dramatic increase in arrivals has prompted European nations to plan their biggest ever exercise to detect migrants. Operation Triton, which will involve more than 20 European countries, is due to begin on 1 November. But the focus will be on border control, not search and rescue. Aid agencies fear that more migrants will now die at sea. 'Panic and exhaustion' Abu Baraa, a father of five, knows the perils of the voyage to Europe only too well. The Syrian refugee, who asked us not to use his full name, has already tried the journey 10 times. In April he was stranded at sea for a week with his wife and children. \"There were 160 Syrians on the boat and 64 Egyptians,\" he said. \"On the third day they told us there was no more water, so we started drinking sea water. It was hot during the day and cold at night. My children became terrified of the sea. Words can't describe the panic and exhaustion and hunger. Those seven days were like seven years.\" They wound up back in Egypt after the traffickers had a row between themselves over money. \"Another boat was chasing us and trying to drown us,\" Abu Baraa said. \"The captain on our boat was very courageous and sailed back to the shore very quickly.\" His wife and children finally made it to Europe in July but he couldn't afford to go with them. He proudly shows me a photograph of his four-year-old daughter Farah, clutching yellow balloons, on her first day at school in Germany. \"I can't say I'm not afraid of the crossing but if I get the money, I'm going to try again,\" he said. \"They are in one place and I am in another. I am like a body without a soul.\" Single conviction If Abu Baraa makes another attempt, drowning is not the only risk he will face. He could be detained by Egyptian police as he tries to board the boat. More than 4,300 migrants have been arrested so far this year trying to leave the country, according to the Egyptian Initiative for Personal rights. This includes eight members of the Bakr family - four of them children - who were due to join their relatives on the ill-fated boat from Damietta. They spent six weeks in custody before being released. Campaigners here say the police are more focused on targeting migrants than those who prey on them. The authorities deny any collusion with bosses of the lucrative people smuggling trade. They admit that only one trafficker has been sentenced to jail in the past five years but say that is because the law is not tough enough."
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"Represent the example for the following task: Generate an appropriate title for the given text. The generated title must be short and include the main topic of the text. The preferred titles are under fifteen words.:",
"The helicopter was carrying seven people. Officials said there were no signs of survivors. A search for the final passenger would resume in the morning, depending on the weather, authorities added. Two of the passengers are believed to have been minors, the Coast Guard said. The aircraft was touring Kauai's rugged Napali coast when it encountered showers and high gusts of wind, the agency said. It was reported missing by the operator, identified as Safari Helicopters, at 18:06 on Thursday (04:06 GMT Friday), 40 minutes after it was due to land. Steep terrain, low visibility, choppy seas and rain hampered the search for the wreckage, the Coast Guard said. Petty Officer 1st Class Robert Cox, of the Coast Guard Joint Rescue Command Centre in Honolulu, said that weather conditions had been challenging. Winds on Friday were reported to be about 28mph (45km/h). No signals were recorded from the aircraft's electronic locator after it went missing. An MH-65 Dolphin helicopter and the Coast Guard Cutter William Hart took part in the search. Several tour companies make such helicopter visits to Kauai, much of which is a state park and which is 80% uninhabited. In April, a tour helicopter crashed into a residential neighbourhood in Kailua, 12 miles (19km) outside of Honolulu, killing all three people on board. Earlier in the month, a helicopter crash landed in the Sacred Falls State Park after suffering apparent engine failure."
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"Represent the example for the following task: Generate an appropriate title for the given text. The generated title must be short and include the main topic of the text. The preferred titles are under fifteen words.:",
"Christmas Day, New Year's Day and Valentine's Day are dates you'll find many Somalis celebrating their birthdays. This is not as surprising as it sounds, it is just that very few Somalis know when exactly they were born and so opt for more memorable dates. Somalia has an oral culture - most Somalis are more likely to be able to tell you the names of the last 20 generations of their forefathers rather than the details of their birth date. And Somali only became a written language in 1972 when official records began to be kept - but very little remains of these archives because the country has been torn apart by civil war. 'Dresden of Africa' Actually next year marks three decades since the Somali state collapsed leaving many families like mine without their important documents or photos. We were forced to flee the escalating violence which began a few years earlier in 1988 with aerial bombardments and ground attacks by the regime of then-President Siad Barre. Hargeisa, where I was born, become known as the \"Dresden of Africa\" as the city was totally levelled in the conflict. I spent my formative years living in what was then the world's largest refugee camp - Hartisheik in Ethiopia near the Somali border. Like many of the many thousands of people who passed through the camp, which eventually closed in 2004, I was stripped of all records of my life before the war with no birth certificate or passport - relying only on ephemeral and fleeting memories. It was in pursuit of these that I decided decades later to return to Hartisheik to see what remained of the camp that was once my home. I wanted to try and get a sense of where I had come from - to understand my footing in this world in flux. 'An endless Martian expanse' On a hot afternoon I took a flight east from Ethiopia's capital, Addis Ababa, to Dire Dawa, the country's second largest city, though it really felt more like a quaint, sleepy town with its beautiful old railway station that is no longer in use except as a home for a family of monkeys. An old carriage lay outside the grand entrance where a few men slept underneath the wheels, while others sheltered there from the sun chewing khat, drinking tea and smoking cigarettes. After leaving the refugee camp I had briefly lived in Dire Dawa so I visited my old haunts with interest before heading further east to Hartisheik. I was more nervous about making that long journey on an old minibus. It was made worse by the regular military checkpoints and the several hours along a rough road from the town of Jijiga towards the Somali border. I remembered the camp outside Hartisheik town as a dusty, remote and unforgiving place - an endless expanse with a cracked Martian hue. You may also be interested in: When people arrived there 30 odd years ago they found horrendous conditions -there was no shelter, water, food or medicine and countless numbers died of hunger, thirst and disease. But the camp quickly became like a town with a large market where you could buy all manner of things and with places to sit and drink tea. Often people think refugee camps are only places filled with misery and desperation. Yet as a child I remember I often had a lot of fun with my friends running around playing with rocks and screaming in giddy excitement at the occasional UN plane that flew above us to deliver much-needed aid. However, the dust that was engrained in my memory was not to be found on my return - I was dumbfounded to find a green, lush and beautiful landscape thanks to the rainy season. No headstones for the dead It felt strange to me that such an alluring place with its ponds, trees and long grass as far as the eye could see had been so full of people's fears all those years ago. I felt somewhat disappointed in my memories. There were nothing to mark the more 600,000 refugees who once lived here at its peak - no headstones for the dead and no official commemoration - the earth had reclaimed it all. Then I spotted an elderly Ethiopian man, Mohamed, who it turned out had once worked as the caretaker of the camp - a place he remembered as being full of the pain of war. He now lives with his family in a \"bull\", a small traditional house and they have cows, goats and farm what little they can. He told me a few camp buildings were still standing, including what might have been a hospital that a woman called Sahra showed me around with her young granddaughter. Painted in seemed to be the UN colours of blue and white, there was a stench of decay and goat dung as it was occupied by animals belonging to Sahra's family, who had once lived in Wajale on the Somali-side of the border, but now farmed here. I thought of all those who must have lost their loved ones inside this building. Of course many of the younger people I came across, like the young cattle herder Jimale, did not remember the refugees at all. I also met a group of Somali-speaking nomads following their camels in search of fresh grass and water, who offered me, a tired traveller from London, fresh and pungent camel milk. As the sky tinted orange I decided to return to Hartisheik town before the sun set - leaving the camp for a second time, this time as a man, but a changed man slightly dazed and confused by the tricks of memory. It brought to mind another memory - me aged about five finding a small tub of discarded Vicks ointment in the camp - which I naively rubbed all over my face. Inevitability it ended up getting into my eyes and a fountain of tears rolled down my face as I ran dazed and confused across the camp in search of my mother. More Letters from Africa: Follow us on Twitter @BBCAfrica, on Facebook at BBC Africa or on Instagram at bbcafrica Around the BBC Africa Today podcasts"
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"Represent the example for the following task: Generate an appropriate title for the given text. The generated title must be short and include the main topic of the text. The preferred titles are under fifteen words.:",
"1300s - Kongo kingdom consolidates in the north. 1483 - Portuguese arrive. 1575 - Portuguese found Luanda. 17th and 18th centuries - Angola becomes a major Portuguese trading arena for slaves. Between 1580 and 1680 a million plus are shipped to Brazil. 1836 - Slave trade officially abolished by the Portuguese government. 1885-1930 - Portugal consolidates colonial control over Angola, local resistance persists. 1951 - Angola's status changes from colony to overseas province. 1956 - The early beginnings of the socialist guerrilla independence movement, the People's Movement for the Liberation of Angola (MPLA), based in northern Congo. 1950s-1961 - Nationalist movement develops, guerrilla war begins. 1961 - Forced labour abolished after revolts on coffee plantations leave 50,000 dead. The fight for independence is bolstered. 1974 - Revolution in Portugal, colonial empire collapses. Independence 1976 - MPLA gains upper hand. 1979 - MPLA leader Agostinho Neto dies. Jose Eduardo dos Santos takes over as president. 1987 - South African forces enter Angola to support Unita. 1988 - South Africa agrees to Namibian independence in exchange for removal of Cuban troops from Angola. 1989 - Dos Santos, Unita leader Jonas Savimbi agree cease-fire, which collapses soon afterwards and guerrilla activity resumes. Towards peace 1991 April - MPLA drops Marxism-Leninism in favour of social democracy. 1991 May - Dos Santos, Savimbi sign peace deal in Lisbon which results in a new multiparty constitution. 1992 September - Presidential and parliamentary polls certified by UN monitors as generally free and fair. Dos Santo gains more votes than Savimbi, who rejects results and resumes guerrilla war. 1993 - UN imposes sanctions against Unita. The US acknowledges the MPLA. 1994 - Government, Unita sign Lusaka Protocol peace accord. 1995 - Dos Santos, Savimbi meet, confirm commitment to peace. First of 7,000 UN peacekeepers arrive. 1996 - Dos Santos, Savimbi agree to form unity government join forces into national army. 1997 April - Unified government inaugurated, with Savimbi declining post in unity government and failing to attend inauguration ceremony. 1997 May - Tension mounts, with few Unita troops having integrated into army. 1998 - Full-scale fighting resumes. Thousands killed in next four years of fighting. Angola intervenes in civil war in Democratic Republic of Congo on the side of President Laurent-Desire Kabila. 1999 - UN ends its peacekeeping mission. 2002 February - Savimbi killed by government troops. Government, Unita sign ceasefire shortly afterwards. Demobilisation 2002 May - Unita's military commander says 85% of his troops have gathered at demobilisation camps. There are concerns that food shortages in the camps could threaten the peace process. 2002 June - UN appeals for aid for thousands of refugees heading home after the ceasefire. Medical charity Medecins sans Frontieres says half a million Angolans are facing starvation, a legacy of civil war. 2002 August - Unita scraps its armed wing. \"The war has ended,\" proclaims Angola's defence minister. 2003 February - UN mission overseeing the peace process winds up. 2003 June - Unita - now a political party - elects Isaias Samakuva as its new leader. 2004 April onwards - Tens of thousands of illegal foreign diamond miners are expelled in a crackdown on illegal mining and trafficking. In December the government says 300,000 foreign diamond dealers have been expelled. 2004 September - Oil production reaches one million barrels per day. 2005 March-May - Marburg virus, which is deadlier than Ebola, kills more than 300 people, most of them in the north. 2005 June - Chinese Premier Wen Jiabao visits, promises to extend more than $2 billion in new credit, in addition to a $3 billion credit line Beijing has already given Luanda. 2006 August - The government signs a peace deal with a separatist group in the northern enclave of Cabinda. 2006 October - The UN refugee agency begins \"final repatriation\" of Angolans who fled the civil war to the neighbouring DR Congo. Elections 2007 February - President dos Santos says parliamentary elections will be held in 2008 and presidential polls in 2009. 2008 September - First parliamentary elections for 16 years. 2009 March - Pope Benedict celebrates mass in front of more than a million people in Luanda. 2009 October - Angola expels illegal Congolese diamond miners. Democratic Republic of Congo responds by expelling some 20,000 Angolans. 2009 December - President dos Santos suggests presidential elections will have to wait another three years. State oil firm Sonangol signs a deal to produce oil in Iraq. Constitutional change 2010 January - Angola hosts African Nations Cup, continent's most popular sporting event. Bus carrying Togo football team is attacked by Cabinda separatists. Parliament approves new constitution strengthening the presidency and abolishing direct elections for the post. 2010 September - President of DR Congo, Joseph Kabila, visits Angola. Ties between the two neighbours deteriorated in 2009 when Angola began expelling illegal Congolese immigrants and Congo retaliated. 2010 October - UN report into killing of Hutus in DR Congo between 1993 and 2003 says they may constitute \"crimes of genocide\". It implicates Angola, Rwanda, Uganda, Burundi and Zimbabwe. 2010 November - Convoy carrying Chinese mine workers attacked in the region of Cabinda. A faction of the Cabinda separatist movement Flec claims responsibility. US urges Angola to investigate alleged rape of women recently deported to DR Congo. 2011 March - More than 20,000 people rally in support for President Dos Santos in response to a reported social media campaign calling on people to demonstrate against the government. Human Rights Watch accuses the government of a \"campaign of intimidation\" to suppress anti-government protests. 2012 May - Supreme Court annuls the appointment of the head of the electoral commission, upholding complaints from the opposition that she was not politically neutral. 2012 September - Governing MPLA wins a comfortable victory in parliamentary elections, guaranteeing another term in office for President Dos Santos. African Union observers deem the polls free and fair, despite allegations by opposition party Unita about a lack of transparency. 2012 October - Angola launches a $5bn sovereign wealth fund to channel the country's oil wealth into investment projects. 2013 November - Intelligence chief is sacked following an interior ministry report saying the security services were involved in the abduction and killing of two activists. 2014 May - First national census since 1970. Preliminary figures put population at 24.3 million. Anti-government protesters say they've been beaten and detained for demonstrating against the killing of three activists by security forces. 2014 November - Amnesty International accuses security forces of extra-judicial killings and excessive force, when suppressing dissent against the government. 2014 December - Rights groups urge the authorities to stop what they describe as the cruel and inhuman treatment of migrants from other parts of Africa, after more than 3,000 people are reportedly rounded up in Luanda. 2015 April - Mystery surrounds raid on Mount Sumi, with opposition alleging security forces killed some 1000 in action against Seventh Day Light of the World Church. Government demands apology from the UN after it called for a probe. 2015 May - Prominent anti-corruption activist Rafael Marques is given six-month suspended jail term for defaming army generals in a book about violence in the country's diamond mining industry. 2016 August - The Front for the Liberation of the Enclave of Cabinda, FLEC, reports a deadly clash with government troops. 2017 August - Ruling MPLA confirmed as election winners. Joao Lourenco becomes president, begins crackdown on corruption."
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"Represent the example for the following task: Generate an appropriate title for the given text. The generated title must be short and include the main topic of the text. The preferred titles are under fifteen words.:",
"The jury at Sheffield Crown Court heard the woman describe how she was abused and assaulted from the age of 11 when in local authority care. Five men and two women face more than 60 charges, including rape and false imprisonment, over a 10-year period. The seven defendants deny all the charges. For more on this and other South Yorkshire stories The woman described how she told a detective about what happened but no action was taken. Asked by prosecutor Michelle Colborne QC how she found the detective she told the jury: \"He used to come to houses where we were. \"He used to have sex with girls and he used to take drugs from people and pass them on to Ash.\" The court has heard that two of the seven defendants - Arshid Hussain and Qurban Ali - were known as Mad Ash and Blind Ash respectively. The witness did not clarify which one she was referring to. Asked when this happened, the witness said: \"It was while I was still in care.\" She added: \"I told him what was happening. He wrote it down in his book.\" The woman, who is now 36, also told the jury no-one helped her when she was living in children's homes. The witness replied \"No\" when Ms Colborne asked if there was \"any one person in any of the care homes you felt you could trust?\" The woman claimed that staff at the home were only concerned about \"sitting at the end of the night and writing reports up - that was it\". Defendants on trial: Arshid Hussain, 40, of High Street, East Cowick, Goole, faces 30 charges, including five counts of rape. Qurban Ali, 53, of Clough Road, Rotherham, faces four charges, including rape and conspiracy to rape. Majid Bostan, 37, of Ledsham Road, Rotherham faces one charge of indecent assault. Sajid Bostan, 38, of Broom Avenue, Rotherham faces seven charges, including four counts of rape,. Basharat Hussain, 39, of no fixed abode, faces 15 charges including two counts of rape. Karen MacGregor, 58, of Barnsley Road, Wath, South Yorkshire, faces four charges, including conspiracy to rape. Shelley Davies, 40, of Wainwright Road, Kimberworth Park, Rotherham, faces three charges, including conspiracy to rape. The trial continues."
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"Represent the example for the following task: Generate an appropriate title for the given text. The generated title must be short and include the main topic of the text. The preferred titles are under fifteen words.:",
"By Aidan LewisBBC News The 76-year-old's health has been a source of rumour for years, and he has often gone weeks or months without making a public appearance. But his prolonged absence after being treated at a military hospital in Paris in late April for a \"mini-stroke\" has focused attention on whether Algeria might finally be exposed to profound change as power passes to a new generation. It also appears to have quashed recent speculation that Mr Bouteflika could stand for a fourth term next year, and triggered intense manoeuvrings over the expected succession. At the same time, however, the state has continued to operate, and observers say real political change, if it comes at all, may come slowly. \"We're not in an autocratic system but an authoritarian one, in which the president is just one element, and is far from having all powers concentrated in his hands,\" says Mohammed Hachemaoui, an Algerian political scientist currently at the German Institute for International and Security Affairs. \"So his absence doesn't put the functioning of this regime at risk.\" Elder statesman Algeria is a key regional power - a youthful nation of 36 million that is a major exporter of oil and gas and has become an important ally of the West in the campaign to counter Islamist militancy. It has also remained relatively stable as leaders in its neighbours to the east - Tunisia, Libya and Egypt - were toppled in popular uprisings in 2011. Indeed, Algeria's ruling elite has proved strikingly resilient. The country is led by a man who fought in the war of independence against France and first became a minister in the year that war was won, 1962. The core of the elite has remained essentially intact ever since, through economic and political upheaval in the 1980s, a coup in 1992, and the subsequent conflict in which some 150,000 are believed to have died. Mr Bouteflika made himself into a symbol of Algeria's ability to overcome, or at least bury the memory of, the worst of that violence. The youthful foreign minister of a hopeful country in the 1960s and 70s, he returned as an elder statesman in 1999, granting amnesty to many of the Islamist insurgents still fighting the state. The latter part of his presidency has coincided with a dramatic rise in the price of oil, which allowed for generous public spending programmes and subsidies. Mr Bouteflika consolidated his position in relation to the military. But authority remained diffused within an opaque and factional elite, often referred to in French as \"Le Pouvoir\", in which unelected officials connected to the military and the intelligence services are the ultimate arbiters of power. 'Illusion of change' In this system, as a 2009 despatch from the US embassy published by Wikileaks observed, officials from presidents to customs officers are \"designated\", rather than being selected transparently. That looks set to continue with Mr Bouteflika's eventual replacement. While the likely contenders are slightly younger, they are \"pure products of the system\", says Mr Hachemaoui. \"There will be a generational change, but it won't be a generational change that causes a change of regime. It's an illusion of change.\" He adds that systemic corruption has made reform harder, and that the government bought itself a temporary reprieve by boosting handouts two years ago. Big challenges remain, especially if the price or quantity of the oil and gas that Algeria exports drops significantly. There are frequent demonstrations over failings in public services, and central and southern towns saw a series of protests over unemployment and corruption in earlier this year. But there appears to be little appetite \"for any kind of showdown\", says James McDougall, a modern history tutor and Algeria specialist at the UK's Oxford University. \"I think there's a general dissatisfaction, disenchantment, disengagement from politics. \"There isn't this massive pent-up oppositional energy that there was in Tunisia or Egypt. That has lots and lots of places to express itself in Algeria - in the press, the parties, and in local politicking.\" Change in Algeria may be more subtle, he adds, as the men who monopolised power in the 1990s are replaced by leaders \"thinking about where to go, rather than about just holding on to things\". In the longer term, that could herald the possibility of real reform. \"We may be coming to the end of a slightly cynical formula the regime has used since the mid-90s - the formula of pre-selecting the winner informally behind the scenes, but then allowing the election to be formally contested by also-rans or by other candidates,\" says Hugh Roberts, professor of North African and Middle Eastern history at Tufts University in the US. \"In which case the question of whether or not Algeria should finally move to genuinely free elections does begin to come onto the agenda. But I don't see it as sufficiently on the agenda at this point to enter into how Bouteflika's successor is chosen.\""
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"Represent the example for the following task: Generate an appropriate title for the given text. The generated title must be short and include the main topic of the text. The preferred titles are under fifteen words.:",
"During a turbulent career, he led two coups before twice being elected president in multiparty polls. He died in November at the age of 73 of an undisclosed illness, but his funeral was delayed - in part by political squabbling. The ceremony was held at Independence Square, with numbers attending limited by coronavirus restrictions. But many Ghanaians headed to the square despite being asked by the government to watch the ceremony on TV in an effort to curb the spread of coronavirus, the BBC's Thomas Naadi reports from Accra. Mourners were wearing masks and hand sanitiser had been provided but it was proving difficult to practise social distancing, our reporter says. Prominent mourners included Liberia's President George Weah, Sierra Leonean leader Julius Maada Bio and representatives from the UN and African Union. President Rawlings contributed to peace efforts in Liberia and Sierra Leone during the civil wars in the 1990s and most recently was an African Union envoy to Somalia. He also led campaigns against malaria across the continent. 'A caring disciplinarian' Tribute after tribute eulogised the late Ghanaian leader, most describing him as a selfless and committed leader who worked for the common good of his country, our reporter says. Ghana's President Nana Akufo-Addo described Rawlings as a \"charismatic and fearless leader\", reports the AFP news agency. His widow Nana Konadu Agyemang-Rawlings was quoted as saying: \"Your gift of sharing knew no bounds. You never hesitated to help in the passing of laws to protect the vulnerable in society. Jerry, I know that God created us for each other.\" Earlier, hundreds of people went to pay their respects to the former president as his body lay in state for three days. Many of them remember him as a disciplinarian but also as a leader who cared about ordinary people, our correspondent says. After the funeral, Rawlings was laid to rest at the military cemetery in Accra. Our correspondent reports that some people wanted him to be buried in his home region of Volta. It is not the only row to dog events - the funeral was originally scheduled for 23 December. The National Democratic Congress (NDC), a party Rawlings founded and which is now in opposition, wanted more involvement in organising the state funeral, which led to the delay. One party leader even threatened to \"steal his remains\" following the funeral so that the party could bury him again. Who was Jerry Rawlings? The son of a Scottish farmer and a Ghanaian mother, Rawlings entered the Ghana Air Force, graduating in 1969. A decade later, as a senior officer in the air force, he overthrew a military government, handing over power to a civilian leader. He oversaw the execution of several former heads of state and army generals for corruption, but expressed some regret about the killings. Later the execution by firing squad of Supreme Court judges also left a stain on his legacy. In 1981, he led a second coup and was the head of a military junta until introducing multiparty elections in 1992, when he was first elected president. This ushered in a long period of political stability. In 2001, he stepped down after serving two terms but continued to wield a strong influence in the country. In later years, Rawlings campaigned for African nations to have their international debts written off. Around the BBC Africa Today podcasts"
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"Represent the example for the following task: Generate an appropriate title for the given text. The generated title must be short and include the main topic of the text. The preferred titles are under fifteen words.:",
"It ends months of speculation about whether the 75-year-old leader plans to run for re-election. His first term has been beset by poor health, which saw him spend months in the UK last year receiving treatment. Mr Buhari defeated former President Goodluck Jonathan in the 2015 election. He was the first opposition leader to defeat an incumbent in Nigeria. The announcement comes as he is due to travel to the UK on an official visit. He is scheduled to meet Prime Minister Theresa May and attend the Commonwealth Heads of Government Meeting, which starts on 16 April. Mr Buhari was on \"medical leave\" in the UK for three months early last year. He revealed after his return to Nigeria that \"I have never been so sick\", but did not disclose what he was suffering from. Mr Buhari will run under the banner of the ruling All Progressives Congress. The main opposition People's Democratic Party is yet to announce its candidate. He has been under fire from former President Olusegun Obasanjo, who in an open letter called on him not to seek re-election because of his age and alleged poor health. Mr Obasanjo added that he was disappointed with Mr Buhari, particularly because of what he called his poor handling of Nigeria's economy, the largest in Africa. Mr Buhari's spokesman said the president accepted the criticism in good faith, but it should be noted that significant progress had been made under his rule in tackling Nigeria's problems. The administration points to its fight against corruption and its military operations against Islamist militant group Boko Haram, which it says has \"degraded\" the group. Analysis: Is Buhari fighting fit? By Mayeni Jones, BBC News, Lagos In recent months, President Buhari has visited many of Nigeria's trouble spots, including the north-eastern town of Dapchi, where 110 schoolgirls were abducted in February by militant Islamist group Boko Haram. He also visited the middle belt states of Taraba, Plateau and Benue, which have been hit by clashes over grazing land between nomadic herdsmen and farmers. These visits can now be seen as an effort to demonstrate a hands-on approach in dealing with some of the main challenges facing Nigeria as he seeks re-election. But doubts remain about Mr Buhari's health after he made three trips to the UK last year to seek treatment."
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"Represent the example for the following task: Generate an appropriate title for the given text. The generated title must be short and include the main topic of the text. The preferred titles are under fifteen words.:",
"By Jonathan HeadBBC South East Asia Correspondent First there was the young boy, apparently abandoned by the Australian couple who had commissioned a Thai surrogate mother to carry him. The boy had Down's syndrome, but the couple had taken his twin sister back to Australia with them. Then there were the 12 babies found living in a single apartment with nannies, all fathered by the same, mysterious young Japanese man. Many more babies had already been spirited out of Thailand. Today the Australian boy - named Gammy - lives with the woman who was paid to give birth to him, seemingly a loved member of his adopted family. \"I don't regret anything about the surrogacy\", Pattaramon Chanbua told me. \"I don't blame anyone. To me, Gammy is a blessing.\" To help her cope with the strikingly fair-skinned little boy, an Australian charity has bought her a bigger house, and gives her a modest monthly allowance. Gammy has also been given Australian citizenship. Mitsutoki Shigeta, the mystery Japanese man, is still fighting to get custody of the 12 babies he sired through various Thai surrogates. They are being kept in a state children's shelter. Last month a court awarded him custody of three, despite strong concern over his motives for wanting so many babies. 'I'd do it again' Now, five years after it was first drafted, the Thai parliament has passed a law which it hopes will shut down the \"wombs-for-rent\" business for good. Foreigners are banned from seeking surrogates in Thailand. Thai couples can find surrogate parents, but not through agents, or on any kind of commercial basis. At the heart of the business are hard-up Thai women, who see nine months carrying someone else's child as a relatively easy way to make good money. Pattaramon was one, although she says she would never do it again. Daeng, a factory worker living outside Bangkok, is another. A single mother in her thirties, she agreed to carry twins for Mr Shigeta. When the time came to hand them over, she admitted it was hard. \"I carried them for nine months, and I loved them,\" she said. But she went through with the contract, and \"would do it again - so would anybody - because of the money\". Daeng says she was paid the equivalent of 10 years' salary. Other women have had unhappier surrogacy experiences. Four years ago, 15 Vietnamese women were found in a Bangkok apartment, seven of them pregnant. Some of them said they had been lured there with the promise of well-paid jobs; two said they had been raped. A Taiwanese company called Babe-101 was accused by anti-trafficking groups of being behind the operation, but the police never pressed charges, and the doctor who supervised the conceptions and the births is still practising at a well-known Bangkok hospital. Like much of Thailand's medical industry, the surrogacy business is profit-driven and poorly regulated. For childless couples, desperate for a family, this has meant quick and low-cost surrogacies, without too much red tape. Most would probably want the best possible treatment for the carrier of their children. But it does not always work out that way. At a women's shelter on the outskirts of Bangkok, I watched three figures, masked by balaclavas, nervously telling their story to journalists. One of them was Namphun - not her real name. Her husband was with her. Until that week, he had believed the baby she was carrying was his. But then, she said, he had been threatened by police officers, who insisted his wife had signed a contract to carry a baby for a Chinese man, and that she had to travel overseas for the birth. They both fled to seek refuge in the shelter, along with another pregnant surrogate. Namphun said she was terrified of the agent, who she said had also been putting pressure on her to leave Thailand before the expected crackdown on surrogates. She had decided she no longer wanted to go through with the deal - she would keep the baby, no matter that she had no genetic connection to it. \"If they stop chasing me, after the birth I will love it, and take care of it.\" She showed me the contract. Surprisingly, the address of the company she was dealing with, IVF Sunrise, was in London. Its website shows an office in Bangkok, but when I visited last September, there was no sign of it, nor had anyone in the building heard of it. IVF Sunrise is listed as a limited liability partnership, with a correspondence address in Percy Street, London, but its partners are entities based in Belize and the Seychelles. A staff member responded to a BBC email by stating that the company now operates in Nepal, but has been out of Thailand since last September. The response did not address questions about how Namphun was treated. The surrogate business in Thailand has often been a shadowy, unaccountable one. Now the practice has been more or less outlawed, there are justified fears that, with so much money on offer, it will simply be driven underground. \"We have no law enforcement\", admits Dr Somsak Lolekha of the Thai Medical Council. \"Just like drinking and driving. We have the law. But they never enforce it. \"That is a weak point of Thailand.\""
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"Represent the example for the following task: Generate an appropriate title for the given text. The generated title must be short and include the main topic of the text. The preferred titles are under fifteen words.:",
"By Aleem MaqboolBBC News As the US was going through the darkest days of the crisis, the state of Texas was fighting hard in the courts to ensure abortions did not take place there. The battle, against women's health groups, was over the state's assertion that abortions were non-essential. Texas officials won, and abortions - which usually number about 50,000 a year in the state - were banned. They are only starting to resume again now because of an easing of restrictions on \"elective\" medical procedures. But that has come too late for many women. \"My husband and I had been trying for a while and we were elated to find I was pregnant, and even more excited that we were having twins,\" says Louise. The 34-year-old lives just outside Austin. She speaks openly and eloquently, but it is also clear how badly the events of recent days have affected her. Fourteen weeks into her pregnancy, she was told that one of the twins she was carrying had died. More bad news was to come. \"Last Monday, we were devastated to a receive a diagnosis of lethal skeletal dysplasia for the remaining twin. We were told that condition was incompatible with life and that the baby would suffocate upon being born and never be able to draw their first breath.\" Louise describes how the gut-wrenching news was made even worse as her doctor broke it to her that abortions were currently banned in Texas unless it was to save the life of the mother or the child. Even though Louise had inside her one foetus that had already passed away and another that was destined to die at birth, she was told she would not be able to have an abortion in the state. \"I was shocked. I never thought that this wouldn't be applicable, it was such a such a strong set of circumstances,\" she tells me. Every US state introduced varying restrictions on non-essential medical procedures during the pandemic, to preserve protective equipment for staff and to curb the spread of the virus in hospitals. Texas was one of eight Republican-led states to decide that, despite the obvious time-sensitive nature of the procedures, abortions would be deemed non-essential. There was outrage and legal action from abortion providers, but the Texas Attorney General, Ken Paxton, remained defiant that abortion was \"elective\", and as such would remain banned. \"Proponents of this have always claimed it was a choice,\" said Mr Paxton. \"By their very own definition and the way they phrase their own narrative, it's always been a choice. And today is no different,\" he said, using the semantics of it being a \"woman's right to choose\" in order to justify abortions being included in the ban. \"People can move to other states or go to other states. There's nothing preventing them from doing that,\" he added. That left countless women in Texas facing the choice of either waiting until the ban was lifted or leaving the state if they had the means. That included Louise. \"The risk of waiting was that the longer that the pregnancy was allowed to go on, the harder that it would be for me physically and mentally and emotionally,\" she says. \"Once you find these things out, it's not something that you want to wait on.\" And so Louise and her husband decided to make the 13-hour drive to New Mexico, the closest state without such a ban in place. Read more from Aleem It meant using their savings because it would not be covered by their health insurance. In New Mexico, they met obstetrician gynaecologist Dr Eve Espey, who was inundated with cases. \"What we've seen in our reproductive health clinic in Albuquerque is a tripling to quadrupling of patients coming from Texas,\" Dr Espey told me. She describes the lengths some women had gone to reach her, often bringing young children and having to find hotels to take them in during the lockdown, far away from supportive family and friends. Others she explained, would not have been able to afford the trip. \"The primary reason so many have been trying to get here is that if abortion is delayed, it can cause increased complications and ultimately the inaccessibility of that service,\" Dr Espey says, referring to the period beyond which a woman could no longer have an abortion. In recent years, in many parts of the US, the right of women to have an abortion has come under sustained political pressure, with restrictive measures having been introduced in many states. Dr Espey herself, like many US abortion providers, has faced smear campaigns, threats and protestors outside the clinic at which she works. There have also been highly politicised legal attempts to close the university programme that she chairs. \"I've been doing this work for many years, and I think that anti-abortion activists have certainly shown their willingness to utilise just about any situation to justify eliminating access to abortion care,\" she says. \"Despite that, I was surprised that this pandemic, which really requires us to all come together would have been a situation to take advantage of for an ideological or political purpose,\" Dr Espey adds. Texas may now be easing restrictions on non-essential medical procedures, but in a state of nearly 30 million people, it will never be known how many women like Louise have been scarred by what they went through. \"We were already at a very low point, and it felt like the state of Texas and Governor Abbott and Attorney General Paxton were rubbing additional salt into the wound,\" says Louise. She says that she and her husband had been supporters of the Republican governor, but found it impossible to understand how an insistence on stopping all abortions had anything to do with the coronavirus crisis. \"It is one of the hardest things I will ever do in my life, and they made it so much harder, so much more difficult.\" Louise's name has been changed in order to protect her privacy Additional reporting by Eva Artesona"
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"Represent the example for the following task: Generate an appropriate title for the given text. The generated title must be short and include the main topic of the text. The preferred titles are under fifteen words.:",
"By Daniel Gordon & Joshua NevettBBC World Service As World War Two reached its crescendo, the actions of two people left an indelible mark on Dr Ervin Staub's life. Born in Hungary to a Jewish family, he was a six-year-old child when Nazi German forces occupied Hungary in 1944. At the behest of the Nazis, hundreds of thousands of Hungarian Jews were rounded up and deported to extermination camps. Two decisive interventions ensured Dr Staub and his family did not meet the same fate. A woman named Maria Gogan hid him and his one-year-old sister with a Christian family. \"She looked after us kids,\" Dr Staub told the BBC. \"I was walking with her and my sister in Budapest when the German tanks rolled in.\" For a while, Dr Staub and his sister posed as Ms Gogan's relatives from the countryside. Then, when Dr Staub's mother obtained protective identity papers for his family from Swedish diplomat Raoul Wallenberg, they moved into a safe house nearby. To Dr Staub, Ms Gogan was a second mother. She continued to live with the family at the safe house, risking her life to bring them food and pass another letter of protection to Dr Staub's father through the barbed wire of a forced-labour camp. One time, as Ms Gogan returned home, she was held up at knifepoint by Hungarian Nazis. They threatened to kill her for helping Jews. \"A man who knew her came in and said, 'let her go, she's a good person'. So they let her go,\" Dr Staub said. Thanks to these acts of kindness, Dr Staub and his family lived to see the end of Nazi tyranny in Hungary. After enduring the war, and a decade of communism in Hungary, Dr Staub fled via Vienna to the US, where he studied the psychology of violence, genocide and morality. He did a PhD on the topic at Stanford University and taught at Harvard University, before applying his theories on harm prevention to experiments and field research. For a project in Rwanda, for example, he tried to promote reconciliation after the country's genocide of 1994. Fittingly enough, his most recent book was titled \"The Roots of Goodness and Resistance to Evil\". Nowadays, it's not genocide that worries Dr Staub. It's the excessive use of force by police officers in the US. To quell this violence, Dr Staub had a simple idea, one that hinges on the role of active bystanders like Ms Gogan and the diplomat who saved his life. \"These people were heroic active bystanders who put themselves into great danger,\" Dr Staub said. \"They had a huge influence on my motivation to study what leads people to help others.\" At 82, Dr Staub is enjoying a renaissance of his school of thought. His active-bystander concept has started to gain traction in 2020, a year of reckoning for police forces in the US. The case of George Floyd, a black man who died in custody in Minneapolis, Minnesota in May, reignited a long-running debate about racial injustice and policing in the US. Widespread calls for police reform have sprung from the killing of Mr Floyd, and that of other black Americans. At more than 30 police departments across the US, a training programme based on Dr Staub's ideas has been included in that push for reform. More on policing and protests in the US: Dr Staub has long stepped back from teaching at the University of Massachusetts, where he founded a PhD course on the psychology of violence. He was thinking about retiring for good this year, but demand for this training has thrust him back into the fray of the police-reform movement in the middle of a pandemic. With a youthful inquisitiveness that belies his age, Dr Staub has acquainted himself with the trappings of 2020, from video conferences on Zoom to the demands of Black Lives Matter protests. Times have changed yet for Dr Staub, the principles of ethical policing training finally appear to be coming of age. \"Some people want to defund police departments,\" Dr Staub said. \"We do need police, but we also need a transformation in police departments.\" The training, called Ethical Policing Is Courageous (EPIC), encourages officers to intervene if they see misconduct within their ranks. It was first introduced by the police force in the Louisiana city of New Orleans in 2014. Crucially, it emphasises the responsibility, not of the perpetrator, but of bystanders. Every officer is reminded of their duty to act if they see bad behaviour, repudiating the so-called blue wall of silence. This ethos upends the way officers traditionally think about loyalty to their partners. \"Loyalty isn't saying, 'well, you've done something wrong, I'm going to protect you',\" Lisa Kurtz, an innovation manager at the New Orleans Police Department (NOPD), told the BBC. \"Loyalty is me saying, 'you're about to do something wrong, and I'm going to stop you'.\" Ernest Luster, a veteran NOPD officer, said the training has completely changed the dynamic of policing in the city. \"There was always this perception with police of us versus them, of them against us,\" says Mr Luster, a sergeant with more than 20 years' experience. \"Now we're working together to make the community safe.\" Mr Luster usually starts his shift with a team briefing. He reminds his colleagues to protect the community, from criminals and each other. On the beat, officers can wear EPIC pins on their lapels to signal they consent to intervention. Ultimately, the sergeant wants the public to see officers as heroes, not villains. To that end, he likens an active bystander to Superman, \"one of my biggest heroes of all time\". Knowing how, and when, to step in is a lesson that every member of the force is taught in EPIC training. And no one, not even the sergeant himself, is exempt from that lesson. \"You can have 50 years on the job, but you're still a human being,\" he said. \"You're still vulnerable to certain people pushing a button.\" Even Mr Luster, an EPIC trainer, can recall an incident when he struggled to keep his emotions in check. He almost hit a handcuffed man who had resisted arrest for trespassing. \"At that moment, a rookie cop walks over to me. He puts his hands on my chest, and immediately I thought about EPIC. Just like that. And I walked away. Now, had he not done that, I could have lost my job for excessive force.\" Mr Luster's testimony certainly chimes with recent data on police conduct in New Orleans. The EPIC programme, alongside other reforms, appear to have yielded results. A 2019 report by an independent police monitor noted a sharp drop in \"critical incidents\" involving the use of force by officers in New Orleans. These incidents fell from 22 in 2012, to five in 2018. That year, the NOPD did not shoot at, critically injure or kill any civilians, the report said. Satisfaction with police has increased, too. A 2019 survey found that 54% of New Orleans residents were satisfied with the NOPD's overall performance, a rise of 21% since 2009. These improved results signal just how far the NOPD has come since the dark days of the 2000s. Back then, the force was engulfed by scandal. Criminality and misconduct were rife. \"If you take almost every major federal felony that we have in law, except for possibly treason, we've had a New Orleans police officer who has been arrested, convicted, prosecuted and sued for those acts,\" Mary Howell, a New Orleans-based civil rights lawyer, told the BBC. Ms Howell has devoted much of her 40-year career to pursuing justice for the victims of these acts. One of the most troubling incidents, she recalled, happened in the wake of Hurricane Katrina in 2005. That year, New Orleans officers shot six people on the city's Danziger Bridge, killing two. All of the victims were African Americans. None were armed, nor had they committed any crimes. Eleven officers ultimately pleaded guilty to charges related to the shootings, and an attempt to cover them up. Ms Howell said she was dismayed by this and other similar incidents, which happened time and again in New Orleans. The violence, she said, came in cycles. \"You see the same patterns with domestic violence,\" Ms Howell said. \"There would be a terrible incident, and then there would be the candy, and the flowers, and 'I am so sorry'. Then it would happen again.\" At its nadir in 2012, the NOPD was brought under federal supervision. Known as a consent decree, the supervision order required the force to undertake sweeping reforms. The use of force, stops, searches, seizures and arrests; everything was revised to rebuild trust and improve public safety. A new training regime was a key component of that change. That training was where Ms Howell and Dr Staub came in. Ms Howell first stumbled across Dr Staub's work in the 1990s. The lawyer read a New York Times article in which Dr Staub talked about a training programme he had designed for police forces in California. The training programme was commissioned after the beating of Rodney King by Los Angeles police officers in 1991. Dr Staub said he saw \"no sign of this training\", despite assurances it would be implemented. Nevertheless, Ms Howell was convinced Dr Staub was on to something. For his theories on harm prevention, Dr Staub was seen as a cult figure in police-reform circles. Years later, sensing an opportunity to spur change in New Orleans, Ms Howell revisited Dr Staub's concept of ethical policing. Maybe this could work in the city, she thought. At Ms Howell's suggestion, the NOPD developed a peer-intervention training programme. EPIC was the outcome. When the consent decree came into effect in New Orleans, Jonathan Aronie was one of the lawyers appointed to monitor its progress. He was impressed by EPIC, mainly because it was aimed at all officers, not just a \"small number of wrongdoers\". \"This was a programme for the high percentage of people in the world, and in the police department, that want to do the right thing,\" Mr Aronie said. \"They would want to prevent harm, if they only had a skill to do it.\" A new national initiative, launched after Mr Floyd's death, seeks to give officers that skill. The Active Bystandership for Law Enforcement (ABLE) project will offer support to police departments across the country in developing their own peer-intervention training programmes. Built on the principles of EPIC, ABLE training, technical assistance and research will be provided, free of charge. An initial $400,000 (£307,000) has been raised to fund the project, led by Georgetown University and law firm Sheppard Mullin. With demand for police reform growing, ABLE organisers are hoping more funding will follow. \"After the George Floyd killing we probably received 100 calls from police departments wanting EPIC training,\" said Mr Aronie, chair of ABLE's board of advisers. By October, 34 police departments in Boston, Denver, Philadelphia and other cities will have undertaken a \"training of trainers\" for the ABLE programme. To qualify for the training, each agency had to commit to ABLE's standards and submit letters of support from prominent community organisations. On its own, this training does not represent a panacea for police misbehaviour, Mr Aronie said. It needs to be part of a broader cultural transformation in policing that goes beyond \"pimping the programme for publicity\", he said. Still, Dr Staub's ideas are becoming the foundation of that transformation. EPIC \"could have changed the whole dynamic\" of Mr Floyd's fatal arrest, Dr Staub said. Had they received the training, the three officers who watched on \"would have felt empowered\" to intervene. They, just like Ms Gogan and the diplomat who took risks for Dr Staub, could have stepped in to challenge the actions of one, with the combined will of three. \"Individuals can make a huge difference,\" Dr Staub said. \"They have great power, and when they join together, they have substantial power.\" BBC World Service radio talked to Dr Staub about his role in transforming policing in the US for its latest episode of People Fixing the World. You can listen to the podcast on BBC Sounds from 6 October."
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"Represent the example for the following task: Generate an appropriate title for the given text. The generated title must be short and include the main topic of the text. The preferred titles are under fifteen words.:",
"Born in Toronto, Ontario, in 1959, Mr Harper became involved in politics while still at school. After obtaining a masters degree from the University of Calgary he went on to work as a political aide. Mr Harper won a parliamentary seat for the Reform Party in 1993, but quit four years later to work for a conservative lobby group. He returned to parliament in 2002 as head of the Canadian Alliance and leader of the opposition. A year later his party merged with the Progressive Conservative Party of Canada. Hardliner to progressive The new Conservative Party, with Mr Harper at the helm, reunited Canada's political right after years of disarray. But the father-of-two could not beat Liberal Party leader Paul Martin in the 2004 election, and Mr Martin was able to form a minority government. Observers say the Conservative Party's controversial statements on abortion and same-sex marriage lost them key votes on that occasion. Next time around, Mr Harper - a keen strategist - managed to marginalise the more extreme elements of his party. His election as Canada's prime minister in 2006 reversed more than a decade of Liberal Party rule in parliament. It also completed Mr Harper's transformation from hard-line right-winger to a progressive conservative with a party positioned at the centre of the political spectrum. Sometimes seen as an aloof figure more at home with a spreadsheet than working a crowd, the Alberta MP managed to stay at the helm of a minority government longer than expected. Accusations that he was a pro-Bush \"extremist\" who would curb abortion rights and put an end to same-sex marriages failed to stick. But he was also helped by the disarray among the opposition Liberals and a perceived lack of appetite among Canadians to head back to the polls. After two years he called for a snap poll a year ahead of schedule, complaining that parliament was \"dysfunctional\" and deadlocked. In the 2008 election he increased his party's seats but still fell short of holding a majority. But he received a fillip the following year when the newly-inaugurated Barack Obama chose Canada as the destination for his first foreign trip as US president. Mr Harper received a lot of criticism in 2010 over the $1.1bn cost (US$1.1bn; £730m) of staging the double summit of G8 and G20 leaders in Toronto. A temporary water feature dubbed the \"fake lake\" came to symbolise what many critics saw as Mr Harper's extravagant spending. By the time his opponents triggered the 2011 election, though, Mr Harper was able to present himself as the stable, familiar guiding hand of Canadian politics. His measured campaign messages clearly hit home, and with the Conservatives' political rivals failing to challenge them in the polls, Mr Harper was able to secure the majority that had previously eluded him. Under Mr Harper the party took 54% of the seats in parliament, securing a third consecutive term and transforming their minority government into a majority. Mr Harper ran a tightly focused campaign concentrating largely on his government's record in managing the economy, which had emerged from a recession as one of the strongest among the G7 group of countries. But four years later, it's the economy that proved his Achilles heel, with the country officially entering recession at the start of the election campaign. He was under fire for his low spending, low taxes policies, and was at odds with his political opponents over the bombing campaign against Islamic State in Syria. A lone gunman attack on the parliament building in Ottawa proved to be a pivotal moment. Mr Harper pushed through Bill C-51, which increased policing and surveillance powers despite an outcry from civil liberty campaigners. He lost the election to the fresh-faced, energetic Justin Trudeau, and resigned as Conservative leader. Ten months later, he quit his seat in Calgary, signalling the end of his decades-long association with politics, to focus on business interests."
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"Represent the example for the following task: Generate an appropriate title for the given text. The generated title must be short and include the main topic of the text. The preferred titles are under fifteen words.:",
"Prime Minister Stephen Harper's Conservative Party holds a wide lead over rivals, recent polling suggests. A Nanos Research survey of about 1,000 voters put the Conservatives on 37.8%, the Liberals on 26.7% and the New Democratic Party on 23.7%. Mr Harper's minority government was forced into an election after a non-confidence vote in parliament. The vote came after Mr Harper's government was found to be in contempt of parliament because of its failure to disclose the full costs of anti-crime programmes, corporate tax cuts and plans to purchase stealth fighter jets from the US. Mr Harper has told Canadian voters the Liberal Party, the largest opposition party, led by Michael Ignatieff, cannot be trusted to handle the economy. Mr Ignatieff has accused Mr Harper of deceit, and also says that Canadians have no confidence in his ability to look after the nation's finances. 'Greater access' More than 4,000 advance polling facilities are expected to be active across Canada from noon until 2000 local time in each district on Friday, Saturday and Monday. Elections Canada spokesperson Grace Lake told CTV that early polling was designed to give Canadians a more convenient option when they exercise their right to vote. With the prospect of another minority government looming, record numbers of Canadians are expected to vote in the election. A Canadian political party needs roughly 40% of the vote to win a majority of the 308 seats in the House of Commons. Winning a majority is also possible if the gap between the front-runners is more than 10 percentage points."
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"Represent the example for the following task: Generate an appropriate title for the given text. The generated title must be short and include the main topic of the text. The preferred titles are under fifteen words.:",
"The influential right wing MPs want to put pressure on David Cameron to set out a \"clear\" Tory message to voters. But Mr Davis said the group - Conservative Voice - aimed to \"work alongside\" the party leadership. It will argue for \"seriously ambitious\" policies on tax, Europe, public services and political reform. Mr Cameron is under pressure from some of his MPs to embrace a much more traditional Conservative approach to economic and social issues and assert his leadership within the coalition. The Conservative leader has acknowledged the constraints on his party of it being in alliance with the Liberal Democrats and has suggested it would be pursuing a different course on welfare, Europe and other issues if it had a working majority of its own. 'Campaigning edge' Mr Davis, who recently called for a major reappraisal of economic strategy, said Conservative Voice would provide a \"home for the professional and voluntary wings of the Conservative Party and who are united in their belief in popular, radical conservatism\". \"Our aim is to encourage seriously ambitious policy development and to help improve the party's campaigning edge in really practical ways,\" he added. \"Our approach is to work from inside the party and alongside the leadership and to actively engage with think tanks, campaigning organisations, academics and business people.\" The group also aims to harness ideas from Conservative MPs and and harness activists. Other backers include Conor Burns, who resigned as a ministerial aide over his opposition to reform of the House of Lords and fuel price campaigner Robert Halfon. Speaking at the launch of the group, former defence secretary Liam Fox said it would help the party connect with voters. \"It's not just about the high flyers, it's about the triers. It's not just about the achievers, it's about the aspirers. \"As we move towards next election we will need to differentiate our brand and set forward a clear Conservative message. \"We have a long-standing tradition of Conservative views which we intend to set out clearly.\" Don Porter, a former deputy chair of the Conservative Party Board and founder of Conservative Voice, said he had been in touch with Downing Street \"throughout the development\" of the group and they were grateful for its \"transparency and honesty\". Many Conservatives on the right of the party welcomed last week's government reshuffle, which saw promotions for Chris Grayling, Owen Paterson and Michael Fallon among others. However, the changes have been questioned by others with former children's minister Tim Loughton, who lost his job, tweeting that it was \"very worrying to see that children & young people brief downgraded to just one minister at the Department for Education now\". In an exchange with fellow Tory MP Michael Fabricant, about the scope for ex-ministers to form a dining club, Mr Loughton referred to what he described as a \"one man firing squad\". It was reported at the weekend that a Conservative MP Bob Stewart had been approached by two unidentified colleagues asking him if he would consider standing as a \"stalking horse\" against the prime minister - an approach that he said he had dismissed out of hand."
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"Represent the example for the following task: Generate an appropriate title for the given text. The generated title must be short and include the main topic of the text. The preferred titles are under fifteen words.:",
"Alun Michael said he was \"relieved\" and \"delighted\" after his increase proposals were backed by the majority of the region's Police and Crime Panel. He said the proposed police precept would be £181.28 for a Band D property, an increase of £11.86 per year. Vale of Glamorgan MP Alun Cairns said a 7% increase \"during these austere times is disappointing\". He added: \"The south Wales increase of 7% is far and above those set for other regions of Wales, which seems unreasonable during these tough economic times for households across the Vale and south Wales.\" Mr Michael, who served as Labour MP for Cardiff South and Penarth for 25 years until resigning to stand as commissioner last November, is responsible for deciding how much householders should pay for police in an annual \"precept\". Despite the rise, Mr Michael said the cost to south Wales council tax payers was below the cost for people living in the three other Welsh force areas. He said: \"It's the poorest members of our communities who are hit the hardest by local crime and disorder and this precept will enable us to work to protect them.\" He added: \"I realise that any increase in council tax is difficult for the public in south Wales. \"However, I have had to make the difficult decision in order to act responsibly and effectively protect and maintain a high quality police service in south Wales. \"This budget allows us to continue the downward pressure on crime and disorder, even in such difficult times.\" South Wales Police chief constable Peter Vaughan said the decision \"recognises the significant challenges facing South Wales Police, and the investment required to maintain and enhance the policing of our communities\". 'Significant challenges' Alun Michael has claimed the \"modest\" 7% rise will pay for 40 police community support officers (PCSOs). South Wales Police chief constable Peter Vaughan said the decision \"recognises the significant challenges facing South Wales Police\" and the investment required to maintain and enhance policing. He said: \"Over recent years, there has been significant performance improvements for this force, and crime is now at its lowest level for 30 years. \"This decision today will allow us to continue this reduction. I look forward to working closely with the commissioner to fulfil his priorities.\""
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"Represent the example for the following task: Generate an appropriate title for the given text. The generated title must be short and include the main topic of the text. The preferred titles are under fifteen words.:",
"The increase, which will raise an extra £18m annually, will fund neighbourhood roles and a team to work on the area's transport network. Greater Manchester Police's Chief Constable Ian Hopkins said he was \"very grateful\" as the force had \"really been struggling\" after years of cuts. Deputy Mayor Bev Hughes said the move would help \"keep our communities safe\". A spokesman for Greater Manchester Combined Authority said the exact rise for each property band had yet to be confirmed, but an increase of £24 a year for homes in Band D had been backed in a public consultation. The additional funding will be used for: It will see the total number of officers increase to 6,570, which Mr Hopkins said was \"still some way from the 8,219 officers the force had in 2010 [but] moves us some way towards the 7,000 officers I believe we need to police Greater Manchester\". He said he understood the \"stretch\" paying the extra money would be \"for many people\", but added that the force was \"working hard to transform the way we deliver policing, and this will continue\". The deputy mayor said raising council tax had been \"a difficult decision to make\" but \"we have been left with very little choice to ask residents to pay a little more to ensure we can keep our communities safe\"."
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"Represent the example for the following task: Generate an appropriate title for the given text. The generated title must be short and include the main topic of the text. The preferred titles are under fifteen words.:",
"The 1.99% rise put forward by Richard Rhodes would have led to an average £4.07 increase in the annual amount paid by Band D property owners. Cumbria's Police and Crime Panel blocked it as it waits to see whether precept rises will be limited to 1.5%. A government spokesman said the threshold would be outlined \"shortly\". Currently, a precept rise above 2% automatically triggers a local referendum but that figure could be lowered. 'Impossible position' Mr Rhodes, a Conservative, said: \"I am disappointed but understand the reasons why the panel felt that they had no option other than to veto the proposed increase. \"I made the point to policing minister Damian Green MP that we urgently need the advice from government of the level of council tax increase that would not need to be supported by a referendum.\" The commissioner must submit new proposals to the panel by 15 February and it then has to meet to consider them before 22 February. Councillor Celia Tibble, chairwoman of the panel, said the group and commissioner had been put in \"an impossible position by central government\" as the financial bottom line is unclear. A spokesman for the Department of Communities and Local Government said: \"We will announce the council tax referendum threshold principles shortly. \"A statement will be made to Parliament in due course, and the House of Commons will then vote on the proposed referendum threshold and local government finance settlement. \"Any council worried about referendum level simply has to freeze council tax.\""
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"Represent the example for the following task: Generate an appropriate title for the given text. The generated title must be short and include the main topic of the text. The preferred titles are under fifteen words.:",
"Emma Loman - understood to be pseudonym - said in a complaint on Monday that Weinstein invited her to Cannes to discuss her career in 2006. She says she was constantly called by his assistant, up to 30 times a day, until she accepted his invitation. Mr Weinstein's lawyer said the claims were \"untrue\", adding they were seeking to have the lawsuit dismissed. \"This lawsuit is an attempt to continue the legal barrage and public attention on Mr. Weinstein,\" Phyllis Kupferstein said in a statement. \"The allegations are untrue and the claims are barred by the statute of limitations. We intend to immediately move to dismiss the complaint.\" In the lawsuit, Ms Loman says when she first met Weinstein for meetings she found him to be professional. But, it continues, when she was asked to meet him in his hotel suite for a meeting about what was presumed to be upcoming film roles, the professionalism changed. \"Upon arriving at Weinstein's suite... Weinstein quickly dropped his professional demeanor. He instead overpowered Loman and raped her,\" it states. The lawsuit also stated that Weinstein said he could ruin her career if she came forward about what had happened. \"Fearful both that no one would believe her and the potential retaliation from such a powerful figure, Loman stayed silent,\" the lawsuit says. \"It was only upon the late 2017 revelation of the scope of Weinstein's wrongful actions... that Loman felt safe coming forward to seek redress for Weinstein's rape of her.\" Ms Loman is suing Weinstein for assault, violation of human trafficking laws, battery and false imprisonment. More than 70 women have made allegations against Mr Weinstein including rape and sexual assault. Mr Weinstein was charged with rape in May, but his lawyer said he would plead not guilty to the accusations. The 66-year-old is currently out on bail and has pleaded not guilty to six counts allegedly committed against three women in 2004, 2006 and 2013. He will next appear in court for a hearing on 20 September. Follow us on Facebook, on Twitter @BBCNewsEnts, or on Instagram at bbcnewsents. If you have a story suggestion email [email protected]."
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"Represent the example for the following task: Generate an appropriate title for the given text. The generated title must be short and include the main topic of the text. The preferred titles are under fifteen words.:",
"Jessica Mann detailed a catalogue of abuse by the Hollywood producer, saying he once trapped her in a hotel bedroom and raped her. Three of the five charges against Mr Weinstein relate to Ms Mann. He denies non-consensual sex and his lawyers say emails prove his and Ms Mann's relationship was consensual. WARNING: This story contains details some readers may find upsetting Ms Mann's evidence came at the end of the fourth week of the Manhattan trial of the Oscar-winning Hollywood mogul, who produced films including Shakespeare in Love and The English Patient. The 34-year-old said she met him in late 2012 or early 2013 at a party, and she told him of her ambition to be an actress. Later, she said, he invited her and a friend to a Los Angeles hotel suite. He then allegedly pulled Ms Mann into a bedroom and performed oral sex on her. Ms Mann then began a relationship with Mr Weinstein. \"I entered into what I thought was going to be a real relationship with him and it was extremely degrading from that point on,\" she said. She said he once urinated on her, and in 2013 raped her in a Manhattan hotel room. \"If he heard the word 'no,' it was like a trigger for him,\" she said. When asked why she stayed in the relationship, Ms Mann said in tears that there was \"no short answer\". \"One of the aspects initially was that I had had a sexual encounter\" with him, she said. \"That wasn't something I could undo. That really confused me and hurt me.\" She stayed with him partly out of fear, she said. One of Mr Weinstein's lawyers, Damon Cheronis, said Ms Mann sent \"flattering\" emails to Mr Weinstein during their relationship, one of which said \"Miss you, big guy.\" These prove the relationship was not abusive, the defence alleges. In Friday's testimony, Ms Mann also alleged that Mr Weinstein had \"extreme scarring\" on his body and used erectile dysfunction medication. She also believed he was intersex, and it appeared he had a vagina and no testicles. Since October 2017, more than 80 women have publicly accused Mr Weinstein of sexual misconduct but this criminal case involves only a few of them. Some consider the trial a watershed moment, where some of Mr Weinstein's alleged victims have had their voices heard in court for the first time. Mr Weinstein is on trial for five offences, including rape and predatory sexual assault. He denies the charges and all allegations of wrongdoing, but if convicted could face life in prison. Here is what has happened in the trial so far. Week 1: Protests and jury selection Mr Weinstein turned up to his first court appearance heavily aided and using a walking frame. Crowds of protesters, including some accusers, gathered outside the courthouse to try and face him down. \"You thought you could terrorise me and others into silence. You were wrong,\" actress Rose McGowan, who accuses him of rape, said reading from an open letter. The same day, on 6 January, the Los Angeles County district attorney's office announced new charges against Mr Weinstein. After the New York trial, he is expected to appear in court in California. Finding an impartial jury for the New York case was a difficult task, with hundreds summoned as potential jurors. Mr Weinstein's legal team even filed a last-minute motion to move the trial outside Manhattan over the \"carnival-like atmosphere\" surrounding proceedings. They cited the media hype about model Gigi Hadid being among the potential jurors. The first week of proceedings ended with a flash-mob of protesters performing an anti-rape chant outside, which could be heard inside the courtroom. Week 2: The jury is chosen During the process, prosecutors accused Mr Weinstein's defence team of \"systematically eliminating\" young white women as jurors. The selection process concluded with five women and seven men on the panel. \"This trial is not a referendum on the #MeToo movement. It is not a referendum on sexual harassment,\" Judge James Burke told the jury, saying they must only decide if Mr Weinstein \"committed certain acts which constitute a particular crime\". Week 3: The trial and testimony begins \"The man seated right there was not just a titan in Hollywood, he was a rapist,\" prosecutor Meghan Hast said in her opening statement on 22 January. She accused him of using his celebrity status to manipulate women and explicitly detailed allegations against him. Only two of the accusers' cases, Mimi (Miriam) Haleyi and Jessica Mann, have led to individual criminals charges in New York but the testimony of others is being used as supporting evidence. Ms Hast described how Mr Weinstein allegedly \"lunged at\" Ms Haleyi in 2006 to perform a forced sex act on her. Ms Mann alleges he raped her in a New York hotel in 2013. One of Mr Weinstein's lawyers, Damon Cheronis, insists the state's case would \"unravel\" during the trial and urged the jury: \"While the narrative they painted for you is one that may reinforce your preconceived notions, it's not the truth.\" The defence aim to present the sexual interactions as consensual. At the opening, Mr Cheronis alleged one accuser had even described Mr Weinstein as \"her casual boyfriend\". US actress Annabella Sciorra testified on 23 January that the film producer raped her in the winter of 1993/4. Her allegations, outside New York's statue of limitations, are being used to support the most serious charge of predatory sexual assault. She said Mr Weinstein forced his way into her apartment after a dinner with others. \"I was trying to get him off me,\" she told the jury. \"I was punching him, kicking him.\" The former Sopranos actress described her body shaking after the alleged assault and said she did not go public with it for years because she was \"afraid for her life\". Ms Sciorra's friend, fellow actress Rosie Perez, testified that she shared some details of the incident with her at the time, but on cross-examination lawyers challenged Ms Sciorra's ability to remember the exact date of the alleged attack. A forensic psychiatrist, Dr Barbara Ziv, also testified as an expert witness to explain misconceptions around rape and the behaviour of victims. Week 4: More victim accounts Production assistant Mimi Haleyi told the court that Mr Weinstein assaulted her twice in Manhattan in 2006, after he helped her get a job on a television show he produced. She detailed an incident at his apartment where she alleges he performed oral sex on her, without consent, when she was on her period. \"Every time I tried to get off the bed he would push me back and hold me down,\" Ms Haleyi said during emotional testimony. \"At this point I realised what was happening. I'm being raped.\" She told the court he convinced her to meet again weeks later. On that occasion she allegedly \"laid there\" as he had sex with her in an incident that left her feeling \"numb\" and like \"an idiot\". Mr Weinstein has only been charged over first alleged encounter. During cross-examination Mr Weinstein's defence focused on her continued contact with him after the alleged incidents and presented email exchanges between the two including one she signed off with \"lots of love\". Throughout the week further \"prior bad acts\" witnesses continued to testify. Former actress Dawn Dunning alleged Mr Weinstein put her hands up her skirt and touched her genitals at a hotel in Soho in 2004 and later tried to offer her film roles in exchange for sex. Tarale Wulff alleged Mr Weinstein masturbated in front of her in 2005 when she worked as a waitress. She said she was later invited to read scripts by Weinstein Company staff and was taken to his apartment, where he allegedly raped her."
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"Represent the example for the following task: Generate an appropriate title for the given text. The generated title must be short and include the main topic of the text. The preferred titles are under fifteen words.:",
"The admission comes in a Channel 4 documentary 19 years after Stuart Lubbock's body was found in the TV presenter's pool following a party. Det Ch Insp Stephen Jennings said evidence was hidden and \"someone that was there knows what happened\". Mr Lubbock's father says the programme will help police working on the case. Terry Lubbock, who now lives in a care home in Harlow, Essex, said he was determined \"to see Stuart get justice\". \"Michael Barrymore is a very, very clever man and he wants to be in the limelight and he wants to be back on television,\" he said. \"He's kept this in the news and I thank him for it. \"I cannot imagine Stuart would still be getting all this attention without Michael Barrymore.\" Stuart Lubbock's body was found in the pool in Roydon, Essex, after a party in which drugs and alcohol were taken. Tests revealed the 31-year-old suffered \"horrific\" sexual assault injuries. An investigation into his death continues. Terry Lubbock said he hoped the documentary would \"push the door open a bit more\". \"To me his death seems like it was weeks ago, not 19 years ago,\" he said. \"As long as I keep breathing I won't stop fighting for him.\" 'Geezer's dead' The 90-minute documentary includes previously unseen images, as well as the 999 call made when Mr Lubbock died. The caller said: \"A fella has drowned in the pool. We have got him out. \"There's a party going on and someone has just gone out and found him. I think the geezer's dead mate.\" Mr Jennings, from Essex Police's serious crime directorate, said: \"We did make mistakes in terms of the crime scene. A lot of witnesses said it was a tragic accident so we believed them at that point.\" The scene had been secured \"but not to the standard we would expect\", and items - including the pool thermometer - had gone missing, he added. In 2007 Barrymore was arrested in connection with the death but was later released without charge, and withdrew from public life. His arrest was found to be unlawful because the arresting officer did not have reasonable grounds to suspect Barrymore, a high court judge ruled. You may also be interested in: In June he dropped a compensation claim against Essex Police, arguing the arrest had damaged his career. Court of Appeal judges concluded the 67-year-old TV presenter would be entitled to only \"nominal\" damages. Last year, Barrymore told Piers Morgan in an interview on ITV he \"couldn't be more sorry\" for the death of Mr Lubbock but was \"100% innocent\". Barrymore has been approached for comment. Barrymore: The Body in the Pool airs on Channel 4 at 21:00 GMT on 6 February. Find BBC News: East of England on Facebook, Instagram and Twitter. If you have a story suggestion email [email protected]"
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"Represent the example for the following task: Generate an appropriate title for the given text. The generated title must be short and include the main topic of the text. The preferred titles are under fifteen words.:",
"The tax office is closing 14 offices across the UK by December 2015, including ones in Carmarthen, Colwyn Bay, Merthyr Tydfil and Pembroke Dock. PCS union general secretary Mark Serwotka said the move \"makes absolutely no economic sense\". A total of 453 jobs are affected and HMRC said it will help staff look for a new job within the department or elsewhere in the civil service. As well as workers at the four offices - 27 in Carmarthen, 38 in Colwyn Bay, 34 Merthyr Tydfil and 2 in Pembroke - HMRC is cutting administrative jobs and offering voluntary redundancy to four staff in Porthmadog, 20 in Wrexham and 29 in Cardiff. Mr Serwotka added: \"This political and economic vandalism is even more stark and outrageous when, even by the department's own modest estimate, tens of billions of pounds is lost to our public finances every year, largely through tax evasion and avoidance.\" HMRC said the move comes as part of plans to reduce its size and work from fewer locations. A shift to more digital services is also resulting in the job cuts. If a new job cannot be found by January 2015, the workers will be offered voluntary redundancy."
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"Represent the example for the following task: Generate an appropriate title for the given text. The generated title must be short and include the main topic of the text. The preferred titles are under fifteen words.:",
"The Conservative-run council finalised the plans at a meeting to discuss its budget over the next 12 months. It says it has been forced into the move by a cut in government funding and did not want to raise taxes. Council leader Rod Bluh said despite 100 jobs being cut, only about 60 workers will be affected as a number of vacant posts will be \"deleted\". The government has said councils need to curb spending in tough economic times. Secretary of State for Communities and Local Government Eric Pickles, has said the spending power of councils in England needs be cut by 1.7% in the next financial year. In order to be adopted, the proposed budget cuts will be voted on at a full council meeting in two weeks. Wiltshire Council has announced it needs to save about £28m in its new budget. It said it will freeze council tax for a third year running, and will make savings by continuing with efficiencies already in place, including cutting down on the use of consultants and by also axing vacant posts."
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"Represent the example for the following task: Generate an appropriate title for the given text. The generated title must be short and include the main topic of the text. The preferred titles are under fifteen words.:",
"Former rail regulator Tom Winsor's report recommended scrapping a range of allowances and special payments, saving £485m over three years. The Police Federation of England and Wales said some officers could have their pay reduced by 15-20%. But Mrs May said the proposals \"provide the right framework for fair and sustainable arrangements\". She has asked the Police Negotiating Board and the England and Wales Police Advisory Board to consider Mr Winsor's recommendations as a matter of urgency and report back to her by the end of July. Mr Winsor has said officers who lost out under his reforms would be those in positions largely confined to police stations and not requiring specialist skills and overtime. But some officers would gain up to £2,000 a year in recognition of their skills and the demands put upon them. A professional accreditation allowance of £1,200 would be introduced for most detectives, firearms, public order and neighbourhood policing teams. The review calls for an end to the £1,212 competence-related threshold payment and the Special Priority Payment of up to £5,000 and says no officers should move up the pay scale for two years. It also suggests suspending chief officer and superintendent bonuses. Mr Winsor found all basic pay contained a payment for working unsocial hours, even though only about 57% of lower rank-and-file officers regularly did so. His report says: \"At present officers have too great a say on how they are deployed and if, not when, they leave the service.\" It calls for an end to what Mr Winsor describes as \"secured indolence\" by ensuring officers remain on the force for the right reasons. The government is planning to cut its £11bn funding for the police by 20% by 2014-15. The 43 forces in England and Wales currently employ about 244,000 people, comprising 143,000 police officers and 101,000 civilians."
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"Represent the example for the following task: Generate an appropriate title for the given text. The generated title must be short and include the main topic of the text. The preferred titles are under fifteen words.:",
"He cited the Democratic Unionist Party's (DUP) conduct over the Renewable Heat Incentive (RHI) scheme scandal as the main reason. The Sinn Féin MLA's decision to quit is likely to lead to a snap election. Outgoing First Minister Arlene Foster said his move was \"not principled\". Under Northern Ireland's power-sharing agreement, Mrs Foster loses her first minister role with the departure of the deputy first minister, and she said she was \"disappointed\" by his move. \"At a time when we are dealing with Brexit, needing to create more jobs and investing in our health and education system, Northern Ireland needs stability,\" she said in a statement posted on her Facebook page. \"But because of Sinn Féin's selfish reactions, we now have instability. \"This is not an election of our making, but the DUP will always defend unionism and stand up for what is best for Northern Ireland.\" 'Conflict of interest' The RHI scandal has been centre stage in politics in Northern Ireland over the past month, with DUP leader Mrs Foster facing repeated calls to resign, all of which she has rejected. She set up the RHI scheme in 2012 when she was enterprise minister in an attempt by the Northern Ireland Executive to encourage production of heat from renewable sources rather than fossil fuels. But flaws in setting the scheme's subsidy rate left it open to abuse as claimants could earn more cash the more fuel they burned, with the overspend estimated to be almost half-a-billion pounds. Mr McGuinness said Mrs Foster had a \"clear conflict of interest\" in the scandal position was \"not credible or tenable\". \"Today is the right time to call a halt to the DUP's arrogance,\" he said. People should be allowed \"to make their own judgement on these issues democratically at the ballot box\", added Mr McGuinness. Prime Minister Theresa May has been updated on the resignation, Downing Street said. Speculation has surrounded Mr McGuinness' health since he cancelled a planned trip to China with Mrs Foster last month on medical advice. Sinn Féin has not disclosed details of his recent illness, but Irish national broadcaster RTÉ reports that he has a rare heart condition. He said his health had \"nothing to do\" with his decision to quit. 'Inflicting enormous damage' In his resignation letter, Mr McGuinness said the DUP's handling of the RHI affair has been \"completely out of step with [the] public mood\". He said people were \"rightly outraged at the squandering of public money\", and the DUP was refusing to accept demands for \"robust action and accountability\". \"The refusal of Arlene Foster to recognise the public anger or to exhibit any humility in the context of the RHI scandal is indicative of a deep-seated arrogance, which is inflicting enormous damage on the executive, the assembly and the entire body politic,\" he added. Analysis: Mark Devenport, BBC News NI political editor Under the joint protocols that govern Stormont's power-sharing government, Martin McGuinness' resignation means First Minister Arlene Foster also loses her office. She may continue to exercise some functions, but her role will be very limited. Sinn Féin has seven days to nominate a new deputy first minister, but the party is adamant it will not replace him. Read more: When he goes, she goes An election could be called next week if Sinn Féin does not nominate a replacement as deputy first minister, and Mr McGuinness has said the party will not do that. The veteran republican had been deputy first minister since the DUP and Sinn Féin made a historic agreement to share power in 2007. But he said a number of issues in recent years had \"raised all sorts of questions\" about the behaviour of his party's partners in government. 'Deepens this crisis' Allegations linking the DUP to other financial scandals, as well as a failure to approve funding for inquests into killings during Northern Ireland's Troubles and a recent decision to end funding for an Irish language project were \"critical issues\" for his party. \"There will be no return to the status quo except on terms that are acceptable to Sinn Féin,\" the Foyle MLA told reporters at Stormont. But DUP MP Sammy Wilson said the deputy first minister had stepped down \"in a way to deepen this crisis\". \"It's in everyone's interests to try and pull back from the brink on this one and find a solution,\" he added. \"We have worked very hard to try and achieve that including the offer of a full public inquiry.\" 'Led from front' Stormont's opposition parties were quick to react, with Ulster Unionist leader Mike Nesbitt saying Sinn Féin was \"letting the DUP off the hook\" by not pressing for a public inquiry into the RHI scandal. Social Democratic and Labour Party leader Colum Eastwood said Sinn Féin were \"only now waking up to the reality that the DUP have been running rings around them in government\". But Sinn Féin president Gerry Adams TD said his party colleague had \"led from the front in the executive for the last 10 years\" and \"always put the people and the political process first\". Justice Minister Claire Sugden said the DUP and Sinn Féin's \"inability to work together\" is a \"fundamental flaw\", and would \"continue to burden the people of Northern Ireland\". \"A reasonable resolution could have been achieved, which leads me to believe that this crisis goes beyond RHI and points to a more intractable situation,\" she said. DUP MP Jeffrey Donaldson said he was unsure whether power sharing could be restored in Northern Ireland even after an election. He told RTÉ he was \"not convinced\" that coalition government could happen in the next few months, adding that an election would not resolve the issues. Sinn Féin's Máirtín Ó Muilleoir said that power sharing could be restored if \"the DUP commit to the principles of the Good Friday Agreement\". \"We will never rebuild credibility in these institutions unless we commit again to the promise, to the principles and to the parity of esteem that is at the very foundation and root of the Good Friday Agreement,\" he said. He accused the DUP of \"trampling\" on the agreement."
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"Represent the example for the following task: Generate an appropriate title for the given text. The generated title must be short and include the main topic of the text. The preferred titles are under fifteen words.:",
"Mr Leonard said he believed speculation about his leadership had become a \"distraction\". And he said he would be stepping down with immediate effect. His resignation comes just months ahead of the Scottish Parliament election, which is scheduled to be held in May. Mr Leonard had been leader of the party for three years after succeeding Kezia Dugdale. The former union official had faced open calls to quit from some of his own MSPs last year amid concerns that his leadership style could damage the party in the forthcoming Scottish Parliament election. Polls have suggested that many Scottish Labour supporters struggle to recognise him, and he is closely associated with former UK Labour leader Jeremy Corbyn. Scottish Labour had dominated politics in Scotland for decades, but is currently the third largest party at Holyrood behind the SNP and Conservatives. And Mr Leonard's critics had questioned whether he was capable of turning the party's fortunes around. In a statement, Mr Leonard said the decision to resign had not been easy - but he felt it was the right one for him and his party. He said: \"I have thought long and hard over the Christmas period about what this crisis means, and the approach Scottish Labour takes to help tackle it. \"I have also considered what the speculation about my leadership does to our ability to get Labour's message across. This has become a distraction. \"I have come to the conclusion it is in the best interests of the party that I step aside as leader of Scottish Labour with immediate effect.\" He also insisted that Scotland now needs a Labour government more than ever, and accused both the Scottish and UK governments of mishandling the coronavirus pandemic. Mr Leonard added: \"While I step down from the leadership today, the work goes on - and I will play my constructive part as an MSP in winning support for Labour's vision of a better future in a democratic economy and a socialist society.\" Fifth leader His decision leaves Scottish Labour looking for its fifth leader since the independence referendum in 2014 - with Johann Lamont, Jim Murphy and Kezia Dugdale all having held the job since then. A Procedures Committee, to oversee the election of Mr Leonard's successor, has been formed and will have its first meeting on Friday. Meanwhile, Labour's Scottish Executive Committee will also meet in the coming days to agree a timetable for the process. MSP Jackie Baillie, who was Scottish Labour's deputy leader, has taken charge of the party on an interim basis. This sudden resignation four months from the Holyrood elections seems to have taken Scottish Labour by surprise. MSPs I've spoken to said they did not see it coming. There have been times when Richard Leonard has been under severe pressure from some in his party to stand down. When several MSPs publicly called for him to quit because the party had gone backwards at successive elections on his watch, he stood firm. His critics seemed to have accepted that he would lead them and a divided party into the Holyrood election. That has now changed and interim leader Jackie Baillie has to quickly organise a contest to replace him. It's a contest in which Anas Sarwar, if he stands, would be an obvious frontrunner - even although he lost last time to Mr Leonard, who was seen as much closer to the then UK party leader, Jeremy Corbyn. Labour leader Sir Keir Starmer said Mr Leonard should be \"very proud\" of his achievements as leader of the party in Scotland. Sir Keir added: \"I would like to thank Richard for his service to our party and his unwavering commitment to the values he believes in. \"Richard has led Scottish Labour through one of the most challenging and difficult periods in our country's history, including a general election and the pandemic.\" Mr Leonard had been due to face a confidence vote at the party's ruling Executive Committee last September - but the motion was withdrawn at the last minute. It came after four Scottish Labour MSPs called for him to go, warning that the party faced \"catastrophe\" at the ballot box under his leadership. They pointed to the party's dismal performance in previous elections under Mr Leonard. Scottish Labour finished fifth in the European election in May 2019, and then lost all but one of its MPs in the general election in December of the same year. Mr Leonard insisted at the time that he intended to lead the party into this year's Holyrood election, and accused his opponents of waging \"internal war\" against him. 'A decent guy' First Minister Nicola Sturgeon, who faced Mr Leonard in her weekly question session in the Scottish Parliament, tweeted that she had \"always liked Richard Leonard\" despite their political difference. She added: \"He is a decent guy and I wish him well for the future.\" Ruth Davidson, who quit as leader of the Scottish Tories in 2019 before returning to lead the party at Holyrood, said she had always found Mr Leonard to be a \"thoroughly decent man and a committed campaigner.\" Anas Sarwar, who was defeated by Mr Leonard in the leadership contest in 2017 and is seen as one of the favourites to replace him, said he was sure Mr Leonard would \"continue to fight for a fairer, more just and more equal society today, tomorrow and long into the future.\" But Labour MSP Neil Findlay, an outspoken supporter of Mr Leonard, took aim at those who had sought to oust him last year - describing them as \"flinching cowards\" and \"sneering traitors\"."
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"Represent the example for the following task: Generate an appropriate title for the given text. The generated title must be short and include the main topic of the text. The preferred titles are under fifteen words.:",
"Mark DevenportPolitical editor, Northern Ireland@markdevenporton Twitter Ms Long used the programme to claim that the DUP's decision to ramp up tensions over the Union flag was part of a campaign to oust her from her East Belfast Westminster seat. Her claim is perhaps given further resonance by today's loyalist protest outside the Alliance MP's office. The DUP's Christopher Stalford has countered that the Union flag campaign was a pan unionist effort on a point of principle. He pointed out that he delivered leaflets highlighting the flag issue together with his Ulster Unionist electoral rivals. Fair enough, although the days when Reg Empey hoped to topple Peter Robinson are long over. Incendiary Few doubt that, assuming there are no boundary changes, that East Belfast will be fought over between Ms Long and, in all likelihood, the current Belfast DUP Mayor Gavin Robinson. Certainly if the DUP hadn't wanted to undercut Naomi Long's support within the loyalist areas of East Belfast, it's hard to understand why they left it so long to float their suggestion that the Union flag should be erected 365 days a year over the City Hall cenotaph. Alliance's Maire Hendron has indicated her group will back such an initiative. If all the effort devoted to running off 40,000 leaflets highlighting the flag issue had instead been put into brokering a compromise around the cenotaph proposal, how much heat might have been taken out of last night's incendiary meeting? That said, there are clearly other agendas at play. Flag disputes, as I've pointed out elsewhere, have dogged Northern Ireland for decades. In this latest episode, the Progressive Unionists seem to be taking a more militant line under the leadership of Billy Hutchinson. In a video message in mid November the PUP leader hardened his party's line on the display of flags. Clean slate Mr Hutchinson argues this is in response to republican pressure, but it certainly marks a shift in tone to the conciliatory role played by the likes of the late David Ervine and Dawn Purvis (whose support for Naomi Long proved crucial during the last Westminster election). Assuming the Westminster coalition government doesn't collapse first, the next general election will be in May 2015. By the time any future East Belfast MP takes his or her seat, our 11 new councils will have been up and running for just a month. Currently councils with unionist majorities fly the Union flag either all year round or on designated days. Nationalist majority councils tend to fly no flag at all or a neutral council flag. Given our 11 \"super councils\" will be brand new entities I'm assuming they will start life with a clean slate. The governance arrangements of the new bodies have yet to be set in legislation. But what's been under discussion so far has included guarantees for minority rights, with a suggested requirement for contentious decisions to be taken by a strongly weighted majority vote. 80% is one of the options floated, although it's not a done deal. Which raises the question, how many of our new super councils would be able to muster something in the order of an 80% vote for the Union flag? Returning to Inside Politics, I tweeted on Friday night that Nigel Dodds had taken me to task over criticism aimed at both him and Naomi Long by the programme commentators. The commentators had attacked the MPs for concentrating on flags rather than \"bread and butter\" issues, but Mr Dodds pointed out it had been the BBC that set the agenda. The North Belfast MP had a valid point - I ask the questions and set the agenda, while Mr Dodds made it clear on air that he'd rather be talking about the economy. Given what transpired at Belfast City hall, I'm satisfied I made the right decision to devote the majority of my Inside Politics questions to the flags dispute, and leave discussion of the Leveson report and the Chancellor's autumn statement until the end. In retrospect, though, I should have underlined that fact on air when the commentators had their say."
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"Represent the example for the following task: Generate an appropriate title for the given text. The generated title must be short and include the main topic of the text. The preferred titles are under fifteen words.:",
"The chief inspector of prisons wants home detention curfews used more to cut the number of adults in jail. David Strang's first annual report said, while there had been a drop in young offenders detained, the rise in adult prisoners was \"disappointing\". He called for more longer-sentence inmates to be moved to lower levels of supervision in preparation for release. This would involve more home detention curfews or \"tagging\". Mr Strang said tackling drug and alcohol problems was needed to break the vicious circle of reoffending and more effort should be put into rehabilitation programmes. He said: \"Much more should be done to work with people on short-term sentences so that they are prepared for release and have something constructive to go to. \"I believe there should be fewer people in prisons and then what the prison service can do with them is more constructive and is more likely to lead to reducing reoffending.\""
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"Represent the example for the following task: Generate an appropriate title for the given text. The generated title must be short and include the main topic of the text. The preferred titles are under fifteen words.:",
"Its annual ratings show 28 out of 126 jails, including the three opened under the coalition government, are \"of concern\" - the third of four ratings. Only one - Brinsford Young Offenders Institution in Wolverhampton - got the lowest \"of serious concern\" rating. Justice Secretary Chris Grayling said prisons \"are still running safe and decent regimes\". But Glyn Travis, of the Prison Officers' Association, said the service was \"in crisis\". Separate figures show the number of prisoners who died in custody in 2013-14 was 225 - up from 181 in the previous year and higher than in any of the previous nine years. The figures in the report only go back to 2004-05, but the next-highest figure in that period was 211 in 2011-12. Of the 2013-14 deaths, 88 were recorded as self-inflicted, 127 were from natural causes, three were homicides and seven were listed as \"other\". Speaking about the number of deaths, justice minister Andrew Selous said the government was \"working hard to understand the reasons for the recent increase\". \"But this is a complex issue and there is no simple explanation, with the prison population containing a high proportion of very vulnerable individuals,\" he said. Analysis By Danny Shaw, BBC home affairs correspondent In June, Nick Hardwick, the Chief Inspector of Prisons, told BBC News the demands on jails in England and Wales had \"outstripped\" resources, and warned there may be trouble ahead. The raft of Ministry of Justice figures appears to back him up. Prison deaths, incidents of self-harm, assaults and absconds are all up. Michael Spurr, who's in overall charge, admitted the system was \"under pressure\" and said the prison population was \"more violent\" than it used to be. Given that crime figures show overall levels of violence are on the decline that can only mean conditions and staffing levels within jails are making inmates act more violently. Most worrying, perhaps, for governors and staff is that prison performance levels are dropping: a year ago there were concerns about 15 jails; now the number is 29. The figures also show the number of assaults by prisoners on staff in jails in England and Wales has risen to its highest level for seven years, with almost 10 incidents every day. There were also a record number of \"serious\" assaults - involving inmates and by prisoners on staff. In the 12 months to the end of March 2014, there were 3,363 incidents in which prisoners attacked staff - up from 2,964 the year before. There were 370 incidents involving serious assaults on staff, an increase of 101. The overall number of serious assaults was 1,699. Both figures for serious assaults are unsurpassed, according to Ministry of Justice data going back to 2004-05. The justice secretary said: \"The increase in assaults is of concern. I do not tolerate violence of any kind in prison and every assault is treated extremely seriously. \"We have always had a complex and challenging prison population but we are now managing a more violent population - and we are taking steps to manage the increased levels of violence.\" Other statistics found 225 inmates escaped or absconded from prisons in England and Wales in the last year. This is an increase of 21 compared with the previous year and included 137 from open prisons. It is still the third lowest number of abscondments since records were kept - and is down by more than 1,000 on the figure a decade ago. Recent incidents include the case of Michael Wheatley, 55, known as the \"Skull Cracker\" who was jailed for life for carrying out an armed robbery while being on the run in May from an open prison in Kent. Mr Grayling said open prisons helped prepare inmates for release, which was a \"crucial\" function. But he said public confidence was important, so a review had been carried out and eligibility criteria had been \"tightened\". Life behind bars John \"Ben\" Gunn, who was released in 2012 after 32 years in jail for murdering a friend at the age of 14, now campaigns for prisoners' rights. He said prison life was \"largely non-violent\" but some places have a \"more violent culture\". \"A bursting system with staff shortages and cut regimes has many effects,\" he said. He said these effects could include more violence, adding: \"Staff under pressure may resort to force more quickly. Prisoners react accordingly.\" The latest figures reveal 88 \"self-inflicted\" deaths - the highest over the 10 years covered in the report - and Mr Gunn said this was the \"real story\". The previous high was 87 in 2004-05, but the figure jumped from 52 in 2012-13 to 88 in 2013-14. Mr Gunn said the problem was \"multifaceted\" but added: \"Prison is horrible and many [inmates] are mentally ill. Overcrowding always means more stress.\" The prisons opened under the current government - all three rated \"of concern\" - are Oakwood in the West Midlands and Thameside and Isis, both in south London. Oakwood and Thameside both opened in spring 2012 and are privately operated. Isis, a publicly-run jail for adults and young offenders in south London, opened in July 2010. The ratings come from the National Offender Management Service, which measures performance in four areas: public protection, reducing reoffending, decency and resource management and operational effectiveness. Grading is in four bands - 4: exceptional performance, 3: meeting majority of targets, 2: overall performance is of concern, and 1: overall performance is of serious concern. Shadow justice secretary Sadiq Khan said the data showed \"the true scale of the growing crisis in the country's prisons\". \"Violence is up, deaths in custody are up and the number of prisoners going on the run is up,\" he said. \"The government is trying to hide the sheer scale of the failings in the Ministry of Justice from the public by trying to pretend there's not a problem, let alone a crisis.\" Mr Travis, of the Prison Officers' Association, said: \"The prison population is increasing and despite changes introduced by the Ministry of Justice we still believe that inappropriate prisoners are being sent to open conditions as the service tries to manage its available cellular accommodation.\""
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"Represent the example for the following task: Generate an appropriate title for the given text. The generated title must be short and include the main topic of the text. The preferred titles are under fifteen words.:",
"HM prisons inspectors found overcrowding at HMP Dorchester and that staff were complacent about prisoner safety during their visit in July. A full inspection was carried out in 2009 and 17 recommendations were made. Eight had not been achieved but overall the report concluded that the prison was safe with excellent staff-prisoner relationships. Inspectors said: \"HMP Dorchester has responded positively to some key findings from our last inspection but there are some enduring concerns.\" 'Insufficient progress' The 250 prisoners were only allowed out of their cells for an average of 5.7 hours a day during the week - significantly below the expected 10 hours a day. In the main inspection areas of respect, purposeful activity and resettlement they found that the prison was making sufficient progress against the 2009 recommendations. But the short follow-up inspection found it was making \"insufficient progress\" in the area of safety. The inspectors' report said there was \"still no analysis of trends or patterns in violent incidents\" reported at safety meetings, which were poorly attended."
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"Represent the example for the following task: Generate an appropriate title for the given text. The generated title must be short and include the main topic of the text. The preferred titles are under fifteen words.:",
"The campaign, which will see adverts displayed in bus shelters around the city, highlights grooming methods used by adults. Police hope that by making people aware of the problem they can prevent and detect offences more quickly. Det Insp Paul Burnside said it \"is an issue which needs to be tackled\". The campaign has been launched by Preston's Deter Partnership Team - a group of specialists from the police, social workers and charities - set up to deal with grooming and child sexual exploitation offences. Det Insp Burnside said: \"Sexual exploitation is child abuse. The children and young people, who are drawn into exploitive situations, face huge risks to their physical, emotional and psychological health. These are the reasons why we are working with local communities to reduce offences, as well as providing early intervention to protect children.\" He said members of the public who might witness \"suspicious behaviour\" were encouraged to contact the police. \"They may see things like young girls hanging around with men, being offered alcohol or drugs or getting into cars with them and we are encouraging them to get in touch with the Deter Team, if they are at all suspicious,\" he said. \"We prefer to know about these things so that we can check and find out whether it is innocent or whether the girls are being groomed and are at risk of harm.\""
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"Represent the example for the following task: Generate an appropriate title for the given text. The generated title must be short and include the main topic of the text. The preferred titles are under fifteen words.:",
"The Kingfisher unit was set up in Cowley Road following Operation Bullfinch, an investigation into alleged child sex trafficking. It was set up by police and the council to help agencies work together. Council leader Ian Hudspeth said the unit was doing \"good work\" to ensure the abuse \"can't happen again\". He said the most important lesson to be learned from Operation Bullfinch was that agencies should talk to each other to get the \"bigger picture\" of what was going on. 'Not complacent' \"At the Kingfisher unit in the Cowley Road police station, social workers are sitting next to police officers,\" he said. \"They can build up a picture and take appropriate action.\" The Kingfisher unit was formed in 2012 with joint funding of £500,000 from Thames Valley Police and £615,000 from Oxfordshire County Council. It follows on from work Oxfordshire County Council and Thames Valley Police carried out together on the Bullfinch investigation, which began in spring 2011. Det Ch Insp Joe Kidman from Thames Valley Police, who led the Operation Bullfinch investigation, said he was not \"complacent\". \"There will always be people who will be prepared to use whatever position they are in to exploit children, and therefore we are continuing to investigate,\" he said. Oxfordshire County Council has said it is \"deeply sorry\" it was not able to stop the abuse sooner. Since the revelation that up to 50 girls from the area were being trafficked, the council has employed more social workers and trained agency staff in child protection issues. A serious case review will be carried out on all agencies and the results will be published and acted upon, the council has said."
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"Represent the example for the following task: Generate an appropriate title for the given text. The generated title must be short and include the main topic of the text. The preferred titles are under fifteen words.:",
"Mandatory case reviews will now be carried out by all involved agencies, including police and health services. It follows comments from Director of Public Prosecutions Keir Starmer that teenage women are most at risk of abuse and more must be done to tackle it. Almost 100 women are killed by partners or ex-partners each year, figures show. And 21 men died from domestic abuse in England and Wales last year. Together with the police and health services, local authorities, probation, voluntary groups and any other bodies connected to a victim will now have to examine together exactly what went wrong and consider how to spot the signs when someone's life is in danger. Speaking at the Crown Prosecution Service headquarters in central London on Tuesday, Mr Starmer said too many prosecutions were failing and more must be done to protect victims. He also stressed the need for victims to be supported both during and after criminal proceedings. He pointed to British Crime Survey findings which showed young women between the ages of 16 and 19 were most at risk of domestic abuse. \"What that tends to show is that there may be a next generation of domestic violence waiting in the wings. \"Domestic violence is serious and pernicious. It ruins lives, breaks up families and has a lasting impact,\" he said. \"It is criminal. And it has been with us for a very long time, yet it is only in the last 10 years that it has been taken seriously as a criminal justice issue. \"Although greatly reduced, the refrain 'it's just a domestic' is still heard far too frequently. \"The steps that we and our criminal justice partners are taking to tackle domestic violence risk limited success unless this complacency is tackled head on. A change in attitude is clearly needed.\""
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"Represent the example for the following task: Generate an appropriate title for the given text. The generated title must be short and include the main topic of the text. The preferred titles are under fifteen words.:",
"The businessman and father of Kirk Norcross, who also appeared in the ITV show, was found dead at his home in Bulphan at 15:15 GMT on Thursday. Essex Police said the death was not being treated as suspicious. In tributes on social media, fellow Towie stars past and present, including Gemma Collins and James \"Arg\" Argent, called him \"one of the good guys\" and a \"true gentleman\". Norcross first appeared in the reality show in 2011 in his position as owner of Sugar Hut, a Brentwood nightclub which was often attended by the cast. He left the show two years later, stating that the venue's prominent place in Towie had damaged its brand. The star posted a tweet to his 505,000 followers on Thursday morning saying: \"At the end remind yourself that you did the best you could. And that's good enough.\" The club tweeted that \"Mr Sugarhut\" had been a \"very talented, friendly and fun guy\" and a \"true Essex legend, who will be sorely missed\". Collins, who briefly dated Norcross during their time on the show, shared a photo of them together on Instagram and said he had been \"one of the good guys\", while Argent tweeted that he had been \"a true gentleman and a very kind man\". Tributes were also shared by Towie stars Lauren Goodger and Mario Falcone, with the latter tweeting that he was \"thankful I got the privilege of having you in my life\". In another tweet, Mark Wright, the Towie star turned TV presenter and professional footballer, said he was \"a great man, an inspiration to many, always so polite and welcoming\". Presenter Denise Van Outen tweeted that he was \"such a lovely man\" while TV chef James Martin, posted that he was \"a true gentleman, who I had the pleasure to meet and spend evenings with over the years\". The Only Way Is Essex posted a tribute on Instagram, saying the team behind the show were \"shocked and deeply saddened\". They said: \"He was hugely popular with cast, crew and the audience alike. Charming, generous and host to many of Essex's most glamorous events, Mick will be missed by us all.\" An Essex Police spokesman said officers \"were called to an address in Brentwood Road, Bulphan shortly before 15:15 on Thursday\" and \"sadly, a man inside was pronounced dead\". The police spokesman said the death was \"not being treated as suspicious and a file will be prepared for the coroner\". If you have been affected by any of the issues in this article, information and support is available from BBC Action Line. Find BBC News: East of England on Facebook, Instagram and Twitter. If you have a story suggestion email [email protected]"
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"Represent the example for the following task: Generate an appropriate title for the given text. The generated title must be short and include the main topic of the text. The preferred titles are under fifteen words.:",
"The 72-year-old, she said, died surrounded by close family at a hospice in Rotherham, South Yorkshire, on Thursday after a short illness. He leaves behind his three daughters and six grandchildren. His wife died in 2001. Shane made his name playing entertainer Ted Bovis in Hi-de-Hi!, a long-running TV series set in a holiday camp. He later appeared in You Rang, M'Lord? alongside some of the former Hi-de-Hi! cast members. These included Su Pollard, who called her co-star \"absolutely gorgeous\". Pollard - who played hapless cleaner Peggy Ollerenshaw - remained friends with Shane throughout his life and visited him just days before he died. \"I just remember the great fun we had, always laughing, every single day,\" Pollard told BBC Breakfast. She said Shane had \"a quiet, reflective side\" but was a born entertainer \"deep down in his heart\". \"He would never be the one to push himself forward,\" she said on Friday. \"But as soon as he was Ted Bovis... he came into his own. There was very definitely two sides to him, but [they were] equally lovely\". Fans have also been paying tribute on Twitter. Among them was comedian and actor Ricky Gervais, who called him an \"old school Britcom hero\", and former EastEnders actor Shaun Williamson, who wrote \"RIP Comedy Legend\". Austin Powers star Mike Myers wrote: \"RIP Paul Shane. Great British Comic, actor and talent. Rest in peace sir.\" Shane, born in Rotherham in 1940, began his working life as a miner but turned to the entertainment industry following an accident. In his early career, he sang and entertained in pubs and clubs across South Yorkshire until he was offered TV work in the early 1970s. His big break came with the BBC hit Hi-de-Hi! in 1980, written by Jimmy Perry and David Croft. The series, which ran until 1988, won large audiences and a Bafta for best comedy series in 1984. Linda Kramer, his agent for 15 years, said Paul had loved playing the character of Ted. She added that he was paid the \"ultimate tribute\" of being the subject of This is Your Life, the biographical TV show, in 1981. Shane also worked on 1990s BBC sitcom Oh Doctor Beeching!, as well as Emmerdale, Common as Muck, Doctors and Holby City. He gave his last TV acting performance in 2008 as 'Deisel Bob' in A Touch of Frost."
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"Represent the example for the following task: Generate an appropriate title for the given text. The generated title must be short and include the main topic of the text. The preferred titles are under fifteen words.:",
"Matthew Dale was found on Lightwood Road in Longton, Stoke-on-Trent, shortly after midnight on Monday. The 23-year-old, from Dresden, Stoke-on-Trent, died en route to hospital, said the Staffordshire force. The accused, who cannot be named due to his age, appeared at North Staffordshire Justice Centre on Wednesday. He is set to appear at Stafford Crown Court on 9 October. In a tribute, released by police, Mr Dale's family said he was \"one of the kindest, most heart-warming individuals that you could ever wish to meet\". The statement continued: \"His tragic death has affected the whole community and anybody that had the pleasure of meeting him. \"He will be sorely missed by a lot of good friends.\" Police previously said a post-mortem examination had taken place but further tests were required to establish Mr Dale's cause of death. Follow BBC West Midlands on Facebook, Twitter and Instagram. Send your story ideas to: [email protected] Related Internet Links HM Courts & Tribunals Service - GOV.UK"
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"Represent the example for the following task: Generate an appropriate title for the given text. The generated title must be short and include the main topic of the text. The preferred titles are under fifteen words.:",
"MGM said it will not raise its $11bn (£8.1bn) offer of two weeks ago, which Entain had rebuffed as \"significantly\" undervaluing the company. Following Entain's rejection, shares in the UK-listed company tumbled. After MGM's announcement on Tuesday it was walking away from a takeover, Entain shares fell another 20%. FTSE 100-listed Entain. which renamed itself from GVC Holdings last month, describes itself as \"one of the world's largest sports betting and gaming groups operating in the online and retail sector\". Along with Ladbrokes, it also owns online sports betting and gambling sites such as Bwin, Partypoker, Coral, Eurobet, Gala and Foxy Bingo. The failed bid was the latest attempt by a casino operator to move into the online gambling business. MGM Resorts, which runs the Bellagio casino in Las Vegas, was seeking to emulate rival Caesars Entertainment, which agreed to buy UK-based William Hill for $3.7bn (£2.9bn) in September last year."
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"Represent the example for the following task: Generate an appropriate title for the given text. The generated title must be short and include the main topic of the text. The preferred titles are under fifteen words.:",
"By Brian WheelerPolitcal reporter, BBC News Culture Secretary Maria Miller is due to announce the outcome of a review of gaming machine stakes and prizes. But she is expected to resist calls to drastically reduce stakes on so-called Fixed-Odds Betting Terminals (FOBT). Critics call FOBTs the \"crack cocaine of gambling\" but bookies say there is no evidence they cause addiction. Unlike fruit machines in pubs, bingo halls and amusement arcades, where stakes are limited to £2, gamblers can bet up to £100 every 20 seconds on FOBTs - more than four times as fast as the rate of play in an actual casino. The maximum payout is £500. Despite being limited to four terminals per shop, FOBTs now account for almost half the big bookmakers' annual profits and have led to an increase in the number of betting shops on Britain's high streets in recent years. 'Jumped for joy' According to figures from the Gambling Commission, the gross profit from FOBTs in 2012 was £1.4bn. Adrian Parkinson, of the Campaign for Fairer Gambling, says the gambling industry \"jumped for joy\" when the previous Labour government opted not to outlaw them in the 2005 Gambling Act, deciding instead to place them \"on probation\". And he predicted a similar reaction when the Ms Miller announces the outcome of a triennial review of stakes and prizes on all gaming machines, including FOBTs. The Department for Culture Media and Sport has declined to comment ahead of the announcement, although industry and government sources have told the BBC they understand the status quo will be maintained for now. A DCMS spokesman said: \"We are finalising the government's position on stakes and prizes following the public consultation and will publish our response in due course.\" The triennial review is aimed at boosting growth in the gambling industry \"by stripping away unnecessary red tape and stimulating private sector investment\". Ms Miller rejected the recommendation of a committee of MPs to allow higher stakes on FOBTs. 'Hard gambling' But campaigners say the only way to limit the potential harm is to dramatically reduce stakes and prizes - and that there is no place for high-stakes Las Vegas-style games in easily accessible High Street venues. \"Electronic gaming is considered one of the hardest forms of gambling, in particular when allowed at high-stake levels. This is why hard gambling is confined to highly regulated, destination venues,\" said Adrian Parkinson. Mr Parkinson, a former regional manager for bookmakers the Tote, who trialled early versions of FOBTs in his shops, says there is plenty of evidence they cause problem gambling, with 28% of calls to Gamcare's helpline now related to them. And although the industry has pledged to introduce a new code of conduct, he claims previous attempts to self-regulate, by allowing players to limit their own stakes on-screen, had little impact. The industry also went back on its commitment not to introduce other casino games, such as blackjack, on to FOBT terminals and \"circumvented\" a ban on players using debit cards by allowing them to load money on to the machines from the service desk, claims Mr Parkinson. 'Jobs risk' But the Association of British Bookmakers, which represents major bookmakers such as Ladbrokes, William Hill and Paddy Power, says there is no direct evidence that FOBTs cause gambling addiction and research suggests \"problem gambling is about the individual player and not a particular product\". A spokesman said: \"A reduction in stakes and prizes would therefore have little, if any, impact on the level of problem gambling. \"Instead, it would automatically put 40,000 jobs and 8,000 shops at risk for an industry that supports approximately 100,000 jobs and pays nearly £1bn in tax in the UK each year.\" He said the ABB's new code of conduct would focus on \"keeping gambling crime free, ensuring that gambling is conducted fairly and protecting the young and vulnerable in society.\" \"A player-centred approach that focuses on providing customers with the self-help tools they need to avoid excessive or irresponsible gambling, better education and clearer guidance are just some of the measures that the ABB will be focused on in the coming months,\" he added. 'Anecdotal evidence' The ABB concedes that there is \"a severe lack of evidence when it comes to measuring the impact of gaming machines\" but says it is co-operating with research. According to the Gambling Commission, the industry \"volunteered very little data\" on staking and player behaviour to the triennial review and has warned it to increase transparency or face a government crackdown. But, the watchdog added, it was encouraged that 13 major gambling operators were now providing data on player behaviour to a separate investigation into FOBTs by the Responsible Gambling Trust, which is due to report next year. Local government minister Don Foster, who has been campaigning for a reduction in FOBT stakes, said: \"I am optimistic that the outcome of that review will give us the evidence we need to take action on the stakes of B2 machines (FOBTs) and other issues like the rate of spin.\" The Lib Dem MP said there was \"lots of anecdotal evidence\" that FOBTs led to problem gambling and \"I am pretty convinced myself\". But he added: \"We need to have empirical evidence and that is what the review is seeking to find.\""
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"Represent the example for the following task: Generate an appropriate title for the given text. The generated title must be short and include the main topic of the text. The preferred titles are under fifteen words.:",
"The budget airline was taken over last month by IAG, parent company of British Airways. It has provided more information for customers by email and on its website . Meanwhile, Flybe has announced it is doubling its number of flights from Belfast City to the East Midlands - there will now be four a day. That was one of the routes dropped by BMI Baby. Ten BMI Baby routes will end in June and the news has affected thousands of passengers' summer holiday plans. IAG said it had to act in the face of big losses, and promised to provide full refunds. Information on the company's website states that, where possible, BMI Baby will re-book passengers on an alternative BMI Baby service or it will issue an automatic refund. The website also carries further information about the decision to pull out of Belfast. \"The planned changes to our Belfast schedule have regrettably been made as a result of commercial and operational challenges,\" a statement said. \"Belfast is in its first full year of operation, and still needs investment, and given the current situation we are unable to maintain the level of investment needed. We would like to apologise for any inconvenience caused.\" An email from BMI Baby offers discounted alternative flights to affected customers with Jet2 and Ryanair. The Jet2 flights offered from Belfast International Airport are bound for Alicante, Malaga, Palma, Faro, Ibiza and Mahon. Ryanair is offering fares from Dublin and the City of Derry to Faro, Alicante, Malaga, Ibiza and Palma. Bookings must be made before the 20th May 2012. George Best Belfast City Airport's chief executive has said he is hopeful that by next week another airline will take the place of BMI Baby. Brian Ambrose said he had suspected the firm might pull out of Belfast once its summer schedule had ended, but the announcement was surprising. He said the airport would announce next Friday if a replacement had been found."
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"Represent the example for the following task: Generate an appropriate title for the given text. The generated title must be short and include the main topic of the text. The preferred titles are under fifteen words.:",
"By Philippa RoxbyHealth reporter, BBC News But another competition is also taking place on runners' online fundraising pages, where the attentions of the fundraiser - not just the donor - are being fought over, and donations are more than just a selfless act. It is perhaps unsurprising that when people donate to friends' fundraising web pages, they are influenced by the size of donations made by others. The larger the donations they see pledged, the more they are likely to give. But men appear to behave very differently to women when it comes to donating to someone of the opposite sex. When men see large donations to \"attractive\" female fundraisers, they up the stakes considerably, giving up to four times more than they would have given otherwise. Getting competitive According to a study published in Current Biology, which looked at nearly 700 fundraising pages from the 2014 London Marathon, what male donors are doing is competing for female attention. Researchers from University College London and the University of Bristol, UK, said men were engaging in \"competitive donating\" and their actions could have an evolutionary function. Dr Nichola Raihani, an evolutionary biologist from UCL, said: \"It's unlikely men are aware of doing it, but they are programmed to improve their success with females compared to other males.\" Donating generously can signal wealth and social status, as well as kindness, to potential partners. Women were not found to act in the same way in the study, however, which makes sense in evolutionary terms, Dr Raihani said. \"Women place more emphasis on status and wealth in the opposite sex, whereas men look for youth and fertility in potential mates,\" she said.\" For both men and women, fundraisers who smile on their pages are perceived to be more attractive than those who don't - and they receive more donations. Good causes Online fundraising pages have become a very popular way of collecting donations for a chosen charity before an event like a marathon. And the big six marathon races around the world - Tokyo, London, Boston, Berlin, Chicago, New York - raise millions for charities. The London Marathon raised £46.5m for good causes in 2007, making it the largest single annual fundraising event in the world. It has broken that record every year since and last year the race raised £53.2m. Cancer Research UK, as London's official charity this year, knows how important online fundraising is. The charity has 2,000 runners in the race and a target to make £2.5m from donations. Study co-author Prof Sarah Smith from the University of Bristol, had some practical advice for the charity to pass on to its fundraisers. \"I would say get your generous friends to donate early and make sure you put a good picture up, preferably one in which you are smiling,\" she said. \"Not everyone can be among the most attractive fundraisers, but our results also show that a picture in which the fundraiser is smiling can be just as effective, boosting donations by more than 10%.\" Smiles better Dr Hanna Zagefka, reader in social psychology at Royal Holloway, University of London, says attractive people have always had an easier ride. \"Attractive people are treated better, are more popular and generally get better jobs,\" she said. \"It is also assumed they are more intelligent.\" As a result, pictures of attractive, smiling female fundraisers put donors in a better mood and encourage generous behaviour. Mum-of-two Rebecca Couper is running the London marathon for Hospice UK, because they looked after her father and supported her family after he died. She has a picture of her running shoes on her fundraising page, rather than one of her face. But she says it doesn't seem to have made a difference. Female friends and family members have been her biggest donors and she's raised nearly £1,300 so far. \"I didn't want to plaster my face up there,\" she explained. \"I'd rather put up views of where I'm running and how much training I've doing, instead of pictures of me, red-faced, that aren't very flattering.\" Charles Stewart, a doctor living in London, is raising money for the Neuro Foundation and has reached £1,400 in donations. He chose a picture on his fundraising page which he felt looked like him, in running gear. \"Smiling wasn't a conscious choice. An action shot would have been better but they are usually taken from far away,\" he said. \"The picture would have had to suit my vanity I suppose, but I'm amazed anyone sponsored me at all.\" He believes men and women aren't that different when it comes to competing for attention from the opposite sex. Evolutionary function So is there no such thing as an altruistic donation on a fundraising page? Dr Raihani says people can be very generous and their reasons for giving to charity are well-meaning, but that doesn't mean their motives have not evolved to benefit them in some way. She uses the act of eating as an example. \"Our primary drive is to dispel the feeling of hunger, which is pleasurable, but the evolutionary purpose is to make sure we don't starve and die,\" she pointed out. Explaining why people give generously, when there is no obvious benefit for them doing so, has kept scientists and psychologists busy for many years. Research suggests giving can create a warm glow, which lasts much longer than spending money on oneself. And Dr Zagefka says this means that helping others has a prolonged effect on well-being - something which people often don't realise."
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"Represent the example for the following task: Generate an appropriate title for the given text. The generated title must be short and include the main topic of the text. The preferred titles are under fifteen words.:",
"Sean CoughlanEducation correspondent This isn't just a slight difference. Women in the UK are now 35% more likely than men to go to university and the gap is widening every year. A baby girl born in 2016 will be 75% more likely to go to university than a boy, if current trends continue. The Higher Education Policy Institute (HEPI) has published research examining this increasingly polarised gender divide. And as university remains the gateway to better-paid, more secure jobs, Mary Curnock Cook, head of the Ucas university admissions service, warns that being male could be a new form of disadvantage. \"On current trends, the gap between rich and poor will be eclipsed by the gap between males and females within a decade,\" she writes in an introduction to the report. And she says while there is much focus on social mobility and geographical differences, there is a collective blind spot on the underachievement of young men. So what is causing such a pattern? The likelihood of going to university is shaped by results in primary and secondary school - and girls are now outperforming boys at every stage. But the report demolishes one long-held theory - that this success for girls was triggered by the switch from O-levels to GCSEs in the late 1980s in England, Wales and Northern Ireland. There have been claims that the gladiatorial, all-or-nothing exam worked in favour of boys, and that the greater sustained effort of coursework favoured girls. And this theory seemed to fit with when women overtook men in university places in the early 1990s. But the report finds that such connections are \"overcooked\" - and that by the time the exams were changed, women had already almost caught up with men in university entry rates and this trend pre-dated the shift to GCSEs. This was also an international trend, suggesting wider factors than changes to local exam systems. Ms Curnock Cook says she is \"instinctively convinced\" the fall in the proportion of male students is connected to the increasing gender imbalance in the school workforce. Until the early 1990s, most secondary school teachers were male. This has now completely reversed, with the teaching profession becoming increasingly female. Are young men not getting enough educational role models? But the research report, written by Nick Hillman and Nicholas Robinson, says the evidence remains unclear about whether such a female workforce has a negative impact on male students. What is incontrovertible is that women have taken the greatest advantage of the rapid expansion in university numbers in the 1990s. In 1990, there were 34,000 women graduating from UK universities, compared with 43,000 men. By 2000, the positions were reversed, with 133,000 women graduating, compared with 110,000 men. In the following years the gap has accelerated - so that the most recent figures from last year show there were almost 300,000 more women in higher education than men. Five out of six higher education institutions now have more female students than male - and if every single man who applied to university were to be automatically given a place, there would still be fewer men than women. But there are substantial underlying differences within the male population. Among white boys from disadvantaged families only about 10% will go to university - the lowest of any social or ethnic group. Deprived boys from other ethnic backgrounds, such as black and Asian, are much more likely to go to university. This suggests different barriers in attitude and expectation. And it suggests some communities have been left behind, as industries and expectations have changed around them. Or perhaps boys are just less well disposed to studying. The report includes OECD data, gathered alongside international Pisa tests, that shows on average that boys are less likely to work hard at school, less likely to read for pleasure and more likely to be negative towards school and to dodge their homework. Another theory for women's record levels of success is that they get much more benefit from going to university. The study says it is \"economically rational behaviour\" because women are particularly likely to gain financial benefits from getting a degree. The gap in earnings between female graduates and non-graduates is much greater than the earnings gap between male graduates and non-graduates. Another way of interpreting the rise of female graduates is to look at changes in the jobs requiring degrees. When training for nursing moved from diploma to degree level it brought a large, female-dominated group of trainees into the higher education sector. If two sets of students were removed from the figures - nursing and teacher training - a substantial proportion of the gender gap would disappear. The report looks at the tougher question of what should be the response. The Scottish Funding Council has set targets for Scottish universities to stop \"extreme gender imbalance\" so that no subject by 2030 should have less than 25% of one gender. There are also suggestions that young men develop more slowly - and could benefit from a delayed entry or the equivalent of a foundation year. Should universities have recruitment targets for male students, in the way that they have outreach projects for other under-represented groups? Report author and HEPI director Nick Hillman says: \"Nearly everyone seems to have a vague sense that our education system is letting young men down, but there are few detailed studies of the problem and almost no clear policy recommendations on what to do about it. \"Young men are much less likely to enter higher education, are more likely to drop out and are less likely to secure a top degree than women. Yet, aside from initial teacher training, only two higher education institutions currently have a specific target to recruit more male students. That is a serious problem that we need to tackle.\" Universities Minister Jo Johnson said: \"While we are seeing record application rates from disadvantaged backgrounds, this report shows that too many are still missing out. \"That is why our recent university access guidance for the first time called for specific support for white boys from the poorest homes.\""
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"Represent the example for the following task: Generate an appropriate title for the given text. The generated title must be short and include the main topic of the text. The preferred titles are under fifteen words.:",
"Mr Smith, who is challenging leader Jeremy Corbyn, said he wants an honours system that rewards \"selfless acts, not political and personal patronage\". Mr Corbyn was criticised for nominating Shami Chakrabarti for a peerage as part of David Cameron's resignation honours. It comes after questions were raised about the former PM's own list. 'Restore trust' Mr Smith, MP for Pontypridd, said Mr Cameron's list - which included many Downing Street staffers and Conservative donors - was put together with \"blatant cronyism\". \"David Cameron's resignation honours list has brought the system into disrepute and deepened people's mistrust of politics. \"It's simply not good enough for [Prime Minister] Theresa May to turn a blind eye to this situation - we need fundamental reform of the honours system so it can reward good deeds and restore people's trust in politics.\" He also said his proposed five-year honours ban would stay in place until a total overhaul of the system was completed. Labour's deputy leader Tom Watson welcomed reports in Sunday's newspapers that Mrs May could consider ending the tradition of resignation honours lists. \"She must now outline the process and timetable for removing the powers of outgoing prime ministers to shower their cronies with titles,\" Mr Watson said. \"Labour will of course co-operate with any emergency legislation required.\" Ms Chakrabarti, who recently concluded an inquiry into anti-Semitism in the Labour Party, has said she is \"honoured to accept [Labour leader] Jeremy Corbyn's challenge and opportunity to help hold the government to account\". But her appointment has been criticised by Jewish groups. Marie van der Zyl, of the Board of Deputies of British Jews, said it was \"beyond disappointing\" Ms Chakrabarti had been offered a peerage by Labour \"following her so-called independent inquiry\". \"The report, which was weak in several areas, now seems to have been rewarded with an honour,\" Ms van del Zyl added. Among those honoured by Mr Cameron were former Chancellor George Osborne, who was made a Companion of Honour, while knighthoods were awarded to Tory MPs Oliver Letwin and Patrick McLoughlin among others. Mr Cameron's ex-spin doctor Craig Oliver and Samantha Cameron's adviser Isabel Spearman are also on the honours list."
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"Represent the example for the following task: Generate an appropriate title for the given text. The generated title must be short and include the main topic of the text. The preferred titles are under fifteen words.:",
"The latest report from the Royal Institution of Chartered Surveyors (RICS) predicts that the number of homes being sold - and their prices - will fall over the next three months. Fewer people are interested in moving, and fewer want to sell. Each home is already taking an average of four months to sell, the longest period since records began in 2016. \"It is evident from the feedback to the latest RICS survey that the ongoing uncertainties surrounding how the Brexit process plays out is taking its toll on the housing market,\" said Simon Rubinsohn, RICS' chief economist. \"Indeed, I can't recall a previous survey when a single issue has been highlighted by quite so many contributors.\" Reacting to the report, experts at Capital Economics said they expected the number of house sales to continue falling next year. However they estimate that prices will still rise by 1% in 2019. House building RICS is also concerned that the rate of house-building itself could slow down, because of Brexit worries. \"The bigger risk is that this now spills over into development plans making it even harder to secure the uplift in the building pipeline to address the housing crisis,\" said Mr Rubinsohn. The RICS survey - carried out in November - suggests that most surveyors are considerably more pessimistic about the market than they were just a month before. The Bank of England's governor, Mark Carney, said last month that house prices could fall by as much as 30% in the event of a \"disorderly\" Brexit - in other words a no-deal scenario. However there is some regional variation, with surveyors in the north of England and Northern Ireland less pessimistic. Surveyors in these two areas were the only ones who said they expected prices to rise over the next three months. 'Farcical' David Nesbit, a surveyor from Portsmouth, has views typical of many of his colleagues in the south of England. \"Brexit, the Bank of England and Christmas - what more to depress sentiment! A very difficult period is ahead,\" he said. Chris Clubley, from Market Weighton in Yorkshire, said he believed the effects of Brexit uncertainty would last even longer. \"The market is currently being affected by the uncertainty of Brexit and potential interest rate rises. We expect the market to remain difficult for the next two years.\" Mark Hunter, from Doncaster, said the outlook for the property market remained very uncertain. \"The Brexit negotiations are now becoming farcical and affecting confidence. The thought that anything could happen in the next few months is a very worrying prospect,\" he said. Where can you afford to live? Try our housing calculator to see where you could rent or buy This interactive content requires an internet connection and a modern browser. View affordability data by UK region View affordability data by local authority area Your results Search the UK for more details about a local area You have a big enough deposit and your monthly payments are high enough. The prices are based on the local market. If there are 100 properties of the right size in an area and they are placed in price order with the cheapest first, the “low-end” of the market will be the 25th property, \"mid-priced\" is the 50th and \"high-end” will be the 75th."
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"Represent the example for the following task: Generate an appropriate title for the given text. The generated title must be short and include the main topic of the text. The preferred titles are under fifteen words.:",
"By Brian MilliganPersonal Finance reporter It said the forthcoming referendum on European Union membership and elections in Scotland, Wales and Northern Ireland would cool the housing market. Rics said the Stamp Duty increases for landlords that came in on 1 April were another factor. The Halifax has also said that the EU vote is likely to slow the market. \"Elections inevitably bring with them periods of uncertainty in the market, and our figures would suggest that next May's devolved elections are no exception,\" said Simon Rubinsohn, Rics chief economist. \"Likewise, the EU referendum, is likely to be an influencer in terms of the damper outlook for London in particular.\" 'Imbalance' The survey showed that most surveyors in London expect prices to fall over the next three months. The number of surveyors expecting a price fall outweighed those expecting a rise by 38%. However in other parts of the country, surveyors were much more optimistic. In north west England and in Northern Ireland most survey respondents expect prices to rise significantly over the spring and early summer. And in the longer term, Rics expects house prices to rise by more than 4% a year in England and Wales - whatever the results of the EU referendum and the elections. \"The imbalance between demand and supply will still exert a strong influence on the market, with house prices expected to rise by close to 25 per cent over the next five years,\" said Mr Rubinsohn. Recent estimates of house price inflation vary from 10.1% in the year to March by the Halifax - to 5.7% by the Nationwide."
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"Represent the example for the following task: Generate an appropriate title for the given text. The generated title must be short and include the main topic of the text. The preferred titles are under fifteen words.:",
"Robert PestonEconomics editor Well, it's because the surge in house prices, even after the great crash and recession, increased the proportion paying IHT to 6% in the past year. And the OBR currently forecasts the share of taxpayers among estates to continue rising to 11.6% in 2019. The Tories also believe that those figures understate the number of households legitimately worried about the tax - in that they point out that a quarter of all houses in the UK are worth more than £325,000 (which is the IHT threshold for a single person who has not been widowed). They say that plenty of their target voters, in their 60s, give away assets and rearrange their affairs to get their net worth below the tax threshold. And most of those would no longer need to go to that bother. That said, given the UK's skewed residential property market, most of the benefit would go to residents of London and the South East, which are the only two parts of the UK, according to official figures, where average house prices exceed £325,000. The average house price in the South East is £338,000 and it's £510,000 in London. So this appears to be a policy aimed at Tory heartlands. But even then, its impact should not be overstated. Expected house price inflation means that if the Tories were to implement the policy in 2017 as planned, the forecast 11.6% of estates paying the tax based on the current threshold would fall only to today's level, of 6%. Strikingly, David Cameron and George Osborne think that the best way of selling the policy to the middle-middle class is to be seen to be paying for it by taking a swipe at the upper-middle and upper classes. So anyone - either a married couple or a single person - bequeathing assets of £2m or more will see the IHT threshold reduced by 50p for every pound that those assets are worth more than £2m, until, for estates worth £2.35m, the threshold is the same as today's. Also, the tax cut's cost of just over £1bn a year will be met by significantly reducing the tax breaks on pension contributions for those earning £150,000 or more. Morale booster? What would happen is that the current annual allowance of £40,000 for obtaining tax relief on pension contributions would be reduced by 50p for every pound of income earned over £150,000, until at an annual income of £210,000 the allowance would be cut to a floor of £10,000. So with 300,000 people earning above £150,000, the Tories would be taking probably more than £2bn from the top 1% of taxpayers - many of whom would vote Tory through thick and thin - to give perhaps around £1bn to the children of perhaps one in 10 asset-rich older people, who would also largely vote Tory, presumably. Maybe these tax reforms are largely about boosting the morale of their people, rather than winning many additional votes. By the way, if you do earn £150,000 or more, you should note that it is now more or less certain that your tax breaks for pension savings are likely to shrivel to almost nothing after the election, since Labour has announced a very similar raid on the tax relief you receive. And if, like me, you were also puzzled by why George Osborne and David Cameron felt they needed to say how they are paying for the IHT giveaway, but not how they would finance the promised £8bn of additional spending for the NHS and other costs, also around £8bn, of promising to raise the thresholds for paying tax at all and for paying tax at the 40% rate, there is an answer. An official says it's the 2017 implementation date for IHT change that makes all the difference - in that the other tax cuts and health spending increase would only be done when affordable and by the end of the Parliament. In other words, George Osborne and David Cameron are asking voters to trust them on their record to deliver those other big commitments. Which some people will interpret as meaning that those other promises are more fiscally reckless or less serious than the IHT reform - though George Osborne denied that today."
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"Represent the example for the following task: Generate an appropriate title for the given text. The generated title must be short and include the main topic of the text. The preferred titles are under fifteen words.:",
"By Sean CoughlanBBC News But business school researchers have identified a type of employee who manages to look busy and successful, without actually doing anything useful. The productivity study examined 28 UK workplaces and found staff who appeared to be \"highly engaged\". But on closer inspection they were found to be \"self-promoters\" whose lack of effort pushed down overall output. The research, from the Ashridge at Hult International Business School, examined the engagement levels of teams of workers, across seven different employment sectors, such as health, government, transport and not-for-profits. It found some very motivated workers - and some who were plainly disgruntled and disaffected. Corporate culture But about one in five teams was a conundrum - where staff appeared to be very engaged, but where teamwork and productivity were poor. The study found when \"lifting the lid\" on these groups of workers, that they were undermined by staff who were successfully \"gaming the system\" but not really getting anything done. They might constantly appear in a circuit of meetings, or get involved in conversations that were to their own advantage - but apart from playing the corporate culture, it was difficult to see what they actually achieved. In shift work, it could mean stretching out work to fit across the hours with the least effort. These have been labelled the \"pseudo-engaged\" by employment researchers, as opposed to the \"engaged\" and \"disengaged\". 'Dysfunctional' but rewarded Senior researcher Amy Armstrong said such \"selfish\" staff undermined teamwork and damaged productivity - and in a business sense had a negative impact. But she said the pseudo-engaged could often be encouraged by the managerial system. \"They're rewarded for that dysfunctional behaviour,\" said Dr Armstrong. They were more likely to get promotions, better pay and bonuses and to devote even more of their efforts to their own careers - to the detriment of collective productivity. \"It's quite a depressing picture,\" she said. This was often because such staff were \"managing upwards\" by making themselves look good in front of senior managers. Staff who spent their time promoting themselves in meetings were likely to benefit more than colleagues who were doing the work. Such workplaces could outwardly appear to have lots of commitment and support for company goals. But below the surface the researchers found \"low levels of trust and cohesion\" with \"little evidence of collegiality or support for one another\". It can leave other staff feeling stretched and without any sense of \"togetherness\". Dr Armstrong said in such workplaces there can appear to be \"no point to teamwork\" because of the individuals who seem to benefit from their self-promotion."
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[
"Represent the example for the following task: Generate an appropriate title for the given text. The generated title must be short and include the main topic of the text. The preferred titles are under fifteen words.:",
"When questioned on their morals and values, people admitted to lying about sickness, stealing and taking credit for other people's work. While younger staff lied more often than their elders, they were more willing to stand up for colleagues. The average worker takes about four sick days a year, according to the Office for National Statistics. The most common reasons for calling off work in 2018 were the common cold, musculoskeletal problems (like back pain), mental health conditions and \"other\" problems. Sickness due to fibbing was unsurprisingly not included in the government's statistics. The UK-wide survey questioned 3,655 adults aged over 16. Cover for colleagues The findings are part of a larger survey about what people in the UK find right and wrong. As well as faking sickies, employees are often also prepared to cover for colleagues who they know might be faking it. The survey found that 66% would not tell bosses if they knew their colleagues were absent, but not ill. Hayley Lewis, an occupational psychologist, said it takes confidence to tell your boss you need a break, and if the relationship is bad, employees will tend to be less truthful. \"'People don't leave an organisation - they leave their boss' goes the saying,\" says Ms Lewis. Also, people can be influenced by their boss' behaviour, she adds. \"We look to role models. If the boss is dragging themselves in, not taking breaks, eating lunch at their desk, it reinforces the message that it is not okay to take a break,\" she says. That often leaves employees only one option, Ms Lewis says - to ring up sick. Men were almost twice as likely as women to say they would accept praise from a boss for work that someone else had done. And almost a third said they stole work supplies like staplers and notebooks. Standing up for women The younger the employee, the more likely they were to speak up for women in the workplace. Workers under 34 were more than twice as likely than older colleagues to turn to senior managers, or intervene. if they saw a male boss touch a female employee on the back during a meeting. Only 16% of workers aged over 55 agreed. While 70% of younger adults would report or intervene if a senior figure in a company made sexual comments towards a younger colleague, less than half of people over 55 would do the same."
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"Represent the example for the following task: Generate an appropriate title for the given text. The generated title must be short and include the main topic of the text. The preferred titles are under fifteen words.:",
"By Frey LindsayBusiness Reporter, BBC World Service The day Miguel went into hospital, Carina had come looking for him with a question. \"They said 'Oh, he's not feeling well. But everything is going to be OK'.\" Carina and Miguel worked together at the Mexican branch of a global marketing company. Miguel was a brand manager and Carina an assistant. Though it was a large firm, their team felt small and everyone got along. \"We used to go out sometimes. We went to bars after work almost every Friday.\" Miguel was 35 and a bit of a workaholic. Carina says his work ethic was incredible but sometimes she was concerned to see him skipping lunch so often, or just snacking the whole day at his desk. At the same time she says Miguel always had time for his colleagues: \"He was an amazing person.\" True to form, Miguel kept working while he was in hospital. Company managers said it was nothing serious and as he continued to answer emails, his colleagues believed it. But weeks went by and Miguel did not reappear. One day he stopped replying to emails. \"It was a Friday and we received an email out of nowhere saying HR wanted to meet with the whole company.\" The staff had an idea what this meeting was for. Carina couldn't quite believe she was about to hear the 35-year-old colleague she'd seen just weeks ago had died. She says one of the worst things that day was the way the HR representative spoke about Miguel. This person wasn't close to him, and Carina felt as though they were describing an asset the company had lost. \"Like if the office was on fire and we lost some computers. It felt impersonal, just too cold. \"Especially in big companies, it feels at the end like we are disposable.\" In much of the world death is a taboo subject, and in the office this taboo is often far stronger. A received idea of professionalism makes people think they cannot express their emotions when someone dies. Carina's story is a familiar one to Madelaine Swift. She is a senior protection advisor at Focus Oxford Risk Management, which provides insurance and consulting to companies when an employee dies. Her job is to make sure firms don't suffer critical failures in their business with the loss of an employee, especially a key employee. This is the awkward side of the issue. Nobody wants to talk about it but when someone dies there are business concerns as well as personal ones. After Miguel died, Carina says his desk stayed untouched for a long time. Even when his replacement came, some of his things were still on the desk. Obviously none of his friends wanted to be the one to clear them away, but for management not to do something about it was another failing. \"They could at least have cleaned his space. It was weird.\" Ms Swift says while we tend to think of those people we have loved as \"irreplaceable\", very often in the workplace a colleague will indeed need to be replaced. \"You have to be sensitive because it is not just about business. It could be your best friend, your line manager - someone you have a really close relationship with.\" She says it is down to a firm's managers to think through the difficult decisions they may have to make - and to have plans in place. But at the same time, a company needs to think about how staff are coping. \"There is no right or wrong answer. You almost have to just go with the flow. You have to have a plan but you have to make sure you can evolve.\" Kirsty Minford, a psychotherapist who works with organisations at times of change or loss, says many firms' first impulse is to say little when a colleague dies, for fear of doing or saying the wrong thing, or divulging something the family might not want known. But this can be hard on the staff. \"When you talk to the employees or people it has impacted, they tend to yearn for more communication and more information,\" she says. Yet work relationships are often perceived as being secondary to those outside of the office and a colleague can be \"just someone you work with\". Kirsty says she understands why, given this perception and a general reluctance to discuss death, firms often botch the handling of it. She says companies need to understand work relationships are real and have an effect on their employees. \"Many of us spend an enormous amount of our waking time with work colleagues, sometimes more than we spend with our families.\" She says one thing managers can do is consult with their team on how best to honour a person's memory, be it an award in their name, a tree planted or a plaque. And when it does come time to replace somebody who has died, there are ways to do it sensitively. She suggests slightly changing the person's title or the desk arrangement so it doesn't feel so much like a replacement. \"(An) organization I worked with brought a temporary worker in two days after. The work needed doing, absolutely. But to sit them at the desk of the person who had died, and not communicate either to the temp or to the team why they were there and what had happened before, it just really missed some key human aspects of grief.\" She says this isn't just about compassion. Bereavement can lead to people not lasting in their jobs if they feel pressured to return to normal too quickly, or feel they can't justify their grief over someone who wasn't a direct family member or lifelong friend. Carina left her firm several weeks after Miguel's death was announced. She was already planning to leave but says she was happy to go after the way it was handled. \"When I think about the reaction I feel anger. But when I think about (Miguel) I remember small situations, where he could have given me the answer in two seconds but he was like 'OK, let me explain everything to you'. Even though he had ten thousand things to do. \"He was an incredible person, so I remember him with a lot of respect.\" Illustrations by Katie Horwich For more on this, you can listen to BBC World Service's Business Daily programme on how companies and staff deal with death at work."
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"Represent the example for the following task: Generate an appropriate title for the given text. The generated title must be short and include the main topic of the text. The preferred titles are under fifteen words.:",
"The Ginny Louise will carry construction and maintenance crews to wind farms off the coasts of Norfolk, Lincolnshire, Suffolk and Essex. Its first port of call was Harwich in Essex where it was fitted out and it is now moored at Great Yarmouth. Owner's Tidal Transit are planning to have nine more vessels built. Ginny Louise will next visit Wells-next-the-Sea in Norfolk and then Grimsby in Humberside for further trials at both ports. She has a crew of four and 12 passenger berths with a kitchen, bathroom, internet and entertainment facilities. She has been designed to work in rough seas common off the East Anglian coast and wind farm engineers will be able to live and work on-site over several days. Leo Hambro, Tidal Transit commercial director, said: \"With the UK constructing ever larger offshore wind farms to help meet the world's need for clean energy, I believe that our vessels will quickly become the preferred form of transport for wind farm crews.\""
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"Represent the example for the following task: Generate an appropriate title for the given text. The generated title must be short and include the main topic of the text. The preferred titles are under fifteen words.:",
"The company has signed a deal, reported to be worth £1.94bn, to supply 300 turbines for offshore wind farms owned by Danish firm DONG Energy. Siemens said components of some of the turbines would be built at the planned factory at Hull's Alexandra Dock from 2014. Plans to build the £210m factory were approved by city councillors in May. Siemens signed an agreement with DONG Energy on Thursday to design and manufacture the 300 turbines, which would have a total capacity of 1,800 megawatts, the engineering company said. The turbines are expected to be installed at offshore wind plants across the UK between 2014 and 2017. A spokesperson for Siemens said it would be \"known nearer the time\" of construction how many of the turbine components would be built in Hull. Green Port Hull is a collaboration between Siemens and the dock's owners, Associated British Ports (ABP). Siemens said the factory, which is expected to open in 2014, would employ 700 people."
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"Represent the example for the following task: Generate an appropriate title for the given text. The generated title must be short and include the main topic of the text. The preferred titles are under fifteen words.:",
"Great Western Railway's (GWR) 10:57 GMT service from Exmouth to Paignton, in Devon, was damaged by \"sea debris\" as it travelled along the coast. Paramedics were called to Dawlish Railway Station at midday and treated one patient for a minor injury. GWR said the damaged carriage had been taken out of service and all lines have reopened. Disruption was expected until 15:45. The Met Office predicts it will be windy, especially along the coast where severe gales are expected. One passenger posted a video on Twitter showing conditions from a train on the line. A British Transport Police spokeswoman said: \"We were called to Dawlish station at 12:00 today following reports that a wave had smashed a train window. \"One person was treated at the scene for minor injuries.\""
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"Represent the example for the following task: Generate an appropriate title for the given text. The generated title must be short and include the main topic of the text. The preferred titles are under fifteen words.:",
"North East Derbyshire District Council carried out a survey of the post-war steel-framed Trusteel housing last year and found widespread corrosion. Along with housing managers Rykneld Homes, officials said an 18 month programme of repairs was being planned. The council said some government cash had been secured but much of the cost would come from existing funds. Insulation work Trusteel houses, which have a metal frame clad in one layer of bricks, were built for several decades after World War II. Some have faced issues with corrosion of the frame, especially at ground level. A council spokesman said: \"Recent technical surveys undertaken by the council and Rykneld Homes have shown the Trusteels are in need of remedial works in the near future. \"The work will involve over-cladding the properties to make them warmer, and carrying out maintenance work to the steel frame structures.\" Private owners The project involves 213 properties on the Adlington Estate in Wingerworth, Holmgate in Clay Cross and a small number in Grassmoor. Disruption to tenants would be kept to a minimum, it added. The council built 416 Trusteel homes and just under half of these have been sold under the Right to Buy scheme. Private owners will have to fund any necessary repairs themselves."
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"Represent the example for the following task: Generate an appropriate title for the given text. The generated title must be short and include the main topic of the text. The preferred titles are under fifteen words.:",
"By Alun JonesBBC News The Assembly Commission said the windows in Tŷ Hywel, next to the Senedd in Cardiff Bay, have \"an increasing level of faults and failures\". The building's \"coastal environment\" has led to \"a reduced operational life\" for the 28-year-old windows, it added. Tŷ Hywel is rented while the Senedd building, containing the debating chamber, is owned by the assembly. The Tŷ Hywel building, which houses offices and committee rooms, is owned by London-based Equitix Tiger English LP, a limited partnership registered with Companies House in December 2018. According to the commission's budget report, the windows of the type in Tŷ Hywel have an expected operational life of 25 to 35 years but \"the building's location in a coastal environment has led to a reduced operational life\". Independent surveys have identified that the windows are in \"poor physical condition and that thermal performance is likewise poor\", the report said. \"An increasing number of windows have faults and replacement parts can no longer be obtained to carry out repairs.\" Explaining why the commission as tenants, rather than the landlord, is responsible for the expenditure, the commission said that \"as part of a full repairing and insuring lease agreement for Tŷ Hywel, the commission is required to maintain the building in a good state of repair, including replacing any end of life items such as boilers, doors and windows\". During a debate on the commission's budget in the Senedd last month, the commissioner responsible for budget and governance, Conservative AM Suzy Davies, acknowledged \"the windows project... has come as something of a surprise, perhaps, to some assembly members, but it was never going to be cheap\". A spokeswoman for the Assembly Commission said: \"The decision regarding the work will be taken by the new commission in the 6th Senedd [which begins after the 2021 election] and this will include a decision around expenditure and phasing of the project in order to get the best value for money and address sustainability concerns.\" What is Tŷ Hywel?"
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"Represent the example for the following task: Generate an appropriate title for the given text. The generated title must be short and include the main topic of the text. The preferred titles are under fifteen words.:",
"The moss, which grows on thatched roofs, was believed to be disappearing because of modern roofing techniques. Richard Lansdown, a moss expert, said: \"It seems to favour middle-aged thatch but can appear on a roof four or five years after re-thatching.\" It has been found in Cornwall, Devon, Dorset, Somerset and Gloucestershire. Moist roofs The National Trust looked at 54 sites and found the leptodontium gemmascens moss on 18 buildings, 10 of which were new sites located in the South West. The trust said the practice of patching up roofs which encouraged the growth of this plant has decreased in popularity, with more people instead opting to have whole roofs replaced. Thatch moss forms dull green patches on roofs and grows up to 1cm tall. Mr Lansdown, who carried out the survey, said: \"Recent work suggests that moist roofs close to trees or in the valleys are favoured by thatch moss.\" The National Trust believes it could be more widespread than previously thought. Matthew Oates, a conservation advisor at the trust, said: \"This survey shows that this endearing and harmless little moss has a real future and that it may be more widespread than we first thought. \"People living in thatch cottages in southern England may be hosting this moss alongside the more common and obvious mosses.\""
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"Represent the example for the following task: Generate an appropriate title for the given text. The generated title must be short and include the main topic of the text. The preferred titles are under fifteen words.:",
"His role as the benevolent, jumper-wearing Dr Cliff Huxtable in 1980s hit sitcom The Cosby Show made him a national treasure in the US. But more than a dozen women accused Cosby of misconduct, and one case made it to court. The jury failed to reach a verdict in June 2017, but a retrial led to his conviction less than a year later. How did this man, a household name for so long in America, rise and fall so far? How did his career begin? Born in 1937 in a housing project in Philadelphia to parents who were far from financially well-off, the young William Henry Cosby Jr shone shoes and worked at a local supermarket to help his family make ends meet. His early life was touched by tragedy when one of his four brothers died and he, the oldest, became a father figure. Accounts of his school years portray a joker and a storyteller who loved to entertain his classmates. After school he joined the US Navy, then went to university and had a part-time job as a bartender. It was here that he found his way in to comedy, filling in for a club comedian and laying the path for his future fame. His debut on NBC's The Tonight Show in 1963 led to a recording contract with Warner Brothers, and the release of a series of award-winning comedy albums. On one of those, 1968's To Russell, My Brother, Whom I Slept With, he established the themes that would define his work - the father as a loving disciplinarian; siblings who could plot together one minute, then scream blue murder the next; and a confidence in the bonds of family. The album sleeve noted: \"During his time on stage, Cosby never once told a joke. He didn't sing or dance or do tricks. All he did was talk\" - but the performer had the 10,000-strong audience in the palm of his hand throughout. By the time the album was released, Cosby was already a TV star. What boundaries did Cosby break as a black actor? In 1965, he had become the first black actor to star in a drama series, when he was cast in the espionage show I Spy. He played Alexander Scott, an undercover agent posing as a tennis instructor, alongside Robert Culp, who played fellow agent Kelly Robinson. Cosby wasn't originally in line for the role, which was intended for an older actor, but producer Sheldon Leonard had been wowed by the comedian's stand-up routine and decided to rewrite the show as a buddy comedy. Premiering during a time of great upheaval for race relations in the US, it was banned by some stations in the southern states. But Cosby went on to earn three consecutive best actor Emmys for his role - a record that still stands. Despite his prominence on TV, Cosby made a conscious decision not to directly address race relations in his act - preferring a more subtle challenge to the status quo. \"A white person listens to my act, and he laughs, and he thinks: 'Yeah, that's the way I see it, too,'\" he once said. \"OK. He's white. I'm Negro. And we both see things the same way. That must mean that we are alike. Right? \"So I figure this way, I'm doing as much for good race relations as the next guy.\" The Cosby Show, which was launched by NBC in 1984 and aired for eight seasons, was his biggest success and established him as a household name. Based on his stand-up routines, Cosby's portrayal of an educated, affluent doctor - Heathcliff \"Cliff\" Huxtable - and the trials of raising five young children drew parallels with his own life. His TV wife, Claire, was loosely based on his own wife Camille, whom he married in 1964. One of the most popular shows of the 1980s, the sitcom was watched by about 30 million viewers each week. By 1989, its star was earning $4m (£2.5m) a month in syndication rights alone. When the show was cancelled in 1992, Cosby embarked on a number of projects including film roles, but was never able to emulate the success of his star vehicle. In 2013, he received rave reviews for his first TV stand-up show in 30 years, which led to a national tour. But his comeback fell apart as several women came forward with allegations of sexual assault going back almost 30 years. What were the allegations? The accusations first surfaced in 2005, when Andrea Constand, a staff member at Cosby's former university, said she had been drugged and molested by the star at his home a year earlier. Prosecutors declined to press charges, citing lack of evidence, but Ms Constand filed a civil case against the comedian. Thirteen women, 12 of whom remained anonymous, agreed to be witnesses, each with a similar account of sexual assault. Cosby denied the accusations, which his lawyer called \"preposterous\", and the case was settled out of court in 2006 for an undisclosed sum. In subsequent years, some of Ms Constand's fellow witnesses came forward and told their stories to the media. But the accusations were not comprehensively reported until Cosby's planned TV comeback thrust him back into the limelight. More than 50 women accused the star of sexual assault or rape, but due to time limits on cases in the US, only one - Andrea Constand - took the case to criminal court. Cosby's lawyers consistently denied the charges, calling them a \"media frenzy\" and asking why the women had not made legal complaints at the time when they said they were assaulted. In 2014 Cosby said he had not addressed the allegations in public because \"a guy doesn't have to answer to innuendos\". But shortly afterwards, previously unseen court papers from 2005 came to light and showed he had admitted obtaining sedatives to give to young women he wanted to have sex with. The sedatives, called Quaaludes, render people unable to move. The accusations disrupted his hopes of a return to show business. Cable station TV Land pulled repeats of The Cosby Show, some of his stand-up shows were called off and protesters showed up to the ones that he still put on. His statue was removed from the MGM Hollywood Studios park in Florida, and several colleges removed honorary degrees they had given him. His portraits were taken down from the walls in his alma mater, Temple University in Philadelphia, and he resigned from the board of trustees. What happened when the case came to criminal court? At first, it appeared unlikely that criminal action would be taken against Cosby for any of the alleged incidents, partly because the statute of limitations applies to cases of rape and sexual assault in most US states. That means there is a time limit on cases. However, one case came to criminal trial: that of Andrea Constand. The case was seen as one of the biggest US celebrity court case since the murder trial of former American football player OJ Simpson in 1995. In June 2017, Ms Constand told her story in court for the first time, having previously been barred from doing so due to a 2006 settlement. She said Cosby had given her pills that he claimed were herbal and said would \"take the edge off\", but which left her \"frozen\". \"In my head, I was trying to get my hands to move or my legs to move, but I was frozen\", she said. About 20 minutes later, she said, he put his hand on her genitals. \"I wasn't able to fight it in any way,\" she told the court. \"I wanted it to stop.\" Cosby continued to deny the allegations. He did not give evidence in court but had one witness. In the end, with Cosby possibly facing the rest of his life in prison if found guilty, the jury was deadlocked, and a mistrial was declared in June 2017. How was the retrial different? The retrial, which began on 9 April, took place in a changed atmosphere. A flood of sexual misconduct accusations starting last October against powerful men in the entertainment industry such as Harvey Weinstein and Kevin Spacey triggered the #MeToo movement. The Cosby trial became one of the first celebrity trials of the #MeToo era, and the decision by the judge to allow five more women to testify against him was seen as a key development. On this occasion, the jury of five women and seven men took two days to find the comedian guilty on all three counts of sexual assault. Months later, he was sentenced to a total of three to 10 years in a state prison. Follow us on Facebook, on Twitter @BBCNewsEnts, or on Instagram at bbcnewsents. If you have a story suggestion email [email protected]."
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"Represent the example for the following task: Generate an appropriate title for the given text. The generated title must be short and include the main topic of the text. The preferred titles are under fifteen words.:",
"The one-hour special, titled Cosby: The Women Speak, will air on the A&E channel, Variety reports. It will include interviews with more than a dozen women, including actress Louisa Moritz, publicist Joan Tarshis and model Beverly Johnson. Cosby, 78, faces a series of historic allegations but has not been charged. He has denied all claims of sex abuse. A&E said their programme will feature interviews with both new and past accusers. Civil case It will also look at Cosby's rise to fame and the recent controversy since the allegations surfaced. The first allegations against the Cosby Show star came to light in 2005, when two women publicly accused the comedian of drugging and sexually assaulting them while they were unconscious. One of the women, Andrea Constand, filed a civil case against him, which they settled out of court in November 2006. Over the years, more women have come forward, but the allegations did not gain mainstream attention until last October when footage of a live set from comedian Hannibal Buress was posted online, in which he called Cosby a rapist. Cosby will be questioned under oath in October as part of a civil legal case brought by Judy Huth, who accuses the comedian of sexually abusing her when she was 15. He will answer questions from her lawyer on 9 October, while she will give her deposition a week later. The actor has denied giving her alcohol and abusing her at the Playboy Mansion in Los Angeles in 1974. All the allegations made against Cosby so far fall outside the statute of limitations, so he is not facing any criminal charges, although Los Angeles police have opened an investigation. Ms Huth's case can proceed in civil court because, she says, the alleged abuse happened when she was a minor."
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"Represent the example for the following task: Generate an appropriate title for the given text. The generated title must be short and include the main topic of the text. The preferred titles are under fifteen words.:",
"Hart will again play the period drama's popular character of midwife Camilla \"Chummy\" Fortescue-Cholmeley-Browne. Hart, who had been in the show since it began in 2012, left in series four due to her work commitments. Call the Midwife is one of the BBC's most popular series with an average audience of nearly eight million. The drama is based on the best-selling memoirs of the late Jennifer Worth and revolves around the work of midwives in east London in, and from, the 1950s. A spokesman for the drama's production company said everyone on the team had \"been bursting to share the news\" of Chummy's return. \"We're thrilled to be once again featuring Miranda Hart and her fabulous blend of warmth, strength and vulnerability, as Chummy gets to grips with the medical and social challenges of the 1960s,\" he said. Hollywood venture Hart, who became a household name for her hit sitcom Miranda which ran from 2009 to 2015, spent much of 2014 on tour with her one-woman show. She then expanded her repertoire by turning to Hollywood and appeared in 2015's action film Spy, alongside Jason Statham, Melissa McCarthy and Jude Law. However, Hollywood's gain was Call The Midwife's loss as it meant Hart was forced to miss most of series four, series five and last year's Christmas special. Her absence had to be written into the storyline which saw her moving to a mother and baby unit. At the time, Hart said: \"I am very sad not to have been able to be involved in series five but, on the plus side, maybe Chummy can come back in the next series an enlightened, crazed '60s hippy, having an affair with Paul McCartney.\" Call the Midwife, which has won a handful of awards and has been nominated for two TV Baftas, also stars Helen George, Jessica Raine, Jenny Agutter, Pam Ferris and Bryony Hannah. In series six, the midwives will be seen working partly in South Africa, where filming in Cape Town has already begun."
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"Represent the example for the following task: Generate an appropriate title for the given text. The generated title must be short and include the main topic of the text. The preferred titles are under fifteen words.:",
"In a memo to staff titled \"The Survival of British Airways\", boss Alex Cruz warned that job cuts could be \"short term, perhaps long term\". The airline industry was facing a \"crisis of global proportions\" that was worse than that caused by the SARS virus or 9/11. Meanwhile, Ryanair told staff they may be forced to take leave from Monday. An internal memo to Ryanair staff, seen by the BBC, said crew may be allocated to take unpaid leave due to cancelled flights and schedule changes. BA boss Mr Cruz said: \"We can no longer sustain our current level of employment and jobs would be lost - perhaps for a short term, perhaps longer term.\" The airline is in talks with unions but gave no further details about the scale of the likely job losses in the video message transcript seen by the BBC. The airline boss said that British Airways, which is owned by FTSE 100 company IAG, was suspending routes and parking planes in a way they had \"never had to do before\". British Airways would \"continue to do our best for customers and offer them as much flexibility as we can\", Mr Cruz said in the video. 'Don't underestimate this' Although Mr Cruz said the British flag carrier airline had a strong balance sheet and was financially resilient, he told staff \"not to underestimate the seriousness of this for our company\". BA and other carriers' revenues have been hit by the coronavirus response as governments close borders, companies ban lucrative business travel, conferences and events are cancelled and demand for leisure travel slumps. IAG shares bounced on Friday after the global share market rout on Thursday. They closed up 4.8% to 350p per share, but were trading higher before news of the mass groundings broke. The International Air Transport Association warned on Friday that global airline revenue losses would be \"probably above\" the figure of $113bn (£90bn) that it estimated a week ago, before the Trump administration's announcement of US travel curbs on passengers from much of continental Europe. Earlier this month, IAG said flight suspensions to China and cancellations on Italian routes would affect how many passengers it carried this year. Major US airlines are in talks with the government there over economic relief, as traveller demand plummets. \"The speed of the demand fall-off is unlike anything we've seen,\" Delta chief executive Ed Bastian said on Friday in a note to staff, which also said the firm would cut flights by 40% over the next few months, ground 300 aircraft and reduce spending by $2bn. On Thursday, Norwegian Air said it was set to cancel 4,000 flights and temporarily lay off about half of its staff because of the coronavirus outbreak. The increase in flight cancellations comes after the European Union said it would suspend until the end of June a \"use it or lose it\" law that requires airlines to use their allocated runway slots or risk losing the lucrative asset. The law had led to so-called \"ghost flights\" where airlines were flying near-empty planes in order to keep their slots at airports. The pilot's union Balpa on Friday called for greater government support for the aviation industry and complained that this week's Budget had not included a cut to Air Passenger Duty (APD) as the industry had lobbied for. BALPA general secretary, Brian Strutton, said: \"Removing APD is just one step that could help airlines make it through their financial woes in the wake of the coronavirus pandemic. \"The reality is, with such a loss in forward bookings for the summer - the time when airlines make all their profit - the airlines have had to look at ways to save money to keep the companies afloat\". Do you work for British Airways? Share your experiences by emailing [email protected]. Please include a contact number if you are willing to speak to a BBC journalist. You can also contact us in the following ways:"
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"Represent the example for the following task: Generate an appropriate title for the given text. The generated title must be short and include the main topic of the text. The preferred titles are under fifteen words.:",
"Castell Howell Foods is considering job losses as the firm said weekly sales were down by 65% and it fears trade is \"unlikely\" to recover until 2021. The Carmarthenshire wholesaler and processing company has entered into a period of consultation with employees. The \"medium to long-term viability\" of the business was at stake, it said. \"Major events have been cancelled and it is likely that our core customers such as schools, pubs, restaurants, hotels, cafes and workplace catering will not open to full capacity for several months,\" the company said in a statement. \"As the UK government's furlough scheme is due to end in October, we regrettably need to start the consultation process with our staff so that further financial losses are minimised once government support ends.\" The company - formed in 1988 on a farm near Carmarthen - now has a £126m turnover, according to its 2018 figures, and is one of the biggest private sector employers in west Wales. The firm is unsure of the severity of cuts due to the uncertainty in the hospitality sector. \"This depends on the extent to which our customers are able to resume trading,\" the company said. \"We hope that during the consultation period, more customers will have the opportunity to resume trading and that a clear plan for the sector will become apparent. This will help mitigate the total number of job losses.\" The company, based in Cross Hands, said it expected cuts to come from a \"combination\" of voluntary and compulsory redundancies, as well as reduced hours. Managing director Brian Jones said he \"sincerely hopes\" any job cuts will be \"short term\" and will be \"recreated as and when the hospitality sector recovers\"."
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"Represent the example for the following task: Generate an appropriate title for the given text. The generated title must be short and include the main topic of the text. The preferred titles are under fifteen words.:",
"Finance Minister Conor Murphy said the funding was in addition to the 12 month rates support already provided. Speaking on Thursday, the minister said the aviation sector \"has been severely impacted by Covid-19\". \"Our airports and airlines have seen an unprecedented drop in demand,\" said Mr Murphy. In November, Belfast International Airport said it would close for several hours on certain days as a result of the coronavirus pandemic. Its managing director Graham Keddie said decisions by easyJet and Ryanair to reduce their routes left the airport with little choice. 'Significant financial losses' He said: \"Passenger numbers are not expected to return to pre-Covid levels in the short-term. \"The pandemic has led to dramatically scaled back operations, reduced operating hours and significant financial losses.\" He added: \"Airports and airlines are a critical part of our economic structure and it is vital they are supported to ensure connectivity for citizens and freight is maintained.\" The minister said the support package builds on the recent allocation of £1.23million to City of Derry Airport and the £3.1million financial package provided to Belfast City airport in May. 'Decision not taken lightly' \"When the first lockdown was announced and all commercial flights were grounded, we were committed to keeping the airport open 24/7,\" said Mr Keddie. \"This was to keep Northern Ireland connected and to ensure that we remained open for all medical emergency flights, all military and PSNI traffic, the Royal Mail and all cargo flights, including the delivery of online purchases. \"This cost us roughly £65k per day,\" he said. Mr Keddie said the decision to cut its operating hours was not taken lightly."
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"Represent the example for the following task: Generate an appropriate title for the given text. The generated title must be short and include the main topic of the text. The preferred titles are under fifteen words.:",
"Transport for London (TfL) said officers would work at the 144 stations that will be open throughout the night each weekend, and on the trains. TfL said it was also committed to staffing at all the stations. It revealed that crime across the transport network fell by 8.3% in 2014-15, compared with the previous year. Crime falls on London's transport network At the same time, reported sexual offences have risen by 34.7% across the network. TfL says this is down to a joint imitative with police called Project Guardian, which aims to raise awareness of unwanted sexual behaviour and encourages victims to report these crimes. Key stations will have a permanent police presence and mobile teams who will travel the lengths of the Northern, Piccadilly, Central, Victoria and Jubilee lines throughout the night."
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"Represent the example for the following task: Generate an appropriate title for the given text. The generated title must be short and include the main topic of the text. The preferred titles are under fifteen words.:",
"Fifty-nine people were also injured when a lone male attacker detonated an explosive device at the end of a concert by Ariana Grande on Monday. Commissioner Cressida Dick said the extra officers will be in place \"for as long as it is needed\". She condemned the blast in Manchester as \"an utterly appalling attack\". The mayor of London said Londoners would \"see more police on our streets.\" The capital has been on high alert since four people were killed in the Westminster terror attack two months ago. Operation Hercules, which sees the deployment of a range of armed officers, is to be \"stepped up... to make London as hostile an environment as possible for any would-be attacker\", the Met said. Manchester Arena attack: What we know so far Eyewitnesses describe arena blast horror Ms Dick, Britain's most senior police officer, said the extra armed and unarmed officers in London \"are there to reassure\". \"We are providing every possible support through the counter-terrorism network as investigators work tirelessly to understand what has happened,\" she said. Mayor Sadiq Khan said London \"stands united with the great city of Manchester\". He said he was \"in constant contact with the Metropolitan Police, who are reviewing security arrangements in London\". \"Manchester and the rest of Britain will never be cowed by terrorism,\" said Mr Khan. Scotland Yard is currently reviewing \"in detail\" all upcoming events in London. These include sports events at Wembley and Twickenham this weekend where armed officers will be deployed. Commander Jane Connors said police \"are determined to do all we can to protect the capital\"."
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"Represent the example for the following task: Generate an appropriate title for the given text. The generated title must be short and include the main topic of the text. The preferred titles are under fifteen words.:",
"Tom EdwardsTransport correspondent, London@BBCTomEdwardson Twitter I recently visited Lavender Primary School in Enfield in north London, where teachers in hi-vis jackets set up barriers to stop cars and vans travelling through the road. Compared to the usually hectic drop off, it is now a calm and pleasant environment. Kids scoot, cycle and walk up to the school gates. These are 'School Streets' and seem to be a less controversial scheme compared to the more contentious Low Traffic Neighbourhoods (LTNs). Although some of the time they are used in conjunction together. Modal shift And its popularity is growing across London. I remember seeing the first one in Camden in 2017. New funding means they have increased dramatically. Another 430 have been planned in the city at a cost of £4.08m. Of those, 127 schemes have been set up - costing about £10,000 each. So what do they do? They reduce pollution around schools and increase road safety. Teachers say within one week of the scheme beginning, they have seen an increase in schoolchildren walking to school. It seems the scheme is a good way to get what transport planners call \"modal shift\" - when people switch transport modes. They also embody a subtle shift in attitude towards cars. The programme sends out the message that it is not acceptable to drive your child to school. Enfield councillor Ian Barners told me he has had very few complaints about the streets around schools. Who can argue about providing a clean, safe environment for schoolchildren and getting them to walk to school? However, despite LTNs having many supporters, they also have some opponents. 'Moral high ground' LTNs really try and get people to change habits through making driving inconvenient as well as making the alternative - walking and cycling - more attractive. Many who live in LTNs love them. Others do not and think driving through residential areas is acceptable. What \"School Streets\" have - which LTNs do not - is the moral high ground. Schoolchildren should not be subjected to dangerous polluted roads. To seriously change the mindset and encourage active travel School Streets seems a very easy win."
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"Represent the example for the following task: Generate an appropriate title for the given text. The generated title must be short and include the main topic of the text. The preferred titles are under fifteen words.:",
"Mohenjo Daro, written and directed by well-known filmmaker Ashutosh Gowarikar, has met with a tepid response at the box office and irked historians and Indologists over its misrepresentation of the period. Gowarikar had earlier made the smash hit Jodhaa Akbar (2008), a fictitious romance between the 16th Century Mughal Emperor Akbar and a Hindu princess, Jodhaa. The ancient city that's crumbling away His new adventure-romance film is set in the Indus Valley civilisation, which began nearly 5,000 years ago in an area which is now in Pakistan and northern India. The biggest cities here were Harappa and Mohenjo Daro, where some 80,000 people are believed to have lived. Historical fiction Mohenjo Daro - or Mound of the Dead - was one of the world's earliest major urban settlements. It is also one of the world's largest archaeological excavation sites, located in modern day Sindh province in Pakistan. Gowariker's film is set in 2016 BC. The hero, Sarman played by Bollywood star Hrithik Roshan, is a farmer of indigo textiles. The heroine, played by south Indian actress Puja Hegde, is a priest's daughter. The hero dances and serenades the heroine who wears plumes in her headgear. Wild horses are tamed at the speed of a rodeo show. Characters speak a strangely accented Hindi. An evil king played by Kabir Bedi, throws the hero into a Roman coliseum-like arena in a gladiatorial fight. (Historians say there is no evidence of such practices.) Critics found the actors looked \"more like Aryans\" than the dark skinned Proto-Australoids who possibly inhabited the ancient city. The film's epic climax is a devastating flood that submerges the city, with the hero valiantly saving the citizens with a Noah's Ark trick to take them to safety across the swollen river. (Theories about the city's decline include devastating floods in the Indus Valley, droughts, or an Aryan invasion that led to the inhabitants abandoning the city for the Ganges plains.) All this has not gone down well with critics and historians alike. \"Creating fiction in an authentic historical setting is what historical fiction is about, but Bollywood seems to throw the authentic setting to the winds in favour of a better story,\" says Diptakirti Chaudhuri, author of Bolly Book, The Big Book of Hindi Movie Trivia. 'Sick Orientalism' \"And the liberties - while acceptable under the guise of fiction - often make one wonder why link it to a particular historical episode or era at all?\" Mr Chaudhuri says the film \"had the additional disadvantage of being released in an era of hyper-promotions and people knew the makers had messed up many aspects of accepted history right from the time the first trailer came out\". He's right. Social media began criticising the glamourised version of an ancient historical city even as the film's trailer was released. Ruchika Sharma, a student of archaeology in Delhi, tweeted that the heroine's glamorous costumes were nothing but \"sick Orientalism\" and condemned \"Bollywood depicting tribal societies in stereotypical terms with feathers in their hair and paint on their faces\". Film critic Anupama Chopra called the film \"a mess\" and an \"unintentional comedy\". The New York Times said Mohenjo Daro \"isn't really interested in how the city worked, or in its ancient bells and whistles\". Parents who took their school going children to watch Mohenjo Daro have returned disappointed to find more romance that history in the movie. \"Movies have a big impact on school students and misrepresenting history can lead to confusion,\" says Vasav Dutta Sarkar, a Delhi-based history teacher. She points out how the 2001 Bollywood film Asoka, the great Indian warrior king, was \"riddled with historical inaccuracies and many students confused the movie for historical facts\" in classrooms. In her book Reel History: The World According to Movies, British historian Alex von Tunzelmann writes that a \"lot of people can and do believe some of the things they see in the movies\". \"Many of us will know that a particularly outlandish claim is tosh when we watch it, but years later it may have taken root in our imaginations - and we don't always remember that we first saw it in a fictional film.\" 'Suspend disbelief' Now Mohenjo Daro's makers and cast have defended the film as historical fiction. They claim that the film is a fictitious tale of people of a bygone time. \"Hindi cinema is entertainment cinema not realist cinema\", says Rachel Dwyer, a professor of Indian Cultures and Cinema of London University's School of Oriental and African Studies. In his defence, Gowarikar told an interviewer to \"suspend disbelief\" while watching the film and ignore the history and authenticity part of the film. He also said he had \"taken plenty of artistic liberties with the looks of the characters\". Gowarikar's supporters have also pointed out that Hollywood has also slipped with regard to history with movies like 300, Rise of an Empire or 2000 BC. \"Popular history is more important than academic history in films. It's not just cinema. Popular narratives of the Tudors are similar in Britain. History as history would be documentary rather than a feature film\", says Prof Dwyer."
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"Represent the example for the following task: Generate an appropriate title for the given text. The generated title must be short and include the main topic of the text. The preferred titles are under fifteen words.:",
"Film review website Rotten Tomatoes, which collates reviews, currently has the movie on a 0% rating. Which means not one of the 23 critics whose reviews are on the site so far have given the film the thumbs up. The film invites viewers inside a smartphone, where an emoji called Gene has a glitch which allows him to use expressions other than his \"meh\" face. But when Gene comes under threat of deletion, he goes in search of a hacker who can reprogramme him and eliminate his unwanted facial expressions. Here's a rundown of the reaction to the film, due for release in the UK on 4 August. Charles Bramesco - The Guardian The most disturbing part of this toxic film is the way it infects audiences with its ugly cynicism. A viewer leaves The Emoji Movie a colder person, not only angry at the film for being unconscionably bad, but resentful of it for making them feel angry. A critic can accept the truth that art and commerce will spend eternity locked in opposition. Nevertheless it's still startling to see art that cheers commerce on while being stamped in the face by its boots. Read the full review here. Katie Walsh - Los Angeles Times The Emoji Movie isn't terrible, it isn't offensive or outright bad. It just is, and there could be far worse ways to spend 86 minutes. But maybe, just maybe, it'd be the better choice to spend those 86 minutes outside, or reading a book, or talking face-to-face with another human being. Because The Emoji Movie could not be more meh. Read the full review here. Glenn Kenny - The New York Times This movie's \"believe in yourself\" message is borne out, in a perverse way, by the very fact that it even exists. And yet the whole thing remains nakedly idiotic. To add to the pain and despair of the experience, The Emoji Movie is preceded by a short, Puppy, featuring the characters from the Hotel Transylvania animated movies. It is also idiotic. Read the full review here. John DeFore - The Hollywood Reporter Given the right combination of inspiration, intelligence and gifted artists, any dumb thing can be turned into an enjoyable film. But Tony Leondis' The Emoji Movie, a very, very dumb thing, comes nowhere near that magic combination. It is fast and colourful enough to attract young kids, but offers nearly nothing to their parents. If only this smartphone-centric dud, so happy to hawk real-world apps to its audience, could have done the same in its release strategy - coming out via Snapchat, where it would vanish shortly after arrival. But even that wouldn't be fast enough. Read the full review here. Tim Grierson - Screen Daily A film as mindless and disposable as most smartphone apps — and nowhere near as addictive — Sony's animated The Emoji Movie is a calamitous comedy that inadvertently shows how difficult it is to pull off the witty, imaginative world-building that Pixar makes seem so breezy. Despite wanly espousing the importance of individuality, this anonymous product couldn't feel more strained or cautious, playing down to its childhood audience while offering plenty of screen time to the myriad brands featured in this movie-length advertisement. Read the full review here. Alonso Durade - The Wrap It is a soul-crushing disaster because it lacks humour, wit, ideas, visual style, compelling performances, a point of view or any other distinguishing characteristic that would make it anything but a complete waste of your time, not to mention that of the diligent animators who brought this catastrophe into being. Read the full review here. David Erlich - Indiewire Once upon a time, something like The Emoji Movie would be regarded as a dire commentary on the culture that produced it. These days, the culture so consistently comments upon itself that something like The Emoji Movie just makes you wonder what's left to be said. Yes, this is ugly swill that will make parents daydream about going back to work, but at least the poop emoji is wearing a bowtie. At least he's a good dad (yes, the poop emoji has a son). At least he knows that he stinks. Read the full review here. Follow us on Facebook, on Twitter @BBCNewsEnts, or on Instagram at bbcnewsents. If you have a story suggestion email [email protected]."
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"Represent the example for the following task: Generate an appropriate title for the given text. The generated title must be short and include the main topic of the text. The preferred titles are under fifteen words.:",
"By Steven McIntoshEntertainment reporter at the Toronto Film Festival The pair first teamed up on 2014's The Theory of Everything which earned Redmayne an Oscar. Now they're returning with The Aeronauts, which premiered in Toronto on Sunday. \"When someone suggested it, I thought oh yes, that would be amazing,\" Redmayne said of their reunion. \"It was absolutely wonderful. It was one of those things where we'd had the most intense and extraordinary experience making The Theory of Everything, and when we were offered this script it was that slight nervousness of 'Do we go back?' \"But we enjoyed that experience so much, so we called each other up and I was like, 'I'll do it if you do it'. And I'm so thrilled we did because it was a ride.\" Set in 1862, The Aeronauts follows balloonist Amelia Wren and meteorologist James Glaisher, whose goal is to fly higher than anyone in history. But they face both physical and emotional challenges as the altitude increases, and the pair eventually have to fight for survival as the air thins. The film is directed by Tom Harper and written by Jack Thorne, who is well known for scripting the Harry Potter play. \"For me it's a film about wonder,\" Redmayne told BBC News. \"And we're in a world in which, and I'm a massive culprit of it, we spend so much time looking at our phones and looking down, and for me the film is about looking up, so that's what attracted me to it.\" Jones said the pair have a good working relationship because of their similar approach to filmmaking. \"We're such great friends and we're both very meticulous, we push each other, it can be quite an intense process working together,\" she explained. \"We're very similar in that we don't stop until we get something that we think is good. We'll keep pushing for takes, so it was a wonderful experience to work with someone who is as emphatic and determined as oneself.\" She continued: \"We both said yes together, we were sent the scripts separately, and the fact they're both such brilliant characters, that's what clinched it. I think had one character not been so good the other person may not have wanted to take part, but there were was so much rich stuff for both of us, so it was a mutual agreement.\" Jones added the film was an opportunity to return to the style of role she hasn't done since her appearance in 2016's Rogue One: A Star Wars Story. \"I was desperate to do some action, having done Rogue One a few years ago, and there's this wonderful climb that Amelia Wren has at the end of the film, and that's what clinched it for me, just being back doing an action film.\" Critics have welcomed Jones and Redmayne's reunion, although the film has received mixed reviews overall. \"The script unfortunately settles for the bare minimum to define James and Amelia, and steadily loses air when it reaches for melodramatic cliches,\" wrote Tomris Laffly in Variety. \"Tedious and increasingly unwelcome flashbacks feel exasperating as they continually interrupt the balloon's graceful yet perilous glide over London and undercut the brainy tête-à-tête between the leads.\" Eric Kohn of IndieWire added: \"The Aeronauts throws historical accuracy to the wind, but at least does justice to the thrill of early flight, using new technology to enhance an old-fashioned survival story. \"There's enough potential with the balloon's feats to justify an entire feature-length experience set within its basket, but The Aeronauts constantly interrupts the journey to shoehorn random tangents on the ground, and busies up the drama with underdeveloped side characters.\" The Aeronauts is set to be released in cinemas for a short window before Amazon Studios makes it available on its streaming service."
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"Represent the example for the following task: Generate an appropriate title for the given text. The generated title must be short and include the main topic of the text. The preferred titles are under fifteen words.:",
"By John CampbellBBC News NI Economics & Business Editor TotalMobile, which employs 150 people, makes business software for use on mobile devices. The Belfast company said the investment will fund product development and help expand its presence within the UK and internationally. Lyceum bought a shareholding previously held by another investor, MMC Ventures. The value of the deal has not been disclosed. 'Success story' In 2014, TotalMobile returned pre-tax profits of £2m on turnover of £11.5m. It has customers across the public and private sectors including Nottinghamshire County Council and Allianz Engineering. Lyceum Capital's investment director Martin Wygas, and Geoff Neville, operations and development partner at the firm, will join the TotalMobile board. Martin Wygas said: \"TotalMobile is a classic software success story, whose growth has been driven by a dedication to customer-focused design. \"This has given the business a genuine point of difference, resulting in impressive growth. We see enormous opportunity to develop further their world-class software business.\" 'Ideal partner' TotalMobile's chief executive officer, Colin Reid, said: \"Partnering with a firm like Lyceum, and bringing individuals like Geoff and Martin onto our board, gives us the strategic, operational and financial support we need to achieve scale in a high growth market. \"Lyceum has an excellent track record of growing successful global technology firms, which makes them the ideal partner.\" TotalMobile was advised by Altium, Tughans and KPMG. Lyceum's advisors on the deal were Smith Square Partner, EY, Pinsent Masons and PwC."
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"Represent the example for the following task: Generate an appropriate title for the given text. The generated title must be short and include the main topic of the text. The preferred titles are under fifteen words.:",
"Thompson Aero Seating designs and manufactures business class seats for commercial airlines. It said 52 of the new jobs had already been filled. The company said the enhanced workforce would help boost its production capacity in order to meet the growing demand for the company's business class seating. Invest NI is contributing £1.7m towards the £10m investment. Enterprise Minister Arlene Foster welcomed the announcement. \"Thompson Aero Seating has positioned itself as a credible own-brand provider of high quality business class aircraft seats and this expansion signals its continued commitment to growth in the global aerospace industry,\" she said. \"The 85 new jobs being created at the company will generate £3.5m annually in salaries for the local economy and ensure Thompson Aero Seating can continue to meet tight airline delivery schedules. \"Northern Ireland's aerospace sector has an international reputation for quality and innovation which, with support from Invest NI, is growing year on year. Thompson Aero Seating's investment will not only enhance this position, but contribute to the rebalancing of the local economy by driving export growth and increasing employment.\" Gary Montgomery, chief executive officer at Thompson Aero Seating Ltd, said the company had \"witnessed tremendous growth and success\" in recent years. \"The support offered by Invest NI has been instrumental to our business' development,\" he said. \"With air traffic expected to double in the next 15 years our latest expansion supported by Invest NI will help us capitalise on this potential business. \"Our target is to grow sales of our patented seating concepts by over £40m in the next two years and with an already very strong order book confirmed, we are well positioned to achieve this objective.\" Thompson Aero Seating Ltd has three sites in the Portadown area and currently employs 137 staff."
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"Represent the example for the following task: Generate an appropriate title for the given text. The generated title must be short and include the main topic of the text. The preferred titles are under fifteen words.:",
"The Aberdeen-based firm announced a rise in pre-tax profit on its operations in 2014, up 11% from $374m to $415m (£243m to £270m). With the market radically changed, it said 2015 would \"demonstrate resilience in a challenging market\". That includes a cut in its costs of $30m (£19.5m), and a focus in helping clients become more efficient. In December, Wood Group announced a freeze on staff salaries and a cut in contractor payment rates. It explained its plans for this year in a separate statement which said: \"We are committed to making sustained cost savings. \"The measures we are taking include tightening spending controls, reducing discretionary spend, and, to a lesser extent, deferring activities. \"We are also looking at opportunities to create greater synergy across the business and moving to shared services, starting with human resources in the UK and finance in North America.\" 'Steep decline' In total, Wood Group's revenue rose 8% to $7.616bn (£4.95bn). With operations in 50 countries, the strongest performing part of the business was in production services, known as Wood Group PSN. It saw earnings before tax and interest rise by 30%, driven by last year's performance in US shale and growth in its North Sea business. It was also successful in renewing contracts in the UK North Sea, and acquired the Swaggart business in the US. About 40% of its activities were in the Americas. Less successful were the engineering division and the unit providing turbines to the energy and power station sectors. Ian Marchant, the new chairman of Wood Group, said the results were in line with expectations \"against a backdrop of a steep decline in oil prices towards the end of the year\". He said: \"In line with our focus on customer efficiency, we are also implementing internal cost and efficiency measures to ensure we remain competitive.\" Share price The company emphasised to shareholders that it balances operational and capital expenditure, and it is diversified in long-term contracts as well as its range of customers and where it operates. Reviewing 2014, the oil services giant said 70% of its growth was from organic growth of existing business, and the rest from acquisitions of other companies. Wood Group operates through more than 2,000 contracts, and says that collaboration within the business was crucial to winning contracts in Malaysia, Saudi Arabia and Angola. Its share price was trading up 12% at 705p following publication of the full-year figures and outlook statement. This follows a drop from 818p last June, as low as 527p a month ago. That may reflect a new strategy on dividends, raising them 25% this year."
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"Represent the example for the following task: Generate an appropriate title for the given text. The generated title must be short and include the main topic of the text. The preferred titles are under fifteen words.:",
"Stuart Lymer, 45, was searched by officers but was injured after being put in the van with another person who had not been searched. Lymer and a teenage girl were travelling on a train from England when they were arrested by police officers. The incident is the subject of a Police Investigations and Review Commissioner (Pirc) investigation. Lymer admitted having a knife at Perth Railway Station on 5 March last year. David Holmes, defending told Perth Sheriff Court: \"He received a significant injury as a result of this matter. \"There had been an investigation over an attempted murder. \"We had been awaiting the outcome of the Crown's deliberations in relation to that other party.\" Restraining order The teenager, who had been reported as a missing person, has not appeared in court in connection with any alleged offence. Depute fiscal Matthew Kerr said: \"The accused was searched prior to entering a police vehicle and from within a bag in his possession a craft knife was recovered.\" Sheriff Keith O'Mahoney deferred sentence on Lymer for the preparation of social work reports. Lymer, from Uttoxeter, Staffordshire, was jailed for four months in England and given a five-year restraining order last week after admitting taking a child away from their guardian or responsible person in March last year. A spokesman for the Crown Office said the case against the teenage girl was still \"under consideration\"."
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"Represent the example for the following task: Generate an appropriate title for the given text. The generated title must be short and include the main topic of the text. The preferred titles are under fifteen words.:",
"The 31-year-old was attacked at about 00:20 BST in Walkley Lane, in the Hillsborough district. A second man, 29, who was also stabbed, has been discharged from hospital. South Yorkshire Police said a man, aged 24, had been arrested on suspicion of attempted murder and wounding. Forbes Road and Walkley Lane have been closed while inquiries are carried out. In a separate incident, a woman, 23, has been charged with wounding after a woman, aged 43, suffered slash wounds to her neck outside a house in Kyle Crescent, in the Southey Green area."
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"Represent the example for the following task: Generate an appropriate title for the given text. The generated title must be short and include the main topic of the text. The preferred titles are under fifteen words.:",
"Laura Huteson, 21, was found with serious injuries at a property in Milldane in the Orchard Park area of the city on Tuesday. A 23-year-old local man has been arrested on suspicion of murder and remains in custody Det Ch Insp Mark Goulding, who is leading the investigation, said officers wanted to hear from anybody \"who saw or heard anything unusual\". More on this and other Hull stories \"Our thoughts remain with Laura's family and friends, and specialist members of my team are continuing to support them,\" he said."
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"Represent the example for the following task: Generate an appropriate title for the given text. The generated title must be short and include the main topic of the text. The preferred titles are under fifteen words.:",
"The actress is accused of knocking down 72-year-old Terry Sanderson leaving him with a brain injury, short term memory loss and four broken ribs. Sanderson's lawyers say he has also experienced a personality change. The Goop founder has denied the allegations. Her publicist Heather Wilson said the \"lawsuit is without merit and we expect to be vindicated.\" The case seeks $3.1m [£2.36m] in damages. It claims she was skiing \"out of control\" when she hit the retired optometrist on a beginner's slope on 26 February 2016. In a press conference he said he remembers being thrown forward after hearing a woman scream but suffers memory issues over exactly what happened because he said he was knocked unconscious. Craig Ramon, who was skiing with Mr Sanderson, said he witnessed Paltrow hitting him in the back, knocking him over and falling on top of him. Mr Sanderson said it was \"unkind\" of Paltrow to immediately ski off and not check he was ok. Follow us on Facebook, on Twitter @BBCNewsEnts, or on Instagram at bbcnewsents. If you have a story suggestion email [email protected]."
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"Represent the example for the following task: Generate an appropriate title for the given text. The generated title must be short and include the main topic of the text. The preferred titles are under fifteen words.:",
"The star was arrested at 4am on Thursday (29 November) and charged with assault. She is accused of getting into an argument with another woman at Club Avenue in Manhattan's Chelsea district. Police say the 26-year-old hit the woman in the face with her hand but that she did not need medical help. In September she was accused of clipping a man with her car outside another New York nightclub but the charges were dropped. In May, she was also cleared of allegations that she hit a Hollywood nightclub manager with her car. Probation Last month police were called to her childhood home on Long Island after reports of fight between her and her mother but no evidence was found to support the claims. The actress was also involved in a car crash in California this summer. The star and an assistant were taken to hospital and the accident is still being investigated. Lindsay Lohan remains on probation for taking a necklace from a jewellery store without permission last year. It means she doesn't have to check in with a judge or probation officer but could face a jail term if arrested again. Her latest film, Liz & Dick, in which she portrays screen icon Elizabeth Taylor, premiered on US television on Sunday (25 November). Lindsay Lohan has also recently filmed The Canyons, an independent film written by Less Than Zero and American Psycho's Bret Easton Ellis. Follow @BBCNewsbeat on Twitter"
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"Represent the example for the following task: Generate an appropriate title for the given text. The generated title must be short and include the main topic of the text. The preferred titles are under fifteen words.:",
"Jessica Mann detailed a catalogue of abuse by the Hollywood producer, saying he once trapped her in a hotel bedroom and raped her. Three of the five charges against Mr Weinstein relate to Ms Mann. He denies non-consensual sex and his lawyers say emails prove his and Ms Mann's relationship was consensual. WARNING: This story contains details some readers may find upsetting Ms Mann's evidence came at the end of the fourth week of the Manhattan trial of the Oscar-winning Hollywood mogul, who produced films including Shakespeare in Love and The English Patient. The 34-year-old said she met him in late 2012 or early 2013 at a party, and she told him of her ambition to be an actress. Later, she said, he invited her and a friend to a Los Angeles hotel suite. He then allegedly pulled Ms Mann into a bedroom and performed oral sex on her. Ms Mann then began a relationship with Mr Weinstein. \"I entered into what I thought was going to be a real relationship with him and it was extremely degrading from that point on,\" she said. She said he once urinated on her, and in 2013 raped her in a Manhattan hotel room. \"If he heard the word 'no,' it was like a trigger for him,\" she said. When asked why she stayed in the relationship, Ms Mann said in tears that there was \"no short answer\". \"One of the aspects initially was that I had had a sexual encounter\" with him, she said. \"That wasn't something I could undo. That really confused me and hurt me.\" She stayed with him partly out of fear, she said. One of Mr Weinstein's lawyers, Damon Cheronis, said Ms Mann sent \"flattering\" emails to Mr Weinstein during their relationship, one of which said \"Miss you, big guy.\" These prove the relationship was not abusive, the defence alleges. In Friday's testimony, Ms Mann also alleged that Mr Weinstein had \"extreme scarring\" on his body and used erectile dysfunction medication. She also believed he was intersex, and it appeared he had a vagina and no testicles. Since October 2017, more than 80 women have publicly accused Mr Weinstein of sexual misconduct but this criminal case involves only a few of them. Some consider the trial a watershed moment, where some of Mr Weinstein's alleged victims have had their voices heard in court for the first time. Mr Weinstein is on trial for five offences, including rape and predatory sexual assault. He denies the charges and all allegations of wrongdoing, but if convicted could face life in prison. Here is what has happened in the trial so far. Week 1: Protests and jury selection Mr Weinstein turned up to his first court appearance heavily aided and using a walking frame. Crowds of protesters, including some accusers, gathered outside the courthouse to try and face him down. \"You thought you could terrorise me and others into silence. You were wrong,\" actress Rose McGowan, who accuses him of rape, said reading from an open letter. The same day, on 6 January, the Los Angeles County district attorney's office announced new charges against Mr Weinstein. After the New York trial, he is expected to appear in court in California. Finding an impartial jury for the New York case was a difficult task, with hundreds summoned as potential jurors. Mr Weinstein's legal team even filed a last-minute motion to move the trial outside Manhattan over the \"carnival-like atmosphere\" surrounding proceedings. They cited the media hype about model Gigi Hadid being among the potential jurors. The first week of proceedings ended with a flash-mob of protesters performing an anti-rape chant outside, which could be heard inside the courtroom. Week 2: The jury is chosen During the process, prosecutors accused Mr Weinstein's defence team of \"systematically eliminating\" young white women as jurors. The selection process concluded with five women and seven men on the panel. \"This trial is not a referendum on the #MeToo movement. It is not a referendum on sexual harassment,\" Judge James Burke told the jury, saying they must only decide if Mr Weinstein \"committed certain acts which constitute a particular crime\". Week 3: The trial and testimony begins \"The man seated right there was not just a titan in Hollywood, he was a rapist,\" prosecutor Meghan Hast said in her opening statement on 22 January. She accused him of using his celebrity status to manipulate women and explicitly detailed allegations against him. Only two of the accusers' cases, Mimi (Miriam) Haleyi and Jessica Mann, have led to individual criminals charges in New York but the testimony of others is being used as supporting evidence. Ms Hast described how Mr Weinstein allegedly \"lunged at\" Ms Haleyi in 2006 to perform a forced sex act on her. Ms Mann alleges he raped her in a New York hotel in 2013. One of Mr Weinstein's lawyers, Damon Cheronis, insists the state's case would \"unravel\" during the trial and urged the jury: \"While the narrative they painted for you is one that may reinforce your preconceived notions, it's not the truth.\" The defence aim to present the sexual interactions as consensual. At the opening, Mr Cheronis alleged one accuser had even described Mr Weinstein as \"her casual boyfriend\". US actress Annabella Sciorra testified on 23 January that the film producer raped her in the winter of 1993/4. Her allegations, outside New York's statue of limitations, are being used to support the most serious charge of predatory sexual assault. She said Mr Weinstein forced his way into her apartment after a dinner with others. \"I was trying to get him off me,\" she told the jury. \"I was punching him, kicking him.\" The former Sopranos actress described her body shaking after the alleged assault and said she did not go public with it for years because she was \"afraid for her life\". Ms Sciorra's friend, fellow actress Rosie Perez, testified that she shared some details of the incident with her at the time, but on cross-examination lawyers challenged Ms Sciorra's ability to remember the exact date of the alleged attack. A forensic psychiatrist, Dr Barbara Ziv, also testified as an expert witness to explain misconceptions around rape and the behaviour of victims. Week 4: More victim accounts Production assistant Mimi Haleyi told the court that Mr Weinstein assaulted her twice in Manhattan in 2006, after he helped her get a job on a television show he produced. She detailed an incident at his apartment where she alleges he performed oral sex on her, without consent, when she was on her period. \"Every time I tried to get off the bed he would push me back and hold me down,\" Ms Haleyi said during emotional testimony. \"At this point I realised what was happening. I'm being raped.\" She told the court he convinced her to meet again weeks later. On that occasion she allegedly \"laid there\" as he had sex with her in an incident that left her feeling \"numb\" and like \"an idiot\". Mr Weinstein has only been charged over first alleged encounter. During cross-examination Mr Weinstein's defence focused on her continued contact with him after the alleged incidents and presented email exchanges between the two including one she signed off with \"lots of love\". Throughout the week further \"prior bad acts\" witnesses continued to testify. Former actress Dawn Dunning alleged Mr Weinstein put her hands up her skirt and touched her genitals at a hotel in Soho in 2004 and later tried to offer her film roles in exchange for sex. Tarale Wulff alleged Mr Weinstein masturbated in front of her in 2005 when she worked as a waitress. She said she was later invited to read scripts by Weinstein Company staff and was taken to his apartment, where he allegedly raped her."
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"Represent the example for the following task: Generate an appropriate title for the given text. The generated title must be short and include the main topic of the text. The preferred titles are under fifteen words.:",
"New Zealand-born Sgt Ratana, known as Matt, was shot in the chest in Croydon as a suspect, who was still in handcuffs, was being checked in. Met Commissioner Dame Cressida Dick described the 54-year-old as \"talented officer\" who was \"big in heart\". After the shooting at about 02:15 BST the suspect, 23, is then thought to have shot himself. The Independent Office for Police Conduct (IOPC) said the man was arrested on suspicion of possession of Class B drugs with intent to supply and possession of ammunition. He is currently in a critical condition in hospital. The IOPC confirmed he was handcuffed with his hands behind his back and had been taken to the custody centre in a police vehicle, before being escorted into the building. The shots were fired as officers prepared to search the suspect, who was still handcuffed, with a metal detector, the IOPC said. \"A non-police issue firearm, which appears to be a revolver, has been recovered from the scene. Further ballistic work will be required,\" said IOPC regional director Sal Naseem. A minute's silence was held at 16:00 BST at New Scotland Yard and Croydon Police Station to pay tribute to Sgt Ratana, who was heavily involved in rugby coaching when he was not working. He would have been eligible for retirement in just two months. \"Matt spent very nearly 30 years as a uniformed police officer serving the public of London,\" said Dame Cressida. \"He will be remembered so fondly in Croydon and missed there, as well as in the Met and the rugby world,\" she said. She added that he \"leaves a partner and he leaves an adult son from a previous relationship. Our thoughts are with them.\" Sgt Ratana joined the Met in 1991, having moved to the UK in 1989. He was originally from the Hawke's Bay area of New Zealand and was educated at Palmerston North Boy's High School's, a town north of the capital, Wellington. He served in various parts of London including Hackney and Selhurst, with his last posting as custody sergeant in Croydon, where he managed suspects who are brought into the cells. \"He worked in our detention command at Croydon but frequently volunteered for duty in custody suites across London,\" Dame Cressida added. Sgt Ratana had led rugby teams in Worthing, close to Goring-by-Sea where he then lived and in East Grinstead, where he was living when he died. Ryan Morlen, assistant head coach at East Grinstead Rugby Club, described him as \"an absolutely lovely bloke\". \"He is a bloke who is just so passionate about what he does - it does not matter whether you're the most talented or least talented, he will treat you equal,\" he said. Earlier, BBC home affairs correspondent Danny Shaw said it was believed the suspect was known to counter-terrorism police. He had been referred to the anti-extremism \"Prevent\" programme, though the Met said the murder inquiry was not being treated as terrorism-related. The Met said a murder investigation was under way, but the shooting was not being treated as a counter-terrorism incident. Dame Cressida said she understood \"the great concern about how this happened\" and that officers \"will establish the facts\". \"We owe it to Matt, his loved ones and all other officers. But we need to give investigators space to do their job,\" she said. London's Mayor Sadiq Khan earlier said the police were currently \"reviewing the safety of custody suites\" and \"there could be changes very soon\". Police officers and members of the public have been arriving at Croydon Police Station during the day to lay tributes. The owner of a gym in Lancing, Sussex, told the BBC how Sgt Ratana had helped when his business was going through financial difficulty. Neil Donohue, 54, said: \"He came in one day and gave me 200 quid out of the blue, I said no no, I can't accept that and gave it back to him. \"But the next day he wired it into my account. That's the sort of guy he was.\" A number of police officers have been turning their social media profile pictures black with a blue stripe to pay their respects. John Davies, a retired officer who worked with Sgt Ratana when he was based in Hillingdon, said he was \"a truly remarkable, strong and unique individual\" who \"left an impression on all those he came into contact with\". East Grinstead RFC also released a tribute to their \"much-loved\" head coach. \"Matt was an inspiring and much-loved figure at the club and there are truly no words to describe how we are feeling,\" said Bob Marsh, the club's chairman, and the club's president Andy Poole."
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"Represent the example for the following task: Generate an appropriate title for the given text. The generated title must be short and include the main topic of the text. The preferred titles are under fifteen words.:",
"The 57-year-old man died just before 03:00 GMT in the shooting in Summers Street, said the Independent Office for Police Conduct (IOPC), which is investigating. It said the shooting happened after Wiltshire Police were called to two men \"arguing in the street\". The force said it would be stepping up its presence in the area but added there was no danger to the public. In a statement the IOPC said police were called to Summers Street, in the Rodbourne area of Swindon, just after 02:00 GMT. \"At this early stage it is believed a 57-year-old man has been fatally shot during the police response to reports of two men arguing in the street,\" the statement said. The IOPC said the man was confirmed dead in an ambulance at 02:56 GMT. It said investigators were at the scene and were speaking to officers involved in the incident. The IOPC added it was \"mandatory for us to conduct an independent investigation when the police fatally shoot a member of the public\". \"Our thoughts and sympathies are with all of those affected by this terrible incident,\" it added. Wiltshire Police said it would not be commenting on the incident because of the IOPC investigation. A spokesman said: \"We would, however, like to reassure the public there is no risk to the wider community and that there is likely to be an increased police presence in the area for a considerable time.\" Follow BBC West on Facebook, Twitter and Instagram. Send your story ideas to: [email protected]"
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"Represent the example for the following task: Generate an appropriate title for the given text. The generated title must be short and include the main topic of the text. The preferred titles are under fifteen words.:",
"The security forces who advanced a kilometre have now consolidated positions in the area, he said. In the fighting between the army and the Tamil Tigers, nineteen LTTE cadres were killed and thirty injured while one soldier was killed and five injured, Brigadier Nanayakkara said. 'Shankar' killed In Batticaloa, Brigadier Nanayakkara said , an eastern military leader of the LTTE, called 'Shankar' killed himself exploding a grenade. \"This happened when the the security forces wanted to check this person on suspicion\", he said.Civilians photographed Asked why the people living in and around Kallimune near the Mannar Naval Base were being photographed by security forces, Brigadier Nanayakkara said the photos were taken and identities were registered for their own safety. \"If the identity of the residents of the area are known to the security forces, they will have less trouble in corden and search operations\", said the military spokesman."
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"Represent the example for the following task: Generate an appropriate title for the given text. The generated title must be short and include the main topic of the text. The preferred titles are under fifteen words.:",
"Robert Riley was charged on Sunday West Yorkshire Police said he would appear before magistrates in Leeds on Monday. Mr Riley is the second person to be charged with the offence in the wake of the death of Mrs Maguire. She was stabbed to death in her classroom at Corpus Christi Catholic College in Leeds a week ago. Jake Newsome, 21, from the Harehills area of Leeds, was released on bail after being charged for the alleged abuse, officers said. He is due to appear before Leeds Magistrates Court on 14 May. A 15-year-old boy, who cannot be identified for legal reasons, has been charged with Mrs Maguire's murder and is due to stand trial in November."
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"Represent the example for the following task: Generate an appropriate title for the given text. The generated title must be short and include the main topic of the text. The preferred titles are under fifteen words.:",
"Yousef Makki, from Burnage, died after being attacked in Gorse Bank Road, Hale Barns, near Altrincham, on Saturday. A 17-year-old boy, who cannot be named for legal reasons, appeared at Manchester Youth Court charged with murder and possession of a lock knife. He was remanded in custody to appear at Manchester Crown Court on Thursday. Another boy, also 17, who is charged with assisting an offender and possession of a blade, has been bailed to appear at the youth court on 28 March. Manchester Grammar School, where Yousef was studying for his A-levels, said he was a \"dearly loved, incredibly bright pupil\". He is thought to have won a scholarship to attend the £12,000 a year independent school and dreamed of becoming a heart surgeon."
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"Represent the example for the following task: Generate an appropriate title for the given text. The generated title must be short and include the main topic of the text. The preferred titles are under fifteen words.:",
"Some 20 teenagers originally faced murder charges following the 2010 murder of Sofyen Belamouadden under a law increasingly being used to tackle gang violence. After four trials lasting 21 months, three have been convicted of murder, five of manslaughter, including Bayode, 12 of lesser charges and three cleared. The case is the latest example of how the law of joint enterprise can be deployed to successfully prosecute crimes involving large numbers of people. But some campaigners argue the law is a \"lazy\" option for prosecutors and can lead to miscarriages of justice. The centuries-old law allows a whole group of people to be prosecuted for the differing roles they played in a murder. There is a version of the law in Scotland, although it is applied slightly differently. Historically, joint enterprise helped authorities deal with duels, enabling them to prosecute the duellers, their supporters and doctors who treated the wounded. To make a normal murder charge stick, prosecutors need to prove the defendant intended to kill. But the terms of joint enterprise are different - and at the heart of it is the concept of foresight. Prosecutors must prove the defendants were involved in some kind of common criminal enterprise and, in the course of their actions, the individuals could have foreseen that one member of the group might kill or inflict serious harm. In other words, if three friends were walking down the road and one stabbed a passer-by, the others could not be prosecuted if they genuinely had no idea that their companion was carrying a knife or intended to use it. But if the trio looked for trouble, and each person knew that one of them was carrying a knife as a weapon, then each could be convicted over its use because they could have foreseen the consequences. The most well-known and controversial conviction involving joint enterprise was that of Derek Bentley in 1952, for the murder of a policeman. He was convicted of the shooting and subsequently hanged. But he did not pull the trigger and the killer was too young to be sentenced to death. Bentley was in fact convicted on his disputed words - \"Let him have it\" - and on the joint enterprise principle that he could have foreseen the outcome. After a long campaign, the Court of Appeal quashed the conviction in 1998. A more recent case went all the way to the House of Lords. In 2004, Tyrone Clarke was stabbed to death in a gang fight in Leeds - and four men were convicted of his murder. They lost their appeal after the Law Lords concluded they could be found guilty by joint enterprise, even though there was no evidence that any of the four had inflicted the fatal injuries. The legislation has been used increasingly in recent years to deal with knife crime among teenage gangs as it allows police to cast a net widely and deal with walls of silence. Metropolitan Police Commander Simon Foy said this was a reflection of detectives' growing experience in investigating such murders. \"I've heard it called a lazy law and that we're just scooping people up, but it's a painstaking account of everyone who has been involved. That description is not accurate,\" he says. But campaign group Joint Enterprise Not Guilty by Association (Jengba) says the law promotes miscarriages of justice. It has been approached by 338 people who say they have been wrongfully convicted. \"Many of whom are serving life sentences for something they did not do, did not foresee what was going to happen nor intend to happen, but have been convicted by an archaic law that is being abused to get convictions and not justice,\" co-ordinator Gloria Morrison says. You can find out more about the history and development of the law of joint enterprise by listening to this BBC Radio 4 Law in Action programme from 2009."
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"Represent the example for the following task: Generate an appropriate title for the given text. The generated title must be short and include the main topic of the text. The preferred titles are under fifteen words.:",
"By Richard BlackEnvironment correspondent, BBC News Commerce Secretary Gary Locke has formally told President Obama that Iceland's hunt threatens the species, which is globally endangered. The president has 60 days to give his response, which can include trade bans. Iceland resumed commercial whaling in 2006, and the fin whale catch has since risen to about 150 per year, with most of the meat exported to Japan. But Iceland's fisheries minister said the country's whaling was based on \"sound science\". \"Iceland's disregard for the International Whaling Commission's (IWC) global moratorium on commercial whaling is unacceptable,\" said Mr Locke. \"Its harvest of whales and export of fin whale meat threaten an endangered species and undermine worldwide efforts to protect whales. \"It's critical that the government of Iceland take immediate action to comply with the moratorium.\" He also notes the country's smaller annual catch of minke whales. Most of this meat is eaten locally, though some has been exported. Stock take Iceland left the IWC in 1992, but controversially re-joined a decade later with the condition that it could resume commercial whaling in 2006, which it did. Generally, commercial whaling has been banned since 1986. Iceland's Fisheries Minister Jon Bjarnason said he was surprised at the US move given that Icelandic whaling was \"based on sound science\" and sustainable. \"The annual quota of minke whales is 216 from a stock of approximately 70,000 animals, and the annual quota of fin whales is 154 from a stock of approximately 20,000 animals,\" said a ministry statement. \"The fin whale stock in the North Atlantic is abundant and in very good shape, and is in no way connected to the stock in the Southern Ocean which is in a poor state.\" The fin whale quota is calculated by Icelandic scientists based on computer models developed under the IWC's aegis. The models can be \"tuned\" to produce quotas that are more or less cautious. The current Icelandic quota is about three times higher than the figure the IWC would recommend based on the more conservative tuning it has decided is appropriate. Sanctions call The process Mr Locke has instigated is \"certification\" under the Pelly Amendment to the Fishermen's Protective Act of 1967. He recommends measures stopping short of a trade sanction, including instructing diplomats to raise the issue in talks with their Icelandic counterparts, and reviewing any projects in which the US co-operates with the Arctic nation. One possible casualty could be a proposed pan-Arctic search and rescue station near Reykjavik, for which Iceland is seeking US support. But his letter to Mr Obama notes that \"the Pelly Amendment authorises you to direct the Secretary of the Treasury to prohibit the importation into the United States of any products from Iceland...\" A number of anti-whaling groups have been calling on the US to take such a step; and the Whale and Dolphin Conservation Society (WDCS) described Mr Locke's action as \"a massive step forward\". \"The only way to make sure that whaling is finally ended in Iceland is for the president to send a strong and unambiguous message to Iceland's whaling industry - and that means sanctions,\" said Kate O'Connell. The US has certified Iceland on several previous occasions over whaling, but has yet to impose trade restrictions. However, there is a feeling among US officials that the size of the whalemeat trade to Japan, plus smaller exports to other countries, presents a new and serious threat to the well-being of Atlantic fin whales. The company behind the fin whale trade, Hvalur hf, has not hunted any this year because of poor market conditions in Japan following the March earthquake and tsunami. But it does intend to take to the seas again if and when the market improves."
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"Represent the example for the following task: Generate an appropriate title for the given text. The generated title must be short and include the main topic of the text. The preferred titles are under fifteen words.:",
"He made the comments as he began a brief visit to Tokyo, his first since becoming leader in September. Mr Turnbull later met Japan's PM Shinzo Abe - he has vowed to raise the whaling issue with Mr Abe, though has said it will not damage their relationship. The leaders are also expected to discuss trade, defence co-operation and South China Sea territorial disputes. Japan suspended its Antarctic hunt last year following an International Court of Justice ruling against it. But its whaling fleet set out for the Southern Ocean again earlier this month, with a target of 333 minke whales. The decision to resume hunting sparked a formal protest by 33 countries, including Australia and New Zealand. 'Good friends' Japan is Australia's second biggest trading partner after China, and as such Mr Turnbull will be keen to keep relations cordial, says the BBC's Jon Donnison in Sydney. But Mr Turnbull told a news conference in Tokyo that Australia was \"very disappointed that Japan has resumed whaling in the Southern Ocean\". As \"good friends\" the two countries \"should be upfront and frank about our differences of opinion, put them on the table and deal with them,\" he added, and should not let them \"erode the good will and the rest of the relationship\". Aside from addressing differences over whaling - an emotive subject in both countries' politics - Mr Turnbull is keen to use the trip to boost his own vision for an innovation-driven economy back home. Praising Japan's commitment to technological development, he made a trip to see Asimo, the humanoid robot designed by Honda, at the National Museum of Emerging Science and Innovation in Tokyo. He later posted a picture of him with the robot to Instagram. \"There has never been a better time to be investing in the friendship between Australia and Japan,\" Mr Turnbull told his audience. \"A strong Japan is good for our region, as is a strong Australia,\" he said. In their private conversations on Friday evening, Mr Abe and Mr Turnbull are also expected to discuss the South China Sea. Neither country has territorial claims there, but both reject China's claims to almost the entire sea, at the expense of Australia and Japan's allies, and their own freedom of navigation there. Mr Turnbull said both had \"a vested interest in disputes being resolved peacefully, in accordance with international law\", AFP reports."
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"Represent the example for the following task: Generate an appropriate title for the given text. The generated title must be short and include the main topic of the text. The preferred titles are under fifteen words.:",
"Nick Higgs is jetting off to study the mysterious Osedax worms which eat bones and mainly live off the skeletons of whales deep on the ocean floor. They are just one of a range of creatures that make their home around the carcasses of the giant mammals, in communities known as \"whale falls\". Mr Higgs will join the research trip led by senior scientist Robert Vrijenhoek of the Monterey Bay Aquarium Research Institute. He will take part in a week-long cruise in which they will survey four whale falls - three artificial and one natural. By studying the worms, scientists hope to learn more about these communities evolved. Whale falls occur when a whale dies in the deep ocean and sinks to the sea floor. Unlike whales that die in shallow waters (less than 200m deep), whose carcasses are quickly devoured by scavengers, the whale carcasses in the deep oceans can provide a feast for a complex community of organisms. Species found around whale falls range from clams and shrimp to larger creatures like octopuses, lobsters and even sharks. Osedax worms were not discovered until 2002 when they were observed living on the bones of a decaying grey whale in Monterey Bay, California. The worms, named after the Latin osedax or \"bone-eating\", are commonly called bone worms or zombie worms because of their strange feeding practices. Even though the worms have no mouth or stomach, they are able to burrow into the solid bone to feed and can eventually destroy an entire whale skeleton, leaving virtually no trace of the fossil record. Nick is particularly interested in how they bore into the bone: \"Because Osedax worms were only discovered a few years ago, there's still an awful lot we don't know about them. \"For example, different species of worm appear to like different parts of the bone, with some staying around the surface and others burrowing deep into the middle. \"I can also use CT scans to generate a 3D image of the bore holes and what they look like from the inside. Armed with this information, I hope to explore fossilized whale bones to see if I can find traces of this bone-eating worm in the fossil record.\" Researchers rarely stumble across natural whale falls so a lot of the communities they study are from whales that have died through beaching, which they then take back out to sea and artificially 'sink'. They will use submersible robots fitted with cameras to observe the communities surrounding the whales and may collect samples to study back in the lab."
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"Represent the example for the following task: Generate an appropriate title for the given text. The generated title must be short and include the main topic of the text. The preferred titles are under fifteen words.:",
"By Daniel BennettBBC Scotland The Harbours Masterplan aims to improve key sites over the next 20 years, including creating a £116m deep water quay at Scapa. Scapa Flow is the largest natural deep-water harbour in the northern hemisphere. It is hoped the scheme could be funded from the Islands Growth Deal as well as from private businesses. Those behind the plans say up to 100 jobs could be created as well as marine industry jobs at sea and onshore. Initial investment would see £115.7m spent on the Scapa project, £52.8m spent at Hatston Pier, £39.9m spent at Kirkwall Pier, £15.2m for Scapa Pier and £800,000 spent at Stromness. The Scapa Deep Water Quay would be a completely new development and would support the energy sector, such as maintenance of vessels and dealing with wind farm components. The plans also include marina and waterfront development, while others would have fuel facilities. The Stromness site would be devoted to capitalising on the increasing popularity of the cruise ship industry in Orkney, with further scope to develop other harbours on the island. \"We've done an outline business case, which conservatively suggests another 115 new jobs for the county,\" said harbour master Jim Buck. \"Those are good, long-term jobs.\" He said that offered \"generational change\". Mr Buck added: \"We've got the education system, and the ability to train people up to do these jobs\". The development of sites will be split into two phases. It is hoped phase one will have construction completed on projects within five years. Council leader James Stockan said: \"This is a business proposition - it's not pouring government money in or pouring Orkney money in. It's only going to be used if the business justifies the spend. \"We know that harbour jobs have huge spin off for everybody else on the islands, and that's the way we can make the money circulate.\" He added: \"We had two world wars, we've had an oil industry that's been with us for 40 years, and we have a pristine environment. \"It's really important that we look after the environment of Scapa Flow so that it's left in very good condition for future generations.\""
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"Represent the example for the following task: Generate an appropriate title for the given text. The generated title must be short and include the main topic of the text. The preferred titles are under fifteen words.:",
"A deal between ministers and Crown Estate Scotland means developers will have detail when Scots firms will be used as part of the leasing process. The deal came at a summit in Edinburgh attended by trade unions, UK government representatives and industry. It was called amid concerns about supply chain firms such as Bifab losing out on deals to foreign competitors. Ahead of the summit, the GMB Scotland union claimed contracts \"worth billions\" had been lost to overseas firms last year, \"costing tens of thousands of Scottish jobs\". Announcing the new steps, Economy Secretary Derek Mackay said: \"Scotland is the ideal location for offshore wind, but recent projects have not delivered the significant economic opportunities we want to see for Scottish businesses. \"The Scottish government has been calling for the offshore sector to do more by awarding contracts to our indigenous supply chain but recent disappointments suggest that more has to be done. \"I will use every lever at our disposal to ensure that our renewables supply chain benefits from the expansion of offshore wind in our waters, leading to the creation and retention of Scottish jobs.\" 'Long overdue' A joint statement from the Unite and GMB unions welcomed the \"long overdue measures\" but added that they \"must be the start of change and not the end\". It continued: \"The truth is it's been a decade of failure for job creation in Scotland's offshore wind sector. \"In 2011 employment in Scotland's offshore wind sector was forecast to be 28,000 direct jobs and 20,000 indirect jobs by 2020. \"We are nowhere near that and in the last few months redundancy notices have been handed out at supply chain firms like BiFab and CS Wind.\" It added: \"Without a detailed industrial plan involving the industry and a substantial programme of investment for our supply chain, our green jobs revolution will continue to be delivered in Spain, Saudi Arabia, UAE, Indonesia and China - anywhere but Scotland.\""
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"Represent the example for the following task: Generate an appropriate title for the given text. The generated title must be short and include the main topic of the text. The preferred titles are under fifteen words.:",
"But developers Hadleigh Industrial Estates said they still wanted to bring a manufacturer on board. They have also applied to build 134 homes as part of a £20m project. Director Richard Lanyon said: \"The plans, as submitted, remain the only viable option - without the mix of uses we've identified, it'll remain empty.\" The old Hotpoint washing machine factory, which once employed 1,000 people, closed in 2009 with 300 job losses. In June this year the prospect of a deal with Reflex & Allen to create an \"automotive industrial park\" was floated. The car components firm has a plant on Kinmel Park in Bodelwyddan, on the other side of the A55, where it manufactures pneumatic and hydraulic tubing. In addition to refurbishing the old Hotpoint site, the development also included new factory units, training centre and regional ambulance centre. Mr Lanyon said the collapse of the deal showed the fine tuning of the funding arrangements. He said: \"Nobody has fallen out with anybody. \"Reflex & Allen were faced with a situation where they had to vary the terms at the last minute before signing. 'Key strategic site' \"We've always said that the economics of the deal were finely balanced and this rather frustratingly proves the point. \"Any variation to the funding, whether in terms of the price for the refurbished factory or the housing, make the scheme unviable.\" Mr Lanyon said £20m would still be invested in the site if the planning permission is granted. He estimated the site could provide up to 400 jobs. \"This is a key strategic site for manufacturing in Wales and we're hopeful of full support from Denbighshire's planning committee in September so that we can continue to pursue a manufacturing tenant for the factory.\""
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"Represent the example for the following task: Generate an appropriate title for the given text. The generated title must be short and include the main topic of the text. The preferred titles are under fifteen words.:",
"Natalie Berry, who is originally from Bearsden and now lives in Edinburgh, ascended Dalriada on The Cobbler in the Arrochar Alps. It is graded as E7 6b, meaning its overall difficulty is classed as \"extremely severe\" and its hardest part requires a high degree of skill. The film, Transition, will be premiered at the Kendal Mountain Festival. Scottish production company, Hot Aches, followed Ms Berry over the course of a year as she moved from competitive indoor to traditional climbing. Lochaber-based professional climber Dave Macleod acted as her mentor. She attempted Dalriada last month while under the pressures of the film-makers' fast approaching deadline and expected arrival of winter weather. Ms Berry, one of the UK's leading female climbers, had also sliced two of her fingers while preparing dinner and the injuries threatened her chances of completing the route."
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"Represent the example for the following task: Generate an appropriate title for the given text. The generated title must be short and include the main topic of the text. The preferred titles are under fifteen words.:",
"Raha Moharrak, 25, not only became the first Saudi woman to attempt the climb but also the youngest Arab to make it to the top of Everest. She is part of a four-person expedition that also includes the first Qatari man and the first Palestinian man attempting to reach the summit. They are trying to raise $1m (£660,000) for education projects in Nepal. Originally from Jeddah, Ms Moharrak is a university graduate currently based in Dubai. Coming from Saudi Arabia - a conservative Muslim country where women's rights are very restricted - she had to break a lot of barriers to achieve her goal, her climb team said. A biography on the expedition website said convincing Ms Moharrak's family to agree to her climb \"was as great a challenge as the mountain itself\", though they fully support her now. \"I really don't care about being the first,\" she is quoted as saying. \"So long as it inspires someone else to be second.\""
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"Represent the example for the following task: Generate an appropriate title for the given text. The generated title must be short and include the main topic of the text. The preferred titles are under fifteen words.:",
"By Steven McKenzieBBC Scotland Highlands and Islands reporter Born in Ulverston, in Cumbria, Laurel's family moved north to Glasgow when he was still a boy. On leaving school, Laurel joined his father working in the box office of the city's Metropole Theatre. But, like his actress mother before him, he was drawn to a career on stage rather than behind it. A month after his 16th birthday, Laurel persuaded the owner of Glasgow's Britannia Panopticon to give him a slot during the music hall's amateur night. His song-and-gag routine got a mixed reception from the Pots and Pans' notoriously difficult audience. Still, the experience helped to put him on the road to stardom. Hardy was born Norvell Hardy in Harlem, Georgia, in 1892. His father, Oliver, had been a sergeant in the Confederate army during the American Civil War. His mother was Emily Norvell. Biographies on the internet mention Hardy's paternal ancestors being English Americans and his maternal Scottish Americans. Janice Hawton, Grand Sheik of the Bonnie Scotland Tent of Glasgow, a branch of the Laurel and Hardy appreciation society Sons of the Desert, said fans had known of a distant family link to Great Britain. She said: \"I am aware Oliver Hardy's family on his mother's side went to America in the 18th Century, but I don't know where they hailed from.\" Staff and volunteers at the Oliver Hardy Museum in Harlem have tried to uncover details about Hardy's family tree. So far they have not been able to find a direct connection, but said they had found that his mother's surname Norvell was Scottish. Scots from in and around Inverness, and also lowland parts of Scotland, were among Georgia's first European colonists in the 1700s. Highlanders were recruited because of their reputation as fierce warriors and were brought in to defend territory against Spanish colonists. Lady's skirt While Hardy's ancestral past might not be too clear, his and Laurel's affection for Scotland was evident in their visits to Britain. Janice Hawton said: \"Both Laurel and Hardy visited Glasgow and Edinburgh. They stayed at the Central Hotel in Glasgow. \"Oliver Hardy was a great golfer and he did go to Gleneagles during their tour of the UK in 1932.\" They visited Scotland again in the 1940s and 50s. Some of the duo's films also featured Scotland. The 1927 short silent movie Putting Pants on Philip, described as the first true Laurel and Hardy film, has a strong Scottish theme. Laurel's kilt-wearing character arrives in America from Scotland to stay with an uncle, played by Hardy. The uncle mistakenly believes his nephew's Highland dress is a lady's skirt. Putting Pants on Philip was said to have been Laurel's favourite silent short. The comedy duo later followed it up with the feature-length film Bonnie Scotland. Released in 1935, it sees the duo on the trail of Laurel's Scottish inheritance. Along the way they are tricked into joining the British Army and are posted to India. Prof David Martin-Jones, of Film and Television Studies at the University of Glasgow, said the Scotland portrayed in the film was constructed on Hollywood sets. He said: \"The lighting of the exterior shots gives away the presence of the warm Californian sun overhead. \"But this does not detract from the film's exploration of things Scottish. In this respect, Bonnie Scotland contains several themes that resonate today.\" These themes include an interest in tracing branches in family trees. Prof Martin-Jones said: \"Stan's inheritance is a disappointment, in that it is a set of bagpipes he cannot play, and the kilts and other such trappings of Scottishness all belong to the British Army. \"Years on, things are very different.\" He said the popularity of events such as 2009's Homecoming Scotland, which will be held again next year, had shown that tracing branches of family trees from North America back to Scotland was no longer seen as worthless, or divorced, from the present. For another Laurel and Hardy fan, Willie McIntyre, Bonnie Scotland is an example of the pair's comedy greatness. The Grand Sheik of the Glasgow-based Call of the Cuckoos Tent, the longest established UK branch of the Sons of the Desert, said: \"It has some glorious moments of humour.\""
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"Represent the example for the following task: Generate an appropriate title for the given text. The generated title must be short and include the main topic of the text. The preferred titles are under fifteen words.:",
"Southern Health NHS Foundation Trust held an emergency board meeting after an inquiry found it had failed to investigate hundreds of deaths. Families attended the meeting and called for chief executive Katrina Percy to resign. The trust has apologised for failings and said systems have improved. Chair of the trust Mike Petter said at the meeting no-one would resign over the issues. Southern Health covers Hampshire, Dorset, Wiltshire, Oxfordshire and Buckinghamshire and provides services to about 45,000 people. The NHS England report, published last month, found the trust had failed to investigate hundreds of deaths over a four-year period. But its critics have blamed a lack of leadership and demands have grown for the chief executive Katrina Percy to resign. Last month Health Secretary Jeremy Hunt described the trust's failings as \"totally and utterly unacceptable\". Missed opportunities About 50 people attended the meeting to confront Ms Percy and the rest of the board. They were led by Sara Ryan, the mother of Connor Sparrowhawk, an 18-year-old with learning disabilities who drowned in a bath in Oxford in 2013 while under the care of Southern Health. They want the leadership of the trust to resign or be sacked by regulators. Tom Ryan, Mr Sparrowhawk's 16-year-old brother, said at the meeting: \"I think it's outrageous that you haven't properly actually apologised to my family, or even acknowledged the fact of what my mum has done, and you should be proud of her for pointing out your flaws so that you can at least improve them, because without her, you'd be useless.\" Mr Percy said in response: \"We are all, myself personally and all of us, incredibly sorry that the actions and the care allowed Connor to die. \"We can't imagine the pain for you losing a brother, for your mum losing a son, and for the rest of your family. \"We completely understand that Connor's death was preventable. \"Connor should not have been in a bath with epilepsy, and we absolutely agree with that, and we are just so sorry that we didn't prevent his death.\" The official inquiry covered a period from April 2011 to June 2015. It found that many deaths were not investigated, and the quality of the investigations that were carried out were described as poor and much delayed. The trust was said to have missed opportunities to learn from deaths and to have suffered from a lack of transparency. BBC News has learned that a former director at the trust has a role at NHS England looking after patient safety. Dr Martyn Diaper was medical director (quality) at the trust for a year from July 2014. During the same time, he held two posts at NHS England - head of patient safety (primary care) and chairman of national patient safety expert group for primary care. He retains both posts. NHS England said it continued to have confidence in Dr Diaper and said his actions had improved systems at the trust, which was recognised in the official report. In a statement to BBC News, Dr Diaper said: \"As a result of my efforts, rapid and significant improvements were made in the way the trust looked at failures in care.\""
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"Represent the example for the following task: Generate an appropriate title for the given text. The generated title must be short and include the main topic of the text. The preferred titles are under fifteen words.:",
"Nyall Brown, 19, from Cromer, died in May 2018. Norfolk coroner Jacqueline Lake said she had concerns over staff not reviewing his care records before appointments, which would have enabled more accurate assessments. The Norfolk and Suffolk Foundation Trust said it was \"introducing learning sessions\" focusing on preparation. Ms Lake has written a Prevention of Future Deaths report to the trust, asking it to take action to protect others. Couple's hopes after teen son's suicide \"This is a matter which has been raised with the trust previously,\" she said. \"Staff are expected to read previous records relating to a service user, but this is not always happening.\" She added: \"Evidence was heard that Mr Brown's care records were not reviewed prior to his being seen, which would enable Mr Brown's full history and risks to be taken into account when assessing him.\" NSFT is the only mental health trust to have been put in special measures, and in November was rated 'inadequate' for a third time. Mr Brown's parents Tracey and Mearl have been critical of the service, describing their dealings with the trust as \"inadequate, poor and shocking\". They first sought help after their son attempted to take his own life in January, but at one point were advised to seek private medical help. Diane Hull, chief nurse at NSFT, said a detailed review had been conducted into the events leading to Mr Brown's death, and was being acted upon. \"This includes looking at the interface between wellbeing and secondary mental health services and our crisis teams, and strengthening clinical leadership,\" she said. \"In addition, we are introducing learning sessions which focus on documentation, communication and the importance of preparation ahead of appointments.\""
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"Represent the example for the following task: Generate an appropriate title for the given text. The generated title must be short and include the main topic of the text. The preferred titles are under fifteen words.:",
"Professor Anne Gregory told the inquiry that openness is essential when dealing with hospital acquired infection. The inquiry was set up to examine the circumstances surrounding NI's biggest hospital superbug outbreak. It has already established that 31 people died from the outbreak . Professor Gregory is director of the Centre for Public Relations Studies at Leeds Metropolitan University and her clients include the Department of Health and the NHS. She told the panel that good PR should involve a crisis management team and one should be in place and ready to deal with issues such as C. diff. The inquiry heard, that in her opinion, a crisis plan should determine the appropriate spokes people including media-trained external experts. Earlier this week, the chairman of the Northern Health Trust and the Head of Communications said that in hindsight, a crisis management team should have been in place and that the communications department should have had a better understanding of the hospital superbug. While it is not part of the inquiry's remit, the panel has decided to explore how hospital information was communicated to journalists. The independent panel is reviewing the number of patients who died in Northern Trust hospitals, directly or indirectly as a result of clostridium difficile, between June 2007 and August 2008. On Monday the inquiry heard that the Northern Health Trust board was aware of the C. diff problem five months before an outbreak was declared. It is sitting at Antrim Civic Centre and is due to report by the end of the year."
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Subsets and Splits