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"Represent the example for the following task: Generate an appropriate title for the given text. The generated title must be short and include the main topic of the text. The preferred titles are under fifteen words.:",
"Local media said police were called in the early hours of Wednesday morning. Cypriot police confirmed that 12 arrests were made and said the suspects would appear in court in Paralimni on Thursday morning. A spokesman for the Foreign Office said it was \"supporting a British woman who was assaulted in Cyprus and are in contact with local police\". An Israeli Foreign Ministry spokesman confirmed that 12 Israeli citizens were arrested and their families notified. The Times of Israel said some of those involved in the alleged attack were boys, and that the alleged victim was 19."
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[
"Represent the example for the following task: Generate an appropriate title for the given text. The generated title must be short and include the main topic of the text. The preferred titles are under fifteen words.:",
"The arrests were made following a report, at around 21.10 GMT on Saturday, that a group of four boys, aged between 15 and 17, had been attacked in the Ballycolman estate. One of those involved in the alleged attack was armed with a pocket knife, police said. The five assailants made off on foot before the arrests were made. Police arrested the five boys, aged between 16 and 18, when they stopped a bus on the Beltany Road outside Omagh. They have appealed to anyone who was in the area and witnessed the incident at around 21:00 GMT to telephone 101, quoting reference 2043 06/03/21."
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[
"Represent the example for the following task: Generate an appropriate title for the given text. The generated title must be short and include the main topic of the text. The preferred titles are under fifteen words.:",
"A key witness said he had seen Nicky Jacobs, 45, attacking the officer on the estate in Tottenham, north London, in October 1985. The witness, known as Rhodes Levin to protect his identity, was giving evidence at the Old Bailey. Mr Jacobs, 45, denies murdering the officer, who was repeatedly stabbed. Mr Levin, who himself admits kicking the police officer \"a few times\", said he saw Mr Jacobs kicking and punching PC Blakelock during the onslaught. He also claimed he had seen the defendant carrying a lock knife at the scene with a brown handle and blade of around six inches. He said that immediately afterwards Mr Jacobs had told him that he had \"got a couple of dukes in\" on the policeman. Helmet 'a trophy' Mr Levin told the jury at that point he saw a police helmet but could not remember who was holding it. \"They were passing it around, showing it,\" he said. \"Like I say, it was like a trophy.\" The court heard that after being arrested in November 1985, Mr Levin was kept in custody for five days without assistance from a lawyer, and he said that during interviews with the police he was assaulted. However, he denied that officers had suggested names that they wanted him to \"put in the frame\". During police interviews, Mr Levin had said that Winston Silcott had been behind the attack on PC Blakelock and was the only one he saw with a \"large machete\", which he now admits was a lie. Mr Silcott was one of three men who had their 1987 convictions for allegedly murdering the officer quashed in 1991. Asked why he had accused Mr Silcott, Mr Levin told the court: \"Because it seemed like him. It looked like him.\" Courtenay Griffiths QC, for the defence, asked Mr Levin: \"So, on a belief, you were willing to put someone's name forward for the murder of a police officer - that is something you are capable of doing?\" Mr Levin answered: \"I believed it was him at the time.\" Party 'assault' Mr Levin, who has convictions relating to Class A drugs, was sentenced for affray and handling stolen goods in relation to the riots, the Old Bailey heard. He was paid around £5,000 and given immunity from prosecution after providing information to a renewed investigation into the policeman's murder in the 1990s. Police approached him again in January 2008 and since then he has received money for a deposit on accommodation and expenses, jurors were told. Mr Levin said that two or three months after he was interviewed by police in 1985 he was assaulted at a party in Tottenham and warned not to get involved. \"One of the guys smashed a bottle over my head,\" he said. The trial continues."
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"Represent the example for the following task: Generate an appropriate title for the given text. The generated title must be short and include the main topic of the text. The preferred titles are under fifteen words.:",
"In her first news conference as president-elect, Ms Sandu said Russian forces never had permission to be in the separatist area of Trans-Dniester. The Kremlin has rejected her comments, saying the move could be destabilising. Ms Sandu defeated incumbent president Igor Dodon, who was openly backed by Russia, in a vote earlier this month. The 48-year-old is a former World Bank economist who favours closer ties with the European Union. On Monday, she said Russia's peacekeeping force - the Operational Group of Russian Forces in Trans-Dniester (OGRF) - should be replaced in the Moldovan territory by civilian monitors under the Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe (OSCE). \"We are an independent country that does not want foreign troops to stay on its territory,\" she told reporters in the Moldovan capital, Chisinau. \"This is not just a declaration - this is a necessity,\" she added, stating that she would \"work with Russia for as long as it takes to solve the issue of the arms removal and troop withdrawal\". Moldova regards the OGRF as the descendants of the Russian forces that sided with Russian-speaking separatists after the break-up of the Soviet Union. Russia has about 1,500 troops stationed in the region. The United Nations has backed a number of resolutions calling on Russian troops to withdraw \"unconditionally\" from the territory, along with the weapons stockpile they are guarding there. Responding to Ms Sandu's comments, Kremlin spokesman Dmitry Peskov told reporters in Moscow that Russia expected the authorities stationed in Trans-Dniester to remain in place. \"Russia performs a very important function,\" he said, adding that any change \"could lead to serious destabilisation\" in the region. The separatist region of Trans-Dniester - a narrow strip of land between the Dniester river and the Ukrainian border whose main city is Tiraspol - broke away from Moldova after a brief war in 1992. The international community does not recognise its self-declared statehood, and the de-facto government, which remains in a tense stand-off with Moldova, is economically, politically and militarily supported by Russia. Ms Sandu, a former prime minister of Moldova, scored an emphatic victory against Mr Dodon, who Russian President Vladimir Putin had openly supported in Moldova's presidential election, in a run-off ballot on 15 November. She has said that as president she would make it her priority to tackle corruption and unite the country. Ms Sandu is due to be sworn in as president in the coming weeks."
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[
"Represent the example for the following task: Generate an appropriate title for the given text. The generated title must be short and include the main topic of the text. The preferred titles are under fifteen words.:",
"Mr Rogozin earlier alleged that the Moldovan government was being controlled by a mafia oligarch. Russia said Moldova's ban was \"irresponsible\", warning it would be followed by \"an appropriate response\". Moldova's government seeks closer ties with the EU, but Russia sees the nation as part of its sphere of influence. The situation became even more complicated after pro-Russian politician Igor Dodon became Moldova's president last December. In May, Moldova expelled five Russian diplomats, without giving a reason. Moscow threat as Moldova expels Russian diplomats In a statement on Wednesday, Moldova's foreign ministry said it summoned the Russian ambassador to inform him that Mr Rogozin was now \"undesirable person\" in the country. The ministry said it had to react after a recent interview on the Russian state-run Rossiya 24 TV channel, in which Mr Rogozin had made \"defamatory criticisms of the Republic of Moldova and, implicitly, of the citizens of our country\". The interview was broadcast soon after the passenger plane Mr Rogozin was travelling on last week to Moldova was blocked by Romania from crossing its airspace. Bucharest said it had acted because the deputy prime minister was under an EU travel ban over Russia's annexation of Ukraine's Crimea peninsula in 2014. Ukraine has since banned direct flights flights to and from Russia, and Mr Rogozin's plane tried to fly over neighbouring Romania to reach Moldova. In response to Moldova's move, Russia's foreign ministry summoned the Moldovan ambassador to \"protest strongly\" against \"irresponsible acts\" aimed at undermining bilateral relations. In 2014, Moldova signed a far-reaching association agreement with the EU, and Russia promptly imposed import restrictions on the country's agricultural produce. Russian troops are stationed in the breakaway Trans-Dniester region, which is economically dependent on Russia and defies the government in Chisinau. In 2015, Moldova was rocked by a huge fraud case, when more than €1bn (£909m; $1.2bn) disappeared from three banks."
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[
"Represent the example for the following task: Generate an appropriate title for the given text. The generated title must be short and include the main topic of the text. The preferred titles are under fifteen words.:",
"By Julia CarneiroBBC Brasil, Rio de Janeiro But Ms Silva is an experienced politician with an impressive record. A former environment minister during the government of Luiz Inacio Lula da Silva she is seen as having the national and international profile to replace Mr Campos. In 2010, she ran for president for the tiny Green Party and secured 19 million votes, forcing the race into a second round. At the time, she said she wanted to be \"the first black woman of poor origins\" to reach the presidency. Difficult alliances Most people expected her to try again in 2014. But after her newly created party, the Sustainability Network, failed to achieve the 500,000 signatures needed to be officially recognised, she joined Mr Campos as his vice-presidential running mate. Now she will face the challenge of remaining faithful to his legacy - which PSB officials are determined to hold her to - while staying true to her own ideals. Ms Silva opposed some of Mr Campos's alliances with regional candidates - especially when they were members of the country's powerful agribusiness lobby, which accounts for over one fifth of Brazil's GDP. Having locked horns with the sector during her time as environment minister, she may now have to reach a compromise with its backers. Humble beginnings Ms Silva was born into a family of 11 children in the northern state of Acre, in the heart of the Amazon. As a child she would walk several miles in the forest with her father and siblings every day to collect rubber from trees. She campaigned alongside the rubber tapper and trade union leader Chico Mendes, who was killed in 1988 for his activism. Throughout her childhood years, she was seriously ill a number of times - suffering from hepatitis, malaria and contamination by heavy metals. As a result she suffers from frail health and has an intolerance to a long list of things - such as cosmetics, perfume, alcoholic beverages and red meat. This and her devout evangelism have marked her style. She uses no make-up and prefers simple and sober clothing, mainly long dresses. She often wears her hair in a tight bun tied by a thin braid. It is a stern image, but according to political scientist Ricardo Ismael she also conveys personal warmth. \"She inspires confidence in ordinary voters - that she is accessible,\" explains Mr Ismael, who is a professor at the Pontifical Catholic University of Rio. \"Wherever she goes, she approaches people and allows herself to be approached. She seems frail but conveys remarkable strength. \"She knows Brazil. She knows the problems from seeing them on the streets, or living them,\" he adds. Educational success Aged 16, Ms Silva left her community of rubber workers in Bagaco and moved to Rio Branco, the capital of Acre, to study and get treatment for hepatitis. She was taken in by nuns in a convent and became the first person in her family to learn how to read and write. \"When I saw my name on the list of people that had passed the course, I knelt down and gave thanks to God. That list saying I was literate opened doors for me,\" she said in an interview with BBC Brasil years later. After she left the convent, she went to work as a domestic maid in exchange for lodging. Ms Silva was widely praised on an international level for her work as environment minister under President Luiz Inacio Lula da Silva. During those five years, hundreds were arrested for crimes against the environment, a record area of territory was set aside as indigenous reserves and there was a significant slowdown in rainforest deforestation rates. But she also faced defeats such as the approval of the first genetically modified soybean crops, which she had opposed. Fearing her agenda was losing ground, she resigned in 2008 and a year later left the governing Workers' Party. Agenda of change Opinion polls conducted following last year's wave of protests against World Cup spending, corruption and poor public services suggested Ms Silva was the only politician whose image had benefitted from the unrest. Political scientist David Fleischer of the University of Brasilia says she appeals to the younger generation and those who want change. \"Those who took to the streets saying they didn't feel represented by Brazil's political system were still undecided, and now many will choose to vote for her\", he says. However, some of those critical of the bigger establishment parties are also uneasy about Ms Silva's devout religious views, fearing she is too conservative on social issues such as gay marriage and abortion. Even though the protests have diminished, her supporters believe there is still a yearning for change. They hope that the desire for change along with the emotional circumstances of her selection will result in a powerful boost to her campaign just weeks ahead of the election."
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[
"Represent the example for the following task: Generate an appropriate title for the given text. The generated title must be short and include the main topic of the text. The preferred titles are under fifteen words.:",
"Five people, including three members of the same family, were killed in the explosion in Leicester in February. The unnamed witness told Leicester Crown Court he and Aram Kurd also discussed ways to cover up the crime, which was designed to claim insurance. Shopkeeper Mr Kurd and two other men all deny five charges of murder. The witness told the court he withdrew his help when he found out how many people were killed. The explosion happened at 19:01 GMT on 25 February in Hinckley Road, destroying the Zabka supermarket on the ground floor and the flat above it. Mary Ragoobar, her sons Shane and Sean Ragoobeer, Shane's girlfriend Leah Reek and shop worker Viktorija Ijevleva died. Another member of the family and a passerby were seriously injured. Mr Kurd, 34, of Hillary Place, Leicester, Hawkar Hassan, 33, of no fixed address, and Arkan Ali, 37, of Drake Close, Oldham, are accused of causing the explosion in order to make about £300,000 from insurance. The prosecution said previously that Mr Ali poured petrol in the basement of the building, which was lit by either him or Mr Kurd, while Mr Hassan acted as the getaway driver. The court heard from a witness on Thursday who was for a time in prison with Mr Kurd. He claimed Mr Kurd confessed he, along with the two other defendants, set his ailing business alight using petrol and hoped to make it seem like an accident. Mr Kurd said there would be a bigger payout if people died, the court was told. According to his former cellmate, Mr Kurd wanted his assistance to \"find a lie\", a story to avoid suspicion. The court heard the pair regularly discussed what happened and the witness even took notes and drawings in a bid to help. The witness said he did not expect to get anything for telling the police but did in fact earn a reduced sentence. Mr Kurd, Mr Hassan and Mr Ali each deny five charges of murder, five charges of manslaughter and a charge of conspiracy to commit fraud by false representation. The trial continues. Follow BBC East Midlands on Facebook, Twitter, or Instagram. Send your story ideas to [email protected]."
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[
"Represent the example for the following task: Generate an appropriate title for the given text. The generated title must be short and include the main topic of the text. The preferred titles are under fifteen words.:",
"A Polish supermarket and the flat above it were destroyed in the blast on the evening of 25 February. On Monday, Leicester Magistrates' Court was told the explosion was caused by petrol being spread through the shop. A man in his 30s, from the East Midlands, was arrested earlier on suspicion of manslaughter and is being questioned by detectives. Brothers Shane Ragoobeer, 18, and Sean Ragoobeer, 17, who lived in the two-storey flat above the shop in Hinckley Road, have been named as among the dead. Their mother Mary Ragoobar, 46, is also thought to have died but has not been formally identified. Shane's girlfriend Leah Beth Reek, 18, and shop worker Viktorija Ijevleva, 22, also died in the explosion. Three men, including the store's owner Aram Kurd, 33, along with Hawkar Hassan, 32, and Arkan Ali, 37, have been charged with arson and manslaughter. On Monday, prosecuting solicitor Zoe Lee told Leicester Magistrates' Court: \"It has been established that the explosion was caused by petrol and the petrol was spread throughout the shop.\" The men were all remanded in custody and will appear at Leicester Crown Court on 3 April via video link. On Sunday, a sixth man was arrested by police investigating the explosion. The man, in his 40s and from East Anglia, who was held on suspicion of manslaughter, has been released under investigation. Two other arrested men have also been released under investigation. Police have appealed for dashcam footage from drivers on the A47 heading towards Leicester on Sunday, 25 February between 17:30 and 19:15 GMT."
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[
"Represent the example for the following task: Generate an appropriate title for the given text. The generated title must be short and include the main topic of the text. The preferred titles are under fifteen words.:",
"Kyle Urquhart, 22, and Patrick Noble, 52, both of Aberdeen, Ian Ewing, 44, of Stonehaven and Ian Yeomans, 57, of Peterhead, deny various charges. It follows an incident on the A98, close to Cullen, in September 2018. An allegation they attempted to murder a man called Alistair Thompson was withdrawn on the fifth day of the trial at the High Court in Edinburgh. It was claimed the four men drove a car, with a registration plate number BK67 NUH, at Mr Thompson. The Crown also withdrew an allegation which claimed the four men committed a breach of the peace at the same location. The Crown also amended another charge of attempted murder facing the four men. It was claimed that they attempted to murder a motorcyclist called John Sutherland. However, the men are now alleged to have assaulted Mr Sutherland to his severe injury and permanent disfigurement. Clawhammer claim Prosecutors also claim that the four men assaulted a man called Colin Sutherland. It is claimed they drove the same car at him, collided with him and this caused him to fall from his bike and lose consciousness. Prosecutors say they then repeatedly struck Mr Sutherland on the head and body with a claw hammer, a tyre iron and a baseball bat before repeatedly kicking him on the body. It is claimed they then cut Mr Sutherland's clothing with a knife and that they attempted to murder him. The Crown also claims that they assaulted a man called Edward Forrest by striking him on the head and body with a clawhammer which rendered him unconscious. Prosecutors say these alleged actions were to Mr Forrest's \"severe injury permanent disfigurement and to the danger\" of his life. They are also alleged to have assaulted Nicky Syratt to his injury and danger of his life. The trial, before Lady Scott, continues."
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"Represent the example for the following task: Generate an appropriate title for the given text. The generated title must be short and include the main topic of the text. The preferred titles are under fifteen words.:",
"Argentina has nationalised YPF, wiping out the Spanish firm Repsol's controlling-stake in the oil firm. The resolution asks the European Commission to consider a \"partial suspension\" of tariffs that benefit Argentine exports into the EU. Shares in Repsol has another decline, falling 2.3% on Friday. Over the week, Repsol stock has lost almost a fifth of its value. MEPs in the European Parliament said the institution \"deplores\" the decision taken by Argentina and describes it as an \"attack on the exercise of free enterprise\". Decisions such as that taken by the Argentine authorities \"can put a strain on the climate of understanding and friendship needed to reach\" a trade agreement between a South American bloc and the EU, it said. The resolution, which is non-binding, received 458 votes in favour, 71 against and 16 abstentions. 'Not valid' It also emerged that Repsol may be obliged to buy a minority shareholder's YPF stake if it ever lost majority control, which Repsol denied. Twenty-five percent of YPF is owned by Argentina's Eskenazi family through its firm, Peterson. According to regulator filings of a 2008 agreement, Repsol must \"maintain directly or indirectly through controlled companies an ownership interest greater than or equal to 50.1%\". If it does not, Repsol is obliged to buy back the loans used to secure the Eskenazis' shares. But Repsol told the BBC that the expropriation of its stake in YPF had invalidated the agreement. \"The agreement is not valid under Spanish law in these conditions,\" said Kristian Rix, a Repsol spokesman. \"The law is unequivocal, there is no debate.\" Trade war brewing? Spain has threatened retaliation against Argentina over the forced nationalisation of oil firm YPF, raising the prospects of a trade war between the nations. Spanish Trade Secretary Jaime Garcia Legaz said the European Union would intervene over Argentina's seizure of YPF. Argentina is taking over 51% of YPF, wiping out Repsol's 57.4% majority stake. The move has wide support in Argentina but has provoked outrage in Spain. Spain's Foreign Minister Jose Manuel Garcia-Margallo said US Secretary of State Hillary Clinton had also offered support. Repsol has said it wants around $10bn (£6.2bn) for its stake in YPF, but Argentina has said it does not accept that valuation. YPF, Argentina's biggest oil company, was privatised in 1993. Last year it announced huge new finds of shale oil and gas."
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[
"Represent the example for the following task: Generate an appropriate title for the given text. The generated title must be short and include the main topic of the text. The preferred titles are under fifteen words.:",
"Spain has rejected the allegations and said it would reciprocate. The announcement comes after the European Union imposed a travel ban and froze the assets of seven senior Venezuelan officials. President Nicolás Maduro has accused Spain of pushing for the EU sanctions and plotting to oust him. 'Imperialist threat' The EU has expressed concern over human rights violations during anti-government protests in which more than 120 people were killed last year. On Tuesday Venezuela's Constituent Assembly announced that it was calling early presidential elections. Foreign Minister Jorge Arreaza said the move was in reaction to the EU sanctions. The vote, which is traditionally held in December, will take place by the end of April. Mr Maduro, who will stand for another six-year term, said it was time \"to put an end to the imperialist threat\". Venezuela has the world's highest inflation rate and has for years struggled with the shortage of basic goods, including medicines. Mr Maduro blames \"international economic sabotage\" - which he said was led by Spain and the US - for the situation. \"Donald Trump won't make decisions in Venezuela, [Spanish Prime Minister] Mariano Rajoy won't make decisions in Venezuela. The people of Venezuela will,\" he told thousands of his supporters at a rally in Caracas on Tuesday. Last month Venezuela expelled the Brazilian and the Canadian ambassadors to Caracas, also accusing them of interference. Brazil and Canada retaliated by expelling their respective Venezuelan ambassadors."
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[
"Represent the example for the following task: Generate an appropriate title for the given text. The generated title must be short and include the main topic of the text. The preferred titles are under fifteen words.:",
"By Ignacio de los ReyesBBC Mundo, Buenos Aires But on Thursday he will be sworn in as the new Argentine president in a ceremony at the presidential palace. In his inaugural speech, he is expected to stress the need for unity after a sometimes tense campaign and an even more acrimonious handover. His predecessor in office, Cristina Fernandez de Kirchner has refused to attend Mr Macri's swearing-in ceremony after a spat over where it should be held. Mr Macri wanted to take the oath of office in Congress and then receive the presidential sash and baton from Ms Fernandez in the presidential palace. Ms Fernandez insisted that the handover of the sash and baton be conducted in Congress as well, in the same way that it happened during her inauguration and that of her husband, Nestor Kirchner before her. The spat was compounded by the fact that President Fernandez had always hoped to hand over the presidential sash to her chosen successor, Daniel Scioli. And most pollsters at first predicted a strong lead for Mr Scioli. But a strong performance by Mr Macri in the first round triggered a run-off vote, the first in Argentine history. This was followed by Mr Macri's win with 51.4% over Mr Scioli's 48.6% in the second round. Mr Macri's victory put an end to 12 years of \"Kirchnerismo\", the political movement named after the late President Nestor Kirchner and his wife and successor in office, Cristina. Uniting force Mr Macri, a 56-year-old engineer, managed to unite behind him all those who wanted a change from Kirchnerismo, including the social-democratic Radical Civic Union, the liberal Civic Coalition and his own party, the centre-right Republican Proposal. While he is a relative newcomer to politics, Mr Macri is an experienced businessman who was signing deals with US tycoon Donald Trump when he was only 24 years old. In 1991, he was kidnapped and kept captive for 12 days by a gang of corrupt policemen demanding millions in ransom. Four years later, he became president of Boca Juniors Football Club and soon used his success there as a springboard for his political career. He has recently tried to distance himself somewhat from his privileged upbringing, campaigning in Argentina's least developed areas. In an attempt to win the votes of Argentina's poorest, he has devised an ambitious infrastructure plan and promised to further boost current welfare programmes. But he has also said that swift and radical economic changes would have to be implemented to win back market confidence. Call for change And while \"change\" has been the key word in his political discourse - the coalition he leads is called Cambiemos (Let's Change) - in his victory speech, he rejected revanchist policies and said he wanted reconciliation. Mr Macri knows that he will need the support of governors and trade unions loyal to the outgoing government to push through his policies. He is the first centre-right leader to come to power since Argentina returned to democracy in 1983. And while his political advisers were keen to present him as more to the centre than to the right, his PRO party has traditionally been seen as right-wing. Mr Macri's chosen vice-president, Gabriela Michetti, was a vocal opponent of a change in the law which allowed same-sex couples to adopt children. And Mr Macri himself has said that he is anti-abortion and opposes the decriminalisation of marijuana. But the biggest departure from the outgoing president will probably stem from the free-market policies he advocates. However, Mr Macri and his coalition partners have been adamant that they will keep and improve some of President Fernandez's most popular social policies such as child support. Broad support Mr Macri's party enjoys the support of business people. activists and young professionals who had not got involved in politics before. His campaign was boosted by enthusiastic young campaigners who spread his message on social media as well as handing out sweets and balloons to voters in the streets. Some accused his party of offering more balloons than ideas, but its strategy means that it now has a wide network of supporters nationwide to fall back on. It has already paid off in the election, with Mr Macri's results particularly strong in the provinces of Cordoba, Santa Fe and Mendoza. But his support is not limited to rural areas; Mr Macri's candidate, Maria Eugenia Vidal, also won the gubernatorial election for Buenos Aires province, which for decades had been a stronghold of the outgoing government. Now that he has won the election, Mr Macri will have to make sure not only that his coalition sticks together but also that he can gain support from those outside it. Regional repercussions The Kirchnerist Front for Victory has a majority in both houses of Congress and Mr Macri will need some of them to back his proposals if he wants them to become law. His election could also spell change for the region. Outgoing President Cristina Fernandez was a close ally of Venezuelan leader Nicolas Maduro. And while Mr Macri has said that he wants good relations with all Latin American countries, he has also promised to fight for the release of jailed Venezuelan opposition leaders, which is likely to put him at odds with the Venezuelan government. Mr Macri will be hoping that his supporters' shouts of \"Yes, we can!\" which reverberated through his party's headquarters on Sunday, will prove more than just a spontaneous expression of joy."
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"Represent the example for the following task: Generate an appropriate title for the given text. The generated title must be short and include the main topic of the text. The preferred titles are under fifteen words.:",
"Police have named Brussels-born Salah Abdeslam, 26, as a key suspect. He was reportedly stopped by officers in the wake of the attacks - but then let go. Meanwhile, French aircraft have attacked the Syrian stronghold of IS. Police searches of suspected Islamists were carried out across France, PM Manuel Valls confirmed. Earlier French media said a police operation connected to the attacks had taken place in the Paris suburb of Bobigny. Raids also took place in Jeumont, close to the French border with Belgium, and in the southern cities of Grenoble and Toulouse but it was not clear if they were linked to the Paris attacks. The Islamic State group has said it was behind Friday's gun and bomb attacks on Parisian bars and restaurants, a concert hall and the Stade de France, the country's main sports stadium. Seven attackers died in the assault on the French capital, most of them after detonating suicide belts. Suspected Paris attackers Salah Abdeslam, the man named by police as a key suspect, is said to have rented a VW Polo car that was found near the Bataclan concert hall, where 89 people died, and believed to have been used by attackers. On Saturday he was in a vehicle with two other men near the Belgian border when it was stopped by police, officials said, but was released after checks. It is unclear whether the French authorities had matched the VW Polo found at the Bataclan venue to him at the time he was stopped. Police have described Salah Abdeslam as dangerous, and warned people not to approach him. French news channel BFMTV quoted an investigation source as saying that he and one of the other attackers were known to the Belgian authorities. He is one of three Belgium-based brothers linked to Friday's attacks, officials say. Another, Brahim Abdeslam, 31, is said to have blown himself up outside a bar on the Boulevard Voltaire near the Bataclan, wounding one person. A third brother, Mohammed, was reportedly arrested in the Brussels neighbourhood of Molenbeek while returning from Paris and remains in custody. Belgian police say they have made a total of seven arrests. Officials said the brothers were traced following the discovery of two rental cars registered in Belgium - the VW Polo rented by Salah Abdeslam, and a Seat containing Kalashnikov automatic rifles that was found abandoned in the Paris suburb of Montreuil. One of three attackers who died at the Stade de France after detonating suicide belts has been named in media reports as Bilal Hadfi, aged about 20. He also lived in Belgium and was known to the Belgian authorities, BFMTV reported. What happened at the Bataclan? A new fear stalks Paris 'Gigantic problem' Belgium's Premier Charles Michel said the Belgian authorities would crack down on Molenbeek, which has a reputation as being a haven for jihadists. \"I have noticed there is almost always a link to Molenbeek, that there is a gigantic problem there,\" he said. Another attacker to have been identified is 29-year-old Frenchman Omar Ismail Mostefai, who blew himself up at the Bataclan. He had a criminal record and had been flagged up by French intelligence as a possible Islamist extremist who may have spent time in Syria. Reports in France say that his radicalisation file was renewed in October, but that this would not have meant he was automatically placed under surveillance. The authorities are also looking into the provenance of a Syrian passport found at the site of the Stade de France suicide bombing in the name of a man who arrived as a refugee in Greece before claiming asylum in Serbia. Islamic State changes tactics Who were the victims? Analysis: Gordon Corera, security correspondent, BBC News French investigators are pursuing an international trail that stretches across Europe - and one concern for security services in other countries is how far Islamic State has already put in place the ability to replicate the Paris attacks. There are unconfirmed reports that a similar style attack might have been planned in Turkey for the same time but was foiled. Tracing back the Paris operatives to whoever organised them will be crucial in order to understand what else might be planned. These attackers do not appear to have been people simply inspired by IS, but rather trained operatives. And the fact that Western intelligence services do not appear to have picked up any signs of this plot from their human and electronic sources will only increase concerns. French President Francois Hollande has said the attacks were an act of war and promised that his country's reaction would be pitiless. On Sunday, 10 fighter jets operating out of French bases in Jordan and the UAE dropped 20 guided bombs on four targets in Raqqa, the French defence ministry said. The targets included a command centre, recruitment centre for jihadists, a munitions depot and a training camp for fighters, the ministry said. The strikes were carried out in co-ordination with US forces. France is currently marking a third and final day of national mourning. A state of emergency declared by President Hollande remains in force, and thousands of extra police and troops are on the streets of Paris. There have been several security alerts and scenes of panic in Paris over the weekend, where people remain jittery following Friday's bloodshed. Main attack sites: Bataclan concert venue, 50 Boulevard Voltaire, 11th district - 89 dead when stormed by gunmen, three of whom were killed; another gunman died nearby La Belle Equipe, 92 rue de Charonne, 11th district - 19 dead in gun attacks Le Carillon bar and Le Petit Cambodge restaurant at rue Alibert, 10th district - 15 dead in gun attacks La Casa Nostra restaurant, 92 rue de la Fontaine au Roi, 11th district - five dead in gun attacks Stade de France, St Denis, just north of Paris - explosions heard outside venue, three attackers and a bystander killed"
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[
"Represent the example for the following task: Generate an appropriate title for the given text. The generated title must be short and include the main topic of the text. The preferred titles are under fifteen words.:",
"Salah Abdeslam, a convicted petty criminal from Brussels who ended up associating with jihadists, spent most of the trial in jail over the border in France. Here are five things to know about the 28-year-old man accused of playing a key role in the Islamic State (IS) group's bloodiest attack inside Europe. 1. Four months on the run Three Belgian police officers and a French colleague were lightly injured when gunmen opened fire as the officers searched a property in the Forest district of Brussels on 15 March 2016. Abdeslam had been on the run for four months since the Paris attacks and at the time he was was Europe's most wanted man. And yet police were not expecting to find him when they raided the property on the Rue du Dries, as part of the Paris attacks inquiry. It was only a routine search and was believed empty as the power had been cut off. Algerian gunman Mohamed Belkaid was shot dead at the scene, while the two other men in the flat escaped. Police found a cache of weapons but more significantly Abdeslam's DNA. Three days later Abdeslam and Tunisian national Sofien Ayari were tracked down to a basement in the Molenbeek district of Brussels, close to Abdeslam's family home. When the police pounced, Abdeslam was shot and injured, while the other man was captured unhurt. Both Sofien Ayari and Abdeslam were convicted of attempted murder \"in a terrorist context\" and given a 20-year jail term. Sofien Ayari, said by Belgian media to have fought for IS in Syria, reportedly entered Europe through Greece in September 2015, posing as a Syrian refugee, and using the fake names Monir Ahmed Alaaj and Amine Choukri. 2. Abdeslam was planning further attacks Four days after his capture, three suicide bombers killed 32 people and wounded 340 at Brussels airport and a metro station on 22 March. Belgian prosecutors believe Abdeslam was associated with the bombers, but no charges have been filed. The 22 March victims group, V-Europe, argued that it was their capture on 18 March 2016 that triggered the Brussels attacks - however the court trying the two men rejected the group's plea for a civil suit against them. During the Brussels trial, the federal prosecutor said Abdeslam and Ayari had run away after the first exchange of fire because they were planning further attacks, although intriguingly she said those future plans had not been reported. It has been suggested that Abdeslam was part of an IS cell preparing attacks timed for Easter 2016, a few days later, but when he was caught they were brought forward. His jihadist collaborators may have been worried that their cover had been blown. Abdeslam's defence lawyer later said his client denied any knowledge of the Brussels bombings. 3. He should have died in Paris... ...according to French reports, based on a confession he made to police just after his arrest, where he described driving three of the other attackers in a car. He had taken a suicide bomb belt, but it failed to go off and he dropped it in a bin. After first telling investigators he had planned to blow himself up outside the Stade de France, he reportedly said later he had changed his mind. However, French radio has quoted him as saying in a message found on a discarded computer in Brussels that the suicide belt was, indeed, faulty (in French). \"I really would have liked to have been among the martyrs [the nine other suspected attackers, all of whom died] but Allah decided differently for there was a fault in my belt,\" he was quoted as saying. Along with the 130 people killed in Paris, at least 353 were injured as the IS cell shot and bombed people indiscriminately, targeting a concert hall, bars and the stadium. Abdeslam is in pre-trial detention over his alleged role in the attacks. He is being investigated on suspicion of terrorism-related murder and attempted murder. 4. He says very little Salah Abdeslam has barely spoken to French investigators and appeared only once in the Brussels trial, refusing to answer questions and rejecting the court's authority. \"I am accused so I am here,\" he told the judge, adding that his silence did not make him guilty. \"That is my defence and I am defending myself by remaining silent.\" He said he was not afraid of the court, but it was \"in my Lord that I place my trust\". Since his transfer to France in April 2016, Abdeslam, 28, has been interrogated several times by investigating magistrates. He refused to answer questions on every occasion until March 2018, when he broke his silence in defence of a suspect who gave him a lift in his car in Belgium the day after the Paris attacks. He has also reportedly responded to a woman who wrote to him in prison, telling her \"I'm not ashamed of who I am\", AFP reports. 5. He does not like returning to Belgium Abdeslam preferred to spend the trial in a French jail, rather than crossing into Belgium. He did not make the journey to Brussels to hear the 88-page verdict that found him guilty. As he is also facing trial in France for the Paris attacks, his return to Belgium to serve his 20-year jail term seems unlikely. He will instead stay at Fleury-Mérogis prison south of the French capital. Ahead of the trial, Abdeslam had been taken to the high-security Vendin-le-Vieil prison, a short distance from the Belgian border where an entire wing of the jail had been set aside for him, reports said. But he was sent back to Fleury-Mérogis when it became clear he had no intention of attending the Brussels trial more than once. It seems unlikely that he will serve his jail term in Belgium while his court case is pending in France and Belgian judicial officials say a decision will have to be taken between the two countries if he is also convicted in France. However, the two sentences would not be served concurrently, so in other words any further conviction would be added on to his Belgian jail term."
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"Represent the example for the following task: Generate an appropriate title for the given text. The generated title must be short and include the main topic of the text. The preferred titles are under fifteen words.:",
"Police were searching the residential area of Kallyanpur when they were attacked by handmade bombs. Bangladesh has seen a string of deadly attacks on secular writers, bloggers, and member of religious minorities. Earlier this month 20 people, mostly foreigners, were killed in a bloody attack on an upmarket cafe in Dhaka. It was not immediately clear which group the suspected militants killed on Tuesday were part of. One suspect was taken into custody by police. On 1 July, five armed men entered the Holey Artisan Bakery in the diplomatic area and held people hostage for several hours. At least 20 people died in an attack claimed by Islamic State. Since the attack, police have been conducting planned \"block raids\" in suspected militant hideouts. It was during one of these regular searches that the police came under attack on Tuesday, according to Deputy Police Commissioner Masud Ahmed, and retaliated with gun fire. Analysis: The BBC's Anbarasan Ethirajan in Dhaka This is the first time several suspected Islamist militants have been killed in an operation since the Holey Artisan bakery siege. It is not yet clear which group they belonged to. Police believe that dozens of extremists are still in hiding and may be planning further attacks. The security forces have been under intense criticism for failing to prevent recent attacks and the targeted killings in the past three years. The Bangladeshi government says home-grown extremists are responsible for the violence. But the so-called Islamic State and Al-Qaeda in South Asia have claimed to have carried out some of these attacks."
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"Represent the example for the following task: Generate an appropriate title for the given text. The generated title must be short and include the main topic of the text. The preferred titles are under fifteen words.:",
"Instead of trading on marketplaces, criminals have turned to \"gated\" chat forums, invitation-only communities and encrypted apps, say researchers. The change could make it hard for law enforcement agencies to spot and trace attacks, they warn. They also found a large increase in attacks aimed at big companies. Hidden chatter The study embedded undercover researchers into a wide variety of forums and gated chat forums on the dark net. The dark net is the part of the internet not accessible to search engines such as Google, and for which people need a special browser to visit. The most well-known dark net is accessed via the Tor browser. Successful efforts by police to infiltrate dark net marketplaces as well as raids that saw many of them closed down, had pushed criminal hackers to adopt more secure ways of communicating, said Dr Mike McGuire, a criminologist from the University of Surrey, who led the project. \"It's not as vibrant as it once was because they know the feds are listening and that they will take down markets,\" he said. While criminal gangs were still active on those publicly accessible marketplaces, said Dr McGuire, any conversations about targets and tactics were instantly moved to secure apps such as Telegram or separate forums and chat rooms. \"It's becoming like an invisible internet,\" he told the BBC. \"That's going to be worrying for law enforcement.\" For the study, researchers posed as customers and quizzed hackers about the cost of a wide variety of cyber-attacks, They probed market rates for tailored malware attacks, phishing campaigns, industrial espionage and insider information. Sample costs included: The cyber-crime economy that had emerged on the dark net was a mirror to the legitimate industry, said Ian Pratt, co-founder of security firm Bromium that sponsored the research. The cyber-crime economy was diverse and sophisticated, he said, with many hacking gangs specialising in just one aspect of an attack, such as crafting malware, writing convincing phishing emails or setting up sites to grab data from victims. It was also clear, he said, that the hackers could get access to almost any network they desired. \"It's not hard to get into corporate networks,\" he said, adding that the most successful method of winning access was via a well-crafted phishing campaign. He said adverts and listings for attacks on enterprises had grown by 20% since 2016, suggesting corporates were becoming a lucrative target. A successful phishing attack gave hackers \"instant deep access\" said Mr Pratt, that they could then build on to either get at saleable data or to thoroughly compromise a target. The changing nature of the dark net underworld should prompt police to change the way they tackle cyber-crime, said Dr McGuire. \"Law enforcement have a very focused and narrow perception and take down particular groups,\" he said. \"But by taking out specific groups they are not making much of a dent in it.\" If one group disappeared or was broken up by police another would just move to fill in the gap, he added. \"It's like cutting the head off a hydra.\""
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"Represent the example for the following task: Generate an appropriate title for the given text. The generated title must be short and include the main topic of the text. The preferred titles are under fifteen words.:",
"By Dave LeeTechnology reporter, BBC News While it was already possible to access Facebook via Tor, the new set-up means all data is encrypted and Tor users are not mistaken for hacked accounts. Users could access the site \"without losing the cryptographic protections\" of Tor, Facebook said. It may appeal to people in places where the network is blocked. China, Iran, North Korea and Cuba are among countries that have attempted to prevent access to the site. So too have such countries attempted to block access to Tor itself. China in particular has attempted to implement measures to disrupt the network. The creators of Tor have been engaged in a cat-and-mouse game with governments to keep the service accessible. Stop tracking Facebook is the first Silicon Valley giant to provide official support for Tor, a network built to allow people to visit web pages without being tracked and to publish sites whose contents would not show up in search engines. Facebook's move would prove popular among those who wanted to stop their location and browsing habits from being tracked, said Dr Steven Murdoch, from University College London, who was consulted by Facebook for the project. He explained users would still need to log-in, using real-name credentials, to access the site. He told the BBC: \"It's quite hard to use a social network completely anonymously, it somewhat defeats the point, unless you're just reading information. \"But just because you want to tell Facebook your name, doesn't mean they should be able to find out your location and your browsing habits.\" The crucial change is the new Tor service - accessed through a Tor browser at https://facebookcorewwwi.onion/ - means all communication remains in the anonymous Tor network. Previously, some traffic would leave the closed network and access the open internet, potentially exposing a user's location and other information. Dr Murdoch dismissed suggestions the move could anger governments who regularly approached Facebook with requests to hand over user information. \"It's not so much protecting people from governments,\" said Dr Murdoch, \"but protecting from people who are spying on communications - that could be anyone from criminals to marketers.\" Facebook, along with other major web companies, is currently pushing for permission to be more transparent over government requests it receives. Dr Murdoch said Facebook's Tor service did not increase the risk of Facebook being used for illegal purposes. \"Preventing Facebook from recording the IP address [location] makes tracing users harder,\" he said. \"But it was possible to access Facebook without disclosing your IP address before.\" Security blockage It has been possible to access Facebook through Tor for some time, albeit with some frustrations. Tor is a network that anonymises users. One of the key ways it does this is by routing internet traffic through several locations - making it hard to track down where the user is browsing from. But when accessing Facebook, this causes problems. One of the site's security measures is that if a user tries to log-in from an unexpected location, it will flag this as evidence the account has possibly been compromised. Of course, it could just mean that a user has changed location - holidaymakers often find they must go through additional security steps, such as naming people in pictures, before being able to log-in while abroad. \"[Tor's] design means that from the perspective of our systems a person who appears to be connecting from Australia at one moment may the next appear to be in Sweden or Canada,\" explained Facebook engineer Alec Muffett, who has led the site's Tor efforts, in a blog post. \"In other contexts such behaviour might suggest that a hacked account is being accessed through a 'botnet', but for Tor this is normal.\" It meant accounts were being wrongly locked out. Other problems, such as fonts not displaying correctly, marred Facebook use on Tor. What is Tor? Tor is a special part of the internet that requires software, known as the Tor Browser bundle, to access it. The name is an acronym for The Onion Router - just as there are many layers to the vegetable, there are many layers of encryption on the network. It was originally designed by the US Naval Research Laboratory, and continues to receive funding from the US State Department. It attempts to hide a person's location and identity by sending data across the internet via a very circuitous route involving several \"nodes\" - which, in this context, means using volunteers' PCs and computer servers as connection points. Encryption applied at each hop along this route makes it very hard to connect a person to any particular activity. To the website that ultimately receives the request, it appears as if the data traffic comes from the last computer in the chain - known as an \"exit relay\" - rather than the person responsible. As well as allowing users to visit normal website anonymously, it can also be used to host hidden sites, which use the .onion suffix. Tor's users include the military, law enforcement officers and journalists - who use it as a way of communicating with whistle-blowers - as well as members of the public who wish to keep their browser activity secret. But it has also been associated with illegal activity, allowing people to visit sites offering illegal drugs for sale and access to child abuse images, which do not show up in normal search engine results and would not be available to those who did not know where to look. Follow Dave Lee on Twitter @DaveLeeBBC"
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"Represent the example for the following task: Generate an appropriate title for the given text. The generated title must be short and include the main topic of the text. The preferred titles are under fifteen words.:",
"Suspects were arrested in 24 states and the capital, Brasilia. Justice Minister Torquato Jardim said those detained were part of a ring that shared pornographic images of children through computers and mobile phones. The operation comes at the end of a six-month investigation, which involved US and European immigration officials. Investigators have found more than 150,000 files containing disturbing images. They were accessed through the dark web, a part of the internet not reached by most search engines. Among those arrested were retired policemen, civil servants and people in charge of football youth clubs. Mr Jardim said the paedophiles use sophisticated techniques to evade police investigations. \"They store their illegal, criminal photos in a computer of someone in another part of the country or even abroad,\" he said. \"And often the people storing the content are unaware,\" added Mr Jardim. The operation initially targeted suspects of sharing illegal paedophile material. But after seizing dozens of computers, mobile phones, CDs and hard drives, investigators found out that the criminal group was also producing pornographic material to distribute on the internet. The files contained disturbing images of babies and young children being abused. Some of the children and teenagers denounced their own parents or other relatives to officers taking part in the operation. It is not clear if the paedophile ring operated independently in Brazil or if it was connected with other criminal networks abroad."
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"Represent the example for the following task: Generate an appropriate title for the given text. The generated title must be short and include the main topic of the text. The preferred titles are under fifteen words.:",
"As Parliament prorogued, MPs and peers were notified of a number of bills that have now reached the statute book after receiving royal assent. The list included a bill containing the government's \"shares-for-rights\" scheme, which had been the subject of a stand-off between MPs and peers. Peers had twice thrown out the plan. But they backed down after ministers introduced concessions to the Growth and Infrastructure Bill. One amendment will mean that employees must be given independent advice, paid for by their employers, before they can legally agree to give away some of their employment rights in exchange for at least £2,000 of shares. A further concession introduces a seven-day cooling-off period for prospective owner-employees. A separate bill reforming the law of defamation, which had also been subject to prolonged disagreement between the two Houses of Parliament, has also been given royal assent."
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"Represent the example for the following task: Generate an appropriate title for the given text. The generated title must be short and include the main topic of the text. The preferred titles are under fifteen words.:",
"Peers voted 222 to 222 on a Labour amendment to the Wales Bill that would transfer responsibility for industrial relations in public services in Wales to Cardiff. By convention under a tied vote, the amendment was not carried. Defeat could have delayed the passage of the bill into law as MPs would have been asked to overturn it. The amendment would have allowed the Welsh Government to scrap parts of the controversial Trade Union Act in Wales. Labour spokeswoman Baroness Morgan of Ely said she was \"gutted\" by the result. AMs in Cardiff Bay are due to give their consent to the bill next Tuesday. Earlier, Wales Office minister Lord Bourne of Aberystwyth was forced to apologise to peers after his absence prompted a five-minute suspension of the Lords. He was absent from the government front bench when debate on the Wales Bill was due to begin. Chief whip Lord Taylor of Holbeach ordered a five-minute adjournment of the House. Peers cheered as Lord Bourne, ex-Welsh Tory leader, arrived minutes later. \"I do humbly apologise,\" he said."
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"Represent the example for the following task: Generate an appropriate title for the given text. The generated title must be short and include the main topic of the text. The preferred titles are under fifteen words.:",
"Chris CookPolicy editor, Newsnight The original transparency legislation, passed in 2000, contained a provision which gave the Cabinet the right to simply kill requests even if a court had ordered that the request be answered. It was used, for example, to block requests for documents relating to the decision to go to war in Iraq, the recent English NHS reforms and the proposed High Speed 2 rail link. The judges, however, concluded that the veto was an unlawful provision: they did not like the notion that the executive could simply overrule a court without any constraint. So, for now, the Act is operating without a backstop by which ministers can zap requests. So if members of the public go back for those vetoed releases now, they might well be able to get them. That ministers want to bring in fresh law to reintroduce the veto is not an enormous surprise. David Cameron responded to the court ruling at the time by stating: \"If the legislation does not make Parliament's intentions for the veto clear enough, then we will need to make it clearer\". There are some things to be aware of. The civil service proposals First, whatever happens, there will be no further royal letters. The law has already been amended to make this release into a one-off. Second, while some form of veto may return for the FoI Act, it is not quite clear what it will cover. To conform with the judges' wishes, it would need to be reconfigured and constrained in some way. Third, there are parts of the old veto that are not coming back. The little-known Europe-wide Environmental Information Regulations cover information releases about physical spaces or the environment. It is a tough little law, which is hard to avoid. And its roots in European law mean that it is harder to change than the conventional Freedom of Information Act. So that is now probably veto-free forever. Fourth, I would not be surprised if they used the opportunity to cut back transparency requirements. As I wrote in March, a senior legal official told me they might \"sort out a few other things while the patient is on the table\". Requesters should be nervous. So what exactly might they do? The civil service has proposed previously that time officials spent \"considering\" requests and redacting them should be capped. These proposals could be lethal to the act in Whitehall. At the moment, officials are asked to estimate how much time it would take to find documents. If the estimate is that it could cost more than a certain limit, they go no further. A common complaint about the lowest transparency departments is that they often lie to inflate these costs so they can refuse releases. Now imagine how much worse that would be if they were also asked to add in how much time they expect to spend \"thinking\" about a request and the amount of time they might need to spend blacking out contentious information. It would be an invitation for the worst parts of Whitehall to refuse requests at will. You might think that sounds conspiratorial. It is. But remember how much some parts of the civil service hate transparency. It is already quite common for officials to mark documents as \"policy\" and \"sensitive\" because they (incorrectly) think it will make it easier to refuse requests. The Department for Education installed an instant messenger system that is set up to destroy data immediately so conversations are never recorded and so can never be requested. The enforcement problem Indeed, at the moment, officials know that in some departments, finding innovative ways to refuse requests is a way to win kudos from senior mandarins. Requests signed off by Roger Smethurst in the Cabinet Office and Nicholas Howard in Downing Street both stand out for their determination to avoid disclosure. That dark corner of Whitehall is particularly secretive. Indeed, Sue Gray (job title: \"Director General, Propriety and Ethics Team\") at the Cabinet Office has given advice to special advisers on how to destroy data in their email accounts specifically in order to avoid needing to make disclosure. She has also pressed officials in other departments to resist releases, even ones they were relatively relaxed about making. Why does this keep happening? Well, the Information Commissioner's Office, which is responsible for enforcing the act, is routinely quizzed about this (often by me). But nothing ever happens. Indeed, the continued refusal to act against the worst offender has spawned its own website, simply entitled: \"Has The ICO Issued An Enforcement Notice Against the Cabinet Office Yet?\" Even before one considers what officials might now try to do to our most important transparency law, it is important to note how weak the act is already. There is a serious compliance problem in Whitehall, and the ICO has decided not to do anything about it."
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"Represent the example for the following task: Generate an appropriate title for the given text. The generated title must be short and include the main topic of the text. The preferred titles are under fifteen words.:",
"By Luca WeinmannBBC news The Fruitful Orchards Project by Natural Resources Wales aims to educate through nature when schools reopen from the current pandemic hiatus. Among the first to take part was Fairfield Primary School in Penarth, which planted apple trees in its grounds in December. It is a \"great opportunity\", said teacher Elaine Herbert. Ms Herbert, who is also responsible for the Eco Committee at Fairfield, said: \"The new curriculum for Wales, its emphasis is on blended learning and getting outside and using the natural resources as much as possible. \"The development of our orchard is going to offer us maths and literacy opportunities, health and well-being as well as the science and environmental aspects of it. It's an all-round educational resource.\" The project will give schools the tools needed to plant, grow and maintain a small orchard. It is open to schools in Cardiff, Vale of Glamorgan, Rhondda Cynon Taff, Merthyr Tydfil and Bridgend with enough space to plant up to five fruit trees. Schools have until 29 January to register their interest. Nadia De Longhi, operations manager for NRW, said: \"This project is a great example of how we can support and facilitate learning in, about and for, the natural environment.\" Using nature as a method for learning is \"proven to help learners\", Ms De Longhi added, and \"enhances environmental awareness\". \"The planting of fruit trees also helps to increase biodiversity and mitigate the effects of climate change.\" Schools are set to remain closed in Wales, apart from for vulnerable children and those of key workers, until half-term unless Covid-19 rates fall significantly. Education Minister Kirsty Williams said on Thursday schools may be given two weeks' notice before classrooms are reopened to all pupils. Ms Delonghi said: \"Despite the disruption caused by the coronavirus pandemic, we've already had dozens of schools and settings sign up to receive their fruit trees with help from our local authority partners, and some have already planted their trees.\" Related Internet Links Natural Resources Wales"
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"Represent the example for the following task: Generate an appropriate title for the given text. The generated title must be short and include the main topic of the text. The preferred titles are under fifteen words.:",
"Five and six-year-olds will follow the assembly government's flagship \"foundation phase\" from the start of the school year. The policy has already been introduced for children aged three to five. The foundation phase, which involves more adults per pupil, was introduced from September 2008. First Minister Carwyn Jones said the policy had helped to transform early years education in Wales. \"It has brought consistency and continuity to children's education at such an important period in their lives,\" he said. \"Through the foundation phase we are giving children the chance to learn by taking part in practical activities that are fun and enjoyable. \"They are also gaining first-hand experiences through play and active involvement which enables them to be creative, imaginative and have fun whilst learning. \"The approach we have taken has been ground-breaking, and the enthusiasm and feedback we have received from teachers, support staff, practitioners, parents/carers and, more importantly, children, has been extremely positive and very encouraging.\" Education Minister Leighton Andrews added: \"The benefits of teaching and learning through the foundation phase are already being seen in schools and settings across Wales. \"But the pay-off of this radical new way of learning will be long term and its impact will be felt for many years to come.\" All three to seven-year-olds will follow the foundation phase from September next year when it is fully introduced. Meanwhile, education inspection body Estyn is making changes to inspections for schools, local authorities and the post-16 sector. The changes include Estyn now giving four weeks notice instead of three months before inspections. There will also be four new judgements: Excellent, good, adequate and unsatisfactory."
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"Represent the example for the following task: Generate an appropriate title for the given text. The generated title must be short and include the main topic of the text. The preferred titles are under fifteen words.:",
"Cardiff Metropolitan University wants to create the seven-storey facility at Queenswood - part of its Cyncoed campus. Residents and the Woodland Trust said it would affect species including bats, birds and foxes. The university said it had done environmental impact studies. On Cardiff council's website, the application is listed with 133 objections, mainly from Cyncoed residents and councillors, and three petitions against it. A spokeswoman for Cardiff Metropolitan University said it was decided to build the new accommodation as demand from students to live on-site outstrips supply. Its plans for the 518-bed facility is on a third draft, with its position moved four times to protect the woodland, part of the campus since the original college was established in 1962. However, the Woodland Trust has objected to Cardiff council about \"damage and loss\" of the \"irreplaceable habitat\". The body's Heini Evans said: \"Ancient woodlands support a huge array of wildlife and we need to protect these special areas.\" An ancient woodland is an area that has existed continuously since 1600 or before, with these supporting more than 256 species. But only 2% of the UK's land area is covered by them. Resident Neil Gardner said Queenswood has mature oak trees, bluebells, protected bats, hedgehogs, foxes and many species of birds. \"As the wood is destroyed all these will be lost to the community with a considerable environmental impact on local residents,\" he said. \"This is an ecological and environmental crime and is intolerable to local residents.\" The university spokeswoman added: \"There has been lots of work to negate possible impact on wildlife including biodiversity and environmental studies. \"The university has also completed the various 'in season' studies which have been forwarded to the planning authority.\" A public consultation period ended last week and council planners will meet to discuss the proposal at a later date."
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"Represent the example for the following task: Generate an appropriate title for the given text. The generated title must be short and include the main topic of the text. The preferred titles are under fifteen words.:",
"15 April: Hu Yaobang's death Former Communist Party chief Hu Yaobang, a leading reformist, dies of a heart attack aged 73. Mourners begin to gather in Beijing's Tiananmen Square. They are expressing their sadness, but also their dissatisfaction with the pace of reform in China. 18-21 April: Demonstrations spread Numbers in Beijing swell into thousands in the following days, and demonstrations spread to cities and universities nationwide. Students, workers and officials shout slogans calling for greater freedom and democracy and an end to what they called dictatorship - others complain about inflation, salaries and housing. 22 April: Hu's memorial Tens of thousands of students gather outside the Great Hall of the People in Tiananmen Square as Hu's memorial service is held. Their actions come in spite of an earlier warning by the city government that protesters risk severe punishment. They deliver a petition of demands and insist on a meeting with Li Peng - China's premier at the time - which is rejected. 26 April: Inflammatory editorial The state-run newspaper, the People's Daily, publishes an editorial entitled The Necessity for a Clear Stand Against Turmoil, accusing the protesters of rejecting the Communist Party. The article closely mirrors views expressed by Deng Xiaoping, China's unofficial leader. It further fuels public anger. 4 May: Numbers rise Tens of thousands of Chinese students in at least five cities stage the biggest pro-democracy demonstrations of their kind since the communists came to power 40 years ago. The action coincides with the 70th anniversary of the 4 May movement, an intellectual movement that wanted a stronger China. But at a meeting with Asian bankers Zhao Ziyang, the official head of the Communist Party, says the protests will gradually subside. 13 May: Hunger strike Ahead of a visit by Soviet leader Mikhail Gorbachev, hundreds of students begin an indefinite hunger strike in Tiananmen Square, pressing for political reforms. They blame their extreme action on the government's failure to respond to their requests for dialogue. The move draws broad public support. 15 May: Gorbachev's state visit Mikhail Gorbachev arrives in Beijing for the first Sino-Soviet summit in 30 years. His visit is intended to put a formal end to years of hostility between the two communist nations. The protests force the authorities to cancel plans to welcome him in Tiananmen Square - a huge embarrassment for the government. 19 May: Zhao visits square Zhao Ziyang visits students on Tiananmen Square, and makes a final, unsuccessful appeal for a compromise. Zhao is accompanied by Li Peng, his hard-line rival, and Wen Jiabao, who will eventually become China's premier in the future. Zhao, who wanted China to introduce far-reaching political reforms, reportedly told the crowd: \"We have come too late.\" It was to be one of his last political acts. 20 May: Troops move in Martial law is declared in several districts in Beijing and troops move towards the city centre. A huge number of civilians block their convoys, setting up barricades on streets. The soldiers have been ordered not to fire on civilians. 24 May to 1 June: Heightened tensions Over the next week, demonstrations continue with almost no visible security presence - there is a jubilant atmosphere in Tiananmen Square. However, at government headquarters China's leaders plan a new offensive to end the demonstrations and end the chaos in China's capital. 2 June: Offensive approved Communist Party elders approve the decision to put down the \"counter-revolutionary riot\" by force. 3 June: Night of bloodshed In the evening, thousands of PLA soldiers begin moving towards the centre of Beijing. People flood on to the streets to try to block them, setting up barricades along routes into Tiananmen Square. As the army tries to break through in armoured personnel carriers, some troops open fire with guns loaded with live ammunition, killing and injuring many unarmed citizens. 4 June: Anger and shock Tiananmen Square is cleared after a night of the worst bloodshed ever seen in Beijing under communist rule. As the new day begins, the capital is in a state of shock. Thousands of angry and curious residents crowd up to lines of soldiers blocking the north-east entrance. The soldiers open fire again. There is sporadic gunfire throughout the day. The government hails the military intervention as a great victory. An editorial is published saying the army would severely and mercilessly punish \"lawless people who plan riots and disturb social order\". But Peking Radio's English language service, in an act of defiance, says thousands of innocent civilians were killed. The government-run radio calls the act a gross violation of human rights and a barbarous suppression of the people. Afterwards the authorities claim no-one was shot dead in the square itself. There is still debate about exactly how many people were killed. Some say a few hundred, others say a few thousand. 5 June: 'Tank man' The army now has complete control of Beijing. But the world witnesses a staggering act of defiance - the unarmed man blocking a column of tanks as they moved along Chang'an Avenue towards Tiananmen Square. To this day, the fate of the man remains unknown. 9 June: Deng Xiaoping appears China's paramount leader Deng Xiaoping appears for the first time since the brutal crackdown. In a speech to military officers he praises their efforts, and blames the turmoil on counter-revolutionaries who wanted nothing less than to overthrow communism."
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"Represent the example for the following task: Generate an appropriate title for the given text. The generated title must be short and include the main topic of the text. The preferred titles are under fifteen words.:",
"The support in Communist Party paper People's Daily comes as student activists threaten to occupy government buildings if Mr Leung does not resign. Police and government have again called on protesters to disperse. The protesters are angry at China's plan to vet candidates for polls in 2017, saying they want full democracy. On Wednesday China's Foreign Minister Wang Yi also warned against \"illegal\" protests and foreign interference. 'Disrespecting the law' The People's Daily is the Chinese Communist Party's official newspaper. In a front-page editorial on Thursday, it praised Mr Leung's handling of the situation so far. \"The central government is full of confidence in Chief Executive Leung Chun-ying [CY Leung], and is completely satisfied with his performance,\" it said. Beijing \"will thus continue to strongly support Mr Leung's leadership of Hong Kong's legal administration as well as the police's handling of illegal activities\", it added. People's Daily also carried on its website a comment piece from another newspaper which stated: \"Hong Kong has for many years enjoyed peace and harmony. It now sees the emergence of this embarrassing chaos, and the root cause lies with a few people who are disrespecting the law.\" \"Chaos denies Hong Kong residents their prosperity, goes against their wishes, and is not what all Chinese people wish to see or what we can tolerate.\" Beijing's support of Mr Leung follows repeated calls by protesters for his resignation. Juliana Liu, BBC News, Hong Kong The senior Chinese leadership has set out clear limits on who can run for the position of chief executive, Hong Kong's top leader, in 2017. The rules make it virtually impossible for anyone not trusted by the Chinese government to stand for election. As a result, the protesters accuse Beijing of reneging on decades of vows to give Hong Kong people genuine democracy. But although there is widespread anger that Beijing may have violated the spirit of the agreements it has made, there is intense debate over whether it has violated the letter of the law. Read more: Did China go back on its promises? Overnight, several thousand protesters massed outside his office, where there was a significant police presence. Large numbers of protesters came out on to the streets on Sunday, when supporters of the Occupy Central pro-democracy movement joined student demonstrations. More people joined after police used tear gas on protesters. Since then, protesters have been occupying at least three sites in the territory, in the Central business district, Causeway Bay and Mong Kok. A fourth site opened up at Canton Road on Wednesday. Lester Shum, the vice-secretary of the Hong Kong Federation of Students, has called on Mr Leung to resign by Thursday night. \"Otherwise, we will announce an escalation of our movement, including occupying or surrounding different government buildings,\" he said. Both the Hong Kong government and the police on Thursday reiterated their call to protesters to disperse. Police spokesman Steve Hui told reporters that if protesters surrounded and occupied Mr Leung's office building in Central, this would cause public safety problems. \"The police will not stand by and watch. We will decisively uphold the law,\" he said. When asked if tear gas would be used, Mr Hui said the police would monitor the situation and would use \"appropriate force if necessary\", reported RTHK. The South China Morning Post is reporting confrontations between the police and protesters outside the building. The Hong Kong government said the protesters were conducting a \"siege\" and if it continued, government and police operations would \"be seriously affected\". \"This will eventually affect social order and the provision of government services to the public and society,\" it said, adding that 3,000 government officials were due to return to work on Friday. Chan Kin-man of Occupy Central has urged the students to be peaceful, but also called on Mr Leung to quit. Speaking in Washington on Wednesday, China's Foreign Minister Wang Yi said the protests were an \"internal affair\" for China. Hong Kong authorities had \"the capability to properly handle the current situation\", he said. In other developments: Several reports, citing unidentified Hong Kong sources, suggest the authorities plan to wait, hoping the protest campaign will lose momentum. Hong Kong democracy timeline Q&A: Hong Kong's democracy controversy Are you affected by the protests? Get in contact by emailing [email protected]. Send your pictures and videos to [email protected] or text them to 61124 (UK) or +44 7624 800 100 (International). If you have a large file you can upload here. Read the terms and conditions"
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"Represent the example for the following task: Generate an appropriate title for the given text. The generated title must be short and include the main topic of the text. The preferred titles are under fifteen words.:",
"There were reports last week of Beijing planning to replace Ms Lam, after months of anti-government protests that have at times crippled Hong Kong. But Mr Xi reportedly expressed his full support at a meeting in Shanghai. The protests began against an extradition bill put forward by Ms Lam. She championed the proposed law, which would have allowed criminal suspects in Hong Kong to be sent to mainland China for trial. The bill sparked fears Hong Kong's freedoms were being eroded, and led to widespread protests, including one with a reported turnout of close to two million. Ms Lam eventually withdrew the bill, but protests have continued, with activists demanding an independent inquiry into alleged police brutality, and democratic reform. China's state news agency Xinhua published pictures of the two leaders shaking hands, and reported that Mr Xi had praised Ms Lam for her efforts to quell clashes in the territory. \"The central government has a high degree of confidence in you,\" he was quoted as saying, adding: \"Stopping the storm and restoring order remains the most important task in Hong Kong.\" The wave of protests continued this past weekend, with riot police spraying tear gas into crowds of demonstrators in Taikoo district, a residential area. On Sunday, in the same district, a man stabbed four people and bit off part of a pro-democracy local councillor's ear, after a political argument about the protests. With no end to the demonstrations in sight, China's leaders signalled for the first time last week they were prepared to make changes to the way the mainland administered Hong Kong. Shen Chunyao, the director of the Hong Kong, Macau and Basic Law Commission, told reporters officials were looking at ways to \"perfect\" how Hong Kong's chief executive was appointed and removed. He did not elaborate on the exact nature of the proposed changes. Hong Kong's leader, the chief executive - currently Ms Lam - is elected by a 1,200-member election committee, a mostly pro-Beijing body chosen by just 6% of eligible Hong Kong voters. Once a British colony, Hong Kong was handed back to China in 1997. It has its own judiciary and a separate legal system from mainland China, and rights mainland Chinese citizens do not enjoy, such as freedom of assembly and freedom of speech. But human rights groups say some of those freedoms are being curtailed, and accuse China of meddling in the territory's affairs, citing legal rulings that have disqualified pro-democracy legislators. Artists and writers in the territory also say they are under increased pressure to self-censor - and a Financial Times journalist was barred from entering Hong Kong after he hosted an event that featured an independence activist. The Chinese government said in 2014 it would allow Hong Kong voters to choose their leaders from a list approved by a pro-Beijing committee. But critics called the proposal a \"sham democracy\" and it was voted down in Hong Kong's legislature. In 28 years' time, in 2047, the Basic Law - which grants Hong Kongers their freedoms - expires, and what happens to the territory's autonomy after that is unclear."
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"Represent the example for the following task: Generate an appropriate title for the given text. The generated title must be short and include the main topic of the text. The preferred titles are under fifteen words.:",
"By BBC TrendingWhat's popular and why It looked like an elaborate April fool's joke. At the beginning of last month a mysterious button appeared on the social network - apparently without reason, and with very little in the way of instructions. \"You can only press the button once,\" they read, \"we can't tell you what to do from here on out. The choice is yours.\" The game consists of two simple elements - a button and a countdown clock which ticks down from 60 seconds. It seems to be heading towards zero, but in the weeks it's been online, it hasn't got there yet. Before it reaches its target, the clock jumps back up to 60 as somebody, somewhere, presses the button. This apparently thankless task isn't open to everyone. If you want to join in, you have to have a Reddit account created before 1 April, so the number of players is finite, and as the rules state, you only get to press it once. While the ultimate goal of the button remains an enigma, the game has a furiously competitive twist built in. Once you've pressed, your account is forever branded with your score, and a colour - or \"flair\" - to match. High numbers are easy to achieve. The counter bounces around just under the minute mark all the time as trigger-happy amateurs jump in. Their accounts are stamped with a purple dot. More patient players are rewarded with different colours. If you press the button when the counter drops to 45 seconds, you're blue. 35? That's green. Only the most diligent clock-watchers win a red dot, when the timer falls below 12 seconds. The colour divisions have split Redditors into rival clans now replete with nicknames and - if you can believe it - sprawling mythologies to match. The \"Purple Conclave\" are despised by the \"Emerald Council\", while elite players are members of the hallowed \"Red Guard\". Celibates who refuse to press - marked in grey - are \"Followers of the Shade\", and all are featured on the \"Land of the Button\" map. Then there are the \"Knights of the Button\" who claim not to care what colour they get. Instead they're fighting for the common good, trying to keep the game alive for as long as possible. \"It's a very interesting problem from a technical point of view,\" says Andre, a Russian computer programmer, and one of the \"knights\". He's spent hours designing a piece of software that helps co-ordinate other \"knights\" so they use their turns in the most efficient way. To some, it'll seem like a gigantic waste of time, but not everybody sees it that way. Two academics at the Brookings Institute, a major US think-tank have written an article arguing that there's real value hiding somewhere in the idle chatter. \"The wild success of the button holds interesting lessons for how to develop public policies in the Internet age,\" claimed Joshua Bleiberg and Darrell M. West. The game shows us that people are willing to participate in seemingly mundane activities if they're designed in a particular way, he tells BBC Trending. \"What governments should do is leverage those forces to benefit everyone.\" He cites keeping track of endangered species online as one potential application, and is also encouraged by the array of tools that the community has built to support the phenomenon. \"When you make data free, when you make it open, amazing things happen, but not always in the way you'd expect.\" Its lessons aren't just practical, but philosophical too, he says. \"It dials into people's own views about their mortality. It points out something pretty base to human psychology about how we perceive the frailty of human nature. We need to keep this thing alive and to protect it - not let it approach this finite limit.\" Not all the players are convinced, however. Jeff Walker, an American who created a sub-group called \"The Holy Order of Primes\" which encourages others to shoot for prime numbers (because they're \"more holy\"), tells us his endeavour is \"entirely a huge distraction\". Next story: Mockery and parody: Saying goodbye to big name MPs You can follow BBC Trending on Twitter @BBCtrending, and find us on Facebook. All our stories are at bbc.com/trending."
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"Represent the example for the following task: Generate an appropriate title for the given text. The generated title must be short and include the main topic of the text. The preferred titles are under fifteen words.:",
"That is the message that thousands of Facebook users have reported seeing on their news feeds. It seems to be only US-based users that can see the question, which is appearing under every post on their Facebook page. While some have criticised the social media giant for the move, others are calling it a bug and pointing out the more unusual places where they have seen it appear. A Facebook spokesperson said they were unable to comment at this time. You may also like: If users click \"yes\" to respond that the post does contain hate speech, they are presented with four options for feedback. These options are \"hate speech\", \"test p1\", \"test p2\" and \"test p3\", prompting some people to suggest that the form \"clearly wasn't supposed\" to appear on Facebook in its current form. Yet the hate speech button was criticised as suppression by some, with American writer Matt Walsh calling it an intentional move by Facebook to remove \"conservative content\". This is in light of accusations from Republican congressman Steve Scalise that Facebook's algorithm was discriminating against conservative news and content in favour of liberal posts. And Lebanese-American journalist Brigitte Gabriel labelled it an attempt by Facebook to \"censor\" her account. But as others noticed the button appearing on all of the posts in their timeline, people began to share the funniest place they had seen the button appear. Such places include posts about local churches, articles about Donald Trump, and even pictures which show the weather forecast. And Washington Post journalist Gene Park shared this suggestion that a photo of a puppy might be somehow hateful. This comes as Facebook hosts its biggest event ever, with 5,000 developers flying in from around the world for the F8 developer conference on May 1-2. This prompted social media journalist Matt Navarra to joke that even Facebook creator Mark Zuckerberg was not exempt from the hate speech button. By Tom Gerken, UGC & Social News"
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"Represent the example for the following task: Generate an appropriate title for the given text. The generated title must be short and include the main topic of the text. The preferred titles are under fifteen words.:",
"Until now, anyone wanting to compete in the real-time quiz had to sign up to play the US version. But on Sunday, the UK version of the app was unveiled. It will feature questions specifically aimed at UK audiences. One expert said its popularity was down to the cash prizes on offer as well as its real presenters and live-streaming format. Cash call HQ Trivia mimics the format of a TV quiz show and each round has a host that asks questions and engages with players. Quizzes are run twice a day. Each game typically has a prize pot in excess of $10,000 (£7,192) but this is usually split between hundreds of winners who answer all 12 multiple-choice questions correctly. Prizes vary, but typical rewards on the US version have been $10-$20 (£7-£15). The game has become very popular and often hundreds of thousands of people join in the hosted games. Jack Kent, a mobile media analyst at IHS Markit, said the real money prizes were responsible for HQ's initial draw but other elements of its format also helped. \"The live streaming video, real presenters and interactive social and chat functions have all helped drive engagement,\" he said. The massive live audience had also helped boost its popularity, he added. But, Mr Kent said, despite the game's popularity there were still questions about its longevity. \"Supporting a live massive multiplayer video experience is more difficult and more costly than other text and image-based titles,\" he said. Currently, he said, HQ Trivia was being bankrolled by early investors and venture capitalists who had put up the initial cash for each quiz. He said HQ Trivia would have to find other revenue streams, perhaps based around adverts or top brands, as it grew. The game is available only for Apple iPhones but it is expected that a finished version of the app for Android will be released soon. The two men behind HQ Trivia were also founders of video sharing app Vine, which they, and the company's other founder, sold to Twitter for $30m in 2012."
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"Represent the example for the following task: Generate an appropriate title for the given text. The generated title must be short and include the main topic of the text. The preferred titles are under fifteen words.:",
"By David MillerBBC Scotland environment correspondent Aileen McLeod also said she wanted to see \"much more\" land brought into community ownership. The one-day event has been organised by the landowners' organisation, Scottish Land and Estates. The Scottish government's plan to introduce a Land Reform Bill at Holyrood before the summer recess has sparked controversy. Conservative MSP Murdo Fraser condemned the Holyrood administration's proposed reforms as \"a Big Brother-style land grab\". And David Johnstone, chairman of Scottish Land and Estates, which speaks for private landowners, said the there was already hard work being done to back Scottish government aims, such as renewable energy, agriculture, housing and tourism. In her address to the conference, Ms McLeod, who is minister for environment, climate change and land reform, said there was \"strong public support\" for a land reform bill and that broader benefits would flow from the changes. First Minister Nicola Sturgeon has already pledged to take action against landowners who pose a \"barrier\" to development. Ms Sturgeon has also said business rate exemptions for shooting and deerstalking estates will be scrapped as part of a series of \"radical\" reforms. Speaking in November 2014, the first minister told MSPs the move would allow for the fund which supports community land ownership to be increased from £3m to £10m a year."
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"Represent the example for the following task: Generate an appropriate title for the given text. The generated title must be short and include the main topic of the text. The preferred titles are under fifteen words.:",
"Alex Salmond set a target for community land in Scotland to double from its current level through improvements to the right-to-buy scheme. These measures will be set out in a Community Empowerment and Renewal Bill later this year. An additional £3m is being made available to the Scottish Land Fund in 2015-16 for community buyouts. Speaking at the Community Land Scotland Conference at Gaelic college Sabhal Mor Ostaig, on Skye, Mr Salmond said: \"We are committed, like no other administration, to land reform and as a powerful symbol of that commitment I am delighted to announce today that we will set a target of a million acres of land in Scotland to be under local control by 2020. \"This is a deliberately ambitious target that can be achieved through a radical reshaping of the right-to-buy landscape that has the potential to transform the fortunes of communities across the country.\" Mr Salmond added that the Scottish government's land reform review group was investigating how community ownership could be improved, while the government will consult on a draft bill later this year. \"We now have an opportunity to ensure that more local areas are able to take their future into their own hands,\" he said. \"If we do this, we will achieve our own shared aspirations: new jobs and new amenities in areas long denied them, and the regeneration and repopulation of communities across Scotland.\" Luke Borwick, chairman of Scottish Land and Estates, said: \"As an organisation, we are supportive of a broad church of land ownership and support community buyouts. \"We welcome the Scottish government's view that the process of such buyouts should be simplified but we are fundamentally opposed to the concept of enforcing the sale of land to communities or individuals. \"All sales should be on the basis of willing seller and willing buyer, which is the foundation of all property transactions. That applies to every property owner in Scotland.\" Land fund Labour's rural affairs spokeswoman, Claire Baker, said: \"Whilst any increase in contribution to the land fund is welcome, particularly if it helps make the purchase of land for a community easier, we were disappointed by what was left unsaid by the first minister. \"Scottish Labour have committed to a community right-to-buy even if there is no willing seller, as long as it is in the public interest. Today Alex Salmond failed to match that ambition.\" Mr Salmond's address comes amid a Scottish government-commissioned review of land reform legislation. Earlier this week, the Scottish Greens urged the government to be \"bolder\" in its work to reform land ownership laws. The Scottish Land Fund, which was launched in February 2012 with a pot of £6m, has been extended by 12 months, and will now run until 2016. The scheme was launched by the SNP to support community purchases of land after a previous land fund was wound up in 2006. The fund is administered by Highlands and Islands Enterprise and the Big Lottery Fund."
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"Represent the example for the following task: Generate an appropriate title for the given text. The generated title must be short and include the main topic of the text. The preferred titles are under fifteen words.:",
"Last month, MSP John Finnie said the local authority should not be using a company criticised for how much tax it pays on its profits. Highland Council's leader Drew Hendry said he was disappointed an innovative scheme was being attacked. The trial project was awarded £24,000 by Zero Waste Scotland. Ten secondary schools are involved in the effort to reduce litter and recycle more waste. Pupils taking part were to be entered into a prize draw to win £10 Amazon vouchers. But now instead of vouchers, Highland Council said pupils will have the chance to win £10. Mr Finnie said the scheme should have been an opportunity to involve local businesses."
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"Represent the example for the following task: Generate an appropriate title for the given text. The generated title must be short and include the main topic of the text. The preferred titles are under fifteen words.:",
"By Catherine SmythBBC News NI It comes after a report by MPs called a fast-tracking system for terminally ill patients \"outdated and arbitrary\". Benefits can be fast-tracked for patients if a clinician states their death can \"reasonably be expected within six months\". The Department for Communities said that it would review the report's findings. \"Any review of the arrangements for terminally ill cases in Northern Ireland would be a matter for consideration and decision by incoming ministers,\" a report said. The report said the current system should be replaced by one based on a clinical judgement that the claimant has a progressive disease that can reasonably be expected to cause the individual's death. Colm Davis was diagnosed with motor neurone disease in 2016. He receives Personal Independence Payments (PIP) but faced being reassessed after three years. He said he has been working with Marie Curie and the Motor Neurone Disease Association to scrap the six month rule. \"Our aim is to scrap the six month rule for terminally ill people,\" he said. \"I've lost my voice which is quite isolating. \"Nobody can tell me how long I've got to live, and to be reassessed for PIP causes a lot of anxiety.\" The All-Party Parliamentary Group for Terminal Illness Report, published on Wednesday, found that the six month rule, which was introduced into law in 1990, was not initially intended to be a wider definition of terminal illness. It said \"the timescale has no clinical meaning in most cases\". 'Held accountable' It said that advances in treatment and diagnosis mean that many people are living longer with a terminal illness and that the six month rule wrongly assumes life expectancy can always be accurately predicted. The report also said that clinicians' interpretations of the law \"vary significantly\" and \"many believe they will be held accountable if their prediction turns out to be wrong\". Recommendations from the cross-party group of MPs include changing the definition of terminal illness in UK law. It also recommends adopting a light-touch review of benefits under the special rules for terminal illness only after 10 years, with the claimant's GP being contacted to confirm that their diagnosis and prognosis remain the same. Joan McEwan, of Marie Curie Northern Ireland, said many claimants are falling outside of the fast-track process. This means they have to go through \"distressing\" benefit assessments, fill in complicated forms and wait months to get welfare payments, she added. \"This is cruel, lacking in compassion and needs to change.\" Representatives from the DUP, Sinn Féin, SDLP, UUP, Alliance Party, Green Party and People Before Profit issued a joint statement seeking change to a system they called \"cruel\" and \"inhumane\". A spokesperson for the Department for Communities said it would study the findings. \"Terminal illness is devastating and our priority is dealing with people's claims quickly and compassionately,\" it said. \"That's why terminally ill people can get their claims fast-tracked and access benefits without a face-to-face assessment. We continue to look at how we can improve our processes. \"In the meantime, we continue to work with charities to help terminally ill people access the support they need.\""
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"Represent the example for the following task: Generate an appropriate title for the given text. The generated title must be short and include the main topic of the text. The preferred titles are under fifteen words.:",
"By Tara MillsBBC News NI Some of those in need of Personal Independence Payments (PIPs) lobbied officials at Stormont on Monday over a system described as inhumane. The system requires people with a life expectancy of longer than six months to undertake a face-to-face assessment to prove they are terminally ill. They then face a wait of up to three months for payment. The Department for Communities, which is responsible for welfare payments, said it heard moving testimony from those affected but it would be up to a Northern Ireland Executive to make any changes. Northern Ireland has been without a government since January 2017. Martin Murtagh, who has dementia and lost two sisters to the same disease, was among those at Stormont. His life expectancy is unknown so he had to be interviewed to prove the details of his condition before he could receive a PIP to help him with his illness. He said the stress of waiting for the appointment, on top of his diagnosis, was almost too much to bear. \"I was actually quite suicidal and very depressed,\" he said. \"Everybody keeps saying to you, 'don't worry about it, you'll be alright'. \"Worst thing anyone can say to you is 'don't worry about' - of course you're going to worry.\" Colm Davis is a former school principal who has motor neurone disease - he said the fight for additional benefits he should be entitled to is unacceptable. \"It's a long, hard struggle but the thought of being reassessed for PIPs over and over again is mentally draining and worrying,\" he said. \"Especially when you don't have any indication when you're going to die.\" Nichola Mallon, the SDLP's deputy leader, said she wants the five party leaders to come together to demand urgent change. \"If you're diagnosed with a terminal illness you deserve to be spending that time in the best possible way and sitting waiting on an appointment to go for a face-to-face assessment for PIP, to be worried about that, to be stressed out about it and then to have to wait some time for payment - it's just cruel and inhumane.\" Meanwhile, Mr Murtagh had this message for government officials. \"Why are you putting me through all this again? I'm going to have to go through all this stress after going through an assessment and handing in all the medical evidence,\" he said. \"I had all the medical evidence from different doctors from within the hospital, so why put me through that again.\""
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"Represent the example for the following task: Generate an appropriate title for the given text. The generated title must be short and include the main topic of the text. The preferred titles are under fifteen words.:",
"By Jayne McCormackBBC News NI Political Reporter The Commission on Flags, Identity, Culture and Tradition (FICT) was established in June 2016. It was meant to report back within 18 months, but has yet to finish its work. The Executive Office said the next meeting of the commission would take place in early March. Last year, BBC News NI revealed that the panel had cost more than £730,000 in fees and expenses. The co-chairman of the panel, Prof Dominic Bryan, later said he believed it had been given \"too big a brief\". The Ulster Unionist representative on the commission, Doug Beattie, also said it had not been \"value for money\". The commission has 15 members, seven of whom were appointed by the political parties while eight were employed through a recruitment process. Who heads the commission? The FICT is jointly chaired by Mr Neville John Armstrong and Prof Dominic Bryan. Prof Bryan is a reader at the School of History, Anthropology, Philosophy and Politics at Queens University Belfast and lists his research as focusing upon the role played by symbols and rituals during the conflict and peace in Northern Ireland. Prof Bryan's research centres upon Parades and Human Rights, Flags and the Symbolic Landscape, Belfast and Shared Space and Political Violence and Commemoration. Why was the commission set up? The commission was announced as part of the Fresh Start Agreement, negotiated by the Stormont parties in November 2015. It was supposed to help the parties reach consensus on contentious issues surrounding flags, emblems and identity in Northern Ireland, and produce recommendations for the executive to take forward. It began its work in June 2016, after its make-up was announced by the then first and deputy first ministers. Five of those on the panel have links to unionism - it also includes a former Alliance Party special adviser, a former SDLP adviser and a former Sinn Féin councillor. When is it likely to publish its report? A final report would need to go to the executive first to be signed off. There is no clarity yet about when this might happen."
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"Represent the example for the following task: Generate an appropriate title for the given text. The generated title must be short and include the main topic of the text. The preferred titles are under fifteen words.:",
"It made the pledge in its Senedd election manifesto, which includes plans for a new medical school in north Wales and a new national park. Welsh ministers can vary income tax rates by 10p in each band, but the powers have never been used. Voters go to the polls on the 6 May. The pledge means a rise in income tax is not completely ruled out. Labour had promised no tax rises at the last election in 2016, but ministers have put the issue on the agenda in recent years. In the manifesto, launched on Thursday, Welsh Labour vowed to tackle the backlog of postponed treatments and operations caused by the pandemic. And it said it would reform council tax and open the first new national park in Wales since 1957, covering the Clwydian Range and Dee Valley. Labour is fighting to keep its hold on the Welsh government, which it has led since the National Assembly's creation in 1999. It was the largest party at the last election, and is defending 29 seats in next month's vote. Party leader and First Minister Mark Drakeford said: \"We've lived through an extraordinary 12 months, people I think want to have a government that they know is capable, competent and committed, and we'll finish that job, but we're more than that. \"We are a party with ambition for the whole of Wales to tackle the next crisis - the crisis of climate change and biodiversity loss.\" In 2016 Labour guaranteed \"not to increase income tax\" in the following Senedd term. In the 2021 manifesto the party said it will \"not take more in Welsh rates of income tax from Welsh families for at least as long as the economic impact of coronavirus lasts\". Asked for further clarification a Welsh Labour spokesman said: \"The impact of the pandemic will take time to overcome and we would need to see a strong recovery in personal finances across households before considering any increase in Welsh rates of income tax.\" WALES ELECTION: THE BASICS What elections are happening? On 6 May, people across Wales will vote to elect 60 Members of the Senedd (MSs). The party or parties that can command the support of a majority of members will form the Welsh government. Find out more here. What powers does the Welsh Parliament have? MSs pass laws on many aspects of day-to-day life in Wales, such as health, education and transport. They also have control over some taxes. Defence, foreign policy and immigration are decided by the UK Parliament. How do I vote? Anyone who lives in Wales and is registered to vote is eligible, so long as they are aged 16 or over on the day of the election. You can register to vote online. In a BBC Radio Wales interview Mr Drakeford said Labour had kept Wales \"safe\" during the coronavirus pandemic and asked people to \"give us the chance to complete the job\". Labour has been under pressure from some in its party to go further on extending free school meals, but the Welsh Labour leader defended plans not to extend the scheme to all children with parents on benefits. The scheme is currently restricted to families earning £7,400 or less. In Thursday's manifesto the party said it would review eligibility, extending the scheme \"as far as resources allow\". Mr Drakeford said more children would have eligibility \"year on year\", if Labour was elected back into power. He said Wales was the first part of the UK to guarantee free meals during the school holidays. Mr Drakeford attacked Plaid Cymru's manifesto, saying it was \"reckless\" and \"relied on borrowing money\" - Plaid has insisted it is costed and independently checked. Mr Drakeford said all of the pledges in Labour's manifesto were \"deliverable\". Asked why Labour had not used all its borrowing powers while in government, he said the party would \"maximise the use\" of borrowing in the next five years, but said making social care free at the point of delivery was \"impossible\". \"Everything we say, we can do,\" he added. \"When people are making choices... it is between a party who knows what it is to be in government, has the experience... and if they say something, it will happen.\" Mr Drakeford said Labour would not do a deal with the Conservatives if no party won a majority at the 6 May vote, and ruled out supporting a Welsh independence referendum if a deal was done with Plaid Cymru to get Labour back into government. Plaid has pledged to hold a referendum within the next five years if it is elected into government and has the support of the Welsh Parliament. How do you offer a vision for a better tomorrow while at the same time emphasising that the crisis isn't over? Mark Drakeford wants voters to let him \"finish the job\" of seeing Wales through the pandemic. With risks of further waves of infection looming, he said Labour would use \"every ounce of experience\" to \"keep you and your family safe\". But voters will be interested in what comes after the crisis too - and that's why he is so keen to shout about his \"credibility\". In other words, you might like what other parties are offering, but can you be sure their sums add up? Mr Drakeford, 65, had previously said he would stand aside as first minister if re-elected before the end of the first term, but would not be drawn on who he thought should succeed him. The manifesto launch took place at Coleg Cambria in the constituency of Delyn - which Labour holds at Senedd level but lost at the Westminster election in 2019. Key pledges The party said there were six \"ambitious pledges\" at the heart of the election plans, including: It also promised a \"new generation of integrated health and social care centres\" and an \"in-reach\" child and adolescent mental health service in schools. It says Welsh Labour would consult on a \"potential Wales-only solution\" to funding social care if the UK government \"fails to bring forward a fully funded scheme\". The party also promised a moratorium on large incinerators, while Labour says it will lead Wales \"in a national civic conversation about our constitutional future\". Welsh Labour said it would train 12,000 \"doctors, nurses, allied health professionals and psychologists\" over the five years of the next Welsh government term. No commitment was given on whether there should be more Senedd members, but it said Labour would \"build on the work\" of a committee which recommended 20-30 more politicians. Labour said its manifesto commitments were affordable and did not rely on increases in taxes controlled from Cardiff. Health Minister Vaughan Gething had previously rejected the idea of a medical school in north Wales."
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"Represent the example for the following task: Generate an appropriate title for the given text. The generated title must be short and include the main topic of the text. The preferred titles are under fifteen words.:",
"Mr Jones unveiled the party's five pledges, including promises on the NHS, housing, schools and policing. The first minister said the general election should not be about Brexit but about \"seven years of Tory failure\". He defended his failure to mention Mr Corbyn, saying it was a Welsh launch. Mr Jones told activists at the event on Monday that Labour's achievement \"knows no bounds\" when it stands united. \"We are in Welsh Labour together, councillors, MPs and AMs, we are united,\" he said. The Welsh Labour leader said the party had \"repelled\" Tory advances in the Conservative target areas of Flintshire, Newport and Swansea in last Thursday's local elections. \"We did suffer some reversals. We'll learn from that,\" he said. He called on voters to send back a \"battalion of Welsh Labour MPs\", saying Welsh Labour made \"no apology\" for local campaigning and boasting of its achievements governing Wales. The party has five Welsh pledges for the election, three of which concern the devolved areas of health, education and housing: \"This election has to be about seven years of Tory failure,\" Mr Jones said, claiming that austerity showed no sign of ending. \"This is not the Brexit election,\" he insisted. \"That was the referendum last year - a result I respect. I was a Remainer - so was Theresa May.\" Mr Jones claimed the prime minister had \"no plan\" for leaving the EU. \"I know that all she is doing at the moment is posturing,\" he said. \"We produced a plan, where's their plan?\" Mr Corbyn visited Cardiff in April for a campaign rally shortly after the election was called. With the first minister by his side, he had urged a crowd of about 700 on Whitchurch Common to join him on a journey of \"hope and excitement\", praising Labour's record in power in Wales. Mr Jones told BBC Wales that the party leader was not mentioned at Monday's event \"because it is Welsh Labour's campaign launch\" which he himself was fronting. \"It's pretty clear to people who would be prime minister if we got a majority,\" the first minister said, denying that he thought Mr Corbyn was an electoral hindrance. \"We live in an age of devolution. That's why it's hugely important that parties put forward their Welsh pledges,\" he added. Analysis by Nick Servini, BBC Wales political editor This is a clear strategy by Carwyn Jones' Welsh Labour to differentiate itself from Jeremy Corbyn's UK Labour party. You can see why - the focus on Welsh Labour is thought to have helped the party hold on to a number of councils last week, and helped it fight off the Tories in marginal seats in the assembly campaign last year. But how do you do it in a general election when it would not be Carwyn Jones walking into Downing Street but Jeremy Corbyn? The lack of focus on the UK leader by Labour stands in stark contrast to the Conservatives who seem to talk about the leadership of Theresa May in every other sentence."
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"Represent the example for the following task: Generate an appropriate title for the given text. The generated title must be short and include the main topic of the text. The preferred titles are under fifteen words.:",
"By Brian MeechanBBC Wales business correspondent Ian Price said the Welsh Government has also been too slow on delivering a reduction in the number of councils and has not successfully tackled issues such as poor productivity. In a new report, the CBI also calls for reduced taxes to be considered. The Welsh Government said it was for the leadership candidates to respond. A report from the business body calls for a \"more nimble, efficient and effective Welsh Government\" and an \"honest and open dialogue about past successes and failures\". The measures suggested include: Ian Price, CBI Wales director, said the next first minister needed to review the decision-making process in government. \"A change of first minister is the right time to look afresh at the Welsh Government's ability to deliver change. \"With the devolution of income tax, only by growing our economy will Welsh Government get the additional revenue to enable it to invest in our much loved public services.\" The three Labour leadership candidates were asked for comment. Mark Drakeford AM said he had published a detailed manifesto, which included creating a law to put ethical employment and \"the pursuit of equality\" at the core of policy delivery. He also said he would focus on Welsh firms and use the Development Bank for Wales to invest for the long term. Vaughan Gething AM said the current ambiguity within the leadership contest on a number of topics such as the M4 relief road and support for Wylfa B \"isn't washing with our membership, businesses or the public...\". He added that \"doing nothing\" was not an option on the M4 and clarity was needed on their support for Wylfa B. Eluned Morgan AM had not responded at the time of writing."
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"Represent the example for the following task: Generate an appropriate title for the given text. The generated title must be short and include the main topic of the text. The preferred titles are under fifteen words.:",
"By Vanessa BarfordBBC News Magazine Within minutes of Marissa Mayer's move from Google to Yahoo - and her pregnancy - being announced, there was a wave of approval. \"CEO and pregnant announcements in one day? @marissamayer isn't just breaking the glass ceiling; she's annihilating it,\" tweeted marketing consultant Lauren Hall-Stigerts . \"This is actually really, really important: Yahoo board knew Marissa Mayer is pregnant, hired her as CEO anyway,\" was the verdict of Eric Nelson, the executive editor at John Wiley and Sons. Meanwhile Marie Claire's mum-to-be Emma Simkins penned why a pregnant CEO is great news for women . However it didn't take long for other commentators to seem slightly alarmed at how much prominence the pregnancy was getting. \"It is great that Marissa Mayer is pregnant. But intensity of reaction is slightly depressing. Kind of as if they'd hired a yeti,\" tweeted Rebecca Traister , a New York Times journalist and author of Big Girls Don't Cry. So how significant is Mayer's posting, and what might it mean for other women? It's difficult to say for sure, but none of those writing about Mayer seem able to recall a single other example of a major company recruiting a six months pregnant woman for the top job. TechCrunch says Mayer may well be \"the first ever pregnant CEO of a Fortune 500 tech company\" and calls the announcement \"trailblazing\". But the Guardian's US newsblog points out Mayer is not the first female chief executive with a family, though it says \"the number is depressingly low\". Even so, Dr Fiona Moore, a senior lecturer in human resource management at Royal Holloway, University of London, says Yahoo's move is to be celebrated. \"We're gradually getting towards the realisation that pregnancy and motherhood does not render women unable to do business,\" she says. Of course there may be a number of factors that make Mayer's situation unique - her experience at Google and her plans to take just \"a few weeks\" of maternity leave. She says she wants to \"work throughout\". It can be difficult to change jobs during a pregnancy. So could Mayer's high profile help more women make a similar move? Employment lawyer Samantha Mangwana, a partner at Russell Jones & Walker, points out that in the UK it is completely unlawful to discriminate against a job applicant - both in terms of the job, or the decision to appoint someone - because of pregnancy or maternity leave. But she says it is often hard to prove why people don't get a job. The difficulty of getting a job while pregnant is recognised by employment tribunals. It helps explain the size of rewards for pregnant women who win unfair dismissal cases. Mangwana thinks Mayer has \"a lot more bargaining power\" than most women. \"It just takes a quick look at her CV to see why she was snapped up like gold dust. She was part of a team that turned Google from a start-up into a multi-billion dollar organisation,\" she says. Few women are in Mayer's position. \"Qualifying for statutory maternity pay, or meeting the conditions for their company's enhanced maternity pay may be the main issue for many people. For senior executives like Mayer, the proposed level of earnings by ordinary or performance-related pay may outweigh those considerations. But for others, it makes a difference,\" she says. Pregnant employees may feel deterred from making a move because a period of service is required before becoming eligible for maternity pay, she says. \"As a rough rule of thumb, you have to be at a company before you are pregnant to receive statutory maternity pay, but a longer period of service may be required to receive enhanced pay above this level. Often companies have benefit schemes which reward loyalty, so it may make sense to stay put.\" Others agree Mayer is in an unusual situation. \"Some women can [have it all], absolutely. & I applaud her! but she makes my point. She's superhuman, rich, & in charge. Still need change!\" tweeted Anne-Marie Slaughter , the former director of policy planning at the US State Department. While the Wall Street Journal's Janet Paskin thinks Mayer has \"ratcheted up the stakes\" for working mothers everywhere. \"I hope her delivery is free of complications and her baby is healthy. I hope if Mayer chooses to breastfeed, that all goes smoothly, that her son latches and her supply is plentiful. I hope he's not colicky. I hope he sleeps well,\" she says. And Slate's Jessica Grose worries that if Mayer does go quickly back to work, \"employers will be even less accommodating to women who need (or want) more than a few weeks, and can't - or don't want to - work immediately after giving birth\". However, Moore argues Mayer has done more good for working women than harm. \"I've seen lots of anecdotal evidence that women are actively strategising their career in regards to family planning. \"Many women think 'If I get pregnant, I might not get the job. If I take a long maternity leave, they might not want me to come back. It's not true, but there is a lot of concern that women may be seen as less valuable to an organisation if they work flexibly or take a break,\" she says. A high-profile case such as Mayer will \"normalise\" the idea that pregnant women can get jobs. \"If women are thinking of going for a change of career, they might now think 'I can do this',\" she says."
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"Represent the example for the following task: Generate an appropriate title for the given text. The generated title must be short and include the main topic of the text. The preferred titles are under fifteen words.:",
"The company said in a statement that Ms Bartz was removed by the board of directors, effective immediately. Tim Morse, Yahoo's chief financial officer, will take over from Ms Bartz. Yahoo has been struggling to increase its market share as it faces increased competition from rivals such as Google and Facebook. Yahoo shares jumped more than 6% in after-hours trading after news of the firing broke, indicating they would trade higher when Wall Street opened for business on Wednesday. Yahoo's stock price was up at $13.72, an increase of 81 cents. Mr Morse will serve as interim chief executive and the board of directors will look for a new CEO, the company said. No turnaround Ms Bartz was hired to run Yahoo in early 2009, taking over from co-founder Jerry Yang. She made significant changes to the management team and cut jobs to save on costs. She also shifted the focus of the traditionally search-oriented firm towards more personalised content. However, Larry Magid, a technology analyst at C-net, said the company has not seen enough of a turnaround under Ms Bartz's leadership. \"She hasn't done anything to change the company's fortunes, and they are still anxious to find a leader who can move them up,\" he said. Critics also claim that Yahoo has failed to make significant strides in two of the most lucrative segments of the market - search and social networking. \"Facebook is way ahead, and now even Google is way ahead of Yahoo in social networking,\" Mr Magid added. \"In terms of the potential for long-term revenue it's just not there. They've got some great sites, great information resources, news, stocks, sports, but that's not what bringing in the money.\" Phone firing The news first broke on the Wall Street Journal's All Things D website, which quoted an email from Ms Bartz to Yahoo staff. The email has since been reported by other news agencies including Bloomberg and Reuters. \"I am very sad to tell you that I've just been fired over the phone by Yahoo's chairman of the board,\" Ms Bartz said in the email to staff. \"It has been my pleasure to work with all of you and I wish you only the best going forward.\" As news of the sacking spread across the internet, Yahoo released its own press statement in which it confirmed it was undergoing a \"leadership reorganisation\" and that Ms Bartz would be leaving the company. Roy Bostock, chairman of Yahoo's board, said in the statement: \"On behalf of the entire board, I want to thank Carol for her service to Yahoo during a critical time of transition in the company's history, and against a very challenging macro-economic backdrop.\" He added that he saw \"enormous growth opportunities\" for the firm. Lack of direction? Despite being one of the pioneers in the online search business, Yahoo has seen its market share dwindle in recent times. Not only have the users turned to its rivals, advertisers have also been ditching the company. Research firm eMarketer has projected that Facebook will overtake Yahoo in online display advertising in the US this year. Analysts said a lack of focus and direction have hurt the company's image. \"They went down the road of search, they went down the road of media, becoming a content company, they went down the road of advertising,\" said Michael Yoshikami of YCMNet Advisors. \"I'm not sure where they go right now. One wonders if this means that they might be ripe for a takeover.\" Related Internet Links Yahoo! UK"
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"Represent the example for the following task: Generate an appropriate title for the given text. The generated title must be short and include the main topic of the text. The preferred titles are under fifteen words.:",
"Osborne took on the job in March 2017, after having held the nation's purse-strings from 2010-2016. His replacement is Emily Sheffield, a columnist on the newspaper, BBC Media Editor Amol Rajan confirmed. Osborne is moving to the more managerial role of the newspaper's editor-in-chief. Rajan said the print title will continue for now but is in \"desperate financial trouble\". In response, the incoming editor tweeted that the newspaper \"remains a core element to this outstanding legacy news organisation. \"It has survived this crisis and it will survive many more,\" added Sheffield. The newspaper's owner, Evgeny Lebedev, said he was \"delighted\" Sheffield was taking the helm at the newspaper and was \"very pleased\" Osborne would be editor-in-chief. Osborne thanked his colleagues at the newspaper and said of his replacement: \"She will bring creativity, commitment and experience to the job - and take the Standard, online and in print, through the next exciting chapter in its long history.\" Osborne is also chair of the Northern Powerhouse Partnership and holds a £650,000-a-year post advising the investment fund BlackRock. Last year he was made chairman of a panel of advisers to Exor, which owns the Italian football club Juventus and has major stakes in Ferrari and Fiat Chrysler cars. Osborne left government in 2016 after the Brexit referendum and he stood down as MP for Tatton in Cheshire in 2017. According to The Guardian, prior to the Covid-19 lockdown, the Evening Standard's circulation was about 800,000 daily copies in the capital, but it was struggling due to an industry-wide decline in advertising revenues. Due to its reliance on readers using public transport, the Evening Standard was reported to have distributed just over 423,000 copies a day in April, after the nation went into lockdown. Osborne's replacement, Sheffield, will remain director of a female news brand she launched called This Much I Know, and will be \"tasked with making it a digital first operation\" added Rajan. \"That's a extremely difficult challenge for a title so heavily dependent on print for its income,\" he tweeted. \"As an ad-funded title reliant on footfall, the Standard has been devastated by the pandemic.\" Last month the industry's auditor said newspapers will no longer have their sales figures automatically published. The Audit Bureau of Circulations (ABC), which records and audits sales, usually publishes figures every month. But ABC said publishers were growing concerned about a \"negative narrative of decline\" in newspaper sales. Follow us on Facebook or on Twitter @BBCNewsEnts. If you have a story suggestion email [email protected]"
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"Represent the example for the following task: Generate an appropriate title for the given text. The generated title must be short and include the main topic of the text. The preferred titles are under fifteen words.:",
"Emyr Chowdhury, a consultant orthopaedic surgeon at Peterborough City Hospital, used a prosthesis for a right knee on a left knee in 2016. He failed to adequately check the implant or report his error, a medical tribunal heard. It ruled that Mr Chowdhury's \"repeated and persistent dishonesty\" required him to be erased from the medical register. The Medical Practitioners Tribunal Service (MPTS) heard Mr Chowdhury had worked for the North West Anglia NHS Foundation Trust since 2008. On 11 April 2016, he carried out a total knee anthroplasty on Patient A, the tribunal heard. 'Labelling error' Three days later, it was found and proven that he sent an email to a colleague stating \"up to date x-rays\" of the patient showed the \"correct sided implant\". He went on to state that there was a \"labelling error\" with the prosthesis, but that it was the correct side. The tribunal heard he was in no position to confirm this information and that he failed to report the error because he realised the wrong implant had been used. He also failed to report it in a letter to the patient's GP, five months later. Mr Chowdhury was also found to have \"knowingly provided untrue information\" to the patient by telling them it was \"impossible to check\" at the time of the procedure that the correct-sided replacement had been implanted. Determining its sanction on Mr Chowdhury, who trained as a surgeon at hospitals in the UK and United States, the tribunal said \"erasure\" was the only option it had in order to \"maintain public confidence in the medical profession\". The hearing ruled that Mr Chowdhury would be removed from the medical register within 28 days, unless he lodged an appeal. Find BBC News: East of England on Facebook, Instagram and Twitter. If you have a story suggestion email [email protected] Related Internet Links Medical Practitioners Tribunal Service"
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"Represent the example for the following task: Generate an appropriate title for the given text. The generated title must be short and include the main topic of the text. The preferred titles are under fifteen words.:",
"The General Medical Council (GMC) tribunal also heard Jerome Kerrane faked records and pocketed cash from the tests. Mr Kerrane showed \"persistent, sustained and deliberate dishonesty\", the tribunal panel ruled. The GP from Blackpool did not attend the hearing and was not represented. Personal bank account The GMC's Medical Practitioner Tribunal Service found that Mr Kerrane enrolled 14 ineligible patients, from Layton Medical Centre, Blackpool, into clinical trials between 2007 and 2014 for drugs to treat chronic pulmonary obstructive disease. The tribunal findings, which have just been released, showed Mr Kerrane entered a non-smoking patient as an ex-smoker in his NHS medical records - a category covering people who either smoked 20 cigarettes a day for 10 years or 10 cigarettes a day for 20 years. Mr Kerrane, who qualified as a doctor in 1996, also directed that fees for the trials should be directed to his personal bank account, not Fylde Coast Clinical Research Ltd, which carried out private clinical trials on behalf of drugs companies. He was a senior GP at the practice where he had worked since 2005 and principal investigator at the research company which was based in the same building as the medical centre and used the same computer system. The GMC investigation also found that the GP emailed Novartis Pharmaceuticals Ltd falsely stating that practice nurses had issued salbutamol inhalers to patients. He then retrospectively altered their medical records to include these fake prescriptions. The tribunal, which ended earlier this month in Manchester, accepted there was no previous evidence of misconduct from the doctor who had not harmed his patients and was \"clinically competent\". Nobody from Layton Medical Centre was available for comment."
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"Represent the example for the following task: Generate an appropriate title for the given text. The generated title must be short and include the main topic of the text. The preferred titles are under fifteen words.:",
"In July MPs voted to suspend the DUP MP Ian Paisley for 30 sitting days following his failure to declare two family holidays paid for by the Sri Lankan government. An election is triggered if 10% of constituents sign the petition. The Electoral Office published details of the recall petition on Friday. It is the first in UK parliamentary history. The Recall of MPs Bill became law in 2015 under the coalition government. Mr Paisley has insisted he will fight any by-election if he is forced to stand down. Speaking in the House of Commons before his suspension, he admitted \"deep personal embarrassment\" and said he had made a \"genuine mistake\". Criticism The petition will be open for signing from 8 August to 19 September from 09:00-17:00 BST, Monday to Friday, with opening hours extended to 21:00 BST on 6 and 13 September. Letters will be sent to constituents next week informing them of the details of the petition. Legislation allows for up to 10 locations for the petition however the electoral office has opened three, a decision which has drawn criticism from some political parties. Ulster Unionist Party (UUP) leader, Robin Swann said he was \"disappointed\" about the amount of centres opened. \"Not only are three petition centres totally inadequate for a constituency the size of North Antrim, by restricting the opening hours, the Electoral Office has shown little regard to people in daytime employment,\" he said. Mr Swann confirmed he will be signing the petition. TUV leader Jim Allister also said he would sign it. Sinn Féin MLA Philip McGuigan said he had urged the chief electoral officer to ensure that the maximum number of centres were put in places. \"Given that North Antrim is such a large geographical area, these centres should also be well spread across the constituency to ensure the greatest level of access\", he said. But Chief Electoral Officer Virginia McVea rejected the criticism. \"I could have opened one venue or I could have opened 10,\" she told the BBC's Good Morning Ulster programme. \"This runs for a lengthy period - six weeks and during that period I determined that it would be reasonable to expect people to be able to reach these three venues. \"In addition there is a change in the law in relation to the postal application. \"Anyone who chooses not to attend in person will be able to apply for the postal option and if their details are verified, can receive it within six weeks.\" The designated petition signing venues are located at: Only voters registered in the constituency are eligible. They can also apply to sign by post or proxy. Applications can be downloaded at eoni.org.uk. There are two help lines for constituents who have queries about the process. They are 02890446600 and 02890446668."
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"Represent the example for the following task: Generate an appropriate title for the given text. The generated title must be short and include the main topic of the text. The preferred titles are under fifteen words.:",
"By Sarah LeeBBC News Lucy Parker flew from London to Hanoi on 2 March before meeting up with her sister Alice and friends in Vietnam. The women were tracked down by authorities after a passenger on the Vietnamese Airline flight tested positive for coronavirus. They have been in isolation for seven days. Lucy, 22, Alice, 25, and their friend Hanna Ahlberg, 23, were traced to their hostel in Ha Long Bay by authorities days after Lucy disembarked from the plane. Police were deployed to their accommodation to ensure the women did not escape and hostel staff burnt mattresses and other items the women had come into contact with. Two and a half days after being tested for the virus, it was confirmed the women had not caught it. They were taken to an abandoned hospital in Ninh Bình, north Vietnam, and ordered to stay isolated for a further 12 days. Alice said the hospital they were staying in was originally an asylum and could be \"pretty scary at night\". \"We have a toilet but there is no shower. We do have a bucket to wash with and to wash our clothes in,\" she said. \"We're actually quite lucky because we've heard of people in worse conditions.\" Language barriers are also proving difficult for the women. \"Our nurses don't talk a word of English - not even yes or no - so that has been really difficult,\" Lucy said. \"But we do have a WhatsApp chat with government officials to help us translate things. \"The food is also interesting. They send food to us in a bag. We even had soup served in a bag - but it is quite nice food. \"We are trying to look on the bright side of everything but we would rather not be here. We'd rather be at home or in another hostel.\" The virus has infected more than 110,000 people worldwide and killed more than 4,000. There are at least 30 confirmed cases in Vietnam, including seven Britons. To tackle their boredom, the women, who work as graphic designers, have been documenting their experience on Instagram as well as making coronavirus themed mugs, tote bags and T-shirts. \"While we were bored in quarantine, we decided to get drawing and doodling to make light of a bad situation,\" Hanna said. The girls hope their isolation will end on Monday, but are determined to keep positive until then. \"We are bored. After seven days in isolation we are wanting to get out. We're not sure when we will eventually be let out but we're hoping its soon,\" Hanna said. \"We want to put out a message that quarantine and self isolation can be quite miserable so you just have to keep yourself busy and even maybe re-ignite some of your old passions and interests.\""
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"Represent the example for the following task: Generate an appropriate title for the given text. The generated title must be short and include the main topic of the text. The preferred titles are under fifteen words.:",
"Chris Ramsay, 29, arrived at London's Heathrow Airport on Monday after flying back to the UK, via Frankfurt. He had been unable to take a scheduled flight home on 19 March when Peru's borders were shut and a positive test for coronavirus caused more delays. Mr Ramsay is now self-isolating at his parents' home in Salisbury. \"It's a weird environment,\" he said, having left the UK in November for Mozambique, before moving on to South America. \"Towards the end of February we started hearing about it but South America had a low number of cases in comparison to some, so it didn't seem a bad place to be.\" After his scheduled flight was cancelled, he managed to get a seat on a planned \"military\" flight to the capital Lima, from where he could get a plane to Heathrow, but this was also cancelled. Finally, after getting the medical all-clear, Mr Ramsay travelled from Cusco to Lima and secured a seat on a German repatriation flight to Frankfurt. \"I then booked a one-way ticket to London for £360. Safety measures were in place with the middle seats all left empty but when I landed at Heathrow there were no medical checks at all which seemed odd,\" he said. He said that he never suffered any symptoms despite testing positive for coronavirus, but the outbreak had made it a \"very uncertain time\". \"It's surreal. I feel like I'm back to square one as after quarantine I'll have to try to find work which won't be easy at this time,\" Mr Ramsay added."
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"Represent the example for the following task: Generate an appropriate title for the given text. The generated title must be short and include the main topic of the text. The preferred titles are under fifteen words.:",
"By Caroline DaviesTransport correspondent, BBC News She hasn't seen her mother since October 2019. Her mother is in Jamaica, one of many countries that closed its borders to the UK to stop the spread of the UK variant of coronavirus. Direct flights are still currently banned. \"It's worrying because she's on her own,\" says Sharon. \"She puts a brave face on it, but she's isolating at home. It's a lonely existence, only going shopping, for a year.\" \"At least when we go out there you can see how well she's doing or not. You miss the physical contact and time spent together.\" This Mother's Day many of us won't be able to give our mum the usual lunch out or cuddle with her grandchildren. But at least if you live nearby there's the hope that the vaccine roll out will allow meetings in the park or garden soon. But for those with family abroad, the wait is likely to be much longer. International travel from the UK is still illegal in most circumstances. The UK government has said international travel will be possible from England from 17th May at the earliest. But Scotland, Wales and Northern Ireland are yet to set a date. But then it is up to the government of the country you're travelling to, whether you'll be let in. Jamaica's tourism minister, Edmund Bartlett, is hopeful that that things will open up again soon. \"Firstly make sure you get your vaccine,' said Mr Bartlett. \"We are doing the same over here. We are going to be in a position, with all the faith I have, to be able to invite all the family and friends and guests to Jamaica, certainly by the summer. \"We want you to come, but we want you to observe protocols.\" 'I'm stuck here' Khurram Masood may be 42, married, with children of his own and living thousands of miles away from his mum, but in her eyes, he's still her baby. \"I was first born of the family, so I was very pampered,\" he says. \"She still tells me off and asks me: why didn't you finish your dinner? All the mum stuff!\" Khurram lives in Portsmouth, his parents live in Lahore. He was meant to visit last year, but Covid got in the way. This Mother's Day he's feeling the distance between them more than ever. \"My kids are growing up, they need to see their grandparents. I have got nieces and nephews who haven't seen me for ages. \"It's a vital part of a child's life. Everyone is sending cards, flowers, chocolates and cakes for their mother and I'm just stuck here for the moment. It's hard for me to do anything special for her.\" After the prime minister's announcement, spelling out England's roadmap for easing lockdown, Pakistan was the second most searched for destination (after Spain) according to Skyscanner. Currently, inbound travellers from the UK, or those who have been in the UK in the last 10 days, are not able to enter Pakistan, although there are exemptions, including those with a Pakistani passport. Although there are no guarantees, the Pakistani government hopes they will be able to open up to UK visitors in the summer. \"We want to be very optimistic, but at the same time bordering on caution,\" says Sayed Zulfi Bukhari, special assistant to the prime minister for overseas Pakistanis. \"Towards the beginning of May we will look at it. If we are just talking about tourism and the tourists that want come from Britain, we would look at if they've been vaccinated and there's a bubble for them, or they could have a test prior to coming.\" 'More than a couple of days away' Hannah Robinson has lived in the UK for nine years, but this is the longest she's gone without seeing her mother in Adelaide. \"It has been a bit harder over the pandemic, knowing it's not just a couple of days to get home if I needed to,\" she says. Like many with family in Australia, she's not expecting to be able to travel there for some time. \"It's difficult, not having a date when we can really look forward to seeing each other again with everything being up in the air at the moment. No one really knows when things will be lifted for definite.\" Australia hasn't set a date for opening international travel. All arrivals have had to stay in quarantine hotels since March 2020. Speaking to UK MPs earlier this week, the deputy commissioner of police for New South Wales, Gary Worboys, said that he thinks quarantine hotels will be in place for the rest of the year. 'My son plays flying to visit grandma' Last summer, Dorota Sakwerda was able to visit her parents in Poland, thanks to the travel corridors that were introduced. But it was still very different to seeing them four times a year. \"It's difficult. My son, who is almost three, now plays with his toys, putting them on a plane to fly to grandma and grandpa. \"We've missed birthdays and Christmas together,\" she says. \"Like everyone, it's been a tough year and it's when you really realise how much you rely on your parents and dealing with all the pressures that come with lockdown.\" Dorota is frustrated that much of the conversation about international travel has revolved around holidays. \"I'd be the first person to try to get to the beach if I can and it's safe to do so\" says Dorota. \"But at the same time I think there's a distinction between travelling purely for leisure and for travelling abroad to visit family, especially elderly relatives.\" At the moment, it's the UK's restrictions on international travel that are stopping her visiting, as Poland is currently open to UK citizens, but the government has said that it's not able to predict what the situation will be once UK residents are able to travel again possibly in May."
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"Represent the example for the following task: Generate an appropriate title for the given text. The generated title must be short and include the main topic of the text. The preferred titles are under fifteen words.:",
"The increased restrictions were agreed by the States after the Treasury and Resources Department called for greater protection of the route. Flybe will stop flying the route in March, following the sale of its Gatwick slots. Easyjet withdrew its application after the protection plans were proposed. The airline cited \"continued uncertainty surrounding the States' sole operator policy\" as part of its decision not to pursue the licence further. Maximise profits Treasury Minister Gavin St Pier said the restrictions were not about protecting Aurigny, but would provide \"greater security and certainty\" on the \"key route\". \"It's not as if competition would completely disappear, rival operators would still fly to other London airports and to Southampton,\" he said. \"Also because it is owned by the people, Aurigny has no imperative to maximise profits. If the States set it a strategic aim to break even we could have reasonable but not unrealistic fares.\" The airline has ordered a 122-seat Embraer 195 jet, due to arrive in June 2014, to increase the number of seats it can offer on the route without increasing the number of flights it offers. Mark Darby, chief executive officer, said: \"Obviously we're pleased, we think it's the right decision, we haven't been guaranteed a monopoly.\" He said there was \"plenty of choice\" in getting to the UK form the island including Southampton and Stansted and a current application from Flybe to fly to Luton."
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"Represent the example for the following task: Generate an appropriate title for the given text. The generated title must be short and include the main topic of the text. The preferred titles are under fifteen words.:",
"The Treasury and Resources Department wants the impact on States-owned airline Aurigny to be considered in any application to fly the Gatwick route. However, finance and hospitality groups have called for more competition. Scrutiny Committee chairman Paul Arditti said there was a \"tension\" as departments had different agendas. The Commerce and Employment Department not only manages route licensing, but is also responsible for representing the island's business community. Mr Arditti said: \"The committee has identified a tension between the need to protect lifeline routes and aircraft on the one hand, and the need to promote additional commercial routes on the other. \"The one may involve a monopoly in some form or other while the latter clearly involves competition. \"Our job will be to look in to those sorts of tensions and the perception of a differing view between the government departments involved.\" Any commercial flight in or out of Guernsey has to be licensed by the island's Commerce and Employment Department, except for direct flights between the island and mainland Europe or Ireland. The review is expected to take place early in the new year."
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"Represent the example for the following task: Generate an appropriate title for the given text. The generated title must be short and include the main topic of the text. The preferred titles are under fifteen words.:",
"It comes after the Sunday Times said senior officials had examined the idea. But a No 10 spokesperson rejected the report as \"categorically untrue.\" And travel agents' body Abta told the BBC: \"The European Commission has said that even in a no-deal scenario, flights will still operate between the UK and EU, and a visa is not required.\" The UK is set to leave the European Union on 29 March 2019. There are understood to be tensions among government ministers over the prospect of a no-deal Brexit, and the impact it might have on the economy. Travel freely Last week it was confirmed that while UK travellers will not need a visa to visit the EU, Britons will need to apply for and buy another document to travel to member states, post-Brexit. The document - which costs €7 (£6.30) and is valid for three years - is called an ETIAS (European Travel Information and Authorisation System) and although not launched yet, is expected to come into force in 2021. The travel requirement is not just for the UK but for many non-EU countries. Under the Brexit deal, EU citizens and UK nationals will continue to be able to travel freely with a passport or identity card until the end of the transition period in 2020. After this period ends, the European Commission has offered visa-free travel for UK nationals coming to the EU for a short stay, as long as the UK offers the same in return. But although they do not need a visa, UK nationals will need the ETIAS - deal or no deal."
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"Represent the example for the following task: Generate an appropriate title for the given text. The generated title must be short and include the main topic of the text. The preferred titles are under fifteen words.:",
"The trainees went to a restaurant in Lucknow in Uttar Pradesh on the final day of their induction. They allegedly drank too much, made lewd remarks about one of their female colleagues and started to brawl, causing damage to property. Security camera footage helped identify those involved and a committee of inquiry recommended their dismissal. The trainees were part of a group of 74 interns who were in the Uttar Pradesh capital to participate in an induction programme from 9 June to 8 September at the Institute of Judicial Training and Research, BBC Hindi reports. On the night of 7 September, a group of them had gone to a restaurant outside the institute. According to reports, they got drunk, turned abusive and began fighting among themselves. The restaurant is also reported to have been damaged during the clashes. A female judge from the institute, who was at the restaurant with her family at the time of the incident, informed the institute's director who then reported the matter to the Allahabad High Court Chief Justice DY Chandrachud, reports said. State Governor Ram Naik ordered their dismissal on the recommendation of the Allahabad High Court judges. The registrar-general at the high court, Pratyush Kumar, refused to comment on the incident. \"I will neither confirm, nor deny it,\" he said."
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"Represent the example for the following task: Generate an appropriate title for the given text. The generated title must be short and include the main topic of the text. The preferred titles are under fifteen words.:",
"The Indian airline confirmed that a \"misunderstanding\" occurred between the cockpit crew on the New Year's Day flight. It added that the crew involved had been taken off their flight duties, pending an investigation. The flight, which was carrying 324 passengers, landed safely in Mumbai. According to Indian media reports, quoting witnesses, the incident occurred after the male pilot allegedly slapped the female pilot. The woman left the cockpit in tears, but colleagues eventually persuaded her to go back, reports said. An official at the Directorate General of Civil Aviation (DGCA) told PTI news agency that the pilot had also left the cockpit unattended twice during the incident, breaking safety regulations. A spokesperson for Jet Airways confirmed to the BBC that an incident had occurred, but did not detail the exact events that took place. The airline added that the incident has been reported to the DGCA, saying that it had \"zero tolerance for any action of its employees that compromises safety\". \"At Jet Airways, safety of guests, crew and assets is of paramount importance,\" said the spokesperson. You might also be interested in:"
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"Represent the example for the following task: Generate an appropriate title for the given text. The generated title must be short and include the main topic of the text. The preferred titles are under fifteen words.:",
"Class A drugs, birthday cake, beer, a DJ and disco lights were found by officers in a venue on Erdington High Street, Birmingham, on Thursday. West Midlands Police said they were tipped off by a member of the public who had noticed taxis bringing guests. The suspected organiser was arrested after refusing to give their details to officers. Police said the organiser could face a fine of £10,000 under coronavirus legislation. 'Flashing lights and music' Police also attended a flat in Kings Norton at about 00:30 GMT on Saturday after reports a party was being streamed live on Instagram. Officers spotted flashing lights and heard music coming from inside the property. The lights went out while they waited and a woman came to the door in a dressing gown. After being questioned as to why \"she was wearing jewellery and fake lashes to bed\", officers said the woman showed them into the flat. Some guests were allowed to leave, but three people were arrested in connection with assaults on two officers. Assistant Chief Constable Chris Todd said officers \"don't get any enjoyment out of spoiling people's fun\" and were simply trying to keep members of the public safe and reduce the spread of the virus. Follow BBC West Midlands on Facebook, Twitter and Instagram. Send your story ideas to: [email protected] Related Internet Links West Midlands Police"
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"Represent the example for the following task: Generate an appropriate title for the given text. The generated title must be short and include the main topic of the text. The preferred titles are under fifteen words.:",
"By Chris BaraniukTechnology reporter According to three separate analyses, a flood of automated comments to the Federal Communications Commission (FCC) was detected over the weekend. More than 400,000 comments with remarkably similar wording have been detected in recent days. Net neutrality proponents argue that all internet traffic should be equal. This means that no content provider should be able to, for example, charge more for faster access to certain data. One expert described bot activity as a new form of protest. \"Someone has gone out of their way to make these seem like real submissions,\" wrote Chris Sinchok in a blog post about the apparently automated activity. Having downloaded the comments and associated data, Mr Sinchok noticed that the names and email addresses associated with thousands of them also turned up in lists of personal data stolen from websites. Using 'breached data' He told the BBC that this suggested someone might be using information collected from breached databases to make the submissions look more authentic. \"It really seems like this is getting pooled from some place in an automated fashion and it's coming in at unreasonable rates,\" he said. He added that the uniformity of the data was also a possible giveaway. For example, many comments are essentially identical save for the occasional, small difference - such as the exact same sentence appearing in multiple comments, but with different letters capitalised each time. And the rate at which comments were posted also seemed suspicious, starting and stopping in bursts, he added. Other watchers, including a graduate student at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT) and another at Harvard University, have also tracked a boom in apparently automated activity directed at the site in recent days. Earlier this month, the FCC said it had been targeted by a distributed denial of service (DDoS) attack that led to downtime for the comments system. This followed a television appearance by comedian John Oliver in which he urged people to post comments against the proposals on the FCC's website. \"Net neutrality is such a hot-button issue and it's one of the few examples of online activism that's actually amounted to something,\" noted Prof Phil Howard at the Oxford Internet Institute. He cited the 2014 online protests, after which President Obama stepped in to recommend that the FCC drop earlier proposals to curtail net neutrality. \"This is how people protest these days,\" said Prof Howard, referring to the apparently automated comments. He also pointed out that a growing number of people had the necessary programming skills to do it. However, Mr Sinchok is concerned that the bot activity will create the impression that genuine opposition to the FCC's current proposals does not really exist. \"There are people that care about this issue a lot,\" he told the BBC. \"Activity like this is really muddying the waters - and I don't want it to give [the FCC] an excuse to say, 'Hey, there's mixed support for this.'\" The FCC has not yet responded to a BBC request for comment."
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"Represent the example for the following task: Generate an appropriate title for the given text. The generated title must be short and include the main topic of the text. The preferred titles are under fifteen words.:",
"By Benjamin Strick & Famega SyaviraBBC News A long-running Papuan separatist movement has flared in recent months, sparking fresh calls for self-rule. But with access to the region heavily restricted, social media has become a key source for the foreign press. One expert told the BBC the apparently co-ordinated campaigns were seeking to skew international views of Papua. Narrative 'doesn't reflect reality' The investigation, by the BBC and the Australian Strategic Policy Institute (ASPI), identified a network of easily recognisable \"bots\" - or automated accounts - which were sharing the same pro-government content about Papua at the same time. The Twitter accounts were all using fake or stolen profile photos, including images of K-pop stars or random people, and were clearly not functioning as \"real\" people do on social media. This led to the discovery of a network of automated fake accounts spread across at least four social media platforms and numerous websites which could be traced to a Jakarta-based media company, InsightID. The bots would jump on to hashtags being used by groups supporting independence, such as #freewestpapua, so they swamped negative reporting with positive stories about investment in the region, a process known as \"hashtag hijacking\". This technique was also used on Facebook. One such message, in English, said Indonesia had invited the UN to Papua to assess the situation. But the UN has complained that, despite an agreement more than a year ago, an official visit has still to take place. The company pushed out content on Facebook with paid ads targeting users in the US, UK and Europe. \"The risk of a campaign like this, in a place with so little access to truly independent media, is it skews the perceptions and understanding of the international community in a way that doesn't reflect reality,\" says ASPI cyber researcher Elise Thomas. \"That appears to be the goal, one which someone is willing to spend hundreds of dollars and many months to achieve.\" Many of the Twitter bots identified in the joint investigation have been removed. But more have been created to replace them. 'Manipulating facts is very dangerous' In line with the findings of this investigation, Facebook recently shut down more than 100 of these accounts, saying they didn't want their services \"used to manipulate people\". Facebook also said it had found links to InsightID. About $300,000 (£245,000) had been spent by the removed accounts on advertising on the site, although not all of them were attributed to InsightID. InsightID could not be contacted. But a statement posted on social media credited to the firm said: \"Our content defends Indonesia against the hoax narrative of the Free Papua separatist groups.\" Indonesia has seen a significant rise in fake news and hoaxes in recent years. With both side of politics accused of using bots. Although the manipulative social media campaign was supporting the Jakarta narrative on Papua, the government told the BBC it supported the move to shut the fake accounts down. \"Manipulating facts in order to discredit certain groups is very dangerous and can create social unrest,\" said Ferdinandus Setu, the spokesperson for the Ministry of Communication. The investigations also uncovered a separate but overlapping campaign that Ms Thomas said was \"a network of accounts and websites that has been built to promote 'news' stories which are either slanted to reflect a pro-Jakarta narrative or are simply false\". For example the bots shared a photo of UN human rights' chief Michelle Bachelet, with a comment saying the UN had responded \"positively\" to the way Indonesia has dealt with the uprising in Papua. Ms Bachelet in fact said she was \"disturbed\" by the violence and called for the government to \"restore internet services and refrain from any excessive use of force\". The stories the accounts were sharing came from English language site Wawawa Journal. It looks like a legitimate news site, but its articles rely on unnamed sources, and vilify the international media's coverage of the unrest in Papua. The domain holder for this and a similar site, is Muhamad Rosyid Jazuli, the CEO of the Jenggala Institute, a research centre founded by Indonesia's former Vice-President Jusuf Kalla. Mr Jazuli told the BBC the campaign was a personal project that he was independently funding, in response to what he claimed was biased reporting of events in Papua. \"The international media are only getting information from a few people, that's not fair, there must be a counterweight. This is an effort to enrich the discourse,\" he said. Indonesia's Ministry of Communication told the BBC it would investigate the sites identified by this investigation and if found to be spreading \"fake news\" or provocative content they would be taken down. Targeted abuse from bots The Twitter bot networks revealed by the BBC investigation have actively targeted Indonesian human rights lawyer Veronica Koman. She told the BBC: \"Rape and death threats are now part of my daily life.\" Now based in Australia, she has been a major source on social media of photos and footage of protests and unrest, sharing information passed to her by contacts in Papua. Ms Koman now stands accused by the government of spreading \"false news\" and \"provoking unrest\" by publishing reports about the racist attacks on Papua students in Java. She faces charges under the controversial Electronic Information and Transactions law (ITE) that makes it illegal to spread \"fake news\". If found guilty she could be jailed for six years. Press and rights groups say this law suppresses free speech and is open to misuse. \"It's an information war that has been raging for decades,\" Ms Koman said. \"We are fighting machines, the only thing individuals like me can do is remain hopeful that the truth will be stronger than any kind of propaganda.\""
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"Represent the example for the following task: Generate an appropriate title for the given text. The generated title must be short and include the main topic of the text. The preferred titles are under fifteen words.:",
"The matter was brought to light by a security researcher last week. He said the DIY chain had taken the data offline, but was unable to get a response from the company himself. \"We have closed the issue down and are continuing to investigate how it occurred,\" a B&Q spokeswoman told the BBC on Monday. According to Lee Johnstone, chief executive of Ctrlbox Information Security, the exposed records included 70,000 offender and incident logs. He blogged that these included: One example of the details logged read: \"Offender ran out of the fire exit with Nest thermostats. The male on this occasion got away. There is no CCTV footage covering this area.\" Mr Johnstone wrote that the data was kept on an \"Elasticsearch server\" - an open source search engine technology that had not been set up to require user-ID authentication. A spokeswoman for B&Q said that it believed the number reported in the blog was wrong and that there were a number of other inaccuracies in the text, but declined to say what they were. \"Our continuing investigation will help us decide whether an ICO [Information Commissioner's Office] notification is required,\" she added. There are no reports that the database had been accessed by any other non-authorised party. But Mr Johnstone wrote that he had sent several messages to the firm before the logs became unavailable on 23 January, which was 11 days after he had first emailed the business. \"Organisations must notify the ICO within 72 hours of becoming aware of a personal data breach, unless it does not pose a risk to people's rights and freedoms,\" said a spokeswoman for the watchdog when asked about the incident. \"If an organisation decides that a breach doesn't need to be reported they should keep their own record of it, and be able to explain why it wasn't reported if necessary.\""
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"Represent the example for the following task: Generate an appropriate title for the given text. The generated title must be short and include the main topic of the text. The preferred titles are under fifteen words.:",
"Beauty queen Baylee Curran told the LA Times Mr Brown had pointed the gun at her face after she had been admiring his friend's jewellery. Mr Brown came out of his home after a stand-off with police on Tuesday. Mr Brown's lawyer tweeted that his client was later freed, adding that the accusations were \"demonstrably false\". Associated Press reported that Mr Brown was released on $250,000 (£190,000) bail. The singer has several convictions for violence, including a 2009 assault on his then girlfriend, pop star Rihanna. Chris Brown 'considered suicide' after Rihanna assault Police went to Mr Brown's home following the emergency call early on Tuesday from Ms Curran, who by that time had left the property. Ms Curran told the LA Times that she and a friend had gone to Mr Brown's house with a business associate on Monday evening. She said she had been admiring the diamond necklace of a man who had been showing off his jewellery when the man got angry and told her to back away. That is when she says Mr Brown pulled out a gun, pointed it at her face and told her to get out. \"If somebody put a gun to your head, what would you do? Call the police,\" Ms Curran said on her Instagram account, AFP news agency reported. Once at Mr Brown's sprawling mansion, police officers were allegedly denied entry and had to wait for a judge to approve a search warrant before going inside to search for a weapon. It wasn't until Mr Brown's lawyer arrived that the singer eventually emerged. Police said about half a dozen people had been escorted out of the residence and would be interviewed. During the stand-off, Mr Brown posted videos online accusing the police of harassment. \"When you get the warrant for whatever you need to do, you're going to walk right up in here and you're going to see nothing, you idiots,\" he said in one Instagram video, posted to 30m followers. In another, Mr Brown also voiced support for the Black Lives Matter movement against police brutality, saying: \"You're all the worst gang in the world, the police.\""
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"Represent the example for the following task: Generate an appropriate title for the given text. The generated title must be short and include the main topic of the text. The preferred titles are under fifteen words.:",
"A judge in Los Angeles will decide whether he has violated the terms of his court order. Brown, 23, tested positive for cannabis in June in the US state of Virginia, where he's doing his community service. The star was sentenced to five years probation after admitting an assault on then-girlfriend Rihanna. Brown produced a marijuana prescription card from California after testing positive. The state is among 16 in America that allows cannabis to be used for medical purposes. His lawyer, Mark Geragos, said his client had \"completed all of his community service\" which included picking up rubbish, washing cars, painting and mucking out stables. A court will also look at whether he has broken travel restrictions by flying to France. Los Angeles Superior Court judge Patricia Schnegg warned Brown that he was seen by many young people as a role model. She said: \"You are not an ordinary person who can sit in your living room and do whatever you want to do. \"More importantly, a lot of people look up to you, a lot of kids. \"What you do and what you say impacts a lot of people.\" The singer was sentenced to five years probation and six months community service after pleading guilty to criminal assault for beating Rihanna up before the Grammy awards in 2009. He has already completed anger management and domestic violence counselling."
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"Represent the example for the following task: Generate an appropriate title for the given text. The generated title must be short and include the main topic of the text. The preferred titles are under fifteen words.:",
"By Claire BatesBBC News Magazine Jeremy Vine was cycling home down a narrow road last Friday when he was tailgated by an impatient driver who jumped out of her car, shouted at him and appeared to kick his bike. Later she threatened to \"knock [Vine] out\" and warned: \"I could be done for murder.\" Like many other cyclists who've experienced similar treatment, Vine had filmed the incident and posted footage on Facebook, as well as passing it on to police. Cycle cameras were first sold as accessories for recreational riders to allow them to edit and create films of their journeys. One of the first was the GoPro video camera, which launched in 2006. But it soon became apparent they were useful for recording collisions. Cyclists began posting near-misses and other dangerous driving on video-sharing websites like YouTube. The roads can be dangerous places for cyclists, who are particularly vulnerable to injury. In 2014, 21,287 cyclists were injured in reported road accidents, according to the Royal Society for the Prevention of Accidents (RoSPA). This included 3,514 who were killed or seriously injured. There aren't any statistics showing if helmet cameras have made the roads any safer for cyclists. However, motoring journalist Quentin Willson thinks the more cameras - including dashboard cameras in cars - there are on the roads the better, because they are more likely to deter bad behaviour. \"I think cars should have dashcams and cyclist should have headcams. If drivers and cyclists are driving properly, then neither should have a problem with being filmed,\" he says. Conventional methods enforcing road safety aren't working, Willson says. He'd like to see insurance companies offering discounts to drivers with dashboard cameras to help tackle problems caused by a \"motoring underclass\" of bad and often uninsured drivers: \"They may be angry being filmed but anything that brings them to book is good, I think.\" Footage of road rage attacks on cyclists has a habit of going viral. A driver caught on camera verbally abusing a cyclist in south London last year suffered a torrent of abuse online after the footage was shared on social media. But there are concerns that as well as inflaming confrontations, such footage may also be fuelling a motorist vs cyclist mentality. In 2014, The Daily Telegraph's Andrew Critchlow warned that \"self-appointed digital road vigilantes\" were doing more harm than good. Comment boards under road rage videos often descend into a war of words between motorist and cyclists, each accusing the other of unsafe road use. Facebook comments under Jeremy Vine's video are also mixed. Michael Hutchinson, former Commonwealth Games cyclist and columnist for Cycling Weekly, is sceptical about the effectiveness of cycle and dashboard cameras. \"I don't think, day-to-day, it makes a difference to safety on the roads. I think cameras aren't that common at the moment and so people who are reacting on the roads, like in the Jeremy Vine case, probably don't stop to consider if they are being filmed before taking action,\" Hutchinson says. \"In these incidents I suspect the perpetrators aren't rationally thinking their behaviour through.\" Hutchinson does think that they can play an important part after a road rage attack has taken place, however: \"One problem cyclists often have is when they report an incident to police, they are told 'prove it', and helmet camera provides some evidence. It also helps with insurance providers if it's one person's word against another.\" Today, both helmetcam and dashcam footage are increasingly used as evidence in both civil and criminal courts, according to personal injury solicitors Claims Action. They play the same role as CCTV footage. According to the company's website, in order to admit a video recording from a helmet camera as evidence, it must be downloaded onto a CD and be accompanied by a certificate countersigned by a solicitor stating that it has not been altered. However, while road rage incidents may generate clicks and shares, this kind of assault doesn't appear to be the biggest danger facing cyclists. According to RoSPA figures for 2013, \"failing to look properly\" was the highest known contributory factor to an accident involving at least one cyclist and another vehicle. Their records showed that one third of the 9,375 incidents were caused by cyclists while two thirds were caused by drivers of other vehicles. And while the presence of a camera might conceivably make a motorist think twice about launching a road rage attack, it's less clear whether it will encourage drivers and cyclists alike to pay attention to the road. Follow @BBCNewsMagazine on Twitter and on Facebook"
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"Represent the example for the following task: Generate an appropriate title for the given text. The generated title must be short and include the main topic of the text. The preferred titles are under fifteen words.:",
"Now in its 29th year, the three-day event is thought to be the biggest free annual airshow in Europe, and attracts hundreds of thousands of visitors. The Battle of Britain Memorial Flight has been cancelled, but organisers hope the Red Arrow display will go ahead. Despite the weather, thousands have gathered at the Seaburn and Roker seafronts. A member of the RAF Typhoon team tweeted: \"Easily the most rewarding display we've done this year! @SunAirshow - thanks for staying around in the wind and rain to watch!\" Weather permitting, there will be further events on Sunday. Related Internet Links Sunderland International Airshow Sunderland City Council"
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"Represent the example for the following task: Generate an appropriate title for the given text. The generated title must be short and include the main topic of the text. The preferred titles are under fifteen words.:",
"The free event, which attracts up to 100,000 visitors, was due to be staged on the seafront on 7-8 August. Event organisers Visit Blackpool said there was too much uncertainty relating to the staging of mass events. Councillor Gillian Campbell said: \"We know that many other event organisers have faced a similar dilemma.\" She said there was \"no ready-made solution for managing large-scale outdoor events and it makes it impossible to plan ahead\". \"Rest assured the Blackpool Air Show will be back and we have already made provisional arrangements for the 2022 event to be staged over the weekend of 6-7 August,\" she said. A Visit Blackpool spokesman added: \"There is no clear picture on how free-to-access outdoor events can benefit from proposed mitigation measures such as testing or any form of certification to reduce the risk of infection.\" Visit Blackpool said other events in its programme would continue to be reviewed over the coming weeks in line with government guidance. Why not follow BBC North West on Facebook, Twitter and Instagram? You can also send story ideas to [email protected] Related Internet Links Visit Blackpool"
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"Represent the example for the following task: Generate an appropriate title for the given text. The generated title must be short and include the main topic of the text. The preferred titles are under fifteen words.:",
"The work is the first piece from Frank Cottrell Boyce since he worked on the opening ceremony of the London Olympic Games. Around 800 people will take part in the two-day performance. Derry is the UK City of Culture 2013. Two weeks ago the city hosted the Radio 1 Big Weekend when acts like Bruno Murs, Olly Murs, the Script and Calvin Harris performed. Liverpudlian writer Frank Cottrell Boyce was approached to be part of the event when he attended a book signing in Belfast. \"I was given a book about Colmcille and after I read it I just knew I wanted to be involved. It has all the elements of a great story,\" he said. \"You've got a saint, a journey, the Loch Ness monster, it's a story about revenge. Then you have the river Foyle in Derry and I knew we had to do it on the water. Everything just started to fall into place. As the performance prepares to get under way, Frank Cottrell Boyce said he was excited about the show opening. \"Derry was founded by Saint Colmcille and he is coming back. He is also the first person to have seen the Loch Ness monster so he is coming back for a massive showdown on the Foyle on Saturday night and between now and Saturday we have a host of smaller, incredibly beautiful and exciting events that include hundreds of people from Derry, monsters, planes, monks and craziness.\" The show begins on Friday when a currach (a type of Irish boat) that has travelled from Iona on the western coast of Scotland arrives on the river Foyle with a gift for the city. The gift will be unveiled on Saturday afternoon in Guildhall Square in the city. Mr Cottrell Boyce said he was delighted at the number of local people taking part in the water-based spectacle. \"What is brilliant is that it is nearly all performers are from Derry, we have whole families performing together,\" he said. \"If you walk the walls you will be able to look down and see lots of different performances in the Bogside, Guildhall, by Foyleside. \"It will look as if the whole city has changed. The whole city will become one big performance for Saturday afternoon.\" At 21:00 BST on Saturday a siren will sound and people from across the city will be called to the banks of the river Foyle to \"protect\" the city when it is under attack from a monster. The performance will cumulate on Saturday evening with a spectacular showdown between Colmcille and the Loch Ness monster on the river. \"Derry is always up for it. What people in the UK don't realise about Derry is that it is a kind of festival city, people are used to getting out and about and being up for things,\" said Mr Cottrell Boyce. \"I have been quite nervous for the last few days but then last night we had a technical rehearsal and I was walking across the Peace Bridge with my kids after looking at some costumes and suddenly I could hear this terrible roaring and everyone on the bridge stopped and looked round. \"It was us testing the monster's roar. It was still a mile away and you could still induce panic in people. \"There was a really excited atmosphere in the city.\""
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"Represent the example for the following task: Generate an appropriate title for the given text. The generated title must be short and include the main topic of the text. The preferred titles are under fifteen words.:",
"Experts Eddie Playfair and Catherine Sezen, senior policy managers at the at the Association of Colleges, are answering them for you. You can send them a question using the form at the bottom of the page. Won't this massive grade inflation cause horrendous problems for Year 12s and Year 10s (if not earlier year groups) who can't possibly hope to compete with this hyper-inflation? Sid Fletcher, Midlands In such an unusual year it was going to be difficult to decide upon the best course of action to support this year's students. After all the twists and turns in the past week or so, at least most students now have grades which they can use to progress, which has to be key after all the uncertainty. This year's students will all be in line with their peers, as were last year's students and, we anticipate, next year's students. Will the GCSE maths grade I was emailed by my college be my final exam result, or will it change again? I am confused by all the information going round at the moment. Rebecca Gower, Essex The result you received this morning should have been the college centre assessed grade (CAG), or the exam board calculated grade - whichever is higher - and should be the final grade you will receive. If you have any questions about it the best thing is to speak to your college to double check. I am sure they will be able to help. My daughter is still waiting for Level 3 BTec results originally due last Thursday. When she does get them will they have been re-graded with the Level 1 & 2 or will she have to appeal (if needs be)? Sarah Martin, Surrey BTecs are going to be reviewed as a matter of course, so your daughter won't need to appeal. This might mean that her results are delayed for a little longer. I would suggest contacting her school or college to see if they have an update. My daughter failed her maths GCSE, but had no permanent teacher, so several teachers assessed her grades. Can GCSE results be based on mocks in this sort of case? Beth The best thing to do is for your daughter to speak to the college and explain her concerns. Students are no longer able to use their mock grades to appeal, as this information would have been taken into account in the CAG [the predicted grade awarded by their teacher]. Can I re-sit one particular subject on my own, or do I have to go via my school? Roj The advice for students who took exams at school is that you should sit the exam at that school, unless you have progressed to college and wish to take English and maths because you got a grade 3 or below. Speak to your school or local college. If you have the grades you need to progress to your next step, you may not need to sit autumn exams. If I get a lower grade while resitting, will I retain the previous (higher) grade? Anon The guidance is that the higher grade of the two will be the official result. My mock results show I could have got amazing GCSE results instead of the ones I've been given. Is it worth taking the exams even though I have my sixth-form place? Anon, Newbury If you have got the place you were hoping for then I would speak to your school or college about whether they advise that you consider taking exams in the autumn. You will be busy focusing on your new courses in the autumn and it might be better to concentrate on those. I learned I had not met the criteria to move forward into a BTec Level 2 engineering course a week before the results were due to come out. How can this happen? Anon, Lincoln College I would suggest that you speak to your college and ask them about the next best steps for you. They will be best placed to advise you. My son has learning difficulties and is on the ASD spectrum. He would have had a scribe if he had sat his GCSEs, but his grade assessment does not factor this in. What help is available for him? Anoop Centre assessed grades should have taken into consideration your son's learning difficulties and the fact that he would have had additional support. He will be able to take his GCSEs in the autumn if he wishes to do so at his school, but he may well have the grades he needs to progress to his next steps. Why do we have to wait for our BTec results while others don't? Anon, Blackpool The decision was taken late on Wednesday to review BTec grades in much the same way as has been done for GCSEs and A-levels in order to ensure that no student is disadvantaged. I appreciate this is disappointing, but hopefully you should receive your grades very shortly, and will know that they have been double-checked to make sure that you get the result you deserve. What is the appeal process going to be like for GCSE students who are let down by their centre assessed grades? Janet Kalambo The re-issued Ofqual student appeals guidance says it is felt that teachers know their students best. Therefore students can't appeal simply because they disagree with the CAG unless they suspect malpractice, including bias, or an administrative error. One thing to remember is that all schools and college have their own quality assurance processes, so it is not just an individual teacher making these important decisions. Teachers will have graded and ranked students and then this will have been moderated at department level and signed off by a senior leader. If a student has any concerns, the school or college will be able to advise on next steps. IGCSE results appear to still be based on algorithms, creating a disparity in the evaluation of different students' efforts. So how can there be an even playing field in the approach to their assessments? Ian, Rotherham Cambridge International, which awards IGCSEs, has confirmed that the process for these qualifications will be in line with that for GCSEs and use the grades that schools submitted, unless the grade issued by the exam board was higher. You can find further information here. If you have completed the practical part of a GCSE - like drama or food tech - will this be considered for your final grade? Nikki Bell, Barnet Students will receive the CAG unless the calculated (algorithm) grade was higher. Schools and colleges will have used a variety of evidence to arrive at centre assessed grade, including practical components. Why is it not possible for GCSE students to resit exams this autumn? Umar, Bolton GCSE students will be able to sit exams in autumn 2020. Hopefully though, your results will be what you need to progress to your next course and you might decide that there is no need to take an autumn exam. Your school or college will be able to advise you. If a student's calculated grades were higher than the CAG, which will be used for their GCSE results? Alisa, Purley Good question. The situation is the same as for A-levels. Students will receive a CAG unless the calculated result is higher, in which case they will receive the calculated result. When applying to university in two years' time, will my GCSEs have the same weight they may have had in other years? Adham, Warrington Universities will be aware of the challenges faced by Year 11 students this year. I am sure that when the time comes they will be mindful of this. Are there any safeguards for A-levels and GCSEs taking place in 2021, as students will be at a disadvantage from missing in-school teaching? Shamimur Rahman, Barking The exam regulator, Ofqual, is already considering plans for next year for all qualifications, GCSEs, A-levels and vocational technical qualifications. You can find out more about A-levels and GCSEs next year here. Is there any obligation on my son's grammar school to let him do a retake if he misses the required grade in one subject? Anon, Tring First of all I hope your son gets the grades he needs. Once he has received his results, the best thing to do is to speak to staff at the school who will be able to advise on next steps and the autumn exams if indeed he needs to take them. Do you have a question about your exam results? Use the form to send it to us. In some cases your question will be published, displaying your name, age and location as you provide it, unless you state otherwise. Your contact details will never be published. Please ensure you have read our terms & conditions and privacy policy. If you are reading this page and can't see the form you will need to visit the mobile version of the BBC website to submit your question or send them via email to [email protected]. Please include your name, age and location with any question you send in."
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"Represent the example for the following task: Generate an appropriate title for the given text. The generated title must be short and include the main topic of the text. The preferred titles are under fifteen words.:",
"By Katherine SellgrenBBC News education reporter AQA, the board with the highest market share for English, insists this year's grades were comparable to any other. Many teachers say pupils were marked too harshly, with many unexpectedly failing to get a benchmark C. The Association of School and College Leaders called for an investigation. Some head teachers have said some pupils have been awarded a whole grade lower than they were predicted. English teachers' anger In GCSE English, 63.9% of entries got at least a grade C, compared to 65.4% last summer. Some 15% were awarded an A or A*, down from 16.8% in 2011. In English literature, 76.3% of exams were awarded A*-C, compared to 78.4% last year, and 23.2% got at least an A, against 25% in 2011. In a statement, the AQA said: \"This summer, all the exam boards raised their grade boundaries for GCSE English in order to maintain standards. In AQA's case, this was by between 0 and 3 marks.\" A paper on the Ofqual website says there can be as little as 8 marks between grades at the lower end. The AQA statement said pupils often took units for a qualification in different exam series. \"We take account of how students have performed in each exam series when we set grade boundaries, in order to ensure that standards are maintained. \"While grade boundaries can therefore vary between exam series, students can be confident that the grade they get for an overall qualification one year would be the same the next.\" Investigation call Brian Lightman, general secretary of ASCL, has called for an investigation into English results. He said: \"The big issue, schools are telling us, is at the C/D borderline in English. \"What appears to have happened is that, halfway through the year, it was decided that too many students were going to get a C grade in English and the grade boundaries of the exam were pushed up very substantially. \"Students who were working at a C level throughout the year, who were told on their assessments that they were in line for a C, have found out today that this is worth a D. This means they may not get their places at college and sixth form. \"It is morally wrong to manipulate exam grades in this way - you are playing with young people's futures.\" And concerns over English grades have prompted particular concern in conversations on social networking sites. Dozens of teachers have expressed their anger on the Times Educational Supplement's website. One said: \"Have seen a very significant drop in results after 10 years of bringing in between 70 and 80%. \"Bitterly disappointing for all concerned, but particularly for the pupils who will receive results tomorrow.\" Another wrote: \"Our results have been decimated. We're 10% lower than last year. \"It does seem that our expected Cs became Ds and, because we're a school where most of our students are clustered around that C/D borderline, we've been hit hard.\" 'Comfortable' with grades But Mark Dawe, chief executive of the OCR exam board, said the standard of its English qualification had been maintained. \"Boundaries do move, unit to unit, they do move, session to session, but the overall judgment of the examiners and the quality of the students' work is key here, and those boundaries sometimes have to move to ensure that's delivered.\" Mr Dawe said examiners were \"very comfortable with the overall grades they've been awarding to those students\". NUT general secretary Christine Blower said: \"Shifting the goal posts for grades in particular the C/D boundary has had a huge impact on individual students and the future of schools. \"It is not only very unsettling but also extremely irresponsible. These are arbitrary changes which in no way reflect the work of students and teachers and are clearly unfair.\" The concern over English results is pertinent because this year, schools in England have to ensure that 40% of their pupils reach the government benchmark of five A*-C GCSEs, including maths and English. This is a tougher than last year's requirement, where school were expected to ensure 35% of pupils made this grade - in total 107 schools failed. This is one of the measures used to decide whether schools should be taken out of local authority control and pushed into academy status. The other two measures relate to pupils' progress."
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"Represent the example for the following task: Generate an appropriate title for the given text. The generated title must be short and include the main topic of the text. The preferred titles are under fifteen words.:",
"The unanimous decision to close the Wakeman School in 2013 came a fortnight after it achieved its best ever GCSE results. Head teacher Karen Moore said the school would appeal and was also considering academy status, which would remove it from local authority control. The council said the decision was due to \"unsustainable\" pupil numbers. In July, Shropshire Council also confirmed the closure of four primary schools. The Conservative-controlled authority praised staff at the Wakeman and said the closure was due to the school's financial sustainability, rather than its standard of education. In March, Ofsted reported that the Wakeman was a good school, with a good capacity for sustained improvement and a strong leadership. The town centre school has only 240 pupils on its roll from September, out of a capacity of 675. School campaigners said the falling rolls had been due to rumours over the past five years regarding its future. Pupils from the arts college have been actively campaigning against its closure since February. Before the cabinet meeting pupils performed street theatre outside Shire Hall, recreating a crime scene in protest against the plans. The council said the impact on pupils would be minimised by phasing the closure over two years. Related Internet Links Shropshire Council Wakeman School & Arts College"
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"Represent the example for the following task: Generate an appropriate title for the given text. The generated title must be short and include the main topic of the text. The preferred titles are under fifteen words.:",
"Earlier this month it called on firms with relevant expertise to \"help the country tackle this national crisis\". About 35,000 machines could be needed for coronavirus patients across the UK. William Lane Foundry in Middlesbrough said it could \"make parts for pumps, electric motors, valves, anything really to help out in this pandemic\". The work is timely as other contracts, including one for a heritage railway, are now on hold because of the situation. Director Stuart Duffy said: \"It's not just us in a crisis - there's a lot of small businesses not trying to slip over the horizon.\" Normal production at WL Distillery in County Durham is paused because the company's gin-making still needs parts from a Chinese factory that has had to shut. The South Hetton firm is now producing hand sanitiser instead. Owner Scott Wilson-Laing said: \"We've had calls from frontline paramedics, NHS staff, police, a lot of charities within the Sunderland and County Durham area and individuals who were potentially in the risk category who were unable to locate any in the stores. \"We have been required to bring in some ingredients that we wouldn't necessarily use in our day to day work, such as glycerol and hydrogen peroxide, but the primary ingredient is extremely high strength ethanol which, obviously, as a distillery we have available.\" On 16 March the government called on the manufacturing sector \"and all those with relevant expertise who might be able to help to come together to help the country tackle this national crisis\". \"We need to step up production of vital equipment such as ventilators so that we can all help the most vulnerable,\" Downing Street said. Follow BBC North East & Cumbria on Twitter, Facebook and Instagram. Send your story ideas to [email protected]. Related Internet Links William Lane Foundry WL Distillery"
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"Represent the example for the following task: Generate an appropriate title for the given text. The generated title must be short and include the main topic of the text. The preferred titles are under fifteen words.:",
"By Natalie ShermanBusiness reporter, New York Fanatics isn't alone. Thousands of companies across the US have responded to pleas for help from hospitals facing shortages of critical health supplies. Clothing companies like Gap and Hanes are making gowns and scrubs. Ford and General Motors are repurposing fans and batteries, typically used in cars, to make ventilators. Boeing and Apple are making face shields. Luxury brands, distilleries - even state prisoners - are producing hand sanitiser. \"We felt it was our responsibility to help pitch in,\" says Mr Rubin. Firms responding in what he calls this \"dire time of need\" aren't necessarily going to profit from the enterprise but they are proving a point: The private sector is famously good at responding nimbly and quickly to changing demands. 'Supply chain 101' The shortages in the US are are not unique, nor is the response from the private sector. In the UK, engineering firm Dyson has designed a new ventilator; in France, Chanel is contributing masks; in Germany, Volkswagen and other firms are manufacturing protective equipment. But the White House has been notably hands-off when it comes to establishing any co-ordinated, centralised response, says Nada Sanders, professor of supply chain management at Northeastern University. This has led to a free-for-all, as local governments and hospitals competed to buy products or find donations, scam artists emerged, and prices skyrocketed. The US has allowed \"pure capitalism to serve as an incentive\" says Dr Sanders. \"Companies want to step up to the plate and so many are. I really applaud them, but I also find it even more frustrating because I see the chaos.\" In the European Union, the shortages were caused by inadequate reserves of equipment, as coronavirus cases surged and shipments from overseas were delayed. But in the US, which has a national stockpile of supplies, including badly-needed ventilators, a slow federal response has added to the problem, says Prashant Yadav, a senior fellow at the Center for Global Development and a professor at INSEAD. \"Outcomes are pretty bad in both [Europe and America], but in one place they don't have large resources in a stockpile. They didn't have a large manufacturing base,\" he says. \"Our decision-making wasn't working right or our coordinating mechanisms weren't working right.\" Converting factories to make basic products like sanitiser or masks isn't necessarily that difficult or expensive. Mr Rubin's factory shipped its first masks within three days and now produces about 10,000 daily. But getting companies to start making machines like ventilators - which have dozens of parts sourced globally - is far more complex and requires government intervention, says Dr Sanders. While some states, including California, have voluntarily sent existing ventilators to virus hotspots like New York, Dr Sanders says a national response is needed, to ensure there is a clear inventory of what's on hand and the ability to shift resources to the places that need it most. \"This is supply chain 101 ... it's not like it's really that hard,\" she says. \"The lack of coordinated national response is really infuriating.\" 'A national system' Under pressure to act, President Donald Trump has targeted some companies with orders to produce items in high demand and banned exports of medical supplies. Federal health officials also announced a $50m deal with General Motors to produce 30,000 ventilators. But for weeks Mr Trump resisted using the full extent of his authority to compel firms to produce equipment and prioritise deliveries. \"We're a country not based on nationalising our business,\" he said last month. \"Call a person over in Venezuela. Ask them, how did nationalisation of their businesses work out? Not too well. The concept of nationalising our business is not a good concept.\" New York Senator Chuck Schumer, a leading Democrat, last week called on the president to appoint a national 'czar' to oversee distribution and production. \"The hunting and pecking isn't working,\" he told reporters. It is not clear that the president will change tack. Luckily in some places the private sector efforts are coming through. St Luke's University Health Network, which worked with Fanatics to design its masks, now has about 30 days worth of protective gear on hand, says vice president Chad Brisendine. Contributions from non-traditional suppliers account for \"a quarter or more\" of that. \"Between the external, local, non-traditional suppliers, plus the donations, that really helped us,\" Mr Brisendine says. But the Pennsylvania hospital system has still been forced to introduce new cleaning procedures so it can reuse masks and other equipment more intensively, he adds. Mr Brisendine says he's worried the wider needs are so great, even a stronger federal response wouldn't resolve the problems his health network now faces. \"I just wonder how fast they can move,\" he says. \"When you need it, you needed it yesterday.\""
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"Represent the example for the following task: Generate an appropriate title for the given text. The generated title must be short and include the main topic of the text. The preferred titles are under fifteen words.:",
"The comments come after Prime Minister Boris Johnson set out his four-step plan to release England from lockdown. Mr Johnson said on Monday he hoped step four would see the end of all legal limits on social contact. But Greg Parmley, chief executive of Live, said his sector \"could be months behind the rest of the economy\". \"The chancellor must acknowledge our extended closure in the budget and provide the economic support needed to ensure the jobs and livelihoods of the hundreds of thousands of people that work in our industry exist as we come through this pandemic,\" he said. The proposed step two, from no earlier than 12 April, could see the return of outdoor hospitality, including drive-in cinemas. Step three, which would follow at least five weeks later, on 17 May at the earliest, could allow limited indoor mixing. 'Keep people safe' That would mean cinemas, theatres and other indoor entertainment attractions could operate with social distancing. Mark Davyd, chief executive of the Music Venue Trust, welcomed the timeline for the return of socially distanced events, but said he now hoped to see \"sector-specific financial support to mitigate the damage being done to businesses and people's lives, careers and families right across the live music industry\". Jon Morgan, director of The Theatres Trust, said it \"supports the Government's cautious approach to easing lockdown restrictions\". \"We want to play our part in helping keep people safe and we do not want to be in a situation where theatres reopen too early only to be forced to close again after a short period,\" he said. Michael Kill, chief executive of the Night Time Industries Association trade body, said: \"We are pleased to hear within the Prime Minister's statement the inclusion of a timeline for night-time economy businesses, in particular some of the hardest-hit businesses, many of which have been closed since March 2020, like nightclubs, bars and casinos.\" He added: \"The sector urgently needs additional clarity on reopening and critical financial support from the Chancellor if we are to avoid economic and social damage that will last a generation.\" Last summer, the government announced the roll out of its £1.57bn Culture Recovery Fund to help tackle the crisis facing cultural organisations and heritage sites. But culture secretary Oliver Dowden admitted that the cash could not save all artists and venues. Follow us on Facebook or on Twitter @BBCNewsEnts. If you have a story suggestion email [email protected]."
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"Represent the example for the following task: Generate an appropriate title for the given text. The generated title must be short and include the main topic of the text. The preferred titles are under fifteen words.:",
"Chris CookPolicy editor, Newsnight@xtophercookon Twitter Sir David Natzler was expected to retire soon anyway; he is not being forced out. But his is the first - and, so far, only - departure from the House of Commons of any of the principals involved in the issue. Sir David, as clerk of the House, is the top clerk. One of the first things anyone says about Sir David is that he is clever. But, in recent months, that description has been larded with caveats; notably words like \"unworldly\". The go-to man when it comes to understanding parliamentary procedure, but no manager. Someone who failed to see the problem before him - either before our investigation or after. Sir David is blamed for blundering in the first few days after our initial report was published. The House's action in the first 24 hours seriously damaged his capacity to lead the House of Commons Service. The House's initial response was to suggest that all the problems were historical, and to pick on one serving clerk's testimony - that she lived in a \"climate of fear\" - as a \"grotesque exaggeration\". By the next week, Sir David had to change course. He wrote to staff, explaining: \"Some of you have expressed to me and to others your dismay at the tone of our statement to Newsnight and the subsequent email we sent to you on Friday morning. I acknowledge we got it wrong in giving the impression we were in denial.\" But the damage was done. The Cox Review, written by Dame Laura Cox, a former judge, found that the initial statement: \"in both content and tone, was wholly out of kilter with the strength of feeling of many members of staff, and with the findings of the Working Group just a few weeks previously. And the contributions to this inquiry reveal that it has caused enduring anger and distress.\" In the months since, Sir David has sought to repent and reassure clerks about his seriousness of purpose. But a large number of clerks have not regained their trust in him. He put his name to a tortuous piece of argument which claimed that the House of Commons did not issue non-disclosure agreements to departing staff; on any reasonable reading of what happened, that was untrue. That is how we arrived here. The House promised to fix the problems Newsnight identified. But, as Dame Laura put it: \"the level of trust and confidence in the senior House administration to deliver on that promise is now so low that few contributors to this inquiry consider it likely to happen, at least not within the foreseeable future.\" Today, John Bercow, the speaker, tried to dismiss any notion that this departure was linked to bullying, saying: \"I have known this day was coming for over a year\". But Sir David's retirement in March may be a precondition of restoring trust. Who comes next? Replacing him will need to be done with care. The problem of bullying and harassment runs deep into the upper layers of the House of Commons. The current senior management have known of this problem for years. In some cases, they have been perpetrators themselves. Others have been victims - and used their experience to justify advising others to stay silent and not complain. When Sir David was appointed, the House had been looking at bringing in an outsider. The Cox report implicitly makes a strong case for considering such a move. A lot of senior clerks will see this as an appalling idea; a common view among likely candidates for the succession is that Dame Laura did not understand the \"political realities\" of the House. But those political realities are the support beams for what Dame Laura called \"a corrosive culture, in which bullying and harassment, in particular of women, have become normalised and which cascades down through the structures. This misconduct involves not only relations between MPs and House staff, but between senior and junior House staff and between House staff working at the same level.\" \"As some members of staff see that other staff and MPs can bully people and not be held to account, they feel able to bully others in turn, without fear of adverse consequences, or feel that this is the best way to achieve results, and the problem soon becomes embedded. Bullying becomes legitimised and complaining about it is regarded as \"likely to make matters worse,\" or as \"career suicide.\"\" Appointing someone to replace him who has no experience of a functional workplace would, at this juncture, be a bolder call than appointing someone who needs to read up on procedure. You can watch Newsnight on BBC 2 weekdays 22:30 or on iPlayer. Subscribe to the programme on YouTube or follow them on Twitter."
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"Represent the example for the following task: Generate an appropriate title for the given text. The generated title must be short and include the main topic of the text. The preferred titles are under fifteen words.:",
"Mark D'ArcyParliamentary correspondent There was a certain tension in the air last night, as Mr Speaker Bercow presided at a farewell dinner for Deputy Speaker Dawn Primarolo; later today she'll probably be presiding over a short Commons debate that might decide whether the Speaker will need a farewell dinner of his own…. The ambush was brilliantly laid. Tory MPs were kept in Westminster for a party election briefing from their campaign supremo, Lynton Crosby. Labour and Lib Dem MPs were heading off to their constituencies to campaign, secure in the assumption that there was no controversial business left to vote on. So the Conservatives have the numbers and the other parties don't. At 5.30pm on Wednesday, the Leader of the House dropped in to see the Speaker, to tell him the government was putting down a motion to change the Commons Standing Orders on the re-election of the Speaker, after a General Election. I'd love to have been a fly on that office wall. Under the old rules, MPs are presented with a motion that the incumbent Speaker should resume the Chair; if it is opposed, they march through the lobbies. The change would put in a secret ballot, instead. The importance of this is that open opposition to a sitting Speaker, who is then re-elected, can invite years of retribution, with offenders called late to speak, if at all and all kinds of subtle shafting beyond that. A secret ballot, the argument goes, would allow the more timorous MPs to vote against a Speaker without fear of revenge. The idea has been floating about for years - it was mooted by the Commons Procedure Committee back in 2011, although the committee has since changed its mind. And even when there was plenty of spare Commons time available, it was never debated. Incidentally the Committee chair, the Conservative Charles Walker, who helped drag Speaker Bercow to the Chair in 2009, was not consulted on the decision to put one of his committee's ex-recommendations to the House. Labour are furious. I hear they're trying to pull MPs back - and may be helped by the three urgent questions the Speaker has (spookily enough) allowed today, which will allow extra time for them to get back. Lib Dem MPs are not being whipped in support of the motion - or indeed encouraged to come back if they've headed off to their constituencies. How will Tory MPs be whipped? Their attendance is being required on a strict three line whip - but does that extend to a whip on a House matter? Inquiring backbenchers will be seeking an answer on that point. Will ministers vote? And, of course, even if the vote is officially a free vote, the fact that the motion is signed by the Leader of the House makes it pretty official, and Conservative whips may - unofficially, of course - be encouraging colleagues into the Yes Lobby. What will the upshot be? My guess is that the Conservative strategy has been successful and that the motion will be carried; apart from anything else there is plenty of support for the general principle of secret ballots for this kind of vote. But the ambush by which the majority has been achieved has ruffled feathers. Rumour reaches me of a bitter exchange between the Shadow Leader of the House, Angela Eagle and Messrs Hague and Gove. And this could imply a breakdown of trust in the \"usual channels\" through which much Commons business is stage-managed. Expect more venom in today's exchanges. I'm not sure that would be a bad thing, in many ways, but it wouldn't be much fun for MPs if it meant endless late night votes and counter-ambushes. The last time relations broke down, in the 1970s, the ensuing months of grind arguably drove a number of elderly members to an early grave. Meanwhile it might be premature to assume that a secret ballot dooms Speaker Bercow. He has some support on the Tory benches, and his survival would depend on the mathematics of the next House of Commons. But there's a deeper question: is the Speakership now becoming mired in party politics? Might we see incoming majorities defenestrating uncongenial Speakers as a matter of routine? Certainly in a hung parliament, the rulings from the Chair could be critical - and providing a simpler way of removing a Speaker could be quite convenient for future cross party alliances or governments. One final thought. Watch Sir Gerald Kaufman. Barring the unexpected, he will be the Father of the House in the next Commons and will preside over the Speaker (re) election process. One of the urgent questions granted today is from him - and he's said to be furious about the Conservatives' actions."
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"Represent the example for the following task: Generate an appropriate title for the given text. The generated title must be short and include the main topic of the text. The preferred titles are under fifteen words.:",
"Kezia Dugdale strongly criticised Richard Leonard's approach to Brexit in a letter that that was later leaked. She also accused him of \"censoring\" two of the party's MEPs over their support for another referendum on EU membership. A Labour source said this had been the result of a \"misunderstanding\". And he said Mr Leonard had written to the two MEPs - Catherine Stihler and David Martin - to apologise. The party's conference in Dundee begins on Friday and lasts until Sunday. In her letter, Ms Dugdale said she wanted to \"formally complain\" to Mr Leonard about the way in which Ms Stihler and Mr Martin had been treated ahead of the conference. She also claimed Ms Stihler's section in the conference guide had originally included a statement in support of a so-called People's Vote on Brexit which had been changed without her consent. Ms Dugdale wrote: \"From what I can see from the agenda, there is no formal opportunity for them to speak or indeed a formal item to thank them for their combined 55 years of electoral service to the party. \"If that wasn't bad enough, I was shocked to discover from Catherine that her statement in the conference guide had been amended without her consent. \"When that was challenged, she was told it was on your direction and that you had the final say on what was printed.\" Ms Dugdale, who has been a prominent campaigner for another referendum on Brexit, claimed the section had originally said: \"Brexit is a tragedy for our country and for the workers and communities that Labour represents. \"That's why David and Catherine fully support a People's Vote with the option to remain in the EU.\" However, according to Ms Dugdale, the section was replaced with: \"The complete mess the Tories have made of Brexit means they are putting Scottish people's jobs and our industries at risk. Labour will always put them first.\" Ms Dugdale said changing the section without Ms Stihler's permission was \"wholly inappropriate\", adding: \"I can't possibly understand why you would seek to censor her final words to party members, especially since what she states is party policy and has been since last September.\" A Labour source told BBC Scotland: \"This was a genuine misunderstanding and Richard has written to Catherine and David to apologise.\" Mr Leonard was also criticised in the email for his stance on Brexit, with Ms Dugdale expressing her disappointment that his support for holding a People's Vote had not come sooner. She wrote: \"You know that I've found the party's position on Brexit and a second EU referendum disappointing for some time. \"As I said at group last week and repeatedly over the past few months, I don't believe there is such a thing as a good Brexit or indeed a 'jobs first Brexit'. \"The move towards supporting a People's Vote is a welcome one, but it should have happened much, much earlier. I note from your roundtable with journalists last week that you'd sooner we left the EU than give people a final say. \"That's disappointing for the many party members who fervently back a final say and indeed all of our voters who are now a bit lost for a home.\" Mr Leonard is a close ally of Labour leader Jeremy Corbyn, who had previously resisted pressure from Remain supporters in his own party to get behind another referendum, insisting he preferred to force a general election. But Mr Corbyn announced a change of heart last month, telling his MPs: \"One way or another, we will do everything in our power to prevent no deal and oppose a damaging Tory Brexit based on Theresa May's overwhelmingly rejected deal. \"That's why, in line with our conference policy, we are committed to also putting forward or supporting an amendment in favour of a public vote to prevent a damaging Tory Brexit being forced on the country.\" Mr Leonard later told BBC Scotland he backed the move, saying it could be the only way to break the deadlock over Brexit at Westminster. He also said he was \"disappointed\" that Labour's investigation into claims of Islamophobia against a Dumfries and Galloway councillor was taking so long. Jim Dempster was suspended by Labour in March of last year after admitting telling transport officials that \"no-one would have seen [then-transport minister Humza Yousaf] under his burka\". Mr Yousaf told BBC Scotland he was hurt that the case had still not been dealt with almost a year after it was referred to Labour's national disciplinary body in London. But Mr Leonard said: \"The case is being dealt with through due process. I'm disappointed that it's taking as long as it has - the person involved in the complaint is still suspended from the Labour Party and I hope this will be resolved very quickly indeed\". Mr Dempster apologised to Mr Yousaf at the time, saying he was \"thoroughly ashamed and embarrassed\" by the comments he had made, and that \"my ignorance is totally inexcusable.\""
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"Represent the example for the following task: Generate an appropriate title for the given text. The generated title must be short and include the main topic of the text. The preferred titles are under fifteen words.:",
"Mr Turnbull led a failed campaign to make Australia a republic in a 1999 referendum, prior to entering politics. On Tuesday, he said that during the 1990s he never imagined he would one day meet the Queen as Australia's PM. \"Even republicans like myself can be, and in my case are, very strong Elizabethans,\" he said. \"She has been a remarkable leader of the UK and the Commonwealth.\" He added: \"Politics is full of unpredictable events.\" The centre-right Coalition leader said it was an honour to meet the Queen, telling reporters he would seek her \"wisdom and advice\". It came after Mr Turnbull visited Downing Street and pledged that Australia would seek a trade deal with the UK post Brexit. Mr Turnbull has previously said he does not believe a majority of Australians would support becoming a republic during the Queen's reign. In the landmark 1999 referendum, Australia voted against changing its head of state to a president by 54.87% to 45.13%."
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"Represent the example for the following task: Generate an appropriate title for the given text. The generated title must be short and include the main topic of the text. The preferred titles are under fifteen words.:",
"By Shaun DaviesAustralia editor, BBC News Online, Sydney Mr Turnbull's Liberal-National coalition may not win the 76 seats it needs in Australia's lower house to form a majority government and needs support from independent politicians to maintain confidence and supply. Bob Katter, the 71-year-old member for Kennedy in the far north of Queensland, said he had decided to support Turnbull \"with no great enthusiasm\" at a press conference on Thursday. It was a typically blunt statement from the veteran politician. Mr Katter has a colourful reputation and he is not afraid of playing up to it. He shot his major-party rivals dead in this election's most controversial campaign ad. He once serenaded his supporters with a self-composed song about the excellence of his character. When The Beatles touched down in Brisbane during their 1964 tour of Australia, Mr Katter was among a group who pelted them with eggs as \"an intellectual reaction against Beatlemania\". 'Protecting Australian jobs' But it would be a mistake to underestimate the political veteran. Can Malcolm Turnbull form a government? Cartoon: Planet of Forbidden Prime Ministers The massive scale of Australia's election Who's who in Australia's 2016 federal elections? As a National Party member, in the 1980s Katter served in the Queensland state government led by the controversial and conservative Sir Joh Bjelke-Petersen. Elected to federal parliament in 1992, Katter quit the Nationals in 2001 after becoming disillusioned with globalist, free-trade policies. He has retained the seat of Kennedy at all subsequent elections. He now leads Katter's Australia Party, which focuses on rural issues and holds two seats in Queensland's state government. Socially conservative, Katter opposes gay marriage and once said he would \"walk backwards from Bourke\", a town in far-western New South Wales, to Queensland if a single homosexual constituent could be found in his electorate. Many of his policies emphasise the importance of Australian industry - he advocates support for the agriculture and manufacturing industries, and is opposed to foreign ownership of Australian land. He was particularly vocal about the proposed sale of Australia's enormous Kidman cattle empire to Chinese concerns. At his press conference Katter said he wouldn't be a \"rubber stamp\" for the government. \"If there is the slightest hint of union bashing, and I can assure you all bets are off,\" Katter said. Even if the government reaches 76 seats without Katter, the Queensland MP is confident that he will still have a strong voice in parliament. \"You try running a Government with one vote up your sleeve,\" he said. \"Don't have your mother die because you can't go to the funeral,\" he added, presumably referring to the need to keep a majority in the house when votes are called. \"Don't go to the bathroom.\""
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"Represent the example for the following task: Generate an appropriate title for the given text. The generated title must be short and include the main topic of the text. The preferred titles are under fifteen words.:",
"Mr Turnbull, himself a republican, said momentum must come from the public, and that he did not want to face another \"heroic defeat\" in a referendum. His comments, on Australia Day, come amid mounting pressure on the government to restart the debate. The new Australian of the Year, ex-army chief David Morrison, has said it is time to \"have the conversation\". In his acceptance speech on Monday night, Lt Gen Morrison said the time was right to \"at least revisit the question so that we can stand both free and fully independent amongst the community of nations\". His speech came hours after all but one of of Australia's state and territory leaders signed a document in support of dropping the Queen as head of state. Critics have said republicans have yet to propose a viable alternative to being a constitutional monarchy. 'Timing has to be right' Australians voted against becoming a republic in a 1999 referendum. Mr Turnbull - who was leading the republican movement at that time - said he had \"no doubt in the future there will be another referendum, and the matter will be decided, as it should be, by the Australian people\". \"But the timing of that referendum has to be right,\" he said, repeating his view that it should not take place until the end of the Queen's reign. \"I've led the 'yes' case for a republic into a heroic defeat once, I've got no desire to do so again,\" he told reporters at an Australia Day event in Canberra. Lt Gen Morrison was named Australian of the Year at a ceremony in Canberra on Monday in recognition of his commitment to gender equality. He famously ordered soldiers who could not accept women as equals to \"get out\" of the Australian military in a speech in 2013. In his speech, he also praised the outgoing holder of the title, Rosie Batty, a high-profile campaigner against domestic violence. He described her as \"the most remarkable woman\" who had \"set a benchmark for us all\". The Australian of the Year is nominated by the public and chosen by a panel, in recognition of their contribution to Australian society. As well as an Australian of the Year, there is also a Senior Australian of the Year (a doctor, Professor Gordian Fulde, this year), a Young Australian of the Year (entrepreneurs Nic Marchesi and Lucas Patchett) and Australia's Local Hero (Youth educator Dr Catherine Keenan)."
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"Represent the example for the following task: Generate an appropriate title for the given text. The generated title must be short and include the main topic of the text. The preferred titles are under fifteen words.:",
"Maya Beach, on the Thai island of Koh Phi Phi Leh, will be closed for four months from June. According to officials, the closure is a bid to halt environmental damage caused by tourists. The closure will allow for the recovery of the island's battered coral reefs and sea life. According to local news outlet the Bangkok Post, all marine parks in Thailand are closed from May to October, during the country's rainy season. The closure also allows for marine wildlife to recover from the effects of mass tourism. However, Maya Bay has previously remained open all year round because of tourist demand. \"Islands have very fragile ecosystems that simply cannot handle so many people, pollution from boats and beachfront hotels,\" Thon Thamrongnawasawat, a marine expert, told news agency Reuters. \"Sometimes, a complete closure is the only way for nature to heal.\" Mr Thon added that more than three-quarters of Thailand's coral reefs had been damaged by rising sea temperatures and unchecked tourism. Thailand's National Parks and Wildlife Department will set a daily limit of 2,000 tourists when Maya Beach reopens, and boats will no longer be allowed to anchor there, according to the Associated Press. More than 35 million tourists visited Thailand last year."
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"Represent the example for the following task: Generate an appropriate title for the given text. The generated title must be short and include the main topic of the text. The preferred titles are under fifteen words.:",
"Oil and tar balls washed up along the coast from Cleveleys to Fleetwood, at Knott End and in Blackpool, Wyre Council said. The Knott End ferry service has been suspended and work has begun to remove the pollutants. The source of the spill is not known but the advice is to avoid contact and keep children and pets away. The Maritime and Coastguard Agency (MCA) is leading the response and working with the Environment Agency. It said it had first been made aware of spots of what appears to be heavy oil and tar balls being washed up on Bispham beach on Sunday. No marine life has been washed ashore, only oily litter and seaweed, an MCA spokesperson added. Samples of the oil are being tested to try and identify the source. The council said: \"Cleveleys bathing water is closed as a precaution and the Fleetwood to Knott End ferry service is not running due to oil deposits on the ferry slip. Public Health England said that short term exposure to skin may result in irritation and if someone touches the tar balls they should wash with soap and water for 10 minutes. If you feel unwell seek medical attention, it added. Related Internet Links Wyre Council"
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"Represent the example for the following task: Generate an appropriate title for the given text. The generated title must be short and include the main topic of the text. The preferred titles are under fifteen words.:",
"Beth Richards from Cornwall has written an open letter appealing to tourists to be nicer to staff. She said some tourists were ignoring and challenging the rules put in place to prevent the spread of the virus. Visit Cornwall tourism board said there was \"no excuse\" for poor behaviour as the rules helped to protect everyone. Its CEO Malcolm Bell said there had been \"more incidents\" of abuse compared to previous years, but it was still not the majority. Twenty-two-year-old Ms Richards who works in a holiday park said visitors had been taking their frustrations out on staff and after a \"particularly nasty\" exchange on Thursday, that left her \"in tears\". She said she was inspired to write the open letter because \"I was fed up of seeing everyone being treated like [this]\". The receptionist said she had guests complaining about earlier check-in times and been called an \"idiot\" and \"stupid\" at work. 'Doing our best' Working at the Cornish holiday park, she said it was absurd that she frequently heard people say they had come to Cornwall to \"get away from Covid\". \"But they [tourists] need to remember that hospitality workers are humans too and that we're not in control of Covid - and we're just doing our best to keep them safe.\" The Facebook post which has been shared more than 2,800 times, helped her to realise she was \"not alone\" after hearing stories from other people working in the industry, she added. She emphasised the message was not directed at all tourists and hoped many continued to enjoy holidays in Cornwall."
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"Represent the example for the following task: Generate an appropriate title for the given text. The generated title must be short and include the main topic of the text. The preferred titles are under fifteen words.:",
"Jawad IqbalAnalysis and insight editor@JIAnalysisBBCon Twitter For example, the shooting in the head of Malala Yousafzai - an advocate for girls' education - in 2012; the Taliban murder of 132 schoolchildren in an attack on a school in Peshawar, Pakistan, in 2014; and the abduction by Boko Haram of some 200 Nigerian schoolgirls in the same year. Behind the headlines, the outlook, in terms of educational opportunities for children in some of the poorest parts of the world, appears to be worsening, in spite of international efforts to reverse the trend. Norway's capital, Oslo, played host this week to an education and development conference, led by the Norwegian Prime Minister, Erna Solberg. On the agenda was the issue of what to do about the education of children, particularly girls, worldwide. 'Civil rights struggle' Malala, now a Nobel Peace Prize winner for her campaigning on education, attended, as did former UK Prime Minister Gordon Brown. Malala, writing in the Daily Telegraph, quoted a figure of 60 million girls worldwide being denied an education. In the Guardian newspaper, Mr Brown described the challenge as nothing less than \"the civil rights struggle of our time\". New figures from Unesco appear to back up that argument, revealing that the global number of children and young adolescents not enrolled in school has been rising in recent years. In the school year ending in 2013, some 124 million children between the ages of six and 15 either dropped out of school or did not enrol in the first place. That was up on the figure of 122 million in 2011. The majority of those children who have never enrolled are girls, so that means some 62 million girls are out of school worldwide. Poverty, coercion and war The global number of out-of-school children of primary school age is also rising. It now stands at 59 million. Of those, 30 million live in sub-Saharan Africa and 10 million in South and West Asia. Girls' primary school completion rates are below 50% in most poor countries, according to Unesco. Other statistics pertaining to the situation of girls - and the impact on their life chances - are just as troubling. According to Unicef, every year 15 million girls are forced or coerced into marriage, and one in every three girls in the developing world is married by the age of 18. Many of those who have studied the issue believe that women and girls face particular obstacles that keep them out of education, including violence, early pregnancy, discrimination, and the costs of going to school. Wars, big and small, are also taking their toll. Some 30 million children are believed to have been displaced worldwide as a result of the growing conflict and chaos in different parts of the globe. The Syrian effect Figures are hard to pinpoint but according to the UNHCR, the number of refugees has risen to 59 million in 2014, an increase of more than eight million in just one year. That was largely due to the conflict in Syria, which saw an average of 42,500 people become refugees every day last year. The majority of Syrian children lack basic necessities and are unable to go to school. As of December 2013, of the 4.8 million school-age Syrian children, some two million inside the country were out of school, as were half a million Syrian refugee children in Egypt, Iraq, Jordan, Lebanon and Turkey. It is hard to believe that as recently as 2000, Syria had achieved universal primary enrolment. According to Unesco, Syria is not the only country with a large number of out-of-school children and adolescents. Huge illiteracy rates At least one million children were denied the right to education in each of the following countries: India, Indonesia, Kenya, Niger, Nigeria, Pakistan, the Philippines, South Sudan, Sudan and the United Republic of Tanzania. To pick out just one country in that list - Pakistan - there has been some progress in literacy rates but the situation for young girls, particularly in rural communities, remains a huge challenge. The paragraphs below in the latest Unesco report sum up the scale of the challenge worldwide. \"Despite [some] gains [in literacy rates], 781 million adults still could not read or write - two-thirds of them (496 million) were women. In more than a dozen countries, mostly in sub-Saharan Africa, fewer than half of all adults had basic literacy skills,\" says the report. It goes on: \"Among youths, 126 million were illiterate, of which 77 million were female. Even though the size of the global illiterate population is shrinking, the female proportion has remained virtually steady at 63% to 64%.\" Study after study appears to suggest that education helps girls increase their potential wages with each extra year, and the financial independence gained helps them take control of their lives. The participants at the conference in Oslo recognised the scale of the challenge. But it is not obvious that just agreeing on aims and goals is enough to bring about much change."
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"Represent the example for the following task: Generate an appropriate title for the given text. The generated title must be short and include the main topic of the text. The preferred titles are under fifteen words.:",
"By Sean CoughlanBBC News education correspondent There were particular weaknesses with maths among lower ability girls in the UK, says the study of test results. The international report warns of the UK's gender gap in maths, with girls trailing behind boys. It also calls for tougher conceptual maths to be taught in UK schools. This international comparison of ability in maths is drawn from an analysis of the Pisa tests taken by 15-year-olds. Gender gap It shows that across most developed countries, boys are better than girls at maths. At reading, it is the reverse, with girls much better than boys. This difference in maths is not about any innate differences, says the OECD's Andreas Schleicher. Instead he says it is driven by a lack of confidence among girls in their maths skills and lower expectations that they will need maths in future careers. Surveys gathered alongside the Pisa tests show that girls are much more likely than boys to have a perception of themselves as being bad at maths. \"There is a close correlation between expectations and achievement,\" he said. In the highest performing education systems, such as Singapore and Shanghai, the gender gap is much narrower. In all countries there are a range of abilities in maths among pupils. But the OECD says that there is an unusual pattern in the UK with lower performing girls in the UK much worse than might be expected. These teenagers are the equivalent of about six years behind in their maths skills, compared with the average for schoolgirls in Shanghai in China. The OECD study looks at the UK as a whole, rather than four separate devolved education systems. Mr Schleicher says that being good or bad at maths has far-reaching economic consequences for individuals. People with good maths skills in the UK are six times more likely to have earnings above the median income, he said. Mr Schleicher also highlighted that \"maths\" could mean very different levels of learning in different countries - and that this could account for differences in test results. He said that in schools in the UK there was a tendency for \"simple maths wrapped in complex words\". In contrast, he said that in Shanghai there was an emphasis on formal maths and understanding the underlying principles. England's education minister, Elizabeth Truss, said: \"In the past girls have been let down by outdated assumptions about what they are good at but the evidence shows that with excellent teaching and support from parents they are just as good as boys in crucial subjects like maths and physics. \"This is why we are determined to get the message across to girls and their parents that maths skills command the highest earnings in the workplace.\""
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"Represent the example for the following task: Generate an appropriate title for the given text. The generated title must be short and include the main topic of the text. The preferred titles are under fifteen words.:",
"Ziaududdin Yousafzai has been appointed education attaché at the Consulate of Pakistan in the city, the Pakistan government has announced. His daughter Malala, 15, was treated in Birmingham after being shot in the head in the Swat Valley on 9 October 2012. The Taliban said it shot Malala, a campaigner for girls' education, for \"promoting secularism\". Doctors said the bullet grazed the teenager's brain when it struck her just above her left eye. Peace prize petition The president of Pakistan, Asif Ali Zardari, visited Malala at Birmingham's Queen Elizabeth Hospital on 8 December. The teenager was flown to the hospital to receive specialist treatment. The Pakistan government said Mr Ali Zardari had also met Mr Yousufzai and assured him his government would meet all the expenses of Malala's treatment and the needs of the family while they were in the UK. Mr Yousufzai will be the head of the education section under the Head of Mission. He has been given the position for three years, which may be extended for a further two years. Tens of thousands of people have since signed a petition calling for Malala to receive the Nobel Peace Prize."
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"Represent the example for the following task: Generate an appropriate title for the given text. The generated title must be short and include the main topic of the text. The preferred titles are under fifteen words.:",
"So far eighteen men have been arrested by the Saudi authorities in connection with the killing in Istanbul. Mrs May told MPs if any of them had British visas, they would be revoked. The PM said the claim the journalist had died in a fight was not credible and there was an \"urgent need\" to establish what had happened. Two senior officials have been removed from their posts after the Saudi authorities admitted that Mr Khashoggi had died during an incident in its consulate in Istanbul. Mrs May told MPs that the Home Secretary, Sajid Javid, was taking action against all suspects to prevent them entering the UK. This follows a similar move by the United States. The PM also confirmed that no UK minister or official was attending the so-called \"Davos in the desert\" conference currently taking place in Riyadh. The event was intended to showcase Saudi Arabia's attempts at domestic reform and attract foreign investment to the country, but has been boycotted by leading politicians and companies. Downing Street has declined to comment on the number of individuals to whom visa restrictions would apply, but said it was speaking to the US and other allies about its response. Later on Wednesday, the prime minister spoke to King Salman, the head of Saudi Arabia's ruling family, by telephone to reiterate the UK's \"grave concerns\" about the murder of Mr Khashoggi, Downing Street said. A spokeswoman said: \"The prime minister said the current explanation lacks credibility so there remains an urgent need to establish exactly what happened \"She strongly urged Saudi Arabia to cooperate with the Turkish investigation and to be transparent about the results.\" Labour has called for much stronger action against the Saudi authorities, including a ban on all UK arms sales to the desert kingdom and an end to the UK's backing for the Saudi-led bombing campaign against Houthi insurgents in Yemen. A spokesman for its leader Jeremy Corbyn said Mr Khashoggi's killing was \"a shocking act by a dictatorial regime involved in multiple human rights abuses at home and abroad\". The country's de facto ruler, Crown Prince Mohamed bin Salman, has vowed to punish all the \"culprits\" responsible as he spoke publicly about the case for the first time. Speaking in Riyadh, he said \"the crime was painful to all Saudis\" and there would never be a rift with Turkey. He has been widely accused of ordering the murder of the journalist, who was a critic of the ruling House of Saud and the Crown Prince's record in particular."
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"Represent the example for the following task: Generate an appropriate title for the given text. The generated title must be short and include the main topic of the text. The preferred titles are under fifteen words.:",
"After more than two weeks of denials, Saudi Arabia eventually admitted that he had been killed within the consulate in what officials called a \"rogue operation\" and has vowed to punish \"those responsible\". Once an adviser to the royal family, Khashoggi had fallen sharply out of favour with the Saudi government and went into self-imposed exile last year. Here, we take a look at Khashoggi, his career and the events that led up to his disappearance. Born in Medina in 1958, he studied business administration in the US at Indiana State University. He then returned to Saudi Arabia and started his career as a journalist in the 1980s as a reporter for regional newspapers covering the Soviet invasion of Afghanistan. There, he followed closely the rise of Osama Bin Laden, interviewing the late al-Qaeda leader several times during the 1980s and 1990s. A prominent journalist From there his career covered other major events in the region, including the first Gulf War in Kuwait. He returned full-time to Saudi Arabia in the 1990s and in 1999 became the deputy editor of the English-language Arab News newspaper. In 2003 he became editor of the Al Watan newspaper but was fired just two months into his tenure for publishing stories that were critical of the Saudi clerical establishment. After his dismissal he moved to London and later Washington to serve as a media adviser to ambassador Prince Turki bin-Faisal, Saudi Arabia's former intelligence chief. He returned to Al Watan in 2007 but left three years later after further controversy. Following the Arab Spring uprisings in 2011, he expressed support for Islamist groups that had gained power in several countries. In 2012 he was chosen to lead the Saudi-backed Alarab news channel - touted as a rival to the Qatari-funded Al Jazeera. But the Bahrain-based news channel stopped broadcasting less than 24 hours after its launch in 2015 after inviting a prominent Bahraini opposition figure on to speak. Considered an authoritative voice on Saudi affairs, Khashoggi has also been a regular contributor on international news outlets. 'We Saudis deserve better' The journalist left Saudi Arabia for the US in summer 2017. In his debut September column for the Washington Post newspaper, he said that he and several others had gone into self-imposed exile because they feared being arrested. He said dozens of people had been detained in an apparent crackdown on dissidents under Crown Prince Mohammed bin Salman, who has been pioneering an ambitious economic and social reform program in the country. He also alleged the Saudi government had pressured the publisher of Arabic daily newspaper Al-Hayat to cancel his column and said he was told to stop tweeting to his 1.8 million followers after he cautioned against the country's \"overly enthusiastic embrace\" of then US President-elect Donald Trump in late 2016. \"I have left my home, my family and my job, and I am raising my voice. To do otherwise would betray those who languish in prison. I can speak when so many cannot. I want you to know that Saudi Arabia has not always been as it is now. We Saudis deserve better,\" he wrote. In his writing he accused the Saudi government of ignoring real extremists in its crackdown, and he compared the crown prince to Russian leader Vladimir Putin. Khashoggi's most recent piece was published on 11 September, and the Washington Post published a blank column on 5 October to highlight his disappearance. In his last column, he criticised Saudi involvement in the Yemen conflict . Mr Khashoggi was last seen in public when he went into the Istanbul consulate on 2 October to obtain official divorce documents so he could marry a Turkish woman he had become engaged to. His fiancée, Hatice Cengiz, waited outside for him for hours but he never emerged. She says he had to surrender his mobile phone while entering, and had told her to contact an adviser to Turkish President Recep Tayyip Erdogan if he did not return. The Turkish authorities were quick to report he had been murdered and said they had evidence, including gruesome audio recordings, to back this up. For two weeks, Saudi Arabia insisted Khashoggi had left the building alive. But amid global outcry and pressure over the case, the authorities on 19 October said for the first time that he had been killed in a fight inside the consulate. The conflicting Saudi accounts over the incident have angered the kingdom's Western allies, and shaken their ties with the world's top oil exporter. 'Just a writer' Just three days before his disappearance, the BBC's Newshour programme interviewed Khashoggi off-air. In a released audio snippet, he said he did not think he'd be able to ever return to his native country. \"The people being arrested are not even being dissidents, they just have an independent mind,\" he said. \"I don't call myself an opposition: I always say I'm just a writer, I want a free environment to write and speak my mind and that's what I do in the Washington Post. \"They give me a platform to write freely and I wish I had that platform in my home.\" He also criticised how the Saudi government was initiating reform. \"This serious transformation that is happening isn't discussed - the Prince supplies us every couple of weeks or couple of months with a huge multi-billion dollar project that wasn't discussed in the parliament, wasn't discussed in the newspapers and the people will just clap and say great... and things don't work that way.\""
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"Represent the example for the following task: Generate an appropriate title for the given text. The generated title must be short and include the main topic of the text. The preferred titles are under fifteen words.:",
"By James WilliamsBBC Wales political correspondent Mark Drakeford said it attended Defence and Security Equipment International (DSEI) in London to support cyber security businesses, not those in the arms trade. But Plaid Cymru AM Leanne Wood called the event \"abhorrent\" and condemned his government for attending. Organisers said visitors must comply with UK and international law. The event, which ends on Friday and is held every two years, is sponsored by the UK government's Ministry of Defence. Speaking there on Wednesday, Defence Secretary Ben Wallace said the sector brought in \"sales worth more than £19bn\" to the UK economy. The UK government has invited representatives of countries it has on a human rights watch list, including Israel and Saudi Arabia, to attend the event. In June, judges ruled that the UK government's decision to allow arms sales to Saudi Arabia, which is engaged in the long-running war in Yemen, was unlawful. Ms Wood said: \"This is an event where weapons and warfare equipment ranging from tear gas and missiles to fighter planes and warships will be promoted and traded between governments known for their human rights abuses and violations of international humanitarian law, such as Saudi Arabia and Egypt.\" The Welsh Government has had a presence at the show for eight years, with ministers attending in 2015 and 2017. In marketing material for this year's event, it said: \"Wales is a cornerstone of UK defence operations, through training the defence industry workforce of the future, as well as the availability of secure sites and airspace.\" Mr Drakeford said the Welsh Government's stall was \"to support important Welsh companies\" involved in cyber-security, \"not directly in the arms area\". \"Those companies need to be able to display what they have to offer to people who want to buy their products - that's why we will be supporting them at that event,\" he added. \"But I will be reviewing whether or not this is the best way to support those companies from now on.\" Ms Wood, Plaid Cymru's social justice spokeswoman said: \"That the Labour Welsh Government is a sponsor and has a stall at such an abhorrent event is disgraceful and should be unequivocally condemned.\" Campaign Against Arms Trade spokesman Andrew Smith said: \"The Welsh government should not be supporting this event, or using it as a promotional vehicle of any kind. \"The weapons being sold at this arms fair could be used in abuses and atrocities for years to come. DSEI needs to be closed down for good, not celebrated.\" DSEI organiser Clarion Defence and Security said on its website visitors must adhere to the \"highest regulatory scrutiny, complying with UK and international laws, treaties and conventions\". It said it worked closely with the UK government, which invited all international delegations, to ensure strict compliance."
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"Represent the example for the following task: Generate an appropriate title for the given text. The generated title must be short and include the main topic of the text. The preferred titles are under fifteen words.:",
"Labour had the most councillors on the city council after last week's elections. BBC Scotland revealed that as well as the Conservatives the coalition will rely on the support of three Independents. Labour's Barney Crockett will be the new council leader. The SNP and Lib Dems will form the opposition on the council. A new Independent-Conservative administration will run Moray Council. The Independent councillor for Keith, Stewart Cree, has been chosen as council convener. Leadership challenge Meanwhile, the leader of the SNP group on Aberdeenshire Council has fought off a challenge to her leadership. At the group's AGM on Tuesday, Joanna Strathdee was ousted as leader by Rob Merson. BBC Scotland understands that Mr Merson was in post for about an hour before resigning, to be replaced by the former leader. The SNP is the biggest party in Aberdeenshire and is continuing negotiations to form a coalition."
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"Represent the example for the following task: Generate an appropriate title for the given text. The generated title must be short and include the main topic of the text. The preferred titles are under fifteen words.:",
"In a letter to chief executive Valerie Watts, Mr Salmond claimed the majority Labour party was in danger of bringing the authority into disrepute. He also suggested members of the party seemed intent on inflicting reputational and economic damage on the city. Council leader Barney Crockett said he was shocked by Mr Salmond's comments. He told BBC Scotland he would not be \"bullied\" by the first minister. 'Extreme manner' Mr Salmond said in his letter: \"I have been first minister for over six years. During that time I have dealt with all 32 local authorities, of all political persuasions and none. \"No other council behaves in the extreme manner of Aberdeen City Council over a range of issues. \"I would suggest that the majority group are now in danger of bringing the council into total disrepute with the knock on reputational risks that that has for the great city of Aberdeen and its fine people.\" Mr Crockett said Mr Salmond attacked people he saw as \"weaker than himself\". He said: \"I will stand up and fight for the city, and I won't be bullied by the bluster.\" Mr Crockett said it was \"not satisfactory\" that there was a \"bad relationship\", and said it was something he was committed to improving."
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"Represent the example for the following task: Generate an appropriate title for the given text. The generated title must be short and include the main topic of the text. The preferred titles are under fifteen words.:",
"The party slipped from 32 councillors to 18, one shy of a majority. North East Derbyshire was also lost by Labour, with their seats dropping 35 to 18 and giving the Tories the majority. Elsewhere, the Conservatives are now the largest party on Derby City Council for the first time since 1992, but the Tories lost control of Amber Valley Borough Council to Labour. And the Tories held South Derbyshire, Erewash, and also Derbyshire Dales but with a majority of just one there. But they lost control of the High Peak Borough Council to Labour, with Labour gaining five seats and the Conservatives losing seven. With 17 of Derby City Council's 51 seats being contested, the authority remained under no overall control as Labour lost six of 11 seats it was contesting. The Tories, who ran the council last year in coalition with the Lib Dems and UKIP, picked up one ward but failed to secure a majority. The Lib Dems increased their presence on the council from five seats to seven, while UKIP enjoyed similar success and now has five councillors. Analysis By Liz Roberts, BBC Sheffield political reporter It was an unbelievable result in Bolsover, where the council goes to no overall control and with Labour losing almost half its seats from 32 to 18 - mainly to independents. By my calculation there are now 20 brand new councillors and 17 with previous experience. Two of the Labour wins were in an uncontested seat. I bet they're thanking their lucky stars. Turnout was 35.9% - down from 38.7% last year. Labour's losses included its local deputy leader and a former council leader. Derby Labour leader Lisa Eldret admitted it had been a bad night for the party and said she had never known a local election where national issues were so dominant. Chris Poulter, Conservative leader, said he was \"delighted\" as his party became the biggest in the city for the first time since 1992. In the Derbyshire Dales, the Conservatives retained control, but now have only 20 councillors, down from 29. The Lib Dems increased their numbers from three to eight while Labour now have six councillors. There are also three independents and two Greens. Bolsover has been represented in Parliament by the veteran Labour MP Dennis Skinner - known as the Beast of Bolsover - since 1970. There are now 16 independents, two Tories and one Lib Dem councillors. Labour took control of Amber Valley Borough Council despite the suspension of its Belper Central candidate Neil Ploughman over alleged anti-Semitic social media posts. While Labour held Chesterfield Borough Council, despite losing 10 seats. The Green Party also secured a first representative on the authority with a win in Duffield. Either search using your postcode or council name or click around the map to show local results."
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"Represent the example for the following task: Generate an appropriate title for the given text. The generated title must be short and include the main topic of the text. The preferred titles are under fifteen words.:",
"By Emma HallettBBC News Walk down a street in one of the many coastal villages in Cornwall and you will most likely see a long line of Cornish pasty shops, cafes serving Cornish cream teas and - when you reach the harbour - the distinct smell and look of a proud fishing history. Its cobbled streets have a rich past and even in Cornwall's larger towns, many of which were built up around its former mining industry, there is something intangible that sets this part of the country aside. You know you are in Cornwall. And yet, the sense of being in a nation apart - such as one experiences in Scotland or Wales - does not quite apply in Cornwall. While it has its own language, and many of the place names are in Cornish, there are few other outward signs of it to be seen as you move around the peninsula. The minority status, which already applies to the Scots, Welsh and Irish, means government and public bodies will be required to consider them when making decisions. But what impact will that have on Cornish people's lives? A discussion on BBC Radio Cornwall's Facebook page revealed a mixed response, with Shaun Jenkin writing: \"Do we really care? What difference will it make to us? None. \"Will it help me find a job in Cornwall now I've been made redundant, no. \"So what's the point? Probably to line the pockets of those who we will never know sat in posh offices around the county. And before you ask yes I am Cornish.\" Ben Lean added: \"I already knew I was Cornish. I don't need some European mumbo-jumbo to tell me that.\" Despite this, many of the comments were supportive of the move, with many adding they are \"proud to be Cornish\". But if anything is to be learnt from Cornwall's Celtic cousins, having minority status may not be worth getting excited about. Emyr Lewis, a senior fellow in Welsh Law at Cardiff University, said the impact of minority status on Wales had been \"insignificant\". He said: \"It is good that it is there and that the Welsh language and culture is recognised by the UK, but the actual impact has been relatively small. \"For the Cornish however, and the Cornish people, it could be more. The reason is that the Cornish minority have not traditionally been regarded in the same way the Welsh have or the Scots have, or the Irish. \"So I think this is a positive step. It could be even more valuable in the case of the Cornish because it affirms the respectability in international law terms for people who consider themselves to be Cornish and removes them from being marginal.\" Cornish campaigner and comedian Edward Rowe, also known as the Kernow King, said the status was \"obviously great news for the people of Cornwall\". He added: \"It is great for Cornwall to get the recognition for its culture and heritage that it deserves.\" Perhaps the most crucial point that has led towards Cornwall being given minority status is the fact it has its own language. However, only about 1,000 of its 532,000 inhabitants are estimated to actually speak it, according to Julian German, a Cornwall Council cabinet member and chairman of the Cornish Language Partnership. Now minority status has been given, Mr German said the council - which is \"very keen to promote the language\" - would be discussing with the department of transport whether or not to allow bilingual signs on the roads. Elizabeth Stewart, who presents the Cornish language programme An Nowodhow on BBC Radio Cornwall, said its influence should not be under estimated. \"You can look at all sorts of different areas, regions, within the British Isles, and you will have areas that will have a particular type of Morris dancing or a particular type of music that is local to that area,\" she said. \"But does that mean they it has got its own identity as a nation? No. It has got its own local identity and that should be celebrated and cherished, but what makes Cornwall distinct and what links us with the Celtic nations of Wales Ireland, Scotland, it is the language.\" Of course it is argued the distinct Cornish culture goes much further than just its language, including music, dance, games and folklore. Every year, St Piran's Day - the national day of the people of Cornwall - is celebrated with parades, national dress and music. And one of Cornwall's best known traditions - Padstow's Obby Oss - takes place every May Day. The centuries-old tradition sees the Obby Oss dance through the streets of the Cornish town, to welcome the coming of summer. Mr German admitted the status did not attract any extra money but he said minority status would allow the Cornish people to feel confident as well as strengthening the Cornish \"brand\". He said: \"It's about self-confidence and people just being able to say they are Cornish. \"It is a discussion that many people have in Cornwall, whether it is in the workplace, in the pub, wherever, with someone saying 'I'm Cornish' and someone else saying 'no, you're not'. \"Now with this recognition, that is the government's position, we have been recognised and can be identified as Cornish, and as with the Welsh, the Scots and the Irish, that recognition will really help boost confidence.\""
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"Represent the example for the following task: Generate an appropriate title for the given text. The generated title must be short and include the main topic of the text. The preferred titles are under fifteen words.:",
"MP Stephen Gilbert asked the local government minister when the Cornish would be included in the CoE Framework Convention for National Minorities. The framework aims to protect the rights of minorities. Minister Stephen Williams said Cornwall Council would be asked to contribute to a submission being made next year. The framework says the \"upheavals of European history have shown that the protection of national minorities is essential to stability, democratic security and peace in this continent\". It also says \"a pluralist and genuinely democratic society should not only respect the ethnic, cultural, linguistic and religious identity of each person belonging to a national minority; but also create appropriate conditions enabling them to express, preserve and develop this identity\". Mr Gilbert, the Liberal Democrat MP for St Austell and Newquay, told Mr Williams in the House of Commons Cornwall's unique \"language, identity and culture\" meant it deserved official recognition. Responding to Mr Gilbert in the House, Mr Williams said that, \"as a Welshman myself\", he \"entirely sympathised with what was said about our Celtic cousins\". He added: \"The UK is going to make a submission in May 2014, and the government is going to ask Cornwall Council to contribute to that submission.\""
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"Represent the example for the following task: Generate an appropriate title for the given text. The generated title must be short and include the main topic of the text. The preferred titles are under fifteen words.:",
"Fremantle council last month decided to move traditional Australia Day events from 26 to 28 January because of Aboriginal cultural sensitivities. A \"culturally inclusive alternative\" is now due to be held on 28 January out of respect for the Indigenous community. But authorities say holding citizenship ceremonies on that date would send an anti-Australia Day message. \"Citizenship has got to be apolitical, non-commercial, bipartisan and secular,\" Assistant Immigration Minister Alex Hawke told ABC radio. \"It's really important... we've got hundreds of councils administering this around the country... that they don't get the idea they can use citizenship as a political football.\" The Australia Day public holiday is traditionally held on 26 January across the country, marking the arrival of Britain's First Fleet on 26 January 1788. Fremantle council voted in August to scrap its popular Australia Day fireworks event from 2017 after deeming the celebration \"culturally insensitive\". Fremantle mayor Brad Pettitt was subsequently accused on social media of grandstanding, being politically correct and not seeking the advice of Aboriginal leaders. To quash rumours local indigenous elder Robert Eggington last week posted a photo of dozens of elders meeting with the council in September, saying the decision was 50 years ahead of its time. \"It's a clarification of history, because celebrating the day the first gunshots ploughed our blood into the earth is horrific for Aboriginal people,\" he wrote. \"I believe Brad Pettitt will become a historic figure because of the decision.\""
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"Represent the example for the following task: Generate an appropriate title for the given text. The generated title must be short and include the main topic of the text. The preferred titles are under fifteen words.:",
"The Nursing and Midwifery Council review was launched after concerns were raised about the standards of supervision of midwifery in the island. The reviewers heard stories of \"poor maternity care\" and concerns about \"a small number of midwives\". One woman said it had made her consider staying at home for her next labour. 'Dripping in blood' Those interviewed said they had \"low expectations\" of the service, but were positive about the community midwives. The report said one mother spoke of walking through the ward \"dripping in blood\" after \"being refused a shower after giving birth\" and then \"being told off for dripping blood\". Another said aftercare services were not good, with one midwife not having enough English necessary to complete the required forms. The report raises concerns about care, facilities, delays in moving patients into theatre for emergency caesarean sections, staffing, record keeping and the organisational culture or \"Guernsey way\". Maternity services The reviewers said they were unable to speak to any of four supervisors of midwives as all were on enforced leave of absence with three being reviewed for their competence and capability. The fourth was placed on leave of absence last month and is undertaking an action plan run by the local safeguarding authority - NHS England, South West. 'Frequently at risk' The reviewers reported an \"out of date birthing environment which was very 'clinical' and in need of modernisation to reflect contemporary maternity services\". In relation to moving women to theatre for an emergency caesarean section, midwives said \"mothers and babies were frequently at risk from the subsequent delayed procedures\" as the procedure could only take place once consultants had been called in from home. They also said they \"attended home births in their own time as a gesture of good will\" due to a lack of staff. Issues with the storage of records were also highlighted, with private information in birth registers and midwives' diaries \"easily accessible on a shelf\". The reviewers said comments such as \"this is Guernsey... not the mainland\" were made by midwives, service users and senior personnel when discussing some areas of concern. Health and Social Services Minister Paul Luxon, who was only elected to the post on Wednesday, said: \"I can assure islanders that delivering a high quality midwifery and maternity service for the women and babies we serve is our immediate and top priority. \"The steps HSSD has already taken, and the steps we will take next, provide clear evidence of that commitment. \"We will publish our finalised and detailed action plan... by mid-November.\""
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"Represent the example for the following task: Generate an appropriate title for the given text. The generated title must be short and include the main topic of the text. The preferred titles are under fifteen words.:",
"Almost 30% of 800 nurses in the UK polled by Nursing Times magazine said being seen as a troublemaker was the biggest barrier to them speaking out. Inaction by managers was cited as a barrier by 23%. The government said it had taken measures to support whistle-blowers and was considering further action. The survey was sent out to the magazine's database of nurses and conducted online. Some 84% of respondents to the poll said they had raised concerns about a colleague's practice or attitude. A total of 23% of the nurses said they had done so \"several times\" or \"regularly\", and 23% \"at least once\". But of those who had raised concerns, 52% said there had been no appropriate outcome after they had spoken out and a similar percentage said they had faced negative consequences as a result of doing so. 'Ostracised and bullied' The poll comes after the public inquiry into the failings at Stafford Hospital - run by Mid Staffordshire NHS Trust - highlighted a lack of support for nurses who tried to raise concerns. The inquiry report by Robert Francis QC argued for \"fundamental change\" in the culture of the NHS to make sure patients were put first. Nursing Times editor Jenni Middleton said: \"If we want to make sure Mid Staffs does not happen again, we must welcome the input of staff and ensure they are heard, without fear of reprisal.\" She added: \"I have personally spoken to nurses who, having raised concerns, have been sidelined and ostracised by their employers, bullied and marginalised by their colleagues - and end up feeling ashamed and guilty, as well as concerned that their careers are over. \"Regulation plays its part, of course, but the ability of staff to spot what's going on is irreplaceable in ensuring that the NHS is a safe NHS.\" Dr Peter Carter, chief executive of the Royal College of Nursing, said: \"It is extremely worrying that a large number of nurses still feel their concerns are going unheard, even worse that some have to live with the threat of reprisal.\" Dean Royles, chief executive of the NHS Employers organisation, said that while there had been \"enormous efforts\" by employers to encourage staff to speak out \"we need to do more to build their confidence that they can voice concerns in safety\". 'Duty of openness' Health minister Dan Poulter said: \"We are determined that staff who have the courage and integrity to speak out in the interests of patient safety are protected and listened to. \"We have already taken a range of measures to protect and support whistleblowers in the NHS, including funding a national helpline, embedding rights in their employment contracts and issuing new guidance in partnership with trades unions and employers.\" He said a new \"contractual duty of openness\" would apply to the NHS organisations from April when dealing with patients. He added that ministers were also considering whether they needed to \"go further\" in the wake of the Stafford Hospital report."
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"Represent the example for the following task: Generate an appropriate title for the given text. The generated title must be short and include the main topic of the text. The preferred titles are under fifteen words.:",
"The East of England Ambulance Service failed to meet standards in care and welfare in a recent Care Quality Commission (CQC) inspection. Maria Ball resigned on Wednesday, after five years in post. The ambulance service, which has been ordered to improve, said it would create three new sector leads. It means the work of the ambulance service in Bedfordshire and Cambridgeshire will be managed separately to Norfolk and Suffolk, and Essex. A spokesman said powers were being devolved to a local level, with sector leads and general managers, to \"ensure that staff are empowered to make changes that are needed locally\". Last week's CQC report came after months of complaints about response times. It found the trust met standards in four out of five categories, but not for the care and welfare of people who use its services. It is the first time an ambulance trust anywhere in the country has been found to be failing on this measure. Emergency response times deteriorated during 2012, and while the trust achieved its targets in places such as Luton and Peterborough, it regularly failed to meet them in Norfolk and Suffolk. Patients could not be assured they would receive care in a \"timely and effective manner\", the report concluded."
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"Represent the example for the following task: Generate an appropriate title for the given text. The generated title must be short and include the main topic of the text. The preferred titles are under fifteen words.:",
"The 17-year-old, who cannot be named due to his age, stabbed Matthew Dale, 23, on Lightwood Road in Longton, Stoke-on-Trent, in October. A jury at Stafford Crown Court cleared the defendant of murder, but found him guilty of manslaughter. Mandy Dale said the attack meant her son would never get to see his new baby, who was born after his death. She said all he had wanted was to become a dad and was \"really excited\" about his son Kayden. \"I have been robbed of a life with my son Matty, and as a family we will never come to terms with our loss,\" she said. Staffordshire Police said Mr Dale, from Dresden, Stoke-on-Trent, had gone out with a friend on 4 October and met up with the defendant. After a struggle, they said the 23-year-old was stabbed once in the back and described the 14cm-deep (six inch) wound as \"catastrophic\". Officers found him lying in a large pool of blood on the pavement with other injuries, thought to be from when he fell after being stabbed, and he died on the way to hospital. Det Insp Alan Lyford said: \"This was a tragic case and we'd like to offer our condolences to Matty's friends and family.\" The 17-year-old defendant was also found not guilty of possession of an offensive weapon and will be sentenced on 24 May. Follow BBC West Midlands on Facebook, Twitter and Instagram. Send your story ideas to: [email protected] Related Internet Links HM Courts & Tribunals Service"
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"Represent the example for the following task: Generate an appropriate title for the given text. The generated title must be short and include the main topic of the text. The preferred titles are under fifteen words.:",
"Yousef Makki, from Burnage, died after being attacked in Gorse Bank Road, Hale Barns, near Altrincham, on Saturday. A 17-year-old boy, who cannot be named for legal reasons, appeared at Manchester Youth Court charged with murder and possession of a lock knife. He was remanded in custody to appear at Manchester Crown Court on Thursday. Another boy, also 17, who is charged with assisting an offender and possession of a blade, has been bailed to appear at the youth court on 28 March. Manchester Grammar School, where Yousef was studying for his A-levels, said he was a \"dearly loved, incredibly bright pupil\". He is thought to have won a scholarship to attend the £12,000 a year independent school and dreamed of becoming a heart surgeon."
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"Represent the example for the following task: Generate an appropriate title for the given text. The generated title must be short and include the main topic of the text. The preferred titles are under fifteen words.:",
"Some 20 teenagers originally faced murder charges following the 2010 murder of Sofyen Belamouadden under a law increasingly being used to tackle gang violence. After four trials lasting 21 months, three have been convicted of murder, five of manslaughter, including Bayode, 12 of lesser charges and three cleared. The case is the latest example of how the law of joint enterprise can be deployed to successfully prosecute crimes involving large numbers of people. But some campaigners argue the law is a \"lazy\" option for prosecutors and can lead to miscarriages of justice. The centuries-old law allows a whole group of people to be prosecuted for the differing roles they played in a murder. There is a version of the law in Scotland, although it is applied slightly differently. Historically, joint enterprise helped authorities deal with duels, enabling them to prosecute the duellers, their supporters and doctors who treated the wounded. To make a normal murder charge stick, prosecutors need to prove the defendant intended to kill. But the terms of joint enterprise are different - and at the heart of it is the concept of foresight. Prosecutors must prove the defendants were involved in some kind of common criminal enterprise and, in the course of their actions, the individuals could have foreseen that one member of the group might kill or inflict serious harm. In other words, if three friends were walking down the road and one stabbed a passer-by, the others could not be prosecuted if they genuinely had no idea that their companion was carrying a knife or intended to use it. But if the trio looked for trouble, and each person knew that one of them was carrying a knife as a weapon, then each could be convicted over its use because they could have foreseen the consequences. The most well-known and controversial conviction involving joint enterprise was that of Derek Bentley in 1952, for the murder of a policeman. He was convicted of the shooting and subsequently hanged. But he did not pull the trigger and the killer was too young to be sentenced to death. Bentley was in fact convicted on his disputed words - \"Let him have it\" - and on the joint enterprise principle that he could have foreseen the outcome. After a long campaign, the Court of Appeal quashed the conviction in 1998. A more recent case went all the way to the House of Lords. In 2004, Tyrone Clarke was stabbed to death in a gang fight in Leeds - and four men were convicted of his murder. They lost their appeal after the Law Lords concluded they could be found guilty by joint enterprise, even though there was no evidence that any of the four had inflicted the fatal injuries. The legislation has been used increasingly in recent years to deal with knife crime among teenage gangs as it allows police to cast a net widely and deal with walls of silence. Metropolitan Police Commander Simon Foy said this was a reflection of detectives' growing experience in investigating such murders. \"I've heard it called a lazy law and that we're just scooping people up, but it's a painstaking account of everyone who has been involved. That description is not accurate,\" he says. But campaign group Joint Enterprise Not Guilty by Association (Jengba) says the law promotes miscarriages of justice. It has been approached by 338 people who say they have been wrongfully convicted. \"Many of whom are serving life sentences for something they did not do, did not foresee what was going to happen nor intend to happen, but have been convicted by an archaic law that is being abused to get convictions and not justice,\" co-ordinator Gloria Morrison says. You can find out more about the history and development of the law of joint enterprise by listening to this BBC Radio 4 Law in Action programme from 2009."
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"Represent the example for the following task: Generate an appropriate title for the given text. The generated title must be short and include the main topic of the text. The preferred titles are under fifteen words.:",
"The 36-mile (58km) project only fully opened in February after a series of delays, with the £745m cost believed to have risen beyond £1bn. Galliford Try and Balfour Beattie launched claims, and have now said they expect to receive about £32m each. Transport Scotland confirmed it was in addition to the original £745m cost. Galliford Try said it also expected to incur a write-off of £52m. A Transport Scotland spokesman said: \"Following prolonged discussion, Transport Scotland has agreed in principle a full and final commercial settlement. \"This is a strictly commercial settlement with no admission of liability by either party. \"The detailed terms of this settlement are now being developed between the parties as quickly as possible. Due to this ongoing legal discussion, it would be inappropriate to comment on the terms of the settlement at this time.\" Transport Scotland added it was important to recognise the \"transformational effect\" the project has had. Preparatory work for the bypass - approved in 2009 - began in August 2014, and construction began in February 2015."
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"Represent the example for the following task: Generate an appropriate title for the given text. The generated title must be short and include the main topic of the text. The preferred titles are under fifteen words.:",
"The bypass - stretching 36 miles (58 km) - was approved by Scottish ministers back in 2009. However, the £745m project fell behind schedule, and is now expected to cost more than £1bn. The 32km Craibstone to Stonehaven and Charleston section opened on Wednesday morning. It is hoped the River Don crossing, completing the bypass route, can also open this month. Police have said extra patrols will be on the road for its first day of operation. The bypass is one of the biggest infrastructure projects in Scotland. Business and council leaders argued it was vital for the north east economy. After being approved in 2009, campaigners challenged the decision of Scottish ministers. However, an appeal to the UK's Supreme Court failed in 2012. Preparatory work began in August 2014, and construction began in February 2015. The first main bypass section - between Parkhill and Blackdog - opened in June, and the Balmedie to Tipperty section of the bypass fully opened to traffic in August. Last week, Stephen Tarr, of contractor Balfour Beatty, told MSPs that consent had been secured for a contract variation which paved the way for the opening of the completed Craibstone to Stonehaven and Charleston section. 'Tremendous difference' It is hoped the River Don crossing, which has been delayed by defects, will be able to open before Christmas, but this is subject to possible weather or technical issues. The bypass was due to open in the spring but was put back to autumn. Discussions are ongoing about liability for the extra costs. Transport Secretary Michael Matheson said: \"This new section of road, which will make more than 85% of the project open to traffic, will immediately make a tremendous difference to road users across the north east. \"We would like to thank local communities, road users and businesses from across the north east and beyond who have been extremely patient while these works were ongoing and discussions were under way regarding the contract variation required for this new section to open.\""
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"Represent the example for the following task: Generate an appropriate title for the given text. The generated title must be short and include the main topic of the text. The preferred titles are under fifteen words.:",
"The Royal Hospital for Sick Children was originally scheduled to open in July of this year. That date has been pushed back twice, with a new completion date of May 2018 announced in August. A further update has been issued by NHS Lothian, blaming factors including bad weather, and saying the \"aim\" was to open the hospital in autumn 2018. NHS Lothian deputy chief executive Jim Crombie said: \"We established a contract with IHSL Limited in 2015 to build our world class children's hospital and it was due to be completed in July 2017. \"Unfortunately we have suffered unexpected initial delays on site, which included the liquidation of a crucial sub-contractor, severe weather and issues surrounding piling works. \"We remain committed to delivering this flagship facility in a timely manner and to the highest of standards. We are working with the contractors to open the hospital as soon as possible and aim for moves to take place by autumn 2018.\" The new Royal Hospital for Sick Children in Edinburgh is a £150m project to replace facilities for children at Sciennes near the centre of Edinburgh, and at the Western General Hospital and Royal Edinburgh Hospital, with a purpose-built complex at Little France to the south of the city."
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"Represent the example for the following task: Generate an appropriate title for the given text. The generated title must be short and include the main topic of the text. The preferred titles are under fifteen words.:",
"The director of Dissapearance Committee told BBC Sandehaya that the Committee has received information of over fifty cases of disappearance in recent weeks. “The protesters urged President Mahinda Rajapaksa to immediate attention to these abductions while security is tightened in Colombo,” KVJ Dayanan said. The government appointed a retired judge, Mahanama Thilakaratne, in September to investigate the abductions, but so far no report has been submitted. Last month, the Asian Human Rights Commission accused the government of abducting suspected rebels. The government has denied any involvement. The Sri Lankan Human Rights Commission said at least four hundred Tamil youths have gone missing from the northern Jaffna peninsula since December. The Tamil Tigers have also been accused of abducting civilians by human rights groups."
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"Represent the example for the following task: Generate an appropriate title for the given text. The generated title must be short and include the main topic of the text. The preferred titles are under fifteen words.:",
"Convener of the civil monitoring committee (CMC) and leader of the Western People’s Front (WPF) said: \"since 12th February seven people were kidnapped by white van in Colombo\". According to Mano Ganeshan, MP, the number of abductions is increasing around Colombo and its suburbs. \"On the 12th Businessman Chennaiya Sellaiya was abducted by people who came on a white van,\" he said. \"He was released on the 17th but his abductors are still at large\". CID is aware The MP added that some of the abductors were wearing police and military uniforms. CMC convener said he had made the enquiries about disappeared people from the police. \"When we enquired, Dehiwala police confirmed me that some people were arrested by CID.\" According to Mano Ganeshan, two Tamils were kept five nights in CID without informing their next of kin. \"Police in the area did not know that these people were arrested, this is a violation of basic law\" WPF Leader pointed out. \"We are not against arresting people for investigations but it should be done according to the law\" he said. \"Government should intervene to stop these illegal abductions, otherwise all underworld gangs will start kidnapping Tamil speaking Muslims for ransoms\" parliamentarian warns."
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"Represent the example for the following task: Generate an appropriate title for the given text. The generated title must be short and include the main topic of the text. The preferred titles are under fifteen words.:",
"CMC convener and parliamentarian Mano Ganesan said the government should reveal the information of the IDPs including names, permanent addresses, National Identification Card (NIC) numbers and other personal details of the IDPs . The press release issued by the CMC on Sunday said that it want the government publish the ‘details of the 150000 IDPs it claims to have registered and the details of the 110 000 IDP’s whom it claims to have issued identity cards (ID) at the camps’. Sri Lanka’s Ambassador to Belgium, Luxembourg and the European Union, Ravinatha Aryasinha addressing the Human Rights Sub Committee of the European Parliament on Thursday said “out of 290000 people liberated from the LTTE, over 150 000 had been registered and 110 000 issued with ID cards”. Political tool He urged the EU not to use the displaced persons in Sri Lanka as a political tool but to assist the government in looking after them and resettlement programmes. CMC said it is prepared to work with the government to launch a website to publish the details for the benefit of Tamils and the international community. “The government should know that providing IDP details to the family members in Sri Lanka and abroad is vital than providing it to the international community” CMC pointed out. IDP camps illegal Meanwhile, Tamil and Muslim leaders in Sri Lanka have joined together to call the IDP camps in northern Sri Lanka illegal. In an unprecedented statement, leaders from five political parties representing the two main minority communities urged the government that the IDPs \"should be released immediately to return to their homes\". Tamil leaders R. Sampanthan MP, V. Anandasangaree, Mano Ganesan MP and K. Vigneswaran and Muslim leader Rauff Hakim MP are signatories to the statement released to media on Thursday."
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"Represent the example for the following task: Generate an appropriate title for the given text. The generated title must be short and include the main topic of the text. The preferred titles are under fifteen words.:",
"By James GallagherHealth and science reporter, BBC News HIV mutates in order to survive the onslaught of a patient's immune system. However, some patients develop highly effective antibodies that can neutralise huge swathes of HIV mutants. A North Carolina team analysed the arms race between body and virus, published in the journal Nature, and has shown how these antibodies are made. When someone is infected with HIV, their body produces antibodies to attack it. But the virus mutates and evades the offensive, so the body produces new antibodies that the virus then evades and the war goes on. However, after about four years of this struggle some patients hit on to a winner by targeting something the virus finds harder to change - an Achilles heel. \"Even though the virus mutates and there are literally millions of quasi-species of virus because of all these mutations, but there are parts the virus can't change otherwise the virus cannot infect - these are the vulnerable sites,\" Prof Barton Haynes, of Duke University, in North Carolina, told the BBC. At this stage of the infection it is far too late to make a difference for the patient as the virus is hiding in untouchable reservoirs. However, some researchers believe that vaccines that encourage the body to produce these \"broadly neutralising antibodies\" may give people immunity to the virus. Super antibody The research team's study is based on a patient in Africa who had a rapid diagnosis, about four weeks after being infected with the virus. They were eventually able to produce an antibody named CH103 that could neutralise 55% of HIV samples. It was not produced in one easy step. Rather it was the product of the war of the immune system and HIV trying to out-evolve each other. However, through regular genetic analyses of both the immune system and virus, researchers could piece together each of the steps that culminated in the production of CH103. It is like a training manual for the immune system. Prof Haynes said: \"What we were able to do was map out the arms race of both virus and antibody, and in doing so we have now a map. \"This is the first time we've been able to see the actual road map.\" He said the challenge now was to see if re-creating those steps could lead to a viable vaccine. However, he said it would almost certainly need to be a vaccine combining multiple \"Achilles heels\" - in the same way that HIV therapies are a combination of drug treatments. Prof Jane Anderson, consultant at Homerton hospital in London and chair of the British HIV Association, said: \"The study gives important insights into the ways in which the human immune system responds to HIV infection and increases our understanding about the relationships between the virus and the human host. \"This is another welcome step on the path to develop vaccines against HIV.\" Dr Sarah Joseph, who tests HIV vaccines at the Medical Research Council clinical trials unit, said: \"This paper is really interesting. Some people do make antibodies that neutralise a lot of HIV virus, bit it is not of use to them as they produce it way too late.\" She said harnessing these antibodies \"could be a big deal\" and there was \"even talk about mass-producing antibodies and infusing people with them\"."
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"Represent the example for the following task: Generate an appropriate title for the given text. The generated title must be short and include the main topic of the text. The preferred titles are under fifteen words.:",
"By Peter MwaiBBC Reality Check More than a third of all Covid-19 cases in Africa have been in South Africa, with a new variant of the virus accounting for most of the new cases there. What vaccines is South Africa using? South Africa is using the Johnson & Johnson vaccine which is administered as a single dose. The country has received 80,000 doses of this vaccine, which has been shown to be effective against the variant first identified in South Africa. President Cyril Ramaphosa says the country has secured nine million doses in total, and more doses are expected. Pfizer has also committed 20 million vaccine doses, with deliveries expected at the end of the first quarter of this year. Early in February, the country received one million doses of the Oxford-AstraZeneca vaccine from India. However, it put the roll out of these on hold, following a study that showed \"disappointing\" results against the country's new Covid-19 strain. The country is now considering administering the vaccine to 100,000 people to monitor its impact before deciding if it should be used more widely. How is South Africa acquiring vaccines? South Africa says it has so far secured enough doses for the target population of 40 million. However, there has been criticism that the government was too slow to act. Apart from bilateral deals with manufacturers, South Africa is sourcing vaccines from the World Health Organization-backed Covax scheme, as well as through an African Union programme. Covax is a global initiative in which countries pool their resources to support the development of vaccines with a view to ensure that all countries receive a fair supply of effective vaccines. South Africa expects to acquire doses for around 10% of the population - 12 million vaccine doses - through Covax and has been told it will receive them from April through to June. The African Union established the African vaccine acquisition task team last year to source vaccine doses for the continent. Could South Africa have got vaccines sooner? There's been concern that many poorer, less-developed countries are being left behind in the global competition to secure vaccine supplies. However, critics suggest that South Africa - as the richest country in Africa - should not have been in this position. \"The stunning reality is that [South Africa] has neither a secured vaccine supply nor a plan for mass inoculation in the foreseeable future that can withstand scrutiny,\" the Progressive Health Forum, a group of leading medical experts in the country, said in January. The opposition Democratic Alliance had earlier called on the government to give full details of its negotiations with vaccine suppliers, accusing the government of \"dropping the ball\". It claims the government only started to talk to vaccine suppliers in early January. And it's also emerged that South Africa will pay more than twice the price for AstraZeneca vaccines than countries in Europe. What does the government say? Dr Anban Pillay, deputy director-general at the Ministry of Health, says the country was in touch with manufacturers as far back as last September. \"The vaccines that most of the other countries have procured are vaccines that may not be ideal for South Africa from various perspectives,\" he has said. He said the Pfizer-BioNTech vaccine wouldn't be appropriate for mass vaccination, often in remote rural areas, due to its storage requirements of -70C. And he added that the ministerial advisory committee advised against using this vaccine. \"We were waiting for the other vaccines that we can use as a mass rollout campaign, and those vaccines had not come through the production line yet,\" he said. He also said some countries have gone ahead with some vaccines without completed clinical trial data, which wouldn't be allowed by the regulator in South Africa. The government says it couldn't have signed deals early without knowing whether the vaccines were safe and effective, as this would have been in contravention of national financial laws. What did other countries do? Wealthy countries, such as the UK and others, signed deals for prospective vaccines as early as July last year while they were still in development and undergoing trials. And countries who can afford to pay most at the earliest stage of development and production can often secure an advantage, according to experts. South Africa did take part in a trial for the Oxford-AstraZeneca vaccine starting in July last year, and involving some 2,000 people. It's unclear whether or not the authorities used this to begin negotiating for supplies from the manufacturer. Research by Duke University in the US tracking advance vaccine commitments by country shows that the majority of doses purchased so far have been for high income countries. Read more from Reality Check Send us your questions"
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"Represent the example for the following task: Generate an appropriate title for the given text. The generated title must be short and include the main topic of the text. The preferred titles are under fifteen words.:",
"The 88-year-old classical singer was affected by diabetes for the past thirty years. Born in 1916 in the southern temple town of Madurai, Subbulakshmi cut her first gramophone record at the age of ten and gave her stage performances. Gifted with a mellifluous voice, she later had recalled that she had to be physically carried while playing to the stage where she was to give a music performance. When she was fifteen she gave a memorable performance at the prestigious Music Academy of Madras and instantly she became famous drawing the admiration of great musicians,and connoisseurs. Noted Indian poetess Sarojini Naidu described her as the nightingale of India. She had acted in a few Tamil films but all of them were devotional films. India's most respected freedom fighter, Mahatma Gandhi used to ask her to sing her devotional songs during his prayer meetings. Her concerts featured songs in many Indian regional languages. Through her concerts she had collected funds for several causes, charities and temples. She had performed at the United Nations and at the Edinburgh festival. She had donated whatever she had earned including the coveted Magasasay award in charity. She had received several awards including the highest Indian civilian award, Bharat Ratna."
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"Represent the example for the following task: Generate an appropriate title for the given text. The generated title must be short and include the main topic of the text. The preferred titles are under fifteen words.:",
"By Joe Tidy & Leo KelionTechnology reporters, BBC News Human Rights Watch and the children's mental health charity, Young Minds, have also confirmed they were affected. The hack targeted Blackbaud, one of the world's largest providers of education administration, fundraising, and financial management software. The US-based company's systems were hacked in May. It has been criticised for not disclosing this externally until July and for having paid the hackers an undisclosed ransom. In some cases, the data was limited to that of former students, who had been asked to financially support the establishments they had graduated from. But in others it extended to staff, existing students and other supporters. The institutions the BBC has confirmed have been affected are: All the institutions are sending letters and emails apologising to those on the compromised databases. In some cases, the stolen data included phone numbers, donation history and events attended. Credit card and other payment details do not appear to have been exposed. Blackbaud, whose headquarters are based in South Carolina, declined to provide a complete lists of those impacted, saying it wanted to \"respect the privacy of our customers\". \"The majority of our customers were not part of this incident,\" the company claimed. It referred the BBC to a statement on its website: \"In May of 2020, we discovered and stopped a ransomware attack. Prior to our locking the cyber-criminal out, the cyber-criminal removed a copy of a subset of data from our self-hosted environment.\" The statement goes on to say Blackbaud paid the ransom demand. Doing so is not illegal, but goes against the advice of numerous law enforcement agencies, including the FBI, NCA and Europol. Blackbaud added that it had been given \"confirmation that the copy [of data] they removed had been destroyed\". Several Blackbaud clients listed on its site have confirmed they were not affected, including: \"My main concern is how reassuring - impossibly so, in my opinion - Blackbaud were to the university about what the hackers have obtained,\" commented Rhys Morgan, a cyber-security specialist and former student at Oxford Brookes University, whose data was involved. \"They told my university that there is 'no reason to believe that the stolen data was or will be misused'. \"I can't feel reassured by this at all. How can they possibly know what the attackers will do with that information?\" Blackbaud has said it is working with law enforcement and third party investigators to monitor whether or not the data is being circulated or sold on the dark web, for example. Barrister blogger Matthew Scott was also sent an email about the hack. \"I doubt that my university has many details that aren't pretty easily available, but I am more concerned about giving in to the blackmail and blithely accepting the word of the blackmailer that all the data has now been destroyed,\" he told the BBC. Privacy law Under General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR), companies must report a significant breach to data authorities within 72 hours of learning of an incident - or face potential fines. The UK's Information Commissioner's Office [ICO], as well as the Canadian data authorities, were informed about the breach last weekend - weeks after Blackbaud discovered the hack. An ICO spokeswoman said: \"Blackbaud has reported an incident affecting multiple data controllers to the ICO. We will be making enquiries to both Blackbaud and the respective controllers, and encourage all affected controllers to evaluate whether they need to report the incident to the ICO individually.\" Leeds University said, in a statement: \"We want to reassure our alumni that, since being informed by Blackbaud of this incident, we have been working tirelessly to investigate what has happened, in order to accurately inform those affected. No action is required by our alumni community at this time, although, as ever, we recommend that everyone remains vigilant.\""
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"Represent the example for the following task: Generate an appropriate title for the given text. The generated title must be short and include the main topic of the text. The preferred titles are under fifteen words.:",
"Hydro, which employs more than 35,000 people in 40 countries, says the attack began on Monday night and is ongoing. Some of the company's factories have been forced to halt production though other facilities, including its power plants, are functioning normally. The firm's website is down but updates are being posted to Facebook. US factories were among those affected, as were smelting plants in Norway. Notices have been posted at the entrances to some of Hydro's offices telling employees not to log in to their computers. Staff worldwide are instead using mobile phones and tablets to access their emails, according to Hydro's chief financial officer Eivind Kallevik. At some factories, workers are using printed order lists while they remain unable to retrieve order data from their computers. Norwegian security authorities said they were investigating the possibility that the cyber-attack was caused by a relatively new form of ransomware known as LockerGoga. However, they added it was not yet clear that this was the case. A spokesman for Hydro also told the BBC that he could not yet confirm who was behind the attack. He added that digital systems at Hydro's main smelting plants were programmed to ensure machinery worked efficiently. However, these systems had had to be turned off at some of the facilities. \"They are much more reliant today on computerised systems than they were some years ago,\" a spokesman said. \"But they have the option of reverting back to methods that are not as computerised, so we are able to continue production.\" Work was also stopped at some metal extrusion plants, where aluminium is processed into products such as building facades. Relying on back-ups The firm said it was working to contain and \"neutralise\" the attack and added that it had not caused any safety-related incidents. It added that it had data backups ready with which to restore systems once the virus had been dealt with. Norway's state cyber-security agency is helping Hydro to respond to the incident. Cyber-security expert Kevin Beaumont told the BBC that if the LockerGoga ransomware had been used, it would likely have been deployed to Hydro's systems manually by an attacker. This could have been done by someone who had gained administrator access to those systems. \"For an industrial manufacturing business this is potentially bad news, as it may have spread across their company, including near industrial control systems,\" added Mr Beaumont."
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"Represent the example for the following task: Generate an appropriate title for the given text. The generated title must be short and include the main topic of the text. The preferred titles are under fifteen words.:",
"Laura KuenssbergPolitical editor@bbclaurakon Twitter But the widespread nature of allegations of bullying and harassment was genuinely shocking when it emerged, as was the nature of some what we heard. The scandal ended the cabinet careers of Damian Green and Michael Fallon. MPs vowed never again. Many months later, Parliament, led by Commons leader Andrea Leadsom, who has been pushing a cross-party effort to clean up the mess, is about to publish its proposals for change. There are already worries that the changes simply don't go far enough as my colleagues at Newsnight, who have done so much to reveal what's being going on, have discovered. Many months on I spoke to three of the young activists who were brave enough to go public with their allegations at the time. And they are frustrated. They have supported the process that Parliament has been pursuing but were deeply sceptical about whether anything would actually change. Depressingly, they told me that since they went public, others have confided in them about bullying or harassment by other MPs, sometimes frontbenchers, but are still too scared to come forward. James Greenhalgh, who alleged that he had been sexually assaulted while working as an intern, told me there were \"forces trying to scupper the system\". He told me it felt like \"when allegations emerged, the tide went out and exposed the nasty rock pools but the tide has come back in and no-one is acting because they can't see it\". Kate Maltby, whose allegations led to the resignation of Theresa May's number two, Damian Green said, \"everyone is looking away, because it's like expenses, if you dig too closely, everyone thinks they could lose\". Ava Etemadzadeh, whose complaint against a Labour MP is still being investigated months on, said the proposals being put forward by Parliament were welcome, but too little too late. You can hear the three of them reflecting together on what's happened since on the Today programme. And from Andrea Leadsom who, despite some resistance in Parliament, is determined to push the proposals forward and win the vote next Thursday. That's when we'll know if Parliament is genuinely determined at least to begin a clean up when MPs vote to approve, or reject, those cross-party proposals. Whether the testimonies of those who risked their own reputations will be forgotten, or provide the script for change."
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"Represent the example for the following task: Generate an appropriate title for the given text. The generated title must be short and include the main topic of the text. The preferred titles are under fifteen words.:",
"In his first major speech since taking power, Mr Gove said he had been \"overwhelmed\" by the response to the offer of academy status. Schools which become academies will opt out of local authority control and be directly funded by central government. Answering his critics, he said the policy was driven by the aim of closing the gap between rich and poor. The need to raise attainment for all children and close the achievement gap was the government's \"guiding moral purpose,\" he said. More than 1,772 schools had enquired about academy freedoms, he said. These included 870 outstanding schools - 405 secondary schools and more than 400 outstanding primaries. \"Since I issued my invitation to schools three weeks ago, I have been overwhelmed by the response,\" he told the National College for Leadership of Schools, which trains heads and deputies. \"That's 70% of the outstanding secondary schools in the country and a significant cohort of outstanding primaries.\" There are there roughly 700 secondary schools in England which have been rated outstanding by schools inspectors Ofsted. Mr Gove addressed directly criticism of the academies scheme, which has included suggestions that it will fracture the schools system, set schools against each other and let down pupils in need. \"I know some have expressed concern that this offer of greater autonomy for schools will work against the collaborative model of school improvement that has grown up over the past 15 or so years and which has done so much to tackle under-performance in those schools in the most challenging circumstances,\" he said. \"I would not be going down this road if I thought it would in any way set back the process of school improvement, if it would in any way undermine the progress we need to make in our weakest or most challenged schools or if it would in any way fracture the culture of collaboration which has driven school improvement over the last decade.\" Pupils in need He said schools which took \"academy freedoms\" would continue to be governed by admissions rules which guaranteed fair access to all, safeguarded the inclusive character of comprehensive schools, ensured all schools took their fair share of pupils in need and prevented schools from discriminating against pupils with special educational needs. In a wide-ranging speech, Mr Gove also warned that Britain was slipping behind the best in the world and said that the academies policy would give schools the autonomy they needed to drive up standards. \"Over the last three years I fear government action has held our education system back from making many of the advances we needed to make to keep pace with the best,\" he said. \"But we will now also provide you with the kind of autonomy that has served schools in America, Canada, Sweden and Finland so well and allow all schools the freedom to develop their own curriculum and fully control their own budget and staffing.\" Mr Gove wrote to head teachers in every primary, secondary and special school in England last month inviting them to apply for academy status."
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"Represent the example for the following task: Generate an appropriate title for the given text. The generated title must be short and include the main topic of the text. The preferred titles are under fifteen words.:",
"The rules, published for consultation, also allow all schools to give priority to teachers' children. The government said it wanted a simpler, fairer code and it would let good schools expand more easily. But teaching unions warned the changes would \"create another generation of haves and have-nots\". The admissions code covers entry to all state schools, most controversially, the basis on which places are allocated in popular, oversubscribed schools. School admissions remain highly competitive in some areas, with one in seven pupils failing to get a place at their first choice of secondary school this year. There are also concerns about a shortage of primary school places in the next few years in some areas, with London predicting a shortfall of about 70,000 over the next four years. 'Sharp-elbowed parents' Education Secretary Michael Gove said the old code, which was 130 pages long, was \"bureaucratic and unfair\". The new version is just 50 pages, and includes a range of changes he said would help \"give all children the chance of world-class schools\". The proposals include: Mr Gove says the existing system needed to change because it \"rationed good schools\" and with wealthier families able to go private or move house, \"the poorest are often left with the worst schools\". \"Good schools should be able to grow and we need more of them,\" he said, having argued earlier in the week that allowing popular schools to expand more easily would increase the amount of good school places. Journalist Toby Young, who is setting up one of the first free schools, said he would want his governors to take advantage of the proposal to allow schools to set aside places for pupils on free school meals, if it is implemented. He said the idea was welcome for free schools and academies that were \"worried about places being monopolised by middle class children\". 'Spiral of decline' The Association of School and College Leaders (ASCL) said the proposals would not improve social mobility and would have a \"damaging effect\" on pupils from the most deprived areas. In April, the coalition's \"pupil premium\" came into effect, under which schools receive an extra £430 per year for every pupil on free school meals that they teach. ASCL general secretary Brian Lightman said this would \"hardly be enough of an incentive or a supplement for schools to provide the additional support that these pupils so often need\". And allowing popular schools to expand would \"create another generation of haves and have-nots\". \"Those schools left with the most challenging pupils, who need the most intensive support, will suffer a slow spiral of decline and their pupils will lose out on life chances,\" he said. And the NASUWT teaching union pointed out that the rules would allow grammar schools to expand without having to run local consultations. \"Forget about selection by the back door. This is selection by the front door,\" said general secretary Chris Keates. Separately, the government said that it would, on a case by case basis, consider allowing free schools set up by parents to give priority to the children of those who founded them. This is not included in the new code, but would be written into each school's funding agreement with the government. 'Reducing complexity' Coalition ministers have long said they wanted to shorten and simplify the existing code. Outgoing chief schools adjudicator, Ian Craig, said he was \"pleased\" at the publication of the new code. \"Reducing the complexity and making it easier for parents to understand without removing the safeguards for vulnerable groups is essential to our admissions system,\" he said. He had warned in November that slimming down the code could risk \"throwing the baby out with the bathwater\" and reducing it to \"a useless document\". The government is also altering the school admissions appeals process in the Education Bill currently before Parliament. The Bill would limit the Office of the Schools Adjudicator to investigating specific complaints, rather than wider issues where it suspects there may be a problem. The body would, however, be able to accept complaints from a wider range of people and its remit would be expanded to cover academies. The government says this will reduce bureaucracy without affecting fairness, but Labour has warned that such changes could result in reduced scrutiny and an increase in \"selection by the back door\"."
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"Represent the example for the following task: Generate an appropriate title for the given text. The generated title must be short and include the main topic of the text. The preferred titles are under fifteen words.:",
"Eight out of 10 teachers and heads are against selection, the poll by the National Association of Head Teachers, the Association of School and College Leaders and charity Teach First finds. A similar number did not believe a test at age 11 measured academic potential. But Mrs May says schools should be able to select on the basis of ability. Last week, she pledged to make Britain \"the great meritocracy of the world\" as she announced plans to lift a long-standing ban on new grammar schools. 'Lower standards' The survey was carried out for campaign organisation the Fair Education Alliance, which has launched a petition calling for the ban on new grammars to be kept in place. It gathered responses from 2,500 teachers, school leaders and heads. It found: Russell Hobby, general secretary of the NAHT, said: \"Increasing the number of grammar schools will lower standards and restrict opportunity. \"We cannot afford such an elitist policy in the 21st Century - as many students as possible need a high-quality academic education. This is a terrible distraction from the issues that matter most.\" Malcolm Trobe, interim general secretary of ASCL, said: \"We don't need more selection in the education system. \"What schools desperately need is enough teachers and enough funding, both of which are in critically short supply. \"The government should focus on these issues rather than obsessing about an education policy plucked from the 1950s. Our job is to work together to ensure the education system supports all young people to achieve.\" A spokeswoman for the Department for Education said: \"We know that grammar schools provide a good education for their disadvantaged pupils and we want more pupils from lower-income backgrounds to benefit from that. \"Our proposals will ensure that any new and existing selective schools will prioritise the admission of disadvantaged pupils and that they support other local pupils in non-selective schools to help drive up educational outcomes. \"As set out in the consultation document, we are clear that relaxing restrictions on selective education can and should be to the betterment, not at the expense, of other local schools.\" Brett Wigdortz, founder of the Fair Education Alliance, said: \"We are united in our desire to improve social mobility, but it's clear we must use proven policies to achieve this. \"We know great comprehensive schools and academies are delivering a stretching and ambitious education. \"We must aim to replicate this for every child, not selecting only a few to be supported to succeed, whilst leaving the majority behind.\""
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"Represent the example for the following task: Generate an appropriate title for the given text. The generated title must be short and include the main topic of the text. The preferred titles are under fifteen words.:",
"By Arwyn JonesBBC Wales education correspondent A typical secondary school in Wales will be driven into deficits of more than £1m, the Association of School and College Leaders (ASCL) said. The Welsh government has sought to protect school budgets. It has increased education spending by 1% above the block grant that Wales receives from the UK government. Last week, Education Minister Huw Lewis told a conference of head teachers that the education budget had seen a cut of 10%. He also apologised for the Welsh government's decision to claw back £4.4m from this year's education budget in order to fund the NHS in Wales. ASCL Cymru Secretary Robin Hughes said there was a picture emerging across Wales of \"severe financial hardship for our schools\". \"It's a hardship that puts the recent record-breaking results that we've seen with GCSEs and A-levels this summer at risk,\" he said. \"Without the resources to maintain that progress, clearly, that progress is at risk.\" He said the budget cuts were happening alongside an increase in the costs schools must manage, including rising pension and National Insurance contributions. Mr Hughes added: \"It's not scaremongering to say that staffing levels will have to be looked at.\" Over the next few years, the Welsh government intends to introduce many far-reaching changes to the education system. Next year there will be new GCSEs in English, Welsh and double maths. There is also a review of the entire curriculum, due to report back in the new year. But Alun Llwyd, head teacher of Ysgol Dyffryn Ogwen in Bethesda, Gwynedd, and a member of the Welsh government's ministerial advisory board on education said: \"This is all happening at the same time as there are big developments nationally in terms of the curriculum, qualifications, GCSEs and A-levels, with all the training implications which come with that.\" Budget deficits The cuts to school budgets come at a time when the overall level of reserves held by schools in Wales are at their lowest level since at least 2001. Across Wales, the overall amount held in reserves by schools amounts to £60m, or of £132 per pupil. This is a decrease of 13.9% compared with the previous year. Sixty one secondary schools in Wales had negative reserves (i.e. deficits) totalling £13m. Plaid Cymru's education spokesman Simon Thomas AM said policies to improve the education system \"will not work unless adequate resources are put in place to implement them\". Angela Burns AM, the Welsh Conservatives' shadow education minister, added: \"In 2011, average per pupil funding in Wales was £600 less than in England, equating to hundreds of thousands of pounds less for Welsh secondary schools. \"Motivated by shame Labour ministers stopped collecting comparable data on average school underfunding, but the National Union of Teachers estimates the gap is widening.\" 'Increased expenditure' A Welsh government spokesperson said it remained committed to funding schools but it was facing a \"very challenging financial position\". \"Since 1999 local authority expenditure on education has increased from £1.4bn to over £2.6bn in 2014, an 86% uplift in cash terms and a 34% increase in real terms,\" the spokesperson added. \"Indeed, treasury figures released recently show that spending on education per head in Wales in 2013-14 was 8% higher than in England.\""
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"Represent the example for the following task: Generate an appropriate title for the given text. The generated title must be short and include the main topic of the text. The preferred titles are under fifteen words.:",
"By Paul MartinWales Live The Welsh Government has had its budget cut by UK ministers in that time, but has promised to protect schools. One primary school head teacher said he has cut a quarter of his staff while teaching unions says the cuts \"seriously undermine\" schools. The Welsh Government said it is putting money into raising standards and targeting cash at poorer pupils. The 6.2% cut, estimated by the Wales Live programme, takes into account the impact of inflation between 2010-11 and 2016-17. Since he became first minister in 2009, Carwyn Jones has described school funding as a priority. Budgets increased in cash terms in five of the six years between 2010-11 and 2016-17, but the gains are wiped out once inflation is taken into account. The per-pupil funding figure takes into account an individual school's budget, as well as money spent centrally on schools by each local authority. It also includes additional funding from the Welsh Government, such as the Pupil Development Grant which is targeted at poorer pupils. The Welsh Government has said comparisons between the amount of funding per pupil in Wales and England are no longer viable because of changes to the way schools in England are run. But one teaching union, the NASUWT, estimates the gap between the two countries is now £678 per pupil in England's favour. According to the Institute for Fiscal Studies, day-to-day spending per pupil in England was \"largely frozen\" in real terms between 2010-11 and 2015-16. Doing the sums On average, £5,418 was budgeted to be spent per pupil in 2010-11. In 2016-17, the figure was £5,570 - an increase in cash terms. But we used Treasury data to adjust for inflation and work out what the 2010-11 amount would be worth in 2016-17 prices. The answer is £5,959. We also then slightly inflated the 2016-17 figure, to reflect the fact that some money for the Flying Start scheme was taken out of schools budgets in 2015-16. That gave us a revised 2016-17 figure of £5,587, £372 lower in real terms than the 2010-11 amount - a cut of 6.2%. Steve Rees is the head teacher of Evenlode Primary in Penarth, near Cardiff, and a representative for the National Association of Headteachers. He told the programme cuts meant his school was starting to look run down, and it was also affecting pupils. \"It's had a dramatic effect,\" he said. \"It's a quarter of the staff that's disappeared in the last four years and that's basically down to the fact we can't afford to employ them. \"Obviously if you've got targeted children that benefit from additional support those children simply aren't getting it any more. \"It means more able children that could do with being pushed a bit further we're unable to support them in the way we have been able to.\" His school has a low proportion of children eligible for free school meals, so doesn't qualify for much of the Welsh Government's Pupil Development Grant. He felt big variations between schools were unfair. \"It makes me feel very frustrated,\" he said. \"It makes me feel very angry. I've got great kids but they're simply not getting a fair deal.\" \"Welsh Government needs to sit back and look at priorities because at the moment from my perspective there are too many initiatives that I simply cannot cover with the amount of money I'm given.\" Education Secretary Kirsty Williams told Wales Live public finances are \"challenging\" and \"unfortunately education has not escaped the consequences\" of falling Welsh Government budgets . \"This year we will spend £93m on Wales' poorest children,\" she said. \"I've been very clear about prioritising closing the attainment gap in Welsh schools and I'm not going to make any apologies for targeting that money at those children's education that need it the most.\" She said £20m would be spent on children with additional learning needs, adding they were \"again a category of children who have not perhaps in the past got the support they need\". \"I would love to spend more money on Welsh schools, and that's why I've taken money out of my education budget, I've put it into the revenue support grant to local government so that they can support the front line,\" she added. A Welsh Government spokesman said: \"Raising standards for all and tackling the attainment gap is at the heart of our new national mission for education. \"That's why we are supporting teachers and learners by investing £100m to raise school standards over this Assembly term, maintaining our support for delivery of the Foundation Phase, and providing more than £187m over the next two years through our Pupil Development Grant - helping to break the link between poverty and attainment.\" He added there had been improved GCSE outcomes and a narrowing of the gap between poorer students and the better-off. Wales Live is broadcast on Wednesday 6 December at 22:30 GMT on BBC One Wales and on iPlayer shortly after."
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"Represent the example for the following task: Generate an appropriate title for the given text. The generated title must be short and include the main topic of the text. The preferred titles are under fifteen words.:",
"By Judith BurnsBBC News education reporter Some 72,000 infant pupils in England are now in large classes, up from 24,700 in 2008, suggests data from the Department for Education (DfE). The previous government banned classes of more than 30 for this age group, unless under exceptional circumstances. A DfE spokeswoman said classes often fall back to 30 \"after a year or two\". A rising birth-rate and more immigration have led to a shortage of primary school places in England. In March, the National Audit Office predicted a need for an extra 240,000 primary places by next year. 'Real strain' The spending watchdog said that one in five primary schools was full or near capacity with signs of \"real strain\" on places. In 2008, there were 730 infant classes with more than 30 pupils, representing 1.7% of the total. By 2013, this had risen to 2,299 \"over-sized\" classes, 4.1% of the total. The jump has been particularly sharp in the past year. In January 2013 an extra 24,645 infants were being taught in over-sized classes compared with January 2012. This represents an increase of 52%. The average infant class now stands at 27.3 pupils, up from 27.2 in 2012 and 25.7 in 2008, according to the figures. The coalition government relaxed rules brought in under Labour which said that if a class went over 30 pupils it had to be brought down to below the limit the following year, except under exceptional circumstances. The current rules allow schools to have larger classes for longer under a wider range of circumstances, for example to accommodate children from military families. The government says the most common reason for over-sized classes is admissions panels allowing appeals by parents. Schools expand A DfE spokeswoman said the government expected an extra 190,000 school places to have been created by September. \"Children are only permitted to join classes of 30 pupils in exceptional cases, if, for instance, they are in care or from military families. Classes often fall back naturally to 30 over a year or two. \"We are spending £5bn by 2015 on creating new school places, more than double the amount spent by the previous government in the same time frame. We are also building free schools and letting the most popular schools expand to meet demand from parents.\" Russell Hobby of the National Association of Head Teachers said: \"Primary schools are beginning to experience pressure on places from the population boom and this is leading to larger infant classes. \"Class size is not the be-all-and-end-all for education standards. Other factors matter more, but very large classes are neither safe nor productive.\""
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"Represent the example for the following task: Generate an appropriate title for the given text. The generated title must be short and include the main topic of the text. The preferred titles are under fifteen words.:",
"Geoffrey Cox said plans to solve the deadlock over the Irish backstop were \"as clear as day\", with just days until MPs vote on the Brexit deal. Commons Leader Andrea Leadsom confirmed the vote will be held on 12 March. Chancellor Philip Hammond has warned Brexiteers to vote for the deal or face delay to the UK's exit from the EU. The backstop is an insurance policy designed to prevent physical checks on the border between Northern Ireland and the Republic of Ireland. Mr Cox, who was in Brussels on Tuesday to push for further changes to the Brexit deal, said talks will \"almost certainly\" continue through the weekend. He said there had been \"careful discussions\" with the EU and stressed it was government policy to seek the legal changes to the backstop. \"We are discussing text with the European Union,\" he said. \"I am surprised to hear the comments that have emerged over the last 48 hours that the proposals are not clear; they are as clear as day, and we are continuing to discuss them.\" Chancellor urges vote for deal Earlier Mr Hammond refused to be drawn on how he would vote if Mrs May's deal is defeated. \"If the prime minister's deal does not get approved on Tuesday then it is likely that the House of Commons will vote to extend the Article 50 procedure, to not leave the European Union without a deal, and where we go thereafter is highly uncertain,\" he told BBC Radio 4's Today programme. \"For those people who are passionate about ensuring that we leave the European Union on time it surely must be something that they need to think very, very carefully about now because they run the risk of us moving away from their preferred course of action if we don't get this deal through.\" In the Commons, Mr Cox also noted that his proposals to change the backstop had been referred to in some quarters as \"Cox's codpiece\" - using a term to describe a pouch attached to a man's breeches worn in the 15th and 16th Century. \"What I am concerned to ensure is that what's inside the codpiece is in full working order,\" he quipped. But Brexiteer Mark Francois, who is a member of the Eurosceptic group of Conservative MPs, the ERG, said Mr Cox had taken charge of the negotiations and would \"effectively be examining his own codpiece in the Commons\". He questioned how Mr Cox could provide objective advice when he was \"in effect marking his own homework\". Mr Cox replied that \"the law is the law\", and that he will judge documents relating to the backstop \"entirely and impartially\". The chancellor's explicit warning to Brexiteers What we heard from the chancellor this morning was that he was clear about the uncertainties ahead - and rather unclear (cagey, in fact) about how he might vote when it came to decision-time about a no-deal. There was an explicit warning to Brexiteers: vote for the prime minister's deal because otherwise, it's delay and a soft Brexit. As one minister expressed to me yesterday, they believe the vote does have a chance of getting through because Brexiteers will realise - just in time - that it's either the PM's deal next week, or what this minister described as \"soft, softer, then meltdown\". But across government, the mood is not optimistic about what's going to happen next week and most ministers are expecting a defeat. French Europe minister Nathalie Loiseau reiterated the EU's position that the withdrawal agreement cannot be reopened and said the deal was the \"best possible solution\" with the controversial Irish backstop a \"last resort solution\". She said: \"We don't like the backstop, we don't want to have to implement it, and if we have to, we don't want to stay in the backstop. \"We all agree that it should be temporary.\" Please upgrade your browser Your guide to Brexit jargon Use the list below or select a button Meanwhile, former Labour Prime Minister Gordon Brown has told the BBC he is calling for the UK to seek an extension to the Article 50 process, under which the UK is due to leave the European Union on 29 March. Mr Brown suggested a year-long extension would allow further consultation with the British people. Any extension would require the unanimous agreement of the EU. He suggested citizens' assemblies could be used - as they were in Ireland ahead of a referendum on abortion - to consult people further on the issues in the absence of any clear majority for a way forward. \"Parliament has proved itself incapable of solving this problem,\" he said. \"I respect the job that legislators try to do but the country is fed up that Parliament hasn't found an answer. I think the only way that we can get unity in this country is by involving the people in trying to find the solution.\" In the Commons, Andrea Leadsom said in the \"deeply regrettable case\" that the deal is rejected, she will make another statement on Tuesday, to allocate time for the promised votes on leaving without a deal or deferring the UK's exit from the EU beyond the scheduled date of 29 March. Mrs May is pinning her hopes on getting changes to the backstop that will prevent the UK from being tied to EU customs rules if no permanent trade deal is agreed after Brexit. Critics say that - if the backstop were used - it would keep the UK tied to the EU indefinitely. Conservative backbencher Theresa Villiers, a Brexiteer who voted against the withdrawal deal in January, told BBC Radio 4's World at One: \"As things look at the moment, I don't see that there is a new revised deal coming back from the European Union which implements significant enough changes to the draft withdrawal agreement to change the result [of the Commons vote on the deal].\" Negotiations between British ministers and the EU officials over the past 24 hours have been described as \"difficult\", with the EU insisting there has been no breakthrough. Diplomats from the 28 member states were told on Wednesday that Mrs May could meet European Commission President Jean-Claude Juncker on Monday if progress was made. But the BBC's Europe reporter Adam Fleming said talk of a deadline for new proposals and a weekend of negotiations was \"a notional timetable\" and that more flexibility could be possible."
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"Represent the example for the following task: Generate an appropriate title for the given text. The generated title must be short and include the main topic of the text. The preferred titles are under fifteen words.:",
"The UK is currently due to leave the EU on 12 April and, as yet, no withdrawal deal has been approved by MPs. The government has been in talks with the Labour Party to try and find a compromise to put to the Commons. But shadow Brexit secretary Sir Keir Starmer said the Tory negotiating team had offered no changes to Mrs May's original deal. The PM said from the outset she wanted to keep her withdrawal agreement as part of any plan, but was willing to discuss the UK's future relationship with the EU - addressed in the deal's political declaration. Sir Keir said the government was \"not countenancing any change to the actual wording of the political declaration\", adding: \"Compromise requires change.\" The prime minister has proposed that if UK MPs approve a deal in time, the UK should be able to leave before European Parliamentary elections on 23 May. But she said the UK would prepare to field candidates in those elections in case no agreement is reached. It is up to the EU whether to grant an extension to Article 50, the legal process through which the UK is leaving the EU, after MPs repeatedly rejected the withdrawal agreement reached between the UK and the bloc. 'Flexible extension' The BBC's Europe editor Katya Adler has been told by a senior EU source that European Council President Donald Tusk will propose a 12-month \"flexible\" extension to Brexit, with the option of cutting it short, if the UK Parliament ratifies a deal. But French President Emmanuel Macron's office said on Friday that it was \"premature\" to consider another delay while French diplomatic sources described Mr Tusk's suggestion as a \"clumsy test balloon\". The prime minister wrote to Mr Tusk to request the extension ahead of an EU summit on 10 April, where EU leaders would have to unanimously agree on any plan to delay the UK's departure. Mrs May has already requested an extension to the end of June but this was rejected at a summit last month. Instead, she was offered a short delay to 12 April - the date by which the UK must say whether it intends to take part in the European Parliamentary elections - or until 22 May, if UK MPs had approved the withdrawal deal negotiated with the EU. They voted it down for a third time last week. A Downing Street spokesman said there were \"different circumstances now\" and the prime minister \"has been clear she is seeking a short extension\". Why 30 June? The 30 June date is significant. It's the day before the new European Parliament will hold its first session. So the logic is, that it would allow the UK a bit longer to seal a deal - but without the need for British MEPs to take their seats in a parliament that the UK electorate had voted to leave as long ago as 2016. But, this being Theresa May, it's a plan she has previously proposed - and which has already been rejected. It's likely the EU will reject it again and offer a longer extension, with the ability to leave earlier if Parliament agrees a deal. But by asking for a relatively short extension - even if she is unsuccessful - the prime minister will be hoping to escape the ire of some of her Brexit-supporting backbenchers who are champing at the bit to leave. And she will try to signal to Leave-supporting voters that her choice is to get out of the EU as soon as is practicable - and that a longer extension will be something that is forced upon her, rather than something which she embraces. In her letter, the prime minister says she would continue to seek the \"rapid approval\" of the withdrawal agreement and a \"shared vision\" for the future relationship between the UK and EU. She said if cross-party talks with the Labour Party could not establish \"a single unified approach\" in the UK Parliament - MPs would be asked to vote on a series of Brexit options instead which the government \"stands ready to abide by\", if Labour commits to doing the same. The UK proposes an extension to the process until 30 June, she wrote, and \"accepts the European Council's view that if the United Kingdom were still a member state of the European Union on 23 May 2019, it would be under a legal obligation to hold the elections\". To this end, she says the UK is \"undertaking the lawful and responsible preparations for this contingency\". But she suggests the UK should be able to leave earlier, if the UK Parliament approves a withdrawal deal before then, and cancel preparations for the European Parliamentary elections. The EU's chief Brexit negotiator Michel Barnier, at a meeting of EU ambassadors in Brussels, said any extension granted should be the last and final offer, to maintain the EU's credibility. Tusk's 'flextension' You could almost hear the sound of collective eye-rolling across 27 European capitals after Theresa May requested a Brexit extension-time that Brussels has already repeatedly rejected. Most EU leaders are leaning towards a longer Brexit delay, to avoid being constantly approached by the PM for a rolling series of short extensions, with the threat of a no-deal Brexit always just round the corner. Donald Tusk believes he has hit on a compromise solution: his \"flextension\" which would last a year, with the UK able to walk away from it, as soon as Parliament ratifies the Brexit deal. But EU leaders are not yet singing from the same hymn sheet on this. Expect closed-door political fireworks - though it's unclear whether it'll be a modest display or an all-out extravaganza - at their emergency Brexit summit next week. Under EU law, they have to hammer out a unanimous position. Read Katya's blog Talks between Labour and the Conservatives are continuing on Friday. Speaking to Labour activists in Newport on Friday, Mr Corbyn said the government \"haven't appeared to have changed their opinions very much as yet\". He said Labour would push to maintain the UK's \"market relationship with Europe\", including defending rights and regulations. Foreign Secretary Jeremy Hunt said the UK still hoped to leave \"in the next couple of months\" but it may have \"little choice\" but to accept a longer delay if Parliament could not agree a solution. But Conservative Brexiteer Jacob Rees-Mogg said the EU \"should be careful what it wishes for\". \"If we have EU elections, it is likely UKIP, Tommy Robinson and Nigel Farage will do well,\" he told BBC Radio 4's World at One. Another Tory Eurosceptic, Sir Bernard Jenkin, said he would prefer to stay in the EU for another year than for Britain to accept a \"humiliating defeat\" of a withdrawal agreement. The Scottish National Party's Stephen Gethins said that the prime minister's proposal \"demonstrates beyond doubt she is putting the interests of her fractured Tory Party above all else\". \"It is clear that with the UK Parliament unable to reach a consensus - coupled with everything we now know on the damaging impact Brexit will have on the UK economy, jobs and living standards - it must now be the priority that the issue is brought back to the people in a fresh second EU referendum, with the option to remain on the ballot paper.\""
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"Represent the example for the following task: Generate an appropriate title for the given text. The generated title must be short and include the main topic of the text. The preferred titles are under fifteen words.:",
"Simon JackBusiness editor That was what one senior financier told me at a recent dinner when I asked him about his Brexit contingency plans. It was a view widely shared around a table of banking, insurance and private equity top brass. The majority of the fifteen or so said they were planning for a no deal, no transition, cliff-edge scenario. \"It's the only sensible thing we can do given the progress made so far,\" said another. Most did not even think there was time to negotiate the terms of a transition deal, and even if there was, it would not stop them carrying through with their contingency plans. Last chance saloon The industry group that represents these people, TheCityUK, is calling on the government to agree an off-the-shelf, whole economy, status quo transition deal urgently, and tell me there is a strong feeling among members that Theresa May's speech in Florence, and the next round of negotiations, will be the last chance to agree a damage-limiting deal. It is perhaps unsurprising that the warnings from an industry lobbying group are getting more shrill as time slips by. They are paid by their members to do the complaining about government that they can't do in public themselves. What is more surprising is the level of resignation in private among the financial community that contingency plans cannot and will not now be reversed. Repercussions So far, the publicly disclosed number of financial services jobs to move from the UK is just under 10,000. That is under 3% of the total number of people employed in finance in London and around 1% of those employed in the UK as a whole. Hardly an exodus - more of a trickle, and I am often reminded on social media that there are many people in the country who would happily give a few departing bankers a lift to the airport. But any erosion of a sector that accounts for 8% of GDP, 12% of all tax and 29% of all exports will have repercussions for the wealth and health of the nation. The prospect of a no-deal Brexit is considered a contributing factor to a decline in prime London residential values of 10% in some areas and construction experts are predicting a decline in new commercial building (although that decline hasn't shown up in the data so far). As one chief executive told me, \"we are placing a few buckets around Europe, we will pour a little now - and then we can add to it if we need over time. There will be no flood but you know a persistent leak can damage the value of any property\". Domestic pull There is an important caveat to these dread warnings. Around the table, not one of my dinner companions wanted to leave the UK. A lot is made of the mobility of global capital - but global capital doesn't have partners, kids and lifestyles they like. That is why there will be no exodus. No one really wants to go and no alternative destination could accommodate them even if they wanted to. This is not about day one - its about year ten. Once upon a time, Florence was the financial capital of Europe. Five hundred years later it is London. Groups that represent the modern equivalent are warning London faces a long term decline in its pre-eminent position unless it acts now. Even if the government heeds today's call to action and agrees a transition deal quickly, many in the financial services industry feel it is getting a bit late to fix the roof."
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"Represent the example for the following task: Generate an appropriate title for the given text. The generated title must be short and include the main topic of the text. The preferred titles are under fifteen words.:",
"North Douglas MHKs John Houghton and Bill Henderson say pensioners, disabled users and commuters had been \"hit hard\" by timetables brought in this month. Mr Henderson said chief minister Tony Brown was taking it \"very seriously\". Trade and industry minister David Cretney has defended the changes saying they were in response to consultation."
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"Represent the example for the following task: Generate an appropriate title for the given text. The generated title must be short and include the main topic of the text. The preferred titles are under fifteen words.:",
"A consultation has started on proposed changes to timetables with drop-in sessions being held at Corwen, Llangollen, Prestatyn, Denbigh and Ruthin. \"There will inevitably be some cuts to services but we do need passenger views,\" said Councillor David Smith. The consultation closes on 23 November."
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"Represent the example for the following task: Generate an appropriate title for the given text. The generated title must be short and include the main topic of the text. The preferred titles are under fifteen words.:",
"Nick TriggleHealth correspondent@nicktriggleon Twitter The announcement was widely welcomed by not just nurses, but other staff groups on what is known as the Agenda for Change contract. They include everyone from midwives and radiographers to porters and administrative staff. In total, 1.3 million workers are on that deal, which has been subject to a succession of pay freezes or 1% pay caps since 2010. It has had a devastating effect, unions argue. Average nurse pay has fallen by over 14% in real terms, the Royal College of Nursing says, prompting thousands to leave the profession or have to take on second jobs in supermarkets and bars. But it now looks like the pay rise will come with strings attached. In an interview with the Health Service Journal (HSJ), Health Secretary Jeremy Hunt has suggested he wants to change the system of increments. NHS Budget plan not enough, say bosses NHS workers demand 3.9% pay rise 10 charts that show why the NHS is in trouble These are in-the-job pay rises that staff receive for career progression. Last year, half of staff received rises worth between 3% and 4% on top of the 1% annual pay rise. Mr Hunt told the HSJ it was time to move towards \"more professional pay structures\" rather than simply allowing staff to pick up rises because of \"time served\". This interpretation is strongly rejected by the unions, who argue they are not automatic and require staff to take on certain responsibilities and gain a set amount of experience. Behind the scenes, government officials are suggesting this is not about saving money. Any savings they make from changing the system of increments would go towards adjusting other aspects of the system, they say, such as payments covering anti-social hours, which in theory should benefit those nurses working in high-pressure and difficult environments, such as accident and emergency units. But unions are suspicious - they fear the implication is any offer on an annual pay rise next year will be linked to taking from elsewhere. Now, this is only the very start of the process - formal talks have not even begun. But the problem is there is not much trust. The legacy of the junior doctors' dispute haunts relations between Mr Hunt and the front line. The welcoming headlines about a pay rise could easily turn sour in the coming months."
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"Represent the example for the following task: Generate an appropriate title for the given text. The generated title must be short and include the main topic of the text. The preferred titles are under fifteen words.:",
"Liam Neeson's thriller sequel took $40.4m (£26.6m) over the weekend, according to studio estimates. Civil rights drama Selma came second with $11.2m (£7.4m). Disney's Into the Woods was third with $9.7m (£6.4m). The Hobbit: The Battle of the Five Armies dropped from first to fourth place, earning $9.4m (£6.2m). The Taken franchise has seen Neeson, 62, become one of Hollywood's most successful action heroes. He plays a former CIA agent Bryan Mills, who has the famous line: \"I will look for you, I will find you and I will kill you.\" The original Taken opened in 2009 with first weekend receipts of $24.7m, while Taken 2 debuted in 2012 with $49.5m. \"For Neeson to be at this stage in his career and be considered one of the premier action heroes is certainly unexpected, but it's really cool and lucrative,\" Paul Dergarabedian, analyst at box-office tracker Rentrak, told the Associated Press news agency."
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"Represent the example for the following task: Generate an appropriate title for the given text. The generated title must be short and include the main topic of the text. The preferred titles are under fifteen words.:",
"The sequel to the 2006 epic 300 - which stars Eva Green - took £2.7m over the weekend, according to early estimates. The historical drama knocked The Lego Movie off the top of the chart, where it had held firm for three weeks. Set in ancient Greece, the 300 sequel depicts a sea battle between Greeks and Persians. The film briefly features 300 star Gerard Butler as King Leonidas. In the US and Canada, the film also opened at number one over the weekend, with takings of $45.1m (£27m). The second highest new entry was Wes Anderson's The Grand Budapest Hotel at three, which took £1.5m. The only other new entry in the top 10 was animated film Escape from Planet Earth, entering the chart at seven. The family adventure about an alien astronaut who is captured on Earth, features the voices of Brendan Fraser, Jessica Alba and Sarah Jessica Parker. Post-Oscars activity was slow, with best picture winner 12 Years A Slave only enjoying a slight boost in its ninth weekend of release to gross £368,857, placing itself at number nine. This week's releases include Need for Speed - a video game adaptation starring Breaking Bad's Aaron Paul - and Veronica Mars, the first \"fan-financed\" film using crowdfunding website Kickstarter."
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"Represent the example for the following task: Generate an appropriate title for the given text. The generated title must be short and include the main topic of the text. The preferred titles are under fifteen words.:",
"Their first film together, 1971's The Big Boss, set new box office records at the time. Chow also had success in the 1980s with films featuring another kung fu star, Jackie Chan. Known as the \"godfather\" of Hong Kong film, Chow produced more than 600 films before retiring in 2007. Tributes have poured in, with Bruce Lee's daughter Shannon thanking Chow for \"taking a chance\" on her father. His friend Robert Chua told Singapore's Straits Times that Chow had \"brought Bruce Lee to the world and, in turn, Hong Kong to the world\". Hong Kong's chief executive Carrie Lam said in a statement that Chow's \"contribution to the golden era of Hong Kong movies cannot go unremarked\", the South China Morning Post reported. Born in Hong Kong in 1927, Chow worked as a reporter in the city before entering the film industry. He co-founded his firm Golden Harvest with Leonard Ho Koon-Cheung in 1970. Subsequent films with Bruce Lee included Fist of Fury and The Way of the Dragon in 1972. Enter the Dragon, made in 1973, was co-produced with Warner Bros and was the first co-production between Hong Kong and Hollywood. Chow also made films for Hollywood, including 1990's Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles, a screen adaptation of the comic book series. In 1998 he was awarded the Gold Bauhinia Star medal, Hong Kong's highest honour, for his contribution to the local film industry. However Golden Harvest suffered big financial losses during the Asian financial crisis and Chow sold it in 2007."
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"Represent the example for the following task: Generate an appropriate title for the given text. The generated title must be short and include the main topic of the text. The preferred titles are under fifteen words.:",
"The three people who were in the house, on the corner of Keogh Road and Carnarvon Road in Newham, escaped from the building unharmed. The driver of the car was treated at the scene by paramedics but was not seriously injured, police said. He was arrested on suspicion of drink-driving. The crash happened in the early hours of Tuesday on a section of road designated a Low Traffic Neighbourhood. LTNs are areas where traffic calming is used to discourage drivers from using roads as so-called rat-runs. Residents and cycling groups in the area have previously complained about cars parked on both sides of the road, making passing difficult. Common measures to stop vehicles using local streets as cuts-throughs include filter systems and temporary bollards. Related Internet Links Met Police"
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"Represent the example for the following task: Generate an appropriate title for the given text. The generated title must be short and include the main topic of the text. The preferred titles are under fifteen words.:",
"The grey Saab estate car smashed into the The Time Piece - a JD Wetherspoon pub - in Northgate, at about 09:35 GMT West Yorkshire Police said the elderly driver of the car received medical treatment at the scene but was not thought to have been seriously injured. Yorkshire Ambulance Service said paramedics attended the crash scene. No other injuries have been reported."
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"Represent the example for the following task: Generate an appropriate title for the given text. The generated title must be short and include the main topic of the text. The preferred titles are under fifteen words.:",
"By Claire BatesBBC News Magazine Jeremy Vine was cycling home down a narrow road last Friday when he was tailgated by an impatient driver who jumped out of her car, shouted at him and appeared to kick his bike. Later she threatened to \"knock [Vine] out\" and warned: \"I could be done for murder.\" Like many other cyclists who've experienced similar treatment, Vine had filmed the incident and posted footage on Facebook, as well as passing it on to police. Cycle cameras were first sold as accessories for recreational riders to allow them to edit and create films of their journeys. One of the first was the GoPro video camera, which launched in 2006. But it soon became apparent they were useful for recording collisions. Cyclists began posting near-misses and other dangerous driving on video-sharing websites like YouTube. The roads can be dangerous places for cyclists, who are particularly vulnerable to injury. In 2014, 21,287 cyclists were injured in reported road accidents, according to the Royal Society for the Prevention of Accidents (RoSPA). This included 3,514 who were killed or seriously injured. There aren't any statistics showing if helmet cameras have made the roads any safer for cyclists. However, motoring journalist Quentin Willson thinks the more cameras - including dashboard cameras in cars - there are on the roads the better, because they are more likely to deter bad behaviour. \"I think cars should have dashcams and cyclist should have headcams. If drivers and cyclists are driving properly, then neither should have a problem with being filmed,\" he says. Conventional methods enforcing road safety aren't working, Willson says. He'd like to see insurance companies offering discounts to drivers with dashboard cameras to help tackle problems caused by a \"motoring underclass\" of bad and often uninsured drivers: \"They may be angry being filmed but anything that brings them to book is good, I think.\" Footage of road rage attacks on cyclists has a habit of going viral. A driver caught on camera verbally abusing a cyclist in south London last year suffered a torrent of abuse online after the footage was shared on social media. But there are concerns that as well as inflaming confrontations, such footage may also be fuelling a motorist vs cyclist mentality. In 2014, The Daily Telegraph's Andrew Critchlow warned that \"self-appointed digital road vigilantes\" were doing more harm than good. Comment boards under road rage videos often descend into a war of words between motorist and cyclists, each accusing the other of unsafe road use. Facebook comments under Jeremy Vine's video are also mixed. Michael Hutchinson, former Commonwealth Games cyclist and columnist for Cycling Weekly, is sceptical about the effectiveness of cycle and dashboard cameras. \"I don't think, day-to-day, it makes a difference to safety on the roads. I think cameras aren't that common at the moment and so people who are reacting on the roads, like in the Jeremy Vine case, probably don't stop to consider if they are being filmed before taking action,\" Hutchinson says. \"In these incidents I suspect the perpetrators aren't rationally thinking their behaviour through.\" Hutchinson does think that they can play an important part after a road rage attack has taken place, however: \"One problem cyclists often have is when they report an incident to police, they are told 'prove it', and helmet camera provides some evidence. It also helps with insurance providers if it's one person's word against another.\" Today, both helmetcam and dashcam footage are increasingly used as evidence in both civil and criminal courts, according to personal injury solicitors Claims Action. They play the same role as CCTV footage. According to the company's website, in order to admit a video recording from a helmet camera as evidence, it must be downloaded onto a CD and be accompanied by a certificate countersigned by a solicitor stating that it has not been altered. However, while road rage incidents may generate clicks and shares, this kind of assault doesn't appear to be the biggest danger facing cyclists. According to RoSPA figures for 2013, \"failing to look properly\" was the highest known contributory factor to an accident involving at least one cyclist and another vehicle. Their records showed that one third of the 9,375 incidents were caused by cyclists while two thirds were caused by drivers of other vehicles. And while the presence of a camera might conceivably make a motorist think twice about launching a road rage attack, it's less clear whether it will encourage drivers and cyclists alike to pay attention to the road. Follow @BBCNewsMagazine on Twitter and on Facebook"
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"Represent the example for the following task: Generate an appropriate title for the given text. The generated title must be short and include the main topic of the text. The preferred titles are under fifteen words.:",
"Six people were arrested and two stewards taken to hospital after the two sides met on 28 November. Solicitors for the Crystal Palace Supporters Trust have written to the force saying fans were struck with batons and \"treated like cattle\". The force's professional standards department is assessing the complaint. In a statement, Sussex Police said it had already apologised to both clubs and supporters about some incorrect information published after the match. Live: More news from across the South East Trouble broke out during the Premier League match at Brighton's Amex Stadium. 'Knives and knuckledusters' Brighton said Palace supporters who had travelled without tickets tried to force their way into the stadium, and a decision was taken to close turnstiles early. Ch Insp Simon Nelson, the match commander, said some fans had attempted to attend the game with \"knives and knuckledusters\", which were found at the ground. However, Sussex Police was forced to issue an apology on 7 December for wrongly claiming weapons were found discarded at the stadium, saying the statement had been issued \"in good faith\" based on information logged by officers on the night. Ch Insp Nelson then issued his own apology via his Twitter account a day later. In a nine-page letter to the head of professional standards at Sussex Police, Irvine Thanvi Natas Solicitors said the central concern was \"the belief that the events as they unfolded and the significant disquiet arising from law-abiding fans, were avoidable had there been better planning and communication\". It said there were two aspects to the complaint - in respect of the overall policing operation, and the actions of individual officers. The letter states that \"the only named officer against whom a complaint is made is Supt (previously Ch Insp) Simon Nelson, in respect of his command of the operation, and in respect of the allegations he made about CPFC fans\". It outlines a number of \"foreseeable failures\" and calls for the officers responsible to be \"appropriately disciplined\". Crystal Palace host Brighton and Hove Albion at Selhurst Park on Saturday in the Premier League."
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"Represent the example for the following task: Generate an appropriate title for the given text. The generated title must be short and include the main topic of the text. The preferred titles are under fifteen words.:",
"Radcliffe FC's Mary Priestner was abused by Lancaster City fans during a Lancashire Cup fixture on Tuesday. She said she was targeted because of her LGBT-supporting rainbow laces and was sworn at and told to \"get back to the kitchen\". It was reported to the referee and the Lancashire FA is investigating. The 26-year-old, who is from Manchester, tweeted about the abuse following Lancaster City's 2-0 victory at their Giant Axe ground. She said a group of about five supporters had been shouting abuse at Radcliffe's managers and players before turning on her after she went on to the pitch to treat a player. She was wearing boots with multi-coloured laces, in support of LGBT charity Stonewall's annual Rainbow Laces campaign. 'Banging on dugout' She said she was \"shocked\" and had to be comforted by colleagues on the bench, but despite reporting it to the referee at half-time, the abuse escalated in the second half. After Lancaster City scored a second goal, she said the men \"were banging on the dugout, waving arms at me and screaming\". \"I stood up to get away and then two different men spat at me.\" The referee then stepped in and the men were moved to another part of the ground for the remainder of the match. She said what happened was \"disgusting\" and it \"genuinely made me totally rethink my career choices\". \"This behaviour is unacceptable and needs to be addressed,\" she said. \"It's not acceptable in life, let alone in sport, yet some people think they can get away with it.\" She added that she was going to report the incident to Lancashire Police as a hate crime. A Lancashire FA spokesman said the organisation had been \"made aware of an allegation of discrimination\" which it was investigating. Lancaster City and Radcliffe have been approached for comment. Related Internet Links Lancashire FA Radcliffe FC Lancaster City FC"
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"Represent the example for the following task: Generate an appropriate title for the given text. The generated title must be short and include the main topic of the text. The preferred titles are under fifteen words.:",
"The 14-year-old was left seriously injured after the brawl involving a group of youths on Princess Avenue in St Helens at 18:55 GMT on Tuesday. Merseyside Police said the boy was taken to hospital for treatment to his \"serious wounds\". A Section 60 stop and search order was authorised for an area of St Helens in response to the stabbing. The order, which gives officers the ability to stop people they believe may be carrying weapons, began at 20:00 on Tuesday and concluded at 11:00 on Wednesday. 'Appalling' The force said officers were also in the area to carry out forensic, CCTV and witness inquiries. No arrests have been made and police have asked anyone with information to contact them. Det Insp Yoseph Al-Ramadhan said: \"This is an appalling incident and we are working to establish the exact circumstances and identify those involved. \"The use of weapons on our streets is unacceptable and, as we have seen tonight, can result in serious injury or worse.\" Related Internet Links Merseyside Police"
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"Represent the example for the following task: Generate an appropriate title for the given text. The generated title must be short and include the main topic of the text. The preferred titles are under fifteen words.:",
"\"Anti-Semitism in schools is a big problem,\" Families Minister Franziska Giffey said. Last month Germans were shocked by the case of a boy aged 15 taunted by anti-Semitic bullies at the John F Kennedy School in a well-off area of Berlin. Germany remains haunted by the Nazis' mass murder of Jews in 1933-1945. Ms Giffey, a centre-left Social Democrat (SPD) politician, said teachers needed more support to combat anti-Semitism, as the problem went beyond the classroom, involving parents and society at large. \"So in the coming school year, as a first step, we will send 170 anti-bullying experts into selected schools in Germany, funded by the federal authorities,\" she told the daily Rheinische Post. It remains unclear if the Jewish boy bullied at the John F Kennedy School will return there after the summer, the Berliner Morgenpost daily reports (in German). The bilingual school in Zehlendorf teaches German and American children. Reports say one bully blew e-cigarette smoke in the boy's face, saying \"that should remind you of your forefathers\" - a sarcastic reference to the Holocaust. Bullies also reportedly drew swastikas on post-it notes and stuck them on the boy's back. Read more on this topic: Before 1989, Germany's Jewish minority numbered below 30,000. But an influx of Jews, mainly from the former Soviet Union, has raised the number to more than 200,000. How bad is anti-Semitism in Germany? Berlin's Anti-Semitism Research and Information Office (RIAS) says anti-Semitism is expressed on various levels, and not only by neo-Nazis, or by Muslim extremists who hate Israel. \"There is overall a worrying development of anti-Semitism becoming more socially acceptable. It has grown over the last couple of years and many cases go unreported,\" researcher Alexander Rasumny at RIAS told the BBC. RIAS documented 947 anti-Semitic incidents in 2017, including 18 physical attacks, compared with 590 in 2016. The watchdog's annual report (in German) said the increase was partly a result of more Germans reporting such incidents to RIAS, having learnt of its work. In an interview (in German) with the daily Der Tagesspiegel, the German government's new anti-Semitism tsar, Felix Klein, spoke of \"a brutalised climate now, in which more people feel emboldened to say anti-Semitic things on the internet and in the street\". \"Previously that was unthinkable, but the threshold has dropped.\" What other incidents have hit the headlines? In April two young men wearing traditional Jewish skullcaps (kippahs) were assaulted in Berlin. The attacker, a 19-year-old migrant from Syria, was filmed shouting anti-Semitic abuse. Later Josef Schuster, president of the Central Council of Jews in Germany, advised Jews to avoid wearing kippahs. But in solidarity, thousands of Berliners wore kippahs on 29 April, declared an \"action day\" against anti-Semitism. Two German rappers, Kollegah and Farid Bang, were investigated recently over their gangsta rap lyrics which referred insultingly to Auschwitz victims and the Holocaust. They were not prosecuted, but were taken on an educational visit to Auschwitz, where the Nazis murdered an estimated 1.1m Jews during World War Two. Rhetoric from the far-right Alternative for Germany (AfD) has fuelled concern about anti-Semitism. An AfD leader, Björn Höcke, drew strong criticism after he condemned Berlin's Holocaust memorial. Why this focus now on schools? Mr Schuster says schools must take anti-Semitism seriously and not sweep it under the carpet. \"Such incidents happen in all types of school and all over Germany,\" he warned. One boy subjected to anti-Semitic taunts at a Berlin school was given a separate room to use during breaks, as well as a separate entrance, RIAS reported. Another Jewish boy was removed from a school by his parents after a gang had tormented him for months and threatened him with a realistic-looking toy pistol. Mr Rasumny told the BBC that anti-bullying action had to involve awareness training for teachers, because \"they don't always recognise current forms of anti-Semitism, or know when and how they should intervene\". There have been cases of anti-Semitism even among kindergarten children. There is much under-reporting of incidents in schools, Mr Rasumny said. \"There is pressure to conform to the rules, not to be different, and often kids report bullying only if they can't stand it any more,\" he said. In one case, he said, a Jewish music teacher had left a school after being told by a pupil there that \"God wants Jews to die\". It emerged that another teacher had said something similar to the child's mother. German schools should teach children about Jewish history and culture as a whole, Mr Rasumny said, in order to tackle anti-Semitism. \"It's very important to educate about the Holocaust, but German Jewish history did not just start in 1933 and end in 1945,\" he said."
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"Represent the example for the following task: Generate an appropriate title for the given text. The generated title must be short and include the main topic of the text. The preferred titles are under fifteen words.:",
"More than 50 boys from Baraboo High School in Wisconsin were pictured making the \"Sieg Heil\" gesture. The school district and local police have launched an investigation into the image, which was reportedly snapped before a junior prom. The Auschwitz-Birkenau Memorial and Museum condemned the photo. One of the boys in the picture made an OK sign with his thumb and forefinger, a gesture that has been adopted by white power groups. An anonymous Twitter account reportedly run by students at the school shared the photo, saying: \"We even got the black kid to throw it up.\" One non-white student appears in the picture, though he is partly obscured. Some of the teenagers in the photo, which the BBC is not using because of concerns about the boys' ages, did not make any gesture. One of the students, Jordan Blue, told CBS News why he refused to participate in the salute. \"It did not represent my morals, and I could not do something that I didn't believe in,\" the teenager said. The school district said the image dated from last spring and was not taken on school grounds. It is believed to have been snapped on the steps of a local Sauk County Courthouse in Baraboo, about 120 miles (190km) west of Milwaukee. The picture was originally posted to a local photographer's website with other photos from the junior prom, but has since been deleted. Baraboo School district superintendent Lori Mueller wrote in a letter sent to parents Monday: \"If the gesture is what it appears to be, the district will pursue any and all available and appropriate actions, including legal, to address the issue.\" Baraboo Police Department said it was helping the school's inquiry. The image provoked widespread outrage in the town of 12,000 people and across Wisconsin. Members of the Baraboo Young Professionals group held a rally at the county courthouse on Monday afternoon, urging participants to bring symbols of love. State representative Dave Considine, a Democrat, said the image was a reminder that racism endured in the town and nationwide. \"I hope we use this incident as an opportunity to take a serious, critical look at the differences between our stated values and the behaviours we see in our community,\" he said. Democratic state Senator Jon Erpenbach, also a Democrat, blamed US President Donald Trump. \"There's no room in the world for anything like that at all,\" Mr Erpenbach said. \"From what they're seeing out of the White House, that it's OK to be intolerant and racist. Never is. Never was. Never will be.\" The Anti-Defamation League, a Jewish anti-discrimination group, said such a salute \"must not be normalised\", and urged the school to take appropriate action. The Auschwitz-Birkenau Memorial and Museum in Poland said in a tweet: \"We need to explain what is the danger of hateful ideology rising. \"Auschwitz with its gas chambers was at the very end of the long process of normalising and accommodating hatred.\" Meanwhile, a Connecticut lecturer has been placed on paid leave after he gave a Nazi salute during a recent faculty meeting. Staff members said Charles Meyrick, assistant professor of business and economics at Housatonic Community College, made the gesture for up to 10 minutes at a meeting on 2 November. More on the Holocaust"
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"Represent the example for the following task: Generate an appropriate title for the given text. The generated title must be short and include the main topic of the text. The preferred titles are under fifteen words.:",
"Jack Renshaw, 23, has pleaded guilty to preparing an act of terrorism by purchasing a machete to kill Labour's Rosie Cooper. He has also admitted making threats to kill Det Con Victoria Henderson, who had been investigating him for child grooming and racial hatred offences. But Renshaw denies membership of National Action. Giving evidence at the Old Bailey, he said he was \"anti-democracy\" and hated \"all\" Jews. He told jurors his plan to kill Ms Henderson \"was personal\" because of the child sex inquiry, but with Ms Cooper he wanted to show the state that \"if you beat a dog long enough, it bites\". On why he chose Ms Cooper as a representative of the state, he said: \"She happened to be my local MP.\" The plot was foiled after Renshaw, from Skelmersdale, Lancashire, revealed it on 1 July last year to alleged members of the neo-Nazi organisation National Action at a pub, the court has heard. Giving evidence in his defence, he said the plot was \"was on behalf of myself\" rather than the group, which was banned after it expressed support for the murder of MP Jo Cox. 'Drunk and ranting' Renshaw, is on trial alongside five other men, who all also deny membership of National Action, and the court has heard he discussed his plans with several of them during a meeting at the Friar Penketh pub in Warrington. He told jurors he had been \"drunk and ranting\", adding: \"I'd have probably talked to anyone that was there.\" One of those in attendance was secretly passing information to the anti-racism charity Hope not Hate which then informed police of the plot, jurors have heard. Renshaw denied seeking permission to murder Ms Cooper from the alleged National Action leader, 32-year-old Christopher Lythgoe, from Warrington, who denies encouragement to murder. On trial alongside Renshaw and Mr Lythgoe are: Garron Helm, 24, of Seaforth, Merseyside; Matthew Hankinson, 24, of Newton-le-Willows, Merseyside; Andrew Clarke, 33, from Prescot in Merseyside; and Michal Trubini, 35, from Warrington. The trial continues."
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"Represent the example for the following task: Generate an appropriate title for the given text. The generated title must be short and include the main topic of the text. The preferred titles are under fifteen words.:",
"The 40MW park will be built on land at Woodington Farm, near Romsey, which surrounds Hive Energy's head office. Test Valley Borough Council granted permission for the park for 25 years subject to a number of conditions, including the restoration of the site to its original state. The project will be built next summer, Hive Energy said. The 72-hectare (178-acre) park is expected to supply energy to about 9,100 homes. Its closeness to Hive Energy's head office will allow the latest solar and storage technologies to be tested, the firm said. \"A biodiversity management plan will be put in place for the 25 year life-span of the solar park,\" it added. \"This will see the development of conservation areas within the site alongside sheep grazing, wildflower seeding and the planting of new trees and hedgerows to encourage birds, bats and insects.\""
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"Represent the example for the following task: Generate an appropriate title for the given text. The generated title must be short and include the main topic of the text. The preferred titles are under fifteen words.:",
"Eco Energy World Limited has applied to build more than 53,000 panels on 82.5 acres of land at Tyle'r-fedwen Farm in Cwmavon, near Port Talbot, The company said construction would take about 14 weeks and would be carried out by 50 workers. The site will be restored at the end of the energy plant's 25-year lifespan. Neath Port Talbot council's planning committee will consider the application at a later date. If approved, it would be among the biggest in Wales. A year ago, plans for 64,000 panels on a 70-acre site in Anglesey were given approval."
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"Represent the example for the following task: Generate an appropriate title for the given text. The generated title must be short and include the main topic of the text. The preferred titles are under fifteen words.:",
"But developers Hadleigh Industrial Estates said they still wanted to bring a manufacturer on board. They have also applied to build 134 homes as part of a £20m project. Director Richard Lanyon said: \"The plans, as submitted, remain the only viable option - without the mix of uses we've identified, it'll remain empty.\" The old Hotpoint washing machine factory, which once employed 1,000 people, closed in 2009 with 300 job losses. In June this year the prospect of a deal with Reflex & Allen to create an \"automotive industrial park\" was floated. The car components firm has a plant on Kinmel Park in Bodelwyddan, on the other side of the A55, where it manufactures pneumatic and hydraulic tubing. In addition to refurbishing the old Hotpoint site, the development also included new factory units, training centre and regional ambulance centre. Mr Lanyon said the collapse of the deal showed the fine tuning of the funding arrangements. He said: \"Nobody has fallen out with anybody. \"Reflex & Allen were faced with a situation where they had to vary the terms at the last minute before signing. 'Key strategic site' \"We've always said that the economics of the deal were finely balanced and this rather frustratingly proves the point. \"Any variation to the funding, whether in terms of the price for the refurbished factory or the housing, make the scheme unviable.\" Mr Lanyon said £20m would still be invested in the site if the planning permission is granted. He estimated the site could provide up to 400 jobs. \"This is a key strategic site for manufacturing in Wales and we're hopeful of full support from Denbighshire's planning committee in September so that we can continue to pursue a manufacturing tenant for the factory.\""
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"Represent the example for the following task: Generate an appropriate title for the given text. The generated title must be short and include the main topic of the text. The preferred titles are under fifteen words.:",
"Several boys can be seen in facemasks and hospital gowns, at least one giving a peace sign for the camera. Meanwhile, reports say the boys and the coach were sedated to stop them panicking during the dangerous rescue. The Thai Navy Seals also released new video showing the three-day rescue operation that captivated the world. Divers who took part in the operation said the boys were heavily sedated to avoid anxiety as they went through the dark, narrow, underwater passageways. Former Navy seal Chaiyananta Peeranarong told AFP news agency: \"Some of them were asleep, and some of them were wiggling their fingers, kind of groggy - but they were breathing. My job was to transfer them along.\" Each boy was strapped to one of two rescue divers tasked with shepherding him, and bundled onto stretchers to be carried through the dry parts. 'A tiny bit of hope' Earlier on Wednesday, the head of the Thai Navy Seals told the BBC that \"hope became reality\" with the rescue of the boys and their coach from the Tham Luang cave. \"We had a little bit of hope that they might still be alive but we had to do it, we just had to move forward,\" Rear Adm Arpakorn Yuukongkaew said. \"There was only a tiny bit of hope, but that's all we had to work with.\" The group was trapped in the cave by rising water and rescued in a dramatic operation that captivated the world. The complex, three-day rescue saw four boys emerge on Sunday, four on Monday, and the final four boys plus their coach on Tuesday. They survived the nine days before they were found by drinking water dripping from the cave walls, officials said. The boys lost on average 2kg (4.4lb) during their ordeal but are said to be in good physical condition. They will remain in hospital in the nearby city of Chiang Rai for a week, followed by a week's recuperation at home. The first four boys have already been visited by their families, officials said, and the others will be allowed to receive visitors soon. There were cheers around the cave as the dozens of divers and hundreds of other rescue workers involved in the operation left the site. In Chiang Rai, the news was greeted by the honking of car horns while people gathered outside the hospital broke into applause. On social media, Thais showed their feelings about the rescuers by using hashtags including #Heroes and #Thankyou. Offers of hospitality for the boys, the coach and their rescuers have come in from international football clubs including Manchester United and Benfica. How did the drama unfold? Aged between about 11 and 17, the members of the Wild Boars football team entered the cave system in dry weather, during an excursion with their coach. The group was cut off on 23 June after heavy rains flooded the cave complex. They were huddled in darkness on a ledge when they were found by British divers. Elation at the discovery of the group quickly turned to concern as it became clear how difficult it would be to rescue boys who could not swim and had been weakened by their time underground. Getting to and from the chamber where the group were trapped was an exhausting round trip even for experienced divers. The process involved a mixture of walking, wading, climbing and diving along guide ropes. How did the boys survive? The boys and their coach were trapped underground for a total of 17 days. They reportedly entered the cave to celebrate one of the team's birthday, and the snacks they brought with them are thought to have helped sustain them. Once found, they were given \"easy-to-digest, high-energy food with vitamins and minerals, under the supervision of a doctor\", said Rear Adm Arpakorn Yuukongkaew. Authorities said they seemed to cope well with the mental strain of their time underground. Rescue teams brought them lights and letters from their parents to help them cope. Their coach, Ekapol Chantawong, reportedly taught the team how to meditate to cope with the stress. He trained for a decade as a Buddhist monk before turning to football. Who are the boys and their coach? Details have emerged of members of the team and their coach. Captain Duganpet Promtep, 13, is described as a motivator and highly respected by his teammates. He had apparently been scouted by several Thai professional clubs. Myanmar-born Adul Sam-on, 14, speaks several languages, and was the only team member to be able to communicate with British divers when they were first discovered. It was 17-year-old Peerapat Sompiangjai's birthday when the group became trapped in the cave. The snacks the boys brought with them to celebrate are likely to have helped them survive their ordeal. Assistant coach Ekapol Chantawong, 25, was said to be the weakest of the group when they were found, as he had reportedly refused to eat any of the food and gave it instead to the boys."
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"Represent the example for the following task: Generate an appropriate title for the given text. The generated title must be short and include the main topic of the text. The preferred titles are under fifteen words.:",
"By Nick BeakeBBC News, Chiang Rai, Thailand Divers, cavers, and soldiers all trudged purposefully through the thick mud, focused on their own small role in what felt like a national effort. Now that the 12 boys and their football coach have been located, the mood in the camp has transformed. It is a place of hope, energy, and purpose. Yo Sato is 27. He grew up in east London but returned to Thailand to teach English. He drove for hours to get here to offer his service as a translator for the local police. \"I'm speechless, I've got goose-bumps right now,\" he says. \"Seeing those kids alive just changes people's mood. People are working so hard, it's so tiring. But now, they are all smiling. And seeing the British and the Thai working together, it's just the best thing ever.\" Classmates of the young footballers come to the mouth of the cave to show their support. At the spot where their friends last glimpsed the outside world, they sing for them. \"Believe in God. Only belief can move a mountain,\" go the lyrics of the song they sing. Looking on, just a few metres away, are the rescue teams, planning how they can enter this particular mountain and bring the boys to safety. Everywhere you turn, small squadrons of men and women in matching colours huddle and nod in agreement. They are surrounded on every side by scores of international news teams who have filled this corner of a usually tranquil forest. It is the Thai Navy Seals the journalists want to talk to the most. Videos of the boys posted to Facebook by the Seals have delighted and amazed people at the camp. There are other, regular soldiers too who don't get the same star treatment. But you feel their presence. Every now and then they emerge from their makeshift barracks and stand arm in arm, in a human chain. Their role is to block the media's path when heavy machinery is brought in, or when the medical teams are rehearsing for final stages of a rescue. They can be seen carrying empty stretchers out from the entrance to the cave and placed in ambulances which speed off into the distance. It is still not clear when the soldiers will be called upon for real. Until that time, an army of volunteers needs to be fed. Servers in yellow uniforms scoop steaming rice and fish curry on to plates for a never-ending queue of hungry workers. In fact, there is a wide choice and favourite dining spots are emerging. Workmen drenched in sweat and cave water lurk optimistically to see if the next fresh batch of chicken is ready. And the most popular woman in Thailand appears to be the one who loudly declares the ice-creams have arrived. Among the servers is Lakhana Didyasarin, the director of the American School of Bangkok. \"I have brownies, cookies and hotdogs,\" she says. In fact, she brought 1,600 hotdogs, and they are all gone. It was her duty as a Thai to come and help, she says, and it was a \"dream came true\" when the boys were found. \"We have found them now,\" she says. \"The second stage will be much easier. We have doctors, nurses, experts - every person needed to help them out.\" Like so many here, she says she is going nowhere. This unlikely army - professional and amateur - won't leave until the boys are safe. So this remarkable mountainside community, born in such bleak hours, continues to grow, and the sound of children singing drifts across the forest."
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"Represent the example for the following task: Generate an appropriate title for the given text. The generated title must be short and include the main topic of the text. The preferred titles are under fifteen words.:",
"Mr Santos said only the Red Cross would be allowed to be involved, because he did not want \"a media spectacle\". Jesse Jackson had agreed to go to Colombia next week to seek the release of former US marine Kevin Scott Sutay, held by leftist Farc rebels since June. The Farc say they want to free Mr Scott to boost peace talks. During a visit to Cuba on Saturday, Rev Jesse Jackson had agreed to mediate, following a Farc statement saying his \"experience and probity\" would speed up the process of freeing Mr Scott, a veteran of the war in Afghanistan. But President Santos reacted quickly, writing on Twitter. \"Only the Red Cross will be allowed to facilitate the release of the North American kidnapped by the Farc. We won't allow a media spectacle.\" 'Service to nation' Earlier this month, during a visit to Colombia, Jesse Jackson had called on Colombia's largest rebel group to release Mr Scott. The left-wing rebels responded by releasing a statement on Saturday inviting the civil rights leader to participate in the negotiations over the ex-soldiers' release. Hours later, the American leader accepted the invitation in Cuba, where he had met rebel leaders who are in Havana for peace talks with the Colombian government, as a service \"to Kevin Scott, his family and our nation.\" \"We have made contact with the State Department urging them to contact as quickly as possible the nearest of kin of Kevin Scott because his release is imminent,\" he said. In their statement, the Farc say they have not yet released Mr Scott because the government has not \"fulfilled the minimum conditions required\" for freeing him. Earlier this week, the left-wing rebels had requested the involvement of former Senator Piedad Cordoba in the release process, but President Santos also dismissed this to avoid a \"media spectacle\". As a result, on Friday Mrs Cordoba sent a letter to the Farc declining to participate. The freeing of Mr Scott would \"contribute to a positive mood\" in the continuing peace talks with the Colombian government in Cuba, the Farc say. So far, officially there has been agreement on only one of six points on the agenda - land reform. Five decades of internal conflict in Colombia have led to the displacement of hundreds of thousands of people. And a study by Colombia's National Centre for Historical Memory suggests 220,000 people have died in the violence."
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"Represent the example for the following task: Generate an appropriate title for the given text. The generated title must be short and include the main topic of the text. The preferred titles are under fifteen words.:",
"By Laura LeaBBC News His seven years in the saddle have seen him confront a mountain lion and sing to a bear, all on a globetrotting budget of £5 ($6.40) a day. As he reaches the final leg of his journey home to Derby, Leigh, 35, thinks back over the previous 43,000 miles (69,000km) with a broad smile. \"The whole world has been my garden,\" he says wistfully. \"I never thought about what happens on the 23rd (of April). What do you do after this?\" It was seven years ago when, depressed with a life lacking direction, Leigh said he would circle the globe on a bike. With youth on his side and savings in the bank, he thought he could achieve his dream in two years, while raising money for the Derbyshire Children's Holiday Centre. \"I guess a lot of men want to go on this sort of ego trip - show the world how great I am. \"I thought it would just be about me and this freedom.\" But the naive visions he had of conquering the world changed soon after he left. \"I didn't know how to do what I'd set out to do. I couldn't speak languages, I didn't know how to sleep wild,\" he said. \"So I began meeting people - sharing evenings with them and meeting their families.\" The journey was no longer about racing from one country to the next, but experiencing them one by one. The slow and vulnerable bicycle was the perfect vehicle \"to connect to people\". When he ran out of money, he didn't go home, but found work and kept cycling. On the road, Leigh normally slept in a tent, rarely paying for transport or accommodation. Throughout his journey, he lived off an average of £5 a day. He says this simple living and the kindness of strangers saw his values change. It's only recently Leigh has had a mobile phone - a deliberate decision to enable him to travel free from technology. Besides, he says, when he left the UK not everyone had smartphones. Packing for six continents: What's in the panniers? Despite his nomadic existence, one thing has remained a constant for Leigh. \"I've got a strong relationship with this bike,\" he says. \"I haven't had a relationship with a girl for this long.\" Dolly is the same bike he has had for the entire trip - handmade for him in Derby. She's heavy, but was built to last and still has the same frame and wheels as day one. Leigh recalls a Tom Hanks Castaway moment, when in Peru, he found himself getting particularly emotional and talking to the bike he had been through so much with. \"All my things in the world are on that bike.\" And - perhaps remarkably - Dolly was never stolen. \"People see it's my whole life and they have respect for this. There is an element of trust in the world.\" Wildlife wasn't always so friendly, and Leigh admits naivety got him through on more than one occasion. In Canada he came skidding face to face with a bear. He recalled that just weeks before a friend's daughter had been reading a book about bears, including a poem to recite should you ever encounter them. \"The only thing that came to my head was this stupid song.\" And so he found himself singing the words to which he is now indebted. Another \"lesson in the necessities of life\" came in the Australian outback when, while cycling in the 40C heat, his water supply slipped off the bike and he had to run back to search for it. \"At that moment you realise how precious just one litre of water is. \"That was a big lesson.\" Many miles later, after a couple of weeks working in Australia and Taiwan, travelling through China and the Americas, Leigh started running out of money again which led him to consider the journey home. A meticulous diary keeper, he has written entries about almost every day of his travels. When a diary was finished, he sent it back to his mum, who would get a glimpse into her son's life. 14 December 2012, in the Australian outback desert The nosebleeds dry and the smell of rotten camel fades and I continue to sip saline and push Dolly for the last few days of the desert as Kata Tjuta begins to loom on the horizon like a crowd of balding heads. Despite limited contact with his family, he says his relationships with his parents and sister are now closer than ever and the thought of them (and a reliable water source) have pulled him back to the UK. Adapting to a \"normal\" life will be difficult, he admits, but: \"I realise how lucky I am. A lot of people won't get this opportunity.\" So what is he most looking forward to about being back on British soil? \"The smell of going past a fish and chip shop and to be able to listen to people in the supermarket and understanding every word,\" he says. \"But the real emotion will be when I see my mum in the place I left her seven years ago. I get a lump in my throat just thinking about it.\" He's now considering a job working with children - wanting to share his experience and \"show people what is possible\". \"But there'll definitely be some more adventure. If I can ride a bike around the world, I can do anything.\""
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"Represent the example for the following task: Generate an appropriate title for the given text. The generated title must be short and include the main topic of the text. The preferred titles are under fifteen words.:",
"By Steve JamesBBC Wales Sport It was an exclusive and often misunderstood, even unwelcome club. Maybe I would catch up with someone and ride along for a few miles exchanging friendly conversation. Or perhaps there would be a subtle wave or a barely noticeable nod as a rider passed the other way. We both knew the secret. Cycling is fun. It is healthy, sociable, challenging, invigorating, practical. Cycling is whatever you want it to be. In the last few years though, the secret is out. Now I never leave my house, on foot, by bike or in the car without passing a seemingly ever increasing number of riders. All ages, genders, shapes and sizes. Yes, there are the oft-derided \"middle-aged-men in Lycra\" spending their disposable on flashy steeds instead of sports cars and motorbikes. Sneered at by the old guard for having \"all the gear, no idea\". Sniggered at by the public as they clatter across the pub in cycling shoes and skin-tight uniforms that reveal more miles and a fewer pints might be better. But cycling is truly democratic. Cheap bike, flash bike? It does not matter. All day epic or short spin? Fast or slow? Serious or sociable? It does not matter. Remember, cycling is whatever you want it to be. Young wannabe racers, middle-aged mothers, weather-beaten old-timers, they will all get a smile from me. This weekend there will be 15,000 riders on those roads in south Wales, paying £50 for the privilege of spending five or six hours in the saddle. At the same time 100 professionals from around Europe and the UK will cover a greater distance, 120 miles, in far less time. All around the course the racers, the weekend warriors, the charity riders and those just revelling in riding on temporarily car-free routes will be cheered by thousands at the roadside. Wales has been bitten by the bike bug. So why? What has happened in the last decade? How is it that cycling has gone from the margins to the mainstream? Back in the 1990s road cycling seemed almost dead in the UK. Bike shops kept themselves open on the back of the new mud and mountains craze. It was the Noughties before road bikes became really sexy again, all space age titanium, cutting edge carbon and gadget enhanced. In Wales there was a slow but steady rise in the number of people getting out on their bikes. Whenever Nicole Cooke grabbed more headlines, I would see a few new faces in the lanes. Then in 2008 she grabbed the Olympic gold that began the avalanche. From the track to Le Tour, Britain was a successful biking nation. It was 2012 that really got bums on saddles big time. Sir Bradley Wiggins won France's famous maillot jaune and the crowds flocked to London to see him become an Olympic champion too. And people rode the roads the racers raced. Can you imagine just anyone who fancies it being allowed to go out and play rugby in the Millennium Stadium just before a Six Nations game? Or turn up and have a kickabout at Wembley or the Bernabeu whenever they feel like it? With GPS tracking devices feeding social media sites, any ride any day of the week can be compared with friends and even to the performances of \"the pros\". This is part of the appeal to the ever growing numbers of riders in recent years crossing the Channel to ride the routes of Europe's Grand Tours. In 2004 council worker and bike enthusiast Lou Lusardi (the Italian heritage obvious in the name) decided there was an appetite in Wales for Italy's Gran Fondo, and the Dragon Ride was born. The 12th edition was held over the hills flanking the Rhondda Valleys just last week with one of the 5,000 available places again like gold dust. It has been joined on a packed Welsh calendar by many others including The Monster (Llangadog, July), The Daisy Chain (Builth Wells, May), The Devil's Challenge (Llanwrtyd Wells, July). Which brings us back to Velothon Wales. An initial 12,000 places were made available at the end of last year, within weeks they were gone. The ride will be one of the world's largest with more entrants than the famous Etapes du Tour that follow stages of the Tour de France. The chance to ride with so many others, on carefully marked traffic-free routes backed by feed stations and medical and mechanical back-up is obvious. And next week there may be a few sore bodies that will not feel like getting back on the bike, but there will be many, many more inspired by what they see this weekend. I am certain the number of cyclists in Wales will grow even more. Whether it is town or country, the roads and lanes of Wales are full of groups, pairs and individuals riding bikes for fun. No more long hours in the saddle for me with barely a like-minded soul with whom to exchange a knowing acknowledgment. The secret is out. Intrigued and inspired in the 1970s by Eddy Merckx, Francesco Moser and most of all diminutive Belgian climber Lucien Van Impe, Steve James fell in love with continental cycling and pretty soon after bikes took over his life. Over the past 40 years he has ridden on road, off-road and on tracks around the world. Besides countless hours watching others ride, he has commuted, raced, written a book on cycling and collected way too many bikes and cycling magazines. He regularly tweets about cycling (and other things) @GMWalesSport"
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"Represent the example for the following task: Generate an appropriate title for the given text. The generated title must be short and include the main topic of the text. The preferred titles are under fifteen words.:",
"He said he had been visiting Vincennes Zoo in Paris, where his daughter was on work experience, when he decided to test his \"presidential courage\". A panda leapt on him and staff had to free him from its claws, Mr Giscard d'Estaing, 87, told a conference. An expert at Edinburgh Zoo told the BBC the ex-leader had had a lucky escape. \"Although they are vegetarian bears, obviously at the end of the day pandas are still very powerful and muscular bears with teeth and claws to match,\" Iain Valentine, director of giant pandas at the zoo, told the BBC News website. \"Although not particularly aggressive by nature, pandas do have this potential and are very territorial animals. You can go in with young animals under the age of two years; however, after this age we really would not recommend it and certainly our keepers are never in the same area as our giant pandas.\" Mr Giscard d'Estaing, who was in office from 1974 to 1981, was speaking at an event in Blois, capital of the north-central region of Loir-et-Cher. Video of his speech on Tuesday evening was circulated by national media on Thursday. The pandas, he said, had been a gift from China to his predecessor as president, Georges Pompidou. \"They came to extract me from its claws but imagine what would have been said had the animal knocked me to the ground,\" the famously tall president - he is 1.89m (6ft 2in) - remarked to laughter from the audience. Mr Giscard d'Estaing is often regarded as the most cultivated and most aristocratic of recent French presidents, if not the most pompous."
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"Represent the example for the following task: Generate an appropriate title for the given text. The generated title must be short and include the main topic of the text. The preferred titles are under fifteen words.:",
"The Penygroes-based Express Motors coach went into a ditch on the A39 motorway at Lons-le-Saunier, near the Swiss border, on 23 July. Its two drivers have been quizzed by French police and another probe is taking place in the UK. The Gwynedd coach was carrying students from a school in Gloucestershire. The driver behind the wheel at the time of the crash told investigators he came off the road while looking for his sunglasses. But prosecutors said his explanation was not very convincing and believe the driver, who is now being formally investigated, fell asleep at the wheel. Police said no other vehicles were involved. No charges have been brought. There were 42 students on board - aged between 14 and 18 - and six staff from Bournside School in Cheltenham for their camping trip to Italy."
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"Represent the example for the following task: Generate an appropriate title for the given text. The generated title must be short and include the main topic of the text. The preferred titles are under fifteen words.:",
"Marin Rachev, 35, denies driving dangerously while attempting to cross the A90 from the unclassified road to Drumlithie on 12 March last year. Three passengers died in the collision. Two were thrown from the vehicle and struck by another car. The High Court in Aberdeen heard none of the three were wearing seatbelts. On the first day of the trial, jurors were shown video footage from the bus of the collision. Dimitar Georgiev, 32, Zaharina Hristova, 37, and Silyan Stefanov, 42, all from Bulgaria, and who were in the rear of the vehicle, died following the crash. The trial continues."
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"Represent the example for the following task: Generate an appropriate title for the given text. The generated title must be short and include the main topic of the text. The preferred titles are under fifteen words.:",
"The Environment Agency (EA) said further downpours could lead to localised flooding. But a spokesman said there were \"no significant concerns\" with no major flooding to properties reported. He said the River Severn was expected to peak in Gloucestershire on Wednesday with no major problems expected. Flood defence schemes across the country have protected thousands of properties, including 600 homes in Taunton and 25,000 properties along the River Don through Doncaster and Bentley, he said. Drivers rescued The river warning came after a school minibus with 14 children and a driver on board was pulled from floodwater in Herefordshire. Firefighters were called just before 08:30 BST after the minibus became stranded a few hundred yards from Fairfield High School, in Peterchurch. Kevin Giles, from Hereford and Worcester Fire and Rescue Service, said: \"With the help of a local farmer, we were able to attach a winch to the minibus and pull it safely out of the water.\" While the students were then able to get to their school, it had already closed for the day, due to flooding in the area from the River Dore. Crews also rescued two drivers stranded in floodwater. On Monday a man and his dog drowned while crossing a flooded ford in a car in Hampshire. In Northamptonshire, about 1,000 people had to leave their homes as heavy rain led to flood warnings for four areas. And an annual boating festival in Northampton, which had been threatened due to drought fears, has now been postponed because there is too much water. In Gloucestershire some roads were closed, including one lane of Flaxley Road in Cinderford which was shut after the road collapsed, and a number of minor routes in Tewkesbury which were under water. And three flood warnings remain for the River Severn in Gloucestershire, affecting the Severn at Deerhurst, Apperley and Ashleworth, the Environment Agency said. Dave Throup, of the agency, said: \"We're expecting levels to go up by eight to 12 inches (20-30 cm) by about this time tomorrow, but that's certainly manageable. \"The rivers have responded very quickly in the Stroud area and with the rain now stopping we don't expect the situation to get any worse.\" Hosepipe irony Many roads had tree debris and standing water but Gloucestershire County Council said highways staff were working hard to keep roads open. Although the wettest April on record started to restore water levels below ground, the EA said it would take much more time and rain to undo the effects of two dry winters and bring large parts of England out of drought. Thames Water warned its 8.8 million customers that a hosepipe ban would remain in place. Richard Aylard, director of sustainability and external affairs for the company, said the firm was aware of the \"irony\" that heavy rain had set in after the hosepipe ban was announced. \"But it took the two driest years since records began for us to get into this drought and one wet month, even one as wet as April, will not be enough to get us out of it,\" he added."
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"Represent the example for the following task: Generate an appropriate title for the given text. The generated title must be short and include the main topic of the text. The preferred titles are under fifteen words.:",
"It overturns a 2016 ruling which found the tech giant had been given illegal tax breaks by Dublin. The EU's General Court said it had annulled that decision because there was not enough evidence to show Apple broke EU competition rules. It is a blow for the European Commission, which brought the case. However, it has 14 days to appeal against the decision at the EU's supreme court, the European Court of Justice. What has the reaction been? \"This case was not about how much tax we pay, but where we are required to pay it,\" Apple said in a statement. \"We're proud to be the largest taxpayer in the world, as we know the important role tax payments play in society.\" The Irish government - which had also appealed against the ruling - said it had \"always been clear\" Apple received no special treatment. \"The correct amount of Irish tax was charged... in line with normal Irish taxation rules.\" EU Competition Commissioner Margrethe Vestager, who brought the case, said she would \"study the judgment and reflect on possible next steps\". Dutch MEP Paul Tang called the ruling \"deeply unfair\". \"I suspect that many people in Ireland think... 'Why is there a company that pays 0.05% in taxes?' I pay more taxes than Apple, for that matter. Many people pay more taxes.\" What was Apple accused of? The European Commission brought the action after claiming Ireland had allowed Apple to attribute nearly all its EU earnings to an Irish head office that existed only on paper, thereby avoiding paying tax on EU revenues. The commission said this constituted illegal aid given to Apple by the Irish state. But the Irish government argued that Apple should not have to repay the back taxes, deeming that its loss was worth it to make the country an attractive home for large companies. Ireland - which has one of the lowest corporate tax rates in the EU - is Apple's base for Europe, the Middle East and Africa. In Wednesday's ruling, the Luxembourg-based General Court sided with that position, saying there was not enough evidence to show Apple had received illegal state aid or minimised its tax bill. What does this mean for Ireland? One rather curious feature of this case is that if the ruling had gone the other way, and Ireland had been on the losing side, its \"punishment\" for breaching EU law would have been to receive a large amount of money: taxes the Commission said were owed by Apple. That did not happen, so the ruling - subject to any appeal - means Apple doesn't in law owe the money, so Ireland won't get it. In some quarters of Ireland, there will be relief that an agreement that helped encourage Apple to invest has not been overturned after the event. But the sentiment is far from universal. A Sinn Féin spokesman called it a bad day for the Irish taxpayer that would draw negative attention to the country's international tax reputation. What about other big tax avoidance cases? There is growing criticism of so-called sweetheart tax deals across the European Union and the bloc has been trying to clamp down. The ruling will therefore be a blow to Ms Vestager, who has taken aim at a host of big corporations over their allegedly anti-competitive practices. Last year, she lost a case against Starbucks, which was accused of owing €30m in back taxes to the Netherlands. Rulings on Ikea and Nike's tax arrangements in that country are due soon. Jason Collins, partner and head of tax at law firm Pinsent Masons, said: \"Apple's victory shows that European courts are unwilling to call beneficial tax regimes state aid, even when designed to attract foreign investment - provided they apply the rules consistently. \"This will be a very welcome outcome for other multinationals who have been watching this case closely.\" However, he said Brussels was likely to appeal and EU efforts to tackle tax avoidance would continue. \"We expect the EU to continue applying pressure in this area,\" he said."
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"Represent the example for the following task: Generate an appropriate title for the given text. The generated title must be short and include the main topic of the text. The preferred titles are under fifteen words.:",
"Ireland's Finance Ministry said the payment was a \"significant milestone\", although Dublin insists Apple was not given any special tax treatment. In 2016 the Commission ruled the below 1% effective tax rate the firm paid in Ireland amounted to illegal state aid. Apple has appealed against the decision. Dublin also disputes the Commission's finding. Finance Minister Paschal Donohoe said the government \"fundamentally disagree[d] with the Commission's analysis\". However, he said, \"as committed members of the European Union, we have always confirmed that we would recover the alleged state aid.\" The European Commission initiated a lawsuit against Ireland last year over its delay in recovering the money. The Commission said that the court action would now be withdrawn. The process of recovering the funds began in May and has now amounted to €13.1bn in disputed taxes plus interest of €1.2bn, an amount roughly equivalent to Ireland's health budget for the year. The money will be held in an escrow fund while Apple's appeal takes place. Apple is one of several American tech giants which located their European operations in Ireland, due to its relatively low tax rate. Facebook, Twitter and Google all have a significant presence in Dublin. Ireland's finance ministry said it expects it to take several years for European courts to resolve the issue."
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"Represent the example for the following task: Generate an appropriate title for the given text. The generated title must be short and include the main topic of the text. The preferred titles are under fifteen words.:",
"To say that the election commission has had a challenging year would be an understatement. In addition to ensuring the smooth functioning of the 2019 general election - the biggest the world has ever seen - it is also expected to ensure that political parties follow guidelines intended to ensure a level playing field for all candidates. This is known as the model code of conduct. The code sets out rules for the \"general conduct\" of candidates, and also for whichever party is running the government. These include the prohibition of using government transport or resources for campaigning work, and issuing advertisements at the cost of public funds. It also has a strict set of rules about what kind of campaigning is permissible. But this year, the limits of all these guidelines have been severely tested, mostly by the country's ruling Bharatiya Janata Party (BJP). Its \"unique\" campaigning methods have elicited a furious response from opponents and observers, all of whom have complained to the EC. In the past week it has made two rulings against the government. On Thursday it said that NaMo TV - a channel dedicated to streaming speeches of Prime Minister Narendra Modi - could no longer broadcast content without its certification. This decision came days after it said that a film about the prime minister - a \"biopic\" titled PM Narendra Modi - could not be released until the election ended. The two rulings have served to allay some of the criticisms against the body which has been accused of being too \"weak\" to take on the government. But there are plenty of other things angering opposition parties and independent observers. India votes 2019 India's crowded trains are serving their passengers tea in paper cups emblazoned with BJP poll slogans, and the country's national carrier, Air India, came under fire for issuing boarding passes emblazoned with ads from a 2018 business summit featuring a picture of Mr Modi. Then, despite a EC warning against using the military in poll campaigning, pictures of soldiers who died in a suicide attack in Indian-administered Kashmir adorned a stage from where Mr Modi addressed a public rally in the northern state of Rajasthan. And pictures of an Indian pilot who was captured and then released by Pakistan have been used in political posters. The chief minister of the bellwether state of Uttar Pradesh referred to the army as \"Modi's army\" while a state governor - a constitutional post - publicly campaigned for the prime minister. In many of these cases the EC issued notices and wrote letters, containing stern warnings. But does a censure by the EC matter much in today's politics? Former Chief Election Commissioner (CEC) N Gopalaswami believes \"it depends upon how much shame you have\". Other former commissioners the BBC spoke to believe that censure by the EC is effective since the issue gets widely picked up by the media, resulting in a loss of votes for the alleged offender. But there is no study or evidence to prove this has actually happened. Sanjay Kumar, the head of the Centre for the Study of Developing Societies (CSDS) completely disagreed with this analysis. BJP MP Sakshi Maharaj said that \"whatever the EC does is good\" but \"it doesn't affect votes\". He was pulled up by the EC for blaming Muslims for India's population growth which he said was \"causing problems\". But former CEC VS Sampath believes the EC has sufficient powers to send a strong message to the political parties and candidates. He was the man at the helm during the 2014 general election. Under his tenure, the EC banned BJP leader Amit Shah and the Samajwadi Party's Azam Khan from organising road shows and public rallies in Uttar Pradesh. Both had been accused of giving communally charged and divisive political speeches. The ban on Mr Shah was rescinded after he apologised, but Mr Khan was not allowed to address any rallies. The EC also has the power to get police to investigate charges of a criminal nature. \"A large number of criminal cases are filed (during the polls). Unfortunately what happens is that after the elections are over, the election commission goes out of the scene, and it is the state police that has to pursue. It may or may not pursue vigorously,\" says Mr N Gopolaswami. Part of the problem, experts say, is that the model code isn't a law, so it doesn't include punishments, is voluntary for all parties, and only remains in place until polls are completed. \"The EC works under limitations. We have suggested so many changes but no party seems interested. No party has mentioned electoral reforms in its manifesto. You cannot entirely blame the EC,\" said former CES TS Krishnamurthy. \"The election commission should have the power to disqualify and impose monetary penalties. These things are not given any importance by political parties.\" Ask a question"
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"Represent the example for the following task: Generate an appropriate title for the given text. The generated title must be short and include the main topic of the text. The preferred titles are under fifteen words.:",
"Two women made separate reports after noticing floral tributes missing from a cemetery off Tennyson Road, Yarmouth. One of the victims had placed a plant at her mother's grave on 31 October but found it missing on Saturday. The other woman had flowers stolen from her late husband's grave in the same graveyard sometime between Monday and Saturday. Sgt Mark Lyth said: \"The disappearance of floral tributes from family graves is clearly upsetting for these women. \"Thefts from graveyards are among the lowest forms of offending. \"Police are treating these allegations with the utmost seriousness and sensitivity.\" He appealed for anyone with information to come forward."
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"Represent the example for the following task: Generate an appropriate title for the given text. The generated title must be short and include the main topic of the text. The preferred titles are under fifteen words.:",
"Diane Humbles, from Middlestown, near Wakefield, West Yorkshire, asked the funeral directors to send her husband Chris's ashes to a Kent crematorium. The ashes were among a large quantity of parcels which were stolen during a break in on 25 November. Mrs Humbles, 69, said: \"I just want to get my husband's ashes back.\" Mr Humbles was 75 when he died in October after developing septicaemia. His ashes were in transit to Charing Crematorium where the couple's family are also buried when they were stolen. Mrs Humbles said: \"I am absolutely heartbroken this has happened. This has been a really distressing time for me and my family.\" \"It's unbelievably upsetting. It feels like he's been dumped on a rubbish tip.\" 'Unbearable' The couple had been married for 41 years and had four children between them, with eight grand-children and three great-grandchildren. Phil Barr, of George Steele & Son Funeral Directors in Ossett, which managed Mr Humbles' funeral, said: \"We recognise this is an extremely distressing time for the family and we are doing absolutely everything we can to help return Mr Humbles' ashes.\" On 26 November staff at a warehouse in Phoenix Park, Parkwood near Maidstone reported the premises had been broken into overnight. Kent Police said. Two men have been charged with conspiring to commit burglary with intent to steal and are due to appear at Maidstone Crown Court on 4 January. \"It feels like the end of the world. It's just unbearable,\" Mrs Humbles said. Follow BBC South East on Facebook, on Twitter, and on Instagram. Send your story ideas to [email protected]."
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"Represent the example for the following task: Generate an appropriate title for the given text. The generated title must be short and include the main topic of the text. The preferred titles are under fifteen words.:",
"By Emma WilkinsonHealth reporter, BBC News They come a fortnight after the bodies of Charlotte Bevan, 30, and her four-day-old daughter Zaani were found in the Avon Gorge after they went missing from a maternity hospital in Bristol. NICE hopes its advice will help NHS staff identify mental health problems. A fifth of women have depression or anxiety in the year after giving birth. Ms Bevan is believed to have suffered from schizophrenia and depression and had been sleep-deprived after giving birth. A review into the circumstances that led to her disappearance is being carried out by University Hospitals Bristol NHS Trust. NICE said the impact on families of mental health problems during and after pregnancy can be long-lasting. As well as anxiety and depression, there is an increased risk of psychosis in the weeks after giving birth and others may experience obsessive compulsive disorder, post-traumatic stress disorder, tokophobia (an extreme fear of childbirth) and eating disorders. NICE said that although such problems responded well to treatment, they frequently went unrecognised and untreated. Under its recommendations, which update the last advice given in 2007: Prof Mark Baker, NICE Centre for Clinical Practice director, said: \"Giving women the right treatment at the right time can have a profound effect - not just for the mother, but her family too. \"The effect of getting this right can last for years.\" Expert groups strongly welcomed the guidelines but warned of a dire national shortage of specialist perinatal mental health services. A recent NCT survey of 186 Clinical Commissioning Groups in England found \"huge gaps\" with only 3% reporting they had a perinatal mental health strategy. Royal College of Midwives chief executive Cathy Warwick said: \"We desperately need more midwives and maternity support workers to work with these hard-to-reach and vulnerable women.\" Dr Liz MacDonald, who chairs the Royal College of Psychiatrists' perinatal faculty, agreed there was \"gross inequality\" in access to perinatal mental health services \"which is putting the wellbeing of thousands of mothers, infants and families in jeopardy\"."
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"Represent the example for the following task: Generate an appropriate title for the given text. The generated title must be short and include the main topic of the text. The preferred titles are under fifteen words.:",
"It comes after the pandemic has strained many producers and forced the US to scramble for medical gear. The initial review is focused on computer chips, pharmaceuticals, rare earth minerals and large batteries, such as those used in electric cars. China is a key supplier for many of those items. US officials said the review was not targeted at China, which like the US imports most of its computer chips and has been trying to boost domestic production. They said the administration was interested in increasing some production in the US and expected to work with other countries for items that could not be made domestically. Reliance on \"strategic competitor nations\" is expected to be part of the analysis, they added. \"While we cannot predict what crisis will hit us, we should have the capacity to respond quickly in the face of challenges,\" the White House said in a statement announcing the study, which will start with a 100-day focused review, before widening its scope. \"The United States must ensure that production shortages, trade disruptions, natural disasters and potential actions by foreign competitors and adversaries never leave the United States vulnerable again.\" Under pressure The president, who will formally sign the executive order on Wednesday, has come under pressure as firms such as General Motors and Ford have cut production and announced lay-offs due to the shortage of chips - key components for many electronic products, which have been in high demand due to the pandemic. Republicans have also pushed Mr Biden to do more to address reliance on China, while business and technology lobby groups have also called on the administration to introduce investment tax credits to encourage the building of more US semiconductor manufacturing plants, where the chips are produced. \"While the governments of our global competitors have invested heavily to attract new semiconductor manufacturing and research facilities, the absence of US incentives has made our country uncompetitive and America's share of global semiconductor manufacturing has steadily declined,\" the groups wrote in a recent letter, signed by the US Chamber of Commerce, the Semiconductor Industry Association and the Alliance for Automotive Innovation, among others. \"To be competitive and strengthen the resilience of critical supply chains, we believe the US needs to incentivize the construction of new and modernized semiconductor manufacturing facilities and invest in research capabilities.\" US semiconductor firms currently account for 47% of global chip sales, according to the Semiconductor Industry Association. However, just 12% of chips are made in the US, down from 37% in 1990. Under former President Donald Trump, the US adopted a protectionist approach, increasing border taxes and in some cases forbidding US firms from doing business with Chinese competitors in an effort to boost US producers. Amid the changes, Taiwan Semiconductor Manufacturing Co. (TSMC), the world's largest contract chipmaker, last May announced plans to build a $12bn (£8.5bn) factory in the US."
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"Represent the example for the following task: Generate an appropriate title for the given text. The generated title must be short and include the main topic of the text. The preferred titles are under fifteen words.:",
"He spoke as he revived a Korean War-era measure allowing the US to ramp up production of vital medical supplies. Two lawmakers meanwhile became the first members of Congress to test positive for the infection. The US has more than 9,300 cases of Covid-19 and has seen 150 deaths so far, according to estimates. Globally there are some 220,000 confirmed cases and over 8,800 deaths. What did President Trump say? At a White House press conference, the president was asked by a reporter whether he considered the country to be on a war footing in terms of fighting the virus. \"It's a war,\" he said. \"I view it as a, in a sense, a wartime president.\" Mr Trump has been holding daily briefings on the emergency this week after being accused of playing down the outbreak in its early stages. He said: \"We must sacrifice together, because we are all in this together, and we will come through together. It's the invisible enemy. That's always the toughest enemy. \"But we are going to defeat the invisible enemy. I think we are going to do it even faster than we thought, and it'll be a complete victory. It'll be a total victory.\" Mr Trump announced he was signing the 1950 Defense Production Act, which empowers the president to direct civilian businesses to help meet orders for products necessary for national security. But he said later on Twitter that he would only invoke the measure \"in a worst case scenario in the future\". Mr Trump also described as an \"absolute, total worst case scenario\" a warning by his Treasury Secretary, Steve Mnuchin, that the pandemic could send US unemployment rocketing to 20%. The president said two US Navy hospitals ships would be pressed into service to help alleviate an expected shortage of sick beds. The USNS Comfort is expected to be sent to New York Harbor, though defence officials said it is currently undergoing maintenance in Virginia. The other vessel, USNS Mercy, is being prepared to deploy to a location on the West Coast. During the press conference, Mr Trump again rejected suggestions that his use of the term \"Chinese virus\" to describe Covid-19 was racist. Earlier in the day the US-Canada border, the world's longest, was effectively closed, except for essential travel and commerce. Mr Trump also announced a new crackdown on migrants or asylum seekers crossing the US-Mexico border. He said his administration would invoke a statute that allows people to be blocked in order to prevent the spread of communicable diseases. Which congressmen have coronavirus? The office of Ben McAdams, a Utah Democrat, said on Wednesday evening he had tested positive for the virus. The 45-year-old said he developed \"mild cold-like symptoms\" after returning from Washington DC on Saturday evening. Mr McAdams said he immediately self-isolated at home, but \"my symptoms got worse and I developed a fever, a dry cough and laboured breathing\". His doctor referred him on Tuesday for a Covid-19 test, which came back positive on Wednesday, according to the statement. The representative said he would remain in self-quarantine until he had recovered. Mario Diaz-Balart, a Florida Republican, also announced on Wednesday he had tested positive for coronavirus. \"I'm feeling much better. However, it's important that everyone take this seriously,\" the 58-year-old tweeted from self-quarantine at his flat in Washington DC. Mr Balart said he did not plan to return to Florida, noting his wife, Tia, has underlying conditions \"that put her at exceptionally high risk\". The news will likely send a shiver through Congress, which has many elderly members. Its representatives and senators are usually eager to shake hands with the aides, colleagues, constituents and lobbyists they encounter daily. They also often find themselves at close quarters with each other while riding the dedicated subway beneath the Capitol complex. What is Congress doing to combat coronavirus? On Wednesday, the president signed a coronavirus relief package that was passed earlier in the day in the US Senate by 90-8. The bill provides free virus testing and paid sick, family and medical leave for workers at companies with 500 employees or fewer, as well as expanded funding for food welfare. It is estimated the paid leave provisions of the bill alone will cost $105bn (£90bn). The White House and Congress are also discussing additional coronavirus economic stimulus measures that could cost up to $1.3tn. Mr Trump has said that package might include direct payments of up to $1,000 to Americans to encourage spending. Despite efforts to sustain the economy, the Dow Jones plummeted again on Wednesday erasing nearly all the gains it has made since Mr Trump took office. How else is the US responding to coronavirus? The leader of Baltimore, Maryland, urged gang members to stop shooting each other, saying hospital beds are needed to treat coronavirus patients. Following a spate of shootings on Tuesday night, Mayor Jack Young said: \"We cannot clog up our hospitals and their beds with people that are being shot senselessly because we're going to need those beds for people infected with the coronavirus. \"And it could be your mother, your grandmother or one of your relatives. So take that into consideration.\" Meanwhile, as the US shortage of face masks becomes severe, the US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) said nurses can \"use homemade masks (e.g., bandana, scarf) for care of patients with Covid-19\". The CDC, one of the world's leading public health institutes, said this should only be done \"as a last resort\" and conceded it was \"unknown\" if this would actually protect health workers from the virus. US Immigration and Customs Enforcement (ICE), which handles deportations of foreign nationals, said on Wednesday it would postpone most arrests during the coronavirus crisis. The Department of Homeland Security agency said it would also suspend enforcement operations at or near healthcare facilities. As of Tuesday, there were no confirmed cases of Covid-19 among the 37,000 detainees in ICE detention facilities."
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"Represent the example for the following task: Generate an appropriate title for the given text. The generated title must be short and include the main topic of the text. The preferred titles are under fifteen words.:",
"Speaking at a joint news conference at the White House, Mr Obama said they had agreed that neither country would engage in cyber economic espionage. The deal covers the theft of trade secrets but not national security information. President Xi also pledged to limit greenhouse gas emissions. Mr Obama said any escalation in China's alleged cybercrimes against the US would prompt sanctions. \"It has to stop,\" he said. \"The question is now, are words followed by action?\" Reflecting on the use of sanctions against either individuals, businesses or state-run companies, he said: \"We will apply those, and whatever other tools we have in our tool kit, to go after cybercriminals either retrospectively or prospectively.\" Both countries deny taking part in the cybertheft of commercial secrets. The Chinese president said the two countries would not \"knowingly support\" such practices and said they would both abide by \"norms of behaviour\" in cyberspace. \"Confrontation and friction are not the right choice for both sides,\" said Mr Xi, speaking through a translator. The cybertheft of intellectual property designed to benefit Chinese industry was described by former National Security Agency Director Keith Alexander as \"the greatest transfer of wealth in history\". US officials have alleged that the Chinese state was behind a massive data security breach of government databases as well as attacks on private firms. That kind of breach is not covered by this deal. At the state lunch - Tara McKelvey, BBC White House reporter Chinese President Xi Jinping wore a dark suit and stood at a podium during lunch at the US state department. Behind him were his hosts, US Vice-President Joe Biden and US Secretary of State John Kerry. The room was filled with current and former officials, including Henry Kissinger. The tables were decorated with red cloth napkins and yellow roses. Outside protesters shouted in front of the building: \"Shame on the Chinese government\". Inside the room President Xi said he and President Obama had both \"demonstrated a firm commitment\" to a new model for their relationship. He made a toast to friendship between the US and China. Most people stood up - but not everybody. People clapped, too, though not very enthusiastically. Mr Obama thanked Mr Xi for introducing a cap-and-trade emissions trading system to limit greenhouse gas production. The White House on Friday put out a fact sheet on the US and China's joint national carbon emissions trading scheme set to launch in 2017. The \"cap-and-trade\" scheme would see Chinese companies charged to emit pollutants beyond a certain level. China said it would commit $3.1bn to help developing countries reduce carbon emissions, along with other initiatives outlined in the fact sheet that would align China's climate work with that of the US. There were also areas of sharp disagreement. Mr Obama expressed concerns about the growing tensions in the South China Sea. And he criticised China's human rights record, saying that preventing lawyers, journalists and others from operating freely is an obstacle to China living up to its potential. Xi Jinping's US visit"
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"Represent the example for the following task: Generate an appropriate title for the given text. The generated title must be short and include the main topic of the text. The preferred titles are under fifteen words.:",
"By Malcolm BorthwickBusiness reporter, BBC News He declared the dispute, which pitted smallholder farmers in the Caribbean against large US multinational producers, is at an end. And about time too, you might say. It has taken over two decades to sort out. The original complaint was started by Costa Rica back in 1991. At the heart of the dispute is whether the EU should be able to provide preferential terms of trade by way of quotas and tariffs to their former colonies in Africa, the Caribbean and Pacific. I should declare an interest. I spent three years working as a consultant for the Caribbean Banana Exporters' Association in the late 1990s. Caribbean states argue they need favourable trade terms because many of their farmers grow bananas on steep terrain and they don't have the economies of scale to compete with multinational companies in Central America. The Caribbean is already suffering from poverty, high unemployment and emigration. And the fear is that if these farmers are not growing bananas, they will turn to the more lucrative cash crop of marijuana. Preferential trading Of all the Caribbean economies, the Windward Islands are one of the most dependent on banana exporters. There has been a dramatic collapse in exports over the last two decades on islands such as Dominica. In 1988, the banana export-to-gross-domestic-product ratio in Dominica was 22%. Twenty years later, it was just 1.5%. \"At the peak in 1988, there were about 20,000 workers on the island dependent on the industry. Now the figure is about a quarter of this or maybe even less,\" says Julian Elwin, from Dominica Agricultural Producers and Exporters Limited. The Caribbean started exporting bananas to Britain in the 1950s to replace sugar exports which had become unprofitable. The preferential trading terms continued after Britain joined the European Union. Over the years, Caribbean producers have enjoyed favourable terms through a fiendishly complex regime of quotas, which guarantee access, and tariffs, which makes it more expensive for other countries to export to the EU. A bitter trade dispute ensued, which pitted Central American producers against the Caribbean. Why should countries such as France and Britain, they argued, be able to favour former colonies? El pulpo The likes of Guatemala and Honduras argued they are developing countries too and shouldn't be discriminated against by a banana regime that some described as neo-colonialist. One of the biggest banana producers in Central America is Chiquita, which took over United Brands, formally known as United Fruit. It's ironic because United Fruit itself has been heavily criticised for taking a neo-colonialist approach to business. It used to be one of the largest employers in Central America and was known as \"el pulpo\", the Octopus, by local journalists because of its reputation. It was accused of frequently bribing government officials and exploiting workers. In the 1950s, United Fruit was also accused of lobbying the US government to back the overthrow of a democratically elected government in Guatemala by the military. 'Declining exports' But the Caribbean's problems are not just limited to the EU import regime, according to Julian Elwin. \"The decline in our banana industry is also down to mismanagement, poor quality assurance and credit management which has led to key international buyers pulling out,\" he says. \"We need to refocus on agriculture and other areas of the economy, such as tourism, to cushion our declining exports of bananas.\" The EU quota system which guarantees exports has already ended. The new settlement leaves in place a tariff system in which preferential rates will gradually decrease for Caribbean exporters over the next five years. Pascal Lamy said the dispute \"could finally be put to bed\", and added it had lasted so long that quite a few people working on the case retired long ago. The banana war may have drawn to a close, but the fight for small Caribbean island states to diversify their economies away from this once-lucrative crop has intensified."
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"Represent the example for the following task: Generate an appropriate title for the given text. The generated title must be short and include the main topic of the text. The preferred titles are under fifteen words.:",
"The truce will run from Tuesday until 20 January, negotiator Ivan Marquez said. Colombian government negotiators arrived in Cuba late on Sunday for the peace talks. The Farc delegates have been in Havana since last week. The negotiations in Havana are aimed at ending five decades of conflict. As he boarded a plane in the Colombian capital, Bogota, chief government negotiator Humberto de la Calle said it was time for the rebels to show whether they were really \"willing to reach concrete and realistic agreements\". The negotiations were due to begin last Thursday, but were pushed back by four days as both sides said they needed time to work on \"technical details to ensure the participation of civil society\". The peace talks were officially launched at a ceremony in the Norwegian capital, Oslo, on 18 October. 'Rapid process' The negotiations will focus initially on the issue of land reform in Colombia, as it was a major reason for the uprising that brought about the establishment of the Farc [Revolutionary Armed Forces of Colombia] in the early 1960s. Four other points will be discussed: the end of armed conflict; guarantees for the exercise of political opposition and citizen participation; drug trafficking; and the rights of the victims of the conflict. \"This will be a rapid and effective process. A process of months, not years,\" said Mr De la Calle. He travelled to Havana on a Colombian Armed Forces plane in Bogota with four other government negotiators. The Colombian government expects the Farc to give up its armed struggle and join the political process as a legal party at the end of the negotiations. During the official launch of the face-to-face negotiations in Norway, Farc delegation head Ivan Marquez renewed calls for a ceasefire. But the Colombian government has said it will not repeat the mistakes of the past - a reference to the last peace efforts, which went on from 1999 to 2002. At the time, a huge area controlled by the left-wing rebels in the south of the country was demilitarized, which, according to critics, allowed them to rearm and weakened their will to seek a peace agreement. Hundreds of thousands of people have died since the conflict began in Colombia, with millions more displaced. The Farc, who numbered 16,000 in 2001, are now thought to have some 8,000 fighters."
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"Represent the example for the following task: Generate an appropriate title for the given text. The generated title must be short and include the main topic of the text. The preferred titles are under fifteen words.:",
"By Daniel GallasBBC News South America Business correspondent That has prompted institutions that champion free trade to warn that higher duties and other barriers to free trade could have devastating consequences for the global economy. Roberto Azevedo, head of the World Trade Organization, says trade barriers that keep foreign rivals out will encourage less competitive industries to produce more. He knows firsthand what protectionism can - or cannot - do. Mr Azevedo hails from Brazil, which for decades had some of the world's highest trade barriers despite being a commodities-exporting powerhouse and the world's ninth largest economy. Although Brazil has started to open up its economy, it is still towards the bottom of the latest \"trade freedom\" index from the Heritage Foundation. Latin America has long been a fan of the \"infant industry\" argument for protectionism, which says tariffs foster the growth of national champions that would otherwise be crushed by foreign competition. Much of modern Brazil was built with the help of protectionist policies. Since the 1950s, trade barriers and government subsidies were used to force major carmakers including Volkswagen, Ford, Fiat and Mercedes to set up factories in the country. Many uncompetitive industries - from textiles to computers - were able to flourish due to trade policies that made foreign goods too expensive to import. It was not until the early 1990s that Brazil started opening up to the world - but protectionism remains an important ingredient in forcing foreign players to manufacture locally. Tariffs on imported trucks or buses amount to 132% of the final price, according to one study in 2014. The price of an Apple iPhone in Brazil is on average 50% more than in the US. The best way - sometimes the only way - to sell to Brazil's 200 million consumers is to set up a local factory and become a \"national\" player. While free trade has become something of a mantra in recent years, some question its benefit to emerging economies. Global Trade More from the BBC's series taking an international perspective on trade: Cambridge University economist Ha Joon-Chang argues that most countries that champion free trade - such as the US before Mr Trump became president - only achieved economic prosperity through protectionist policies. Free trade is only a means for developed economies to \"kick away the ladder\" of development so that emerging nations are kept uncompetitive, he says. This school of thought remains popular in Latin America. Brazilian industry still relies heavily on trade barriers and subsidies to protect its national industry. Last year the WTO ruled against the country's car industry policy, known as Inovar-Auto, which has dished out almost $8bn in incentives to local producers since 2010. Jobs are a central part of the strategy: many subsidies and tax breaks were issued in 2014 in an attempt to protect jobs at a time when the country was slipping into a damaging recession. If other countries do impose higher tariffs and continue to battle trade wars, could historically protected economies such as Brazil benefit? Ironically, the drift towards protectionism comes as Brazil tries to open up its economy and has recently applied to join the OECD (Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development), a club of rich nations. The application is part of the Brazilian government's drive to win more foreign investment and make the economy more market-driven. An OECD report earlier this year said unleashing Brazil's full economic potential and reducing inequality will require more cuts to public spending and more trade and investment. Meanwhile, the trade war between China and the US is unlikely to help liberalise trade policies in South America. Those who support free trade in Brazil, which is a member of the G20, say the battle is bad timing for an economy that is still struggling to recover from recession. \"Because Brazil is such a closed economy, it ends up having very low productivity compared to more developed countries. If you are more competitive you become more productive - and for that you need to be more open and more integrated into global value chains,\" says Gabriel Petrus, director of the Brazilian chapel of the International Chamber of Commerce (ICC), a business organisation that champions free trade. Brazil is now preparing for a general election in October and polls suggest some leading candidates support nationalist and protectionist policies to a degree. That - and the sabre rattling between the US and China - suggest the world's trade battles are unlikely to abate any time soon."
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"Represent the example for the following task: Generate an appropriate title for the given text. The generated title must be short and include the main topic of the text. The preferred titles are under fifteen words.:",
"The airline has said it \"expects limited disruption\" in addition to the cancelled flights. It is the result of a strike by pilots who are due to walk out for 24 hours from 01:00 BST on Thursday. The airline has said only Ireland-UK flights are affected. Ryanair and union officials met for talks on Wednesday which ended without agreement. No impact on Ireland-Europe flights According to a statement from Ryanair, the meeting lasted for seven hours. The pilots' union Fórsa, of which the Irish Airline Pilots' Association (IALPA) is a branch, had earlier said it was not optimistic that a deal could be reached to avert the strike. Flights between Ireland and Europe are set to operate as normal. \"All customers who are travelling on flights to/from Ireland on Thursday 12 July who have not received any email or text notifications of flight cancellations should travel to their departure airport as normal,\" Ryanair said in a statement. Earlier in the week the airline said it had planned for the strike by trying to \"minimise the impact\" on \"families travelling on holidays to Portugal, France, Spain, Italy and Greece\". \"We will do this by cancelling a number of flights on high frequency routes from Ireland to London and other UK destinations where customers can transfer readily to other flights.\" The IALPA ballot of those directly employed by Ryanair resulted in overwhelming support - 99% - for action, although Ryanair says this only represents 27% of its workforce in the Republic of Ireland. Further strikes planned The airline has said it \"cannot rule out further disruptions in July and August\". Cabin crew in Italy will go on strike for 24-hours on 25 July, while crew in Spain, Portugal and Belgium will strike for 48 hours on 25-26 July. Unions have said further action may follow if the airline does not make concessions on some employment terms."
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"Represent the example for the following task: Generate an appropriate title for the given text. The generated title must be short and include the main topic of the text. The preferred titles are under fifteen words.:",
"Their flights were cancelled or delayed over the summer because of strikes by Ryanair pilots and cabin crew. The CAA says they are entitled to compensation under EU law. However, Ryanair argues the strike action amounts to \"extraordinary circumstances\" and that therefore, it does not have to pay. More Ryanair passengers have put in compensation claims for cancellations or delays to arbitration this year than any other airline. Figures from the Alternative Dispute Resolution (ADR) service showed the airline accounted for the largest proportion - 30% - of all appeals. In the first nine months of 2018, it received 22,159 complaints, but only processed 1,347 of 6,653 Ryanair cases. According to the CAA, under EU legislation, passengers are allowed to make an EU261 claim when flights are delayed by three hours or more, cancelled or when they are denied boarding. Ryanair, like other airlines, was signed up to abide by ADR decisions. Ryanair has now told the CAA that it has terminated its agreement with ADR. \"As a result of Ryanair's action, passengers with an existing claim will now have to await the outcome of the Civil Aviation Authority's enforcement action,\" the CAA said. 'We had to check out two nights early' Helen Derbyshire, 21, from Manchester, had to cut short her holiday in Berlin in September with her sister Abigail, 18, when their return Ryanair flight was cancelled because of strike action. She has since attempted to claim compensation herself, as well as through a claims company, Resolver, but Ryanair has refused. She told the BBC: \"We were really disappointed, because we'd been looking forward to it all year. \"Ryanair offered us a flight back the following week, but due to commitments with work and college, we had to fly back the next day. We also did not have enough euros to stay at our hotel for an extra two nights. \"We were very upset, as we had saved for months for this holiday, and we lost a lot of money on our hotel, as we had to check out two nights early. \"On top of this, we only had two full days in Berlin, out of the five we should have had. \"We were very worried and not sure what to do. Ryanair told us not to ring them, as they said the phone lines would be very busy, so we had to work it out for ourselves. \"I am very unhappy about the service we received from Ryanair. I have documents from Ryanair giving us two different stories about why they cancelled our flight, and evidence that they have refused to give us any money back.\" Hard-working families In response to the CAA's announcement, a Ryanair spokesperson said: \"Courts in Germany, Spain and Italy have already ruled that strikes are an 'exceptional circumstance' and EU261 compensation does not apply. We expect the UK CAA and courts will follow this precedent.\" Consumer rights organisations have welcomed the CAA's move. Rory Boland, Which? travel editor, said: \"Customers would have been outraged that Ryanair attempted to shirk its responsibilities by refusing to pay out compensation for cancelling services during the summer - which left hard-working families stranded with holiday plans stalled. \"It is right that the CAA is now taking legal action against Ryanair on the basis that such strikes were not 'extraordinary circumstances' and should not be exempt, to ensure that the airline must finally do the right thing by its customers and pay the compensation owed.\""
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"Represent the example for the following task: Generate an appropriate title for the given text. The generated title must be short and include the main topic of the text. The preferred titles are under fifteen words.:",
"However, Simon Coveney said he does not think international flights should be prevented from landing in Ireland. Irish authorities require anyone coming into the Republic of Ireland, apart from those from Northern Ireland, to self-isolate for 14 days. That advice applies until 20 July. On Monday, Mr Coveney said now is not a time for normal holidays involving tourists coming from abroad. He said there is some evidence that some tourists in Ireland are not restricting their movements, adding that this had created a concern across the tourism industry in Ireland. Mr Coveney said Irish people who are holidaying in Ireland want to know that they can holiday with their family safely. He added that the Irish government is considering measures it can take to improve communications and to improve protocols at airports. These include ensuring that the passenger locator form is moved online so a person can stand over the accuracy of the information given. Mr Coveney said there is a legal requirement on people to fill out the passenger locator form accurately. He said if a follow-up reveals people are not in the place where they said they would be staying, then they would have broken the law. He warned there are \"severe penalties\" for this. Mr Coveney also said there are 200 to 250 people a day arriving from the US, which he said should be viewed in the context of 4,500 people a day coming into Ireland. \"The majority of these are Irish people coming home\", he added. Speaking at Monday evening's Department of Health briefing on Covid-19, acting Chief Medical Officer, Dr Ronan Glynn, said he did not think it was reasonable to shut down travel completely. \"I don't think it's reasonable in the context of a pandemic that could go on for many months to say we could shut down travel completely,\" he said. \"However from a public health point of view, we want to stop as much, if not all not essential travel, if at all possible.\" Dr Glynn outlined that since the beginning of June, travellers to Ireland from Afghanistan, Bangladesh, France, Germany, UAE, India, Iraq, Malaysia, Portugal, Sudan, Sweden, Ukraine, UK, and the US have tested positive for Covid-19. On Monday, the Irish Department of Health said there had been no further Covid-19 related deaths reported to them for the second day in a row. There were 11 confirmed additional cases. From last week people arriving in Northern Ireland from more than 50 countries including France, Spain, Germany and Italy are no longer required to quarantine."
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"Represent the example for the following task: Generate an appropriate title for the given text. The generated title must be short and include the main topic of the text. The preferred titles are under fifteen words.:",
"The proposed Cambridge to Cambourne busway, an extension of the city's current scheme, has been one of the county's most controversial transport projects. An independent audit was commissioned in January after key stakeholders failed to agree on the preferred route. Coton parish councillor Helen Bradbury said the current proposals would damage the countryside and not be an attractive option for commuters. She said: \"There's no good links to key commuter destinations. \"You could reduce congestion on that route from 40 minutes to 10 minutes by putting bus lanes at pinch points. You could do that for one-twentieth of the cost,\" she said. All three candidates for Mayor of the Cambridgeshire and Peterborough Combined Authority have plans to improve public transport, but each is drastically different. In alphabetical order, they set out their plans below. Nik Johnson, Labour \"I will immediately prioritise taking all local buses under the direct control of the combined authority and plan for a huge investment in a green, low-carbon bus network of \"Fen Tigers\", with flexible fare policies, linking rural communities, market towns and our two cities. \"A proposed plan for a new busway continuing up to the Fens alongside other bus routes radiating in all directions from Cambridge complement the vision of enhanced bus networks.\" James Palmer, Conservatives \"The Cambourne to Cambridge Busway is a scheme that has been poorly thought-out and scandalously handled from day one by the Greater Cambridge Partnership. A busway to nowhere, it does not and will not address the congestion problems facing Cambridge. \"It has been poorly consulted and little or no consideration has been given to east/west rail, CAM metro or where all those buses will go when they get to West Cambridge. \"Unlike the GCP's ill-conceived busways, CAM metro is a fully integrated, complete transport vision that will create a platform for sustainable growth across the region. If I am elected mayor, I will bring the GCP into the combined authority and offer streamlined, joined-up transport solutions that benefit the whole area.\" Aidan Van de Weyer, Liberal Democrats \"It is vital to get a really good public transport link between Cambourne and Cambridge. Cambourne shouldn't have been built without one. \"We've not been able to get agreement on the exact route, so I'm pleased to say we are now having an independent audit of the process so far, which will report in a couple of months. We then need to come up with a plan that everyone can stick to.\" Current figures from the Local Government Information Unit (LGIU), show that for every £100 spent by Cambridgeshire County Council £4.74 goes on Highways and Transport. However, this does not include other forms of council spending such as one-off capital investments. A modern browser with JavaScript and a stable internet connection is required to view this interactive. More information about these elections Who can I vote for in my area? Enter your postcode, or the name of your English council or Scottish or Welsh constituency to find out. Eg 'W1A 1AA' or 'Westminster' A special programme with all three candidates - called A Mayor for Cambridge and Peterborough - will be broadcast at 14:20 BST on Sunday on BBC One in the East. Related Internet Links Cambridgeshire and Peterborough Combined Authority Greater Cambridge Partnership"
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"Represent the example for the following task: Generate an appropriate title for the given text. The generated title must be short and include the main topic of the text. The preferred titles are under fifteen words.:",
"By Tim Donovan & Susana Mendonca & Sam FrancisBBC London More than six million people are registered to vote in the capital on 6 May. We asked each candidate why they think they should get your vote, and quizzed them on their priorities. Here is what they had to say. Shaun Bailey, Conservatives London needs a fresh start. Sadiq Khan has failed to deliver. Under Sadiq Khan, we've seen record levels of crime. We've seen council tax bills hiked. And of course, we've seen no delivery on housing. I have a plan to give London a fresh start to move in the right direction. I'll get 8,000 extra police officers on the streets, 4,000 youth workers to help our young people. I'll build 100,000 homes for £100,000 using shared ownership. Each one of those homes will produce 2.4 jobs. The biggest problem in London is undoubtedly the crime epidemic. Even Sadiq Khan himself said the streets of London are no longer safe for women and girls. That's just not acceptable. That's why I will reopen 38 police stations that Sadiq Khan has closed I spend much of my time bridging the gap between communities and police and I will do that across all of London. And I have a plan to generate 924,000 jobs over a five-year period. Watch an extended interview with Shaun Bailey here. Kam Balayev, Renew Londoners are sitting on a goldmine. I want to unlock this cash from my platform, which is the new economy. We are being robbed on a daily basis. By the time Londoners are done reading this interview, they will have generated enough data for Big Tech to turn into cash. I simply want to reverse this. I want to take some of the profits from Big Tech, that they generate from us, and invest back in us through a pay rise and affordable homes for Londoners. I think we need to rethink our conversation and our relationship with Big Tech. Of course, we have to work together with 10 Downing Street and other stakeholders. Alone it's not achievable. Watch an extended interview with Kam Balayev here. Sian Berry, Green Party Londoners are crying out for a new start after the year we've had - and the existing problems we had even before coronavirus. They want to see a real green recovery. One that invests in people, in a secure future, and they're ready to vote for it. The Greens are ready to roll up our sleeves, like Green mayors all over London, and build up that green economy. The housing crisis has been hugely worsened by the coronavirus crisis. We now have renters all over London in arrears. We have a massive shortage of social housing and we're knocking down perfectly good council homes and not replacing them for years. It has to stop. We need a mayor of London who is willing to get involved. London's current mayor is leaving a lot of gaps in Green policies. A £50m green recovery is a drop in the ocean. Watch an extended interview with Sian Berry here. Count Binface, Count Binface for Mayor of London Like many Londoners, I looked at the list of candidates in 2021 and I thought \"this is looking like a rubbish election\". And you know, rubbish is kind of my thing. So I thought, 'why not throw my bin into the ring?'. My plan is to put London on the map. London's pigeons also need sorting out. They've been getting away with too much for too long. But I suppose my biggest platform is about improving London's transport, improving London's cleanliness and making sure once this whole Covid nastiness is out of the way we can \"build back better\". That slogan is mine! One of my key platforms is to finish Crossrail. People are saying I'm mad to even attempt it but that railway needs to be built, no matter what. Watch an extended interview with Count Binface here. Valerie Brown, Burning Pink We need to change the system of government and put the power in the hands of the people. That is done through citizens' assemblies. This election for me is a really important one because we need systemic change. And if I win, it is a step in the right direction. A bold step to begin the transition from the power in the hands of politicians to power in the hands of the people. Inequality and the fact that people's voices are not heard are the biggest problems Londoners face. The majority of Londoners are actually quite poor people. People who are struggling and suffering. For London to be a truly democratic city, everybody's voice has to be heard. I want people to tell me what's important to them and how best to get around the city. Watch an extended interview with Valerie Brown here. Piers Corbyn, Let London Live Let London Live are the different party, which Londoners need to break out of the current crisis of doom and have a real prosperous way forward. The biggest threat facing Londoners is the continuation of lockdown in various forms. Covid restrictions and tracking and tracing are an infringement on freedoms. On day one, I would end all these Covid restriction measures. I would tell the police not to implement them, but to concentrate on civil policing and knife crime. And to allay the fear of people who are still going to be worried about such things, we are going to spend whatever is needed to prevent people with a serious illness from getting more ill. Currently, loads of people with cancer and diabetes are excluded from the NHS because of the Covid restrictions. No-one should be left behind. Watch an extended interview with Piers Corbyn here. Max Fosh, Independent I am running to beat Laurence Fox. I don't think I would be a good mayor at all. I don't think I have the expertise or the political knowledge to become London mayor. But I am running nonetheless, to beat the aforementioned Laurence Fox. I also want to increase the voter turnout from the younger demographic between 18-25. In the UK, we are lagging behind in terms of young people voting in comparison to our neighbours on the continent. If I was elected London mayor, which I know I'm not going to, I would listen to all of the scientists and people from industry to try and get us the best solution to get us out of Covid-19. I understand that I have absolutely no chance of winning. Watch an extended interview with Max Fosh here. Laurence Fox, Reclaim Party A year ago we locked down London for three weeks. We gave our liberty to the government for three weeks to flatten the curve. Instead of giving us our freedom back, the government is considering even more authoritarian measures. We need to get London open and moving. Bring back tourists to this great city and bring people back to work. The biggest problem facing Londoners is lack of optimism, lack of hope. They've been frightened to death, essentially. We need to give people hope and optimism to get back out there. Get back working and get a small business up and running. You need to give people an incentive to get back on the Tubes, trains and buses and get back to work and play. We can slowly get back to normal. Give people permission to enjoy their life again. It's time to get London back to work with some free transport and get the small business open, and pubs, bars and restaurants, and get people to enjoy their lives again. This is the greatest city on earth. Watch an extended interview with Laurence Fox here. Peter Gammons, UKIP I want to restore sanity to London. I'm tired of sitting in traffic because of bicycle lanes. People are tired of their roads being closed down. People are tired of decisions being made without them being consulted. I believe London needs a mayor that will represent them, not force things on them. There are a number of problems. There's a lack of affordable housing. I have strategies to build 100,000 homes for around £150,000. We need to restore community policing - police on the beat to rebuild trust. During the lockdown rallies, we've seen these violent scenes with police with riot shields. Transport for London is not run efficiently. The whole thing needs to be re-evaluated. Watch an extended interview with Peter Gammons here. Richard Hewison, Rejoin EU There is literally no-one else that represents my views standing for mayor of London. Obviously, I'm in favour of rejoining the EU - hence the name of the party I'm running for. What truly shocks me in this election is there's no candidate who is even acknowledging the problems that Brexit is bringing. Brexit is a disaster for London. The amount of people who have left London, the amount of jobs that have left London and the amount of capital that has left London - it's a disaster of an unprecedented scale. Whatever your views are on Brexit, something has to be done to address it. The biggest issues facing Londoners are the twin problems of recovering from Covid, coming out of lockdown and at the same time adjusting to the new economic realities, which for many Londoners means they are radically changing the relationship they had with suppliers, customers, people and family as a result of the changes in Brexit. Whoever becomes mayor has a massive challenge on their hands. Watch an extended interview with Richard Hewison here. Vanessa Hudson, Animal Welfare Party I'm standing for election because, regrettably, I believe the running of London has been approached from a speciesist perspective. That is to say, we have promoted the needs of humans and we haven't looked at the needs of animals and the environment. I believe, as we emerge from a pandemic, that approach no longer serves us. It is that very approach that has led us to the triple crisis we now face: the crisis of health, the crisis of biodiversity and the crisis of climate. So, as we emerge from this pandemic, we have the opportunity to forge a new way forward. I believe that London can lead the world in a new direction, acting as a beacon of innovation and of healthy, sustainable, compassionate living. Obviously, the pandemic is the issue at the forefront of everyone's mind. But the problem is that unless we change our relationship with nature, animals and the environment there could be more pandemics in the future for us to battle. Watch an extended interview with Vanessa Hudson here. Sadiq Khan, Labour If I'm re-elected I think it's possible for us to have a better city after the pandemic than before - with a brighter future for London. The mantra is going to be jobs, jobs, jobs. A green new deal, with a green skills academy, creating jobs for our young people. We need to make sure we don't let the combination of the pandemic and Brexit lead to the sort of situation we had in the 1980s - with mass unemployment and a generation written off. That's why we're going to build on the progress made in the first term with genuinely affordable homes, with making sure we're investing in young Londoners, as well as investing in the police. I'll continue to build record numbers of council homes and genuinely affordable homes, and continue to clean up the air in London. So as we began to progress on all those things, the key challenge is going to be in the next term making sure we avoid a massive recession. Watch an extended interview with Sadiq Khan here. Steve Kelleher, Social Democratic Party My vision for London is to see grandparents, parents and adult children once again within walking distance of one another. I'm going to do that by building 50,000 council houses per year by 2024. More importantly, I will prioritise people born and bred in the borough to receive those council houses. That will be fantastic for building community and will aid my second big policy, which is to back our police. I want 10,000 neighbourhood police back on the beat, giving commanders the opportunity to deal with issues without politicians getting involved. I will give free travel for everybody in the three years running up to their 25th birthday. I want to support the youth of London that have given up so much during this pandemic. I want to see them out, getting jobs and building businesses - and getting London buzzing. Watch an extended interview with Steve Kelleher here. David Kurten, Heritage Party My main principles resonate with Londoners, which are to make London safe again, get London moving again and open London. The mayor has a very strong voice in the whole political scene in the country. I think the mayor of London needs to call for an end to lockdown and an opening up of businesses, shops, theatres and music venues without restrictions. That's what we need. To get London thriving and booming again. London just needs to have the shackles taken off. Londoners are innovative. They're entrepreneurial. Londoners have got great energy. The mayor is in charge of the Met Police. What I want to do is get the police to focus on catching real criminals rather than spending a lot of time going round to people's houses and giving out fines for having a coffee morning or going to churches. That's not what the police should be doing. Watch an extended interview with David Kurten here. Farah London, Independent London should always have an independent voice. As we have seen from successive mayors, when you have a political party and a representative mayor, unfortunately, they represent the political agenda and not the people of London. As we can see right now, the political parties of the mayor and the government, all they do is argue with each other and nothing gets done. I'm standing to be the independent voice for the people of London. We have lost our pride in London. London is so disconnected. Communities are divided. People don't know what it is to be a Londoner any more, and crime has spiralled out of control. So we need a mayor that has leadership, that will actually run things for the people, and actually put [forward] policies that better London. My manifesto has been written at the grassroots by the people. I'm not dictating. Watch an extended interview with Farah London here. Nims Obunge, Independent I'm really keen to ensure we reduce knife crime, violent crime against young children. I want to ensure we can support the most vulnerable families in our city. London is an amazing city, we have such diversity. I want to celebrate the greatness that's in our city. There is violent crime in our city and there is poverty in our city. We need to address those two key things. We've got to deal with the poverty of opportunity and poverty of aspiration. We have to look at what is happening in many communities where we are losing young lives - not just losing lives to knife crime, but also losing them to the prison system. The police budget is the highest we have ever had in the memory of our city, and yet crime keeps on going up. It's not about pouring more money into policing, it's also about trying to make sure we invest in our communities. Watch an extended interview with Nims Obunge here. Niko Omilana, Independent Should I be London mayor? What a stupid question - of course, I should. The system is broken for young people and I am the only man who can fix it. We are not taken seriously and it makes me sick. I have more knowledge, strength and integrity than any other candidate. The people who run this country are unserious, and that comes from someone wearing children's glasses. But I am taking action now. I have a message to our prime minister on behalf of every young person in our nation: \"Boris Johnson, shush.\" The biggest threat to our country is our prime minister. If a man who cannot even comb his hair properly is running our nation, then we truly have no hope. London under me will have equal opportunity. Watch an extended interview with Niko Omilana here. Luisa Porritt, Liberal Democrats I've got a plan to take London forward that embraces the changes that are under way in the capital; changes that have sped up as a result of the pandemic - things like the shift to online shopping and more home working. I've got a plan to make sure we're embracing that change and that we're seizing the opportunities for our capital as part of that. I think we've got a once-in-a-generation opportunity to finally fix our housing crisis - converting some of the empty office space coming on to the market into quality affordable homes. I think we've got an opportunity to reinvent our high streets, with more people spending time in their local area and money there. We can make sure they're fit for the future and providing the services that local communities need. There's a job crisis. London has been hit harder than any other part of the country by unemployment as a result of the pandemic. That's why I've put jobs at the heart of my plan to take London forward. Watch an extended interview with Luisa Porritt here. Mandu Reid, Women's Equality Party London has never had a female mayor and it shows. I want London to be a city where everyone can take freedom and safety for granted - men and women. I want London to be a city where everyone can thrive and fulfil their potential. Now we're at a crossroads in London with the aftermath of Covid and we have to meet the moment. We've got to address two really, really big things. The issue of violence against women and girls, which has been in greater visibility over the last few weeks. As well as recovering from Covid and dealing with the fact that the impact of the pandemic has not fallen evenly, women are disproportionately affected. Watch an extended interview with Mandu Reid here. Brian Rose, London Real Party Londoners care about four things: crime, jobs, transport and housing. With my 30 years of business experience, I plan to rebuild London's economy by abolishing the congestion charge until 2022 and dropping business rates to zero. Next, I want to put 10,000 new police officers on the street. I want to raise £100m from corporations to go directly to our community centres. I'm going to build 50,000 new affordable homes by Christmas this year. And I'm going to run TfL at a profit by introducing an infrastructure levy. London was founded on the economy, but yet we don't have a businessperson at the helm. I've worked in aerospace, automotive, on Wall Street and the City of London. I know how to be proactive about getting London back to work. We've got to invest in the economy, and I've got big plans. Watch an extended interview with Brian Rose here. Related Internet Links London City Hall Electing the Mayor and Assembly London Elects"
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"Represent the example for the following task: Generate an appropriate title for the given text. The generated title must be short and include the main topic of the text. The preferred titles are under fifteen words.:",
"Sir Richard, who owns Virgin Atlantic, said more airport capacity was urgently needed. Plans for a third runway were scrapped two years ago and an airport in the Thames is now being considered. Gordon Henderson, who represents Sittingbourne and Sheppey, said the plan was \"barmy\". The Conservative MP said: \"I'm delighted that someone so high profile agrees with those of us that think that it's a barmy idea and uneconomic. \"Whilst he wasn't ruling it out, in practical terms [Sir Richard said] it wasn't feasible. \"And more importantly what he was saying was that it's plainly clear that if they built a hub in the Thames Estuary you would have to close Heathrow. \"This would mean people that work at Heathrow would have to move to the new airport and that would cause all sorts of logistical problems.\" Sir Richard said building an airport in the Thames could take 20 years. In an interview with BBC South East, he said: \"In the meantime, Great Britain comes to a full stop because there is no more capacity at Heathrow, Gatwick is pretty well full, and much of the business is now going to France and Germany.\" Transport Secretary Justine Greening is expected to announce a new airport capacity review later this month, including the possibility of a new airport on reclaimed land in the Thames estuary."
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"Represent the example for the following task: Generate an appropriate title for the given text. The generated title must be short and include the main topic of the text. The preferred titles are under fifteen words.:",
"Sgt Louise Lucas, 41, a mother-of-three, was killed and her eight-year-old daughter suffered minor injuries in Tuesday's collision on The Kingsway. It was the second death in 18 months. Swansea council is to install barriers on the road's central reservation and is now changing the traffic flow in the bus lane \"as quickly\" as possible. The current system has two lanes of normal traffic travelling west on one side of the road, with two lanes of public transport - one going east and one west - on the other side. In September 2013, Daniel Foss, 37, from Reynoldston, Gower, died after being struck by a National Express bus on the road and there have been other incidents since the system was introduced in 2006. Nearly 3,000 people have signed a petition calling for changes, including a return to a traditional two-way system on the road. Swansea Council leader, Rob Stewart, said the council was \"deeply saddened\" by Sgt Lucas's death and acknowledged the public had \"raised concerns\" about The Kingsway. He said the authority had been working for \"some time\" to improve the road layout in the city centre. Legal steps \"We are bringing forward some of the potential measures and we're working in partnership with others, including local bus operators, to address concerns as quickly as possible,\" he said. \"These measures are the ones we can do immediately, but others will follow as we develop our plans.\" The changes will affect all bus and coach operators, taxis and private hire firms but would take \"some time\" because legal steps had to be taken and buses needed re-routing. The council announced the move after talks with Justin Davies, managing director of local bus operator, First Cymru, and the chair of the Confederation of Passenger Transport Wales."
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"Represent the example for the following task: Generate an appropriate title for the given text. The generated title must be short and include the main topic of the text. The preferred titles are under fifteen words.:",
"The collision happened just before 09:00 BST and the woman, 26, was pronounced dead at the scene. City of London Police shut the Bank junction for four hours and said the cyclist's next of kin were being told. She is the eighth cyclist to die on London's roads this year. Transport for London (TfL) said every death was \"one too many\" and it was \"committed to making all roads safer for everyone\". Leon Daniels, from TfL, said the organisation's \"deepest sympathies go out to the family and friends\" of the cyclist who \"tragically lost her life\". \"Every death on London's road is one too many and we are committed to making all roads safer for everyone,\" Mr Daniels added. \"We will do all we can to help assist the police and the local highway authority as they investigate this terrible incident.\" On Friday, a 50-year-old cyclist died after colliding with a car in Harrow. Other cyclist fatalities in recent months include 32-year-old Esther Hartsilver, who was killed in a crash in Camberwell, and designer Moira Gemmill who died in a collision with an HGV close to Lambeth Bridge. 'So sad' Last year a total of 13 cyclists were killed on the city's roads and 14 died in 2013. Statistically, the number of cyclist injured or killed on London's roads has fallen. TfL figures released earlier this month show 432 cyclists were seriously injured or killed on the roads in 2014 - the lowest level since records began. London Cycling Campaign's (LCC) chief executive, Ashok Sinha, said the group was \"deeply saddened\" to hear of the news. \"Without knowing the precise circumstances of today's tragedy, fatalities like this underline how urgently we need proper, protected space for cycling, especially at junctions,\" he said. Safety plans 'shelved' The campaign group, which said seven of the eight cycling deaths in London this year have involved HGVs, with construction lorries being the main type of vehicle involved, is calling for safer lorry designs to be adopted. It described the six-way junction at Bank as a \"dreadful throwback to a past, car-dominated era\". Darren Johnson, Green Party member of the London Assembly, said delays in making junctions safer - such as plans to improve Lambeth junction, consulted upon in 2012 as part of the Mayor of London's Better Junction program - were \"costing Londoners lives\". He said \"again and again\" plans were discussed and safety improvements were \"shelved\". \"The result is that dangerous junctions stay dangerous and inevitably someone dies, or is seriously injured,\" he added."
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"Represent the example for the following task: Generate an appropriate title for the given text. The generated title must be short and include the main topic of the text. The preferred titles are under fifteen words.:",
"Lynn McNally, 46, was found dead at a property in Mullinder Drive in Ketley on Wednesday. West Mercia Police said she died from multiple stab wounds. Paul Beddoes, 44, also of Mullinder Drive, has appeared at Telford Magistrates Court. He was remanded in custody and will next appear at Shrewsbury Crown Court on 27 February. Supt Tom Harding said Ms McNally's next-of-kin were being supported by specialist officers. The force previously said it was treating the death as an \"isolated incident\" and said its investigation is still ongoing."
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"Represent the example for the following task: Generate an appropriate title for the given text. The generated title must be short and include the main topic of the text. The preferred titles are under fifteen words.:",
"By Gordon CoreraSecurity correspondent, BBC News He had been a key contact for a Russian military intelligence officer named Col Oleg Penkovsky, who had provided vital intelligence at a time of great tension during the Cold War. Penkovsky was run jointly by a team of CIA and MI6 officers with the initial meetings taking place at a London hotel, but contacting him in Moscow and passing information proved hard, dangerous work. At an embassy reception, a young CIA officer named Hugh Montgomery had to climb precariously on top of a sink which then came away from the wall in order to retrieve a message Penkovsky had left in the toilet cistern. In a Moscow park, Penkovsky also passed packets of sweets (with camera film hidden inside) to the wife of a British MI6 officer while she was pushing her children in a pram. And another CIA officer was later sent to clear a \"drop\" in an apartment block where a message was supposed to have been left by Penkovsky. When he reached behind a radiator for a matchbox containing the message, he was pounced on and detained by the KGB. He, along with Montgomery and others, was expelled. Wynne was arrested and sent to jail until he was swapped for a KGB spy arrested in London. Penkovsky himself paid the ultimate price and was executed. 'Moscow Rules' One of the lessons of the Penkovsky case was that running agents in Moscow was extremely hard for Western intelligence services. It required what were known as \"Moscow Rules\" - the closest attention to detail and to what is known in the spy-world as \"tradecraft\" to avoid being caught. When Britain's MI6 recruited KGB Col Oleg Gordievsky in the 1970s in Denmark, they were careful not to try to meet him regularly in Moscow for fear of exposing him and leaving him to the fate of Penkovsky. In the end when the KGB finally caught on to him, he had to be smuggled out of Russia in the boot of an MI6 officer's car in one of the most daring operations of the Cold War. The Cold War is, of course, over. But spying is not. Each side still wants to know about the other's secrets. What is Moscow really thinking and doing about Syria or Iran, for instance? And where are Russia's spies hidden within the West? The former type of information might be known by a diplomat - the latter only by another spy. And the Russians, of course, want information on British and American politics, defence assets and wider industry (especially high-tech) as well as its spies. Britain's MI5 has complained about the activities of Russian spies in the UK, saying the numbers are close to Cold War levels - although many will be looking at the large number of Russian exiles. And America's FBI in 2010 exposed a Russian spy ring living under deep cover, including Anna Chapman, which was thought to be gathering political information. Political messages It would be naive to think this was a one-way street, and that the US (and Britain) did not still try and spy on Russia. MI6 was famously accused of deploying a \"spy rock\" in a Moscow park in 2006 in which a transmitter to pass information was concealed (meaning there was less need for the kind of furtive exchange that got Penkovsky into trouble). Much like this latest incident, British diplomats were named by the Russians and exposed on TV. There is an element of theatrics in the way it is portrayed: the way an agent kicked the rock to check it was working or the display of the wig the alleged CIA man was wearing. It is designed to embarrass and show up the amateurishness of the other side - one spy service showing it has one up on its opponent and that opponent, no doubt, now keen to get its own back. There are political messages as well. Moscow has often emphasised that foreign spies are hard at work trying to \"subvert\" the country and the government (something they particularly used to accuse the British of doing right back to the aftermath of 1917), and exposing spies provides ammunition for that claim. The arrest of alleged CIA spies harks back both to a Cold War sense of an external danger as well a sense of Russia still being a country the CIA wants to spy on - like it did in the old days when the US and Russia were seen (often wrongly) as evenly matched. It provides a kind of importance and familiarity. Everyone has read John le Carre and knows how these things work. And it is a lot less complicated and easier to understand than some of the more complex security threats and relationships of the modern world. Fifty years ago Greville Wynne was put on trial. Eight years later in 1971, Britain threw out more than 100 Russian diplomats in a very public effort to try to put a lid on their activities. In 2006, British diplomats were embarrassed by the spy rock scandal, and in 2010, Anna Chapman and others were swapped for individuals who had been accused by Russia of being spies. Each time, the spying continued. And make no mistake, it will do this time as well."
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"Represent the example for the following task: Generate an appropriate title for the given text. The generated title must be short and include the main topic of the text. The preferred titles are under fifteen words.:",
"By James LandaleDiplomatic correspondent Newly-released memos show the Foreign Office urged the Sunday Times to suggest France had \"its own Kim Philby\" - the notorious British double agent. The plot is revealed in documents from the National Archives. It was known about at the top of the UK government, including then-prime minister, Labour's Harold Wilson. The apparent aim was to convince the French to stop the magazine, Paris Match, from publishing Philby's memoirs - and deflect some of the criticism levelled against British intelligence at the time. There were also fears that Philby's book, written from exile in Moscow where he had defected to in 1963, would contain embarrassing revelations and would be used as propaganda by the KGB. The plot came at a time of poor Anglo-French relations as President Charles de Gaulle repeatedly stopped the UK joining the European Community. The revelation is contained in a memo dated 3 January 1968 from Sir Denis Greenhill, one of the most senior officials at the Foreign Office, to Cabinet Secretary Sir Burke Trend, and the Foreign Office minister, Lord Chalfont. The memo reads: \"As agreed, I consulted Lord Chalfont on whether he thought it would be a good idea to suggest to Mr [Harry] Evans [editor] of the Sunday Times that they write an article entitled 'Is there a French Philby?'. Lord Chalfont agreed that this might be profitable. \"I accordingly saw Mr Evans last evening for a few minutes and put the idea to him. I suggested that the article might start from the point that Philby's memoirs seemed likely to appear in Paris Match and then go on to speculate whether the French had escaped the penetration which Philby and company had successfully achieved here… He seemed quite taken with the idea but made no promises.\" In the memo, Sir Denis also suggested the Sunday Times examine a spy novel by Leon Uris called Topaz - about Russian intelligence operations in France - which the diplomat claimed \"was founded on fact\". Another memo from Sir Denis dated 16 March 1968 reported on a follow-up exchange with Harry Evans. The Sunday Times editor asked Sir Denis to confirm various pieces of information his reporters had dug up. Sir Denis replied: \"After consulting Lord Chalfont, I rang up Mr Evans and told him that we would not wish to give him any detailed comments but I could tell him that in our view their work was 'a pretty good effort'.\" 'Dirty work' A week or so later, on 28 March, Sir Denis reported back to his superiors on yet another conversation. \"Mr Harold Evans spoke to me again today about the Sunday Times piece 'is there a French Philby?'… They proposed to publish it on Sunday 7 April and that Life magazine were also interested in it. He said he would be getting a full text of it next week and would be happy to show it to me.\" On a covering note, Lord Chalfont scribbled: \"There is no honour in a bit of dirty work at this particular crossroads. I will tell the prime minister.\" In mid-April, both the Sunday Times and Life magazine published stories suggesting a Soviet spy was working on President de Gaulle's staff. The Sunday Times reported: \"There has been a traitor, a French Philby, who pushed President de Gaulle into anti-Western acts.\" Its reports were based in part on evidence provided by Colonel Philippe de Vosjoli, a former French intelligence officer, who was said to be working for the United States authorities. The claims were dismissed by de Gaulle's office as \"ridiculous and grotesque\". There were subsequent reports claiming the Vosjoli allegations were CIA revenge for de Gaulle's purge of US intelligence officers in France. In a separate memo dated 18 January 1968, Sir Denis Greenhill accused the French of \"treachery\" when he feared they might agree to publish Philby's memoirs. \"I think we have taken all reasonable steps to impede Philby in this matter and I much regret it if the French have finally agreed to pay him a considerable sum,\" he wrote. \"However, treachery is more familiar to the French than it is to us and no doubt the publisher was for this reason better able to accommodate himself to the fact that he was liberally rewarding someone who had damaged his own country's interests.\""
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"Represent the example for the following task: Generate an appropriate title for the given text. The generated title must be short and include the main topic of the text. The preferred titles are under fifteen words.:",
"Lionel \"Buster\" Crabb disappeared while spying on a Russian warship in Portsmouth harbour in 1956. A year after he vanished a headless, handless body washed up in Chichester. Government documents released by the National Archives at Kew describe the operation as bordering on \"criminal folly\". Cdr Crabb disappeared on 19 April 1956 in Portsmouth harbour while spying on the Ordzhonikidze, which had brought Soviet leaders Nikita Khrushchev and Nikolai Bulganin to the UK. The incident was the inspiration for Ian Fleming's James Bond adventure Thunderball. Mark Dunton, records specialist at the the National Archives in Kew, said: \"While the files don't solve the mystery of exactly how Cdr Crabb met his death, they lay bare all of the blunders surrounding that operation in its entirety for the first time.\" The files show Secretary to the Treasury Sir Edward Bridges' report in to the incident concluded it was a \"thoroughly bad and unplanned\" operation. \"No serious steps seemed to have been taken to conceal the movements of the participants or to plan any cover story,\" it said. After he failed to emerge Whitehall officials thought he had either been spotted by the Russians and taken aboard alive, that he had been destroyed by Russian \"counter measures\", or that he had suffered a \"natural mishap\". 'Cut Crabb's throat' Prime Minister Anthony Eden \"had made it clear that adventures of a similar nature were forbidden\" but the frogman operation went ahead anyway. MI6 had mistakenly thought a Foreign Office advisor had authorised the activity. The files show the efforts of the security services to spy on the visiting Russians and that they considered hiding microphones in Claridges. They also reveal Bernard Smith, the MI6 agent handling Crabb, had used both of their full names and addresses in the registration book of a Portsmouth hotel before the mission. A local police officer made the \"regrettable\" decision to rip out the relevant pages, fuelling interest in the case from the press. There was also concern that the Russians could have used Crabb's body for propaganda purposes. As they cobbled together a hasty cover-up and a plan to keep the story secret, mandarins discussed the ramifications of an inquest, including efforts they could be forced into to find a body. A secret draft paper for ministers said: \"Any thorough search, involving diving and dredging would be an extensive and expensive operation... but a search by divers along the face of the jetty could be done in a week (cost about £60). This could not be kept secret.\" Records of meetings also show there was \"consternation\" at the highest levels of government at the debacle. The case has sparked widespread interest and theories as in 2007 a retired Russian diver claimed he cut Cdr Crabb's throat in an underwater fight after catching him attaching a mine to the warship. A theory the frogman had defected gained ground when some of his associates in MI5 and MI6 turned out to be double agents. They included Sir Anthony Blunt, who was unmasked as a Soviet Spy in 1979."
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"Represent the example for the following task: Generate an appropriate title for the given text. The generated title must be short and include the main topic of the text. The preferred titles are under fifteen words.:",
"Shirley Ballas urged fans to vote for their favourites to make sure they stay in the BBC One dancing contest. But she defended choosing to save Mollie King and her partner AJ Pritchard after the dance off. Ballas, who joined the show this year, taking over from Len Goodman, has been criticised for her decision. Some Strictly fans called it the biggest shock in the show's history. Former JLS member Aston had been an early favourite to win the show before Saturday's Viennese Waltz, which was not well received by the judges. Craig Revel Horwood's mark of four out of 10, helped place them second last in the leaderboard. After the public voted, they had to dance again. Judges Darcy Bussell and Bruno Tonioli opted to save Aston, but Craig chose Mollie, meaning that Shirley had the casting vote. But Shirley told BBC Two's It Takes Two: \"It's an awful decision to have to make to send anybody home, but you have to judge on that particular dance, right there in front of you. \"Not past performances, not future performances. And I urge everybody at home, you have to vote. \"Look at Ruth (Langsford). She got a four, but she was saved - she didn't go on the bottom two. \"So, they shouldn't have been in the bottom two.\" 'Doing their jobs' Janette Manrara, Aston's professional partner on Strictly, has asked for people to be \"kind\" following their departure. She said she had \"much love\" for Shirley and Craig. \"It was their opinion, their thoughts,\" she said in a Twitter video. \"You can't be angry with them for doing their jobs.\" Former X Factor winner Alexandra Burke told It Takes Two she was shocked by the exit of her friend Aston. \"I didn't expect that to happen for a second,\" she told the Strictly spin-off show. \"I actually thought Aston was going to win the show.\" Follow us on Facebook, on Twitter @BBCNewsEnts, or on Instagram at bbcnewsents. If you have a story suggestion email [email protected]."
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"Represent the example for the following task: Generate an appropriate title for the given text. The generated title must be short and include the main topic of the text. The preferred titles are under fifteen words.:",
"By Sinead GarvanNewsbeat entertainment reporter Journalist Stacey Dooley, YouTube star Joe Sugg, Steps pop star Faye Tozer and former Pussycat Doll Ashley Roberts will all be battling it out for the glitterball trophy. The bookies have Stacey as the favourite, but arguably she is not the best dancer, so what does it take to win Strictly? Emma Bullimore is a TV critic and says there are many factors that can help the celebrity claim victory. Take the audience on 'a journey' \"Likeability is very important,\" she tells us. \"If you look at Joe McFadden last year, he had a combination of a journey and likeability. \"He wasn't the best dancer there but it is quite rare that the best dancer actually wins.\" Emma says Stacey Dooley is having a classic journey. \"She didn't look like a professional dancer at the beginning. \"But now, not only is she getting to be a better dancer but she is also blossoming, her personality is coming through. \"She was understated to start with but now wants more and more feathers and sequins. Have lots of fans An absolute shocker this one. Having a huge fan base is also useful. Joe Sugg has that big fan base - he's got more than eight million followers on YouTube - and you can almost guarantee some will be voting for him regardless of how well he dances. Amy Elizabeth is the presenter and producer of the official Strictly Come Dancing podcast. She says having a big following is key in the early rounds. \"It's not just having the fan base, it is who is your fan base,\" she says. \"If you have got teenage girls as fans then they are more likely to get a bit fanatical about you, they will share it on their socials and really get behind you.\" It was a similar situation with Jay McGuiness from The Wanted, who won in 2015. Don't be that good a dancer (at first) One thing that viewers don't warm to, is a celebrity with a dance background according to Amy. \"Alexandra Burke last year and this year Ashley Roberts,\" Amy says. \"She has been quite safe with the judges because even if she gets down to deadlock she will pull out an amazing dance. \"No-one can fault her skills, she is an incredible dancer but with her background a lot of the public are not as impressed.\" Make them feel the love Who doesn't like a bit of romance? Audiences like a hint of a spark between the celebrity and their professional dance partner according to Emma Bullimore. \"If you look at series one, Natasha Kaplinsky won and there were a lot of rumours about her and Brendan (Cole, her professional dance partner),\" she explains. \"During series eight there were lots of rumours about Kara Tointon and Artem Chigvintsev and she went on to win. \"If there is a sense of chemistry, a sense of potential, something there sizzling away, then I think people like investing in that as well.\" It takes two... Let us not forget the professional dancers. Who celebrities get partnered up with can also have an impact on how well they do. The show has been going for 16 years so some of the pro dancers are as famous and popular as the celebrities. And as Tom Wohlfahrt, a dance teacher at the City Academy in London explains, they have to be able to choreograph the right dance. \"They have a huge impact, they have to chose the choreography carefully and think about the style and how it is presented,\" he explains. \"They need to be good teachers and make sure the dance isn't too easy that the judges aren't impressed. \"But not too hard that the celebrity cannot master it and is likely to make mistakes.\" The Strictly Grand Final is on BBC One on Saturday 15 December at 6.30pm. Follow Newsbeat on Instagram, Facebook and Twitter. Listen to Newsbeat live at 12:45 and 17:45 every weekday on BBC Radio 1 and 1Xtra - if you miss us you can listen back here."
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"Represent the example for the following task: Generate an appropriate title for the given text. The generated title must be short and include the main topic of the text. The preferred titles are under fifteen words.:",
"Strictly fans called it the biggest shock in the show's history when Aston Merrygold exited the show, having enjoyed some of the highest scores in previous weeks and been a favourite to win. Despite the public vote deciding who ends up in the dance-off, fans took aim at judges Craig Revel Horwood and Shirley Ballas along with Aston's dance partner, Janette Manrara. Read more on this story Sia Furler responded to an apparent attempt by paparazzi to sell naked pictures of her by posting one of them herself on Twitter. The Australian singer-songwriter, known for regularly hiding her face under masks and wigs, tweeted a blurry photo of the back of a naked woman. Read more on this story Weakest Link host Anne Robinson revealed she thinks older people have to be \"clever and thin\" to be on television. In an interview with the Radio Times, Robinson revealed she is \"permanently on a diet\" and never eats breakfast. Read more on this story Edward Enninful, the new editor of Vogue, told us why he wants to protect young models and why the magazine will be more diverse under his leadership. The cover of its latest issue drew praise from the fashion and celebrity world. Read more on this story Netflix's hit show Stranger Things returned last month, bringing back its cast of monster-fighting kids. The show's stars have received a lot of attention since the show started last year - not all of it welcome. Read more on this story The first official photo of Jodie Whittaker as she will appear in Doctor Who was released. Fans were largely impressed, with some saying the outfit was a nod to several previous incarnations of the TV Time Lord. Read more about this story The Victoria & Albert Museum announced it is to display a three-storey section of an east London council estate as an example of Brutalist architecture. The section, which includes two flats, exterior facades and two interior staircases, has been acquired from Robin Hood Gardens in Poplar. Read more about this story Finally, it was announced that actor John Hillerman - pictured above with Tom Selleck - had died at the age of 84. The US actor shot to fame as snobbish English caretaker Higgins in Magnum PI, Selleck's '80s TV series about a Hawaii-based detective. Read more about this story Follow us on Facebook, on Twitter @BBCNewsEnts, or on Instagram at bbcnewsents. If you have a story suggestion email [email protected]."
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"Represent the example for the following task: Generate an appropriate title for the given text. The generated title must be short and include the main topic of the text. The preferred titles are under fifteen words.:",
"By Neil PriorBBC News Not only does the volunteer service currently have its headquarters at RAF Valley on Anglesey but it was in the mountains of Snowdonia that the concept was born. In the darkest days of the Blitz, air bases and flight training schools were forced to relocate from the onslaught on the south-east of England to more isolated spots in Wales and Scotland. But while this placed them out of range of the Luftwaffe, losses actually began to rise as inexperienced pilots struggled to negotiate the mountainous terrain. So in 1942 Flt Lt Desmond Graham, stationed at RAF Llandwrog near Caernarfon, began bombarding the War Office with requests for specialist equipment and expert mountaineers in order to battle the spiralling death toll. According to Brian Canfer, chairman of the RAF Mountain Rescue Association, it was the starting point for a service which took over a decade to fully mature. \"Desmond Graham was the medical officer at Llandwrog and himself a keen mountaineer,\" he said. \"It drove him to distraction that many of the crashes in the mountains of Snowdonia were perfectly survivable but that men were dying of their injuries because of the amount of time taken for help to arrive. \"He kept on and on that more needed to be done and eventually it was - though still pretty rudimentary by today's standards.\" Flt Lt Graham's first mountain rescuers had no waterproof clothing or search lights. Injured flight crew They had to hammer nails into the soles of their standard-issue boots in order to gain purchase on the rocks, and needed to be able to climb in gas masks while carrying bulky wooden radio sets powered by massive lead-acid batteries. Nevertheless they succeeded in saving the lives of 10 injured flight crew in that first year, prompting the War Office to introduce similar projects across the UK. And as Sqn Ldr Dave Webster explained, while modern RAF mountain rescue teams are certainly better equipped, the challenges they face have also grown. \"In the early years of the service the overwhelming majority of the call-outs were to locate and extract injured flight crew, but today the mountains are opened up to everyone,\" he said. \"The troops on call never know when the phone goes whether it's going to be to cut a pilot free from a light aircraft or to find a climber or walker who's fallen off a ledge.\" As such, he said it took a special kind of volunteer. \"Because it requires such a vast array of skills, normal military rank goes out of the window with the RAF mountain rescue service - the group is led by the most experienced and able mountaineer,\" he said. \"They have to volunteer for service on top of the rest of their RAF duties but, strangely you might think, there's never a shortage of volunteers. \"Some of them come as capable climbers, others learn from scratch, but they're all a special breed who want to push themselves to the limit of physical and mental endurance to help others.\" The anniversary celebrations start with a public demonstration of the rescue service's work at Caernarfon Airport on Sunday."
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"Represent the example for the following task: Generate an appropriate title for the given text. The generated title must be short and include the main topic of the text. The preferred titles are under fifteen words.:",
"The Ministry of Defence said 32-year-old Flight Lieutenant Fran Capps, from Dulverton in Somerset, died after the avalanche in the Chalamain Gap area. One of the other victims had been previously named as Sqn Ldr Rimon Than, 33, who was based at RAF Valley in North Wales. The third fatality was a student on a course at the Glenmore Lodge centre. The young man who died was part of a second group of climbers, taking part in a winter mountaineering skills course, who were also caught in the avalanche. Nine other people who were on the mountain at the time were unhurt. Investigators cannot say how the avalanche was triggered. Sqn Ldr Than, who was born in Burma, and Flt Lt Capps were part of a group of off-duty RAF personnel on an expedition in the Cairngorms at the time of the avalanche. The avalanche happened at about 12:30 on Thursday. The search operation involved mountain rescue teams from Cairngorm, Glenmore and Lossiemouth, search dogs, members of Cairngorm Mountain Ski Patrol and two RAF rescue helicopters. The three climbers were found buried in the snow and were all airlifted to Aberdeen Royal Infirmary. Flt Lt Capps was commissioned into the Royal Air Force in 2001 as a logistics officer and worked on a variety of Royal Air Force stations, the MoD said. Most recently she had worked with the Chinook Force at Royal Air Force Odiham in Hampshire, and she had previously served on operational tours in Iraq, the Falkland Islands, Afghanistan and Qatar. RAF colleagues paid tribute to Flt Lt Capps, who was described as \"an exceptional person\". Group Captain Dominic Toriati, the station commander at Royal Air Force Odiham, said: \"Flight Lieutenant Fran Capps was an exceptionally dedicated Royal Air Force officer and logistician who was well known throughout the service for her remarkable commitment, her joie de vivre and her utter professionalism.\" Wing Commander Ian Richardson, chairman of the RAF Mountaineering Association, said: \"Flight Lieutenant Fran Capps was a bubbly and enthusiastic member of the committee and Association. He said: \"Fran was always smiling, always enthusiastic, always welcoming and always willing to get involved and share her love of the hills with everyone in the Association and beyond. She will be sorely missed.\" Flt Lt Capps was an experienced mountaineer, having taken part in a expedition in the Indian Himalayas and led a group on an expedition that circumnavigated Mount Kenya and got to the summit of Point Lenana."
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"Represent the example for the following task: Generate an appropriate title for the given text. The generated title must be short and include the main topic of the text. The preferred titles are under fifteen words.:",
"By Tom MoseleyBBC News A House of Lords committee was told the devices were also being flown in protected airspace and that officers found it difficult to identify the people responsible. The warning came from Ch Insp Nick Aldworth, of the Metropolitan Police, who is part of a nationwide group tasked with looking at the issue. Civilian use of the aircraft, which can be legally flown, is increasing. Drones, which are officially known as Remotely Piloted Aircraft Systems, range in size from small craft operated by enthusiasts, TV companies, police forces and surveyors and weighing a few kilograms, to larger military versions. Smaller ones can be flown without special permission although restrictions apply if they are used in congested areas or near people's homes. 'Nefarious reasons' The Lords Internal Market, Infrastructure and Employment Committee has been holding an inquiry into their use by civilians. Ch Insp Aldworth said the devices, which he described as \"things that fly and do not have pilots in them\", could be used in a \"reckless\" or \"malicious\" way. Baroness O'Cathain, the committee chairwoman, said a number of concerns about privacy had been raised, but Ch Insp Aldworth said this was not a police matter as there was no criminal privacy law. However, he said other legislation could be used, for example laws banning voyeurism, in the event of drones with cameras \"hovering outside people's bedrooms for whatever nefarious reasons\". Footage posted posted on the internet was the most common way of drone use coming to light, he said, and the peers were told of the difficulties of finding the people responsible. If a drone \"whizzes past your window and catches something that you would rather it didn't catch\", he said, it was difficult to catch the person flying it unless the police arrived immediately. Ch Insp Aldworth said his group's task was to find a \"sensible application\" of existing laws to control the use of the drones. He said there was no doubt drones had been used in London and around the UK, pointing to footage posted of football stadiums which he said was a contravention of air navigation rules as well as being a potential safety risk if a device fell from the sky. Criminal conduct \"We also know it has been used to embarrass people - either VIPs or members of the public,\" he said. Ch Insp Aldworth said a drone had been flown as a protest in front of German Chancellor Angela Merkel, and that he expected \"copycat behaviour\" in the UK. He added: \"The concerns are really around the fact that we are seeing this technology being used for criminal conduct. \"We have undoubtedly seen it flown in controlled airspace, we have undoubtedly seen it used to harass people, and we have seen it flown in contravention of the air navigation orders, so I think that concern arises by the fact that there is clearly a means of offending that we do not seem to be able necessarily to address quickly.\" With Christmas approaching, and prices expected to drop, use of the drones could increase, he added. Last month, pilots' association Balpa told the committee remote aircraft the same size as small passenger planes could be operated commercially in the UK within 10 years, and called for strict controls over their use."
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"Represent the example for the following task: Generate an appropriate title for the given text. The generated title must be short and include the main topic of the text. The preferred titles are under fifteen words.:",
"Anthony ZurcherNorth America reporter@awzurcheron Twitter Could Donald Trump be a secret double-agent, sent by Democrats to destroy their party from within? Former Florida governor Jeb Bush, who has borne the brunt of more than a few Trump barbs, seems to think there's a possibility. \"Maybe Donald negotiated a deal with his buddy Hillary Clinton,\" Mr Bush tweeted this week, after Mr Trump cited a poll showing his supporters would stick with him if he left the Republican Party. \"Continuing this path will put her in the White House.\" The New York billionaire has a spotty political history, at best. He was a Republican, then he was a pro-choice Democrat, and now he's a fire-breathing, anti-immigration populist conservative. Could this latest iteration of Mr Trump's political brand be just a ruse, the elaborate cover for a liberal saboteur who has spent the past year setting explosives that threaten the unity of the party he pledged to support? He's belittling his Republican colleagues. He's pulling the party to the nativist right in direct conflict with the goal set by strategists in 2013 to appeal to a more ethnically diverse nation. And he's generally sucking up all the political oxygen, making it harder for other candidates to get their message out. All in all, many experts say he's making it much more difficult for a Republican to win the general election next fall. Maybe he's doing it on purpose. It's a theory that has been bubbling long before Mr Bush's recent Twitter accusation. \"If Donald Trump were a Democratic mole placed in the Republican Party to disrupt things, how would his behaviour be any different?\" asked conservative political commentator George Will in July. \"I don't think it would be.\" Just over a week later Republican Congressman Carlos Curbelo of Florida called Mr Trump \"a phantom candidate recruited by the left to create this entire political circus.\" And he laid out what is the foundation of the Trump conspiracy theories. \"Mr Trump has a close friendship with Bill and Hillary Clinton,\" he said. \"They were at his last wedding. He has contributed to the Clintons' foundation. He has contributed to Mrs Clinton's Senate campaigns. All of this is very suspicious.\" Of course Mr Trump has also contributed to plenty of Republicans. He likes to boast that he has \"bought\" politicians of all stripes. And Mr Trump's wedding was a coveted invitation for all of New York City's elite, of which the Clintons were definitely part. But there's more. Also suspicious - for those predisposed to suspicion, at least - is a \"mystery\" phone call between Mr Trump and Bill Clinton in May, less than a month before the real-estate tycoon tossed his hat into the presidential ring. The details of that call are shrouded in secrecy, but that hasn't stopped conservatives from speculating that the seeds of a Machiavellian plan were sown. \"Clinton encouraged Trump's efforts to play a larger role in the Republican Party and offered his own views of the political landscape,\" the Washington Post reported at the time. Conservative commentator Brian Cates is less circumspect. \"Trump didn't jump into this race because of his deep abiding love for America, or his being a Republican or caring about conservatism,\" he writes. \"Trump jumped into this race because BILL CLINTON urged him to.\" And ever since that fateful day in mid-June when he descended a gold escalator in his office building to announce his candidacy, Mr Trump has dominated the political conversation, firing fusillades at Mexican immigrants, Muslims, his fellow candidates, the media and anything else that catches his eye. Noah Rothman of Commentary magazine spies a pattern in Mr Trump's diatribes, whose timing, he argues, \"tends to often coincide with scandalous revelations that reflect poorly on Democratic politicians\". Mr Trump, for instance, made his comments about closing US borders to all Muslims just a day after President Barack Obama's poorly received White House address on the so-called Islamic State. Stories about Democratic frontrunner Hillary Clinton's email server and actions following the Benghazi consulate attack in 2012 have likewise been swamped by Trump-mania. \"None of this establishes either correlation or causation, but it is remarkably coincidental how often Donald Trump has rescued Democrats from the jaws of a terrible news cycle and the withering scrutiny of the press,\" he concludes. Then again, given the number of times Mr Trump has made incendiary, headline-grabbing comments and the number of times conservatives have perceived there to be incredibly damaging revelations about Democrats that should have grabbed the headlines, perhaps it's not surprising that Rothman's list is so long. But as the saying goes, even paranoids have enemies. And, at least for the moment, there are some Republicans who see Donald Trump much more of an enemy than a friend. Republican candidates in - and out - of the 2016 presidential race"
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"Represent the example for the following task: Generate an appropriate title for the given text. The generated title must be short and include the main topic of the text. The preferred titles are under fifteen words.:",
"By Barbara Plett UsherBBC News The president-elect upset almost 40 years of US practice in the region by taking a call from the Taiwanese leader Tsai Ing-wen. It was an unprecedented breach of the protocol that undergirds the One China Policy, which says Taiwan is part of China and not an independent country. And it raised questions about whether Mr Trump would follow through on campaign pledges to take a tougher line with Beijing. China has identified Taiwan as its most important core interest. Since the Kuomintang retreated to the island in 1949 following defeat in the civil war, China has insisted Taiwan is a renegade province that will eventually be reunited with the mainland. In 1979 the US agreed to go along with this approach, deciding to recognise Beijing instead of Taipei. The One China Policy remains the foundation of that relationship. Was Taiwan phone call planned? Given what's at stake some China experts and politicians have suggested that Donald Trump blundered unknowingly on to sensitive territory with his penchant for improvised diplomacy. \"I don't think there was any strategy behind it and I think the effort to push out a story line or a narrative that this was actually a well-thought-about change in direction is highly dubious,\" the top Democrat on the House Intelligence Committee, Adam Schiff, told the BBC, saying conflicting accounts made the exchange sound haphazard. Mr Trump's transition team did send mixed messages. His Vice President-elect Michael Pence initially played down the conversation as a courtesy call initiated by Taiwan that was not about policy. But Mr Trump followed up with a confrontational flurry of tweets criticising Beijing's economic and security practices. He showed no remorse and made no gestures to reaffirm the One China Policy. Numerous reports since have detailed the influence of China hawks and Taiwan proponents amongst his advisors. And it's emerged that the call was brokered by the lobbyist and former republican senator Bob Dole, who Taipei has been paying to gain access to Mr Trump's inner circle. \"I think it was prearranged and deliberate and Donald Trump knew what it was about,\" says Walter Lohman, Director of Asian Studies at the conservative Heritage Foundation. The meaning of the call So what was it about? In and of itself, the call is not a policy shift. The One China agreement doesn't specifically prohibit contact between American and Taiwanese leaders, although past US presidents have refrained from picking up the phone so as not to upset China. And right from 1979, there was criticism in Washington over US treatment of Taiwan, says Robert Daly, Director for the Kissinger Institute on China at the Woodrow Wilson Center. That's especially so among Republicans, who have longstanding personal and in some cases business ties with the democratic country that seems a more like-minded ally than Beijing. The talk among Mr Trump's advisers is not about recognising Taiwan, but regularising the way the US interacts with it, says Mr Lohman, which does not mean overturning the One China Policy. It's doubtful Beijing would see it that way. Trump's broader China invective As for President-elect Trump, there is no policy yet on Taiwan, or on China more broadly - or even a discernible strategy. But there has been extraordinarily fiery campaign rhetoric. As a candidate, Mr Trump accused Beijing of \"raping\" the United States with its trade policies and threatened to levy a punishing tariff on Chinese goods. Hard-line Republicans have welcomed the Taiwan telephone call as evidence that Mr Trump the president would continue confronting China. \"He showed the dictators in Beijing that he's not a pushover,\" Representative Dana Rohrabacher told Fox News. Others have suggested that the president-elect wants to use Taiwan as a bargaining chip for a better economic deal. 'This whole idea of finding ways to strengthen and increase the level of contact with and support for Taiwan is not only sure to drive China crazy, but at the same time give us some leverage over China,\" says Patrick Cronin at the Center for New American Security. \"Because this could become the new normal if we're not happy with the overall relationship.\" The China response Thus far, China has been fairly restrained, blaming Tsai Ing-wen for a \"petty trick\". The response to the Twitter tirade was tougher - an editorial in the official People's Daily warned that \"creating troubles for the China-US relationship is creating troubles for the US itself.\" But Beijing still left diplomatic space to formulate a new relationship with the Trump administration. Robert Daly predicts a long adjustment period with a more adversarial tone, because the incoming administration appears to see the relationship as fundamentally competitive. That would potentially leave less room for the kind of co-operation President Obama emphasised on global issues such as climate change, and containing North Korea's nuclear militarisation. \"The people advising Trump on Taiwan were pleased with the results (of the call),\" Mr Daly says. \"That likely means similar actions going forward.\" Mr Trump continues to send mixed signals. Just days after igniting a diplomatic firestorm over Taiwan, he soothed tensions by naming Iowa Governor Terry Branstad, a long-time friend of Beijing, as his Ambassador to China. Still, there are many ways China could respond to further provocations. And it would respond, says Meredith Sumpter of the Eurasiagroup, \"in a direct and probably proportional way, but one that hurts US business and commercial interests\". Economically, a lot of trade and investment is at stake. When it comes to security issues, Beijing could decide to be more or less aggressive on disputes in the South China Sea and on North Korea sanctions. And it has never dropped its threat of force to settle the status of Taiwan, so the Taiwanese people could end up paying the biggest price. One test of relations could come next month when Ms Tsai is expected to transit through the US on her way to Central America. Her office has denied reports that she will try to meet Mr Trump's transition team. Another could arise in April when the Treasury Department is set to publish a \"currency\" report that might prompt Mr Trump to act on his threats to label China a currency manipulator."
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"Represent the example for the following task: Generate an appropriate title for the given text. The generated title must be short and include the main topic of the text. The preferred titles are under fifteen words.:",
"Nazanin Zaghari-Ratcliffe - a charity worker accused of security offences - was detained while trying to leave the country with her baby daughter after visiting relatives in April 2016. Her family denies she broke any laws. Her husband, Richard Ratcliffe, who is from London, said his wife's detention was a \"stain\" on Iran. Mrs Zaghari-Ratcliffe, 38, who works for the charity the Thomson Reuters Foundation, has been detained in Iran since her arrest last year. The couple's two-year-old daughter has remained in Iran after the government confiscated her passport, and is being looked after by her grandparents. Mrs Zaghari-Ratcliffe's family said in September that a Revolutionary Court had handed down the five-year term. She was accused of allegedly plotting to topple the government in Tehran, but the official charges against her were not made public. According to Mr Ratcliffe, his wife's appeal was dismissed in a secret hearing of an Iranian Revolutionary Court on 4 January but only announced on 22 January. In a statement, her husband said the precise charges against her remain secret, but that two new accusations were made at her appeal. One was that she had been head of recruitment for the BBC's Farsi service when it was launched in 2009. Her family say she worked on a BBC training project for youth in Afghanistan and Iran, but never worked for BBC Farsi. The other charge was that she was married to a British spy. Mr Ratcliffe is an accountant. Monique Villa, chief executive of Thomson Reuters Foundation said she is \"outraged by this new mockery of justice\", and reiterated Mrs Zaghari-Ratcliffe never worked for BBC Farsi and that her husband \"is not a spy but a reputable accountant\". \"I am fully convinced of Nazanin's innocence,\" she added. 'Needless waste' Francesca Unsworth, BBC World Service Group director, said Mrs Zaghari-Ratcliffe had briefly worked for charity BBC Media Action in a \"junior administrative capacity\" but had never worked for BBC Persian. \"In any case, to suggest that being employed by BBC Persian is tantamount to 'acting against national security' is patently ludicrous,\" Ms Unsworth added. Mr Ratcliffe said: \"The lack of justice in Nazanin's case continues to be a stain on Iran. The continued attempt to frame Nazanin behind secrets and lies brings shame. \"It is a needless waste of a mother and child's life for their own political bargains and economic interests.\" Iran does not recognize dual nationalities, meaning those detained cannot receive consular assistance. Since her imprisonment, her family have campaigned on her behalf, highlighting her deteriorating health while in jail and her anguish at her separation from her daughter."
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"Represent the example for the following task: Generate an appropriate title for the given text. The generated title must be short and include the main topic of the text. The preferred titles are under fifteen words.:",
"Weston General Hospital implemented the temporary measures, which extend to its A&E department, at 08:00 BST to \"maintain patient and staff safety\". Its NHS trust described it as a \"precautionary measure\" and arrangements have been made for new patients to be treated elsewhere. Medical director Dr William Oldfield said the situation was under review. \"We currently have a high number of patients with Covid-19,\" he said. \"While the vast majority will have come into the hospital with Covid-19, as an extra precaution we have taken the proactive step to temporarily stop accepting new patients to maintain patient and staff safety.\" Dr Oldfield, from the University Hospitals Bristol and Weston NHS Foundation Trust, said there was a \"robust\" coronavirus testing programme in place for patients and staff to identify cases quickly. He added current hospital patients were continuing to receive care, while the trust's partners were working to give new patients treatment in \"the appropriate setting\". The trust said alternative services included walk-in treatment facilities for minor injuries in Clevedon, Yate, and Bristol."
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"Represent the example for the following task: Generate an appropriate title for the given text. The generated title must be short and include the main topic of the text. The preferred titles are under fifteen words.:",
"Ward eight has been closed to further admissions following an outbreak of the Norovirus among a small number of patients on the ward. A hospital spokeswoman said that visiting restrictions were also in force on the ward. Anyone with vomiting and diarrhoea is advised to phone their doctor."
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"Represent the example for the following task: Generate an appropriate title for the given text. The generated title must be short and include the main topic of the text. The preferred titles are under fifteen words.:",
"About 130,000 people deemed extremely vulnerable due to underlying health conditions were originally advised to stay at home and isolate from others. This was paused in August, but resumed before Christmas amid a rise in cases linked to the new coronavirus variant. The Welsh Government has extended the current shielding period from 7 February until 31 March. In a written statement, Health Minister Vaughan Gething said he was acting on the advice of Wales' Chief Medical Officer, and said the extension was due to \"the ongoing high incidence of virus in our communities and our continuing learning around the impacts of new strains of the virus\". Those told to shield include organ transplant recipients, people with certain cancers and those with severe respiratory conditions such as cystic fibrosis. Mr Gething said it would send letters to people over the next fortnight, and those shielding would be invited to receive their first dose of a vaccine by mid-February. \"At present, the advice not to attend work and school outside the home will continue to apply even after both doses of the vaccine have been received,\" said the health minister. \"This is because the incidence of coronavirus in our communities remains high and the proportion of people who have been vaccinated is relatively low.\" The advice will be kept under review, added Mr Gething."
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"Represent the example for the following task: Generate an appropriate title for the given text. The generated title must be short and include the main topic of the text. The preferred titles are under fifteen words.:",
"The Mediterranean is fast becoming a massive watery grave for Africans. Another 500 reportedly drowned off the coast of Italy the other week, while the attention span of the world quickly moves away. But who are these Africans willing to risk all to reach European shores where they are not wanted? Those of us following the story of African migration will have noticed a marked increase in the number of Eritreans being interviewed in refugee camps on the edge of Europe. President Isaias Afewerki is accused by human rights groups of turning the East African country into \"one giant prison\" and brooks no opposition. The Eritrean parliament has not met since 2002. As for elections, they have not happened since Eritrea broke away from Ethiopia voting for independence in 1993. But is that reason enough for this nation to keep haemorrhaging its citizens at such an alarming rate? The young men and women who survive trekking across the desert and make it across the Mediterranean in wooden boats further endanger themselves by climbing on to lorries in European ports to try and find a place to make a life. In Eritrea, they are expected by President Isaias' government to do national service until they are 40. All around them high-ranking government officials are locked up, opposition members are imprisoned, the private press has been gagged for decades and there is a constant threat of renewed conflict with Ethiopia. President Isaias has also been accused of sending his soldiers across the border of another neighbour, Djibouti. Mapping Mediterranean migration The Eritrean government maintains those leaving are economic migrants. \"This phenomenon where the youth are leaving their countries to go to the richer countries is an international phenomenon and it should be fought by the international community,\" Eritrea's ambassador to Italy Zemede Tekle Woldetatios told the BBC last year, blaming human traffickers. He said continuing conscription was the fault of Ethiopia's refusal to withdraw from the border town of Badme, awarded to Eritrea by the UN more than a decade ago. Kinship forgotten But the numbers speak for themselves - a population of 6.3m is responding with their feet and emptying the country with despairing frequency. The UN estimates that as many as 3,000 people every month are trying to leave his rule by any means possible. These are difficult times to be a refugee. Europe, its politicians tell us, is full. The mass of legal immigrants pouring out of the east has knocked the fate of Africans back; sympathy for the plight of those fleeing persecution has all but evaporated. Africans have always had a complicated relationship with their leaders, but Mr Isaias seems to have cloaked himself in robes of one from the 1970s - unaccountable and seemingly obsessed with power. In June, the UN Human Rights Council set up a commission of inquiry into human rights abuses in this Red Sea nation, which will report back in just under a year. Eritrea at a glance: Eritrea profile There are other Eritreans who left before the rush to escape. They are dotted all over the world and may have known their land before it was forever split from Ethiopia. They talk of the kinship between nations, of how Mr Isaias and the late Ethiopian leader Meles Zenawi were in fact cousins. They run little corner shops in cities like London and call them \"The Red Sea\". They are a people estranged not from their country, but from their leader. Earlier in June, Eritrea's bishops commented on this massive flight of the citizens by calling the country \"desolate\". \"If,\" they wrote, \"you are in a country of honey, there is no need to look for another one.\" They elaborated: \"If you own a peaceful country where there is justice and where you can work and loudly speak your mind, it is obvious that we will have youths flocking back from exile but not youths eager to leave their country, for nobody would look for honey which they already have.\" Amnesty International says since independence, the Eritrean government has imprisoned 10,000 of its citizens. Conscription into the army has been likened by many to slavery and families are doing everything they can to pay the people smugglers to save their children from President Isaias' grip. Of course we would all be hard pressed to understand why such a rule has not come under more international scrutiny. The world is far too connected now, so much so that human rights abuses in an East African country will wash up as bodies on the pristine beaches of Italy, Malta and Spain. More should be done to look at what is going on in Asmara, a city whose art deco beauty is being choked by the weeds of bad governance. Correction 12 December 2014: This report has been amended to clarify that while tensions remain between Eritrea and Ethiopia, they have not been solely caused by any actions of President Isaias. If you would like to comment on Farai Sevenzo's column, please do so below."
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"Represent the example for the following task: Generate an appropriate title for the given text. The generated title must be short and include the main topic of the text. The preferred titles are under fifteen words.:",
"They were reportedly caught as they were leaving the northern town of Arlit before dawn in five different vehicles. The migrants - mainly men, with some women and a few children - are believed to be from Nigeria and Niger. It comes days after 92 migrants were found to have died of thirst after two trucks broke down carrying them across the Sahara to Algeria. Niger lies on a major migrant route between sub-Saharan Africa and Europe. Those arrested on Saturday are now reportedly being arrested by police in Arlit. 'Criminal activities' The government announced on Friday a plan to close illegal camps in northern Niger - which it referred to as \"ghettos\" - and said those involved in trafficking migrants would be \"severely punished\". The country has been holding three days of mourning after the bodies of 52 children, 33 women and seven men were discovered on Wednesday. Another five from the same convoy had been found several days earlier by the army. Most of the dead were from the southern Niger district of Kantche. The government said in its statement on Friday that the tragedy was \"the result of criminal activities led by all types of trafficking networks\". About 5,000 African migrants are said to be currently stranded in illegal camps in the northern town of Agadez alone. Most of these migrants - having paid large sums of money to traffickers - are waiting to cross the hundreds of kilometres of desert into Libya or Algeria, from where they can take boats to Europe in the hope of a better life there. Niger has said that migrants found to be in the illegal camps will be handed over to international aid agencies. The head of the International Office for Migration in Niger, Abibatou Wane, has welcomed the action by the government but warned migrants should only be repatriated to their home countries on a voluntary basis. Migration routes across the Sahara desert"
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"Represent the example for the following task: Generate an appropriate title for the given text. The generated title must be short and include the main topic of the text. The preferred titles are under fifteen words.:",
"By Paul AdamsBBC News The number of people attempting the dangerous sea crossing from North Africa to Italy has risen sharply, says Frontex, the EU border agency. From January to April, 42,000 migrants were detected on these routes, with 25,650 of these crossing from Libya. Combined with seven other less busy routes, the total figure for this year is probably now about 60,000. On Wednesday, the Italian government said the number of refugees and other migrants reaching its shores had soared to more than 39,000. The total for 2014 so far is more than the equivalent period in 2011, the year of the Arab Spring, which eventually saw 140,000 make clandestine crossings into Europe. \"If the current trends continue, and with the summer months approaching, there is a strong likelihood the numbers will increase further,\" says Gil Arias Fernandez, Frontex's Deputy Executive Director. At least a third of the latest arrivals are Syrians, fleeing that country's civil war. But other significant numbers are coming from Afghanistan and Eritrea. In Calais, where the French authorities this week demolished two main squatter camps, the BBC found migrants from a host of countries, from West Africa to Bangladesh, with large groups from Iran and Pakistan's restive tribal areas. Tracking one of the biggest migrations since World War Two Almost three million people have fled Syria's bloody civil war. UN figures show the human tide began in earnest in early 2012. Experts say the latest numbers are not surprising, after relatively low levels of migration in the early months of 2013. \"The main route through Libya was closed for so long that people in sub-Saharan countries have been waiting for a couple of years,\" says Franck Duvell, associate professor at the Centre on Migration, Policy, and Society at the University of Oxford. \"So the numbers have been building up and people were waiting for the very first opportunity to move,\" he says. \"I'm not sure this implies that we are going to see ever-more people arriving in the EU over the next couple of months. We've got to wait and see.\" Much depends on the chaotic political and security situation in Libya, where a BBC team has recently seen evidence that large numbers of migrants are still waiting to cross. Some estimates put the figure as high as 300,000. Italy complains that since last October, when it launched its \"Mare Nostrum\" [Our Sea] rescue operation, the cost of patrolling its patch of the Mediterranean has risen to 300,000 euros (£240,200: $408,000) a day."
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"Represent the example for the following task: Generate an appropriate title for the given text. The generated title must be short and include the main topic of the text. The preferred titles are under fifteen words.:",
"By Chris MorrisReality Check correspondent, BBC News One of the most difficult issues in the entire Brexit process is how to ensure that there is no return to a hard border between Northern Ireland and the Irish Republic, once that border becomes the external border of the European Union, of its single market and its customs union. That is what has been promised: no physical infrastructure or checks of any kind at the border. An open border is a vital part of the 1998 Good Friday Agreement which underpins the Northern Ireland peace process. So, what can we learn from other external EU borders around Europe? Norway-Sweden First of all let's head north - to the border between Norway and Sweden. Sweden is in the EU, Norway isn't. Norway is part of the single market through its membership of the European Economic Area (EEA) but it's not in the customs union. Being in the single market means Norway respects the EU's four freedoms - the freedom of movement of goods, services, capital and people. But that doesn't get rid of the need for customs checks. Even so, Norway's border with Sweden is one of the simplest and most technologically advanced customs borders in the world, and lorries only ever have to stop once. They do not have to repeat the same process on both sides of the border At the main border crossing at Svinesund, Norwegian customs say they deal with about 1,300 heavy goods vehicles every day - which is less than a tenth of the number that passes through Dover. And the average time from when a lorry arrives to when it leaves the border? About 20 minutes. That includes roughly 10 minutes waiting time, three to six minutes of handling time, and the time spent coming off the road to complete the customs process. It is highly efficient, but certainly not entirely frictionless. Turkey-Bulgaria Next - we go south - to the border between Turkey and Bulgaria. Again Bulgaria is in the EU, and Turkey isn't. But Turkey does have a customs union with the EU for most manufactured goods. Here though the delays are much longer. Outside the single market, there's a need for all sorts of documentation, from export licences and invoices to transport permits. That means huge queues of lorries are normal, and they are made worse because there are only three road crossings open along the entire border. A report prepared for the European Commission in 2014 suggested a waiting time of about three hours for lorries travelling from Turkey to Bulgaria. But drivers hoping to cross the border say they often have to wait for more than 24 hours at busy times. So being in a customs union doesn't automatically make border checks entering or leaving EU territory disappear; in this case that's partly because Turkey is not part of the single market and its common set of rules and regulations. Switzerland-France There are also external EU borders in the heart of Europe, such as the one between Switzerland and France. France, of course, is a founder EU member, while Switzerland is not in the EU but is part of the single market thanks to a series of bilateral agreements. Again, though, Switzerland is not in the customs union. The Swiss border is often held up as an example of what could be achieved in Ireland, but here too there is physical infrastructure at all the main crossings - it is a hard border. According to information from the International Road Transport Union (IRU), the average waiting time for lorries carrying goods ranges from 20 minutes to more than two hours if full inspections have to be carried out. Technology In other words, technology is improving things, and streamlining customs procedures at borders - and it will do more of that in the years to come. One of the two customs proposals being examined by the UK government argues that new technology and trusted trader schemes can keep border checks and infrastructure to a bare minimum. But note the name of the proposal - maximum facilitation: it facilitates trade, it does not get rid of borders altogether. That means that if the UK leaves all the EU's economic structures there is currently no example anywhere around Europe, or further afield, that can keep the Irish border after Brexit as open as it is now. With less than a year to go until the UK is due to leave the EU, that is the acute political dilemma at the heart of the current debate. Read more from Reality Check Send us your questions Follow us on Twitter"
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"Represent the example for the following task: Generate an appropriate title for the given text. The generated title must be short and include the main topic of the text. The preferred titles are under fifteen words.:",
"By Chris MorrisReality Check correspondent, BBC News This is all about the border, isn't it? Yes, borders are not just about security checks, tariffs and customs duties. When two countries (in this case the UK and the Republic of Ireland) are both members of the European Union, and therefore in the single market and the customs union, then many rules and regulations on both sides of the border are identical. That doesn't mean all rules are the same (think of speed limits in miles per hour or kilometres per hour for example) but a huge number of basic standards are. That means you don't have to check standards at the border because you know they are the same to start with. So what are the rules and regulations we're talking about here? Over the summer, Brexit negotiators identified more than 140 areas of \"north-south co-operation\" that would be affected by Brexit in one way or another. Many of them are issues associated with cross-border trade in the agricultural sector - things like food safety and animal welfare. Energy is another important issue (there is an all-Ireland electricity market) - so too is transport (safety standards on cross-border routes) and the medical sector (the same rules governing things like prescriptions and medical devices). All of them are regulated under the umbrella of common EU legislation. If Northern Ireland, along with the rest of the UK, starts changing its regulations after Brexit, then problems start to arise. But the language is pretty confusing. At one point, the Irish government was asking for \"no regulatory divergence\". Now the dispute seems to be about \"continued regulatory alignment\". What's the difference? If you start from the point we're at right now, with all these rules and regulations the same, then \"no divergence\" implies that Northern Ireland would not be able to change them at all. It would have to remain the same as the Republic of Ireland (and the wider EU). Alignment implies something slightly different - two similar systems running in parallel could be aligned, but be different in some respects. So it is language which produces a little more wiggle room. Irish Prime Minister Leo Varadkar said he thinks both phrases mean the same thing. If other parties think they mean something slightly different and honour is satisfied - well, that's the kind of creative ambiguity that sometimes makes international negotiations work. But then politics gets in the way? Yes. Everyone says they want to avoid the return of a \"hard\" border (a border where there is some kind of physical infrastructure and some kind of checks). But they all have slightly different solutions. The Irish government want a guarantee that regulations will remain broadly the same; the DUP doesn't want Northern Ireland to be treated any differently from the rest of the UK; Scotland, Wales, London and probably several others want special treatment themselves; and the EU is left wondering whether the UK government can square the circle. So what are the potential compromises? Either you try to limit the alignment of regulations to a few specific issues including some of those which fall under the terms of the 1998 Good Friday Agreement, the document on which the Northern Ireland peace process is based. (The Irish government wants a written guarantee that any agreement on the border respects the terms of the Good Friday Agreement.) Or you declare that you will try to ensure that some form of regulatory alignment eventually refers to the whole of the UK, not just to Northern Ireland. But option one would mean that Northern Ireland was being treated slightly differently which might be unacceptable to the DUP (on whom Theresa May is dependent for her parliamentary majority). And option two would upset Brexit supporters (on whom Theresa May is also dependent for her parliamentary majority) who argue that one of the main aims of Brexit was to be able move away from the EU's regulatory framework. Many in the EU think the heart of the problem is that by insisting that there should be a) no hard border b) no UK membership of the single market and the customs union and c) no checks of any kind between Northern Ireland and the rest of the UK, the government in Westminster has set up a series of fundamentally incompatible red lines. For everyone politics has come home to roost. So what could happen next? In various past negotiations - both in Northern Ireland and more generally in the EU - a form of words to satisfy all sides has been found at the eleventh hour. That could well happen again - but, don't forget, the aim at the moment is only to reach \"sufficient progress\" in the negotiations. If a deal is declared this week or next, that is by no means the end of the story. The UK government insists that if an ambitious trade agreement can be agreed with the EU in the future, then all of these detailed concerns about the Irish border will melt away. Mr Varadkar has also said an EU-UK trade agreement allowing free trade to continue is his preferred option. But until that happens the border will remain a fundamental part of the Brexit negotiations for some time to come. Read more from Reality Check Follow us on Twitter"
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"Represent the example for the following task: Generate an appropriate title for the given text. The generated title must be short and include the main topic of the text. The preferred titles are under fifteen words.:",
"By Marie-Louise ConnollyBBC News NI Health Correspondent The Children's Heartbeat Trust said it was vital that the Royal Hospital for Sick Children continued to play a key role in the cross-border service. It provides pre- and post-operative care for children with congenital heart disease in Northern Ireland. But they could suffer as the political vacuum continues, the charity warned. The Northern Ireland children's commissioner, who advises on and monitors government policy for young people, said \"strong political leadership\" was required to make the service work. \"During the Brexit negotiations the needs of these children and young people may be lost,\" said Koulla Yiasouma. \"We need a strong voice from Northern Ireland that make sure whatever challenges these families face, particularly on the border as they are travelling either side, are resolved quickly in the negotiations.\" In 2015, it was decided there should be a single congenital heart disease network on the island of Ireland, which would be based in Dublin. But after a campaign by the Children's Heartbeat Trust, backed by hundreds of parents, it was also agreed that children in Northern Ireland would continue to receive care in Belfast. 'Poor cousin' Sarah Quinlan, the charity's chief executive, said the lack of an executive means politicians are not fighting the corner of children with the disease. \"The all-island congenital heart disease network is really the first of its type, so in order to ensure that we are able to meet the challenges that will come as the network develops we need strong political leadership and that means a fully-functional executive,\" said Ms Quinlan. \"We would fear that Belfast will become the poor cousin and we need to ensure there is investment in developing a paediatric heart service here.\" The new children's heart centre is based at Our Lady's Hospital in Dublin and Belfast's Clarke Clinic provides pre- and post-operative care. In 2013, a leading international surgeon who advised on the future of children's heart surgery in Northern Ireland and said there was a real willingness to make an all-island solution work. Dr John Mayer, who is based in Boston, was asked by the Department of Health to review existing services. He looked at those in Northern Ireland and the Republic of Ireland and concluded that a united service was the better option. While no deadlines have been missed as yet, every stage in developing the network is critical, according to Ms Quinlan. \"The plans continue to be rolled out but it is crucial that Belfast plays a pivotal role and has an equal part in this partnership,\" she added. 'Foundation of care' In the meantime, children from Northern Ireland continue to travel to England for life-saving surgery. Wendy Carson has recently returned to Belfast after her daughter Thea, who is now eight months old, received open heart surgery at the Evelina Children's Hospital in London. \"My husband and I were in London for eight days,\" said Mrs Carson. \"It's hard being away from the other children and it is expensive. \"But Thea received the best of care it was just good to get back home and into the Clarke Clinic again for her post-operative care.\" Christine McCaughey's nine-year-old son Blake has also just returned from having open heart surgery in London. \"From Blake's been no age the Clarke Clinic has been the foundation of his heart care,\" she said. \"Without it we are nothing; without it he wouldn't be here.\" According to the Health and Social Care Board, all paediatric congenital heart surgery will be performed in Dublin by 2018. That will mean no child from Northern Ireland will have to travel to England for their operation."
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"Represent the example for the following task: Generate an appropriate title for the given text. The generated title must be short and include the main topic of the text. The preferred titles are under fifteen words.:",
"By Dickens OleweBBC News \"We missed the internet wave, caught up with mobile technology... blockchain is the next wave - and we must be part of it,\" the team's chairman, Bitange Ndemo, told the BBC. A blockchain is a shared database with a provable, auditable and verifiable record of all changes. Artificial Intelligence (AI) is the use of computer systems to perform tasks normally requiring human intelligence. Information Minister Joseph Mucheru, the man who the team will report to, says that, among other uses, blockchain could help organise land records stored by the government, which are a constant source of frustration for people who want to buy, sell or verify information about land. Possessing a title deed in Kenya does not necessarily guarantee ownership because fraudsters in cahoots with land officials have been known to change land records. In fact, to buttress their land ownership claims beyond having a certificate, many Kenyans paint \"This Land Is Not For Sale\" on their property to warn off potential land grabbers. In 2015, Kenyans witnessed a sad spectacle when pupils of a public primary school in the capital, Nairobi, were tear-gassed while protesting against attempts by a top hotel to grab the school's playground. Reports said that the school did not have a title deed. The confrontation led activists to form the Shule Yangu Alliance - a pressure group - whose aim, it says, is to have 10,000 public schools issued with title deeds and fences built around 5,000 schools. At the time, an official from the land commission advised all state institutions, which are usually easy targets for land grabbers, to get title deeds but also to put up fences. Lack of trust If land records were housed in an immutable blockchain, proponents say, it would reassure people that their records are intact and that the title deeds they own match government records. According to Mr Mucheru, the platform provides \"security, efficiency and transparency\". Caine Wanjau, the technology officer at Twiga Foods, a Kenya-based food distribution company, says: \"In a relationship where two parties don't trust each other, then blockchain makes sense.\" The company recently announced a partnership with IBM Research to create digital profiles of informal small-scale traders - to be stored in a blockchain - to help them access credit. \"Seventy percent of Kenyans work in the agriculture sector but only 2% get credit from banks. We want to create an immutable - trustworthy - database of the vendors and suppliers we deal with to help them, and banks to have access to information they can use to negotiate credit,\" Mr Wanjau adds. Can technology create enough jobs for Kenya? Sources: World Bank, KNBS, ICT Board June Okal, from technology site Techweez, says that the conversation should not be limited to the technology but should also include people's privacy and data protection. This is a big concern considering the country was caught up in the scandal involving British company Cambridge Analytica, which is accused of using people's personal data taken from Facebook, without permission, for its controversial micro-targeting election campaign strategy. Kenya's constitution guarantees the right to privacy but its parliament is yet to pass a law that gives unambiguous protection. Mr Mucheru, who left tech giant Google to join the government, says that the absence of laws should be seen as an opportunity to spur innovation. He has, for instance, been a proponent of trading in Bitcoin - the highly volatile and unregulated cryptocurrency which operates on a blockchain platform - even though the country's central bank governor has described it as a ponzi scheme. Blockchain is also being touted as a possible solution to various challenges in other countries in Africa. In South Africa, it is being proposed as a tool to fight corruption. Mining giant De Beers also plans to use the platform to provide a foolproof record of the source of diamonds to ensure they are not from conflict zones where gems could be used to finance violence. The decade-old concept is however not a silver bullet - its vulnerability was recently exposed after hackers accessed $400m (£253m) worth of digital coins from a Japanese crypto-currency. Some people have also questioned whether blockchain is the technological game-changer its proponents are selling it to be. Financial expert Kai Stinchcombe argues: \"It's true that tampering with data stored on a blockchain is hard, but it's false that blockchain is a good way to create data that has integrity.\" 'World's freelancing headquarters' Mr Mucheru dismisses concerns that Kenya has other pressing needs to deal with, saying that not investing in the new technologies now would only leave the country at a disadvantage. \"We already have people who are writing software for autonomous drones and experimenting with Artificial Intelligence and that number will only grow,\" he says. \"We want to be the freelancing headquarters of the world,\" he adds. Despite his optimism, there are signs everywhere that it will take a long time for Kenya to fully feel the impact of AI-powered robots in their daily lives. For example, hundreds of Kenyans still work as pump attendants at petrol stations across the country - a job that could easily be automated. Mr Mucheru insists that investing in AI technology will create new opportunities, even though he admits that it will kill other jobs. Entrepreneurs like Mary Mwangi, from Data Integrated Limited, remain optimistic about the future. The company launched a device called Mobitill which aims to bring \"financial accountability and security\" to Kenya's notoriously anarchic public buses known as matatus. \"The device uses sensors to track the bus and collects data on passenger numbers and ticketing to ensure full accountability,\" Ms Mwangi says. Even though the device was built by local software developers, she says that there are not enough engineers in the country to fully power an AI industry. \"But we have a lot of upcoming talent,\" she adds. The talent will be needed to fill thousands of skilled jobs expected to be created after the completion of a $5bn (£3bn) technology city called Konza City, which is part of Kenya's ambitious development plan known as Vision 2030. The technology hub will sit on 5,000 acres of land and aims to be the centre of innovation which will attract top technology companies to set up shop. If Konza City turns out as planned, Kenya will really live up to its title of the \"Silicon Savannah\"."
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"Represent the example for the following task: Generate an appropriate title for the given text. The generated title must be short and include the main topic of the text. The preferred titles are under fifteen words.:",
"A team in Kenya and the US are working on the project, Ushahidi's innovation manager has told the BBC. The platform is being used to collect and verify information which can be shared to affiliated groups for action. Republican candidate Donald Trump has said he believes the election will be rigged. Some fear his call for his supporters to monitor the voting process could lead to intimidation. His opponent, Hillary Clinton, has dismissed the voter fraud allegations. Millions of Americans are voting to elect a president and leaders in federal and state levels. Other states are also running ballot measures to get the public to vote on local issues. \"The team is currently combing through social media and dealing with messages sent directly to its platform, verifying the content before escalating to the right people,\" Ushahidi's innovation manager Chris Mukuria told the BBC. A statement on Ushahidi's website says that it has partnered with several institutions including the Election Protection Committee, \"who run one of the largest non-partisan election monitoring organizations in the USA\". \"Our honest hope is that all of this is for naught, and that end of the day Tuesday we look at all the reports and that 99.9% of reports say: 'Everything went great!'\" Ushahidi's chief operating officer Nathaniel Manning said in a statement. Ushahidi around the world Ushahidi was launched in 2008 by a group of activists and developers to monitor and map the violence in Kenya after a disputed election. The platform has been used in several countries and in different projects, from monitoring sexual harassment in Egypt and to respond to the needs during the earthquake Haiti in 2012. The application that has been deployed to monitor the US elections has also been used in Mexico and Nigeria, Mr Mukuria said. \"The team plans to continue monitoring the elections until polls close,\" he added. A momentous election Mrs Clinton is the Democratic candidate for the presidential race and is aiming to become the first woman president of the United States. Mr Trump, a real-estate billionaire and a reality-TV star, beat seasoned politicians in the primaries to emerge as the Republican candidate for the presidential race."
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"Represent the example for the following task: Generate an appropriate title for the given text. The generated title must be short and include the main topic of the text. The preferred titles are under fifteen words.:",
"By Tom JacksonTechnology of Business reporter When it comes to addresses, people make lots of mistakes - a wrong letter in a post code, a badly spelled road or property name. Delivery companies often get lost. We often can't find that hotel down some foreign back street. Up to 20% of addresses in developed countries, and 80% in developing countries, are not verified because of mistakes, says the World Tourism Organisation (WTO). Russian start-up Naviaddress is one of several companies trying to solve this issue using digital wizardry. But it claims to be the first employing the blockchain as way of verifying and storing its digital addresses in a decentralised ledger spread across thousands of computers. The firm has come up with a way of encoding lots of useful information - photos, route directions, geographical co-ordinates, opening hours - along with traditional physical address details, in a short sequence of digits that functions as a \"smart address\". \"We call them Naviaddresses - unified digital IDs for any place and object in real and virtual worlds,\" says chief executive Dmitri Moiseev. \"It will provide people and businesses with the freedom and ability to create, buy, own, lease and sell their digital addresses within several minutes.\" Russian delivery company ExpressRMS has begun using Naviaddress to help improve its service. \"Now, instead of the address in Cyrillic, the client receives a short message with a digital address containing the detailed 'last-mile' navigation information,\" explains ExpressRMS boss Konstantin Yakunin. \"You just follow the 'Naviaddress 1234' link and receive all the information about the location of the warehouse, like address, gate and building number, pictures of the place, and description of route,\" he says. The new system has reduced the number of calls asking for directions to warehouses \"by 80%-to-85%\", says Mr Yakunin. Naviaddress, which numbers DPD, Amazon and Booking.com among its clients, says it has created 1.5 million smart addresses so far, 1.3 million of those for businesses, and it has more than 60,000 registered app users. Dr Igor Calzada from Oxford University's Urban Transformations programme, says: \"In developing countries particularly, such geo-localisation services ...could enhance the opportunities to solve societal challenges, such as poverty, community development, education and healthcare in remote ...and rural communities.\" Yet the problems faced by Naviaddress's customers pale in comparison to businesses in less developed countries, where addresses or street names are sometimes non-existent. \"It takes three phone calls to get food delivered to your door in Nairobi, which is super-frustrating,\" says Timbo Drayson, founder of Kenyan company OkHi. \"To get someone to your office for a meeting, it takes multiple phone calls, which can be detrimental to the business when you're busy.\" Mr Drayson, who used to work for Google, founded OkHi to address the issue. \"We discovered that GPS by itself was not good enough to get someone reliably to someone's door in urban, slum and rural areas, so we invented an OkHi address, which combines GPS, photo and phone number,\" he says. Sagi Vaknin, managing director of Nairobi-based restaurant Artcaffé, says using OkHi has markedly improved food delivery times. \"Prior to OkHi, a rider would make three calls on average to the customer to get help with guidance to his location and take at least 50 minutes to deliver the food,\" he says. \"Now riders equipped with the mobile app make zero calls, arriving with our food in 30-40 minutes with no frustrations for the customer.\" Faster deliveries are better for business. UK tech company What3Words thinks it is solving the \"address unknown\" problem by dividing up the entire world into a grid of three metre squares - 57 trillion of them - and assigning each one a unique three-word address. Its algorithm takes the complex GPS coordinates for each square and converts them into words. If you want to tell others where you are, you find out what your location's three-word address is via the app and send it to them. They click on the link and it shows the precise location on a map - useful for when you're lost in the wilderness or simply having a picnic in a park. The service is available in 20 languages and is used by more than 650 businesses, governments and non-governmental organisations around the world, the company says. And now it is being integrated into car navigation systems. For example, Mercedes A-Class drivers can get in the car, speak three words, and be guided to that 3m x 3m position without any typing or other interaction required, What3Words says. it is working with other car makers, too. Digital mapping should improve with the advent of the internet of things, believs Peter Kurpick, chief platform officer at Netherlands-based data mapping company HERE Technologies. The world is \"on the cusp of an explosion in location data\", he says. Some forecasters are predicting that by 2020, there will be 200 billion connected devices whose data could be harnessed for location services on a much more accurate scale. \"The problem is that the current development process for location-centric services and applications is rather lengthy and complicated,\" says Mr Kurpick. \"Data is often in silos and incompatible, while big data management and processing are complex and costly.\" More Technology of Business So HERE is allowing developers and organisations everywhere to access its map infrastructure and technology, which includes the capability to ingest live data from vehicle sensors, for example. This would be useful for fleet tracking services, he says. Naviaddress's Dmitri Moiseev admits that it's early days for digital mapping services, but believes the potential to improve life on many levels is immense. \"The digital address system will enhance collaboration and online transactions,\" he says. \"The emergency services will respond faster, resolving health, fire and security issues.\" Now we just need a system for ensuring that we're in when the parcel arrives."
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"Represent the example for the following task: Generate an appropriate title for the given text. The generated title must be short and include the main topic of the text. The preferred titles are under fifteen words.:",
"By William KremerBBC World Service Like all little boys, Roboy likes to show off. He can say a few words. He can shake hands and wave. He is learning to ride a tricycle. And - every parent's pride and joy - he has a functioning musculoskeletal anatomy. But when Roboy is unveiled this Saturday at the Robots on Tour event in Zurich, he will be hoping to charm the crowd as well as wow them with his skills. \"One of the goals is for Roboy to be a messenger of a new generation of robots that will interact with humans in a friendly way,\" says Rolf Pfeifer from the University of Zurich - Roboy's parent-in-chief. As manufacturers get ready to market robots for the home it has become essential for them to overcome the public's suspicion of them. But designing a robot that is fun to be with - as well as useful and safe - is quite difficult. Roboy's main technical innovation is a tendon-driven design that mimics the human muscular system. Instead of whirring motors in the joints like most robots, he has around 70 imitation muscles, each containing motors that wind interconnecting tendons. Consequently, his movements will be much smoother and less robotic. But although the technical team was inspired by human beings, it chose not to create a robot that actually looked like one. Instead of a skin-like covering, Roboy has a shiny white casing that proudly reveals his electronic innards. Behind this design is a long-standing hypothesis about how people feel in the presence of robots. In 1970, the Japanese roboticist Masahiro Mori speculated that the more lifelike robots become, the more human beings feel familiarity and empathy with them - but that a robot too similar to a human provokes feelings of revulsion. Mori called this sudden dip in human beings' comfort levels the \"uncanny valley\". \"There are quite a number of studies that suggest that as long as people can clearly see that the robot is a machine, even if they project their feelings into it, then they feel comfortable,\" says Pfeifer. Roboy was styled as a boy - albeit quite a brawny one - to lower his perceived threat levels to humans. His winsome smile - on a face picked by Facebook users from a selection - hasn't hurt the team in their search for corporate sponsorship, either. But the image problem of robots is not just about the way they look. An EU-wide survey last year found that although most Europeans have a positive view of robots, they feel they should know their place. Eighty-eight per cent of respondents agreed with the statement that robots are \"necessary as they can do jobs that are too hard or dangerous for people\", such as space exploration, warfare and manufacturing. But 60% thought that robots had no place in the care of children, elderly people and those with disabilities. The computer scientist and psychologist Noel Sharkey has, however, found 14 companies in Japan and South Korea that are in the process of developing childcare robots. South Korea has already tried out robot prison guards, and three years ago launched a plan to deploy more than 8,000 English-language teachers in kindergartens. Cute, toy-like robots are already available for the home. Take the Hello Kitty robot, which has been on the market for several years and is still available for around $3,000 (£2,000). Although it can't walk, it can move its head and arms. It also has facial recognition software that allows it to call children by name and engage them in rudimentary conversation. A tongue-in-cheek customer review of the catbot on Amazon reveals a certain amount of scepticism. \"Hello Kitty Robo me was babysit,\" reads the review. \"Love me hello kitty robo, thank robo for make me talk good... Use lots battery though, also only for rich baby, not for no money people.\" The product description says the robot is \"a perfect companion for times when your child needs a little extra comfort and friendship\" and \"will keep your child happily occupied\". In other words, it's something to turn on to divert your infant for a few moments, but it is not intended as a replacement child-minder. An ethical survey of \"robot nannies\" by Noel and Amanda Sharkey suggests that as robots become more sophisticated parents may be increasingly tempted to hand them too much responsibility. The survey also raises the question of what long-term effects will result from children forming an emotional bond with a lump of plastic. They cite one case study in which a 10-year-old girl, who had been given a robot doll for several weeks, reported that \"now that she's played with me a lot more, she really knows me\". Noel Sharkey says that he loves the idea of children playing with robots but has serious concerns about them being brought up by them. \"[Imagine] the kind of attachment disorders they would develop,\" he says. But despite their limitations, humanoid robots might yet prove invaluable in narrow, fixed roles in hospitals, schools and homes. \"Something really interesting happens between some kids with autism and robots that doesn't happen between those children and other humans,\" says Maja J Mataric, a roboticist at the University of Southern California. She's found that such children respond positively to humanoids and she is trying to work out how they can be used therapeutically. In their study, the Sharkeys make the observation that robots have one advantage over adult humans. They can have physical contact with children - something now frowned upon or forbidden in schools. \"These restrictions would not apply to a robot,\" they write, \"because it could not be accused of having sexual intent and so there are no particular ethical concerns. The only concern would be the child's safety - for example, not being crushed by a hugging robot.\" When it comes to robots, there is such a thing as too much love. \"If you were having a mechanical assistant in the home that was powerful enough to be useful, it would necessarily be powerful enough to be dangerous,\" says Peter Robinson of Cambridge University. \"Therefore it'd better have really good understanding and communication.\" His team are developing robots with sophisticated facial recognition. These machines won't just be able to tell Bill from Brenda but they will be able to infer from his expression whether Bill is feeling confused, tired, playful or in physical agony. Roboy's muscles and tendons may actually make him a safer robot to have around. His limbs have more elasticity than a conventional robot's, allowing for movement even when he has a power failure. Rolf Pfeifer has a favourite question which he puts to those sceptical about using robots in caring situations. \"If you couldn't walk upstairs any more, would you want a person to carry you or would you want to take the elevator?\" Most people opt for the elevator, which is - if you think about it - a kind of robot. Pfeifer believes robots will enter our homes. What is not yet clear is whether the future lies in humanoid servants with a wide range of limited skills or in intelligent, responsive appliances designed to do specific tasks, he says. \"I think the market will ultimately determine what kind of robot we're going to have.\" You can listen to Click on the BBC World Service. Listen back to the robots for humans special via iplayer or browse the Click podcast archive. You can follow the Magazine on Twitter and on Facebook."
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"Represent the example for the following task: Generate an appropriate title for the given text. The generated title must be short and include the main topic of the text. The preferred titles are under fifteen words.:",
"By Pallab GhoshScience correspondent, BBC News A robot arm builds \"babies\" that get progressively better at moving without any human intervention. The ultimate aim of the research project is to develop robots that adapt to their surroundings. The work by teams in Cambridge and Zurich has been published in the journal PLOS One. It seems like a plot from a science fiction film: a robot that builds other robots - each one better than the previous generation. But that is what researchers in Cambridge and Zurich have done. But those concerned about machines taking over the world shouldn't worry, at least not yet. At this stage the \"baby robots\" consist of plastic cubes with a motor inside. These are put together by a \"mother\" robot arm which glues them together in different configurations. Although the set up is simple the system itself is ingenious. The mother robot assesses how far its babies are able to move, and with no human intervention, improves the design so that the next one it builds can move further. The mother robot built ten generations of children. The final version moved twice the distance of the first before its power ran out. According to Dr Fumiya Iida of Cambridge University, who led the research with colleagues at ETH Zurich, one aim is to gain new insights into how living things evolve. \"One of the big questions in biology is how intelligence came about - we're using robotics to explore this mystery,\" he told BBC News. \"We think of robots as performing repetitive tasks, and they're typically designed for mass production instead of mass customisation, but we want to see robots that are capable of innovation and creativity.\" Another aim is to develop robots that can improve and adapt to new situations, according to Andre Rosendo - who also worked on the project. \"You can imagine cars being built in factories and the robot looking for defects in the car and fixing them by itself,\" he said. \"And robots used in agriculture could try out slightly different ways of harvesting crops to see if they can improve yield.\" Dr Iidya told me that he came into robotics because he was disappointed that the robots he saw in real life were not as good as the ones he saw in science fiction films such as Star Wars and Star Trek. His aim was to change that and his approach was to draw lessons from the natural world to improve the efficiency and flexibility of traditional robotic systems. As to whether we'd ever see robots like those in the sci-fi films that inspired him, he said: \"We're not there yet, but sure, why not, maybe in about 30 years.\" Follow Pallab on Twitter"
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"Represent the example for the following task: Generate an appropriate title for the given text. The generated title must be short and include the main topic of the text. The preferred titles are under fifteen words.:",
"Using plastic sheets, hay bales, water and washing-up liquid, the 90m (295ft) slide will be set up in Park Street. Riders on lilos will be cheered on by a crowd bashing cow bells on either side. Some 360 ticket holders, picked from nearly 100,000 applicants, will ride the slide from 11:00 BST on Sunday. 'Guinea pig' Luke Jerram, the man behind the slide, said he was told by the council on Thursday his \"Park-and-Slide\" could \"definitely\" go ahead. The project was first announced in March by the Bristol-based artist. With demand \"far exceeding capacity\", a ticket ballot was held to whittle down the 96,573 applicants. Using 300 hay bales, tarpaulin and a \"slide strip\", Mr Jerram said it would take about three hours to set up the giant water chute. \"I'll be the first person down it. I'm the guinea pig,\" he said. \"We're using a mix of water and washing-up liquid, so I'll be getting it primed and checking it all works so that we can get it signed off for health and safety.\" The slide is set to be in operation until 17:00, although the organisers say the event is still subject to an \"on-the-day final health and safety sign-off\" and they \"reserve the right to cancel at any time\"."
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[
"Represent the example for the following task: Generate an appropriate title for the given text. The generated title must be short and include the main topic of the text. The preferred titles are under fifteen words.:",
"The prime minister decided not to sack Ms Patel last year after a report found evidence of \"bullying\" and \"some occasions of shouting and swearing\". Mr Johnson backed Ms Patel, saying she had not broken the Ministerial Code. The FDA union, which represents senior civil servants, said this reaction had \"undermined\" disciplinary procedures. And Labour called Mr Johnson's decision the \"sign of a broken system\". Home Office Permanent Secretary Sir Philip Rutnam resigned in February last year, saying he had been the target of a \"vicious and orchestrated briefing campaign\". He is pursuing an employment tribunal claim for constructive dismissal. A report last November by Sir Alex Allan, the prime minister's adviser on standards, said Ms Patel had \"unintentionally\" breached the Ministerial Code, governing conduct. He found Ms Patel to be \"action-orientated\" and that she had felt \"justifiably in many instances, frustrated by the Home Office leadership's lack of responsiveness\". Sir Alex added: \"The evidence is that this has manifested itself in forceful expression, including some occasions of shouting and swearing. This may not be done intentionally to cause upset, but that has been the effect on some individuals.\" He resigned after Mr Johnson supported the home secretary, saying she retained his \"full confidence\". 'Dismay and anger' The FDA, of which Sir Philip is a member, is seeking a judicial review of the prime minister's decision. In a written submission, general secretary Dave Penman told the High Court that \"civil servants should expect to work with ministers without fear of being bullied or harassed\". Mr Johnson's actions had \"fundamentally undermined\" the disciplinary process, he added, and the prime minister had \"misinterpreted\" the definition of bullying in the Ministerial Code. Mr Penman said there was \"bewilderment, dismay and anger among our membership\" and there had been \"serious detrimental effects to workplace relations and confidence in the process for dealing with complaints against ministers\". He added that, if Mr Johnson's decision was not \"corrected\" by the court, \"his interpretation of the Ministerial Code will result in that document failing to protect workplace standards across government\". For Labour, shadow Cabinet Office minister Fleur Anderson said: \"Boris Johnson's assertion that Priti Patel did not break the Ministerial Code is not credible and shows why he should not act as both judge and jury. \"It is a sign of a broken system when a cabinet minister is found to have bullied their staff and the prime minister ignores the damning findings and protects them.\" Civil servants should have confidence \"that they are able to challenge ministerial decisions without fear for the consequences\", Ms Anderson added. A government spokesperson said: \"The prime minister has full confidence in the home secretary and considers this matter now closed. It would be inappropriate for us to comment further on live legal matters.\""
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"Represent the example for the following task: Generate an appropriate title for the given text. The generated title must be short and include the main topic of the text. The preferred titles are under fifteen words.:",
"The Prime Minister told BBC Radio Kent that he \"wasn't particularly happy\" about what he had heard about her. \"I don't think she's making a very good fist of her job... the people of Kent elected her, they can un-elect her at the next available opportunity.\" The BBC has been unable to contact Mrs Barnes for her reaction to his comments, as she is away on holiday. New policing model Mr Cameron's remarks follow a Channel 4 documentary last month, in which Mrs Barnes admitted she should not have taken part. The \"fly-on-the-wall\" TV programme Meet the Police Commissioner, saw Mrs Barnes talk about her £85,000-a-year role. At points in the broadcast, she struggled to explain an approach to policing priorities called \"the onion\", brought her dogs into the office and failed to write her title correctly on a whiteboard. Mrs Barnes was also criticised last year after she appointed teenager Paris Brown as Kent's first youth commissioner. Ms Brown later resigned over comments she had posted on Twitter. However, earlier this month, within days of the Channel 4 programme, it was claimed Ms Brown's replacement had been involved in a relationship with 50-year-old former county councillor and youth leader Robert Burgess. Kerry Boyd, 20, has since not undertaken any public engagements. The BBC has also learned that Mrs Barnes will still be on holiday when a new policing model for Kent is introduced on Tuesday. When asked about this, the Prime Minister said that while she was responsible for her own movements, \"that doesn't sound particularly impressive\". \"As I've said, I don't think she has impressed in this role,\" Mr Cameron added."
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"Represent the example for the following task: Generate an appropriate title for the given text. The generated title must be short and include the main topic of the text. The preferred titles are under fifteen words.:",
"The National Audit Office found the security firm made £14.3m profit running Brook House from 2012 to 2018. The findings raise serious questions about the Home Office's handling of sensitive contracts, MPs said. The Home Office said it had been working to improve leadership, management and training at the centre. Panorama footage broadcast in September 2017 showed alleged assaults, humiliation and verbal abuse of detainees by officers at the centre, near Gatwick Airport. In total, 21 members of staff were identified as part of the Panorama allegations - 12 were later dismissed and three resigned. The NAO report found G4S has been making \"significant profits\" on the Brook House contract. Between 2012 and 2018, G4S made £14.3m gross profits, (before deducting a share of company overheads, such as human resources), with gross profit rates of between 10% and 20% each year. It also pointed to the fact that under the terms of its contract G4S cannot be penalised if staff use excessive force or inappropriate language. Labour MP Yvette Cooper, chairwoman of the Home Affairs Select Committee, said the findings raised \"serious questions\" about the Home Office's handling of sensitive contracts and claimed the department's monitoring should have picked up problems sooner. She said: \"For G4S to be making up to 20% gross profits on the Brook House contract at the same time as such awful abuse by staff against detainees was taking place is extremely troubling. \"Given that profits reduced when G4S had to increase staffing and training after the Panorama programme, this raises very serious questions about G4S's running of the centre to make higher profits whilst not having proper staffing, training and safeguarding systems in place.\" She confirmed that the committee will further pursue both G4S and the Home Office. Despite the problems, the NAO found that G4S \"broadly delivered\" on the terms of the contract. A Home Office spokesman said it was making \"significant changes\" to the contracting model. They said: \"The Home Office and G4S have been working together and we remain committed to improving leadership, management and training at Brook House.\" John Whitwam, managing director of G4S custodial and detention services, said: \"Building on the significant progress already made at Brook House IRC, we continue to work closely with the Home Office to improve further the services we provide.\" According to the NAO, the Home Office has now concluded that the Brook House contract as written is no longer fit for purpose, given the lack of scope to impose financial penalties and enforce improvements in conditions and treatment. Any new contract is expected to include new performance measures covering staff recruitment, induction, training, mentoring and culture, and establish a contractual role for the Home Office to monitor the appropriateness of the use of force against detainees and the care of staff and detainees following an incident."
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"Represent the example for the following task: Generate an appropriate title for the given text. The generated title must be short and include the main topic of the text. The preferred titles are under fifteen words.:",
"Charity Bawso received enquiries about FGM from 788 people in Swansea, Newport and Cardiff between April 2014 and March 2015. It received 249 inquiries the previous year. A recent report found victims of FGM are likely to be living in every area of England and Wales. The study, funded by charity Trust for London and the Home Office, concluded that all areas of England and Wales needed services and strategies to meet the needs of FGM victims. Increasing awareness Dr Mwenya Chimba, Violence Against Women Director at Bawso, believes people are becoming more aware of FGM. She said: \"The FGM summit in London last year really raised the profile. \"We have been approached by women where it happened a long time ago and they require support psychologically. \"We are contacted by women who have undergone FGM themselves and fear if they return home their child would be at risk. \"We also work one-to-one with families when we feel a child could be at risk. We speak to mothers and fathers to try and raise awareness.\" FGM, sometimes called female circumcision, refers to procedures including the partial or total removal of external female genital organs for non-medical reasons. It is illegal in the UK. The NHS says FGM is prevalent in Africa, the Middle East and Asia, and is carried out for \"cultural, religious and social reasons\". It can cause issues including severe pain, infections, pregnancy complications and even death."
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[
"Represent the example for the following task: Generate an appropriate title for the given text. The generated title must be short and include the main topic of the text. The preferred titles are under fifteen words.:",
"Plan International UK said statistics showed there were 8,656 times when a girl or woman was assessed at a doctor's surgery or hospital. Charity boss Tanya Barron said: \"These figures are once again a reminder of the global prevalence of FGM.\" An estimated 200 million women and girls worldwide are affected. Protection orders According to the World Health Organization (WHO) the practice of FGM includes \"the partial or total removal of the female external genitalia or other injury to the female genital organs for non-medical reasons\". The NHS figures analysed were between April 2015 and March 2016. They show a patient was assessed on average every 61 minutes. Among those who attended, a case of FGM is newly recorded every 92 minutes on average. One survivor who went through FGM has described the physical pain caused by FGM. Hibo Wardere, now 46, was mutilated when she was six years old. She told the BBC: \"An open wound rubbed with salt or hot chilli - it felt like that.\" The figures come as the world marks the international day of zero tolerance to FGM - a UN-sponsored event to raise awareness of the issue. This means a woman or girl has their case recorded by the NHS for the first time, although in many cases they will have been cut some years before but it has not come to the attention of doctors sooner, the charity said. Avon and Somerset Police has led use of FGM protection orders (FGMPO) nationally. The orders were brought in to protect potential victims. It has applied for 10 FGMPOs since July 2015, when legislation was brought in. Det Ch Insp Leanne Pook said: \"Each application is carefully considered and brought only in cases where they are deemed to be at risk. Support families A family speaks out against the abuse Midwife, who had FGM as a child, supports other victims \"We have one active FGM investigation ongoing at the moment, but the majority of our work in this area focuses on safeguarding referrals. \"This means working in partnership with our colleagues in local authorities, health and education to share information and visit and support families with children deemed to be at risk of FGM.\" There have been 97 applications and 79 orders made in England and Wales up to the end of September 2016. The National Police Chiefs Council and the Freedom Charity have made a series of of posters to highlight the problem. They are encouraging people to use the hashtag #EndFGM to show support throughout the day. Parenting in Africa tweeted: \"Female Genital Mutilation is a Violation of #humanrights. Girls must Live in #Dignity. #EndFGM\" Girls not Brides tweeted: \"Educating women and girls about their rights will help #endFGM and #endchildmarriage together @Tostan\" It has been illegal to carry out FGM in the UK since 1985, but there has not been a single successful prosecution. This failure has been branded a \"national scandal\" by the Home Affairs Select Committee. Home Secretary Amber Rudd said: \"FGM is a devastating act of violence that no woman or girl should ever have to suffer and the criminals who perpetrate it should be brought to justice.\" Crimestoppers has launched a campaign in West Mercia to encourage people to report the issue and raise awareness of its impact."
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[
"Represent the example for the following task: Generate an appropriate title for the given text. The generated title must be short and include the main topic of the text. The preferred titles are under fifteen words.:",
"Jamila Azad, who has been elected to both Oxfordshire County Council and Oxford City Council, has since removed the post from her Facebook page. The government said jabs were only allowed to be administered by the NHS. Ms Azad said she did not want to comment. However, her family said she received the vaccine through the NHS. Labour has said she has not been suspended from the party but will effectively sit as an independent councillor while an investigation is carried out. The original Facebook post showed Ms Azad and another woman receiving injections from a man in medical scrubs and PPE, according to the Local Democracy Reporting Service (LDRS). The comment said it was a \"Private Care Doctor for Covid 19 vaccine\" It added: \"A long wait for NHS waiting list. We had take away from Akber take away.\" It is unclear where Ms Azad may have received the vaccine. According to The Department of Health and Social Care, it would be illegal to administer vaccines outside of the NHS. The Medicines and Healthcare products Regulatory Agency, which would be responsible for any enforcement action, said it was investigating. Lynda Scammell from the agency said: \"Vaccines that are not authorised for use in UK, and if purchased from outside the legitimate NHS supply route, cannot be guaranteed to meet standards of quality, safety and effectiveness.\" Councillors Susan Brown and Liz Brighouse, the leaders of the Labour groups at Oxford City Council and Oxfordshire County Council respectively, issued a joint statement in relation to the post. It said: \"Following a recent post on her Facebook account about her Covid-19 vaccination, Councillor Jamila Azad has been suspended by the whips of both the Oxfordshire County Council and Oxford City Council Labour groups, pending further investigation. \"Councillor Azad has now removed the post in question. \"We will be making no further comment on this matter until formal investigations into it have been completed.\" Councillor Craig Simmons, who leads the Greens at Oxford City Council, said Ms Azad would have breached the authority's code of conduct if she had paid for the vaccine privately. \"If [she] did indeed bypass the NHS and secure a vaccine from a private medical facility through illegal means then her position is untenable,\" he said. \"Principles such as selflessness, honesty and integrity are core to the code and Councillor Azad's behaviour, should the allegations be proven, would fall far short of what is expected and required of all councillors.\" Follow BBC South on Facebook, Twitter, or Instagram. Send your story ideas to [email protected]. Related Internet Links Department of Health and Social Care"
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"Represent the example for the following task: Generate an appropriate title for the given text. The generated title must be short and include the main topic of the text. The preferred titles are under fifteen words.:",
"The moss, which grows on thatched roofs, was believed to be disappearing because of modern roofing techniques. Richard Lansdown, a moss expert, said: \"It seems to favour middle-aged thatch but can appear on a roof four or five years after re-thatching.\" It has been found in Cornwall, Devon, Dorset, Somerset and Gloucestershire. Moist roofs The National Trust looked at 54 sites and found the leptodontium gemmascens moss on 18 buildings, 10 of which were new sites located in the South West. The trust said the practice of patching up roofs which encouraged the growth of this plant has decreased in popularity, with more people instead opting to have whole roofs replaced. Thatch moss forms dull green patches on roofs and grows up to 1cm tall. Mr Lansdown, who carried out the survey, said: \"Recent work suggests that moist roofs close to trees or in the valleys are favoured by thatch moss.\" The National Trust believes it could be more widespread than previously thought. Matthew Oates, a conservation advisor at the trust, said: \"This survey shows that this endearing and harmless little moss has a real future and that it may be more widespread than we first thought. \"People living in thatch cottages in southern England may be hosting this moss alongside the more common and obvious mosses.\""
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"Represent the example for the following task: Generate an appropriate title for the given text. The generated title must be short and include the main topic of the text. The preferred titles are under fifteen words.:",
"The site at Denny Inclosure, east of Lyndhurst, is a protected monument. Researchers are trying to find out if it was one of a number of foresters' lodges converted in the 14th century for King Edward III's hunting trips. The University of Winchester and New Forest National Park Authority hope to date the lodge and others in the park. National park archaeologist Frank Green said the last excavation of a similar site was 100 years ago. He said: \"Modern scientific dating techniques and the ability to recover information about the site's use can now provide us with a much better understanding, and the potential for more accurate dating, of the site. \"We hope this will lead to similar work on other lodge sites as part of a much larger project that will expand our knowledge of potential royal hunting sites from the medieval period.\" The dig forms part of a wider project covering a number of related sites over the next few years."
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"Represent the example for the following task: Generate an appropriate title for the given text. The generated title must be short and include the main topic of the text. The preferred titles are under fifteen words.:",
"The property, designed by Charles Rennie Mackintosh, has been threatened by the effects of water penetration. Owners the National Trust for Scotland (NTS) and Historic Environment Scotland used infra-red technology to show how damp and water has damaged the building. A mesh structure is being constructed around the building to protect it from the weather while it is restored. A previous infra-red survey from 2003 has been combined with the new images and further surveys to allow conservationists to pinpoint the worst affected areas and understand why the property's condition is declining. The technique highlights differences in surface temperature, which shows where moisture from decades of wet weather has accumulated within the building. The Hill House was finished in 1904, but a century of Scottish weather has taken its toll. 'A home for the future' Rennie Mackintosh had envisioned it as \"a home for the future\" and used experimental building material - which has allowed water to soak into the building. Richard Williams, of the National Trust for Scotland, said: \"These surveys reinforce what we already knew about the house, which is that it is very damp and has considerable issues that need to be overcome. \"Due to the design of the Hill House, there are many ledges, wall heads and chimneys that have had a history of many attempts to remedy, yet this problem continues. \"We're also now have additional areas of concern. We have also been able to see the direction that the water is travelling in some of the rooms, in particular in the exhibition room, where there was already clear damage. \"The works to create the 'box' are now well under way and we are grateful to the many individuals who have generously donated to help us to tackle these problems. The intention is that the structure will provide a temporary respite for the Hill House pending a long-term solution to the water ingress being found.\" The house and gardens are currently closed to the public but are expected to reopen in late spring."
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"Represent the example for the following task: Generate an appropriate title for the given text. The generated title must be short and include the main topic of the text. The preferred titles are under fifteen words.:",
"The maiden, the young man and the mother and baby salamander join 10 others all designed by the cathedral's master mason and inspired by psalm 148. \"Carving gargoyles is a rare opportunity for us to express ourselves creatively,\" said Pascal Mychalysin. \"I am sure our medieval counterparts didn't go to art school, so we are carrying on that tradition.\" Gargoyles are used to discharge water from the roof and away from the side of a building. 'Target practice' The combination of cold and wet conditions can cause severe damage to the building fabric as has happened in the past to the north transept of Gloucester Cathedral, where the whole facade had to be replaced. Gloucester Cathedral still has some Gothic gargoyles carved at the end of the 12th Century. Sandie Conway from the cathedral said most of the existing gargoyles were headless, due to intentional damage during the English Civil War. She said: \"There is evidence that the gargoyles were used for target practice by the Puritan soldiers and the stonework on the south aisle shows impact holes from musket balls.\""
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"Represent the example for the following task: Generate an appropriate title for the given text. The generated title must be short and include the main topic of the text. The preferred titles are under fifteen words.:",
"The first stones have been removed from the 86m (282ft) spire, on St Wulfram's Church, in Grantham, which is ranked as one of the tallest in the UK. More than £500,000 has been raised to help fund the project, which will see the top 12m (40ft) removed and rebuilt. Metal rods inside the 14th-Century spire have eroded causing damage to the stone work. 'Piece of history' Father Stuart Cradduck said the work could be difficult as \"it's not just one stone and it's quite deep as they get further down the spire\". \"The weathervane is now down and people can go and see it,\" he said. \"The stones that we can't reuse, people can take away. They can offer a donation and take a piece of history.\" Father Cradduck added the church would be without the top half of the spire during the repair work. Newspaper columnist and author Simon Jenkins described the church in his book England's Thousand Best Churches, as having \"the finest steeple in England\". The scaffolding went up in February on the Grade I listed building. The project was awarded a grant of £40,000 by the National Churches Trust, with English Heritage providing funding of £200,000. Jean Parker, appeal chairman for the church, previously described the project as \"colossal\" and praised the efforts of all those involved in raising the money. The church bells will ring again once the work is completed by December."
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"Represent the example for the following task: Generate an appropriate title for the given text. The generated title must be short and include the main topic of the text. The preferred titles are under fifteen words.:",
"By Steven McKenzieBBC Scotland reporter Believed to be a female fertility symbol, it was among stone carvings that decorated the upper walls of Craigievar Castle in Aberdeenshire. The Royal Commission on the Ancient and Historical Monuments of Scotland (RCAHMS) made a study of the carvings. Images taken of them have been uploaded onto the RCAHMS' website. A book about the stonework and the study made during a major restoration of the National Trust for Scotland (NTS) property has also been published. Records of the Craigievar carvings join data the RCAHMS has gathered on rock art, sculptures and also Pictish carvings found across Scotland. Commission staff carried out its work at Craigievar in partnership with NTS between 2007 and 2009, recording the 17th Century carved cannons, waterspouts and gargoyles fixed to the castle's walls. The waterspout listed as number 394 is thought to be a fertility symbol. The RCAHMS said it was similar to medieval Celtic carvings known as Sheela na Gigs found in Argyll and in the west of Ireland. In the new book, the commission said it was the \"most curious and unexpected image on the castle\" and \"wonderfully rude\". It was removed from the castle's walls and put on display inside the building because of its fragile state. Carved stone cannons that feature winged dragons, thistles and ornate patterns were also recorded at Craigievar, along with its gargoyles. John Borland, a survey manager and illustrator with RCAHMS, said stone masons working on the castle in the 1600s had turned their hands to carving in soft sandstone and hard granite. In addition to a photographic and written records, Mr Borland also produced sketches of the carvings. He said: \"The gargoyles are a very odd collection of carvings. \"All have this little loop, a shot hole, through which muskets could be fired down through if there was an enemy at the door, but it is unlikely they were used for this. \"Some of the images are animalistic and could be related to the castle's family heraldry.\" Mr Borland said others were human faces, while one was of a horned devil. New cannons were made during the £1m restoration work by NTS to replace a number of missing original features."
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"Represent the example for the following task: Generate an appropriate title for the given text. The generated title must be short and include the main topic of the text. The preferred titles are under fifteen words.:",
"Rory Cellan-JonesTechnology correspondent@BBCRoryCJon Twitter But the standards body behind the new rules says there is no evidence that mobile networks cause cancer or other illnesses. It has spent several years reviewing scientific literature on the effects of exposure to electromagnetic fields. It says the new guidelines will provide improved protection for forthcoming 5G technologies that use high frequencies. It is the first time since 1998 that the guidelines on protecting humans from radiation from phone networks, wi-fi and Bluetooth have been updated. High frequencies The rules do not impose new limits on 5G phone masts, but rather concern the phones themselves. They impose what are described as \"more conservative limits\" on radiation from handsets when they connect to higher-frequency 5G networks. The changes focus on frequencies above 6 GHz. These are not used for 5G in the UK at the moment but could be in the future. The benefit is that they can deliver very high speeds, but only over short distances. The rules provide a \"slightly higher level of protection than the current guidelines,\" the International Commission on Non-Ionizing Radiation Protection (ICNIRP)'s chairman Dr Eric van Rongen told the BBC. Mobile trade group GSMA said current 5G phones would not be affected as they already fall within the new standards' limits. And industry insiders say new handsets are already being designed with the tighter guidelines in mind. Scientific evidence It concluded that apart from some heating of human body tissue, there was no evidence of harm. \"We also considered all other types of effects for instance, whether radio waves could lead to the development of cancer in the human body,\" said Mr van Rongen. \"We find that the scientific evidence for that is not enough to conclude that indeed there is such an effect.\" The GSMA welcomed the announcement. \"Twenty years of research should reassure people there are no established health risks from their mobile devices or 5G antennas,\" said its chief regulatory officer John Giusti. A number of campaign groups have been lobbying for even tighter rules, claiming that the higher frequencies used for 5G are dangerous. \"We know parts of the community are concerned about the safety of 5G, and we hope the updated guidelines will help put people at ease,\" said Mr van Rongen. In the UK, the telecoms regulator Ofcom has been testing 5G mast sites to check that emissions do not exceed existing guidelines. It has carried out 16 tests so far at sites where mobile use is high. In each case, it found that radiation emissions were \"a small fraction\" of what was allowed, with the highest reading just 1.5% of the maximum level permitted."
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"Represent the example for the following task: Generate an appropriate title for the given text. The generated title must be short and include the main topic of the text. The preferred titles are under fifteen words.:",
"Masts of up to 25m will no longer need to go through the full planning permission process from April. This has been in place in England and Scotland since 2016, leading to claims that the Welsh Government was dragging its feet. The process for approving electric vehicle charging points is also set to be accelerated by planning changes. The changes, under what are known as permitted development rights, replace the existing limit of 15m and bring Wales in line with the rest of Britain. Because they can carry more equipment and send the signal further, it is hoped bigger masts will benefit places with limited or no mobile coverage. Telecoms companies have been calling for the changes, which were recommended by a government-commissioned report in 2017. The assembly's economy committee said last month that Wales risked falling behind when the next generation of mobile phone technology, such as 5G, arrives. Committee chairman Russell George said he was \"pleased that the Welsh Government has finally proposed this change after many years of refusing this request\". \"It is critical that Wales is not left behind in this new era and there are still parts of Wales with no connection at all,\" he said. \"That simply isn't good enough and it is crucial that these not-spots are covered, particularly in remote, rural areas.\" Avoiding the need for full planning permission could save companies £2,250 and cut eight weeks off the process, the Welsh Government said. Deputy Economy Minister Lee Waters said: \"The purpose of changing permitted development rights to allow taller masts is to enable the further roll-out of mobile coverage across Wales, particularly in those areas with limited or no coverage currently. \"We must remember that the main levers to improve mobile coverage lie with the industry, Ofcom and UK Government. \"They are not devolved but we are taking action in the areas we are responsible for.\" The new permitted development rights for electric car charging points include potential locations at the kerbside, at homes and supermarkets. It is meant to help create a \"Wales-wide network of charging infrastructure\", according to the Welsh Government. Building work to install broadband and put solar panels on roofs will also be made easier under the changes."
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"Represent the example for the following task: Generate an appropriate title for the given text. The generated title must be short and include the main topic of the text. The preferred titles are under fifteen words.:",
"So-called micro-networks eliminate the need for underground cables or large masts. The technology has been tested in Cumbria and will be rolled out more widely from 2015. The move could placate the government, which is keen to see operators helping solve rural mobile connectivity. \"We've been working closely with government on the long-term ambition to bring voice coverage to more of the UK, and we believe that this world-first technology will demonstrate significant advancements against that vision,\" said EE chief executive Olaf Swantee. Over the next three years, EE will use the technology to make voice services as well as 3G and 4G mobile data coverage available to communities struggling with connectivity. Unreliable mobile and broadband The technology is a fairly old one - the concept of mesh networking has been used by wireless internet service providers in the past although issues with power and the cost of connecting to the wider network have previously limited its usefulness. \"The key will be whether the links between the mesh points are able to cope with heavy use of the 4G network and whether the pricing is such that it makes it accessible to the average user,\" said Sebastien Lahtinen, from broadband news site ThinkBroadband. The type of technology EE is using is designed by Parallel Wireless and will be able to connect communities of between 100 and 150 across an area of 0.5 sq miles (1.3 sq km) with three or four antennas. The first community to test the technology is the village of Sebergham in Cumbria, which has 129 dwellings and 347 residents. It sits in a deep valley, making connectivity a daily struggle. \"The mobile service here is either non-existent or spasmodic at best,\" said Cumbria county councillor Duncan Fairbairn. \"And the broadband is incredibly slow and very unreliable. In rural communities like Sebergham, being connected to good, reliable mobile coverage can make a significant difference to everyday life, and we need fast broadband.\" The government is keen to solve the problem of dropped calls and unsent texts and is currently considering the idea of making operators share 2G networks as a way of solving it. For their part, the mobile operators have promised to invest millions of pounds in their networks in order to avoid network sharing. Matthew Howett, an analyst with research firm Ovum, thinks EE could be attempting to woo government with its latest plan, which could prove a good tactic. \"The added benefit of the micro-network of course is that it also extends the reach of mobile data, which of course the governments proposals don't. \"That has to be an attractive proposition and will certainly get the government's attention,\" he said."
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"Represent the example for the following task: Generate an appropriate title for the given text. The generated title must be short and include the main topic of the text. The preferred titles are under fifteen words.:",
"Authorities say Sandra Bland hanged herself, but her family says she would not have taken her own life. A video was found on her Facebook page in which she said she was suffering from \"a little bit of depression\" and post-traumatic stress disorder. Her death follows a series of cases in which black people have died in police custody or during arrest. Bland had been stopped by police after improperly signalling a lane change while driving. She was arrested after allegedly kicking a police officer after the traffic stop. Family members were shocked by her death, unable to believe she would have killed herself. A second video showed Bland saying \"Depression is nothing but the devil\" and that \"it's a daily struggle\". The FBI has launched an investigation, following the start of a separate inquiry by the Texas Rangers law enforcement agency. The 28-year-old had just moved to Texas from Illinois to start a new job. Her sister Shante Needham said Bland called her from jail, saying she did not know why she had been arrested and that an officer had possibly broken her arm. Bland died by asphyxiation using a plastic bag to hang herself in her cell, according to Waller County District Attorney Elton Mathias. Video footage did not show what happened inside Bland's cell, but did suggest no one entered or left it until someone found her unconscious. The Texas Commission on Jail Standards cited the Waller County Jail three years ago for not checking all inmates once an hour. Another inmate hanged himself with a bed sheet in 2012. Jail Sheriff Glen Smith said his staff checked on Bland less than an hour before she was found dead. Texas state senator Royce West asked the Texas Department of Public Safety to release video of the arrest and called her death \"suspicious\"."
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"Represent the example for the following task: Generate an appropriate title for the given text. The generated title must be short and include the main topic of the text. The preferred titles are under fifteen words.:",
"Scotland Yard said the 27-year-old suspect and the victim, who is believed to have been in her 20s, were known to each other. Police were called to a disturbance in Clapham Road, Stockwell, at about 21:10 GMT on Sunday. The woman was found suffering from stab injuries and was pronounced dead at the scene. Related Internet Links Home - The Met"
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"Represent the example for the following task: Generate an appropriate title for the given text. The generated title must be short and include the main topic of the text. The preferred titles are under fifteen words.:",
"Chief Constable Sue Sim said the force had offered support \"far in excess of any legal duty\" to David Rathband. At an inquest in Newcastle, coroner Eric Armstrong found Mr Rathband, who was shot by Raoul Moat in 2010, took his own life in February 2012. The 44-year-old's family said they would \"continue with David's litigation\" against the force. PC David Rathband was found hanged in Blyth, in Northumberland, in February 2012, 19 months after being shot as he sat in his patrol car. The inquest had heard he had threatened to kill himself after being injured. Mr Armstrong said he was \"drawn inescapably to the conclusion that David intended to take his own life\" and that he did not believe Mr Rathband's actions were a \"cry for help\" because he had locked his door, leaving the key in the lock. He told the inquest that Mr Rathband's colleagues and friends may, \"with the benefit of hindsight, form the view that they wish they could have done something else\". However, he said such things should not be dwelled on as they had taken decisions \"which at the time seemed appropriate and were justified\". 'Totally without justification' Mr Rathband had been pursuing legal action against Northumbria Police claiming he should not have been in a patrol car alone when a gunman was on the rampage. After the hearing, Ms Sim said the coroner had been \"satisfied that David took his own life\" and \"did not criticise any individual or organisation\". \"I gave David my personal commitment that, should he wish to do so, he could return to Northumbria Police as a police officer,\" she said. \"There have been criticisms levelled at Northumbria Police during the inquest by some of David's family. \"We fully understand the family's grief at David's death but we must refute any suggestion that we failed to support David or that the support we provided was inadequate. \"Such allegations are totally without justification. We provided the highest level of financial, welfare and rehabilitation support to David, far in excess of any legal duty.\" Outside the inquest, Mr Rathband's sister Debbie Essery said he had \"suffered horrific, life-changing injuries which he fought bravely and with courage and dignity, trying to come to terms with a life of pain and darkness\". \"The loss of David has devastated our family. We will never be able to come to terms with this.\" She added that the family would \"now continue with David's litigation against Northumbria Police for the benefit of David's children\". 'Incredibly inspirational' Mrs Rathband's estranged wife Kath, who had told the three-day inquest their marriage ended after her husband's affair with 7/7 London bomber survivor Lisa French, asked for privacy. In a statement read by lawyer Philip Davison, she said the attack by Moat had changed her family's lives \"irrevocably\". \"David fought so hard to come to terms with the devastating injuries and the effect it had on us all as a family. \"Whilst I have lost David, he has left me with two amazing children and he would be immensely proud of them and what they have achieved, as I am.\" Following the shooting, Mr Rathband set up the Blue Lamp Foundation, which supports emergency services workers injured in the line of duty, and has so far raised more than £400,000. Sharon Ashurst, from the charity, described him as \"incredibly inspirational\" and \"fun to be around\". Related Internet Links HM Court Service"
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"Represent the example for the following task: Generate an appropriate title for the given text. The generated title must be short and include the main topic of the text. The preferred titles are under fifteen words.:",
"She warned financial conditions in the US had become \"less supportive\" of growth. The US central bank released Ms Yellen's prepared comments ahead of her latest appearance before Congress. The bank raised interest rates by 0.25% for the first time in nine years in December. In her prepared testimony, Ms Yellen said: \"Financial conditions in the United States have recently become less supportive of growth, with declines in broad measures of equity prices, higher borrowing rates for riskier borrowers and a further appreciation of the dollar. \"Against this backdrop, the [Federal Reserve] Committee expects that with gradual adjustments in the stance of monetary policy, economic activity will expand at a moderate pace in coming years and that labour market indicators will continue to strengthen.\" 'Intensified uncertainty' Ms Yellen added China's \"unclear\" currency policy was fuelling global stock market volatility. She said the decline in China's currency, the yuan, had \"intensified uncertainty about China's exchange rate policy and the prospects for its economy\". \"This uncertainty led to increased volatility in global financial markets and, against the background of persistent weakness abroad, exacerbated concerns about the outlook for global growth.\" While she said she was confident China's economy was not facing a \"hard landing\", Ms Yellen said the overall uncertainty created by the world's second-largest economy was behind some of the steep falls in global commodity prices, which in turn were creating stress for exporting nations. Ms Yellen added that \"low commodity prices could trigger financial stresses in commodity-exporting economies\" as well as in commodity-producing firms around the world. If such problems materialised, she added, \"foreign activity and demand for US exports could weaken and financial market conditions could tighten further\". In response to the comments, Brian Jacobson from Wells Fargo Asset Management said: \"I think she pushed out the next rate hike. \"Until there is stability in the price of oil and the value of the dollar, I wouldn't expect much more action out of the Fed,\" he told Reuters. Deutsche Bank economists said in a note: \"In our view, her comments take a March rate hike off the table, while retaining the option to potentially raise rates later this year\". Defending Fed policy Following her prepared testimony Ms Yellen responded to questions in Congress about the new way in which the central bank implemented its last rate rise. Congress is concerned the new policy benefits the country's banks more than the American public, because banks receive a higher interest rate on the reserves they hold at the Fed. Supporters of the interest rate on excess reserves (IOER) policy say it allows the central bank to maintain control of the market. Ms Yellen has called the policy a \"traditional tool\" for adjusting rates, citing its use by other central banks around the globe. The Fed was given the power to offer IOER by Congress in 2006. Stock market turmoil US stock markets opened higher after the comments. Recent stock market turmoil has prompted most Wall Street analysts to push back their forecast of when the next US Federal Reserve interest rate rise will occur, from March to June at the earliest. US stock markets have taken a battering in recent weeks over concerns caused by the economic slowdown in China, which has in turn led to lower commodity and oil prices, while the weaker yuan has made Chinese exports cheaper than those from the US. The Dow Jones is down some 8.5% since the start of the year, the S&P 500 is down more than 9% since 1 January and the Nasdaq is lower by 14%. US economic growth in the last three months of 2015 also slowed dramatically, to 0.7% compared with the same period a year earlier, falling from 2% three months earlier."
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"Represent the example for the following task: Generate an appropriate title for the given text. The generated title must be short and include the main topic of the text. The preferred titles are under fifteen words.:",
"The central bank's interest rate-setting committee had not been expected to take any action less than a week before the presidential election on Tuesday. However, the Fed said the case for a rate rise \"continued to strengthen\". That means it could take action next month when the committee gathers for its final meeting of 2016. \"The committee judges that the case for an increase in the federal funds rate has continued to strengthen but decided, for the time being, to wait for some further evidence of continued progress toward its objectives,\" the Fed statement said. Markets were little changed following the announcement, with most analysts expecting the bank to raise borrowing costs at the December meeting. Federal Reserve chair Janet Yellen is due to hold a news conference after the meeting concludes on 14 December. That will allow her to explain any action the bank takes and perhaps give guidance on how many further rises can be expected next year. Analysis: Michelle Fleury, New York business correspondent America's central bank looks poised to raise interest rates in December. Only a nasty economic surprise would stop it this time - so what might one look like? In the statement from the Federal Reserve, the one word missing from the list of risks facing the US economy was \"election\". With just days to go, the Fed was never likely to stray into politics. But Fed chair Janet Yellen has already been criticised by Donald Trump for playing politics by keeping interest rates lows to help President Obama and his Democratic rival Hillary Clinton look good. And yet various indications in the US have made clear that investors are worried. The so-called \"fear index\", the Vix, has been at its highest level this week since the Brexit vote in late June following recent developments involving the FBI and Hillary Clinton's emails. Clearly a Trump victory is something that could shift the trajectory of financial markets - and possibly the course of US monetary policy. Ian Shepherdson, chief economist at Pantheon Macroeconomics, said: \"Only a shock - the election of Trump, or an external geopolitical or market event - can now prevent a December hike.\" Brian Jacobsen, chief portfolio strategist at Wells Fargo Funds Management, agreed that December was \"the most likely scenario\" for a rise in US interest rates. Two committee members called for an immediate rate rise, but that was one fewer than had done so at the last meeting in September. The Fed policymakers said the US economy had gained steam, with job creation remaining solid, and were more confident that inflation was moving towards the bank's 2% target. Inflation stood at 1.5% in September, according to official figures. The Fed last raised rates, to a range between 0.25% to 0.5%, last December - its first move in almost a decade following the financial crisis."
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"Represent the example for the following task: Generate an appropriate title for the given text. The generated title must be short and include the main topic of the text. The preferred titles are under fifteen words.:",
"Linda YuehChief business correspondent And, the initial signs are worrying as to whether there will be a growth pick-up. Today's UK PMI releases paint a weak global picture for April. PMIs are surveys of purchasing managers which reveal whether their businesses are expanding or contracting. The manufacturing sector isn't looking particularly rosy in the latest figures. Britain's PMI reading was 51.9, which was a big drop from March's 54, and the lowest in seven months. PMI was expected to remain at around 54, so it was a surprise to markets that manufacturing fell at the sharpest pace in two years. Doldrums Coming on the back of surprisingly weak growth in the first three months of the year of just 0.3%, it's not a great start for those looking for signs of a pick-up in the second quarter. Recall that the US economy has come nearly to a standstill in Q1, growing by just 0.2% on an annualised basis, so it's not just Brits looking for indications of stronger growth. This reinforces the doldrums that many already feel that the recovery just lacks momentum. A stronger pound as well as US dollar played their parts by affecting exports. But, a key reason is likely due to tepid consumption since consumers aren't buying like they used to. After all, consumption comprises over two thirds of GDP. There's likely to be a number of reasons for that, but one of the main reasons is likely to be weak wage growth. Skewed Real wages have fallen every year since the 2009 recession and median pay is still some 10% below what it was before the crash. It's an issue in America too where pay also hasn't recovered, and there have been massive protests over the minimum wage across US cities that I've written about before. It's one of the reasons why GDP per head still hasn't recovered even as aggregate GDP finally has to pre-crisis levels. It's worth noting that not all of the components of GDP have either. Services output is now above 2008 levels, but production, construction and agriculture remain below. So, it's also a skewed recovery. Struggle Focusing on wages, what would it take for pay to rise? Higher output per worker, which goes to the productivity puzzle in the UK, which I have written about. Greater demand for products, which for the UK also depends on global sales, don't look too healthy either. I've already mentioned the US, the world's biggest economy. Today's PMI figures also show that China barely came in above 50 and Japan fell just below it, so the second and third largest economies are also not growing that well. The eurozone continues to struggle. So, global demand isn't looking too rosy. That leaves domestic demand; in other words, consumers. That brings us back to the positive impact of higher wages and thus higher disposable incomes. It's an issue not just for Britain, but also the US and other major economies. Tepid Raising productivity and wages has the potential to create a virtuous circle of higher demand that feeds into more exports, so that there's positive spillover among the biggest economies. Right now, unfortunately, it's weakness that's spilling over, making for a tepid start to the second quarter. That raises doubts as to whether the UK and US will achieve their forecasted growth rates for this year. It's not the only factor that will impact whether growth will gain a stable footing this year. But, it does mean that addressing lagging wages could help ensure that economic growth picks up in the rest of the year."
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"Represent the example for the following task: Generate an appropriate title for the given text. The generated title must be short and include the main topic of the text. The preferred titles are under fifteen words.:",
"The man allegedly behind the plot, Abdelhamid Abaaoud, is thought to have had links to people in Birmingham, the Wall Street Journal said. The BBC's Frank Gardner said it was plausible there was social media contact with people in the UK. West Midlands Police said it was working with counter-terrorism forces. Assistant Chief Constable Marcus Beale said: \"The West Midlands Counter Terrorism Unit is working hand-in-hand with counter terrorism colleagues in London, the national CT [counter-terrorism] network and security services to provide support to the French and Belgian investigations and of course to address any associated terrorism threat to the UK.\" The Home Office has not confirmed the report. Eleven militants took part in the attacks on 13 November, which left 130 people dead and more than 350 wounded. Abaaoud was killed in a police raid in the Paris suburb of Saint-Denis five days after the attacks. Potential plots The Guardian has also reported that one of the men involved in the Paris attacks visited the UK earlier this year. The un-named man, the paper says, met people in London and Birmingham \"suspected of having the intention and capability of plotting or assisting terrorist activity against the UK\". BBC security correspondent Frank Gardner said Abaaoud was known to have trained as a fighter with the so-called Islamic State and had \"criss-crossed between Syria and Europe and back again\". He added that officers from Scotland Yard's counter-terrorism command had been working in Paris since last month's attacks to help with investigations and it was not surprising they would be following up any leads within the UK. The UK terrorism threat level is currently set at severe - meaning the prospect of an attack is \"highly likely\". The government said security plans have been reviewed in the wake of recent events and at least seven potential plots have been foiled in the last year, although not on the same scale as the one carried out in Paris."
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"Represent the example for the following task: Generate an appropriate title for the given text. The generated title must be short and include the main topic of the text. The preferred titles are under fifteen words.:",
"Police have named Brussels-born Salah Abdeslam, 26, as a key suspect. He was reportedly stopped by officers in the wake of the attacks - but then let go. Meanwhile, French aircraft have attacked the Syrian stronghold of IS. Police searches of suspected Islamists were carried out across France, PM Manuel Valls confirmed. Earlier French media said a police operation connected to the attacks had taken place in the Paris suburb of Bobigny. Raids also took place in Jeumont, close to the French border with Belgium, and in the southern cities of Grenoble and Toulouse but it was not clear if they were linked to the Paris attacks. The Islamic State group has said it was behind Friday's gun and bomb attacks on Parisian bars and restaurants, a concert hall and the Stade de France, the country's main sports stadium. Seven attackers died in the assault on the French capital, most of them after detonating suicide belts. Suspected Paris attackers Salah Abdeslam, the man named by police as a key suspect, is said to have rented a VW Polo car that was found near the Bataclan concert hall, where 89 people died, and believed to have been used by attackers. On Saturday he was in a vehicle with two other men near the Belgian border when it was stopped by police, officials said, but was released after checks. It is unclear whether the French authorities had matched the VW Polo found at the Bataclan venue to him at the time he was stopped. Police have described Salah Abdeslam as dangerous, and warned people not to approach him. French news channel BFMTV quoted an investigation source as saying that he and one of the other attackers were known to the Belgian authorities. He is one of three Belgium-based brothers linked to Friday's attacks, officials say. Another, Brahim Abdeslam, 31, is said to have blown himself up outside a bar on the Boulevard Voltaire near the Bataclan, wounding one person. A third brother, Mohammed, was reportedly arrested in the Brussels neighbourhood of Molenbeek while returning from Paris and remains in custody. Belgian police say they have made a total of seven arrests. Officials said the brothers were traced following the discovery of two rental cars registered in Belgium - the VW Polo rented by Salah Abdeslam, and a Seat containing Kalashnikov automatic rifles that was found abandoned in the Paris suburb of Montreuil. One of three attackers who died at the Stade de France after detonating suicide belts has been named in media reports as Bilal Hadfi, aged about 20. He also lived in Belgium and was known to the Belgian authorities, BFMTV reported. What happened at the Bataclan? A new fear stalks Paris 'Gigantic problem' Belgium's Premier Charles Michel said the Belgian authorities would crack down on Molenbeek, which has a reputation as being a haven for jihadists. \"I have noticed there is almost always a link to Molenbeek, that there is a gigantic problem there,\" he said. Another attacker to have been identified is 29-year-old Frenchman Omar Ismail Mostefai, who blew himself up at the Bataclan. He had a criminal record and had been flagged up by French intelligence as a possible Islamist extremist who may have spent time in Syria. Reports in France say that his radicalisation file was renewed in October, but that this would not have meant he was automatically placed under surveillance. The authorities are also looking into the provenance of a Syrian passport found at the site of the Stade de France suicide bombing in the name of a man who arrived as a refugee in Greece before claiming asylum in Serbia. Islamic State changes tactics Who were the victims? Analysis: Gordon Corera, security correspondent, BBC News French investigators are pursuing an international trail that stretches across Europe - and one concern for security services in other countries is how far Islamic State has already put in place the ability to replicate the Paris attacks. There are unconfirmed reports that a similar style attack might have been planned in Turkey for the same time but was foiled. Tracing back the Paris operatives to whoever organised them will be crucial in order to understand what else might be planned. These attackers do not appear to have been people simply inspired by IS, but rather trained operatives. And the fact that Western intelligence services do not appear to have picked up any signs of this plot from their human and electronic sources will only increase concerns. French President Francois Hollande has said the attacks were an act of war and promised that his country's reaction would be pitiless. On Sunday, 10 fighter jets operating out of French bases in Jordan and the UAE dropped 20 guided bombs on four targets in Raqqa, the French defence ministry said. The targets included a command centre, recruitment centre for jihadists, a munitions depot and a training camp for fighters, the ministry said. The strikes were carried out in co-ordination with US forces. France is currently marking a third and final day of national mourning. A state of emergency declared by President Hollande remains in force, and thousands of extra police and troops are on the streets of Paris. There have been several security alerts and scenes of panic in Paris over the weekend, where people remain jittery following Friday's bloodshed. Main attack sites: Bataclan concert venue, 50 Boulevard Voltaire, 11th district - 89 dead when stormed by gunmen, three of whom were killed; another gunman died nearby La Belle Equipe, 92 rue de Charonne, 11th district - 19 dead in gun attacks Le Carillon bar and Le Petit Cambodge restaurant at rue Alibert, 10th district - 15 dead in gun attacks La Casa Nostra restaurant, 92 rue de la Fontaine au Roi, 11th district - five dead in gun attacks Stade de France, St Denis, just north of Paris - explosions heard outside venue, three attackers and a bystander killed"
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"Represent the example for the following task: Generate an appropriate title for the given text. The generated title must be short and include the main topic of the text. The preferred titles are under fifteen words.:",
"It was set up to stop people being drawn into terrorist activities, but has been labelled \"toxic\" by critics. \"They don't understand properly how Prevent works,\" Cdr Dean Haydon told the BBC's Asian Network. He added that some criticism came from parts of the community that \"don't want Prevent to work in the first place\". The programme was set up by Labour in 2003 and its remit was widened by the Conservative-Lib Dem coalition in 2011. Designed to support people at risk of joining extremist groups and carrying out terrorist activities, it is focused on schools, faith organisations, prisons and other communities where people can be at risk of radicalisation. But the Muslim Council of Britain has said young Muslims were being targeted, and a former senior Muslim policeman, Dal Babu, said Prevent had become a \"toxic brand\" because it was not trusted by communities. 'The threat's changed' By Nomia Iqbal and Nalini Sivathasan, BBC Asian Network The head of the Met Police's Counter Terrorism Command rarely gives interviews but ahead of a special programme from New Scotland Yard on Tuesday, Dean Haydon spoke to the BBC Asian Network about the challenges the force faces. \"If you were talking to me 12 months ago, I'd be talking about a different terrorist threat - the threat's shifted, it's changed,\" he says. For Cdr Haydon, the difficulty facing police now is individuals who have been acting alone and using everyday items such as knives and cars. \"Twelve months ago the plots we were preventing were those aimed at the police, the military and government officials. \"But the recent attacks were on the public, the community. They're indiscriminate.\" Read more from the interview Cdr Haydon, however, told the Asian Network that the counter-terrorism programme was not about spying on people but about keeping them safe, claiming it had achieved \"fantastic\" results. \"Some of the criticisms come from sections of the community that, for a variety of different reasons, political or otherwise, just don't want Prevent to work in the first place,\" he said. \"Prevent is not just about the Muslim community. It goes across all communities.\" He said a third of the cases related to domestic extremism and involved tackling the threat from right-wing extremists. \"I have seen the positive work of Prevent,\" he said, adding it had stopped people from being radicalised or going abroad. \"It's a fantastic tool and it's here to stay.\" The government programme came under further scrutiny in the wake of the recent terror attacks in Manchester, Westminster and London Bridge - and was a talking point during the recent general election. In May, the Green Party's Caroline Lucas told Andrew Marr: \"Many in the Muslim community believe it's been an attack on their group in particular.\" The strategy is backed by senior police figures, with some calling it \"fundamental\" in the fight against terrorism. But in March this year, Home Secretary Amber Rudd admitted there needed to be more of an effort \"to sell it to communities... to show that this is a safeguarding initiative.\" Government figures say 150 people were stopped from entering conflict zones in Iraq and Syria in 2015 because of the programme. In the interview with Asian Network, Cdr Haydon spoke of his concerns about people returning to the UK from Syria and Iraq. He said the \"default\" position was \"arrest and prosecution\". Listen to the full interview on Tuesday 8 August at 10:00 BST on the BBC's Asian Network."
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"Represent the example for the following task: Generate an appropriate title for the given text. The generated title must be short and include the main topic of the text. The preferred titles are under fifteen words.:",
"The Independent Jersey Care Inquiry will begin hearings on 22 July 2014. The year-long £6m inquiry will probe reports of abuse in the island's children's homes and fostering services from 1960 to the present day. The health department had been given seven working days to comply, after originally refusing. Officials said they were concerned individual private details would be made public. A department spokesman said the records had been supplied on the understanding they would be managed in compliance with data protection laws. The records of those people who personally objected have also been sent to the inquiry. Its lawyers will write to those people explaining why they were needed and how they will be used."
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"Represent the example for the following task: Generate an appropriate title for the given text. The generated title must be short and include the main topic of the text. The preferred titles are under fifteen words.:",
"Last month, a panel that carried out an inquiry into historical child abuse on the island called for the roles of States chief judge and presiding officer to be separate. It criticised a perceived lack of action to tackle the \"Jersey way\". Sir William Bailhache said the comments were \"unfair criticism\" to his office. The Independent Jersey Care Inquiry Panel's 2017 report focused on Haut de la Garenne and Les Chenes, which were at the centre of decades of abuse in the island's child care system. The panel said the \"Jersey way\" was sometimes used \"in a positive way to describe a strong culture of community and voluntary involvement\". However, it said the phrase was also used to describe a system where \"serious issues are swept under the carpet\" and \"people escape being held to account for abuses perpetrated\". While it did not directly reference the bailiff's dual role in 2017 it did suggest \"further consideration\" be given to the findings of the earlier Clothier and Carswell reports which recommended the separation of the judicial and legislative roles. 'Grave error' In July, the roles were debated by the States and a decision was made to keep them combined. In its final report last month, the panel said it was \"concerned\" by the decision, describing it as \"a further indication of a failure to recognise the importance of these systems, having evident impartiality and full transparency at their heart\". Speaking in his last States meeting as presiding officer, Sir William, who has served as Bailiff since 2015, said criticism of the dual roles was based on \"pre-conceived notions and prejudices\". He added the inquiry \"took not a scrap of evidence\" from the witnesses \"who might be thought to know something about the island's constitution and the way in which the dual role was managed\". He also rejected a link made by the panel between allegations of lack of fairness and transparency in decision-making over historic child abuse by the bailiff, describing it as a \"grave error\"."
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"Represent the example for the following task: Generate an appropriate title for the given text. The generated title must be short and include the main topic of the text. The preferred titles are under fifteen words.:",
"A delegation from Guernsey's government attended the Liberal Democrat conference in Brighton and will be present at the Conservative conference. Deputy Peter Harwood, Guernsey's Chief Minister, said: \"A decision was made to focus resources on... the two UK coalition government parties.\" He said the States was still engaging with the Labour party, however. Deputy Harwood said: \"Last month the Treasury and Resources Minister, Deputy Gavin St Pier, met with the shadow exchequer secretary Catherine McKinnel MP. \"Earlier this week I met with Lord Eatwell, a Labour spokesman in the Lords on Treasury Issues.\" He added: \"We will be seeking further meetings with their colleagues across a wide range of issues.\" Deputy Jonathan Le Tocq, Deputy Chief Minister, said on a social media website that the States would be reviewing the benefits of attending party conferences in the near future. He said previous politicians had been criticised for attending, on account of the time and money involved in sending delegations. Deputy Le Tocq was present at the Liberal Democrat conference in September. He said the chief minister would be attending the Conservative party conference in Birmingham with Deputy Kevin Stewart, Guernsey's Commerce and Employment Minister. It takes place between 7 and 10 October."
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"Represent the example for the following task: Generate an appropriate title for the given text. The generated title must be short and include the main topic of the text. The preferred titles are under fifteen words.:",
"Elin Jones was talking to BBC Wales after a survey of staff and AMs found 37 people had experienced incidents. Another 37 who experienced or witnessed inappropriate behaviour said they did not report it. Among the reasons given for not pursing a case, some said it involved a more senior official or AM who they thought the assembly would side with. The Assembly Commission - the body which runs the assembly - undertook an anonymous and confidential survey between April and May, which was open to commission staff, AMs and their support staff. In total, 128 responses were received with a participation rate of 16.8% - around one in six. Thirty two people said they had experienced inappropriate behaviour on multiple occasions either in their work as a member of staff for the commission or for an AM or assembly party group. A further five said they had experienced inappropriate behaviour on one occasion. The number of respondents who said they had never experienced inappropriate behaviour was 69. A total of 29 respondents said they had observed inappropriate behaviour on \"multiple occasions\" while 13 said they had seen it once. Ms Jones told BBC Wales the findings were \"pretty sobering\". \"Yes, there's a problem and it is serious,\" she said. \"I take the results of this survey very seriously as the presiding officer of this place. \"There are far too many individuals who have said to us that they have experienced inappropriate behaviour.\" While she had not witnessed it herself, the presiding officer said she was \"aware of inappropriate behaviour\". \"I'm aware, of course, of women who have spoken publicly about inappropriate behaviour against them,\" she said, \"and I am aware of others who have experienced sexually inappropriate behaviour against them who may have raised this with their political parties. It may have been dealt with in some form.\" Asked whether the survey results surprised her, Ms Jones said: \"Probably not. It upsets me that it has happened.\" She referred to bullying, intimidation or sexual harassment as examples of inappropriate behaviour covered by the survey. She said that the culture in Cardiff Bay had allowed too many people to experience inappropriate behaviour - and it had to change. The assembly has trained AMs and managers, showed staff how to seek support and had appointed contact officers so victims had \"somebody they can go to\". Ms Jones said she was not aware of complaints against any AMs, but she would not necessarily know about cases anyway as it was handled separately by the assembly's standards commissioner. In May, the assembly passed a new dignity and respect policy that tries to regulate AMs' private and public conduct. 'Safe place' Plaid Cymru leader Leanne Wood said she was \"alarmed but not surprised\" by the survey report, adding: \"We can do better. \"We must send a clear message to anyone who comes forward with concerns or disclosures about sexual harassment, bullying or abuse: we will listen to you, we will support you and we will take appropriate steps to investigate any complaints.\" UKIP group leader Caroline Jones - who was an assembly commissioner at the time of the survey - said: \"We all have a duty to ensure that everyone within the assembly is treated with respect and dignity at all times.\" A spokesperson for the Labour group said the assembly \"should be a safe place for everybody\". \"It is crucial that all of those who responded are listened to and that all complaints are investigated,\" the spokesperson added."
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[
"Represent the example for the following task: Generate an appropriate title for the given text. The generated title must be short and include the main topic of the text. The preferred titles are under fifteen words.:",
"Almost 30% of 800 nurses in the UK polled by Nursing Times magazine said being seen as a troublemaker was the biggest barrier to them speaking out. Inaction by managers was cited as a barrier by 23%. The government said it had taken measures to support whistle-blowers and was considering further action. The survey was sent out to the magazine's database of nurses and conducted online. Some 84% of respondents to the poll said they had raised concerns about a colleague's practice or attitude. A total of 23% of the nurses said they had done so \"several times\" or \"regularly\", and 23% \"at least once\". But of those who had raised concerns, 52% said there had been no appropriate outcome after they had spoken out and a similar percentage said they had faced negative consequences as a result of doing so. 'Ostracised and bullied' The poll comes after the public inquiry into the failings at Stafford Hospital - run by Mid Staffordshire NHS Trust - highlighted a lack of support for nurses who tried to raise concerns. The inquiry report by Robert Francis QC argued for \"fundamental change\" in the culture of the NHS to make sure patients were put first. Nursing Times editor Jenni Middleton said: \"If we want to make sure Mid Staffs does not happen again, we must welcome the input of staff and ensure they are heard, without fear of reprisal.\" She added: \"I have personally spoken to nurses who, having raised concerns, have been sidelined and ostracised by their employers, bullied and marginalised by their colleagues - and end up feeling ashamed and guilty, as well as concerned that their careers are over. \"Regulation plays its part, of course, but the ability of staff to spot what's going on is irreplaceable in ensuring that the NHS is a safe NHS.\" Dr Peter Carter, chief executive of the Royal College of Nursing, said: \"It is extremely worrying that a large number of nurses still feel their concerns are going unheard, even worse that some have to live with the threat of reprisal.\" Dean Royles, chief executive of the NHS Employers organisation, said that while there had been \"enormous efforts\" by employers to encourage staff to speak out \"we need to do more to build their confidence that they can voice concerns in safety\". 'Duty of openness' Health minister Dan Poulter said: \"We are determined that staff who have the courage and integrity to speak out in the interests of patient safety are protected and listened to. \"We have already taken a range of measures to protect and support whistleblowers in the NHS, including funding a national helpline, embedding rights in their employment contracts and issuing new guidance in partnership with trades unions and employers.\" He said a new \"contractual duty of openness\" would apply to the NHS organisations from April when dealing with patients. He added that ministers were also considering whether they needed to \"go further\" in the wake of the Stafford Hospital report."
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"Represent the example for the following task: Generate an appropriate title for the given text. The generated title must be short and include the main topic of the text. The preferred titles are under fifteen words.:",
"By Anna BradleyChair of Healthwatch England We know that patients are reluctant to make a fuss when standards slip on hospital wards. Many simply don't know how to make a complaint, others are actually scared of the consequences. Yet we often hear complaints referred to as 'gold dust' by hospital bosses in terms of improving services. You would think then that health and care organisations would be eager to hear from anyone who wanted to report a concern or complaint. However, our research suggests that tens of thousands of incidents are slipping under the radar because those who witness poor care and try to report it are being told, in one particular case, to \"mind their own business\". 'Civic-minded individuals' Responding to a Freedom of Information request, a third of hospitals across England told us that they don't record complaints from \"third parties\", ie those that witness rather than personally experiencing poor care. Many of the hospital trusts that replied incorrectly stated that such complaints cannot be investigated without the permission of the patient. Others said they record such incidents as informal feedback only, with no follow-up provided to the courageous and civic minded individuals complaining on behalf of vulnerable patients. In the worst cases some hospitals just flat out said they don't record these complaints. Even where these reports are recorded, they are often not included in formal stats allowing hospitals so their complaints data doesn't tell the true story. For me this is symptomatic of a much bigger problem around complaints handling in the NHS and social care services. The fact that doctors and nurses would rather tell one of these \"citizen whistleblowers\" they can't complain because they don't tick the right box or have the permission to make a complaint is just wrong. If a passer-by reports an abandoned bag in an airport, the staff don't say: \"I'm sorry sir, but do you have the permission of the bag owner.\" Rather they are thanked for their vigilance. If the policy makers and politicians are serious about driving culture change in the NHS then more needs to be done to wipe out this 'compute says no' attitude and encourage staff to welcome feedback - positive and negative. 'Long hard look' With the secretary of state for health's update on progress against the recommendations of the Francis inquiry expected in the next few weeks, I implore him to take a long hard look at the complaints question. In our report, 'Suffering in Silence', we set out a vision for streamlining and refocusing the complaints system around what people want. Firstly, the system needs to make it easier for people to complain, including institutions understanding that everyone, including third parties, has the right to raise concerns. Secondly, every case should be dealt with compassionately, with a speedy, personalised response that actually addresses the poor experience and includes an outline of what happens next. Lastly, those who fail to up their game must be held to account by being put into \"special measures\" by the regulators, issued with financial penalties and ultimately being shut down and replaced. In short, it's time for the health and social care sector to get serious about complaints, and stop finding loopholes to avoid having to face up to their mistakes."
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"Represent the example for the following task: Generate an appropriate title for the given text. The generated title must be short and include the main topic of the text. The preferred titles are under fifteen words.:",
"Officers were looking for Jamie Smith, 21 because of reports he had been seen driving his BMW \"in an unsuitable manner\". Mr Smith failed to negotiate a bend and was thrown from his BMW when it crashed into bollards and a boulder on the A655 on the outskirts of Wakefield. He had no alcohol or illicit drugs in his system when he crashed. Mr Smith's father Paul said when he received news of his son's death he asked an officer if his son was being chased by police at the time of the crash. The West Yorkshire Police officer reportedly said \"no\" and told Paul Smith officers had only attended the scene after the crash, the inquest heard. However, witnesses had reported seeing Jamie Smith, of Middlestown, driving at high speeds just before the crash in April 2018 with the blue lights of a police car spotted about 30 seconds behind the BMW. The inquest at Wakefield Coroner's Court continues. Follow BBC Yorkshire on Facebook, Twitter and Instagram. Send your story ideas to [email protected]."
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"Represent the example for the following task: Generate an appropriate title for the given text. The generated title must be short and include the main topic of the text. The preferred titles are under fifteen words.:",
"PC Nick Dumphreys, from Cumbria Police's road policing unit, died on the M6 near Carlisle at about 14:00 GMT on Sunday. A force spokesman said PC Dumphreys, 47, was alone in a marked car and no other vehicles were involved. In a statement, the father of two's family said his death \"will leave an enormous hole in all our hearts\". They added: \"He was a kind and loving husband and father. He was a larger than life character who loved his job and adored his children.\" PC Dumphreys joined Cumbria Police in 2003 and Chief Constable Michelle Skeer described him as a \"consummate professional\". She said his death had left everyone in the force \"shocked and saddened\". \"Nick was an extremely popular and respected officer, not least because of his professionalism, integrity and dedication to policing in Cumbria,\" she added. PC Dumphreys was killed when his vehicle left the southbound carriageway between junctions 44 and 43. Peter McCall, Cumbria's police and crime commissioner, said there was \"profound sadness at the appalling and tragic loss\". \"Nick died in the line of duty doing the job at which he excelled,\" he added. The Central Motorway Police Group also tweeted: \"I'm sure I speak on behalf of all our followers in sending our thoughts and prayers to the officer's colleagues, family and friends at this tragic time.\" Paul Williams, chairman of Cumbria Police Federation, said: \"We will work closely with the specialist officers investigating this incident and we will ensure that we do all that we can to support the officer's family and close colleagues during this tragic time.\""
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"Represent the example for the following task: Generate an appropriate title for the given text. The generated title must be short and include the main topic of the text. The preferred titles are under fifteen words.:",
"Aftab Khan's four-year-old son Hamzah was found in a cot in September 2011, almost two years after he died. Hamzah's mother, Amanda Hutton, 43, of Bradford, is on trial for manslaughter, which she denies. Mr Khan told Bradford Crown Court he had separated from Ms Hutton after he was charged with assaulting her. The jury heard he was initially stopped from visiting his former partner due to a court order, but did start to go and see his son when they moved to a new home in Bradford in March 2009. Prosecutors argue Hamzah Khan was severely malnourished and had starved to death in December 2009. Mr Khan told the court Ms Hutton was not looking after Hamzah properly. 'Absolutely out of it' \"I said 'look at the state of him - you're not looking after him' and she told me to get out,\" the mechanic and taxi driver said. He told the jury: \"She wasn't bathing him. She wasn't changing him.\" Mr Khan said Ms Hutton drank cider and vodka heavily, especially after the death of her mother. \"She'd be absolutely out of it,\" he said. Mr Khan told the jury he contacted social services once about the condition of Hamzah but said he was ignored. Last week the jury heard details of a police interview Mr Khan gave when he was arrested for attacking Ms Hutton in 2008, in which he said he was going to contact social services about his son. A senior police officer told the court there was no record he ever made the call. Paul Greaney QC, prosecuting, asked Mr Khan whether he did contact social services. He said: \"They said it was a private matter. \"Social services are never bothered about cases like this.\" Pressed by Mr Greaney, he added: \"I clearly remember. There's no record of it. \"They weren't bothered, they weren't interested. I'd given up at that time.\" 'The system failed' Defending Ms Hutton, Stephen Meadowcroft QC told Mr Khan: \"You were a wife batterer and she was a battered wife, cowed by your violence.\" Mr Khan said: \"If I was a wife batterer why am I not standing next to her?\" The barrister put it to Mr Khan that he had been violent towards his client throughout their 20-year relationship, but he denied this. \"I've come here to answer questions about my child,\" Mr Khan said. Mr Meadowcroft told him: \"You were the father of the family. You were there. \"What did you do about it?\" Mr Khan told the court: \"The police wouldn't believe me. No-one would believe me. \"I know I made one phone call. If the police weren't going to believe me, who else is going to believe me? I gave up. \"The system failed my son. Did the school check up? Did social services check up? I lost my total confidence in the system.\" 'Whatever's lying around' A former girlfriend of Hamzah's older brother Qaiser Khan also took to the stand on the fourth day of Ms Hutton's trial. Deepinder Kaur, 24, told the court Hamzah did not eat very much. She said during the day he would eat \"biscuits or whatever's lying around\". Miss Kaur said despite being nearly four at the time, in February 2009, \"he looked like a baby\" and would often wear a baby grow. Another witness, PC Maria Furness of West Yorkshire Police, told the jury she performed a welfare check at Ms Hutton's house about eight months before Hamzah's death, but found him to be \"fed well, clean, healthy looking and there was an appropriate adult in the address\". The trial continues."
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"Represent the example for the following task: Generate an appropriate title for the given text. The generated title must be short and include the main topic of the text. The preferred titles are under fifteen words.:",
"The case against the UK Home Office and its contractor Serco was launched in the name of two women in Glasgow who were told their locks would be changed. The move, which triggered a series of protests, was said to affect 330 others who had been refused refugee status. Serco welcomed the Court of Session ruling but said it would not be taking any immediate action as a result. Govan Law Centre, which launched the case, said it was \"very disappointed\" for its clients and for asylum seekers across Glasgow who have been threatened with lock-change evictions. The 29-page opinion by Lord Tyre was published on the Scottish Courts and Tribunals website. Govan Law Centre launched the case in August in the name of an Kurdish Iraqi national Shakar Ali and a Kurdish Iranian national Lana Rashidi. The defenders in both cases were Serco and the Home Secretary but in Ms Ali's cases a third party, Serco's former sub-contractor Compass SNI Limited, was also named. In his introduction, Lord Tyre said: \"The principal issue that has been raised for determination in these proceedings is whether it is unlawful for Serco to evict an asylum seeker whose claim for asylum has been refused from his or her accommodation without first obtaining a court order authorising it to do so. \"I was advised that the two cases with which this opinion is concerned are regarded by all parties as representative of a larger number of cases in which the same issue arises.\" The Home Office provides free, fully-furnished accommodation to asylum seekers while applications are being considered. The contract is operated by private outsourcing firm Serco, which provides accommodation to about 5,000 people in Scotland, almost all of them in Glasgow. When applications are refused, the asylum seekers no longer receive funding from the Home Office and Serco said it had picked up the bill, sometimes for months, without recompense. The controversy dates back to last summer when it emerged six individuals had been issued with eviction notices that their locks would be changed. Glasgow City Council leader Susan Aitken sent a \"strongly-worded\" letter to Sajid Javid, signed by politicians from several parties. It condemned the Home Office contractor's action as \"wholly unacceptable\" and warned Serco's actions will \"trigger a humanitarian crisis\". At the heart of the Court of Session bid was Serco's procedures covering lock changes, which the company described as its \"Move On Protocol\". After considering all the issues, the judge concluded: \"I am satisfied that neither of the pursuers has made out a relevant case for any of the orders sought.\" Julia Rogers, managing director of Serco's Immigration business, said: \"Serco notes today's decision by the Court of Session confirming our right to repossess property occupied by people whose claim for asylum has been determined by the UK government, but who nevertheless refuse to move on when asked to do so. \"In August 2018 we said that we unreservedly welcomed the legal challenge as it would enable all parties to clarify what was at that point an untested area of Scottish law. \"Today we have that clarity, and we are pleased that the Court of Session has confirmed our views on the legal position.\" A Home Office spokesman said: \"The Home Office takes the wellbeing of asylum seekers and the local communities in which they live extremely seriously. \"We have and will continue to work closely with local authorities and partners to ensure that those who have no right to be in the UK leave their accommodation in a safe and secure way. \"We are working with Glasgow City Council to agree and implement a support advice referral process for those at risk of potential eviction.\" The Govan Law Centre described the opinion as \"complex and comprehensive\" and said it will take time to carefully consider the judgement. Mike Dailly, solicitor advocate, said, following the court ruling, \"any asylum seeker threatened with a lock-change eviction in Scotland will need to challenge that decision by lodging an urgent appeal to the First Tier Immigration Tribunal\". He added: \"The practicalities of people being able to do so are challenging and not always straight-forward, and Govan Law Centre hopes to explore these serious challenges with partner agencies in Glasgow.\" 'Unfit for purpose' Mr Dailly said it will still be necessary for people to first ask the Home Office for continued support and accommodation but if that is refused then it will be necessary to appeal. A Glasgow City council spokesman said: \"We will obviously need to take the appropriate time to consider a complex judgement - and to understand if there is likely to be any appeal. \"We now want to talk with Serco, the Home Office and third sector partners to work through any implications of the decision.\" Jennifer Layden, convener of the council's asylum seeker strategic forum, said: \"Asylum seekers in the city should know that, regardless of today's ruling, we will continue to press the Home Office for a firm commitment that we will not see a repeat of the kind of threats made by Serco last summer. \"We made it clear to both Serco and the Home Office that we did not expect to see them taking any immediate action following a decision in their favour - and I note today's public confirmation of that from Serco. \"That fact that the asylum accommodation contract and UK legislation allows for circumstances like these to arise demonstrates very clearly that they are not only unfit for purpose, but run contrary to the principles of compassion, welfare and community integration that Glasgow seeks to embrace as an asylum dispersal city.\" 'Extremely concerned' In a joint statement the Scottish Human Rights Commission and Equality and Human Rights Commission warned dozens of people in Glasgow could be made homeless. Judith Robertson, chairwoman of the SHRC, and Lynn Welsh, head of legal for the EHRC, said: \"We remain extremely concerned about Serco's policy of locking people out of their homes without proper processes or safeguards, and the harsh impact this has on the people affected, leaving them with nowhere to go and in a vulnerable situation on Scotland's streets. \"We continue to have concerns that the policy fails to comply with people's human rights including their right to a private and family life.\" Both said they will now consider the most appropriate next course of action, including possible legal intervention in another relevant case. The statement concluded: \"Today's judgment does provide welcome clarification that Serco has obligations under human rights laws when it comes to providing this accommodation and that the UK government cannot simply divest itself of its human rights obligations by outsourcing the provision of public services to private providers.\" From September, Serco will no longer provide the housing after losing the asylum accommodation contract for Scotland."
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"Represent the example for the following task: Generate an appropriate title for the given text. The generated title must be short and include the main topic of the text. The preferred titles are under fifteen words.:",
"ICL Plastics Ltd opposed the claim by decorators merchant David T Morrison on the grounds it was lodged outside the statutory five-year limit. ICL appealed to the Supreme Court in London after judges at the Court of Session upheld Morrison's case. Supreme Court judges ruled in ICL's favour by a majority of three to two. The explosion at ICL Plastics building on 11 May 2004 killed nine people and resulted in 33 people being injured. Extensive damage was caused to neighbouring properties, including a shop owned by Morrison. Pipe fault In 2007, ICL was fined a total of £400,000 for breaching health and safety laws after it was found that a build up of gas from a fractured pipe had caused the explosion. Morrison launched its claim for damages at the Court of Session on 13 August 2009 - more than five years after the tragedy. ICL successfully defended the claim, citing section 6(1) of the Prescription and Limitation (Scotland) 1973 Act, that it did not have to meet claims made more than five years after the explosion. Morrison then successfully appealed to the Inner House of the Court of Session, relying on section 11(3) of the Act. This postpones the claim date where the \"the creditor was not aware, and could not with reasonable diligence have been aware, that loss, injury or damage caused as aforesaid had occurred\" until a later date. Morrison argued they could not have known that the damage to their premises was caused by the negligence of ICL until long after the explosion had occurred. They had to wait for the site to be released by the authorities before they could start any investigations into the cause of the explosion. ICL then appealed to the Supreme Court where Lord Neuberger, Lord Sumption and Lord Reed agree that the appeal should be allowed. Lord Hodge and Lord Toulson dissented and would not have allowed the appeal."
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"Represent the example for the following task: Generate an appropriate title for the given text. The generated title must be short and include the main topic of the text. The preferred titles are under fifteen words.:",
"By James CookScotland Correspondent, BBC News Scotland has its own distinct legal system which includes protections for suspects which differ from those elsewhere in the UK. One requirement unique to Scots Law is the need for corroboration of the essential facts in the case against the accused. In other words that there must be two separate sources of evidence before a case can proceed to trial. It means that the accused cannot be convicted on the word of one person alone with no supporting evidence. Corroborated evidence does not have to come from forensic science or witness testimony: it can be circumstantial or in certain cases can relate to the previous convictions of the accused. For prosecutors, corroboration is a particular problem in rape cases, especially where the accused claims that sexual activity was consensual. The debate is hampered by a lack of recent reliable statistics but campaigners from Rape Crisis Scotland have claimed that the rate of rape convictions in Scotland was as low as 4.6% in 2009/10. In 2010 Lord Carloway, now the Lord Justice Clerk, Scotland's second most senior judge, was appointed to lead a wide-ranging review of Scots Law, including corroboration. Lord Carloway's appointment followed the case of a man who in 2009 successfully appealed against an assault conviction on the grounds that he had been denied access to a lawyer while being interviewed by the police. This was standard practice: until the Cadder case, suspects could be questioned in Scotland for six hours without a lawyer present. That has now changed after Mr Cadder won his case in the UK Supreme Court, which ruled that denying a suspect access to a lawyer contravened the European Convention on Human Rights. Suspects in Scotland now have a right to a lawyer from the point at which they are \"detained\" although the time they may be detained without charge has been extended to 12 hours or, in certain cases, 24 hours. Rape Crisis Scotland claims that Cadder will further push down rape convictions because suspects are now more likely to take the advice of a lawyer and remain silent during police interviews. Lord Carloway's report recommended, among other things, that corroboration be abolished. As part of his review, research carried out by Scotland's prosecuting authority, the Crown Office, found that between July and December 2010, no criminal proceedings were taken in 141 of the cases involving allegations of serious sexual offences which were reported to the National Sex Crimes Unit. Prosecutors argued that 95 of those cases could have gone to trial if corroborative evidence had not been needed. The recommendation to scrap corroboration is supported by the Scottish government, the Crown Office, Police Scotland and campaigners for victims of domestic violence and rape. It is opposed by all of Scotland's other high court judges, led by Lord Gill, Scotland's most senior judge. Making particular reference to rape cases, the judges have warned that \"the abolition of corroboration may result in miscarriages of justice\". It is also opposed by many criminal lawyers. Some have even argued that the proportion of rape convictions might fall if corroboration is removed because police investigations might be less rigorous. Nonetheless, the justice secretary in the Scottish Government, Kenny MacAskill, is now pressing ahead with a bill to remove the requirement for corroboration, arguing that, \"the rule stems from another age, its usage has become confused and…it can bar prosecutions that would in any other legal system seem entirely appropriate.\" The Criminal Justice (Scotland) Bill is now before the Scottish Parliament where it is expected to pass the first of three stages - consideration by MSPs on the Justice Committee - at the end of February. The bill includes a proposal to increase the majority of jury members required to return a verdict from a simple majority to a two-thirds majority. Billed as a safeguard for the accused, this would mean that a jury with its full complement of 15 members would require at least a 10-5 split for a guilty verdict rather than a minimum of 8-7 at present. Lord Hamilton, who was Scotland's top judge until 2012, has suggested that a split of 12-3 would be safer. At least one alternative to abolishing corroboration has been suggested: allowing juries to take a suspect's refusal to answer questions into account when considering a verdict. At present, in Scotland - unlike in England - no inference can be drawn from an accused exercising his right to silence. For example, if a suspect does not mention during a police interview that he had consensual sex with his accuser but later relies on this as his defence when, say, DNA evidence emerges, then, at present, a jury cannot take this into account. At present it appears that the Criminal Justice Bill has the necessary support from MSPs to become law. Whether it does or not, the controversy about such fundamental redesign of a centuries-old legal system is unlikely to abate."
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"Represent the example for the following task: Generate an appropriate title for the given text. The generated title must be short and include the main topic of the text. The preferred titles are under fifteen words.:",
"The mass of metal and timber, which was attached to a block of flats opposite the Royal Free Hospital, fell during high winds. Pond Street in Hampstead was closed by crews from the emergency services on Thursday afternoon. London Ambulance Service said no injuries had yet been reported, but this could change. The Health and Safety Executive has been informed. The Royal Free Hospital said it was on standby following the collapse but it had not yet been required to treat any patients in connection with it. \"We are continuing with planned appointments, although transport to and from the hospital is affected,\" a spokesperson for the hospital said, adding that people should allow extra time for their journey if they had an appointment."
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"Represent the example for the following task: Generate an appropriate title for the given text. The generated title must be short and include the main topic of the text. The preferred titles are under fifteen words.:",
"Fire crews were called to Evelyn Road in Sparkhill after the roof was lifted off the two-storey building. No-one was injured. Police said there were also no injuries when a roof came off a house in Bordesley Green. In Woolaston, a teenage girl was left with serious head injuries after being hit by a falling tree. Cars stuck The Met Office earlier issued an amber warning for wet and windy weather across the West Midlands. There were reports flooding had left cars stuck on parts of the A38 between Longbridge and Rubery, in Worcestershire. London Midland said it had suspended services on the cross city line south, between Birmingham and Redditch, due to an overhead line problem at Kings Norton, although trains were still running between Birmingham and Lichfield. Services between Cheltenham Spa and Birmingham New Street were also affected. Chiltern Railways reported rush hour problems on the line between Lapworth and Solihull because of \"poor rail conditions\". It said trains faced delays of up to 25 minutes. In Blake Lane, Bordesley Green, a roof blew off a house. Police said the road was closed near the junction with Yardley Green Road. In Sparkhill, Evelyn Road was cordoned off as engineers worked to make the Jamia Abdullah Bin Masoud mosque safe. Watch commander Terry Falaschi, of West Midlands Fire Service, said the roof, which measured about 50 sq m (540 sq ft), blew off into the road directly in front of it. He said: \"It blew down and hit three cars underneath it. \"Given the time of day, it was very lucky no-one was hurt. No-one was inside the mosque at the time, no-one was inside the cars and luckily no-one was driving or walking past either.\" Ambulance crews were called at 15:50 GMT to help two teenage girls who had been hit by a falling tree in Woolaston High Street. One girl suffered a serious head injury, while the other injured her shoulder. Both were taken to Russells Hall Hospital. 'Weather window' In Perry Barr, Birmingham, ambulance crews were sent at about 15:00 to help an elderly man who was hit by branches from a falling tree in College Road while he was walking his dog. Paramedics said the tree had fallen across the pavement and road, taking a lamp-post with it. The man suffered a cut to his head and did not require hospital treatment. Environment Agency workers spent the early part of Thursday clearing river blockages ahead of expected heavy rain and strong winds gusting up to 60mph. Dave Throup, of the Environment Agency, said the \"weather window\" of dry, calm weather had given staff the chance to prepare for later. He said surface water would quickly find its way into rivers which had not yet had a chance to recover from rain over the last few days. Midlands Today weather forecaster Shefali Oza said heavy rain was expected to continue overnight, moving eastwards across the region. She said winds were expected to die down and Friday was expected to be a much drier and calmer day. A spokesperson for West Midlands Ambulance Service urged motorists to take care. They added: \"With more heavy rain and strong winds expected, members of the public are asked to stay safe and be extra vigilant.\" Fire crews were called to Corngreaves Road in Cradley Heath on Wednesday after motorists became trapped in 1m (3ft) of water. Gail Whittle, who lives on the road, said it had been \"chaos\". A spokesperson for West Midlands Police said: \"Please take care if you are making any journeys this evening, wet and windy conditions are making some areas and roads treacherous.\""
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"Represent the example for the following task: Generate an appropriate title for the given text. The generated title must be short and include the main topic of the text. The preferred titles are under fifteen words.:",
"Debris was being cleaned up from the front after Storm Brian hit the Ceredigion resort over the weekend. While town councillor Alun Williams called damage \"superficial\", he said many towns could be \"under threat\" from high tides caused by severe weather. The Welsh Government said funding is prioritised based on risk to life. Speaking to BBC Radio Wales' Good Morning Wales programme Mr Williams said: \"Wales as a nation has sea on three sides and if key towns like Aberystwyth are under threat, many others must be also. \"We need a national programme for sea defences. \"Councils are happy to help, but 15 out of 22 have a coastline, which means major infrastructure planning at all levels is needed.\" Echoing his calls, Richard Griffiths, who runs the Richmond Hotel on Aberystwyth's sea front, described the current defences as \"old, tired and brittle\". Ceredigion council said Marine Terrace from the junction on Terrace Road to the junction on Albert Place will remain closed to vehicles until 12:00 BST on Tuesday due to clearing and repair work. While Mr Griffiths said the latest storm did not cause the same scale of damage as one in 2014, he pointed to large boulders that make up the sea wall being knocked out of place by waves. He also said small bricks that formed the surface were \"tossed around like confetti\". \"We have to look seriously at how we can improve it. In parts, maybe taking away the old Victorian defences and putting in new ones,\" he said. \"Creating a curve shape that sends the impact of the waves back to sea. It is inevitable we will have to look at this. \"There is no point patching it up as this is not going away because we will have storm after storm.\" A Welsh Government spokesman said it is for risk management authorities, such as Natural Resources Wales (NRW) and local councils, to put forward schemes to be considered based on local priorities. \"We prioritise funding based on risk to life, using the communities at risk register, which combines multiple sources of flood risk, alongside local evidence,\" the spokesman said. \"Over this government term we will provide over £144m to local authorities and NRW to reduce the risk of flooding and coastal erosion.\" Ceredigion council has been asked to comment."
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"Represent the example for the following task: Generate an appropriate title for the given text. The generated title must be short and include the main topic of the text. The preferred titles are under fifteen words.:",
"The shooting prompted rioting in Tottenham, which spread to other parts of London and beyond, in August. Tottenham MP David Lammy said he wanted the Independent Police Complaints Commission (IPCC) to have the power to suspend officers in the future. The police watchdog said an officer's employment was each force's decision. The Metropolitan Police confirmed the officer has been placed on \"restricted duties\", in line with national guidelines. Mr Duggan, 29, was killed by a firearms officer on 4 August after the minicab in which he was a passenger was apparently stopped by police near Tottenham Hale Tube station. 'Dangerous vacuum' Three nights of violence, looting and fires followed in London, with cities such as Birmingham, Manchester and Salford also experiencing trouble. Speaking on Tuesday in the House of Commons, at a debate about the riots, Labour MP Mr Lammy said: \"The officer involved in the Mark Duggan case hasn't been suspended and is still working. \"He will understand that members of the community I represent find that quite incredible.\" He also asked whether it would have been too difficult for the IPCC to notify residents, giving them \"reassurance\" and \"appealing for calm and co-operation\". He claimed the absence of any word from the IPCC had created a \"dangerous vacuum\" where rumours were allowed to take hold instead of hard facts. A spokeswoman for the IPCC said the commissioner responsible for the investigation had met with members of the community on 7 August. She added the watchdog has met with community representatives at a number of events. In July, the Home Secretary Theresa May announced the IPCC would work with the Metropolitan Police to identify further powers that they may need."
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"Represent the example for the following task: Generate an appropriate title for the given text. The generated title must be short and include the main topic of the text. The preferred titles are under fifteen words.:",
"Jurors heard a vehicle recovery driver saw a police officer seal the doors but soon after driving it away he was told to return the car to the scene. Another recovery driver said when he later collected the car from north London the seals had been broken. Kevin Hutchinson-Foster, 30, denies giving Mr Duggan an illegal handgun. Mr Duggan's fatal shooting in Tottenham last year sparked riots which spread across London and then to other cities in England. 'Unusual' instruction Mr Hutchinson-Foster is accused of handing over a gun to Mr Duggan 15 minutes before he was stopped by police in Tottenham on 4 August. Nicholas Goldmsith, the driver of a recovery vehicle used by the police to transport the car away from the scene in Ferry Road, told the court he had watched a police officer seal each of the doors on the Toyota minicab. En route to the police pound in Perivale, west London, with the car on his trailer, he received a call telling him to turn around and take the minicab back to Ferry Road, the court heard. He said he was told to put it about 40ft (12m) from where he collected it, in an area he was told had already been searched. Mr Goldsmith, who had worked for the private recovery contractor CNS Motors for two years, said he was not told the reason for what he described as an \"unusual\" instruction. Jurors also heard that in a statement given to the Independent Police Complaints Commission, a second recovery vehicle driver, Colin Hodge, said when he picked up the car from the scene later the same day, the seals on the doors were broken. David Cunningham, a police forensic pound officer, told the court the car arrived at the pound in Perivale on 5 August with the door seals broken and he resealed them. The case continues."
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"Represent the example for the following task: Generate an appropriate title for the given text. The generated title must be short and include the main topic of the text. The preferred titles are under fifteen words.:",
"By Claire JonesVictoria Derbyshire Programme On 17 April 1984, PC Yvonne Fletcher and PC John Murray were among officers sent to police a small demonstration outside the former Libyan Embassy in central London. The 25-year-old was hit in the back by a gunshot from a first-floor window, and died in Westminster Hospital a short time later. Her death led to an 11-day siege of the building and the severing of diplomatic links between the UK and Libya. In her last moments, Mr Murray promised he would find her killers. \"I remember in detail what happened that day,\" he explains. \"One of the main things was that I promised Yvonne as she lay dying that I would bring her killers to justice. \"You've got to remember those were the last words she heard and that was the promise I made and the promise I will fulfil.\" Mr Murray has now launched a civil claim for damages against Saleh Ibrahim Mabrouk, an ex-aide to Libyan leader Col Muammar Gaddafi, to the High Court in London. It aims to force him to appear in court and reveal who shot the officer. One of a number of Libyans deported from the embassy after the killing, he was arrested by UK police in 2015 in connection with the murder. But he was told in 2017 the case would not proceed and has never been charged. At the time, his son said his father was innocent. Despite the passage of time, Mr Murray has never lost faith that he will achieve justice. \"It's been difficult, it's been hard, it's been a long fight. But the events that day were horrendous and horrific, and I will keep fighting for her. \"This is my last chance, I've waited 35 years for this. It will happen,\" he says. \"You can never give up hope, that's one thing you will always have.\" Lawyers acting for Mr Mabrouk told the BBC: \"British police know and accept he was not the person who shot PC Yvonne Fletcher. \"He has previously been interviewed about the events surrounding her death and has fully cooperated with police and security service investigations. \"Mr Mabrouk is no longer permitted to enter the UK by the Home Office. He is therefore unable to attend court to give evidence were the court to invite him to defend the claim.\" The Victoria Derbyshire programme brought together Mr Murray with three other colleagues, to pay tribute to Ms Fletcher. The officer who collected her helmet The police hats belonging to Ms Fletcher, Mr Murray and other officers, remained where they fell during the siege. Requests for her hat to be returned for her funeral were refused by the Libyans, so Clive Mabry decided to take matters into his own hands. He breached the police cordon and ran across St James's Square to retrieve it. His identity has not been known to the public until now. \"As far as I'm concerned, that hat had to go on the coffin. It's only right,\" he explains. \"They killed her, yet they wanted to stop her having the hat as well. That's taking the mick. That was it, I was going to get it. \"I grabbed my helmet, hat in one hand, saluted the Libyans, I legged it straight back, and was arrested by the inspector and PC further down the road. Very embarrassing really.\" Mr Mabry was never charged and his actions received national attention. His efforts appeared on the front page of the Sun and he was granted the Freedom of the City of London. \"It's good - south-east London boy does good,\" he says. The firearms officer Tony Long was a firearms officer sent to the scene after the shooting. \"We were there dealing with people who had harmed police officers, and we wanted to see them arrested,\" he says. When the siege ended, all Libyan diplomats were allowed to leave the embassy and given diplomatic immunity. \"For me that was the worst thing, whenever I come back here [to the embassy], and I come back fairly frequently, was just the fact that we as a country surrendered,\" he says. \"They were the people that were meant to surrender, the people that came out of that building. We should have been able to put the handcuffs on the person that shot Yvonne. We had to watch them leave.\" The ambulance escort Matt Johnson was close friends with Ms Fletcher, and drove the vehicle that escorted the ambulance as it took her to hospital. \"We received an emergency call over the radio to say could we escort an ambulance to the Westminster Hospital on the hurry-up,\" he says. \"We didn't realise it was a police officer, and we didn't realise it was Yvonne Fletcher.\" He says he was \"very apprehensive\" about revisiting the scene of Ms Fletcher's death with his former colleagues. \"As policemen we are expected to go to places ordinary people won't go and do things ordinary people won't do,\" he explains. \"When something like that happens, especially when it happens to a close friend, you realise you're not invincible, you're mortal, and in an instant your life can end by doing the job you've been called on to do. \"It had a profound effect on me and eventually resulted in me having to part company with the police.\" Follow the BBC's Victoria Derbyshire programme on Facebook and Twitter - and see more of our stories here."
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"Represent the example for the following task: Generate an appropriate title for the given text. The generated title must be short and include the main topic of the text. The preferred titles are under fifteen words.:",
"The money will be spent \"renewing ballast, sleepers and rails\" at the station in Laxey, a spokesman said. The department of community, culture and leisure (DCCL) will apply for funding at the next sitting of Tynwald. \"It is essential to ensure the railway can continue to operate safely,\" DCCL Minister Graham Cregeen said. \"It is a necessary investment to improve standards and ensure that we maintain the railway for future generations.\" Construction of the Manx Electric Railway began in the late 1800s and typically its season runs between March and August every year - although special events are arranged during the winter months. If funding is approved during the October sitting of Tynwald, the DCCL said work will begin in November and be completed by March 2014."
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"Represent the example for the following task: Generate an appropriate title for the given text. The generated title must be short and include the main topic of the text. The preferred titles are under fifteen words.:",
"By Julian O'NeillBBC News NI Business Correspondent A plan by Translink and Iarnród Éireann, who jointly run the Enterprise, suggests it would take five years to make the changes. New trains costing £44m would enable hourly departures from each city. A further £195m would allow track improvements to be made, reducing journey times by 15 minutes to under two hours. Enacting the plan will require funding commitments on each side of the border. About one million passengers use the Enterprise annually. Speed restrictions on \"lengthy sections\" of track add 15 minutes to the travel time between Dublin and Belfast. Eight daily departures each direction \"compares poorly\" with many other paired European cities, which have five times the frequency. Investment for a significant overhaul The plan states the \"minimum service standard\" should be an hourly service in each direction. Longer term improvements, including cutting journey times to 90 minutes, would cost an estimated £630m and involve electric trains and lines. \"The next steps are to secure funding to take this project forward,\" said Frank Allen, Chairman of Iarnród Éireann. Chairman of Translink Frank Hewitt added: \"Developing the Enterprise service will be essential to further strengthening economic links and is key to building competitiveness and increasing close communication links between our two capital cities.\""
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"Represent the example for the following task: Generate an appropriate title for the given text. The generated title must be short and include the main topic of the text. The preferred titles are under fifteen words.:",
"AM Eluned Parrott said Network Rail told her it had not yet been asked by ministers to start the work. She said the delay was \"astonishing\" given the \"fanfare\" that greeted a deal on funding announced in November. The Welsh government said it was checking project arrangements after taking it over from the UK government. 'Due diligence' The UK government will fund the upgrade of the Swansea-London mainline by 2018, and will pay almost half an estimated £500m to electrify the Valley lines. The Welsh government expects to meet its share from cost savings and increased revenue. Ms Parrott said: \"While there has been much aspirational talk in recent months about the South Wales Metro and the potential for new electric trains, these things simply aren't possible unless the infrastructure work gets moving. \"After all, you can't run an electric train if you haven't electrified the track.\" A Welsh government spokesperson said it had been carrying out \"extensive due diligence work\" on the project. \"It would be remiss of us to take on a project from the Department for Transport and simply deliver it without checking the contractual status, pricing position and how it fits with our new powers post 2017,\" the spokesperson added."
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"Represent the example for the following task: Generate an appropriate title for the given text. The generated title must be short and include the main topic of the text. The preferred titles are under fifteen words.:",
"The road policing officers said they had a \"bit of a shock\" when they discovered the 4ft 9ins (1.5m) snake on Arbury Road in Cambridge. In a Facebook post, they said: \"Go wild in Cambridgeshire, where snakes in the grass run absolutely free. Luckily the officers weren't rattled by it.\" Dave, believed to be a missing pet, has been taken to a nearby animal centre. The snake was taken to Stretham's Animal Experience, where it is hoped it will be \"reunited with its family\". A centre spokeswoman said: \"It's 1.5 metres long and in good condition. The police have nicknamed it Dave. \"It seems friendly and is enjoying his new vivarium.\" Corn snakes are one of the most commonly kept exotic pets and have turned up on buses and in a cereal box, washing machine and vacuum cleaner in recent years. The RSPCA rescued more than 4,000 exotic animals - including 500 snakes - from across England and Wales in 2018, it revealed last week. Some owners were not properly researching how to keep such species, resulting in animals escaping or being abandoned or neglected, it said."
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"Represent the example for the following task: Generate an appropriate title for the given text. The generated title must be short and include the main topic of the text. The preferred titles are under fifteen words.:",
"The 5ft (1.5m) long black and silver reptile slithered away from an address in Cwmgiedd, near Ystradgynlais, Powys. Ystradgynlais police tweeted a warning to people, urging them to keep windows and doors shut and their pets indoors. Boa constrictors are non-venomous ambush predators that kill by squeezing the life out of their prey and can reach up to 3m (10ft) in length. Dyfed-Powys Police urged anyone who spots the animal to call 101."
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"Represent the example for the following task: Generate an appropriate title for the given text. The generated title must be short and include the main topic of the text. The preferred titles are under fifteen words.:",
"The hedgehog, named Stephen, was inside the van when it was taken from Albion Place in Leeds on Saturday morning. Frank Tett, who runs Andrew's Hedgehog Hospital near Scunthorpe, said: \"We're absolutely devastated here. \"He'll probably last four or five days without food or water. After that he'll just die.\" West Yorkshire Police said it was investigating the theft. Mr Tett, 80, and his wife Veronica, from Appleby, have been caring for the animal since June when he was brought to them after being sprayed with chemicals. He said Stephen was in a light grey-coloured cat carrier, that was inside the van at the time of the theft at about 08:15 BST. The couple appealed for motorists to be vigilant as they think the carry box might have been thrown out of the vehicle and on to the roadside. However, they are \"not very hopeful he will turn up\". \"The material things you can replace, but you can't replace a hedgehog,\" said Mr Tett. \"It'll be a miracle if he turns up. \"We'll travel to the ends of the earth to pick him up.\" Mr Tett said he parked his white Vauxhall van outside Barclays Bank and was loading stock for his market stall when it was stolen. He said the couple had received \"a lot of messages of support and concern\" from the public and thanked them \"for their good wishes\". Mr and Mrs Tett hand-rear and care for hundreds of hedgehogs at their home in North Lincolnshire. Follow BBC Yorkshire on Facebook, Twitter and Instagram. Send your story ideas to [email protected]."
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"Represent the example for the following task: Generate an appropriate title for the given text. The generated title must be short and include the main topic of the text. The preferred titles are under fifteen words.:",
"On 15 November, 37 police and crime commissioners will be elected in England along with four in Wales. The PCCs, as they will be known, will be tasked with scrutinising their force and holding it to account. But how much do you know about the elections, and what issues should the new commissioner in Devon and Cornwall be focusing on? BBC News has asked people living in both counties about their views. Elaine Dyer - Cornwall Elaine Dyer said she had not heard much about the elections. She said: \"I don't really care because I've never been involved with the police. \"I don't know if they [the commissioners] would make any difference to the way the police are run. \"It's good in some ways that they are going to be independent, but I wonder how easy it will be for them to communicate with people in the police force.\" She added that Devon and Cornwall Police could perhaps do more to tackle shoplifting. Sharon Hart - Devon Sharon Hart said she had not heard about the police and crime commissioner elections. She said those without a police background would not be able to do the job effectively. \"We don't see enough police, there's a lot of community police [support officers, or PCSOs], but they don't have the same powers.\" Viv Holmes - Devon Viv Holmes said it was \"about time\" that the police had a commissioner in charge of setting the budget, and hiring and firing chief constables. \"I think it's a very good thing, I think everybody should vote,\" she said. \"We might be able to walk the streets at night a bit better then.\" She added that she did not think candidates should not be standing for a party. Rebecca House - Cornwall Rebecca House said: \"I hadn't heard about the elections but I do care because I think it's important that there's some change in the police force. \"Crime is rising among young people especially in places like Newquay where drinking has got out of hand and something needs to happen. \"I think a local person needs to step in because they know the issues.\" She added that she was also aware of problem areas in St Austell and Bodmin. Ms House said: \"I think they should do a lot more about drugs, especially policing in nightclubs. \"When I went into Plymouth for a night out they were doing random searches all the time but in Cornwall you never really see it happen. \"A lot of places in Cornwall go unnoticed and people should feel safe on the streets wherever they are.\" Dale Johnson - Devon Dale Johnson said: \"If the candidate does not have a police background, why are they in a position to decide who's in the police?\" He said he was concerned about the number of police on the beat and the impact of the police cuts. \"It's a shame it [the role] has got mixed-up with politics. \"People are quite easily influenced.\" Maggie Joines - Cornwall Maggie Joines said: \"I think it will be useful to have someone who is unbiased. \"I hope they will make a difference, but I have my doubts. \"I think it will be extremely difficult for them because they are coming from outside the police and they are going into an institution that is quite closed.\" She added that she thought the police had been \"bogged down\" with too much paperwork and they had been taken away from their \"core business\". John Lamont - Cornwall John Lamont said: \"We live in a democracy and everybody should take the opportunity to vote. \"But if you ask most people, they don't even know about it. \"The police commissioner is a good thing, depending on who gets in.\" He added that there were not enough police on the beat. Matt Lewis - Cornwall Matt Lewis said he had seen some stories on TV about the PCC elections but did not know a lot about it. He said: \"I live on a farm in the middle of nowhere... crime on the streets doesn't really affect me overly. \"As soon as the price of metal goes up, gates and grain trailers are stolen.\" He added that he hated drink driving \"with a passion\". Brian Mahon - Devon Brian Mahon said he did not know who was standing, when polling day was or how the elections worked. \"I would have thought it would be helpful if the commissioners had some experience of being in the police,\" he said. \"However, sometimes someone from outside the organisation could be a better idea.\" He added that there were not enough police on the beat and that officers had too much paperwork. Jeremy Pearson - Devon Jeremy Pearson said: \"I think it [the role] is a load of politics really. \"It's turning police away from what the citizens need and making it more politics-based.\" He added that he was concerned the role could lead to certain crimes being tackled and other areas being forgotten about."
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"Represent the example for the following task: Generate an appropriate title for the given text. The generated title must be short and include the main topic of the text. The preferred titles are under fifteen words.:",
"Find out more about each of these candidates below. JANE BASHAM - Labour Jane Basham, a former chief executive of Ipswich and Suffolk Council for Racial Equality, has been selected as the Labour candidate for police commissioner. She said: \"These are complex times for policing, and I know from my time working with Suffolk Police that we have a dedicated team of police personnel, including volunteers, working to keep us safe. \"I am determined to help people feel safe on the street and I am committed to listening to victims of crime, officers and police community support officers on the frontline and everyone working to combat crime and disorder across our county. \"As PCC I would bring real connections with communities and a focus on victims that is vital to preventing and detecting crime, including organized crime.\" Jane Basham's election statement DAVID COCKS - Independent David Cocks, former chief executive of the SGR radio group, Doctors on Call and Take Care Now, is standing as an independent candidate. He said: \"I believe it is vital to have an independent commissioner who will not handcuff Suffolk Police to any political party. \"There are real challenges lying ahead for the police who are already coping with significant cuts and it will be a priority to ensure that the public's expectation for their safety, the detection of crime and maintaining frontline police numbers are not compromised. \"There must be no hiding place in Suffolk for criminals.\" David Cocks's election statement BILL MOUNTFORD - United Kingdom Independence Party Suffolk County councillor Bill Mountford, who has worked in the hydrographic survey industry for 20 years, has been selected as the United Kingdom Independence Party candidate. Mr Mountford said: \"I believe in old fashioned high profile policing, with more bobbies on the beat. The people of Suffolk expect and deserve police support when they need it. I believe that the law applies to all, and everyone should be treated fairly and equally, without prejudice and without favour. \"I want a Suffolk of safe streets where residents, especially the elderly, feel safe in their homes. \"Through increased public involvement in determining how our county is policed, I will deliver an efficient and effective police service.\" Bill Mountford's election statement TIM PASSMORE - Conservative Tim Passmore, a farming and tourism consultant and leader of Mid Suffolk Council, is the Conservative candidate for the commissioner post. He said: \"I want to keep driving crime down. Suffolk Police is a good force and we are not in a high crime area, but we have to do better. \"We must ensure we have a fair share of national resources given to the county and we need an individual who is sufficiently independent and capable of taking on vested interests and government when appropriate.\" He said he was \"pretty independent minded\" and that was a vital quality for any commissioner and it was also important to \"customise\" the force to the needs of Suffolk. Tim Passmore's election statement"
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"Represent the example for the following task: Generate an appropriate title for the given text. The generated title must be short and include the main topic of the text. The preferred titles are under fifteen words.:",
"The Prime Minister told BBC Radio Kent that he \"wasn't particularly happy\" about what he had heard about her. \"I don't think she's making a very good fist of her job... the people of Kent elected her, they can un-elect her at the next available opportunity.\" The BBC has been unable to contact Mrs Barnes for her reaction to his comments, as she is away on holiday. New policing model Mr Cameron's remarks follow a Channel 4 documentary last month, in which Mrs Barnes admitted she should not have taken part. The \"fly-on-the-wall\" TV programme Meet the Police Commissioner, saw Mrs Barnes talk about her £85,000-a-year role. At points in the broadcast, she struggled to explain an approach to policing priorities called \"the onion\", brought her dogs into the office and failed to write her title correctly on a whiteboard. Mrs Barnes was also criticised last year after she appointed teenager Paris Brown as Kent's first youth commissioner. Ms Brown later resigned over comments she had posted on Twitter. However, earlier this month, within days of the Channel 4 programme, it was claimed Ms Brown's replacement had been involved in a relationship with 50-year-old former county councillor and youth leader Robert Burgess. Kerry Boyd, 20, has since not undertaken any public engagements. The BBC has also learned that Mrs Barnes will still be on holiday when a new policing model for Kent is introduced on Tuesday. When asked about this, the Prime Minister said that while she was responsible for her own movements, \"that doesn't sound particularly impressive\". \"As I've said, I don't think she has impressed in this role,\" Mr Cameron added."
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"Represent the example for the following task: Generate an appropriate title for the given text. The generated title must be short and include the main topic of the text. The preferred titles are under fifteen words.:",
"The energy regulator found E.On supplied smart meters to fewer than 65% of eligible electricity business customers by an April 2014 deadline. E.On has agreed to pay £7m to the Carbon Trust for missing the deadline. It now has a year to meet a new interim target and could pay a further £7m if it fails to do so. Ofgem warned that if E.On failed to meet its new deadline, it would consider imposing a sales ban preventing E.On from taking on new business customers until it was able to supply them through a smart meter. Ofgem is also investigating the rollout performance of British Gas and Npower. The government gave energy suppliers five years from 2009 to supply smart meters - which monitor electricity and gas consumption more efficiently - to their business customers. Under the scheme, E.On was required to supply its 20,000 business electricity customers with smart meters, But it supplied just under 65%, or 13,000, of those customers, with the new meters. The government also expects energy suppliers to fit more than 26 million households across England, Wales and Scotland with smart meters by 2020. Anthony Pygram, Ofgem's senior enforcement partner, said: \"It's unacceptable that E.On failed to roll out advanced meters to these business customers on time. \"Customers have lost out on receiving better information about their energy consumption and the opportunity to control costs. \"Unless E.On improves their poor record, they will have to pay out even more and may face a sales ban.\" A spokesman for E.On said: \"Installing advanced meters to tens of thousands of business customers across the country was always going to be a significant challenge and one that threw up a variety of hurdles for suppliers to overcome. \"That said, we cannot, and will not, overlook the fact that we did not do enough in time to meet the deadline and in that regard failed to provide the efficient service our business customers demand and deserve.\""
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"Represent the example for the following task: Generate an appropriate title for the given text. The generated title must be short and include the main topic of the text. The preferred titles are under fifteen words.:",
"By Jon DouglasReporter, You & Yours The bank has admitted telling them they did not hold PPI policies when in fact they did. Barclays said a \"very small percentage of customers\" who contacted it via claims management firms were affected. It said it would be \"proactively contacting\" them to put things right. PPI offered cover for anyone who could not keep up loan repayments if they fell ill or lost their jobs. But it was often sold to people for whom it was unsuitable and in many cases customers were not even aware that PPI had been added to their loans, credit cards or mortgages. To find out, customers can contact their banks, building societies or card issuers to ask directly if they have ever held PPI. Solicitors and claims management companies can also ask the question on their behalf and that is where Barclays has identified a problem. 'Bulk request' error Since 2012, Barclays has provided an online PPI checking tool where these firms can submit requests in bulk for up to 50 customers at a time. The bank said that in \"less than 1.1%\" of those cases where requests came via claims management companies, customers were wrongly told that they did not have PPI. Barclays has put it down to an error which meant that those bulk requests were not always checked against some of the records they hold. It would not say exactly how many customers were affected, but the BBC understands that the figure is likely to be in the tens of thousands since the problem dates back as far as 2012. PPI doubts Stephen Pearce from Guilsfield in Powys told BBC Radio 4's You & Yours programme that the problem he experienced with Barclays started when he rang the bank directly to see if he had ever unknowingly held PPI. \"Barclays replied to me and said that I didn't have PPI, and I was prepared to accept that at the time because I assumed that if the bank gave a reply like that then the bank had done its research and that was the truthful and correct answer\", he said. After beginning to doubt what he was told, Mr Pearce hired a claims management company to pursue the matter. It submitted a bulk request through Barclays' system and received the same response - that Stephen Pearce did not have PPI. It was only after his claims management company then complained that Barclays finally wrote back to say that he had held PPI after all on a credit card. The bank accepted that the PPI policy had been mis-sold and offered Mr Pearce a refund of £3,991.52 Barclays said it had been unable to find any record of the initial telephone call which Mr Pearce says he made and so concluded that \"there is no evidence to suggest that any customers received an incorrect PPI decision when they contacted us directly\". In relation to the problem with its bulk request tool, Barclays said \"we identified through our own review that a very small percentage of customers were given the wrong information when they contacted Barclays via a Claims Management Company to find out whether they had ever held a PPI policy on their account\". \"Customers do not need to take any action. We are proactively contacting everyone who has been impacted and we will be registering a new complaint on their behalf to put things right as soon as possible. We would like to apologise to these customers for the level of service they received.\" The Financial Conduct Authority says that a total of £32.2bn has been paid to PPI claimants since 2011. The deadline for anyone to submit a claim is 29 August 2019."
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"Represent the example for the following task: Generate an appropriate title for the given text. The generated title must be short and include the main topic of the text. The preferred titles are under fifteen words.:",
"By Roger HarrabinBBC environment analyst Chief executive Paul Polman said governments must set clear CO2 targets to force low-carbon innovation. Speaking ahead of a business climate summit in Paris this week, he urged fellow chief executives to help create a “political licence” for politicians to promote clean energy. But firms dependent on cheap fossil fuel energy are unlikely to agree. “It’s clear that, increasingly, the business community is aware of the costs of climate change. Momentum is swinging towards people realising that we need to take urgent action to stay below two degrees [increase in global average temperature],” Mr Polman told BBC News. Economic threat? He said there had been a \"long dance\" between politicians and chief executives over who should take the lead on cutting emissions. “There was a belief among some politicians that the main challenge is job creation and economic growth, and if we get side-tracked with climate we might not achieve the economic growth. \"The reality is, if we don’t tackle climate change we won’t achieve economic growth.” Mr Polman said Unilever had faced business costs €300m-to-€400 million (£216m-to-£316m) higher than normal due to extreme weather. Along with Virgin’s Richard Branson and vehicle industrialist Ratan Tata, he is in a group called The B Team, which urges governments to bring greenhouse gas emissions to zero by the middle of the century. This group will form a strong presence at the business summit, which is expected to attract more than 1,000 people to Paris. The French capital is also the location for the world leaders’ climate summit in December. 'Risk issue' Another group in Paris, RE100, will announce new members today. It is aiming to encourage 100 world-leading firms to obtain 100% of their energy from renewable sources. Nick Mabey, who runs the green think tank E3G, said: “We’ve seen the underpinnings of climate politics grow. Now we have a $5tn (£3.1tn) low carbon economy. \"We have the G20 discussing the risks to financial markets from climate policy and a real understanding of how climate change is hitting countries and cities. And in the end it’s the politics of the real economy that’s going to drive action. “With firms, it’s moved from being something you did for corporate social responsibility. Now it’s a risk issue for every major company.” The World Bank's climate chief, Rachel Kyte, told BBC News: “There’s really a conversation beginning between business and government about what are the conditions necessary in the economy for us to grow in a cleaner direction. “The message to fiscal policy managers and CEOs [chief executive officers] is they have to understand this is the direction of travel. \"To be a first mover working out how to be competitive in an economy which has less carbon in it… that is the stuff of business.” Fossil fans But for every CEO who makes promises in Paris this week, others will warn against a rush away from CO2. America’s fossil fuel giants, the Koch Brothers, are spending $900 million on political advertising to make their case. Fossil fuel advocates, in organisations like the Global Warming Policy Foundation, argue that developing countries need cheap energy to lift their people out of poverty. They claim fears for the climate are exaggerated. Oil company Shell meanwhile, acknowledges the threat from climate change, but is planning for strong demand for oil and gas for decades to come. Whilst public research and development promotes renewables - like solar, wind and hydro - private investment still focuses on making fossil fuels cheaper. Polly Courtice, who runs the Cambridge Institute for Sustainability Leadership, says it is hard to gauge how many firms are willing to embrace a low-carbon agenda. “The general awareness that climate change is an issue to be addressed is much more firmly embedded than before,\" she said. \"Most of the firms we work with have emissions targets built in to their plans, which certainly wasn’t the case back in 2009 [at the Copenhagen climate summit]. \"Whether the targets are ambitious enough is another matter.” Follow Roger on Twitter @rharrabin"
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"Represent the example for the following task: Generate an appropriate title for the given text. The generated title must be short and include the main topic of the text. The preferred titles are under fifteen words.:",
"Several of those affected live on the boats and rushed back to the waterside on Tuesday night to see their homes in danger because of a sluice gate fault. Engineers have now closed the gate and water levels are to be restored slowly. \"The worry now is the boat doesn't rise with the water,\" said owner Cordelia Britton. \"I met another boater who was in quite a state as he was on a very small boat and the current was so fast. \"I'll be keeping a very close eye on the boat all day. This has never happened to me in three years of living on-board. I hope she'll come back up again.\" Water levels dropped by about 1.8m (5.9ft) after the fault at Twerton sluice gate and the Canal and River Trust alerted boaters with a post on its website at about 19:00 BST on Tuesday. Avril McGovern, from Bath, lives on a boat in the area and was out for dinner with friends when she received messages about the river levels changing. \"I thought I'm quite safe because I'm behind the lock but then there were more posts on the Facebook group that I'm in saying that it was draining, so I raced back to see my boat resting on the bottom. \"Some other boats had sunk and a couple of friends had to find alternative accommodation, so obviously that is going to have quite a devastating impact on them,\" said Ms McGovern. Another boater called Eric said he came back from an evening out to find his boat on the canal bed. \"It's never happened to us before. Our neighbour was saying it happened last year but it is quite a rare event. \"We went through the whole rollercoaster of emotions last night of instant panic, worry, stress and couldn't sleep for very long,\" he said. Ben Pearce said the rear of his boat had been stuck on a hidden sandbank as the levels dropped, tipping the front end into the water. \"The gates got stuck open so the river dropped by about two metres within half-an-hour. \"There'll be some things that might not be damaged. I try to keep my possessions to a minimum as I live in a small space. \"I think it will refloat but there's a hatch and far side door underwater so I think it needs a flotation device,\" he said. Emergency services were called but the Environment Agency (EA) said no water rescues were necessary, although some people had to be moved to \"safe accommodation\". EA spokesman Ian Withers apologised for the \"disruption and anxiety\" caused and the cause of the failure was being investigated."
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"Represent the example for the following task: Generate an appropriate title for the given text. The generated title must be short and include the main topic of the text. The preferred titles are under fifteen words.:",
"In North Devon, parts of Braunton have effectively been cut off and two severe flood warnings are in place. In the village of Colebrook, near Plymouth, seven homes were evacuated. In Plympton 15 people were forced to move after the Long Brook burst its banks. First Great Western has advised passengers not to travel. 'Defences totally overwhelmed' In Braunton, homes and shops were flooded when the River Caen burst its banks overnight. Chairman of Braunton Parish Council Liz Spear said newly-built flood defences were overwhelmed by the volume of water that hit the town. \"It's really bad, we had flooding seven years ago, but it was nothing like this,\" she said. \"It's disappointing really because the Environment Agency has just spent over £1m on new flood defence schemes, two flood defence schemes, this year, but they've been totally overwhelmed.\" Mrs Spear, who has lived in Braunton for 45 years, added that there was a river running through the centre of the town. Town 'cut off' Devon and Cornwall Police said \"numerous properties\" have been affected. A spokesman said: \"The town is effectively cut off from both Barnstaple and Ilfracombe and numerous properties are affected.\" A number of people also had to be moved from homes in Averton Gifford. Some properties had up to 3ft (0.9m) of flood water in them, Devon and Somerset Fire and Rescue Service said. Since 02:30 GMT, crews received more than 130 flood-related calls across the county including from Ivybridge, Barnstaple, Bideford and Kingsbridge. At Exeter, Network Rail is using a water-filled tube to act as a dam to protect the main railway line between London Paddington and Penzance from flooding. In Plymouth up to a dozen roads were closed as a result of flooding. Devon and Cornwall Police said most of them have since reopened. The Environment Agency has a number of flood warnings in place across Devon."
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"Represent the example for the following task: Generate an appropriate title for the given text. The generated title must be short and include the main topic of the text. The preferred titles are under fifteen words.:",
"Repairs on the 80 tonne gate in Milford Marina are under way after it was left floating in the marina entrance. The Pembrokeshire coast had been battered by winds of up to 90mph. Around a dozen boats had been trapped in the docks before the gate was tugged away by the Svitzer Gelliswick. The Port of Milford Haven said the gate was taken to the J Wall on 1 November, where it will be winched from the dock by a 500-tonne crane. The gate will then be checked for damage and any important repairs made. A barge is scheduled to tow the gate back into place in several weeks' time."
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"Represent the example for the following task: Generate an appropriate title for the given text. The generated title must be short and include the main topic of the text. The preferred titles are under fifteen words.:",
"The Driven group also plans to try out a fleet of autonomous vehicles between London and Oxford. The cars will communicate with each other about any hazards and should operate with almost full autonomy - but will have a human on board as well. Previous tests of driverless vehicles in the UK have mainly taken place at slow speeds and not on public roads. The Driven consortium is led by Oxbotica, which makes software for driverless vehicles. Founder Prof Paul Newman, of Oxford University, said: \"We're moving from the singleton autonomous vehicle to fleets of autonomous vehicles - and what's interesting is what data the vehicles share with one another, when, and why.\" The project is backed by an £8.6m government grant and involves an insurance company, which will assess the risks involved at each stage of the journey. The UK government has committed about £100m in total towards autonomous driving projects and has said it wants Britain to \"lead the way in developing\" the tech. But one expert said the country risks falling behind what is being done abroad. \"Britain is trying to keep up, but the big development in the field is going on elsewhere,\" said Prof David Bailey from Aston Business School. \"That includes Google in the US, Volvo in China and Daimler in Germany. \"And amounts being committed [by the UK] are relatively small beer. \"The Obama government, for example, proposed spending billions of dollars over 10 years.\" Calum Chace, author of Surviving AI, agreed that the UK appears to have fallen behind. \"I don't know why we have to wait until 2019,\" he said. \"But in a way it doesn't matter how aggressively the UK pushes this tech. When the US does this large-scale technology we will have to adopt it too. \"It will save so many lives and so much money.\""
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"Represent the example for the following task: Generate an appropriate title for the given text. The generated title must be short and include the main topic of the text. The preferred titles are under fifteen words.:",
"Chancellor Philip Hammond told the BBC the objective was to have \"fully driverless cars\" without a safety attendant on board in use by 2021. \"Some would say that's a bold move, but we have to embrace these technologies if we want the UK to lead the next industrial revolution,\" he said. However, the chancellor admitted he had yet to use a driverless car himself. Driverless cars on UK roads by 2021 - really? \"I'm promised to go in one when we visit the West Midlands tomorrow,\" he told the BBC's Andrew Marr show. Mr Hammond is due to announce regulation changes in Wednesday's Budget which will allow developers to apply to test driverless vehicles on UK roads. Asked about the potential loss of jobs for drivers, he said the country could not \"hide from change\" and the government had to equip people with the skills \"to take up new careers\". The chancellor is also expected to detail proposals to build 300,000 new homes in the UK a year, as well as extra money for NHS nurses' pay. Mr Hammond's announcement comes after the UK's biggest car manufacturer, Jaguar Land Rover, began testing driverless cars on public roads. The trials, which rely on sensors that allow the cars to detect traffic, pedestrians and signals, took place in Coventry city centre over several weeks. Jaguar said a human was on board to react to emergencies. The government said the industry would be worth £28bn to the UK economy by 2035 and will support 27,000 jobs. Labour quipped that under the Tories it would not only be the cars with no-one in the driving seat. 'Long way off' Critics have warned the technology necessary for driverless cars to succeed is a long way from being ready. Former Top Gear host and now Grand Tour presenter Jeremy Clarkson said he was recently in a self-driving car which made two mistakes which could have killed him in just 50miles. Writing in the Sunday Times magazine, Mr Clarkson said the incidents convinced him the technology was still \"a very long way off\", adding: \"For now, we're miles away from it.\" In the Budget, Mr Hammond is also expected to announce: Funding for 5G technology will go towards the National Cyber Security Centre to ensure the security of the mobile network, as well as testing on roads to help provide the network needed for driverless cars. A further £35m will be used to give rail passengers reliable mobile connections and \"lightning-speed\" internet during journeys. Trials are due to begin on the Trans-Pennine route, which connects Leeds, Manchester and Liverpool. Labour shadow chancellor John McDonnell said the Budget needed to show a \"genuine, decisive change of course\" and not \"empty promises\"."
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"Represent the example for the following task: Generate an appropriate title for the given text. The generated title must be short and include the main topic of the text. The preferred titles are under fifteen words.:",
"By Andy GreenWorld Land Speed Record Holder The New Year started with some great news. Ron Ayers, the aerodynamic genius behind Thrust SSC (current World Land Speed Record, 763mph), the JCB Dieselmax (fastest diesel car ever, 350mph) and Bloodhound SSC (soon to be the world's first 1,000mph car) was made an MBE. Ron is the reason for the \"Bloodhound\" name. He worked on the Bloodhound surface-to-air missile many years ago, producing huge improvements in its performance. When we started to design a new Land Speed Record car, aiming for the amazing speed of 1,000mph, we used \"Bloodhound\" as a code name while we developed the idea in secret. Come the 2008 public launch of the project, the name had pretty much taken root, so the car officially became the Bloodhound SuperSonic Car. We're very lucky to have a team of brilliant and successful engineers working on Bloodhound, and it's great to see one of them formally recognised. Bloodhound starts 2014 with a new rocket partner. We've been working with Falcon for over five years now, to complete the initial research for our hybrid rocket technology. The highlight of this work was the test firing of our full-size hybrid rocket at the end of 2012, watched live online by around quarter of a million people. However, there is a lot of work required to turn this prototype into a full-tested production version, and it's a complicated process - quite literally, it is rocket science. Step forward Norwegian company Nammo, which (luckily for us) is already working on a production version of a similar hybrid rocket, for a next-generation satellite launcher. A supplier to the European Space Agency, Nammo has agreed to manufacture the hybrid rockets that will boost Bloodhound SSC up to 1,000mph. Bloodhound's hybrid rockets use a solid rubber compound as the fuel. It's not explosive and will only burn under very specific conditions. Since I have to strap myself to several hundred kilogrammes of this stuff, this is quite reassuring. The hybrid rocket combustion occurs when the rocket tube is force-fed with very hot oxygen. This is produced from concentrated hydrogen peroxide, also known as \"high test peroxide\" or HTP for short. The HTP is forced though multiple layers of silver oxide mesh in a catalyst pack, at around 70 Bar (1000 pounds per sq in) and at a huge flow rate, around 40 litres per second. For comparison, that flow rate would fill your bath at home in three seconds. The HTP (chemically, H2O2) is broken down by the catalyst action of the silver into water (H2O) and oxygen (O2). This process releases a lot of energy, so the mixture comes out at around 600C. At this temperature the rubber ignites and burns furiously, heating up to over 2,500C, about twice the temperature inside an active volcano. This increases the pressure inside the rocket tube, forcing the burnt gases out through the nozzle at high supersonic speeds. The reaction produces the rocket thrust, which for Bloodhound needs to be about 12 tonnes. It's going to be quite a ride. The upper-rear chassis is now being drilled off for riveting, with 12,000 rivets in total. Most of the frames in the upper-chassis are aluminium, but Frame 1 (at the very back) is being manufactured by URT from high-temperature carbon composites. This will be able to cope with temperatures as high as 330C for short durations, and up to 250C all day long. Using carbon at the back of the car is a little counter-intuitive, as this is the hot bit, and composites don't like high temperatures. However, Frame 1 doesn't carry much load, and is a complex shape, so it's much easier to make in carbon. We'll also add a protective thermal coating and monitor the temperatures every time we run, just in case. The upper-chassis has to cope with some huge loads. In addition to nine tonnes of thrust from the EJ200 jet engine, it has to support Bloodhound's huge fin at 1,000mph. Bloodhound will be travelling faster at ground level than any aircraft has ever been, so this is going to be the hardest-working fin in history (have you put your name on the fin yet?). The fin bolts on to a \"shear plate\", a truly extreme engineering component, even by Bloodhound standards. The plate is over two meters long by 400mm wide, but in some places is only 2mm thick. It's the key part that interfaces the fin to the top of the upper-chassis. Just to make the manufacturing task slightly harder, the shear plate has to be curved to follow the line along the rear of the chassis. Because the part is a complicated shape with lots of features on it, our friends at Manufax must start with 750kg of material to produce a final part weighing just 8.7 kg. In other words, they will turn a lump of metal weighing nearly as much as a Fiat 500 into a component weighing something akin to a racing bicycle. That's extreme one-off engineering. The metal that's machined away - known as swarf - is captured, recycled and used in other applications and products. Perhaps surprisingly, the shear plate is going to be quite a delicate part until it's joined to the upper-chassis structure, when it becomes part of a very strong complete assembly. The front uprights, which attach the front wheels to the suspension, have now been delivered by AP Racing. Manufactured from solid aluminium, they have been anodised to protect them from the desert dust (which will get everywhere and is mildly corrosive). Each upright weighs a staggering 21.5kg and, between the two of them, are designed to take peak suspension loads of up to 30 tonnes. For comparison, an upright from a \"normal\" race car would weigh around 1kg and would fit in the hole in the centre of the Bloodhound upright. Bloodhound will use conventional wheel brakes for UK runway testing and at low speeds (less than 200mph) in the desert. Each front brake caliper is half-built into the front uprights. This arrangement is unique to Bloodhound, allowing the engineers to package the front wheels and suspension into the smallest possible space. It keeps Bloodhound's front track (the distance between the front wheels) narrow, making the front of the car narrower and more aerodynamic. It's the rainy season in South Africa's Northern Cape right now. Thanks to DMC International Imaging and Surrey Satellites, we can keep a close track of how the surface floods and dries. The dark areas on the satellite photo show the damp/wet areas. We can even see the remains of the old causeway, as a dark line across the track near the northern end. This is a good sign as it means that the surface repairs are now being \"glued\" together by the rains. The Northern Cape has been working on the world's fastest race track for three years now and it's almost complete. I can't wait to get out there in the next few months to see the end result."
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"Represent the example for the following task: Generate an appropriate title for the given text. The generated title must be short and include the main topic of the text. The preferred titles are under fifteen words.:",
"The first minister signed a memorandum of understanding (MOU) with SinoFortone and another Chinese firm in March. After reports that the agreement has now been cancelled, the Scottish government highlighted a \"climate of hostility\" from opposition parties. Opponents of the deal called for a full statement on the \"sorry episode\". The agreement, said to be worth up to £10bn, was signed with representatives of SinoFortone Group and China Railway No. 3 Engineering Group (CR3) at Nicola Sturgeon's official Bute House residence in Edinburgh. However opposition parties voiced fears about the deal, amid concerns CR3's parent company China Railway Group had been named in an Amnesty International report on human rights abuses and had been blacklisted by Norway's oil fund. Ms Sturgeon said no specific deals would be done with the Chinese consortium if legitimate concerns were uncovered, with all actual investments to be scrutinised by the Scottish Parliament. 'Climate of hostility' The Sunday Times newspaper reported the deal had collapsed in August and claimed it had become known in China as the \"Scottish shambles\". A spokesman for Economy Secretary Keith Brown said the government was aware of some concerns but had not thought the deal was off. He also said opposition parties should be \"ashamed\" for putting potential investments at risk. The spokesman said: \"We did not consider that the MOU had been cancelled but were aware that SinoFortone felt they could not move ahead at that time in the climate of hostility they faced from other parties. \"However, they continued to believe in the benefits for Scotland of an infrastructure partnership with China and we remained committed to pursuing these opportunities. \"The MOU is about building relationships with a view to investment and we remain committed to it. We are sorry if the partners consider the MOU to be cancelled and we remain open to working together on projects in the future.\" Opposition parties maintained their stance, with Labour's Jackie Baillie demanding the government \"come clean\" about the fate of the agreement \"as a matter of urgency\". She said: \"Scotland deserves answers on this backroom deal - the whole affair poses serious questions about the transparency and competence of SNP ministers. The SNP government's handling of this has been cackhanded from the very beginning, so it is no wonder it has been branded a shambles. \"The SNP tried to hush up this deal throughout the election, and now we find out that it fell apart months ago, and yet the Scottish people - once again - were none the wiser.\" Scottish Conservative economy spokesman Dean Lockhart added: \"This whole episode has shown the SNP just can't be trusted with economic matters. It thought it had struck gold, tried and failed to keep it a secret, and now doesn't seem to know what's going on. \"We now need a calm assessment of all this to see if a potentially lucrative deal with China can be reached. These things can't be allowed to fall through because of SNP bungling.\" 'Clouded in secrecy' Scottish Liberal Democrat leader Willie Rennie, who lodged 28 parliamentary questions about the MOU on the first day of the new Holyrood term, also called for an \"urgent statement\" from Mr Brown about the affair. He said: \"They must explain what recent discussions they have had with these Chinese companies, what lessons they have learned from this sorry episode and what new arrangements will be put in place to attract ethical investment for Scotland. \"The SNP has a chance to inject some much needed transparency for something that has been clouded in secrecy. Throughout this whole process groups such as Amnesty International and Transparency International expressed concerns but the SNP covered their ears and ploughed on regardless. The showed a casual disregard for human rights.\" The Scottish government spokesman said opposition parties should be \"ashamed\", accusing them of \"doing Scotland down\". He said: \"The opposition should be ashamed of themselves if their actions, in search of cheap headlines, have put up to £10bn of investment at risk. \"The Scottish government will do everything we can to make sure that Scotland is open for business. It would be helpful if opposition parties joined us in making the case for Scotland, rather than doing Scotland down.\""
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"Represent the example for the following task: Generate an appropriate title for the given text. The generated title must be short and include the main topic of the text. The preferred titles are under fifteen words.:",
"The government says China attracted $8.6bn (£5.1bn) in foreign direct investment (FDI) in May. That is a 6.7% fall from the same period last year and marks China's weakest FDI report since January 2013. Economists say prospects of slower growth in the world's second-largest economy may have deterred foreign investors. China's economy expanded at the pace of 7.4% in the first three months of this year, down from 7.7% growth in the previous quarter. Earlier this year, Premier Li Keqiang set a target of about 7.5% growth for 2014. China's GDP growth has been falling since 2010, when it stood at 10.4%. FDI includes greenfield investment projects, such as newly built factories, as well as mergers and acquisitions. And the monthly FDI figures can fluctuate as individual investment projects are announced. The FDI data comes as Mr Li is in the UK on a three-day visit, looking to drum up more investment from the UK. Domestic boost To counter the reliance on foreign investment and external factors for growth, China has also been looking to pursue economic growth at home by boosting its infrastructure. Earlier this month, the State Council said China would build a multi-tier transport system along the Yangtze River, to help create a new economic belt. According to official data, the 11 provinces and municipalities along the river account for almost 41% of China's overall gross domestic product. In April, the government said it would cut taxes on small firms and speed up the construction of railway lines across the country."
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"Represent the example for the following task: Generate an appropriate title for the given text. The generated title must be short and include the main topic of the text. The preferred titles are under fifteen words.:",
"David Mundell made his pledge during Scottish Questions in the Commons. The response came after the SNP's Angus Robertson pressed both Mr Mundell and Prime Minister Theresa May about powers over agriculture and fisheries. On Tuesday, Scotland's first minister accused the UK government of using Brexit to undermine devolution. Nicola Sturgeon told a gathering in Edinburgh that the Scottish Parliament faced a \"graver challenge\" after \"20 years of progress\". She also warned that without compromise, a second independence referendum may become a \"necessary\" way of protecting Scotland's interests. Ahead of Prime Minister's Questions on Wednesday, Mr Robertson asked Mr Mundell if \"all decisions\" relating to agriculture and fisheries would be taken by the Scottish government and the Scottish Parliament after Brexit. The minister answered: \"This government's plan is to engage with the Scottish government and with the other devolved administrations to discuss these very serious issues. \"It is not to go out and tell the people of Scotland that the devolved settlement is being undermined by Brexit - a Brexit which will lead to more powers being exercised by the Scottish Parliament. \"What I can give the right honourable gentleman is an absolute guarantee that after the UK leaves the EU the Scottish Parliament and Scottish ministers will have more powers than they have today.\" Moments later, Mr Robertson continued the same line of questioning to Mrs May. He said: \"Prior to PMQs, Scottish ministers were unable to answer basic questions on government plans for agriculture and for fisheries. \"These are important industries for the rural economy and they are devolved areas to the Scottish government and the Scottish Parliament. \"With Brexit ending the role of Brussels in these areas, will all decisions about agriculture and fisheries be made at Holyrood - yes or no?\" The Conservative PM said Mr Robertson knew \"very well\" that the UK government was discussing with the devolved administrations \"the whole question of the UK framework and devolution of issues as they come back from Brussels\". She added: \"The overriding aim for everything that we do when we make those decisions is making sure that we don't damage the very important single market of the UK. \"A market, I might remind the honourable gentleman, that is more important to Scotland than the EU is.\""
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"Represent the example for the following task: Generate an appropriate title for the given text. The generated title must be short and include the main topic of the text. The preferred titles are under fifteen words.:",
"By Sebastian Chrispin Business reporter Several high-profile companies make millions of pounds worth of sales in the UK. But a series of media exposes found that they had paid surprisingly little in tax. The public was angry and politicians are looking to ensure companies pay their fair share of tax. Margaret Hodge, the Labour MP who chairs the Public Accounts Committee (PAC) says that after the financial crisis, the world \"does demand different standards.\" \"Paying tax should cease to be a voluntary gesture for the rich and the powerful and a civic obligation for the rest of us,\" she told a conference in London this week. \"We should all pay out fair share.\" The event, which was hosted by the PAC, was to discuss the impact of the globalization of taxation. Now the wheels are in motion to tighten the screws on the international tax system. Leaders of the world's largest economies are considering whether to ratify new global tax rules next month. But the task of tidying up the system may prove both controversial and difficult. Low tax bills In 2012, Starbucks was found to have paid just £8.6m in UK tax over fourteen years, despite making over £3bn ($4.8bn) in UK sales since 1998. This was because corporation tax is paid on profits and, despite the vast sales, the company reported losses over that time. The following year, Amazon's UK subsidiary was reported to have paid just £2.4m despite generating sales of £4.3bn. Google, Apple and others have joined the list of big corporate names that have also found themselves in hot water over their tax bills. With the effects of the financial crisis still being felt, people were frustrated that these companies were seemingly able to game the system. As Grace Perez-Navarro, deputy director at the Organization for Economic and Social Development (OECD) said, the world had not seen such public displays of anger over the tax paid by companies since the Boston Tea Party - a reference to pre-revolutionary US protests. Politicians realised that something needed to be done. Legality There is little to stop multinational corporations using their global reach to play national tax rules - and taking advantage of discrepancies or loopholes - in a way that minimises their tax bills. They adjust their business structures so that they can claim economic activity or value is generated in countries where there is little or no tax to pay. However, critics argue that there are economic and social costs from companies adopting such strategies. By avoiding paying tax, these international companies deprive governments of resources. Figures from HMRC, released earlier this month, showed that in 2012-13, the UK lost £3.1bn due to tax avoidance. Such practices might distort competition, as larger international companies can shift activities around the globe to lower their tax bill in a way that smaller rivals cannot. Pressure from civil society groups, and certain governments, is mounting on the international community to take action. And there are signs that it is waking up. Global problem The issue is about how globally active companies are able to \"game\" national tax systems. So to bridge the divide between separate tax regimes, the problem requires a global solution. \"Tax administrations are trapped by their national borders and they need some way to overcome that,\" says Ms Perez-Navarro. The OECD, representing 34 economically advanced economies, has led the charge on reforming how global tax rules work. Last year the OECD put forward a 15-point action plan to ensure that companies are taxed where economic activity takes place. With its cumbersome title, the Base Erosion and Profit Shifting Action Plan (BEPS), aims to stop companies making profits \"disappear\" for tax purposes. It also targets companies that shift profits to countries where they conduct little or no real activity but where taxes are low. The idea of the two-year BEPS project is to phase in a series of changes in national and international tax law to close loopholes, clarify financial reporting, and tighten rules on the taxation of certain activities. In September, finance ministers from the G20 group of advanced economies endorsed the first phase of the programme. G20 members will report on their progress in implementing the BEPS action plan in November. Despite this growing international consensus, there is strong criticism that the OECD's project is flawed. Criticism First on the list of critics' gripes is that the OECD is the wrong forum to lead the debate. The OECD - often seen as only representing richer countries - may not be best placed to find a truly global solution. Some argue that there should be greater efforts to ensure that lesser economically developed countries are also being heard. Second, the system needs a deeper overhaul, critics argue. Most international tax rules are based on various treaties that were initially established by the League of Nations following the First World War. Sol Picciotto, a professor at Lancaster University, says that the OECD later took on this role and now looks after most international tax rules - around 80%, by his estimations. He believes that the debate should take place in a wider forum. \"They are the tax experts,\" he says, in relation to the OECD, \"but we do need a bigger debate.\" \"They can do running repairs as they go along but I think as they get more into the project, they will see how the machine also needs redesigning.\" Richard Murphy, a director of Tax Research UK, agrees that the international tax system \"is worn out.\" \"We pretend that there are thousands of companies in multinational corporations all of which are independent when quite clearly that's a fabrication.\" The problems facing the OECD, and others, are numerous and complex. The complexity of the UK's tax system doesn't help. Tax code Michael Izza, chief executive of the Institute for Chartered Accountants in England and Wales, says that the UK has one of the most complex tax systems in the world. In 2007, the UK tax code run to around 11,500 pages. Now it is around 17,000 pages, he says. He is calling on MPs to take this issue forward. \"We've got to be serious about simplification.\" Richard Bacon, a Conservative member of the PAC, agrees that there have been problems with the UK tax code. When it gets to such a length, \"surely the only possible solution is to set it on fire,\" he jokes. Trouble ahead Joking aside, ironing out wrinkles in the global tax regime is no mean feat. Some doubt whether there is sufficient political willingness to implement the OECD's project. Even if there is, there are questions over whether the system can be fixed or whether it should be discarded and completely overhauled. And at the heart of this debate, policymakers are trying to ensure that their drive to boost tax revenues doesn't harm business. \"Despite all of the public outcry and, perhaps some might say, the tarring and feathering of multinationals, it is important to understand that this is not an anti-business agenda for us,\" says the OECD's Grace Perez-Navarro. Role of business Policymakers have a tough task ahead. But some are asking whether businesses should be play a more active role in the debate. Rather than pay only what they are legally obliged to, the argument goes, businesses should ensure that that are contributing a sufficient amount to the society that lets them thrive. Justin King, former chief executive of Sainsbury's, says businesses often argue that they pay tax as the law requires them to. However, this is the just a minimum requirement, Mr King says, \"it doesn't make you a good citizen.\" Consumers should be able to question a company's tax policy as much as they question a company's environment and social policy, he argued. It remains to be seen whether businesses will shift tactics. But whether companies do so or not, the political drive to change the international tax system could force businesses to change how they operate."
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"Represent the example for the following task: Generate an appropriate title for the given text. The generated title must be short and include the main topic of the text. The preferred titles are under fifteen words.:",
"The Commons International Development Committee said dependable tax revenues were a far better route out of poverty than reliance on overseas aid. In a report, it said supporting more efficient tax collection represented \"excellent value\" for UK taxpayers. The UK spent £7.8bn on aid in 2011 and this is set to rise to £11bn by 2015. The government welcomed the report and said it was \"firmly committed to helping developing countries access more sustainable sources of revenue\". Amid cuts in other departments, the foreign aid budget is being protected to help the UK meet its target of spending 0.7% of national income on aid by 2013. The cross-party committee said an efficient and transparent tax system was of \"fundamental importance\" to a country's economic and social development. Tax havens It urged ministers to support the authorities in developing nations to improve the collection rates of income tax, VAT and local property taxes and to ensure governing elites paid their fair share. \"If developing countries are to escape from aid dependency, and from poverty more broadly, it is imperative that their revenue authorities are able to collect taxes effectively,\" the committee's chairman, Lib Dem MP Malcolm Bruce said. \"The aim of development work is to enable developing countries to escape from over-reliance on aid. \"Supporting revenue authorities is one of the best ways of doing this: it represents excellent value for money, both for the countries concerned and for UK taxpayers.\" In their report, the MPs expressed concern that recent changes to tax rules affecting UK-owned companies operating exclusively abroad could make it easier for them to use tax havens and reduce their tax liability in developing countries. Aid agencies have estimated this could cost developing countries billions in lost tax revenues and the committee said the government should consider reversing the changes \"as a matter of urgency\". \"The government is committed to supporting economic growth in developing countries to reduce their dependency on aid. While this is clearly the right thing to do, it would be deeply unfortunate if the government's efforts were undermined by its own tax rules,\" Sir Malcolm added. Ministers should introduce rules requiring companies to publish financial information on a country-by-country basis to discourage cross-border tax evasion, the report said. A government spokesperson said: \"The Committee is right to praise British aid for helping poor countries to boost their tax systems and help them to pull themselves out of poverty by investing in schools, hospitals and infrastructure. \"We will consider the detailed recommendations carefully and will produce a formal written response in due course.\""
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[
"Represent the example for the following task: Generate an appropriate title for the given text. The generated title must be short and include the main topic of the text. The preferred titles are under fifteen words.:",
"The British overseas territory forms part of an island chain, alongside the neighbouring US Virgin Islands. Tortola, the largest of the 16 inhabited islands, is home to more than three quarters of the population. Named by Christopher Columbus in 1493, the islands were settled by the Dutch until 1666. They became part of Britain's Leeward Islands colony in 1872, gaining a limited degree of self-rule in 1967. A new constitution adopted in 2007 established a greater degree of self-government. Tourism and offshore finance dominate the economy, with financial and business services accounting for nearly half of the islands' GDP. A huge leak in 2016 of documents known as the \"Panama Papers\" revealed the islands to be the most popular tax haven by far with clients of the Panamanian law firm, Mossack Fonseca. The leak threw new light on how the rich and powerful hide their wealth and caused a global stir. Further revelations were made in the \"Paradise Papers\" in 2017. FACTS LEADERS Head of state: Queen Elizabeth II, represented by a governor The governor is responsible for external affairs, defence, internal security, public services and the administration of the courts. The territory has a ministerial system of government. Elections to the 13-member Legislative Council are held every four years. MEDIA There are no public broadcasters based in the BVI; the TV station and radio stations are operated by private concerns."
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"Represent the example for the following task: Generate an appropriate title for the given text. The generated title must be short and include the main topic of the text. The preferred titles are under fifteen words.:",
"Her death resonated with many people, with videos showing her communicating with her trainers being shared widely on social media. In many obituaries, it was claimed that she \"mastered\" American Sign Language, using over 1,000 signs, but some experts said the headlines praising her sign language skills were rather inaccurate. When she was about 12 months old, animal psychologist Francine \"Penny\" Patterson started to train her to use a version of American Sign Language. Her instructors said Koko used it to convey thoughts and feelings. Ms Patterson and her researchers documented that the gorilla understood some 2,000 words of spoken English. The abilities of the gorilla apparently to understand spoken English were documented by Ms Patterson and her researchers. However, sceptical linguists and scientists questioned Patterson's methods. They also debated how much of Koko's communication actually came from herself or how much we projected ourselves onto her. When Koko's death was announced, many news organisations, including the BBC, wrote headlines such as \"Koko: Gorilla who mastered sign language\" and \"Koko, famed gorilla that learned sign language\". Many social media users complimented her on her supposed language skills, but not all were convinced that she was actually using sign language. However, many people were impressed by her communication prowess. University of Birmingham's Dr Adam Schembri said the headlines need \"to be worded with care to avoid crating a misleading impression.\" He said Koko \"did not learn sign language\", but she mastered a number of modified American Sign Language signs, which is not the same as American Sign Language. Marcus Perlman, a linguist, who studied Koko as part of his research into ape communication, weighed in. Gerardo Ortega, a sign language researcher, said Koko never mastered sign language. He tweeted: \"At most she ritualised the use of some signs about the here and now and used them only after trainer promoted her.\" However, some sign language users see things differently, especially some people who said she inspired them to learn sign language. Speaking to BBC News, Prof Graham Turner of Heriot Watt University, said: \"Serious efforts to teach apes some signing began in the 1960s with researchers attempting to teach individual signs derived from American Sign Language (ASL). And the apes did learn to use some hand gestures in this way. \"But it is a distortion to imply that Koko or any ape has ever learned to use a natural signed language like a human being.\" Prof Turner said: \"These languages use the face, body and hands in an integrated way, exploiting their multidimensional, spatial medium through the layering of simultaneous and extremely precise visual elements. So communication in ASL or any such signed language entails acquiring command of a far more complex system of linguistic expression. \"That system must also permit the creation of new patterns and sequences - formed within the constraints of the system - for any context that may arise. With this kind of appreciation of sign language structure it is plain that 'signing' apes have never proven capable of displaying grammatical competence comparable to human fluency. \"Although the apes can use two or three signs in a sequence, close inspection of filmed data has repeatedly shown trainers prompting them, and then questionably interpreting separate responses as signed sentences.\" Whether she used sign language or not, her command of gestures was extraordinary for a gorilla. She connected not only with some humans but also with animals, especially kittens."
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"Represent the example for the following task: Generate an appropriate title for the given text. The generated title must be short and include the main topic of the text. The preferred titles are under fifteen words.:",
"His owners say he had shown signs of heart problems ever since his \"best friend\" - a dog called Buddy - died in 2017. \"We think his heart literally broke when Buddy left us,\" they wrote on his official Facebook page. Boo had 16 million followers on Facebook, made TV appearances, and even released a book called Boo - the life of the world's cutest dog. Boo and his friend Buddy had lived together for 11 years - before Buddy passed away in September 2017 at the age of 14. His owners, who are from the US, say Boo passed away in his sleep early Saturday morning and they were \"heartbroken\". They added: \"But we find comfort knowing that he is no longer in any pain or discomfort. \"We know that Buddy was the first to greet him on the other side of that rainbow bridge, and this is likely the most excited either of them have been in a long time.\" His owners went on: \"Boo, we love you with all our hearts and will miss you until the day we meet again. \"Have fun running around with Buddy and creating adorable mischief wherever you guys go.\" As well as releasing a book, Boo met with celebrities such as Seth Rogan, became an ambassador for a US airline and appeared on several TV shows in the US. His owners said they'd received many notes over the years from people sharing their stories of how Boo \"brightened their days and helped bring a little light to their lives during difficult times\". \"And that was really the purpose of all this...Boo brought joy to people all over the world.\" Follow Newsbeat on Instagram, Facebook and Twitter. Listen to Newsbeat live at 12:45 and 17:45 every weekday on BBC Radio 1 and 1Xtra - if you miss us you can listen back here."
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"Represent the example for the following task: Generate an appropriate title for the given text. The generated title must be short and include the main topic of the text. The preferred titles are under fifteen words.:",
"Aardman Animations and Engine have made Creature Discomforts: Life in Lockdown for the Born Free Foundation. The film puts everyday conversations into the mouths of animals including an orang-utan, lemurs and an orca. Director Peter Peake said he hopes the \"endearing\" characters will help people relate to the cause. 'Heartbreaking' loneliness The film uses the format of Aardman's popular Creature Comforts series with dialogue from interviews on the subject of lockdown and living conditions recorded in Bristol, Manchester and London. The animals are not Aardman's usual claymation because of coronavirus restrictions, so the film is made in 2D. Mr Peake, who also designed the characters, said the team called on \"friends and family with interesting voices - people who won't shut up\". \"None of them are actors so what they say is coming from the heart. \"When we heard 89-year-old grandmother Doreen (the voice of the elephant in the circus) talking about being lonely, it was heartbreaking and we couldn't have scripted anything better than that.\" Another character, a mother lemur, is Mr Peake's friend Rosaria who had just moved with her young daughter to the UK from Rio, just before lockdown. \"She was an ideal candidate as she had left wonderful surroundings and was dropped into a really small flat with one window,\" he said. The Born Free Foundation hopes people watching the film will find empathy with the characters. Lion farming tackled Dr Chris Draper, head of animal welfare and captivity for Born Free, said: \"Many of us will have suffered the restrictions and inconvenience of lockdown. \"This (film) has given us just a brief insight into the frustrations and compromise that wild animals in captivity face for their entire lives.\" In 2019, Born Free and ENGINE released The Bitter Bond, a film to raise awareness of the lion farming in South Africa. It was viewed more than 11m times and attracted 250,000 petition signatures, resulting in the South African Tourism Services Association withdrawing support for any interactions between tourists and wild animals, such as lion cub petting."
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"Represent the example for the following task: Generate an appropriate title for the given text. The generated title must be short and include the main topic of the text. The preferred titles are under fifteen words.:",
"By Keiligh BakerBBC News As an adult, he retained all of those habits - even as he attacked others for being \"bad\" Muslims. Those closest to him paint a picture of an easily-influenced man given to obsessions. It was that obsessive nature which led him to Islamic extremism and, ultimately, to murder. Details of his life emerged during the inquest into those deaths. Although coroner Mark Lucraft said none of the members of Butt's family who gave evidence was a \"convincing witness\", their accounts reveal a controlling man with a history of violence, who lived a life of contradictions. Born in Jhelum, Pakistan, on 20 April 1990, Khuram Butt had two older siblings, brother Saad and sister Haleema. His father ran a furniture business and while his family members were practising Muslims, they were not particularly religious. They arrived in the UK in 1998 on a visitors' visa when Butt was eight. All three of the children attended schools in Forest Gate and Stratford in east London, with Butt doing well in his end of school exams - he gained 11 GCSEs. The family attempted to claim asylum, which was initially refused. But in 2004 - following the death of his father from a heart attack - Butt was given indefinite leave to remain in the UK. He worked as a cashier at a pizza takeaway after school, before getting a job in the stockroom at Topshop on London's Oxford Street. He received his first police caution at 18 for fraudulently using a friend's payment card on public transport. From his teenage years Butt went clubbing, smoked drugs, indulged in casual sex and was described as a \"wannabe gangster\". In 2009 he became an office assistant at a removals firm. But despite being in full-time employment, later working in a number of KFC takeaways, the life of petty crime still appealed. In December 2010, when he was 20, he received a second caution for common assault occasioning actual bodily harm after a scuffle with a security guard at a shopping centre. Haleema's wedding Two year's later, Butt's sister married. At the wedding he met a man named Hashim Rehman, whose uncle had worked with his father. Afterwards Butt began to be more observant. He spent time with him, reading Islamic literature and praying five times a day. He also ended a relationship with his then girlfriend because she refused to convert to Islam. Mr Rehman told police that rediscovering religion changed Butt, initially making him a softer and more humble man. Butt went on to ask Mr Rehman for his sister Zahrah's hand, and they were married on 25 December. Initially, his newly found fervour for Islam was seen as a good thing. He began staying in and attended his mosque more regularly. But the inquest heard his religious devotion began tipping into an increasingly extreme version of Islam. On their wedding day, Butt insisted his new wife should wear a burqa and sat her behind a wooden screen so she could only be seen by him. His brother later took the screen down. After returning from their honeymoon in Pakistan, Butt moved Ms Rehman into the home he shared with his mother, brother and sister-in-law. His brother, Saad, said that Butt insisted his new wife wore a full-face veil and gloves inside the house. \"I think that says it all. He was the sort of person who did everything 100%,\" Mr Butt told the inquest. \"Random sexual encounters, lots of girlfriends, drug taking and now that he has gone into Islam he wants to do it 100%.\" Curtain pole Saad said this was one of a series of things his brother did that made him \"uncomfortable\". Butt would also get angry with his sister, he said, if she came to visit without wearing a headscarf, and asked for videos of him dancing at her wedding to be deleted. In September 2014, he and his wife moved into a small one-bedroom flat in Barking, east London. Once there, Butt put up a curtain pole in their hallway so that male visitors couldn't see his wife. \"With his friends he was 100% strict,\" his wife told the inquest. \"I was not allowed to see them and they were not allowed to see me.\" Instead she would prepare and cook meals for the gatherings he would regularly hold, before spending the rest of the night in their bedroom watching television on her laptop. Ms Rehman said for a time she and their son, born in 2014, were his sole focus - but he soon became intensely focused on the war in Syria. His manager at KFC said they also noticed a marked change in his behaviour and appearance at work. Butt began to shave his head and grew a beard. A colleague said around this time they had a discussion about the murder of soldier Lee Rigby and Butt told them it was \"an eye for an eye\". His wife became aware that he was associating with hate preacher Anjem Choudary towards the end of 2014. She said she warned him to \"stay away from people like that\" but told the inquest Butt was stubborn and would never do what people asked of him. 'A lion out of a cage' Ms Rehman said her husband met Choudary at a dawah stall (a public display promoting Islam) in Stratford or nearby East Ham. After that initial meeting Butt would listen to Choudary's speeches on YouTube, and he hosted him at his home on at least one occasion. A friend said Butt was \"energised\" in Choudary's company and described him as being \"like a lion out of a cage\". Yet despite his new obsession with religion, Butt still dabbled in drug use and petty crime. His brother-in-law described him as \"very impressionable\". In September 2015 another brother-in-law, Usman Darr, reported Butt to the anti-terrorist hotline after he defended the Islamic State group's execution of a Jordanian pilot who was burned to death in a cage. Butt already had an \"anger problem\", Ms Rehman said. Soon, he began starting fights with other Muslims who he believed were not \"true\" followers of Islam. Butt and his wife had a \"massive\" argument in late 2015 when he decided he wanted a second wife and she left him for a month. It was at this time that The Jihadis Next Door aired on Channel 4. The documentary filmed a number of British extremists meeting across the country and included scenes showing Butt and others confronting police officers in London's Regent's Park. Ms Rehman told the inquest she first became aware of the programme when she watched it at her parents' house. Butt hadn't told her anything about the programme or being filmed. The inquest heard that between 2015 and 2017 Butt expressed strong anti-Western views, shared videos of beheadings on WhatsApp, and was expelled from a mosque. He became increasingly angry, Saad told the inquest, over \"foreign policy, the wars, the injustices overseas\". He said that after several disagreements Butt stopped talking to his family about Syria. They thought he had changed his way of thinking - but he was secretly plotting an attack similar to those in Manchester and Westminster Bridge. \"In that sense he lived a double life,\" his brother added. Just a couple of months later, Ms Rehman's family confiscated the couple's passports after Butt paid for flights to Turkey. She told her parents she suspected he wanted to take them and their infant son to Syria to join the Islamic State group and so her father destroyed the documents. In May 2016, Butt began to work for London Underground as a customer service assistant. His wife and family were delighted with his new job, but within weeks he started claiming sick pay after complaining his work-issued boots were damaging his feet. His wife told the inquest: \"It wasn't a genuine sickness - he just did not want to work.\" Butt privately told his brother-in-law that he could not do the job because \"in the summer there are too many naked women walking around\". His employers later terminated his contract after deciding he had failed his probation. It was around this time he began coming home smelling of cannabis again. No kiss goodbye His wife said Butt began to attend the Ummah Fitness Centre while he was on sick leave. The gym was run by Sajeel Shahid and his partner, Sophie Rahman, who was the headteacher of the Ad-Deen Primary School in Ilford, a large commuter town to the east of London. Butt was asked by the couple to teach the Koran to children at the school - despite his criminal cautions, his appearance on The Jihadis Next Door, his lack of references and background checks. He began teaching a group of about six or seven children aged between seven and nine for two hours every afternoon. The school changed its name before closing in 2017. In May 2017, just weeks before he launched his murderous attack, Butt and his wife had another child. By this point, his wife said, he simply wasn't interested in her or their growing family. Just minutes after she had given birth to their daughter he announced he was leaving the hospital \"to go the gym\" - where, it later emerged, he was meeting his fellow London Bridge attackers. Although Ms Rehman repeatedly asked him to spend more time at home with her and their children, her pleas fell on deaf ears. On Saturday 3 June 2017, Butt left their home for the last time. He left without kissing or saying goodbye to either of his children. Eight people were killed that evening. This account is told according to evidence given at the inquests into the deaths of the eight people killed, which began in May 2019."
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"Represent the example for the following task: Generate an appropriate title for the given text. The generated title must be short and include the main topic of the text. The preferred titles are under fifteen words.:",
"By Lisa WrightBBC News Online By 24, he was a double murderer, having turned on a family who tried to help him in a terrifying attack at their home. But how did he become a remorseless killer? Troubled beginnings Stability was never a factor in the young Barley's life. Born the child of incest - his parents were uncle and niece - he was an orphan by the age of six. His father died of cancer when Barley was four and his mother of a heart attack about two years later. Barley's formative years were spent in numerous homes with foster carers and other family members. Eileen Adams, a former teacher and foster carer from 2003-2007, described him as a \"Jekyll and Hyde\" character who could be caring and sensitive, but also threatening. He became more difficult over time as he displayed signs of an increasingly violent personality, she said. According to the Birmingham Mail, 11-year-old Barley was kicked out of a children's home in Worcestershire around 2005 and 2006. A former resident of the home described him as a \"deeply troubled\" individual, constantly getting into fights and stealing a staff member's car. At the age of 13, he was the subject of a police appeal when he went missing with other children in Bromsgrove. In the intervening years, he amassed 21 convictions for various offences, including an assault on his former partner. A second chance In 2016, Barley, who was living on the streets, was brought home by Tracey Wilkinson, who spotted him trying to stay warm in a cardboard box. Barley, who insisted he just needed \"a chance\", became a regular visitor at the family's home in Stourbridge, West Midlands, doing odd jobs in return for food and cash. He attended an alcohol and drug rehabilitation centre where volunteers told of him being obsessed with weapons, in particular knives. Although he told them he wanted to kill someone with a knife - with his \"two aims in life\" being to kill a policeman and a prison officer - his remarks were dismissed as bravado caused by drug abuse. Peter Wilkinson's firm, Asset International, created Project Shelter to help Barley, and by late summer 2016 they had arranged a permanent job for him at Newport docks. All seemed to be going well until managers started to report he was not attending work. He was evicted from his flat and several managers reported aggressive behaviour towards them. By February 2017 he had secured a job as a furniture polisher. But before long he was sacked - he had claimed he was taking drugs and couldn't be bothered to work. That same month he made violent threats about \"taking down\" his family on Facebook, and wondering how many he could kill before he was caught. In the weeks before the killings he began frequenting local pubs, behaving unpredictably and taking drugs. Why did he do it? Barley's motive for the killings remains a mystery. Mr Wilkinson can only think that the family's decision to end Barley's mobile phone contract - which they had paid for until a week before the attack - may have created a grudge. What is known is that when Barley, 24, went to Greyhound Lane, Norton, on 29 March, his intentions were clear. He lay in wait before he carried out the attacks, hiding in the garden shed overnight after failing to gain entry to the home he once shared with the family. He emerged the next day, entered the house and carried out the cold and calculated killings. He stabbed Mrs Wilkinson and Pierce first, before attacking Mr Wilkinson as he returned home from walking the family dog. To this day Barley has shown no remorse for his crimes. His only regret, he told police, was that he didn't succeed in killing Mr Wilkinson. When he appeared in court two days after the stabbings, he was flanked by three officers in full riot gear, after he tried to bite and punch police while in custody. As he is jailed for life, it may never be known what drove him to kill the people who tried to help him most."
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"Represent the example for the following task: Generate an appropriate title for the given text. The generated title must be short and include the main topic of the text. The preferred titles are under fifteen words.:",
"By Owen AmosBBC News, Washington DC Ten years ago, Muhammad Syed became an ex-Muslim. Born in the US, he grew up in Pakistan believing \"100 per cent\" in Islam. \"You don't encounter doubt,\" he says. \"Everyone around you believes it.\" And then, in 2007, he realised something. He didn't believe at all. As a boy, Muhammad was interested in \"astronomy, the space programme, Star Trek, Star Wars\". He calls himself liberal. His parents had PhDs. He moved back to the US in his early 20s, a few months before 9/11. When America went to war, he joined anti-war protests. At the same time, some of his Pakistani friends became \"ultra conservative\". \"There was one guy in particular,\" says Muhammad. \"I knew him through high school. \"We were in the same college. We were similar people - he was liberal like me. Then he grew this foot-and-a-half long beard.\" His friend's outlook \"scared\" Muhammad. \"He was talking about torture in the grave (an Islamic belief in punishment after death),\" he says. \"And he was talking about it being a real thing that people have witnessed - a very superstitious type of thinking. \"Coming from a scientific background [and] going into that, was a little bizarre. So I spent about a year or so looking into religion.\" Muhammad studied the Koran, the hadiths (reports describing the Prophet Muhammad), and secondary texts. \"My perspective was 'Islam is humanistic and scientific' - the sort of thing you're told,\" he says. \"I wanted to show my friend his perspective was wrong. But when I went through it, it was very clear that his perspective was actually the Islamic perspective. \"He was right and I was wrong.\" In the same period, Muhammad had dinner with friends. One had survived leukaemia earlier in his life. \"He was praising God for his recovery,\" says Muhammad. \"But in my head I was thinking about the probability of recovering from leukaemia - there's a certain percentage that do. \"I thought: 'How do you know that God is the one that saved you - versus you being in the percentage that is saved generally?' \"At that point I knew what he is saying is fantastical. It's not really real. It's an issue of probability. \"From there I thought: 'I understand this is all false, and I've understood it for a while, I just haven't self-acknowledged it.'\" Did he chose not to believe? \"It's not that you want to, or don't want to, believe it anymore,\" he says. \"It's like you understand Newton's equations for gravity - if you understand them, you understand them. \"You can't not understand them afterwards.\" Muhammad calls his family \"relatively liberal\". \"Mom in particular was very open-minded,\" he says. So he decided to tell them he was an ex-Muslim. Not immediately, but \"within a few weeks, certainly a month or two\". And what did they say? \"They were obviously traumatised and shocked,\" he says. For some Muslims, leaving the faith is a religious crime. A 2016 report found atheists can - in principle - be sentenced to death in 13 Muslim-majority countries. \"If you love somebody you want the best for them,\" says Muhammad. \"If you believe that by going down a certain path a relative will - say - burn for eternity, it's hard not to push back. \"A lot of that pushback comes from a place of love. It's not from a place of hate.\" After realising he didn't believe, Muhammad was open about it. He spoke to friends about his beliefs. He got to know other ex-Muslims. At one social event, he met Sarah Haider. Born in Pakistan and raised in Texas, Sarah left the faith when she was \"15 or 16\". She had never met another ex-Muslim. \"When I found out Muhammad was an atheist, I didn't believe him,\" she says. \"I thought maybe it was a joke. When I realised it was the case, it really was astounding to me.\" Sarah describes her parents as \"conservative relative to Western parents in general, and liberal relative to Muslim parents\". \"They never abused me,\" she says. \"But they were never happy with my choices. I got pushback every step of the way. \"It was a long process for them to understand this was an intellectual choice, and to have some mild respect for it. But they did get there, and many ex-Muslims' parents would not have. \"I know ex-Muslims who have no contact with their family at all - either for fear of physical abuse or retribution, or because the family have shunned them.\" After meeting each other, Muhammad and Sarah decided to find other ex-Muslims. \"Sarah thought she was the only one,\" says Muhammad. \"We thought there were probably others like that.\" Through word-of-mouth, and online forums, they built a small, informal network of ex-Muslims. Then came the next step: meeting in real life. Muhammad tried to vet people. He spoke to them on the phone. But, despite the precautions, they feared violent Muslims discovering their meeting place. \"It was pretty scary,\" remembers Sarah. \"I was tense from the very beginning. In fact, I was not entirely on board with the idea. \"I was curious and excited, but part of me was nervous. I knew I was taking a risk just showing up.\" Muhammad remembers \"one guy going to the bathroom for a really long time\". \"I was half-joking to Sarah that he's probably assembling a gun,\" he says. Half-joking but half-thinking…? \"Could be,\" he says. \"Could be.\" The guy came back from bathroom without a gun. The meeting went well, and word spread. Other events took place in bars, cafes, and restaurants in the Washington DC area. One person travelled six hours there and six hours back. Some people were \"badly traumatised\". At almost every event, someone cried. \"When we saw the demand, we thought we needed to do more,\" says Muhammad. They decided to expand to other cities. In autumn 2013, he and Sarah created Ex-Muslims of North America, and became the public face of apostasy. Did he think twice? \"Of course,\" he says. \"You have to assess the risk. You have to figure out whether this was worth it. \"But there was no other way. Somebody had to take that chance. Somebody had to make that happen.\" But why Muhammad? He could have done nothing, and had an easier life. \"I didn't honestly see another way,\" he says. \"There were no other people that were doing this, even around the world. We were in the right place, the right time, and I had the right mentality. \"I would say it's part of my upbringing. If somebody is in trouble you try to help.\" Four years on, Muhammad and Sarah's network - which is run by volunteers and relies on donations - has around 1,000 ex-Muslims in 25 cities in North America. People often call in the middle of night. Sometimes they're suicidal. One person - after telling his family he was leaving Islam - had a gun put to his head. Another was forced to take part in an exorcism. Another man, fearing for his safety, fled his family. They hired a private investigator to find him; he has moved states six times in 18 months. Ex-Muslims of North America (Ex-MNA) help in different ways. \"If they want to talk, we usually connect them with somebody - similar age group, somebody that can understand them,\" says Muhammad. \"Often it's ethnic - so, for example, Saudi people can understand Saudis better. We have people from 40 different ethnic backgrounds.\" The group offers practical help, too. \"We had a young girl, her parents weren't letting her study,\" says Muhammad. \"Home schooled at high school, expected she would get married, she can't go to college, she wanted out. She wanted to live her life. \"We were able to connect her to someone else, someone who had a spare couch. It's not much - but for somebody who has nothing, it's huge.\" Do they get threats, as well as cries for help? \"Usually via email or social media platforms,\" replies Muhammad. \"But there's a random person saying something on the internet, and then there are very specific, credible threats. Some people prove they are a legitimate threat. \"The first time it happened we called the police. They didn't understand the issue at all. But we were able to connect with the FBI and they understood it.\" Has Muhammad ever left his home because of a threat, even for one night? \"We talked about doing that,\" he says. \"We decided not to.\" On a Sunday night in Washington DC, a policeman sits by the door of room 309 at George Washington University's Marvin Center. Inside, around 50 people - men and women, young and old, a mixture of races - wait patiently. They are here for \"Normalizing Dissent\", the Ex-MNA's tour of college campuses. The tour began at the University of Colorado Boulder (where all bags were searched for weapons) and has taken in Virginia, two dates in Georgia, and DC. It moves to Boston on Thursday, and there are more events planned next spring. It's a brave move, but Muhammad says the events have been \"amazing\". There was an argument in Georgia, but only between two members of the audience. In DC, Muhammad is joined by Imtiaz Shams, an ex-Muslim from London (Sarah is in Australia). Imtiaz co-founded Faith to Faithless, a British group that helps ex-religious people from all backgrounds. He is younger than Muhammad and similarly well-read. But he has the timing - and confidence - of a stand-up comic. The talk zips from Islamic scripture, to racism - they get called \"white\" a lot - to the problems with right and left-wingers. Parts of the right use ex-Muslims to demonise brown people, Muhammad and Imtiaz say. At the same time, parts of the left white-wash Islam's faults so they \"don't upset a minority\". While Muhammad criticises Islam - \"When people talk about how feminist (the Prophet) Muhammad was, they should be ridiculed, they should be laughed at\" - he praises parts of it. \"You can find beauty within Islam itself,\" he tells the audience. \"It's an amalgam of many, many ideas. Some are good, some bad. \"A lot of them are outdated, because it was the 7th Century. It doesn't mean they're all bad. Personally speaking, one of the better things in Islam is the emphasis on charity.\" The talk ends with questions - some from Muslims, some from non-Muslims. They are all respectful. The policeman sits by the door, legs crossed, interested. Before the talk, Muhammad admitted he had doubts. Not about leaving Islam - but about whether being a well-known ex-Muslim was worth it. \"Of course, everybody has those moments,\" he says. \"It's normal, it's human. Is this worth the toll it's taking on me? \"But on the flip side you also see the good you're doing. You see the people who were suffering in bad situations [who are] doing great now. \"It's heartening to hear those stories - to hear how we've affected their lives.\""
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"Represent the example for the following task: Generate an appropriate title for the given text. The generated title must be short and include the main topic of the text. The preferred titles are under fifteen words.:",
"China's foreign ministry said the move by the prize committee in Oslo \"does not represent the wish of the majority of the people in the world\". There were standing ovations at the ceremony in Norway for Mr Liu, who was represented only by an empty chair. The committee's chairman called for the immediate release of the dissident. Thorbjorn Jagland praised China for lifting millions of people out of poverty, calling it an \"extraordinary achievement\". But he warned China that its new status as a leading world power meant Beijing \"must regard criticism as positive\". In response, the foreign ministry in Beijing said in a statement: \"We resolutely oppose any country or any person using the Nobel Peace Prize to interfere with China's internal affairs or infringe upon China's legal sovereignty.\" China says that Mr Liu is a criminal, and insists that giving him a prize is an insult to China's judicial system. Beijing has also waged a campaign in recent weeks to discredit the Nobel prize. 'China's Mandela' During the award ceremony in Oslo, Norwegian actress Liv Ullmann read out a statement that Mr Liu had made in court during his trial in December 2009. \"I, filled with optimism, look forward to the advent of a future, free China,\" said the statement. \"For there is no force that can put an end to the human quest for freedom, and China will in the end become a nation ruled by law, where human rights reign supreme.\" Honouring the new laureate, Mr Jagland placed the Nobel diploma on the empty chair marking Mr Liu's absence. He compared China's anger at the award to the outcry over peace prizes awarded to other dissidents of their times, including South African archbishop Desmond Tutu and the Burmese pro-democracy leader Aung San Suu Kyi. He said Mr Liu was dedicating his prize to \"the lost souls from 4 June\", those who died in the pro-democracy protests on that date in Tiananmen Square in 1989. \"We can say (Mr) Liu reminds us of Nelson Mandela,\" he said. The former South African president received the Nobel Peace Prize in 1993. The UN says it had information that China detained at least 20 activists ahead of the ceremony. A further 120 cases of house arrest, travel restriction, forced relocation and other acts of intimidation have been reported. The BBC's English and Chinese language websites have been blocked, and BBC TV coverage was blacked out inside China during the ceremony. Mr Liu, one of China's leading dissidents, is serving an 11-year sentence in a jail in north-east China for state subversion. Police are stationed outside his home in Beijing where his wife, Liu Xia, is under house arrest. Chinese pressure Geir Lundestad, the director of the Nobel committee, said 48 foreign delegations attended the Oslo ceremony, 16 countries - including Russia, Saudi Arabia and Pakistan - turned down the invitation and the Chinese returned their invitation unopened. Analysts say many of those who stayed away did so as a result of Chinese pressure. However, Serbia - which had previously said it would not attend - announced on Friday that it would be sending a representative. Beijing had sought to prevent anyone travelling from China to Oslo to collect the prize on Mr Liu's behalf. The BBC's Mike Wooldridge in Oslo says that to the Nobel committee, Liu Xiaobo symbolises a message it was keen to send to China - that its growing economic strength and power do not exempt it from universal standards of human rights. On the other hand, China said the committee had chosen a criminal convicted under Chinese law to serve the interests of certain Western countries, our correspondent says. Charter 08 Liu Xiaobo first came to prominence when he took part in the Tiananmen protests. He was sent to prison for nearly two years for his role, and has been a critic of the Chinese government ever since. He was given the 11-year prison sentence in December 2009 for inciting the subversion of state power, a charge which came after he co-authored a document known as Charter 08. The document calls openly for political reforms in China, such as a separation of powers and legislative democracy. This year marks the first time since 1936 that the Nobel Peace Prize, now worth $1.5m (£950,000), was not handed out. UN human rights chief Navi Pillay on Thursday again called for Mr Liu to be released \"as soon as possible\". Last year's peace prize winner, US President Barack Obama, has also called for his release. As well as putting Liu Xia, the Nobel laureate's wife, under house arrest, the authorities have put pressure on other activists and dissidents. Some have been prevented from leaving the country, while others have been forced to leave their homes for the next few days, according to the Chinese Human Rights Defenders. One of those to disappear, it said, was Zhang Zuhua, the man who co-wrote Charter 08."
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"Represent the example for the following task: Generate an appropriate title for the given text. The generated title must be short and include the main topic of the text. The preferred titles are under fifteen words.:",
"The agency was given the prize for its efforts to combat hunger and improve conditions for peace. The WFP, the 101st winner of a prize now worth 10m Swedish krona ($1.1m; £875,000), said it was \"deeply humbled\" to have won. Some 107 organisations and 211 individuals were nominated for the award this year. WFP head David Beasley told the BBC's Newshour he was in shock following the announcement. \"I was literally for the first time in my life without words,\" he said. \"To receive this award is a recognition to the men and women at the World Food Programme who put their lives on the line every day for the struggling, suffering people around the world. So I hope this is a signal and a message that the World Food Programme is a role model and that we all have got to do more.\" German Chancellor Angela Merkel was among those to congratulate the group. \"If there is a deserving organisation then this is certainly one of them. The people there do incredible work helping others and therefore I am very pleased about the awarding of this Nobel Peace Prize,\" she said. The World Health Organization and climate activist Greta Thunberg were among the favourites to win this year. Under the Nobel Foundation's rules, nomination shortlists are not allowed to be published for 50 years, and the organisation says any speculation ahead of the announcement is \"sheer guesswork\". What did the Nobel Committee say? The Norwegian Nobel Committee said the WFP was declared winner of the prestigious award \"for its efforts to combat hunger, for its contribution to bettering conditions for peace in conflict-affected areas and for acting as a driving force in efforts to prevent the use of hunger as a weapon of war and conflict\". Chairwoman Berit Reiss-Andersen said that with this year's award the committee wanted to \"turn the eyes of the world to the millions of people who suffer from or face the threat of hunger\". \"The World Food Programme plays a key role in multilateral co-operation in making food security an instrument of peace,\" she told a news conference in Oslo. The committee said Covid-19 had further boosted the importance of the group. \"The coronavirus pandemic has contributed to a strong upsurge in the number of victims of hunger in the world,\" it wrote in a statement. \"In the face of the pandemic, the World Food Programme has demonstrated an impressive ability to intensify its efforts.\" Earlier this year, the WFP warned that the world was at risk of widespread famines \"of biblical proportions\" as a result of the pandemic. What does the WFP do? The UN agency delivers food assistance to countries around the world. The group says it provided assistance to close to 100 million people in 88 countries last year who were victims of acute food insecurity and hunger. The agency was established in 1961, following calls from former US President Dwight D Eisenhower for \"a workable scheme\" to be devised for providing food aid through the UN system. Months after it was created, it responded to a major earthquake in northern Iran, delivering wheat, sugar and tea to survivors. Since then, it has gone on to respond to natural disasters and conflicts around the world, including: Yemen: The WFP says its emergency response in conflict-torn Yemen is its biggest anywhere. It aims to support about 13 million people but has faced a number of challenges. It has accused local leaders of diverting food away from vulnerable people. This year it has warned that it is facing a major funding shortfall, with some donors stopping aid over concerns that deliveries were being obstructed Afghanistan: The WFP says its \"overarching goal\" is to support the country in tackling hunger in a way that contributes to peace. But it says that decades of \"complex and protracted conflicts\" have created difficulties. There have been instances of the group suspending food aid deliveries to certain areas because of attacks South Sudan: The agency has been supporting people through both conflict and famine. In addition to a years-long civil war, it says a collapsing economy, reduced crop production and dependence on imports means many are unable to access sufficient nutritious food. In 2014, one of its staff members was abducted at gunpoint. However, the organisation has not been free of controversy. In a WFP internal survey last year, at least 28 employees said they had experienced rape or sexual assault while working at the agency. More than 640 others said they were either victims of or had witnessed sexual harassment. Mr Beasley told the Associated Press news agency at the time he was \"making hard choices to bring change\". Who's won the Nobel Peace Prize before? Last year it went to Ethiopian Prime Minister Abiy Ahmed, whose peace deal with Eritrea ended a 20-year military stalemate following their 1998-2000 border war. Former US President Barack Obama won the prize in 2009, for \"his extraordinary efforts to strengthen international diplomacy and co-operation between peoples\". Other notable winners include former US President Jimmy Carter (2002); child education activist Malala Yousafzai (shared 2014); the European Union (2012); the United Nations and its secretary-general at the time, Kofi Annan, (shared 2001); and Mother Teresa (1979). What's the background? The Nobel Prize is one of the world's most important awards. It was started in accordance with the will of Swedish inventor Alfred Nobel, with the first awards handed out in 1901. Nobel Prizes are awarded in several categories to people \"who have conferred the greatest benefit to humankind\" in the previous 12 months. The recipient of each Nobel Prize receives three things: There have been some years when the prize has not been awarded - mostly during the two world wars. Nobel Foundation rules state if nobody deserves the prize in a particular category, it is not awarded and its prize money is kept for the following year."
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"Represent the example for the following task: Generate an appropriate title for the given text. The generated title must be short and include the main topic of the text. The preferred titles are under fifteen words.:",
"Bankrolled by international businessman Dr Jonathan Choi, the £136m Mill Lane campus will boast new fashion, design, art and architecture departments. A new creative and cultural centre will be named for Dr Choi, who is chairman of the Hong Kong-based Sunwah Group. A ceremony that celebrated Chinese culture was staged on Wednesday to mark the start of work on the project. Dr Choi, whose Sunwah Group is part funding the £136m development, said: \"It is backed by the Chinese government. In the future we hope that more Chinese leaders will come over to visit our centre. \"With this centre we can work well with the UK community. Besides that, I think we can have more collaboration between China and the UK in education,\" said Dr Choi, who also runs the Sunwah Foundation. The Jonathan KS Choi Creative and Cultural Centre will focus on student exchanges and an increased cultural understanding, showcasing a variety of work from Chinese dance to British fashion. Vice chancellor of De Montfort University Prof Dominic Shellard said: \"We have been working with Sunwah since 2004 but we are moving into a whole new phase of partnership starting with this centre.\" Nearby residents have been reassured they will not be disrupted by the project. City councillor Patrick Kitterick said there had been a mixed reaction to the site - but claimed any problems raised should be resolved. \"There were concerns when Mill Lane was closed because it did divert traffic on to places like Grasmere Street. \"A lot of that traffic goes to Leicester Royal Infirmary and we are told they are looking to sort out their car parking with a planning application and that should help the general situation,\" he said."
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"Represent the example for the following task: Generate an appropriate title for the given text. The generated title must be short and include the main topic of the text. The preferred titles are under fifteen words.:",
"Jack Shepherd's defence team did not challenge the decision to keep him detained before an extradition hearing. He was in hiding in Georgia throughout his trial in the UK for the manslaughter of Charlotte Brown. British Prime Minister Theresa May \"welcomes the news that he is now in custody\". One of Shepherd's defence lawyers told Tbilisi City Court on Friday he should not be extradited because he was warned in a phone call his life might be in danger if he goes to a UK jail. However, the Crown Prosecution Service said it was \"doing everything it can to help make sure Jack Shepherd faces justice through the proper legal channels\". Shepherd told the court he had been working in Georgia, and he greatly regretted going out on the speedboat, adding the accident had left him depressed and suicidal. The 31-year-old had been in the Georgian capital of Tbilisi since March, but he handed himself into police on Wednesday. Shepherd told the court: \"Not a single day passes when I don't think about the passing of Charlotte's life and the effect on her family.\" He also said he regretted not being at his UK trial. \"I wish I'd sat down with Charlotte's family to explain,\" he said. The court also heard that Shepherd had alcohol dependency and wanted to conduct the appeal against his conviction from Georgia. Shepherd met Ms Brown online and they went on a date on 8 December. Later in the evening he invited her on a speedboat he claimed he owned. The pair were thrown from the boat when it hit branches in the water near Wandsworth Bridge at about midnight. Ms Brown, from Clacton in Essex, was pulled from the water unconscious and unresponsive. A post-mortem examination found she died from cold water immersion. Shepherd made his first appearance at the Old Bailey on 26 January 2018, when he entered a not guilty plea to a charge of manslaughter by gross negligence. He was released on unconditional bail by Judge Richard Marks QC, but failed to show up for his trial and was sentenced to six years in July. Despite being on the run, Shepherd had won the right to appeal against his conviction. Mrs May \"welcomes the news that he is now in custody\", her official spokesman said. \"The government will now work alongside the police and the Crown Prosecution Service to ensure that extradition proceedings are expedited,\" he added. Shepherd's defence team did not challenge the ruling that he should be kept in custody while his extradition was pending. His lawyer in Georgia, Tariel Kakabadze, said: \"It's Jack Shepherd's decision not to fight for release on today's court session.\" Under Georgian law, he can be detained for up to nine months before extradition, he added. Shepherd is also being represented by Mariam Kublashvili, a lawyer who reportedly appeared on Georgia's version of Strictly Come Dancing, who told the BBC her client had been earning money making websites while in Georgia. Meanwhile, it emerged that Shepherd also faces a charge of GBH with intent following an alleged assault on 16 March 2018 in Moretonhampstead in Devon. Shepherd \"was due to have his first appearance in June 2018 but did not turn up and a warrant is live relating to this incident,\" a spokeswoman for the CPS said."
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"Represent the example for the following task: Generate an appropriate title for the given text. The generated title must be short and include the main topic of the text. The preferred titles are under fifteen words.:",
"The body of Debbie Griggs, who disappeared without trace from the family home in Deal, Kent, on 5 May 1999, has never been found. Sentencing Andrew Griggs at Canterbury Crown Court, His Honour Justice Robin Spencer said it was likely the keen sailor had \"dumped her body at sea\". Griggs, 57, of St Leonards in Dorset, was convicted on Monday. Jurors rejected his claims that his wife, then aged 34, had walked out on him and their three young sons. \"Only you know how you killed her and where you disposed of her body,\" Justice Spencer told Griggs. He said Griggs knew the coast \"like the back of his hand,\" adding: \"It would not have been difficult to weigh her body down so that it sank without trace.\" Justice Spencer said Mrs Griggs was \"an adored and adoring mother of three little boys,\" adding: \"They were her life, she would never have left them.\" He told Griggs by murdering his wife, who was four and half months pregnant, he had also \"killed her unborn child\". Mrs Griggs's mother died of a \"broken heart\" in January just weeks before Griggs was charged, her father told the court. \"I know she longed to know where Debbie was,\" Brian Cameron said. The court heard Mrs Griggs believed her husband was having a \"sexual relationship\" with a 15-year-old girl and would have been entitled to half of the family's fishmonger business if they divorced. Prosecutor Duncan Atkinson QC said: \"The murder was committed to avoid the consequences, both in terms of the financial impact that divorce would otherwise have had, but also in the context of the illegal relationship that the defendant was engaged in at the time.\" He told jurors Griggs had attacked his wife at their home in Cross Road \"at a time where the children were asleep upstairs\". Her car was found 1.3 miles away on 12 May with a smear of her blood discovered in the boot. The length of time Griggs maintained his lie and concealed the location of his wife's body were aggravating factors, the judge said. \"You robbed the mother of her children and her family of the very thing you have enjoyed over those 20 years,\" he said. Griggs had been a prime suspect ever since police abandoned a missing persons inquiry and launched a murder investigation in late-May 1999. The Crown Prosecution Service (CPS) looked at the evidence in 2003 and decided there was \"no realistic prospect of conviction\". But in 2018, cold case detectives reviewed the evidence against him and early this year the CPS authorised a murder charge. Asked what had changed, prosecutors said while there was no new evidence the passage of time helped disprove the idea that Mrs Griggs was still alive or had taken her own life. Follow BBC South East on Facebook, on Twitter, and on Instagram. Send your story ideas to [email protected]."
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"Represent the example for the following task: Generate an appropriate title for the given text. The generated title must be short and include the main topic of the text. The preferred titles are under fifteen words.:",
"Anthony Hensley, 37, worked for a company that provided swans to keep geese away from property. On Saturday morning, the married father of two set out in a kayak across a pond at a residential complex in Des Plaines, just outside Chicago, where he was tending the birds. One of the swans charged his boat, capsizing it, says Cook County Sheriff Tom Dart, whose deputies investigated the death. Mr Hensley tried to swim to shore but eyewitnesses told the sheriff's investigators the swan appeared to have actively blocked him. \"I find myself still scratching my head,\" says Sheriff Dart. \"This truly is one of the ones that keeps you from saying 'I've seen everything now.'\" According to ornithologists, the swan's aggressive reaction is typical for the species, the mute swan, when defending a nest. \"It's presumably a male swan and it's presumably paired, and it's set up home for the spring,\" says Chris Perrins, Her Majesty's Swan Warden and a retired Oxford ornithologist. \"It's going to defend that territory.\" The males are fierce in defence of their nests, especially during the spring nesting season - April to June. The birds are one of the largest waterfowl in North America and Europe, weighing up to 13kg (28lbs) and with a wing span of up to 2.4m (7.9ft). They are among the heaviest flying birds in the UK. In April 2010, a swan on the River Cam in England made the news after repeatedly attacking rowers. It was nicknamed Mr Asbo, named after the Anti-Social Behaviour Orders issued by UK courts at the time. Two years later, there are still calls for it to be removed from the river, as the seasonal attacks go on. But such incidents are very rare, says John Huston of the Abbotsbury Swannery in Dorset, where there are 1,000 swans but no recorded attacks on humans in the colony's 600-year history. \"If you approach a swan nest on the river, they might get aggressive and hiss and flap their wings, but the danger is over-rated and it's a myth that they will break your leg or arm with their wings. \"They are not that strong and it's mostly show and bluster.\" Perrins says he has spent many years handling swans and never been injured, just received the odd bruise. \"They do fairly vigorously defend their little patch this time of year. Once the eggs are hatched he'll stay with the family and defend it. \"They have a reputation for being a bit aggressive, but it's only that it's a matter of size, I guess. Presumably a duck wouldn't attack you because you look a bit big.\" However, a large swan can give a thump, he says, and the best advice is to stay away from the nest, which is often a place along the bank or shore where the reeds are flattened and the female is sitting. Mute swans often defend in pairs, says Julia Newth, research officer at the Wildlife and Wetlands Trust. \"Habitats with abundant food and with suitable nesting sites may be highly fought over. \"Those intruding on their territory, including large wildfowl, land mammals and people, may be warded off with an aggressively fast swimming approach, often accompanied with hissing and busking, which is a threat display where the swans neck is curved back and its wings are half raised. \"Mute swans tend to use the power of their wings to attack rather than their beaks.\" John Faaborg, a biologist at the University of Missouri and president of the American Ornithologists' Union, has known people who were hurt by geese attacks. \"And I am sure that swans can do major damage given that they are so big.\" In this case in Chicago, he says, it's understandable that someone in a river with their clothes and shoes on was unable to overpower a swan and swim to shore. Reporting by Daniel Nasaw and Tom Geoghegan"
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"Represent the example for the following task: Generate an appropriate title for the given text. The generated title must be short and include the main topic of the text. The preferred titles are under fifteen words.:",
"Central bank data suggests there are more than six billion 100-bolivar notes in circulation, making up almost half of all currency. Venezuelans will have 10 days from Wednesday to exchange the notes for coins and new, higher-value bills. President Nicolas Maduro said the move would stop gangs hoarding the notes. But in India, a similar move to scrap high-value bank notes last month has caused major disruption. 'Mafia hoarding' In a surprise announcement, Mr Maduro said on Sunday that the 100-bolivar note, worth about 2 US cents (£0.015) on the black market, would be taken out of circulation on Wednesday. The president said the aim was to tackle transnational gangs which hoard the Venezuelan notes abroad, a move he has in the past described as part of the \"economic war\" being waged against his government. He said the gangs held more than 300bn bolivares worth of currency, most of it in 100-bolivar notes. President Maduro said there were \"entire warehouses full of 100-bolivar notes in the [Colombian cities of] Cucuta, Cartagena, Maicao and Buaramanga\". Border closure He said part of the plan was to block any of the 100-bolivar notes from being taken back into the country so the gangs would be unable to exchange their hoarded bills, making them worthless. \"I have given the orders to close all land, maritime and air possibilities so those bills taken out can't be returned and they're stuck with their fraud abroad,\" he said speaking on television. Venezuela's currency has fallen dramatically amid skyrocketing inflation. On the black market, its value dropped by 55% against the US dollar just in the past month, and the International Monetary Fund estimates that next year's prices will rise by more than 2,000%. Gangs can therefore buy up Venezuelan banknotes cheaply on the black market in exchange for dollars or Colombian pesos. They then use the Venezuelan currency to buy subsidised goods in Venezuela, which they in turn sell at a profit in neighbouring Colombia. Many Venezuelans living near the border buy Colombian pesos to purchase goods in Colombia which they cannot get in Venezuela due to chronic shortages. Cash crunch? President Maduro blames both the shortages and Venezuela's record inflation on \"imperialist forces\" he says are trying to bring down his government. He said the aim of these \"forces\" was \"to destabilise out economy and our society, to leave the country without 100-bolivar notes\". Analysts say the move is likely to worsen the cash crunch in Venezuela, where people have already been limited in the amount of cash they can take out at automated teller machines. Venezuelans have only been given 10 days to exchange their 100-bolivar notes for new coins and bills ranging from 500 to 20,000 bolivars due to be introduced from 15 December. Critics of Mr Maduro have predicted chaos and doubt that the facilities will be in place for people to exchange all their 100-bolivar notes. \"When ineptitude governs! Who would possibly think of doing something like this in December amid all our problems?\" opposition leader Henrique Capriles wrote on Twitter (in Spanish)."
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"Represent the example for the following task: Generate an appropriate title for the given text. The generated title must be short and include the main topic of the text. The preferred titles are under fifteen words.:",
"The bloc's founding members - Brazil, Argentina, Paraguay and Uruguay - made the decision after concluding Venezuela had not incorporated key rules on trade and human rights into national law. Venezuela, which joined the bloc in 2012, has argued that some accords conflict with its domestic legislation. On Friday it said it rejected any decision to suspend it from the bloc. \"Venezuela does not recognise this null and void action sustained by the law of the jungle of some officials who are destroying Mercosur,\" Foreign Minister Delcy Rodriguez said on her Twitter account. In September Mercosur gave the Venezuela until 1 December to fully put its charter into effect. What is behind the crisis in Venezuela? Going hungry in Venezuela On Thursday, Brazilian officials were quoted as saying that the foreign ministers of the four founding countries had sent a letter to Venezuela saying its membership had been suspended. \"Venezuela has not adopted all the membership rules and treaties it had promised,\" one official told Reuters news agency. Correspondents say Venezuela's neighbours have become increasingly concerned over developments in the country. The opposition blames left-wing President Nicolas Maduro for widespread food shortages, looting, and human rights abuses. The government accuses the US and Venezuela's business elite of trying to destabilise it. Since 2015, tensions between Venezuela and its Mercosur partners have been exacerbated by the replacement of left-wing presidents by centre-right leaders in Argentina and Brazil. Earlier this year the bloc stopped Venezuela from assuming the rotating presidency."
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"Represent the example for the following task: Generate an appropriate title for the given text. The generated title must be short and include the main topic of the text. The preferred titles are under fifteen words.:",
"What is the current state of economic ties between the UK and India? The UK-India relationship is strong, with a shared history going back centuries, and now a shared vision of the future. Since 2010, UK Prime Minister David Cameron has visited India three times, and the UK diplomatic network in India is now the largest in the world. Investment in each other's countries has grown, and there has been a renewed energy in collaborations. The UK is the third largest source of foreign direct investment in India. And India is the third largest source of FDI (in terms of the number of projects) in the UK, after the US and France. The UK imports more and more from India, though the level of its exports to the country has recently begun to stutter after several years of growth. Indian companies are playing an increasingly important role in the UK economy. Tata Group, for example, is one of the UK's largest manufacturing employers, with some 65,000 employees in the UK. Remittances from the UK to India are high. While it is difficult to know the exact level, a 2013 report in the Guardian, based on World Bank data, suggested remittances from the UK to India, including unrecorded transfers through formal and informal channels, could be worth up to $3.9bn (£2.6bn). More than 21,000 students from India study in the UK and there has been an increase in Chevening and other scholarships for Indian students. New initiatives in science and education such as the Newton-Bhabha Fund and an increase in research collaboration from £1m to £150m all add to a strengthening of the relationship and growth in trade. Where does the UK stand in terms of India's international partnerships? Since India's government made a significant shift in the early 1990s to liberalise and internationalise its economy, which led to a period of growth that continues today, the UK has steadily faced increased international competition for its attention. Fifteen years ago, the UK was India's third biggest trading partner; today it is its 12th. Mr Modi has already travelled to 27 countries in his first 18 months in office, developing relationships and signing new agreements. With its \"Look East\" policy, India's attention has also shifted to Japan, Korea and China, which is now India's biggest trading partner - Mr Modi's China visit this year yielded $22bn worth of deals. And just last month, India hosted a major summit of 50 African leaders, as they look to improve ties and trade with that continent. Meanwhile, young Indians are increasingly turning to the US, Australia and Germany for educational, employment and investment opportunities. What role does the Indian diaspora play in the relationship between the two countries? The UK and India have more than 200 years of shared history, strong democracies, connected cultural institutions and the English language. The Indian diaspora, which totals about 1.5 million people and is the largest ethnic minority group in the UK, has a very important role to play in helping to strengthen the links between our two countries. It is the seventh greatest Indian diaspora in the world and is well represented across all walks of life in the UK. The achievements cross everything from business to sport, and science and politics. They act not only as a bridge between the UK and India, but help enrich the UK through Indian culture. It is important the UK engages more with the diaspora to develop the relationship for mutual benefit. A recently published British Council survey and report, India Matters, indicated young Indians still felt they had a good understanding of the UK, and were attracted to the country - especially its culture. Young middle-class Indians were asked to rank the overall attractiveness of the 15 biggest economies, and the UK came second, behind the US. And with the right opportunity, people in the UK are interested in India - the British Council launched the Generation UK-India programme last year for short-term study and work placements in India, and it has had more than 4,000 applications already from young people who want to go. Therefore, the UK has to have a long-term, holistic approach to India, where it really pushes educational and cultural ties and uses them to future-proof the UK-India relationship."
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"Represent the example for the following task: Generate an appropriate title for the given text. The generated title must be short and include the main topic of the text. The preferred titles are under fifteen words.:",
"One of the busiest roads in the UK came to a standstill on Sunday. Police closed the clockwise carriageway at junction 23, near Potters Bar, Hertfordshire, \"due to severe damage to the road surface\" after drivers described a '\"ridge\" forming on the road just after 1500 BST. It's not the first time soaring temperatures have melted roads. In 2006, gritting lorries had to be sent out to spread crushed rock dust on melting tar to create non-stick road surfaces after roads melted in parts of England. A section of the M25's surface also melted in 2003, forcing the London motorway to be reduced to two lanes between Junctions 27 and 26. So how hot does it have to be for roads to melt? Dr Howard Robinson, chief executive of the Road Surface Treatments Association, says most roads in the UK that experience a reasonable amount of traffic will start softening at 50C. With temperatures in the UK only into the 30s celsius, that might not sound like much of a problem. But those temperatures are typically measured in the shade, and anything up to 2m above the ground. The temperature in direct sunlight on the ground can be much higher. And dark road material can absorb a lot of heat. The typical summer ground temperature is higher than air temperature. Robinson says roads \"regularly\" reach a temperature of 50C and above. It's not an exact science and depends on factors such as exposure to the sun and wind. For instance, the air temperature is currently 21.2C on the A68 Earlston in Scotland, while the road temperature is 49.2C, according to the BBC weather forecaster Matt Taylor. On the M90 at Glenfarg, the air temperature is 21.9C and the road temperature is 36.8C. \"Asphalt is like chocolate - it melts and softens when it's hot, and goes hard and brittle when it's cold - it doesn't maintain the same strength all year round,\" says Robinson. However not all road surfaces are made of the same type of asphalt, or tarmac, which means the temperature at which roads melt varies. Robinson says following a heatwave in 1995, the road industry introduced a new asphalt specification allowing asphalt surfacings to be made using polymer modified binders - which raises the softening point of the asphalt to around 80C. But this type of tarmac is relatively expensive and generally only used on heavy-traffic roads. Robinson estimates probably less than 5% of all the UK's road surfaces contain polymer modified asphalt. \"Almost certainly the section at Potters Bar wouldn't have, if the cause is due to asphalt softening, which is why it became rutted or ridged,\" he says. David Jinks, spokesman for the Chartered Institute of Logistics and Transport, believes the problematic Potters Bar section of the M25 was probably made of a mixture of asphalt and concrete. \"The mix, which is often used on roads in the UK that have over 1,200 vehicles a day, isn't that durable - it can go slick and soft in hot weather - but it's easy to repair,\" he says. The main factor that can impact the point at which a road melts is the type or grade of bitumen binder used to make the asphalt, says Robinson. Harder paving grade bitumens have higher softening points, which makes the asphalt better able to withstand high summer temperatures. Melting tends to mainly only affect the top layer - known as the surface course layer - which is normally between 3-5cm thick. Heavily trafficked roads typically have three layers in total - a surface course layer, a binder course layer (about 7cm) and a base layer (10-15cm thick). Country lanes, which carry less traffic, generally have only two asphalt layers. \"Bitumen is characterised in terms of hardness, so an asphalt made with a harder grade bitumen is less prone to softening and rutting. \"The problem with harder grade bitumen is in winter, it can become brittle and crack, which is why polymer modified binders are the preferred option,\" he says. You can follow the Magazine on Twitter and on Facebook"
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"Represent the example for the following task: Generate an appropriate title for the given text. The generated title must be short and include the main topic of the text. The preferred titles are under fifteen words.:",
"The lorry rolled down an embankment beside the A828 near Appin, in Argyll and Bute, at about 03:30 on Wednesday. Bear Scotland said the driver was uninjured but left shaken after the incident. A spokeswoman confirmed no other vehicles were involved and a full accident investigation was under way. Temperatures are set to drop further on Thursday, with -14 (7F) predicted for parts of Scotland. The deepest snowfall recorded by the Met Office at 09:00 on Wednesday was 11cm (4in) at Tulloch Bridge, Inverness-shire. More than 40 schools across the Highlands were closed due to the weather conditions. The Met Office has issued a yellow weather warning for ice affecting many parts of Scotland from 17:00 on Wednesday until 11:00 on Thursday. More snow could fall in the eastern part of the country on Thursday afternoon, and a further yellow warning is in place for parts of north and east Scotland on Thursday night and Friday morning. BBC weather presenter Simon King said Thursday morning is likely to be \"the coldest start to the winter so far\". Much of the country will see temperatures well below freezing, with -14C (7F) possible in rural Aberdeenshire, he added. Police Scotland said the gritter overturned on the A828 near the Old Inn. A spokeswoman said: \"The driver was taken to hospital as a precaution but we have not been made aware of any serious injuries. \"As the lorry had left the road, it wasn't blocking it, but we put up police tape to make it safe. Bear Scotland were making arrangements for the recovery of the vehicle.\" Has your travel been affected by the snow? Tell us by emailing [email protected]. Please include a contact number if you are willing to speak to a BBC journalist. You can also contact us in the following ways:"
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"Represent the example for the following task: Generate an appropriate title for the given text. The generated title must be short and include the main topic of the text. The preferred titles are under fifteen words.:",
"Under the new instructions, people who attend large gatherings will be fined along with organisers, while those not wearing face coverings without good excuse will also be targeted. Londoners have also been warned to expect officers to be \"more inquisitive\" if they are seen outside. Deputy Assistant Commissioner Matt Twist said police would \"act robustly\". England's third national lockdown legally came into force overnight with measures including a stay-at-home order and the closure of schools to most pupils. Previously, the Met had been applying a \"four E's approach\", involving engaging, explaining and encouraging people, before finally using enforcement. However, Mr Twist said the current \"critical situation\" meant \"we can no longer spend our time explaining or encouraging people to follow rules where they are wilfully and dangerously breaching\". As a result, officers have been instructed to issues fines more quickly to those who commit \"obvious\" and \"serious breaches\". The force said the new measures meant there were now \"fewer reasonable excuses for people to be away from their home\". Mr Twist said \"the overwhelming majority of Londoners will do the right thing... but a small minority continue to ignore rules put in place\". \"If people continue to break the rules, putting themselves, their families and their communities at greater risk, our officers are ready to act robustly,\" he added. His comments come after officers tried to break up a New Year's Eve party on Exhibition Road in Kensington, west London, where more than 100 people had gathered. The woman who threw the party has now been referred for a maximum £10,000 fine. Two days earlier, 12 people in Whitechapel were also fined after gathering in a restaurant to play dominoes. Related Internet Links Met Police"
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"Represent the example for the following task: Generate an appropriate title for the given text. The generated title must be short and include the main topic of the text. The preferred titles are under fifteen words.:",
"Darrell Simester, 44, was last seen by his family in 2000 and was found in an \"appalling\" state at Cariad Farm near Newport last year. His former bosses Daniel Doran, 67, and David Daniel Doran, 42, deny forcing him to carry out compulsory labour and are on trial at Cardiff Crown Court. Mr Simester says he was looked after. He was found at the farm after an appeal by his family in a newspaper, which prompted an anonymous tip-off from a reader. Det Con Matthew Lea said that when he went to the farm after the discovery, he found Mr Simester, from Kidderminster in Worcestershire, to be \"content\". 'Filthy' However he was horrified by the poor state of Mr Simester's living conditions. \"I took Darrell to one side... as I thought he may speak more freely,\" he told the court. \"The caravan where he lived was filthy. But he (Darrell) he couldn't see the state of it... it wasn't registering at how bad it was. \"Did I ask him how he could live here? Yes. He replied 'no it's fine'. \"I said Darrell, 'something isn't right... are you being forced to live here?' He replied 'no... they just look after me'.\" Det Con Lea said Mr Simester told him he had never been stopped from leaving the farm and while he was \"emotional\" about being reunited with his parents and brother Duncan, he still \"appeared content\". The detective also told the court he had spoken to the youngest defendant - known as \"Young Dan\" - about Mr Simester's unkempt appearance. \"He (Young Dan) said 'Darrell won't wash and we've tried to get him to have a shower but he wouldn't have one'.\" Det Con Lea said Young Dan had told him that Mr Simester had been paid while working there and \"owned some of the horses\". 'Strange situation' After being told Mr Simester would be leaving the farm, Young Dan told Det Con Lea he would \"arrange to get the horses\" to Kidderminster. Det Con Lea added: \"It was quite a strange situation, everyone was talking freely... the family were chatting freely with the farm owners.\" The jury has previously heard Mr Simester is a \"vulnerable\" man who is \"timid and easily led\". He last saw his parents Jean and Tony in 2000 before going on a weekend holiday in south Wales. He later re-emerged in an \"appalling\" state at Cariad Farm, with his mother later describing her eldest child as looking like a 90-year-old man. It is the prosecution's case that Mr Simester worked 15 hour days at the farm without pay, that he slept in a rat-infested shed for 10 years and washed himself in an animal trough. He was also found to have a hernia the size of a grapefruit protruding from his groin and a large growth on his back. The Sun interview However, the defence argues Mr Simester's poor personal hygiene was not the Dorans' fault - and he had been free to leave the farm at any time. Defending QCs Kevin Malloy and Nick Barraclough have also highlighted that Mr Simester was paid £4,000 for an exclusive interview with The Sun newspaper last April. The jury has also heard Mr Simester's \"gambling problem\" had caused problems with his family in the past. The trial continues."
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"Represent the example for the following task: Generate an appropriate title for the given text. The generated title must be short and include the main topic of the text. The preferred titles are under fifteen words.:",
"Darrell Simester, 44, agreed under cross examination that it was his family who had suggested he was afraid to leave the farm. Daniel Doran, 67, and David Daniel Doran, 42, deny requiring Mr Simester, from Kidderminster, Worcestershire, to perform forced or compulsory labour. The charges cover 2010 to 2013. Mr Simester was found at the farm on the outskirts of Newport last year by his family who had been searching for him for years. Speaking via video link at the trial, Mr Simester, was cross examined on Friday by lawyers for the defence. Asked if the Dorans had ever done anything to keep him on the site, Cariad Farm at Peterstone, he said no. Kevin Molloy, defending Daniel Doran, put it to Mr Simester that his family wanted an explanation as to why he had stayed away for so long. Mr Molloy said: \"To make your family happy, to please them, that's why you said you had to stay on the farm.\" Mr Simester answered: \"That's right.\" Mr Molloy continued: \"In reality you could have left at any time.\" To which Mr Simester answered: \"Yeah\". Questioned by Nick Barraclough, QC, defending, Mr Simester confirmed that his parents had contacted PR expert Clarence Mitchell and that the Sun newspaper had paid £5,000 for his story. \"Has the family said you should try and make money out of the case?\" Mr Barraclough asked. \"Yes,\" replied Mr Simester. Asked about his living conditions on the farm, Mr Simester agreed that in previous interviews he had said that he was taken shopping and could have asked for a toothbrush and for cleaning products to clean his caravan. He also agreed that he had not always slept on a settee but was given a bed with bedclothes to sleep in and had access to a toilet in an adjacent hut. When asked why he did not use this toilet, Mr Simester said he did not want to. 'Tobacco' He agreed that Mr Doran's daughters, Kathleen and Ali, would sometimes wash his clothes and that they used to make him sandwiches in the afternoon to keep him going. He also agreed that he had a microwave and that he had told a reporter he had a video recorder which he used to record the racing. The court heard that in a police interview Mr Simester described David Daniel Doran, known as \"young Dan,\" as \"nice and gentle\". Mr Barraclough asked whether young Dan had forced him to stay or said anything to make him stay. Mr Simester replied: \"No\". Mr Barraclough asked: \"Was the agreement that you would be given food, tobacco, clothes and somewhere to sleep and in return for that you had to help on the farm and that's what you agreed to?\" Mr Simester agreed. He also told the court that he had lived on his own at the farm for a period of weeks and during that time he had the keys to the gates. The trial continues."
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"Represent the example for the following task: Generate an appropriate title for the given text. The generated title must be short and include the main topic of the text. The preferred titles are under fifteen words.:",
"David Daniel Doran, 42, was jailed for four-and-a-half years after pleading guilty to making Darrell Simester perform forced or compulsory labour. The discovery of Mr Simester, who was forced to work for 13 years, sparked a wider inquiry around Cardiff. Police said they are trying to find the other men they are concerned about. Officers have received worrying information about one man in particular who they are now trying to locate. It comes after Cardiff Crown Court heard how Mr Simester, 44, a timid man who was easily led, was kept in squalid and dirty conditions at Cariad Farm in Peterstone near Newport. He was living in a cold caravan, washing in a horse trough and working up to 16 hours a day all year round. Sentencing Doran on Friday, Judge Neil Bidder QC said the way he treated the victim was \"repellent and wrong\" and \"not much better than a slave\". What happened to Mr Simester, from Kidderminster, Worcestershire, led to a wider police investigation. Acting on intelligence, police launched an operation at Cariad Farm and began digging for possible human remains in September 2013. Their information proved to be wrong and they found nothing. But police said there were other leads too and some have already led to the rescue of vulnerable adults. In other cases the information has been too sketchy and detectives said they do not have enough to go on. 'Worried for his welfare' They have told BBC Wales that they are increasingly concerned for one man in particular. Det Supt Paul Griffiths, of Gwent Police, who is heading the investigation, said: \"We've got a lot of individual names, nicknames or descriptions and we've been trying to locate them on the basis of the information we have and we've been very successful in identifying a large number of individuals, but equally sometimes information is not substantial enough to locate individuals.\" They cannot release the name of the man - they themselves only have a nickname - but they say they are worried for his welfare and following all potential leads to try to find him. Mr Simester had gone missing after going on a trip to the seaside in Porthcawl, south Wales, in 2000. As he headed home he was picked up at the side of a dual carriageway by a member of the Doran family and taken to Cariad Farm. He was only found after his family launched a social media campaign and they received a tip-off from a member of the public. When they saw him again they could hardly recognise him and described him as being a \"broken man\" who looked far older than his years. Health-wise he was in a \"horrific state\" with a chest infection, a hernia and calloused feet, along with being very malnourished. David Daniel Doran pleaded guilty midway through his trial to making Mr Simester perform forced or compulsory labour. His father Daniel Doran, 67, who faced the same charge, was formally found not guilty earlier this month."
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"Represent the example for the following task: Generate an appropriate title for the given text. The generated title must be short and include the main topic of the text. The preferred titles are under fifteen words.:",
"By Brian MilliganPersonal Finance reporter Anyone who earns interest on a savings or current account will no longer have 20% tax automatically deducted by their bank or building society. They will instead be subject to a new Personal Savings Allowance (PSA), allowing them to earn up to £1000 a year tax-free. As a result of the changes - announced in last year's Budget - the government says that 95% of us will no longer have to pay any tax on savings. In total, individuals will benefit by more than £1bn - the cost to the Treasury in 2016/17. Investors who rely on income from share dividends also face a new tax regime; some will gain, while others will lose heftily. Which accounts will qualify for the PSA? All bank and building society accounts; unit trusts; open ended investment companies; investment trusts; credit unions; government and corporate bonds; peer-to-peer lending. Essentially all savings accounts and funds which do not make direct dividend payments. How much will the allowance be? Basic rate taxpayers (20%) will be allowed an annual income of £1,000 in interest before they pay any tax. Those on the higher rate (40%) will have an allowance of £500 in interest. Those on the top rate (45%) will have no allowance at all. In the meantime those who earn less than £17,000 (including their savings income) will not have to pay any tax at all. This follows a change in April 2015, which meant that anyone earning less than their personal allowance plus £5,000 does not have to pay tax on savings income. While many people may not have claimed for this - as they would have had to fill out an R85 form - they will now automatically benefit from all savings interest being paid tax-free. (See table below). What do I need to do to claim my PSA? As long as you earn less than £1000 in annual interest (£500 for higher rate tax-payers), you don't need to do anything. The bank or investment fund will pay your income without tax deducted. If you exceed your PSA, you will have to pay either 20% or 40% tax on the difference. But you don't necessarily have to complete a self-assessment tax return. This is because HM Revenue and Customs (HMRC) will be told by the bank that you have gone over your allowance. It will then adjust your tax code for the following year, to make sure you pay the tax owed. But it could take some time for that information to go through. Or you can call HMRC beforehand, and warn them you will be over your PSA limit. Will this kill off Individual Savings Accounts (Isas)? Interest from savings in cash Isas is already paid tax free, so they won't be affected by the PSA. But from April 6, Isas will cease to have the advantage they did previously. This is because interest on all accounts will be paid tax-free - and many current accounts pay higher levels of interest than cash Isas. This is already hitting their popularity. However experts say it is still worth considering cash Isas, in case your income increases, in which case you may exceed your PSA. What is happening to dividend taxation? Investors who own shares will also be subject to a tax change on 6 April. Under the old system, all taxpayers were subject to a 10% notional tax credit on dividend payments. As a result basic rate taxpayers had no more money to pay. Higher and additional rate taxpayers paid an effective tax rate of 25% or 30.56% respectively. Under the new system, all dividends below £5,000 a year will be free of tax. Above that level, basic rate taxpayers will pay 7.5%, and those in the higher rate will pay 32.5%. (See table below) Who will be the winners and losers? Those who receive less than £5000 a year in dividend income will therefore pay less in tax than they did - or continue paying no tax at all. Those who receive dividends worth more than £5,000 will now pay more. The government says 95% of taxpayers, and 75% of dividend recipients, will either gain or be unaffected. Around 1m people will pay less tax. But an extra 200,000 will now pay tax who didn't before. Bear in mind the change will raise £2.73bn for the Treasury in 2016/17, so the losers will be losing a lot more cash than the winners will be gaining. Dividend Tax calculator See how much tax you will pay on your dividends via the Hargreaves Lansdown calculator. Will dividends now be paid gross? Yes they will be. But since the 10% tax credit was purely notional, the actual dividend paid will still be the same. Even if you hold shares within an Isa or Self-invested Personal Pension (SIPP), investors will not see a benefit. What do I do if my dividend income exceeds £5,000? Unlike banks in relation to the PSA, companies that pay dividends will not inform HMRC if you go over the limit. Hence, if you have dividend income of between £5,000 and £10,000 a year, you will need to inform HMRC - or be in self-assessment. If your dividends exceed £10,000, you are required to be in self-assessment anyway. Can I transfer my PSA to cover dividend income? No. The two taxation regimes are completely separate. Similarly, the £5000 dividend allowance cannot be used to cover savings account interest."
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"Represent the example for the following task: Generate an appropriate title for the given text. The generated title must be short and include the main topic of the text. The preferred titles are under fifteen words.:",
"By Kevin PeacheyPersonal finance reporter Chancellor Philip Hammond announced an increase in the National Insurance rate for the self-employed, with one rise taking effect next April and another increase due in April 2019. So, what does this all mean? How does National Insurance work? Workers - whether they are employees or self-employed - pay National Insurance to qualify for certain benefits, such as the state pension. As the self-employed do not have access to some benefits they pay less in National Insurance. This discount also reflects the greater risks the self-employed take. For example, they do not get statutory sick pay if they cannot work owing to illness. Technically, there are four different classes of National Insurance. Class 1 is paid by employees. Class 2 and Class 4 are paid by the self-employed, and Class 3 is for voluntary top-ups. Employers also pay a contribution, of which more later. What is changing? In March last year, the chancellor at the time, George Osborne, confirmed that Class 2 contributions would be abolished in April 2018. In other words, that means a tax cut of £146 a year for anyone who is self-employed and making profits of more than £5,965 a year. A year on, and the current chancellor, Philip Hammond, said that the amount the self-employed pay in Class 4 contributions would rise from April 2018. Class 4 contributions will increase from a rate of 9% to 10% on profits above £8,060, going up to 11% the following year. Taken on its own, this means the self-employed, with profits of more than £8,060, will have a tax rise averaging £240 a year. Mr Hammond in his speech and afterwards, while under fire for the move, has chosen to explain the impact by taking into account both the Class 4 and the Class 2 changes. He says that only the self-employed with profits over £16,250 will have to pay more as a result of these changes - at an average cost of £31 a year to those affected. Treasury has 'taken the easy route' Alettia Elwin, who is self-employed and teaches music to children, says that Mr Hammond should have targeted large businesses, who are seeing a cut in corporation tax, rather than the self-employed. \"Why is he targeting small business when there are so many global companies out there that pay very little tax at all in the UK?\" she asks. \"They [the government] have taken the easy route by taxing us. It is a bit lazy of them.\" Sarah Lawrence, a self-employed bookkeeper from Somerset, says that employees and the self-employed should be treated differently. \"The biggest difference between me and the employed person getting the same gross income as my profit is the frequency of being paid,\" the 62-year-old says. \"I cannot and never have been able to rely on when I get paid. The employed person typically gets paid at the end of the month. \"I do not have holiday pay or sick pay or maternity pay, so how can I be deemed have parity with my employed counterpart? \"With no illness or holiday I may get the same but if I am ill my income will drop. Who will be hit? There are 4.8 million self-employed people in the UK. Of these, the Treasury says there are more than 2.5 million who make enough money to end up paying more tax from April 2018 owing to the Class 4 change announced by Mr Hammond. Taking the Class 2 change into account as well, then 1.6 million will end up paying more. The more money workers make, the more National Insurance they will pay. By April 2019, a self-employed worker will pay 11% on profits between £8,060 and £45,000, and 2% on profits over £45,000. The Institute for Fiscal Studies says that, overall, any self-employed person with profits of less than about £15,570 will be better off. The maximum loss, affecting those with profits of more than £45,000, will be £589 per year. What is the justification? Mr Hammond says that changes, primarily to the pension system, mean that the difference in benefit entitlement between employees and the self-employed is now narrower. The new state pension, introduced last year, gives the self-employed better access to more than just the minimum possible amount. What is the bigger picture? The way we work is changing. More flexible, some say. More insecure, say others. The number of self-employed workers has risen from 3.23 million at the end of 2000 to 4.8 million now. Average wages for self-employed workers were lower last year than in 1994-95, research from the Resolution Foundation suggests, although it also says that the rise in self-employment was driven by higher earners. The Treasury is missing out on some tax revenue as a result. So, with the chancellor under pressure to pay for social care, he decided to raise taxes from this group. In total, the National Insurance increase announced in the Budget will bring in £2bn for the Treasury by 2021-22. Why don't employers pay more? Employers who use self-employed workers do not have to pay national insurance contributions. Indeed, they also avoid paying pension contributions, holiday pay, sick pay and the like. They pay 13.8% of a traditional employee's salary in National Insurance. So questions have been raised as to why the chancellor chose to raise money from the self-employed, rather than from the businesses that use their services. That is part of a wider review led by Matthew Taylor, the chief executive of the Royal Society for the encouragement of Arts, Manufactures and Commerce. He is balancing the extra efficiency and lower prices that have resulted from new businesses such as Uber, with the lower tax revenue that results."
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"Represent the example for the following task: Generate an appropriate title for the given text. The generated title must be short and include the main topic of the text. The preferred titles are under fifteen words.:",
"Robert PestonEconomics editor Some are foreign doctors or nurses recruited by the NHS, some are foreigners with skills badly needed by British companies, others are students - all of whom come to Britain for a while, often for the benefit of this country, but regard their homes as some other part of the world. Ed Miliband says he does not want to send a signal to these non-doms that they are not welcome here. So if he were to become prime minister, he would consult on establishing a maximum time period for those who come to work from abroad during which they would still have the ability to pay tax to the exchequer only on their UK assets and earnings - and they would still be able to pay no British tax on their overseas income and capital transactions. The Shadow Chancellor Ed Balls said this morning on the Today Programme that he thought an appropriate threshold of two to three years - the length of what he called a normal university degree - would be long enough to separate legitimate temporary workers and students from those who may be unfairly exploiting the UK's tax rules to avoid paying their fair share of tax. That relatively short cut-off period could cause some tension with tax experts, who argue it should probably be five years. However most tax specialists concede that the UK's tax treatment of very wealthy people who are not really foreign in any meaningful sense is much more benign than for other big developed economies, especially the US. The question is whether this is good or bad for Britain, economically and in a social sense. Strikingly, the second after I spoke on the Today Programme about Labour's plan to abolish long-term non-dom status I was phoned by a banker I've known for years who said he was desperately worried that the reform would be hugely damaging for London. How so? Well he pointed to foreign tycoons such as Lakshmi Mittal who have moved to London and brought chunks of their multinational businesses here - and have therefore created useful employment. He said that these tycoons would pack up and take their offices and spending power elsewhere if they had to pay tax on their global wealth. That said, this banker also named some financiers and investors who were not foreign in any meaningful sense and whom he agreed had abused the non-dom rules. They had made fortunes in Britain but by the luck of where they were born or where they were based for a period were able to avoid paying their fair share of taxes. Also for all the valuable work that is given to London based lawyers, bankers and accountants by non-doms, for all the money they spend on fashion and restaurants, there is the counter-argument that they have created ghettoes of the super-rich in Kensington and Chelsea, that have undermined the cohesion of the capital. Also, tax experts do not deny that the rules on who qualifies to be a non-dom are open to manipulation, or are just a bit arbitrary. For example, a member of the super-rich who lives and works here, but whose father happens to be foreign, can take advantage of non-dom status, and pay little tax here on their global assets. Bizarrely, having a foreign mother doesn't normally confer the valuable non-dom badge. Or if like the chief executive of HSBC Stuart Gulliver, someone works abroad for years (he worked in Hong Kong for the bank) that can deliver valuable non-dom status. The simple argument against the non-dom rule is that it isn't fair, that anyone living in the UK and taking advantage of its public services and way of life should be subject to the same tax rules as the rest of us. Strikingly the Dragons Den entrepreneur Duncan Bannatyne has argued that non-doms have an unfair cost advantage over other UK based business people. As I said, the counter-argument is that the wealthier non-doms often make valuable employment-creating investments in the UK which generate prosperity for British people. This is an argument that has raged for decades. Apparently the Treasury wanted to squeeze the non-doms as long ago as the 1980s, but Margaret Thatcher as prime minister vetoed this under pressure from Greek shipping tycoons. There were allegations at the time that these magnates made donations to the Tory party - though this could not be proved because of the opacity of the party funding system. Even today a tax specialist told me he thought shipping tycoons would quit Britain if Mr Miliband becomes prime minister - although he did not think they would relocate back to Greece, in its current parlous condition. Over the two decades I've been looking at this issue I've been told many times by treasury officials they want to extract more tax from the non-doms but are persuaded that in doing so they would rob Britain of valuable job-creating investment. That said, it is a bit counter-intuitive to argue that the non-dom rule encourages massive investment in Britain, because the moment a non-dom brings income onshore it becomes liable to tax. Tories argue that non-doms would move to places like Switzerland. Dubai and Singapore if their UK tax privileges were abolished, and so would pay even less to the UK. They point to the way that George Osborne as chancellor has taken other steps to increase revenue from non-doms, by for example increasing the annual charge introduced by the last Labour government on them - by which anyone who has been resident in the UK for seven out of the previous nine years has to pay £30,000 a year to keep the privilege, rising to £50,000 for those living here for 12 out of 14 years (the £50,000 will be increased to £90,000 in 2016). The Treasury expects to generate more than £300m from these fees this year, up from £226m in 2012/13. So how many non-doms would stay in Britain if they are forced to pay tax on their global earnings and capital gains? Would the exchequer emerge richer or poorer from Ed Miliband's proposed reform? I am told by an adviser to non-doms that the older ones will tend to stay here, but the younger generation may depart. He said however that it was impossible to assess with precision whether the costs of that exodus would outweigh the benefits of the higher tax yield from those who feel living in Britain matters more than avoiding tax. Ed Miliband believes the net impact would be to raise several hundred million pounds a year for the Exchequer - which would be a useful sum but not one that would make a big dent in a deficit that was £90bn last year. That said, for him it is less about the money than about the kind of society Britain should be. Or to put it another way, this policy is probably more about political symbolism than fiscal science."
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"Represent the example for the following task: Generate an appropriate title for the given text. The generated title must be short and include the main topic of the text. The preferred titles are under fifteen words.:",
"Birmingham doctor Ali Mao-Aweys is in front of a Medical Practitioners Tribunal panel, accused of facilitating FGM both in the UK and abroad. The charges relate to a telephone call and meetings in April 2012, in which he was said to offer to aid the practice. Dr Mao-Aweys was arrested in May 2012 on suspicion of arranging an operation, but was not prosecuted. If the panel finds him guilty of the charges, he faces being struck off the medical register. The hearing is due to last two-and-a-half weeks."
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"Represent the example for the following task: Generate an appropriate title for the given text. The generated title must be short and include the main topic of the text. The preferred titles are under fifteen words.:",
"Dr Rajeshkumar Mehta, 64, had been jailed for the offence, committed while employed as a locum at The Hill General Practice and Care Centre in Sparkhill. The Medical Practitioner Tribunal Service said the conviction \"undermines the trust and confidence the public puts in the medical profession\". Mehta has 28 days to appeal against the decision. He was not present during the hearing, which concluded on Friday. Mehta, of Dale Meadow Close in Balsall Common, Solihull, was found guilty of one count of sexual assault and jailed for 15 months in April 2018. The report from the MPTS hearing said the tribunal heard the sentencing remarks of the trial judge, which said the woman had been \"complaining of what might have been the early symptoms of a heart attack\" when Dr Mehta touched her inappropriately and made comments of a sexual nature. Taking into account the evidence against him, the tribunal said it found his conviction \"to be extremely serious\". The report said his fitness to practice was impaired by reason of his conviction. Follow BBC West Midlands on Facebook, on Twitter, and sign up for local news updates direct to your phone."
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"Represent the example for the following task: Generate an appropriate title for the given text. The generated title must be short and include the main topic of the text. The preferred titles are under fifteen words.:",
"A tribunal found the actions of Dr Zuber Bux, who practised in the Preston area in Lancashire, were \"misleading, dishonest and financially motivated\". The panel also proved he failed to declare his wife Sehana Bux was a partner at the solicitors handling the food poisoning compensation claims. Dr Bux was immediately suspended from practising and has 28 days to appeal. The Medical Practitioners Tribunal Service (MPTS) panel heard Dr Bux, who has been unavailable for comment, received about 400 cases via AMS Solicitors in Preston between 2015 and 2017. There is no suggestion Mrs Bux or the solicitors were involved in wrongdoing. 'Wholly deplorable' The panel proved allegations that in four of those cases - one concerning two patients - he diagnosed food poisoning with insufficient evidence between May and September 2016. An allegation that he failed to take adequate steps to establish whether his wife's position at the firm amounted to a conflict of interest was also proven. MPTS tribunal chair Julia Oakford said Dr Bux's behaviour was \"wholly deplorable and reprehensible\". \"The holiday sickness claims misconduct involved dishonesty that was covered up, lying to solicitors, false declarations to the court, deceptive expert reports and it was financially motivated,\" she added. In a statement, AMS Solicitors said Mrs Bux was never involved in any matter where her husband was the medical expert. It said there had never been a regulatory finding against the firm or its solicitors. It added Mrs Bux left the firm last month but said her departure was not connected to the tribunal. 'Significant risk' The panel also found there were serious failings by Dr Bux in what was described by the General Medical Council as a \"reckless and cavalier\" circumcision of a 15-month-old child in 2017, which resulted in the child being taken to hospital. The panel concluded it should not have been done in a community setting, he had not obtained adequate medical history of Patient A, who had a heart condition, and he administered incorrect doses of medicine. \"Patient A was placed at significant risk of life-threatening complications that could not be dealt with in the community,\" Mrs Oakford said. Michael Hayton QC, on behalf of Dr Bux, submitted to the tribunal it was a \"one-off incident\" and he had conducted thousands of circumcisions within the community without complications. The tribunal accepted this but determined his conduct amounted to serious misconduct and erasing him from the medical register was the \"only proportionate sanction\"."
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"Represent the example for the following task: Generate an appropriate title for the given text. The generated title must be short and include the main topic of the text. The preferred titles are under fifteen words.:",
"The US rocker was on his way to film an appearance on the Conan O'Brien talk show when he was stopped by Los Angeles police. Grohl decided to phone producers of the show as he was running late for the recording of the interview. He later admitted that the police were understanding of the situation. \"He let me off with a warning for the speeding but gave me the thing-a-ding (ticket) for talking on the phone.\" It is against the law to drive in California while holding and using a mobile phone."
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"Represent the example for the following task: Generate an appropriate title for the given text. The generated title must be short and include the main topic of the text. The preferred titles are under fifteen words.:",
"Onasi Olio-Rojas, 20, was filming himself while weaving in and out of traffic on US Route 6 in Providence, Rhode Island, when he lost control of his car on Wednesday. He was seriously injured after hitting a rubbish truck which was pulling onto the road and crossed three lanes before hitting a concrete barrier. Police say they're considering bringing charges against him. \"It's a grand slam of things not to do,\" Captain John Allen of the Rhode Island State Police told NBC 10 WJAR. \"Phone in your hand. No seat belt. Travelling at a high rate of speed. In and out of traffic. \"Some of the speeds you see on that video are incredible. [He's] clearly way out of control.\" This is what Onasi Olio-Rojas' car looked like after the crash. Providence firefighters also posted this photo on Twitter. Police say Onasi Olio-Rojas was driving with a suspended licence at the time of the accident and he's had two previous accidents this year. He was taken to hospital in February with minor injuries after a crash with another driver and was pulled over in May for driving on the hard shoulder, aggressive driving and texting while driving. Officers say they're still investigating this latest case and they may bring charges of reckless driving, speeding and driving with a suspended licence. The crash also caused hours of delays as emergency services cut the 20-year-old out of his car. The truck driver wasn't hurt. It appears that Facebook has taken down Onasi Olio-Rojas' account. This is photo of the truck that the driver hit. Find us on Instagram at BBCNewsbeat and follow us on Snapchat, search for bbc_newsbeat"
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"Represent the example for the following task: Generate an appropriate title for the given text. The generated title must be short and include the main topic of the text. The preferred titles are under fifteen words.:",
"By News from Elsewhere......as found by BBC Monitoring Aslan Sagutdinov took the placard to the central Abay Square of his native city of Oral in the west of the country, and held it up opposite the central council offices. The video blogger took the precaution of having a colleague capture the whole thing on film, which the local Uralskaya Nedelya news site embedded in its report. \"I'm not taking part in a protest, and I want to show that they'll still take me down the police station, even though there's nothing written on my placard and I'm not shouting any slogans,\" the 24-year-old told reporters who'd turned up to see what happened. 'We'll sort that out' \"I want this to stop, before we turn into North Korea,\" he said, shortly before the police arrived - led by Yerbol Kushekov, the mayor's internal affairs chief. He assured him that nobody was going to detain anyone before walking off to consult his mobile phone, Uralskaya Nedelya reports. A traffic police patrol then turned up and bundled Mr Sagutdinov into a patrol car. When he asked why he was being detained, the police said \"we'll sort that out later\", as the video shows. You might also be interested in: Kazakhstan has seen a wave of street protests since the resignation of President Nursultan Nazarbayev in March. These were initially triggered by the government's decision, taken without public consultation, to rename the capital city after the long-serving leader. 'You can't run from the truth' But demonstrations have since acquired a more political edge, expressing concern about the fairness of snap elections in June and the enduring influence of the former president and his family. The police and courts have responded by breaking up protests and handing down jail sentences, sometimes for as little as unfurling banners during a marathon saying \"You can't run from the truth\". Political commentator Dosym Satpayev was one of the most prominent public figures to mock the detention of Aslan Sagutdinov. \"This is a political joke. Soon plain paper and white cloth will be counted as weapons, and you'll need a permit to buy a fresh sheet,\" he wrote on his Facebook page. \"They'll say it's a protest if you go outside with a roll of toilet paper next,\" mocked another Facebook user. The story has also been picked up by the independent media of neighbouring Kyrgyzstan, as well as Russia and Belarus. Mr Sagutdinov has been covering local protests in Oral since they started, and was briefly taken in for questioning during May Day protests. The police let him go again after the blank-placard protest. \"They clearly didn't know what to charge me with,\" he told Uralskaya Nedelya later. Reporting by Elbek Daniyarov and Martin Morgan Next story: Russian mayor bans 'cruel' circuses Use #NewsfromElsewhere to stay up-to-date with our reports via Twitter."
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"Represent the example for the following task: Generate an appropriate title for the given text. The generated title must be short and include the main topic of the text. The preferred titles are under fifteen words.:",
"She said there had to be \"committed, focused intervention\" to change audiences in certain arts venues. Ms Harman was speaking on Monday at the launch of a Labour consultation document on young people and the arts. The arts, she said, were in danger of becoming \"the prerogative of a metropolitan elite\". The Labour deputy leader said arts funding could not be left to the private market or philanthropy. \"But there is a democratic imperative for the arts to show why the hard-pressed tax payer - struggling with the cost of living crisis - should fund the arts,\" she told an audience of arts leaders at The Roundhouse in London. \"Public funding is only sustainable to the extent that the public who are paying for it support it.\" She said that arts venue programmes would often include the names of companies or philanthropists who had given money but the biggest donor - the tax payer - was \"virtually invisible\". Ms Harman said: \"Just like private donors can't be taken for granted - nor can the public donor. So they've got to see what goes in. But they've also got to see what comes out of it.\" The public would not support the arts, she added, if there was \"even a suspicion that its disproportionately something for the elite\". Ms Harman said: \"When I went to the Opera House last week - even from the cheapest seats in the house - I couldn't see in the audience anyone who wasn't like myself: White, metropolitan and middle class. \"For institutions which get public funds, it can't be like that. To change audiences, there has to be committed, focused intervention.\" Ms Harman, who is MP for Camberwell and Peckham, said she enjoyed the BBC Proms at the Albert Hall but said she didn't \"see people from my own constituency there\". She said that the arts were in danger of becoming \"more remote\" from young people in disadvantaged communities and in the regions. She claimed that participation in arts activities by primary school children was down by a third under the coalition. Arts and creative subjects in education should not be seen as a \"soft touch\", she added. \"Nicola Benedetti rightly highlights the discipline, focus and application that music demands. And try telling Deborah Bull or Arlene Phillips that dance is a soft option.\" Describing arts provision in schools as \"patchy\", she said one of the key questions in the consultation was the role Ofsted should play in ensuring high standards in creative learning. \"Should a school be able to be rated as outstanding if it doesn't provide an outstanding cultural education?\" Last week. the new Culture Secretary Sajid Javid urged the arts community to ensure that \"culture is for everyone\". In his first major speech to the arts sector since taking up the post in April, he said that \"too many Britons are culturally disenfranchised\" and \"excluded from what should be our shared cultural life\"."
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"Represent the example for the following task: Generate an appropriate title for the given text. The generated title must be short and include the main topic of the text. The preferred titles are under fifteen words.:",
"The British Film Institute's (BFI) report says the industry has a \"pandemic lack of inclusion\". It also says the UK needs 10,000 people over the next five years to maintain its position in world film production. Women earn £3,000 less than men on average, the report added. It also says 40% of the UK's film workforce is made up of female employees. Compiled by the Work Foundation for the BFI, the research estimates there will be 30,000 job opportunities coming up in the UK's film business over the next five years, which the BFI says is worth £4.3bn to the economy. 'Nurture talent' Ms Broccoli said: \"We live in a diverse society and it is vital both culturally and commercially that our industry reflects this in front of and behind the camera.\" Ms Broccoli, who chairs the UK Film Skills Task Force, attended the House of Commons on Wednesday with Culture Secretary Karen Bradley, BFI chair Josh Berger and BFI CEO Amanda Nevill, to launch a 10-point skills plan. The culture secretary said the UK film industry is \"one of our biggest success stories\" and that there was a need \"to nurture and foster the next generation of talent\". She said the skills plan \"will be instrumental in helping to deliver this, as well as making sure that the films in the UK are truly representative of the UK's diverse society\". Kathleen Kennedy, president of Lucasfilm, which produces the Star Wars films, said: \"More points of view, more perspectives, and more voices will only make films better\". The report says the UK's film workforce includes 12% of people from less advantaged socio-economic backgrounds, and that five per cent have a disability. Three per cent of the production and post-production workforce are from a black, Asian and minority ethnic background. Oscars criticism The research cites a culture of nepotism, unpaid work experience and a lack of appropriate training as being reasons why people are prevented from entering the industry. There are even bigger problems for minority groups, the report's authors say. Thousands of people study for film-related qualifications, but not enough train for required positions, they add, which is leading to skills shortages in nearly 40 types of positions, such as first assistant directors, costume designers, carpenters, production accountants and 3D model makers. The Academy of Motion Picture Arts in the United States faced criticism in 2015 when all 20 contenders in the main Oscar acting categories were white, and there were no female nominees in the directing or writing categories. This led to academy president Cheryl Boone Isaacs saying the organisation was \"committed to seeking out diversity of voice and opinion''."
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"Represent the example for the following task: Generate an appropriate title for the given text. The generated title must be short and include the main topic of the text. The preferred titles are under fifteen words.:",
"Jon Ashworth becomes shadow health secretary, John Healey returns to housing while there are promotions for Teresa Pearce and Ian Lavery. Mr Ashworth has been replaced on the ruling NEC by Kate Osamor. One ally said it was a unifying reshuffle amid criticism from some MPs. Mr Watson said his new role would allow him to develop Labour's policy on \"introducing the arts pupil premium to every child of primary school age.\" He added: \"There should be no class ceiling placed on anyone who wants to contribute to or enjoy our artistic, musical and sporting heritage. \"I also want our globally successful games industry to be given the recognition it deserves.\" Dawn Butler, the new shadow minister for diverse communities, told the BBC the Labour leader had shown \"great guts\" and by bringing in \"formidable\" Nick Brown as chief whip showed he was \"not scared\" of promoting someone who was not one of his natural supporters. Mr Corbyn has filled a number of jobs that were left empty after a mass walkout from his front bench this summer, although he has not been able to appoint a shadow Scottish secretary - with shadow Northern Ireland secretary David Anderson continuing to hold the role. After being appointed shadow health secretary, Mr Ashworth said: \"I'm doing this because I think the Labour Party needs to run a very strong campaign against what the Tories are doing to our National Health Service.\" Labour reshuffle: Diane Abbott made shadow home secretary Mr Ashworth has been replaced on Labour's ruling National Executive Committee by shadow international development secretary Kate Osamor. He takes over from Diane Abbott, who has been promoted to shadow home secretary, while former Liberty director Baroness Chakrabarti becomes shadow attorney general. Former director of public prosecutions Sir Keir Starmer, who left the frontbench team in June, returns as shadow Brexit secretary. Mr Corbyn, who was hit by a wave of front bench resignations and a no-confidence vote from the majority of his own MPs in the wake of the EU referendum result, was re-elected with an increased mandate from the wider party membership last month. Some roles had remained unfilled in the interim. The decision to sack Dame Rosie Winterton - who was brought in to replace Nick Brown as Labour chief whip in 2010 - was met with a rush of tributes to her by senior figures including former leader Ed Miliband and former deputy leader Harriet Harman. Neil Coyle MP tweeted: \"There were plenty of spaces to fill in shadow cabinet if Nick Brown wanted one. Sacking unifying chief whip shows 'reaching out' meant nothing.\" His colleague Tom Blenkinsop accused Mr Corbyn of \"seeking submission not unity\". BBC political correspondent Iain Watson said many Labour MPs had expressed disappointment that she had gone. Dame Rosie was seen as someone, behind the scenes, who stood up for MPs' interests against the party leader, he added. Jeremy Corbyn's new shadow cabinet appointments Labour's new shadow cabinet in full But Ms Butler, who supported Andy Burnham's Labour leadership bid in 2015, against Mr Corbyn, said she believed Mr Corbyn's reshuffle was an attempt at unifying the party. \"Jeremy has shown that he is a leader,\" she said and was \"making sure we have a full shadow cabinet to take on the government on Monday\". She said Nick Brown's return, having served under Tony Blair and Gordon Brown, showed \"that Jeremy isn't scared of putting someone in a position who doesn't really support him but will do an excellent job as a chief whip\". \"I think that shows great guts,\" she told the BBC. Mr Brown was chief whip between 2008 and 2010 under Gordon Brown's premiership - during which time, BBC analysis shows that Mr Corbyn rebelled 100 times, voted with the government 511 times and was absent 254 times. Jo Stevens, who has been brought in as the new shadow Welsh secretary, told BBC Radio 4's Today programme she agreed with Ms Butler that Mr Corbyn had reached out to unify the party. \"I was one of the senior people in Owen Smith's leadership campaign and he's offered me a place on the shadow cabinet,\" she said. \"The Labour Party is a collective and we're there to hold the government to account,\" she added. \"That's why I stayed in my post in the summer and accepted the job.\" Ms Stevens said there would be opportunities on \"plenty of issues\" to unite the party against the Conservatives. 'Sadly unsurprised' But the decision to promote Baroness Chakrabarti, who became a Labour peer shortly after holding an inquiry into anti-Semitism in the Labour Party and concluding that it was \"not overrun\" by racism, was met with some criticism from Jewish groups. Board of Deputies Vice President Marie van der Zyl said: \"We are disappointed, but sadly unsurprised, that once again Shami Chakrabarti and Jeremy Corbyn have spectacularly undermined her so-called 'independent' report. We hoped her report would be a potent weapon in the fight against anti-Semitism. It now looks increasingly like the whitewash was a job application.\" Ms Butler was later asked on BBC Radio 5 live whether her diverse communities brief included the Jewish community. She said: \"Yes, I hope so,\" adding: \"As you know, it's a new brief, so we are still kind of looking at what it will include in its entirety.\" Later she said she would be talking to the Jewish community about their concerns about anti-Semitism in the party. Sir Keir Starmer stood down from his shadow home office minister post in June. He will now join shadow foreign secretary Emily Thornberry, shadow international trade secretary Barry Gardiner, new shadow economic secretary Jonathan Reynolds and shadow chancellor John McDonnell on Labour's \"shadow Brexit team\". Sarah Champion has been made shadow women and equalities minister."
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"Represent the example for the following task: Generate an appropriate title for the given text. The generated title must be short and include the main topic of the text. The preferred titles are under fifteen words.:",
"The firm behind the famous AK-47 assault rifle presented the eggshell-blue prototype vehicle, the CV-1, at an event near the capital, Moscow. It said the CV-1, inspired by a Soviet hatchback created in the 1970s, was a revolutionary cutting-edge \"supercar\". Kalashnikov was earlier ridiculed over its new combat robot \"little Igor\". The company said in a statement on Thursday that the CV-1 car featured a number of \"complex systems\" with technology that would \"let us stand in the ranks of global electric car producers such as Tesla\". It added that, when fully developed, the car would have a top speed several times higher than current electric vehicles produced by its firm and would be able to travel 220 miles (350 km) on a single charge. As it is an initial prototype, details such as the vehicle's price tag have not yet been disclosed. Kalashnikov has been looking to take its brand in different directions and recently launched a clothing line and a catalogue of personal items ranging from umbrellas to smartphone covers. However its decision to go down the road of developing electric vehicles was met with mixed reactions in Moscow. Social media users quickly took to the company's Facebook page to share their thoughts on Russia's answer to Tesla, with some commenting on its \"funny Zombie-like\" design, while others praised its \"cool\" appearance. \"Your tanks are great, but it would be better if you stayed away from cars,\" one user wrote. Earlier this week, Kalashnikov unveiled Igorek (aka \"little Igor\"); a four-metre (13 ft) tall, 4.5-tonne, manned robot designed for \"carrying out engineering and combat tasks\". At a time when robots are competing to become smaller, sleeker and smarter, the company was mocked over the robot's bulky old-fashioned design. Kalashnikov later said it hoped to display an improved version of the robot at an exhibition in 2020."
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"Represent the example for the following task: Generate an appropriate title for the given text. The generated title must be short and include the main topic of the text. The preferred titles are under fifteen words.:",
"Before then, the brand will be switching its model range to offer only plug-in hybrid or battery electric cars by 2026. Volkswagen-owned Bentley also aims to be completely carbon neutral across its manufacturing within a decade. Electric cars are growing in popularity and sales have tripled in the UK so far this year. \"Within a decade, Bentley will transform from a 100-year-old luxury car company to a new, sustainable, wholly ethical role model for luxury,\" said Adrian Hallmark, Bentley's chief executive. Workers on internal combustion technology will be redeployed as it shifts to pure battery electric cars. Bentley, famous for its enormous 12-cylinder petrol engines, now wants to become one of the car industry's leaders in environmental sustainability. The carmaker said its environmental targets would make it \"financially resilient and recession proof\" as it looks to protect itself from the coronavirus downturn, which has damaged car sales. Bentley's German owners Volkswagen is investing of billions of euros into electric car technology. In June, Bentley announced it would make 1,000 job cuts from its workforce to reduce costs, although this has since been scaled back. Bentley also wants to raise the proportion of women and people from black, Asian and minority ethnic backgrounds in its management ranks to 30%, from its current 20%. Electric dreams Figures released on Thursday showed the weakest October for new UK car sales in nine years. The number of cars registered fell 1.6% to 140,945, according to the Society of Motor Manufacturers and Traders, compared to October 2019. However, electric car sales were one of the few bright spots, nearly tripling so far in 2020 to 76,000."
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"Represent the example for the following task: Generate an appropriate title for the given text. The generated title must be short and include the main topic of the text. The preferred titles are under fifteen words.:",
"By Andy GreenWorld Land Speed Record Holder The New Year started with some great news. Ron Ayers, the aerodynamic genius behind Thrust SSC (current World Land Speed Record, 763mph), the JCB Dieselmax (fastest diesel car ever, 350mph) and Bloodhound SSC (soon to be the world's first 1,000mph car) was made an MBE. Ron is the reason for the \"Bloodhound\" name. He worked on the Bloodhound surface-to-air missile many years ago, producing huge improvements in its performance. When we started to design a new Land Speed Record car, aiming for the amazing speed of 1,000mph, we used \"Bloodhound\" as a code name while we developed the idea in secret. Come the 2008 public launch of the project, the name had pretty much taken root, so the car officially became the Bloodhound SuperSonic Car. We're very lucky to have a team of brilliant and successful engineers working on Bloodhound, and it's great to see one of them formally recognised. Bloodhound starts 2014 with a new rocket partner. We've been working with Falcon for over five years now, to complete the initial research for our hybrid rocket technology. The highlight of this work was the test firing of our full-size hybrid rocket at the end of 2012, watched live online by around quarter of a million people. However, there is a lot of work required to turn this prototype into a full-tested production version, and it's a complicated process - quite literally, it is rocket science. Step forward Norwegian company Nammo, which (luckily for us) is already working on a production version of a similar hybrid rocket, for a next-generation satellite launcher. A supplier to the European Space Agency, Nammo has agreed to manufacture the hybrid rockets that will boost Bloodhound SSC up to 1,000mph. Bloodhound's hybrid rockets use a solid rubber compound as the fuel. It's not explosive and will only burn under very specific conditions. Since I have to strap myself to several hundred kilogrammes of this stuff, this is quite reassuring. The hybrid rocket combustion occurs when the rocket tube is force-fed with very hot oxygen. This is produced from concentrated hydrogen peroxide, also known as \"high test peroxide\" or HTP for short. The HTP is forced though multiple layers of silver oxide mesh in a catalyst pack, at around 70 Bar (1000 pounds per sq in) and at a huge flow rate, around 40 litres per second. For comparison, that flow rate would fill your bath at home in three seconds. The HTP (chemically, H2O2) is broken down by the catalyst action of the silver into water (H2O) and oxygen (O2). This process releases a lot of energy, so the mixture comes out at around 600C. At this temperature the rubber ignites and burns furiously, heating up to over 2,500C, about twice the temperature inside an active volcano. This increases the pressure inside the rocket tube, forcing the burnt gases out through the nozzle at high supersonic speeds. The reaction produces the rocket thrust, which for Bloodhound needs to be about 12 tonnes. It's going to be quite a ride. The upper-rear chassis is now being drilled off for riveting, with 12,000 rivets in total. Most of the frames in the upper-chassis are aluminium, but Frame 1 (at the very back) is being manufactured by URT from high-temperature carbon composites. This will be able to cope with temperatures as high as 330C for short durations, and up to 250C all day long. Using carbon at the back of the car is a little counter-intuitive, as this is the hot bit, and composites don't like high temperatures. However, Frame 1 doesn't carry much load, and is a complex shape, so it's much easier to make in carbon. We'll also add a protective thermal coating and monitor the temperatures every time we run, just in case. The upper-chassis has to cope with some huge loads. In addition to nine tonnes of thrust from the EJ200 jet engine, it has to support Bloodhound's huge fin at 1,000mph. Bloodhound will be travelling faster at ground level than any aircraft has ever been, so this is going to be the hardest-working fin in history (have you put your name on the fin yet?). The fin bolts on to a \"shear plate\", a truly extreme engineering component, even by Bloodhound standards. The plate is over two meters long by 400mm wide, but in some places is only 2mm thick. It's the key part that interfaces the fin to the top of the upper-chassis. Just to make the manufacturing task slightly harder, the shear plate has to be curved to follow the line along the rear of the chassis. Because the part is a complicated shape with lots of features on it, our friends at Manufax must start with 750kg of material to produce a final part weighing just 8.7 kg. In other words, they will turn a lump of metal weighing nearly as much as a Fiat 500 into a component weighing something akin to a racing bicycle. That's extreme one-off engineering. The metal that's machined away - known as swarf - is captured, recycled and used in other applications and products. Perhaps surprisingly, the shear plate is going to be quite a delicate part until it's joined to the upper-chassis structure, when it becomes part of a very strong complete assembly. The front uprights, which attach the front wheels to the suspension, have now been delivered by AP Racing. Manufactured from solid aluminium, they have been anodised to protect them from the desert dust (which will get everywhere and is mildly corrosive). Each upright weighs a staggering 21.5kg and, between the two of them, are designed to take peak suspension loads of up to 30 tonnes. For comparison, an upright from a \"normal\" race car would weigh around 1kg and would fit in the hole in the centre of the Bloodhound upright. Bloodhound will use conventional wheel brakes for UK runway testing and at low speeds (less than 200mph) in the desert. Each front brake caliper is half-built into the front uprights. This arrangement is unique to Bloodhound, allowing the engineers to package the front wheels and suspension into the smallest possible space. It keeps Bloodhound's front track (the distance between the front wheels) narrow, making the front of the car narrower and more aerodynamic. It's the rainy season in South Africa's Northern Cape right now. Thanks to DMC International Imaging and Surrey Satellites, we can keep a close track of how the surface floods and dries. The dark areas on the satellite photo show the damp/wet areas. We can even see the remains of the old causeway, as a dark line across the track near the northern end. This is a good sign as it means that the surface repairs are now being \"glued\" together by the rains. The Northern Cape has been working on the world's fastest race track for three years now and it's almost complete. I can't wait to get out there in the next few months to see the end result."
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"Represent the example for the following task: Generate an appropriate title for the given text. The generated title must be short and include the main topic of the text. The preferred titles are under fifteen words.:",
"By Richard BlackEnvironment correspondent, BBC News India has tabled a paper arguing that the EU's plan to include international flights in its emissions trading scheme violates the UN climate convention. Meanwhile, technical analysis for a group of developing countries says Western nations have a duty to absorb CO2 over the coming decades. It also says the West is not living up to promises on climate finance. The summit opens at the end of the month in Durban, South Africa. Earlier this week, the powerful BASIC group - Brazil, South Africa, India and China - agreed a common position during a meeting in Beijing. Among other things, their ministerial declaration asserts that \"unilateral measures on climate change, such as the inclusion of emissions from international aviation in the EU-ETS (emission trading scheme), would violate the principles and provisions of the convention and jeopardise the effort of international co-operation in addressing climate change\". From next January, airlines operating flights beginning or ending at EU airports will be included in the carbon pricing scheme. The EU is not going to back down from the scheme at this late stage; so the Indian paper sets the scene for a new intractable conflict within the already strife-ridden climate negotiations. Weight of history Potentially even more damaging is the technical analysis provided to the BASIC ministers by an expert advisory group. Working from the standpoint that western nations have a heavy responsibility for climate change because they industrialised first through fossil fuel burning, the experts reviewed various studies on what a fair and equitable allocation of future emissions might look like. The analysis, seen by BBC News, is that industrialised countries should become net absorbers of CO2 rather than net emitters. In the first half of this century, it concludes, the developed world should absorb 239-474 billion tonnes of carbon dioxide while developing countries continue to emit. That, the experts say, would be fair and equitable. Analysts say it is not clear how far the BASIC bloc will push this line in negotiations. Although the West's historical role is acknowledged in the UN climate convention, demands that Western countries become net carbon absorbers would not be countenanced. 'Not new' Also included in the expert advice is a damning analysis of \"fast-start\" climate finance provided by western countries. At the Copenhagen summit two years ago, developed nations agreed to provide $30bn (£19bn) of \"new and additional\" money over the period 2010-2012 to assist developing countries in \"greening\" their economies and protecting against climate impacts. Though much of the money has been pledged, the BASIC analysis says that only a small proportion is truly \"new and additional\" - the majority coming from aid budgets or programmes that were in existence before Copenhagen. Since that ill-starred meeting, a number of development charities have made the same point. The BASIC ministerial declaration also re-iterates the call for developed countries to pledge new emission cuts within the legally binding framework of the Kyoto Protocol. At the Beijing meeting, ministers referred to continuation of the protocol's binding curbs as \"non-negotiable\", sources say. However, Japan, Russia and Canada have made it plain that they will neither negotiate on the pledges they made unilaterally at Copenhagen, nor put them inside the Kyoto Protocol. A number of other western governments are reluctant, and the US has never been part of the treaty. 'Irresponsible' delay In a bid to build bridges across this apparently impassable divide, Norway and Australia recently proposed that a new legal agreement should be wrapped up by 2015. But in recent days, signals from the Japanese and Russian camps have indicated that they cannot countenance a deal until 2018. Japan is particularly concerned about losing economic competitiveness given that its main economic rivals are not covered by any internationally binding targets. \"The world's number one emitter (China) has no obligations under Kyoto, the number two emitter (US) is not a party and the number three emitter (India) has no obligations,\" Akira Yamada of Japan's Ministry of Foreign Affairs told the specialist reporting service Point Carbon News recently. In response, the Alliance of Small Island States (AOSIS) issued a statement describing calls to delay the agreement as \"reckless and irresponsible\". \"The world's top climate scientists have told us that global emissions need to peak well before 2020 if we're to hold global warming to below 2.0C (3.6F) above pre-industrial levels... as everyone agreed last year [at the UN summit in] Cancun\", said Joseph Gilbert, environment minister of AOSIS chair Grenada. \"We therefore cannot continue to delay making the decisions, to 2018 or 2020, as there will not be sufficient time for countries to take action.\" In Copenhagen, governments agreed to review progress on carbon-cutting in 2015, with the implication that commitments would be tightened if the science demanded it. Observers point out that delaying a political agreement would neuter that review process. Finance-sector companies have also warned it could also weaken low-carbon investment. In public, the developing world is as united as ever, with AOSIS shoulder-to-shoulder alongside both the BASIC group and the oil-rich Gulf states. But behind the scenes, there are concerns that some major developing countries are seeking to blame the West for failure to progress partly in order to conceal their own desire to stave off carbon curbs. \"The US, China and India are in cahoots over this,\" said one experienced observer of the UN process. \"And it's about time that China and India were called out.\" Those two governments point out that under the UN convention as it stands, the developed West is obliged to take the lead in reducing emissions and providing finance. But some - particularly among the small island states - argue that if the developing world giants stick to that position rigidly, there is no chance of keeping the global average temperature rise below 2C from pre-industrial times. Follow Richard on Twitter"
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"Represent the example for the following task: Generate an appropriate title for the given text. The generated title must be short and include the main topic of the text. The preferred titles are under fifteen words.:",
"By Roger HarrabinBBC environment analyst From 2020, any increase in airline CO2 emissions will be offset by activities like tree planting, which soak up CO2. The deal comes in a momentous week for climate policy when the Paris agreement to stabilise climate change passed a key threshold for becoming law. Scientists applauded both commitments, but warned that plans to cut emissions are far too weak. The aviation deal was agreed in Montreal by national representatives at the International Civil Aviation Organisation, ICAO. Attempts have been made for nearly two decades to include aviation and shipping in the UN's climate agreements, but both sectors have managed to avoid firm targets. The amount of emissions from aviation worldwide are roughly the same as those produced by the whole of Germany - and they are growing fast. They are projected to consume approximately a quarter of the world's remaining carbon budget by 2050. ICAO previously promised carbon neutral aviation growth in the 2020s, and planned to align the ambitions of airlines with the Paris agreement limiting warming to two degrees Celsius, or preferably 1.5 degrees. At the last minute in Montreal, those plans were either watered down or dropped. Instead a compromise was agreed. CO2 will be allowed to grow to 2020 but after that, emissions will need to be offset. The deal will be voluntary to 2026 but most major nations are expected to take part. Britain's Aviation Minister Lord Ahmad said: \"This is an unprecedented deal, the first of its kind for any sector. International aviation is responsible for putting more carbon dioxide into the atmosphere every year than the whole of the UK, and yet until now, there has been no global consensus on how to address aviation emissions. \"For years, the UK has pushed to tackle emissions globally. Now, 191 countries have sent a clear message that aviation will play its part in combating climate change.\" Tim Alderslade from the British Air Transport Association also welcomed the deal. He told BBC News: \"It should not be forgotten that we are the only industry that has voluntarily agreed to such a commitment. \"As a sector we have really decoupled growth in aviation from growth in emissions.\" Environmentalists were unimpressed. Bill Hemmings from the green group T&E said: \"Airline claims that flying will now be green are a myth. Taking a plane is the fastest and cheapest way to fry the planet and this deal won't reduce demand for jet fuel one drop.\" The offsetting proposal is especially controversial. Airlines are striving to make planes more efficient, but the industry can't innovate fast enough to contain its dynamic growth. That led to the proposal for offsetting - but sometimes offsetting by planting woodlands simply duplicates efforts already being made, and the offsetting industry is said to be prone to double-counting. What's more, the ICAO deal has no clear rules for offsetting. Tim Johnson from Aviation Environment Federation warned that to meet its own ambitions, the UK needed to go much further than the ICAO agreement. He told BBC News: \"With a decision on a new runway expected later this month, the UK's ambition for aviation emissions must match the ambition of the (UK's) Climate Change Act, and not simply the ICAO \"global lowest common denominator\" of \"carbon neutral growth from 2020. Follow Roger on Twitter: @rharrabin"
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"Represent the example for the following task: Generate an appropriate title for the given text. The generated title must be short and include the main topic of the text. The preferred titles are under fifteen words.:",
"Will Germany's decision lead to an international debate for more renewable sources of energy, or is this an internal German development, unlikely to have an impact elsewhere? Here, speaking to the BBC World Service, British nuclear power advocate Malcolm Grimston argues about the impact with green energy campaigner Jeremy Leggett. Malcolm Grimston, Chatham House research fellow in nuclear issues, and adviser to the UK government on nuclear policy This is not necessarily damaging for the nuclear industry. I think this will create new export opportunities for the French nuclear industry in Germany. The Czech Republic will be another source of the replacement imports. Most of that will be as a result of coal but the Czech Republic itself has a vigorous new nuclear programme. So this does create a new market for nuclear electricity and, as long as that is what has happened, then the environment will not be damaged. I think the real concern is that last year we had more carbon dioxide emissions than ever before. To have a major European economy inevitably saddling itself with more greenhouse gas emissions - the German Greens are openly talking about building more gas-powered plants and supporting the new coal-fired plants that are being brought online - is, I think, going to be a tragedy for the environment, and I don't think it's going to be good for the German economy. There is plenty of time for the Germans to reverse their decision. We have seen many flip-flops in German opinion already. The economy there is already very severely crippled by its enormous renewable subsidies and, of course, in hot weather the wind farms tend not to work at all. In Germany they had about 1.5% output for three weeks in 2003 because of the heat. Having said that, I hope we can get further with renewables and with energy efficiency. Energy efficiency tends not to cut energy use, it boosts economic output. These are all things we have to approach but to be closing down nuclear plants rather than coal plants is, I think, just environmental vandalism. Jeremy Leggett, green energy campaigner and owner of a renewable energy company I think the German decision is a very encouraging development and I would be very bullish about what will happen in the train of it. On the subject of French nuclear electricity, Electricite de France have already warned that this summer most of their nuclear power plants, the ones inland, are going to be stressed because we have had such a dry spring. The rivers are low, there is not enough cooling water, so they have put on watch the coastal reactors that will not be able to have scheduled maintenance. And they have flagged that they may be needing to import electricity from other countries as a result of the innate weaknesses of the French nuclear plants. Another factor is that there is a review going on of all the nuclear plants in France. They are going to be looking in detail at the safety and reliability aspects of those plants and who knows what they are going to find when we look under those carpets? In America right now, the nuclear regulatory authority is going through the same exercise. They have found problems in every plant they have looked at. So this is an ailing industry. I think, in the wake of the German decision, we will see the renewable energy and energy efficiency industries showing what they are capable of. In the long run, nuclear power does not really help that much with greenhouse gas emissions. The way you deal with that problem is by accelerating energy efficiency and renewables, and that is what this decision is going to do. Japan is shutting down 38 nuclear reactors. I have just come back from there. It is pretty dim at night. They are turning down the lights, they are trying to stave off these rolling power cuts they would have to have because so many plants are being shut down. But they are finding in many areas that they do not need the rolling power cuts because when people turn their minds to energy efficiency, they can do incredible things."
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"Represent the example for the following task: Generate an appropriate title for the given text. The generated title must be short and include the main topic of the text. The preferred titles are under fifteen words.:",
"By Mark SavageBBC music reporter In her post, the singer claimed a vaccine for Covid-19 had already been found, but was being hidden to \"let the rich get richer\". Instagram blurred out the video with a caption saying: \"False Information\". It also directed users to a page debunking the claims in the video, noting there is no coronavirus vaccine. The video was later deleted from Madonna's Instagram page, but not before fans protested at her decision to share the post. Among them was pop star Annie Lennox, who commented: \"This is utter madness!!! I can't believe that you are endorsing this dangerous quackery. \"Hopefully your site has been hacked and you're just about to explain it,\" she added. The video in question showed a group called America's Frontline Doctors speaking outside the US Supreme Court building at an event organised by Tea Party Patriots Action. In the clip, Dr Stella Immanuel, a doctor from Houston, said she had successfully treated 350 coronavirus patients \"and counting\" with hydroxychloroquine. Facebook and Twitter had previously removed the video, flagging it as misinformation; while Donald Trump Jr. was banned from tweeting for 12 hours as a penalty for sharing the clip. According to Instagram, flagging a post as false makes it harder for users to discover \"by filtering it from Explore and Hashtags, and reducing its visibility in Feed and Stories.\" This is not the first time Madonna has made controversial claims about coronavirus. In March, she posted a video from her bath, describing the virus as \"the great equaliser\". Two months later, she revealed she had tested positive for antibodies, supposedly granting her immunity from the disease. \"So tomorrow I'm just going to go on a long drive in a car, roll down the windows and I'm going to breathe in the Covid-19 air,\" she told her fans. Follow us on Facebook, or on Twitter @BBCNewsEnts. If you have a story suggestion email [email protected]."
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"Represent the example for the following task: Generate an appropriate title for the given text. The generated title must be short and include the main topic of the text. The preferred titles are under fifteen words.:",
"But it comes with a twist: the health claims in the video are revealed as completely false. Jonathan Jarry, its creator, is a science communicator whose career focuses on debunking misinformation like the claims found in his viral video. The video on the value of scepticism has racked up over nine million views. Mr Jarry, with McGill University's Office for Science and Society (OSS) in Montreal, said he was inspired to make the video when a former co-worker sent him a Facebook post that claimed cancer could be cured by radio waves. It was \"rife with inaccuracies and omissions\" and had been viewed online a whopping six million times, he said. Evidence-based efforts by OSS, a venture dedicated to promoting critical thinking and the presentation of scientific information to the public, to debunk claims like the radio waves cancer cure theory get barely a fraction of those numbers. \"My idea was let's see if we can build a sort of a Trojan horse,\" Mr Jarry told the BBC. \"And make a video that looks on the outside superficially like one of these easily shareable videos.\" He set about cobbling together a video with claims of an \"amazing cancer cure\" discovered by a Dr Johan R Tarjany in the 1800s that has long been suppressed by the pharmaceutical industry - a unique moss that can alter cancer's DNA. With upbeat music, savvy editing and claims that sound like they have some scientific basis, he mimicked many viral health videos currently spreading misinformation online. But halfway through Mr Jarry's video comes the big reveal: there is no Dr Johan R Tarjany and no cancer-curing moss. It goes on to warn the viewer about how easy it is to get roped into false claims. \"The point is, be sceptical. Ask questions,\" it warns. Health misinformation is a serious concern for public health agencies worldwide. In April, Cancer Research UK warned that belief in fake causes of cancer is rife among the public. In the US, the Food and Drug Administration offers online guides to protect consumers from products claiming to cure cancer online and on social media. Mr Jarry sees many of the health hoax videos like the one he parodied online and \"they spread like wildfire.\" \"We do have to learn to recognise these bad arguments for what they are,\" he said. \"They're an appeal to our emotions, to our superficial level of thinking, but they are empty on the inside.\" He sees a danger in people potentially delaying medical treatment in favour of the alternative cures on the belief they will work better than modern medicine, or simply spending money on unhelpful treatments. And he says he is \"flabbergasted\" at how popular his video turned out to be. He had hoped for a meagre 10,000 shares."
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"Represent the example for the following task: Generate an appropriate title for the given text. The generated title must be short and include the main topic of the text. The preferred titles are under fifteen words.:",
"By Lucy Hooker & Daniele PalumboBBC Business Now, after only 10 months, the injections have begun and the firms behind the front-runners are household names. As a result, investment analysts are forecasting that at least two of them, American biotech company Moderna and Germany's BioNTech with its partner, US giant Pfizer, would be likely to make billions of dollars next year. But it's not clear how much vaccine makers really are set to cash in beyond that. Thanks to the way these vaccines have been funded and the number of firms joining the race to make them, any opportunity to make big profits could be short-lived. Who put the money in? Due to the urgent need for the vaccine, governments and donors, have poured billions of pounds into projects to create and test them. Philanthropic organisations such as the Gates Foundation backed the quest as well as individuals including Alibaba founder Jack Ma and country music star Dolly Parton. In total, governments have provided £6.5bn, according to science data analytics company Airfinity. Not-for-profit organisations have provided nearly £1.5bn. Only £2.6bn has come from companies' own investment, with many of them heavily reliant on outside funding. There's a good reason that big firms didn't rush in to fund vaccine projects. Creating vaccines, especially in the teeth of an acute health emergency, hasn't proved very profitable in the past. The discovery process takes time and is far from certain. Poorer nations need large supplies but can't afford high prices. And vaccines usually need to be administered just once or twice. Medications that are wanted in wealthier countries, especially ones that require daily doses, are bigger money-spinners. Firms that began work on vaccines for other diseases such as Zika and Sars had their fingers burnt. On the other hand, the market for flu' jabs, which is worth several billion dollars a year, suggests that if Covid-19, like flu, is here to stay and requires annual booster jabs, then it could be profitable for the firms that come up with the most effective, and most cost-effective products. What are they charging? Some firms don't want to be seen to be profiting from the global crisis, especially after receiving so much outside funding. The large US drugmaker, Johnson & Johnson, and the UK's AstraZeneca, which is working with a University of Oxford-based biotech company, have pledged to sell the vaccine at a price that just covers their costs. AstraZeneca's currently looks set to be the cheapest at $4 (£3) per dose. Moderna, a small biotechnology firm, which has been working on the technology behind its ground-breaking RNA vaccine for years, is pricing theirs much higher, at up to $37 per dose. Its aim is to make some profit for the firms' shareholders (although part of the higher price will also cover the costs of transporting those vaccines at very low temperatures). That doesn't mean those prices are fixed, though. Typically, pharmaceutical companies charge different amounts in different countries, according to what governments can afford. AstraZeneca's promise to keep prices low extends only for the \"duration of the pandemic\". It could start charging higher prices as early as next year, depending on the path of the disease. \"Right now, governments in the rich world will pay high prices, they are so eager to get their hands on anything that can help bring an end to the pandemic,\" says Emily Field, head of European pharmaceutical research at Barclays. As soon as more vaccines come on stream, probably next year, competition may well push prices lower, she says. In the meantime, we shouldn't expect private firms - especially the smaller ones with no other products to sell - to make vaccines without looking for any profit, argues Rasmus Bech Hansen, chief executive of Airfinity. \"Bear in mind these companies took a significant risk, moved really fast, and the research and development investments have been significant,\" he says. And if you want small firms to keep making breakthroughs in future, he says, you need to reward them. But some argue the sheer scale of the humanitarian crisis, and the public financing, means it isn't a time for business as usual. Should they be sharing their technology? With so much at stake, there have been calls for the know-how behind the new vaccines to be pooled, so that other firms in India and South Africa, for example, can manufacture doses for their own markets. Ellen 't Hoen, director of research group Medicines Law and Policy, says that should have been a condition of receiving public funding. \"I think it was unwise of our governments to hand over that money without strings attached,\" she says. At the start of the pandemic, she says, big pharmaceutical companies showed little interest in the race for a vaccine. Only when governments and agencies stepped in with funding pledges did they get to work on it. So she doesn't see why they should have exclusive rights to profit from the results. \"These innovations become the private property of these commercial organisations and the control over who gets access to the innovation and access to the knowledge of how to make them stays in the hands of the company,\" she says. While there is some sharing of intellectual property going on, she says it's nowhere near enough. So will pharma companies make bumper profits? Governments and multilateral organisations have already pledged to buy billions of doses at set prices. So for the next few months, firms will be busy fulfilling those orders as quickly as possible. Those that are selling to countries with deeper pockets will start to see a return on their investment, whereas AstraZeneca, despite having deals to supply the highest number of doses, will only cover its costs. After those first contracts have been fulfilled, it is harder to predict what the new vaccine landscape will look like. It depends on many things: how long immunity lasts in those vaccinated, how many successful vaccines come on stream and whether production and distribution is going smoothly. Barclays' Emily Field thinks the window to make profits will be \"very temporary\". Even if the front-runners don't share their intellectual property, there are already more than 50 vaccines in clinical trials around the world. \"In two years' time, there could be 20 vaccines on the market,\" says Ms Field. \"It's going to be difficult to charge a premium price.\" She thinks the impact in the long run will have more to do with reputation. A successful vaccine roll-out could help open doors for selling Covid therapies or other products. In that respect, the whole industry is set to benefit, agrees Airfinity's Rasmus Bech Hansen. \"That's one of the silver linings that could come out of the pandemic,\" he says. In future, he expects governments to invest in pandemic strategies the way they do now in defence, viewing it as a necessary expenditure on things they hope not to use. Most promising of all, and one reason why the market value of BioNTech and Moderna has soared, is that their vaccines provide a proof of concept for their RNA technology. \"Everyone was impressed with its effectiveness,\" says Emily Field. \"It could change the landscape for vaccines.\" Before Covid, BioNTech was working on a vaccine for skin cancer. Moderna is pursuing an RNA-based vaccine for ovarian cancer. If either of those succeeds, then the rewards could be huge."
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