ComplexDataLab/cdl-data-chai-enwiki-20250520

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Draft:Fragile X Society	Organisation	Organisation Type: Non-governmental organisation Location: Mumbai, India Chairperson: Shalini Kedia
Draft:Fragile X Society	References	References
Draft:Fragile X Society	External links	External links Official website – Fragile X Society
Draft:Fragile X Society	Table of Content	Short description, History, Mission and Objectives, Activities and Programmes, Awareness Campaigns, Family Support, Information Dissemination, Collaboration, Impact, Organisation, References, External links
File:OL Lyonnes.svg	Valid SVG
File:OL Lyonnes.svg	Summary	Summary
File:OL Lyonnes.svg	Licensing	Licensing
File:OL Lyonnes.svg	Table of Content	Valid SVG, Summary, Licensing
Draft:Good Chap Theory	'''Good Chap Theory'''	Good Chap Theory is a fundamental principle in British political culture, identified by the political historian Peter Hennessy. The "Good Chap" principle is expressed in the idea that ministers and civil servants recognize unwritten rules regarding the limits of their power, act accordingly, and resign when necessary—even when there are no written or enforceable laws concerning the matter.
Draft:Good Chap Theory	The Principle	The Principle Hennessy argued that there is a cultural principle operating in British public life among judges, ministers, and other senior figures identified as "chaps" ("good chaps"), who acknowledge normative limits on their political power even when no legal or constitutional restrictions exist on their actions, at least in terms of written or enforceable law. Hennessy wrote that "The British Constitution is a state of mind," and that "it requires a sense of restraint all round to make it work." This principle holds very high status. Historically, when relevant senior figures have breached its unwritten laws and abused their power, they have tended to resign and thus behaved as "good chaps." For example, the resignation of Peter Carington, Foreign Secretary under former British Prime Minister Margaret Thatcher, in 1982 following Argentina's invasion of the Falkland Islands—even though no fault was found in his actions—serves as an illustration of this principle. Hennessy and Andrew Blick explain in their book Good Chaps No More that "the nature of the constitution tells you a great deal about a country, its society and the way ruling power is calibrated and constrained within it. A key characteristic of the British constitution is the degree to which good governance in the United Kingdom has relied on the self-restraint of those who carry it out. Unlike nearly every other democracy in the world, we lack a ‘written’ or ‘codified’ constitution. The UK has, therefore, no single text setting out the core principles, institutions and procedures of the system, protected from casual alteration by amendment procedures, and enforceable by the judiciary. Instead, in the UK, we have trusted politicians to behave themselves. The working assumption for many years has been that those who rise to power will be ‘good chaps,’ knowing the unwritten rules and being internally committed to obeying them, even when doing so might frustrate their efforts to achieve their political goals, the political good of their party, or their ambitions—the assumption has always been that these ‘good chaps’ (of both sexes) know the unwritten rules and are not willing to cross or even approach the boundaries: the so-called ‘good chap theory of government.’"
Draft:Good Chap Theory	Application of the Principle in the Disclosure of Sensitive Information	Application of the Principle in the Disclosure of Sensitive Information The good chap principle also applies to the question of what information is appropriate to publish and write about in memoirs and journalistic columns, and what information should remain confidential. According to this idea, ministers and civil servants know how to properly balance the time elapsed since an event and the importance of keeping it secret against their desire to publish it. A prominent example of this principle's application is the memoir of Sir Bernard Ingham, former communications advisor to Prime Minister Margaret Thatcher. The publication of the memoir was considered decent, as Ingham waited until Thatcher had left political life. Former Cabinet member Sir Richard Wilson declared in the early 2000s that civil servants have an "exceptional record" of keeping government secrets to themselves.
Draft:Good Chap Theory	The Death of the Principle	The Death of the Principle The common perception is that this is an idea that once covered British politics but no longer does. Former British Prime Minister Boris Johnson became a symbol of someone who was not a "good chap," both in the broad sense—using his political power beyond accepted norms—and specifically regarding the publication of sensitive information, as he did not obtain the approval of the Advisory Committee on Business Appointments before publishing his column in the Daily Mail. Hennessy and other constitutional law experts emphasize that data show the principle has been lost, with those in power not resigning despite embarrassing examples of lies, corruption, and other scandals. In 2019, Hennessy and Andrew Blick wrote: "If the general standards of proper behavior among senior British statesmen can no longer be taken for granted, then our core constitutional principles have also become transient." Blick explained that the abandonment of this principle is expected to have serious constitutional consequences, weakening Britain's democratic characteristics.
Draft:Good Chap Theory	Further Reading	Further Reading * Blick, Andrew, and Peter Hennessy. "Good Chaps No More." ''Safeguarding the Constitution in Stressful Times'' (2019): 5-6. * McCabe, Steven. "The End of the ‘Good Chap’Government?." (2019). * Clive Priestley, ‘Promoting the efficiency of central government’, in Arthur Shenfield et al., Managing the Bureaucracy (Adam Smith Institute, London, 1986), p.117 * Peter Hennessy, ‘“Harvesting the Cupboards”: Why Britain has Produced no Administrative Theory or Ideology in the Twentieth Century’, Transactions of the Royal Historical Society 4 (1994), pp.203-219, p.205.
Draft:Good Chap Theory	External Links	External Links The Failure of "good chaps": are norms and conventions still work in the UK constitution?", a video in the channel "Institute for Government" on Youtube (length: 01:02:02)
Draft:Good Chap Theory	References	References
Draft:Good Chap Theory	Table of Content	'''Good Chap Theory''', The Principle, Application of the Principle in the Disclosure of Sensitive Information, The Death of the Principle, Further Reading, External Links, References
Category:People from Mira	Commons category	Category:Mira Mira Mira
Category:People from Mira	Table of Content	Commons category
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Andrea Della Valle	[[:Andrea Della Valle]]	:Andrea Della Valle – (View AfDView log \| edits since nomination) () Lack of wp:SIGCOV and fails Wp:GNG. Zuck28 (talk) 14:39, 19 May 2025 (UTC) Note: This discussion has been included in the deletion sorting lists for the following topics: People, Businesspeople, and Italy. Zuck28 (talk) 14:39, 19 May 2025 (UTC) Delete - WP:NOTPROMO. One more business man who tells us what he has, but not how he got there. Honorary degree, honorary citizenship. He's a billionaire and "vice-chairman of the Tod's Group, of which his brother Diego Della Valle is chairman." So what? — Maile (talk) 17:57, 19 May 2025 (UTC) Delete - Lacks sources and fails notability guidelines. --ArdynOfTheAncients (talk) 18:21, 19 May 2025 (UTC) Delete - hilariously bad puff piece. Bearian (talk) 03:14, 21 May 2025 (UTC)
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Andrea Della Valle	Table of Content	[[:Andrea Della Valle]]
Paikwaophis	Short description	Paikwaophis is a monotypic genus of snake in the subfamily Xenodontinae (family Dipsadidae), represented solely by the species Paikwaophis kruki. It is known only from the type locality in the Eastern Pantepui District of the Guiana Shield highlands in Guyana.
Paikwaophis	Taxonomy	Taxonomy Paikwaophis was described in 2023 based on morphological and molecular data. Phylogenetic analyses using six genes (four mitochondrial and two nuclear) placed the genus as sister to Xenopholis, with strong statistical support. While both genera are nested within Xenodontinae, they differ significantly in morphology and osteology. Due to the distinctiveness of Paikwaophis, a new genus was erected. The genus name combines the name of the Paikwa River with the Greek ophis (snake). The type species, Paikwaophis kruki, is named in honor of Polish biologist Andrzej Kruk.
Paikwaophis	Description	Description Paikwaophis kruki is a small, non-venomous snake characterized by a short head, robust body, and smooth scales arranged in 17 dorsal rows without reduction. The tail is short, comprising about 13% of the total length. Coloration includes a light brown dorsum, bold black lateral stripes, and a light blue streak along the lower sides. The skull and vertebrae suggest a fossorial or semi-fossorial lifestyle, with features such as a blunt snout, reduced postorbital bone, smooth neural spines, and absence of hypapophyses on the posterior vertebrae. The species has a distinctive dental pattern, including seven prediastemal and two postdiastemal maxillary teeth, as well as additional teeth on the palatine, pterygoid, and dentary bones. Although phylogenetically closest to Xenopholis, Paikwaophis differs in several ways, including a higher number of trunk vertebrae, absence of grooved fangs, a larger and vertically ovoid lacrimal foramen, and a distinct structure of the postorbital bone.
Paikwaophis	Distribution and habitat	Distribution and habitat Paikwaophis kruki is endemic to a mossy cloud forest habitat near Wei-Assipu-tepui in western Guyana, at an elevation of ~1180 m. The region features dense leaf litter, peaty soils, and a humid, epiphyte-rich canopy. The female holotype is the only known specimen.
Paikwaophis	Ecology and behavior	Ecology and behavior The species is presumed fossorial or semi-fossorial, inferred from its cranial morphology and habitat. Unlike Xenopholis, no defensive behaviors such as body flattening have been observed. The holotype contained lizard scales in its digestive tract, indicating that its diet includes lizards.
Paikwaophis	References	References Category:Dipsadinae Category:Monotypic snake genera Category:Species known from a single specimen
Paikwaophis	Table of Content	Short description, Taxonomy, Description, Distribution and habitat, Ecology and behavior, References
Arend-class patrol ship	no footnotes	The Arend class (sometimes referred to as Valk class''') was a class of two "opium hunters", meaning fast patrol boats built by the Maatschappij voor Scheeps- en Werktuigbouw Fijenoord in Rotterdam for service with the Government Navy. The class consisted of HNLMS Arend and HNLMS Valk.Mark, Chris (1997). Schepen van de Koninklijke Marine in W.O. II. Alkmaar: De Alk. ISBN 978-90-6013-522-8.Helfrich, Conrad Emile Lambert (1950). Memoires van Admiraal Helfrich Amsterdam: Elsevier. Construction Name Laid down Commissioned Fate 5 July 1928 16 January 1930 as patrol ship 10 April 1935 as opium hunter Scuttled by own crew 7 March 1942 22 September 1928 9 April 1930 Scuttled by own crew 7 March 1942 Service historyArend was be commandeered by the Royal Netherlands Navy while still under construction as there was a shortage of available ships to protect the overseas Caribbean territories. She was therefore slightly modified in design and receive more armor plating. She was returned to the Gouvernements Marine in 1935 once had been completed and was be able to take over the role of protecting the Dutch Caribbean.Valk'' was employed as designed, as an opium hunter with the Government Navy after entering commission in 1930. During the Second World War, both ships served as patrol ships and seaplane tenders for PBY Catalina aircraft. After the fall of Java, both ships were scuttled by their crews as they were unable to escape to Ceylon or Australia.
Arend-class patrol ship	Citations	Citations
Arend-class patrol ship	References	References
Arend-class patrol ship	External links	External links Description of class Category:Patrol boat classes Category:World War II naval ships of the Netherlands
Arend-class patrol ship	Table of Content	no footnotes, Citations, References, External links
Category:Mira	Portal	Category:Cities and towns in Veneto Category:Municipalities of the Metropolitan City of Venice Category:Wikipedia categories named after populated places in Italy
Category:Mira	Table of Content	Portal
Blitz Kids (book)	Short description	Blitz Kids: True Stories from the Children of Wartime Britain is a book by Duncan Barrett and Nuala Calvi, co-authors of The Sugar Girls. It was published in April 2025 as part of the commemorations for the eightieth anniversary of VE Day on 8 May that year. The book tells the stories of fifteen individuals who were children during the Second World War. Researching it, the authors spoke to more than eighty so-called Blitz Kids, before choosing a representative sample of stories. These include Maureen Donovan, who was bombed out of her home in Bromley by Bow, Liverpudlians Christopher Munro, whose father was missing presumed dead in the Merchant Navy, Frances Izzard, who was evacuated to Haslington in Cheshire, and Clare McGann, mother of the actors Paul McGann, Stephen McGann, Mark McGann and Joe McGann, Irene Brown, who saw the troops departing on D-Day in Southampton, Doreen Cadden, who survived Operation Moonlight Sonata in Coventry, Doreen McBride, who helped her father smuggle meat from Dublin to Belfast, Brian Ingram, who spent his free time collecting shrapnel near his home in Birmingham, Betty Peachy, who was buried alive during a raid in Filton, on the outskirts of Bristol, and John Le Page, a Guernsey evacuee living in Halifax, West Yorkshire.
Blitz Kids (book)	Reception	Reception The book was rated 8/10 and described as ‘poignant [and] page-turning’ by Matt Nixson in the Daily Express, and recommended as ‘inspirational’ in the Sunday Express’s ‘S’ magazine.
Blitz Kids (book)	References	References Category:2025 non-fiction books Category:History books about World War II
Blitz Kids (book)	Table of Content	Short description, Reception, References
Draft:Mihaela Adelgundis Černic	Infobox person	Mihaela Černic, sister Marija Adelgundis, Slovenian painter in teacher of painting and Art, * 29. september 1913, Miren, † 28. avgust 2016, Gorizia.
Draft:Mihaela Adelgundis Černic	Life and Work	Life and Work Mihaela Adelgundis was born on September 29, 1913, in Miren as the fifth child in the family of Avguštin Černic, a shoemaker, and Jožefa Batistič, a field labourer. After finishing primary school in her hometown, she entered the convent of the School Sisters of Notre Dame (Istituto Nostra Signora) in Gorizia on September 16, 1928. There, she first attended city school for three years and then studied for another three years at a school preparing for religious life, partly in Gorizia and partly in Ilirska Bistrica. She began her novitiate on August 27, 1934. She took her first vows on August 28, 1935, and her final vows on August 15, 1941. Early in her youth, she showed a talent for art. After taking her first vows, she enrolled at the Academy of Fine Arts in Venice, where she graduated in 1943. She later continued her artistic studies in Rome as well. In 1955, she passed the professor’s examination and began several decades of teaching art and painting at high schools in Gorizia. She also taught privately. She remained artistically active throughout her life and retirement; even in old age, she continued to paint and draw intensively. She passed away on August 28, 2016, at the Sisters of Notre Dame convent in Gorizia, at the age of 102. She left behind a substantial body of artistic work.
Draft:Mihaela Adelgundis Černic	Artistic Style	Artistic Style From early childhood, Mihaela Adelgundis showed a strong passion for drawing, and over the course of her long career she developed a distinctive classical-figurative style. She remained faithful to traditional artistic representation and did not follow the trends of modernist abstraction.noviSplet.com (26. september 2017). »Še ena razstava del redovnice-umetnice » Noviglas«. Noviglas. Pridobljeno 19. maja 2025. Her works are mostly realistic and marked by a deep appreciation for the beauty of nature. She especially enjoyed depicting natural motifs, flowers, still lifes, birds, and religious themes—particularly images of the Virgin Mary, angels, and saints.noviSplet.com (25. avgust 2017). »Retrospektivna razstava del s. Adelgundis » Noviglas«. Noviglas. Pridobljeno 19. maja 2025. As a versatile artist, she worked in various techniques: oil on canvas, tempera, and watercolor, and also produced numerous drawings, sketches, architectural designs, and illustrations. She even experimented with relief work. Her rich artistic creations adorn many churches, institutions, and private homes throughout the Goriška and Trieste regions, as well as in Rome and beyond. Among her most notable contributions are religious motifs still displayed in Italian churches in Gorizia, Trieste, and Rome. Many of her paintings are preserved in the Notre Dame convent in Gorizia, where they decorate the convent. She is also known for her depiction of the Merciful Jesus in a chapel near her home in Miren. On occasion, she contributed artwork to publications—for example, the cover of the vinyl record Svetokriška mladina poje (1978) features her painting of the parish church in Sv. Križ near Trieste.
Draft:Mihaela Adelgundis Černic	See also	See also Baraga, France. 2009. Župnija Miren skozi stoletja. Miren: Župnija.
Draft:Mihaela Adelgundis Černic	References	References
Draft:Mihaela Adelgundis Černic	Table of Content	Infobox person , Life and Work, Artistic Style, See also, References
Draft:Leon Routh	AfC submission	Leon George Routh (born 30 November 2007) is an English professional footballer who plays as a centre-back for Premier League club Aston Villa.
Draft:Leon Routh	Club career	Club career Routh was in the youth system at Luton Town from the age of eight years-old, briefly playing up front before making the switch to central defence. He played for the for the Luton U18s as they were crowned champions of the Youth Alliance South East Division for the second year running. He joined the academy at Aston Villa in the summer of 2024 and linked up with their under-18 squad. He signed a professional contract with Aston Villa in December 2024. In the 2024-25 season he was a member of the Aston Villa team which won the FA Youth Cup. He also featured for the club in the UEFA Youth League and made 22 appearances as Villa won the U18 Premier League South and played as they faced Manchester City in the U18 Premier League National Final, scoring the only goal of the game after 75 minutes to seal a 1-0 triumph. He made his first team debut in the EFL Trophy against Bolton Wanderers in October 2024.
Draft:Leon Routh	International career	International career In 2024, he was called up to play for England Under-18s.
Draft:Leon Routh	References	References
Draft:Leon Routh	Table of Content	AfC submission, Club career, International career, References
File:Faand, The Trap.jpeg	Orphaned non-free revisions
File:Faand, The Trap.jpeg	Summary	Summary
File:Faand, The Trap.jpeg	Licensing	Licensing
File:Faand, The Trap.jpeg	Table of Content	Orphaned non-free revisions, Summary, Licensing
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Chief Executive Officer of the Wikimedia Foundation	[[:Chief Executive Officer of the Wikimedia Foundation]]	:Chief Executive Officer of the Wikimedia Foundation – (View AfDView log \| edits since nomination) () Fails WP:GNG; Google search doesn't find any reliable in-depth secondary sources; only source on the article is primary loserhead (talk) 14:43, 19 May 2025 (UTC) Note: This discussion has been included in the deletion sorting lists for the following topics: Lists of people and Organizations. loserhead (talk) 14:43, 19 May 2025 (UTC) Added sources Guylaen (talk) 15:06, 19 May 2025 (UTC) I know that anyone can nominate, but because you don't have a user page, and this content has to do with the Wikimedia Foundation, I'm slightly suspicious of your intentions here in nominating this article for deletion. I do not mean to be accusatory in my nature here, I'm just a little confused. This is a highly notable position, and it's super easy to find information on Google. Also, I realize my mistake in not adding a Wikipedia:Stub tag before. I've added that now to the page. I usually remember to do that. Guylaen (talk) 15:12, 19 May 2025 (UTC) @Guylaen A userpage is optional, and that shouldn't make me (or anyone) suspicious or anything like that; see Trappist the monk and they are an administrator. Just the fact that something has to do with the Wikimedia Foundation doesn't make it important or notable, AFAIK. Current or former people holding this title may be notable, but I haven't seen any INDEPTH sources on the title itself. Also please note that I don't know everything there is to know about Wikipedia and its policies so if I made a mistake please inform me. loserhead (talk) 15:38, 19 May 2025 (UTC) Well, in either case, I've now listed more sources on this page than there are on List of leaders of Ford Motor Company. Guylaen (talk) 16:57, 19 May 2025 (UTC) I would highly encourage you to please read bullet "C-2" at WP:BEFORE: "If the article was recently created, please consider allowing the contributors more time to develop the article." I literally only made the page six days ago. That's less than a week. I was going to properly build out this page a little more, but I got completely sidetracked by Ukraine's Cultural Diplomacy Month 2025. I just kind of fell down a Ukraine rabbit hole. I have the same problem that most other writers here have: so little time, and so many articles. Also, I literally have a final due tonight, and I have to go meet Leon Panetta again at noon. I would be looking forward to it, but I think I have a hernia and I've probably got GERD and I feel like crap. Anyways. The problem in searching for a term like "CEO of the Wikimedia Foundation" is that in that most cases, the position itself is not the primary subject of a news story, but the person who holds the position, or the person who is doing something while they hold that position. So, yes, of course you're going to find mostly articles about the people. And by the rules, that's actually fine. However, there are sources - you just have to muddle yourself through the internet to find them. Guylaen (talk) 17:20, 19 May 2025 (UTC) It's not because the sources don't exist, but in this case it is the Parallax effect: the individual CEO's loom far larger than the position of CEO. Guylaen (talk) 17:21, 19 May 2025 (UTC) Note: This discussion has been included in the list of Internet-related deletion discussions. WCQuidditch ☎ ✎ 18:44, 19 May 2025 (UTC) Keep - other than the Forbes puff piece, and the NY Post attack article, I don't see anything unreliable. Bearian (talk) 03:11, 21 May 2025 (UTC)
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Chief Executive Officer of the Wikimedia Foundation	Table of Content	[[:Chief Executive Officer of the Wikimedia Foundation]]
Le Fantôme de l'Opéra (comic book)	Short description	Le Fantôme de l'Opéra () is a French comic book by Paul and Gaëtan Brizzi. It is based on the novel The Phantom of the Opera by Gaston Leroux. It was published by on 15 January 2025. Sébastien Bordenave of Europe 1 called it "an album in grand format that will thrill with its perfect graphic aesthetic". Kelian Nguyen of called it a successful adaptation, with strong character portraits and "captivating immersion" achieved with charcoal and wax-pencil drawings.
Le Fantôme de l'Opéra (comic book)	References	References
Le Fantôme de l'Opéra (comic book)	External links	External links Futuropolis Brizzi Brothers Category:2025 graphic novels Category:French graphic novels Category:Works based on The Phantom of the Opera Category:Graphic novels based on novels
Le Fantôme de l'Opéra (comic book)	Table of Content	Short description, References, External links
Chihana	Wiktionary	Chihana is both a given name and a surname. Notable people with the name include:
Chihana	Given name	Given name Chihana Hara (born 1989), Japanese group rhythmic gymnast
Chihana	Surname	Surname Chakufwa Chihana (1939-2006), Malawian human rights activist Chimwemwe Chihana-Mtawali, Zambian photographer Enoch Chihana, Malawian politician Yeremia Chihana, Malawian politician
Chihana	See also	See also Category:Surnames of African origin
Chihana	Table of Content	Wiktionary, Given name, Surname, See also
Draft:Indian campaign of Eucratides I the Great	Infobox military conflict	The Indian campaign of Eucratides I the Great was an important military endeavor of the Greco-Bactrian king during the mid-2nd century BCE, representing the farthest extent of Hellenistic influence into the Indian subcontinent. Eucratides ascended to the Bactrian throne c. 170 BCE likely by overthrowing the Euthydemid dynasty only to soon find himself faced with many difficulties, including when he was besieged by Demetrius II of India. According to the historian Justin, Eucratides I was besieged by 60,000 enemy combatants with only 300 soldiers at his disposal. He was able to replicate this feat during a five-month siege, winning this battle and commencing his campaign into India. Eucratides I's military campaigns allowed him to extend his territory into Gandhara and Punjab. Some sources suggest he even advanced as far south as Barigaza (modern Bharuch). The issuing of bilingual coinage in Greek and Prakrit—not just illustrating the breadth of his control but also that he wanted to adopt local customs—confirms his campaigns into Punjab and Gandhara. Unfortunately, Eucratides I met a tragic end to his reign, being assassinated on his return from India reportedly by his own son and, as a result, the Greco-Bactrian Kingdom was left divided as any conflict would leave it.
Draft:Indian campaign of Eucratides I the Great	Background	Background Eucratides I rose to power in Bactria, most likely overthrowing the Euthydemid dynasty when its king Demetrius was campaigning in northwestern India. The king he toppled could be Antimachus I. The historian Justin reports that Eucratides seized power at the same time Mithridates I began his reign Mithridates I is well-known to have begun his reign in 171 BC which gives a rough timeline for Eucratides I assumption of power. After he established control over Bactria, Eucratides had to deal with an invasion from Parthia. This was when Demetrius I was active in India. Carving into Demetriu' s realm, Mithridates I captured Tapuria and Margiana before striking towards Bactria around 170 BC. Eucratides was able to fend off the Parthian invasion. With his western border secure, he began to move eastward and conduct military actions in parts of India.
Draft:Indian campaign of Eucratides I the Great	Campaign	Campaign Eucratides the Great was able to accomplish considerable military success in India, despite considerable pressures from neighboring powers. As Strabo noted, he was said to rule over "a thousand cities of India." His campaigns may have taken him from north of the Jhelum river, as far south as Barigaza, now Bharuch. An Indian king named Demetrius probably Demetrius II of India is thought to have taken an army of approximately 60,000 troops back to Bactria to dethrone a usurper. Unfortunately, historical references indicate this campaign ended in failure, and he was ultimately lost in defeat and killed in battle. thumb\|Bilingual coin of Eucratides I in the Indian standard, on the obverse Greek inscription reads: , Basileōs Megalou Eukratidou – "(of) Great King Eucratides"; on the reverse Pali language in Kharoshthi legend reads: Maharajasa Evukratidasa, "of Great King Eucratides". Eucratides led many wars with great courage, and, while weakened by them, were put under siege by Demetrius, king of the Indians. He made numerous sorties, and managed to vanquish 60,000 enemies with 300 soldiers, and thus liberated after four months, he put India under his rule. In a rather confused account, Justin (historian) explains that Eucratides was killed on the field by "his son and joint king", who would be his own son, either Eucratides II or Heliocles I (although there are speculations that it could have been his enemy's son. The son drove over Eucratides' bloodied body with his chariot and left him dismembered without a sepulcher: As Eucratides returned from India, he was killed on the way back by his son, whom he had associated to his rule, and who, without hiding his parricide, as if he didn't kill a father but an enemy, ran with his chariot over the blood of his father, and ordered the corpse to be left without a sepulture.
Draft:Indian campaign of Eucratides I the Great	Aftermath	Aftermath Eucratides I's death likely initiated a dynastic struggle. His heirs, especially Heliocles I, appear to have lost Bactria to the Yuezhi. His capital, Ai-Khanoum, and a significant Hellenistic city, was likely destroyed near 145 BC. The Bactrians, involved in various wars, lost not only their rule but also their freedom, as, exhausted by their wars against the Sogdians, the Arachotes, the Dranges, the Arians and the Indians, they were finally crushed, as if drawn of all their blood, by an enemy weaker than them, the Parthians The Indo-Greek empire south of the Hindu Kush endured for an additional 150 years but ceased to exist around 10 BC with Tibetan influxes of the Yüeh-chih and Scythians (Sakas) resulting in its collapse. Strato II is remembered as the last Indo-Greek king.
Draft:Indian campaign of Eucratides I the Great	References	References
Draft:Indian campaign of Eucratides I the Great	Table of Content	Infobox military conflict , Background, Campaign, Aftermath, References
File:Advanced Weapons and Equipment India.svg	Valid SVG
File:Advanced Weapons and Equipment India.svg	Summary	Summary
File:Advanced Weapons and Equipment India.svg	Licensing	Licensing
File:Advanced Weapons and Equipment India.svg	Table of Content	Valid SVG, Summary, Licensing
Draft:Arshia Akhtar	AFC submission	Arshia Akhtar is a Pakistani-born professional open-wheel racing driver and the first Pakistani female to hold an FIA International Pro License. She competes in international open-wheel series. She is working at both national and international levels to represent Pakistan and push forward the presence of women in motorsports. In addition to her driving career, Akhtar is also a licensed steward with the SCCA and has worked in race operations at major global events including MotoGP and Formula One. Her combined experience spans competitive driving, officiating, and driver instruction. Her story has been featured by: ARY News Bol News Express News Aik News 365 News Official SCCA publications
Draft:Arshia Akhtar	References	References
Draft:Arshia Akhtar	Table of Content	AFC submission, References
Draft:Let me be clear	44th	44th United States president Barack Obama's speeches have made extensive usage of the phrase "let me be clear".
Draft:Let me be clear	References	References
Draft:Let me be clear	External links	External links A compilation video by Time magazine – via YouTube Reporting by the Associated Press – via YouTube
Draft:Let me be clear	Table of Content	44th, References, External links
File:Jor Kore Bhalobasha Hoy Na.jpg	Summary	Summary
File:Jor Kore Bhalobasha Hoy Na.jpg	Licensing	Licensing
File:Jor Kore Bhalobasha Hoy Na.jpg	Table of Content	Summary, Licensing
Journal of Philosophical Investigations	Infobox Journal	Journal of Philosophical Investigations () is a quarterly, open access and peer-reviewed philosophy journal established in 2007 and published by the Department of Philosophy of University of Tabriz.
Journal of Philosophical Investigations	Indexing and evaluation	Indexing and evaluation As of 2023 the journal has been indexed by Scopus, Academic Search Ultimate, DOAJ, Arab World Research Source, Al Masdar (EBSCO), ERIH Plus and JUFO Portal.
Journal of Philosophical Investigations	References	References Category:Philosophy journals Category:Philosophy in Iran Category:University of Tabriz Category:Quarterly journals Category:Academic journals published in Iran
Journal of Philosophical Investigations	Table of Content	Infobox Journal , Indexing and evaluation, References
File:Armoured Vehicles Nigam.svg	Valid SVG
File:Armoured Vehicles Nigam.svg	Summary	Summary
File:Armoured Vehicles Nigam.svg	Licensing	Licensing
File:Armoured Vehicles Nigam.svg	Table of Content	Valid SVG, Summary, Licensing
Meanwhile ... Back in the States	Infobox album	Meanwhile ... Back in the States is an album by the American band Willie Alexander & the Boom Boom Band, released in 1978. Its title refers to Alexander's immense popularity in France. The band supported the album with a North American tour.
Meanwhile ... Back in the States	Production	Production Alexander wrote the songs, some of which incorporated elements of reggae and disco, between 1971 and 1978. He was influenced by beat writers, with many of the songs about the lives of societal outcasts and struggling musicians. Some of the song titles were changed from the demo and original versions, in order to please MCA Records. The album was produced by Craig Leon. "Pass the Tabasco" quotes a musical passage from "Double Shot (Of My Baby's Love)".
Meanwhile ... Back in the States	Critical reception	Critical reception The Lincoln Journal Star called the Boom Boom Band "the leading Boston punk rock band", noting that Alexander "comes up with some intriguing street intellectualism." The Daily Illini stated that Alexander "prefers a slightly echoed deadpan delivery that was popular in the early '70s with David Bowie, Lou Reed and Mott the Hoople." The Boston Globe said, "The rock is grittier and more accessible, the Boom Boom band is more dynamically involved and Alexander has tightened his vocals into a more rhythmic style without sacrificing his offbeat charm." The Shreveport Journal opined that "the band recalls the early Who"; The Buffalo News likened the sound to "pure Rolling Stones raunch". The Spokesman-Review said that Alexander "has the perfect punk voice". The Duluth News Tribune praised the "brilliant incoherence" and "flash of unique rock and roll genius." The Los Angeles Times noted the "slightly perverse, oddball charm", while concluding that the band had more in common with Bad Company than with new wave music. The Toronto Star called Meanwhile ... Back in the States "sleazy and definitely not chic."
Meanwhile ... Back in the States	Track listing	Track listing
Meanwhile ... Back in the States	References	References Category:1978 albums Category:MCA Records albums Category:Albums produced by Craig Leon
Meanwhile ... Back in the States	Table of Content	Infobox album , Production, Critical reception, Track listing, References
Category:Third Way	Articles related to the	Articles related to the Third Way, a predominantly centrist political position that attempts to reconcile centre-right and centre-left politics by synthesising a combination of economically liberal and social democratic economic policies. The Third Way is a reconceptualization of social democracy. It supports workfare instead of welfare, work training programs, educational opportunities, and other government programs that give citizens a 'hand-up' instead of a 'hand-out'. The Third Way seeks a compromise between a less interventionist economic system as supported by neoliberals and Keynesian social democratic spending policy supported by social democrats and progressives. Category:3 (number) Category:20th century in politics Category:Centrism Category:Fiscal conservatism Category:Ideologies of capitalism Category:Mixed economies Category:Neoliberalism Category:Political philosophy Category:Political theories Category:Presidency of Bill Clinton Category:Social democracy Category:Social liberalism Category:Syncretic political movements Category:Wikipedia categories named after ideologies
Category:Third Way	Table of Content	Articles related to the

Draft:Fragile X Society

Organisation

Organisation Type: Non-governmental organisation Location: Mumbai, India Chairperson: Shalini Kedia

Draft:Fragile X Society

References

Draft:Fragile X Society

External links

External links Official website – Fragile X Society

Draft:Fragile X Society

Table of Content

Short description, History, Mission and Objectives, Activities and Programmes, Awareness Campaigns, Family Support, Information Dissemination, Collaboration, Impact, Organisation, References, External links

File:OL Lyonnes.svg

Valid SVG

File:OL Lyonnes.svg

Summary

File:OL Lyonnes.svg

Licensing

File:OL Lyonnes.svg

Table of Content

Valid SVG, Summary, Licensing

Draft:Good Chap Theory

'''Good Chap Theory'''

Good Chap Theory is a fundamental principle in British political culture, identified by the political historian Peter Hennessy. The "Good Chap" principle is expressed in the idea that ministers and civil servants recognize unwritten rules regarding the limits of their power, act accordingly, and resign when necessary—even when there are no written or enforceable laws concerning the matter.

Draft:Good Chap Theory

The Principle

The Principle Hennessy argued that there is a cultural principle operating in British public life among judges, ministers, and other senior figures identified as "chaps" ("good chaps"), who acknowledge normative limits on their political power even when no legal or constitutional restrictions exist on their actions, at least in terms of written or enforceable law. Hennessy wrote that "The British Constitution is a state of mind," and that "it requires a sense of restraint all round to make it work." This principle holds very high status. Historically, when relevant senior figures have breached its unwritten laws and abused their power, they have tended to resign and thus behaved as "good chaps." For example, the resignation of Peter Carington, Foreign Secretary under former British Prime Minister Margaret Thatcher, in 1982 following Argentina's invasion of the Falkland Islands—even though no fault was found in his actions—serves as an illustration of this principle. Hennessy and Andrew Blick explain in their book Good Chaps No More that "the nature of the constitution tells you a great deal about a country, its society and the way ruling power is calibrated and constrained within it. A key characteristic of the British constitution is the degree to which good governance in the United Kingdom has relied on the self-restraint of those who carry it out. Unlike nearly every other democracy in the world, we lack a ‘written’ or ‘codified’ constitution. The UK has, therefore, no single text setting out the core principles, institutions and procedures of the system, protected from casual alteration by amendment procedures, and enforceable by the judiciary. Instead, in the UK, we have trusted politicians to behave themselves. The working assumption for many years has been that those who rise to power will be ‘good chaps,’ knowing the unwritten rules and being internally committed to obeying them, even when doing so might frustrate their efforts to achieve their political goals, the political good of their party, or their ambitions—the assumption has always been that these ‘good chaps’ (of both sexes) know the unwritten rules and are not willing to cross or even approach the boundaries: the so-called ‘good chap theory of government.’"

Draft:Good Chap Theory

Application of the Principle in the Disclosure of Sensitive Information

Application of the Principle in the Disclosure of Sensitive Information The good chap principle also applies to the question of what information is appropriate to publish and write about in memoirs and journalistic columns, and what information should remain confidential. According to this idea, ministers and civil servants know how to properly balance the time elapsed since an event and the importance of keeping it secret against their desire to publish it. A prominent example of this principle's application is the memoir of Sir Bernard Ingham, former communications advisor to Prime Minister Margaret Thatcher. The publication of the memoir was considered decent, as Ingham waited until Thatcher had left political life. Former Cabinet member Sir Richard Wilson declared in the early 2000s that civil servants have an "exceptional record" of keeping government secrets to themselves.

Draft:Good Chap Theory

The Death of the Principle

The Death of the Principle The common perception is that this is an idea that once covered British politics but no longer does. Former British Prime Minister Boris Johnson became a symbol of someone who was not a "good chap," both in the broad sense—using his political power beyond accepted norms—and specifically regarding the publication of sensitive information, as he did not obtain the approval of the Advisory Committee on Business Appointments before publishing his column in the Daily Mail. Hennessy and other constitutional law experts emphasize that data show the principle has been lost, with those in power not resigning despite embarrassing examples of lies, corruption, and other scandals. In 2019, Hennessy and Andrew Blick wrote: "If the general standards of proper behavior among senior British statesmen can no longer be taken for granted, then our core constitutional principles have also become transient." Blick explained that the abandonment of this principle is expected to have serious constitutional consequences, weakening Britain's democratic characteristics.

Draft:Good Chap Theory

Further Reading

Further Reading * Blick, Andrew, and Peter Hennessy. "Good Chaps No More." ''Safeguarding the Constitution in Stressful Times'' (2019): 5-6. * McCabe, Steven. "The End of the ‘Good Chap’Government?." (2019). * Clive Priestley, ‘Promoting the efficiency of central government’, in Arthur Shenfield et al., Managing the Bureaucracy (Adam Smith Institute, London, 1986), p.117 * Peter Hennessy, ‘“Harvesting the Cupboards”: Why Britain has Produced no Administrative Theory or Ideology in the Twentieth Century’, Transactions of the Royal Historical Society 4 (1994), pp.203-219, p.205.

Draft:Good Chap Theory

External Links

External Links The Failure of "good chaps": are norms and conventions still work in the UK constitution?", a video in the channel "Institute for Government" on Youtube (length: 01:02:02)

Draft:Good Chap Theory

References

Draft:Good Chap Theory

Table of Content

'''Good Chap Theory''', The Principle, Application of the Principle in the Disclosure of Sensitive Information, The Death of the Principle, Further Reading, External Links, References

Category:People from Mira

Commons category

Category:Mira Mira Mira

Category:People from Mira

Table of Content

Commons category

Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Andrea Della Valle

[[:Andrea Della Valle]]

:Andrea Della Valle – (View AfDView log | edits since nomination) () Lack of wp:SIGCOV and fails Wp:GNG. Zuck28 (talk) 14:39, 19 May 2025 (UTC) Note: This discussion has been included in the deletion sorting lists for the following topics: People, Businesspeople, and Italy. Zuck28 (talk) 14:39, 19 May 2025 (UTC) Delete - WP:NOTPROMO. One more business man who tells us what he has, but not how he got there. Honorary degree, honorary citizenship. He's a billionaire and "vice-chairman of the Tod's Group, of which his brother Diego Della Valle is chairman." So what? — Maile (talk) 17:57, 19 May 2025 (UTC) Delete - Lacks sources and fails notability guidelines. --ArdynOfTheAncients (talk) 18:21, 19 May 2025 (UTC) Delete - hilariously bad puff piece. Bearian (talk) 03:14, 21 May 2025 (UTC)

Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Andrea Della Valle

Table of Content

[[:Andrea Della Valle]]

Paikwaophis

Short description

Paikwaophis is a monotypic genus of snake in the subfamily Xenodontinae (family Dipsadidae), represented solely by the species Paikwaophis kruki. It is known only from the type locality in the Eastern Pantepui District of the Guiana Shield highlands in Guyana.

Paikwaophis

Taxonomy

Taxonomy Paikwaophis was described in 2023 based on morphological and molecular data. Phylogenetic analyses using six genes (four mitochondrial and two nuclear) placed the genus as sister to Xenopholis, with strong statistical support. While both genera are nested within Xenodontinae, they differ significantly in morphology and osteology. Due to the distinctiveness of Paikwaophis, a new genus was erected. The genus name combines the name of the Paikwa River with the Greek ophis (snake). The type species, Paikwaophis kruki, is named in honor of Polish biologist Andrzej Kruk.

Paikwaophis

Description

Description Paikwaophis kruki is a small, non-venomous snake characterized by a short head, robust body, and smooth scales arranged in 17 dorsal rows without reduction. The tail is short, comprising about 13% of the total length. Coloration includes a light brown dorsum, bold black lateral stripes, and a light blue streak along the lower sides. The skull and vertebrae suggest a fossorial or semi-fossorial lifestyle, with features such as a blunt snout, reduced postorbital bone, smooth neural spines, and absence of hypapophyses on the posterior vertebrae. The species has a distinctive dental pattern, including seven prediastemal and two postdiastemal maxillary teeth, as well as additional teeth on the palatine, pterygoid, and dentary bones. Although phylogenetically closest to Xenopholis, Paikwaophis differs in several ways, including a higher number of trunk vertebrae, absence of grooved fangs, a larger and vertically ovoid lacrimal foramen, and a distinct structure of the postorbital bone.

Paikwaophis

Distribution and habitat

Distribution and habitat Paikwaophis kruki is endemic to a mossy cloud forest habitat near Wei-Assipu-tepui in western Guyana, at an elevation of ~1180 m. The region features dense leaf litter, peaty soils, and a humid, epiphyte-rich canopy. The female holotype is the only known specimen.

Paikwaophis

Ecology and behavior

Ecology and behavior The species is presumed fossorial or semi-fossorial, inferred from its cranial morphology and habitat. Unlike Xenopholis, no defensive behaviors such as body flattening have been observed. The holotype contained lizard scales in its digestive tract, indicating that its diet includes lizards.

Paikwaophis

References

References Category:Dipsadinae Category:Monotypic snake genera Category:Species known from a single specimen

Paikwaophis

Table of Content

Short description, Taxonomy, Description, Distribution and habitat, Ecology and behavior, References

Arend-class patrol ship

no footnotes

The Arend class (sometimes referred to as Valk class''') was a class of two "opium hunters", meaning fast patrol boats built by the Maatschappij voor Scheeps- en Werktuigbouw Fijenoord in Rotterdam for service with the Government Navy. The class consisted of HNLMS Arend and HNLMS Valk.Mark, Chris (1997). Schepen van de Koninklijke Marine in W.O. II. Alkmaar: De Alk. ISBN 978-90-6013-522-8.Helfrich, Conrad Emile Lambert (1950). Memoires van Admiraal Helfrich Amsterdam: Elsevier. Construction Name Laid down Commissioned Fate 5 July 1928 16 January 1930 as patrol ship 10 April 1935 as opium hunter Scuttled by own crew 7 March 1942 22 September 1928 9 April 1930 Scuttled by own crew 7 March 1942 Service historyArend was be commandeered by the Royal Netherlands Navy while still under construction as there was a shortage of available ships to protect the overseas Caribbean territories. She was therefore slightly modified in design and receive more armor plating. She was returned to the Gouvernements Marine in 1935 once had been completed and was be able to take over the role of protecting the Dutch Caribbean.Valk'' was employed as designed, as an opium hunter with the Government Navy after entering commission in 1930. During the Second World War, both ships served as patrol ships and seaplane tenders for PBY Catalina aircraft. After the fall of Java, both ships were scuttled by their crews as they were unable to escape to Ceylon or Australia.

Arend-class patrol ship

Citations

Arend-class patrol ship

References

Arend-class patrol ship

External links

External links Description of class Category:Patrol boat classes Category:World War II naval ships of the Netherlands

Arend-class patrol ship

Table of Content

no footnotes, Citations, References, External links

Category:Mira

Portal

Category:Cities and towns in Veneto Category:Municipalities of the Metropolitan City of Venice Category:Wikipedia categories named after populated places in Italy

Category:Mira

Table of Content

Portal

Blitz Kids (book)

Short description

Blitz Kids: True Stories from the Children of Wartime Britain is a book by Duncan Barrett and Nuala Calvi, co-authors of The Sugar Girls. It was published in April 2025 as part of the commemorations for the eightieth anniversary of VE Day on 8 May that year. The book tells the stories of fifteen individuals who were children during the Second World War. Researching it, the authors spoke to more than eighty so-called Blitz Kids, before choosing a representative sample of stories. These include Maureen Donovan, who was bombed out of her home in Bromley by Bow, Liverpudlians Christopher Munro, whose father was missing presumed dead in the Merchant Navy, Frances Izzard, who was evacuated to Haslington in Cheshire, and Clare McGann, mother of the actors Paul McGann, Stephen McGann, Mark McGann and Joe McGann, Irene Brown, who saw the troops departing on D-Day in Southampton, Doreen Cadden, who survived Operation Moonlight Sonata in Coventry, Doreen McBride, who helped her father smuggle meat from Dublin to Belfast, Brian Ingram, who spent his free time collecting shrapnel near his home in Birmingham, Betty Peachy, who was buried alive during a raid in Filton, on the outskirts of Bristol, and John Le Page, a Guernsey evacuee living in Halifax, West Yorkshire.

Blitz Kids (book)

Reception

Reception The book was rated 8/10 and described as ‘poignant [and] page-turning’ by Matt Nixson in the Daily Express, and recommended as ‘inspirational’ in the Sunday Express’s ‘S’ magazine.

Blitz Kids (book)

References

References Category:2025 non-fiction books Category:History books about World War II

Blitz Kids (book)

Table of Content

Short description, Reception, References

Draft:Mihaela Adelgundis Černic

Infobox person

Mihaela Černic, sister Marija Adelgundis, Slovenian painter in teacher of painting and Art, * 29. september 1913, Miren, † 28. avgust 2016, Gorizia.

Draft:Mihaela Adelgundis Černic

Life and Work

Life and Work Mihaela Adelgundis was born on September 29, 1913, in Miren as the fifth child in the family of Avguštin Černic, a shoemaker, and Jožefa Batistič, a field labourer. After finishing primary school in her hometown, she entered the convent of the School Sisters of Notre Dame (Istituto Nostra Signora) in Gorizia on September 16, 1928. There, she first attended city school for three years and then studied for another three years at a school preparing for religious life, partly in Gorizia and partly in Ilirska Bistrica. She began her novitiate on August 27, 1934. She took her first vows on August 28, 1935, and her final vows on August 15, 1941. Early in her youth, she showed a talent for art. After taking her first vows, she enrolled at the Academy of Fine Arts in Venice, where she graduated in 1943. She later continued her artistic studies in Rome as well. In 1955, she passed the professor’s examination and began several decades of teaching art and painting at high schools in Gorizia. She also taught privately. She remained artistically active throughout her life and retirement; even in old age, she continued to paint and draw intensively. She passed away on August 28, 2016, at the Sisters of Notre Dame convent in Gorizia, at the age of 102. She left behind a substantial body of artistic work.

Draft:Mihaela Adelgundis Černic

Artistic Style

Artistic Style From early childhood, Mihaela Adelgundis showed a strong passion for drawing, and over the course of her long career she developed a distinctive classical-figurative style. She remained faithful to traditional artistic representation and did not follow the trends of modernist abstraction.noviSplet.com (26. september 2017). »Še ena razstava del redovnice-umetnice » Noviglas«. Noviglas. Pridobljeno 19. maja 2025. Her works are mostly realistic and marked by a deep appreciation for the beauty of nature. She especially enjoyed depicting natural motifs, flowers, still lifes, birds, and religious themes—particularly images of the Virgin Mary, angels, and saints.noviSplet.com (25. avgust 2017). »Retrospektivna razstava del s. Adelgundis » Noviglas«. Noviglas. Pridobljeno 19. maja 2025. As a versatile artist, she worked in various techniques: oil on canvas, tempera, and watercolor, and also produced numerous drawings, sketches, architectural designs, and illustrations. She even experimented with relief work. Her rich artistic creations adorn many churches, institutions, and private homes throughout the Goriška and Trieste regions, as well as in Rome and beyond. Among her most notable contributions are religious motifs still displayed in Italian churches in Gorizia, Trieste, and Rome. Many of her paintings are preserved in the Notre Dame convent in Gorizia, where they decorate the convent. She is also known for her depiction of the Merciful Jesus in a chapel near her home in Miren. On occasion, she contributed artwork to publications—for example, the cover of the vinyl record Svetokriška mladina poje (1978) features her painting of the parish church in Sv. Križ near Trieste.

Draft:Mihaela Adelgundis Černic

See also

See also Category:Surnames of African origin

Chihana

Table of Content

Wiktionary, Given name, Surname, See also