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Ayahuasca
Adverse effects
Adverse effects In the short term, ingesting Ayahuasca can cause nausea, vomiting and diarrhea. These three effects, known as purging, are traditionally recognized to be a part of the spiritual experience of ayahuasca. Physiologically, vomiting is a result of increased serotonin circulating in the gut, which directly stimulates the vagus nerve. Other short-term side effects include increased blood pressure and tachycardia. Additionally, increased secretion of hormones like prolactin, cortisone, and growth hormone has been correlated with ayahuasca consumption. Rarer side effects include dyspnea, seizures and serotonin syndrome. Ayahuasca is suspected of triggering psychosis in people with a predisposition to the condition, and there is a lack of safety information for Ayahuasca's possible effects on pregnancy and breastfeeding.
Ayahuasca
Psychological effects
Psychological effects People who have consumed ayahuasca report having mystical experiences and spiritual revelations regarding their purpose on earth, the true nature of the universe, and deep insight into how to be the best person they possibly can. Many people also report therapeutic effects, especially around depression and personal traumas. This is viewed by many as a spiritual awakening and what is often described as a near-death experience or rebirth. It is often reported that individuals feel they gain access to higher spiritual dimensions and make contact with various spiritual or extra-dimensional beings who can act as guides or healers. The experiences that people have while under the influence of ayahuasca are also culturally influenced. Westerners typically describe experiences with psychological terms like "ego death" and understand the hallucinations as repressed memories or metaphors of mental states. However, at least in Iquitos, Peru (a center of ayahuasca ceremonies), those from the area describe the experiences more in terms of the actions in the body and understand the visions as reflections of their environment, sometimes including the person who they believe caused their illness, as well as interactions with spirits. Most psychological effects can be accredited to the influx of serotonin caused by the psychoactive combination of DMT with beta-carbolines. Serotonin stimulates a group of G-protein coupled receptors known as 5-HT receptors. Specifically, stimulation of the 5-HT2A receptor type is correlated with hallucinogenic effects.
Ayahuasca
Potential therapeutic effects
Potential therapeutic effects There are potential antidepressant and anxiolytic effects of ayahuasca. Ayahuasca has also been studied for the treatment of addictions and shown to be effective, with lower Addiction Severity Index scores seen in users of ayahuasca compared to controls. Ayahuasca users have also been seen to consume less alcohol.
Ayahuasca
Pharmacology
Pharmacology
Ayahuasca
Harmala alkaloids
Harmala alkaloids class=skin-invert-image|right|thumb|Molecular structure of harmine class=skin-invert-image|right|thumb|Molecular structure of harmaline class=skin-invert-image|right|thumb|Molecular structure of tetrahydroharmine Harmala alkaloids are MAO-inhibiting beta-carbolines. The three most studied harmala alkaloids in the B. caapi vine are harmine, harmaline and tetrahydroharmine. Harmine and harmaline are selective and reversible inhibitors of monoamine oxidase A (MAO-A), while tetrahydroharmine is a weak serotonin reuptake inhibitor (SRI). Individual polymorphisms of the cytochrome P450-2D6 enzyme, and more over the isolated indocine metabolite from the inhabitation of CPY134a, with a varied rate of gustation due to physiological factors affect the ability of individuals to metabolize harmine.
Ayahuasca
Interactions
Interactions
Ayahuasca
Legal status
Legal status Internationally, DMT is a Schedule I drug under the Convention on Psychotropic Substances. The Commentary on the Convention on Psychotropic Substances notes, however, that the plants containing it are not subject to international control: A fax from the Secretary of the International Narcotics Control Board (INCB) to the Netherlands Ministry of Public Health sent in 2001 goes on to state that "Consequently, preparations (e.g. decoctions) made of these plants, including ayahuasca, are not under international control and, therefore, not subject to any of the articles of the 1971 Convention." Despite the INCB's 2001 affirmation that ayahuasca is not subject to drug control by international convention, in its 2010 Annual Report the Board recommended that governments consider controlling (i.e. criminalizing) ayahuasca at the national level. This recommendation by the INCB has been criticized as an attempt by the Board to overstep its legitimate mandate and as establishing a reason for governments to violate the human rights (i.e., religious freedom) of ceremonial ayahuasca drinkers. Under American federal law, DMT is a Schedule I drug that is illegal to possess or consume; however, certain religious groups have been legally permitted to consume ayahuasca.orangebook.pdf www.deadiversion.usdoj.gov A court case allowing the União do Vegetal to import and use the tea for religious purposes in the United States, Gonzales v. O Centro Espírita Beneficente União do Vegetal, was heard by the U.S. Supreme Court on November 1, 2005; the decision, released February 21, 2006, allows the UDV to use the tea in its ceremonies pursuant to the Religious Freedom Restoration Act. In a similar case in Ashland, Oregon-based Santo Daime church sued for their right to import and consume ayahuasca tea. In March 2009, U.S. District Court Judge Panner ruled in favor of the Santo Daime, acknowledging its protection from prosecution under the Religious Freedom Restoration Act. In 2017 the Santo Daime Church Céu do Montréal in Canada received religious exemption to use ayahuasca as a sacrament in their rituals. Religious use in Brazil was legalized after two official inquiries into the tea in the mid-1980s, which concluded that ayahuasca is not a recreational drug and has valid spiritual uses.More on the legal status of ayahuasca can be found in the Erowid vault on the legality of ayahuasca. In France, Santo Daime won a court case allowing them to use the tea in early 2005; however, they were not allowed an exception for religious purposes, but rather for the simple reason that they did not perform chemical extractions to end up with pure DMT and harmala and the plants used were not scheduled.Cour d'appel de Paris, 10ème chambre, section B, dossier n° 04/01888. Arrêt du 13 janvier 2005 Court of Appeal of Paris, 10th Chamber, Section B, File No. 04/01888. Judgement of 13 January 2005 Four months after the court victory, the common ingredients of ayahuasca as well as harmala were declared stupéfiants, or narcotic schedule I substances, making the tea and its ingredients illegal to use or possess.JO, 2005-05-03. Arrêté du 20 avril 2005 modifiant l'arrêté du 22 février 1990 fixant la liste des substances classées comme stupéfiants (PDF) [Decree of 20 April 2005 amending the decree of 22 February 1990 establishing the list of substances scheduled as narcotics]. In June 2019, Oakland, California, decriminalized natural entheogens. The City Council passed the resolution in a unanimous vote, ending the investigation and imposition of criminal penalties for use and possession of entheogens derived from plants or fungi. The resolution states: "Practices with Entheogenic Plants have long existed and have been considered to be sacred to human cultures and human interrelationships with nature for thousands of years, and continue to be enhanced and improved to this day by religious and spiritual leaders, practicing professionals, mentors, and healers throughout the world, many of whom have been forced underground." In January 2020, Santa Cruz, California, and in September 2020, Ann Arbor, Michigan, decriminalized natural entheogens.
Ayahuasca
Intellectual property issues
Intellectual property issues Ayahuasca has stirred debate regarding intellectual property protection of traditional knowledge. In 1986 the US Patent and Trademarks Office (PTO) allowed the granting of a patent on the ayahuasca vine B. caapi. It allowed this patent based on the assumption that ayahuasca's properties had not been previously described in writing. Several public interest groups, including the Coordinating Body of Indigenous Organizations of the Amazon Basin (COICA) and the Coalition for Amazonian Peoples and Their Environment (Amazon Coalition) objected. In 1999 they brought a legal challenge to this patent which had granted a private US citizen "ownership" of the knowledge of a plant that is well-known and sacred to many Indigenous peoples of the Amazon, and used by them in religious and healing ceremonies. Later that year the PTO issued a decision rejecting the patent, on the basis that the petitioners' arguments that the plant was not "distinctive or novel" were valid; however, the decision did not acknowledge the argument that the plant's religious or cultural values prohibited a patent. In 2001, after an appeal by the patent holder, the US Patent Office reinstated the patent, albeit to only a specific plant and its asexually reproduced offspring. The law at the time did not allow a third party such as COICA to participate in that part of the reexamination process. The patent, held by US entrepreneur Loren Miller, expired in 2003.
Ayahuasca
See also
See also Changa Icaro Kambo (drug) Ibogaine Yachay Dimethyltryptamine/harmine
Ayahuasca
Notes
Notes
Ayahuasca
References
References
Ayahuasca
Further reading
Further reading Burroughs, William S. and Allen Ginsberg. The Yage Letters. San Francisco: City Lights, 1963. Langdon, E. Jean Matteson & Gerhard Baer, eds. Portals of Power: Shamanism in South America. Albuquerque: University of New Mexico Press, 1992. Shannon, Benny. The Antipodes of the Mind: Charting the Phenomenology of the Ayahuasca Experience. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2002. Taussig, Michael. Shamanism, Colonialism, and the Wild Man: A Study in Terror and Healing. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1986.
Ayahuasca
External links
External links Ayahuasca - PsychonautWiki Ayahuasca - Erowid What is Ayahuasca? - Tripsitter The Ayahuasca Experience: A Pilgrimage to the Spirit - Double Blind Magazine Category:5-HT2A agonists Category:Biopiracy Category:Entheogens Category:Herbal and fungal hallucinogens Category:Indigenous culture of the Amazon Category:Mixed drinks Category:Monoamine oxidase inhibitors Category:Polysubstance drinks Category:Serotonin receptor agonists
Ayahuasca
Table of Content
Short description, Etymology, Common names, Other names in the Western world, History, Origins, Early academic research, Shamanism, ''mestizos'' and ''vegetalistas'', Ayahuasca religions, Modern use, Preparation, Traditional use, Ceremony and the role of shamans, Shipibo-Konibo and their relation to Ayahuasca, Icaros, Traditional brew, Non-traditional use, Ayahuasca analogs, Effects, Adverse effects, Psychological effects, Potential therapeutic effects, Pharmacology, Harmala alkaloids, Interactions, Legal status, Intellectual property issues, See also, Notes, References, Further reading, External links
Alfonso Leng
Short description
thumb|Alfonso Leng Alfonso Leng Haygus (11 February 1884 – 11 November 1974)Alfonso Leng , Sinfónica de Colombia (accessed 2014-04-22) (in Spanish) was a post-romantic composer of classical music.John Beckwith, In Search of Alberto Guerrero (Wilfrid Laurier University Press, 2006), , pp. 18ff. Excerpts available at Google Books. He was born in Santiago, Chile. He wrote the first important symphonic work in Chilean tradition, "La Muerte de Alcino", a symphonic poem inspired by the novel of Pedro Prado. He composed many art songs in different languages and important piano pieces, like the five "Doloras" (1914), which he later orchestrated and are normally played in concerts in Chile and Latin America. He won the National Art Prize in 1957. Leng was also an accomplished dentist in Santiago.Nicolas Slonimsky, Writings on Music (Routledge, 2004), , vol. 3, p.25 Excerpts available As a dentist, he was the main founder of the dentistry faculty of the University of Chile, and he was eventually elected as the first dean. Leng was the nephew of composer Carmela Mackenna.
Alfonso Leng
References
References Category:1884 births Category:1974 deaths Category:Chilean male composers Category:Chilean dentists Category:Musicians from Santiago, Chile Category:Academic staff of the University of Chile Category:Chilean people of Chinese descent Category:20th-century Chilean musicians Category:20th-century Chilean classical composers Category:20th-century male composers Category:Chilean male classical composers Category:20th-century dentists Category:20th-century Chilean male artists
Alfonso Leng
Table of Content
Short description, References
Abbe number
Short description
In optics and lens design, the Abbe number, also known as the Vd-number or constringence of a transparent material, is an approximate measure of the material's dispersion (change of refractive index versus wavelength), with high values of Vd indicating low dispersion. It is named after Ernst Abbe (1840–1905), the German physicist who defined it. The term Vd-number should not be confused with the normalized frequency in fibers. right|thumb|300px|Refractive index variation for SF11 flint glass, BK7 borosilicate crown glass, and fused quartz, and calculation for two Abbe numbers for SF11. The Abbe number, of a material is defined as , where and are the refractive indices of the material at the wavelengths of the Fraunhofer's C, d, and F spectral lines (656.3 nm, 587.56 nm, and 486.1 nm respectively). This formulation only applies to the human vision. Outside this range requires the use of different spectral lines. For non-visible spectral lines the term "V-number" is more commonly used. The more general formulation defined as, , where and are the refractive indices of the material at three different wavelengths. The shortest wavelength's index is , and the longest's is . Abbe numbers are used to classify glass and other optical materials in terms of their chromaticity. For example, the higher dispersion flint glasses have relatively small Abbe numbers whereas the lower dispersion crown glasses have larger Abbe numbers. Values of range from below 25 for very dense flint glasses, around 34 for polycarbonate plastics, up to 65 for common crown glasses, and 75 to 85 for some fluorite and phosphate crown glasses. thumb|Most of the human eye's wavelength sensitivity curve, shown here, is bracketed by the Abbe number reference wavelengths of 486.1 nm (blue) and 656.3 nm (red) Abbe numbers are used in the design of achromatic lenses, as their reciprocal is proportional to dispersion (slope of refractive index versus wavelength) in the wavelength region where the human eye is most sensitive (see graph). For different wavelength regions, or for higher precision in characterizing a system's chromaticity (such as in the design of apochromats), the full dispersion relation (refractive index as a function of wavelength) is used.
Abbe number
Abbe diagram
Abbe diagram right|thumb|380px|An Abbe diagram, also known as 'the glass veil', plots the Abbe number against refractive index for a range of different glasses (red dots). Glasses are classified using the Schott Glass letter-number code to reflect their composition and position on the diagram. 250px|thumb|Influences of selected glass component additions on the Abbe number of a specific base glass. An Abbe diagram, also called 'the glass veil', is produced by plotting the Abbe number of a material versus its refractive index Glasses can then be categorised and selected according to their positions on the diagram. This can be a letter-number code, as used in the Schott Glass catalogue, or a 6 digit glass code. Glasses' Abbe numbers, along with their mean refractive indices, are used in the calculation of the required refractive powers of the elements of achromatic lenses in order to cancel chromatic aberration to first order. These two parameters which enter into the equations for design of achromatic doublets are exactly what is plotted on an Abbe diagram. Due to the difficulty and inconvenience in producing sodium and hydrogen lines, alternate definitions of the Abbe number are often substituted (ISO 7944). For example, rather than the standard definition given above, that uses the refractive index variation between the F and C hydrogen lines, one alternative measure using the subscript "e" for mercury's e line compared to cadmium's and  lines is This alternate takes the difference between cadmium's blue () and red () refractive indices at wavelengths 480.0 nm and 643.8 nm, relative to for mercury's e line at 546.073 nm, all of which are close by, and somewhat easier to produce than the C, F, and e lines. Other definitions can similarly be employed; the following table lists standard wavelengths at which is commonly determined, including the standard subscripts used. (nm) Fraunhofer'ssymbol Lightsource Color 365.01 i Hg UV-A 404.66 h Hg violet 435.84 g Hg blue 479.99 Cd blue 486.13 F H blue 546.07 e Hg green 587.56 d He yellow 589.3 D Na yellow 643.85 Cd red 656.27 C H red 706.52 r He red 768.2 K IR-A 852.11 s Cs IR-A 1013.98 t Hg IR-A
Abbe number
Derivation
Derivation Starting from the Lensmaker's equation we obtain the thin lens equation by dropping a small term that accounts for lens thickness, : when The change of refractive power between the two wavelengths and is given by where and are the short and long wavelengths' refractive indexes, respectively, and below, is for the center. The power difference can be expressed relative to the power at the center wavelength () by multiplying and dividing by and regrouping, get The relative change is inversely proportional to
Abbe number
See also
See also Abbe prism Abbe refractometer Calculation of glass properties, including Abbe number Glass code Sellmeier equation, more comprehensive and physically based modeling of dispersion
Abbe number
References
References
Abbe number
External links
External links Abbe graph and data for 356 glasses from Ohara, Hoya, and Schott Category:Dimensionless numbers of physics Category:Optical quantities Category:Glass physics
Abbe number
Table of Content
Short description, Abbe diagram, Derivation, See also, References, External links
ACN
'''ACN'''
ACN may refer to:
ACN
Aviation
Aviation ACN, the IATA airport code for Ciudad Acuña International Airport, Coahuila, Mexico Aircraft Classification Number, pavement load of an aircraft
ACN
Chemistry
Chemistry Acetonitrile, CH3CN Acrylonitrile, CH2CHCN
ACN
Corporate names and media
Corporate names and media Accenture, professional services company, listed on the NYSE as ACN ACN Inc., multi-level marketing company providing telecommunications and other services Agencia Carabobeña de Noticias, news agency, Valencia, Venezuela Agència Catalana de Notícies, news agency, Barcelona, Spain American Collectibles Network, former name for Jewelry Television, US Atlantis Cable News, fictional news channel on The Newsroom (American TV series) Australian Company Number, unique identifier for companies registered in Australia
ACN
Sport
Sport Africa Cup of Nations, biennial football tournament Hockey Africa Cup of Nations, biennial field hockey tournament: Men's Hockey Africa Cup of Nations Women's Hockey Africa Cup of Nations
ACN
Other uses
Other uses Achang language, a Tibeto-Burman language of China Achnasheen railway station, UK, National Rail code Acineta, a genus of orchid Action Congress of Nigeria, political party of Nigeria Agenzia per la Cybersicurezza Nazionale, Italian government cybersecurity agency, Italy Aid to the Church in Need, international Catholic charity based in Königstein im Taunus, Germany Algebraic notation (chess), the standard notation for recording chess games (Algebraic chess notation) Andean Community of Nations, free trade area Anglican Communion Network, network of Anglican and Episcopalian dioceses and parishes ante Christum natum, seldom-used Latin equivalent of BC Architecture for Control Networks, network protocol for theatrical control
ACN
Table of Content
'''ACN''', Aviation, Chemistry, Corporate names and media, Sport, Other uses
AD (disambiguation)
wikt
AD (Anno Domini) is a designation used to label years following 1 BC in the Julian and Gregorian calendars. Ad (advertisement) is a form of marketing communication. AD, A.D. or Ad may also refer to:
AD (disambiguation)
Art, entertainment, and media
Art, entertainment, and media
AD (disambiguation)
Film and television
Film and television A.D. (film), a 2010 animated zombie horror film A.D. (miniseries), a 1985 television miniseries set in ancient Rome A.D. The Bible Continues, a 2015 biblical drama television miniseries Arrested Development, an American television sitcom Attarintiki Daredi, 2013 Indian film by Trivikram Srinivas Audio description, a service for visually impaired audience on some TV programs
AD (disambiguation)
Music
Music AD (band), a Christian rock band A.D. (album), by Solace
AD (disambiguation)
Publications
Publications AD (poem), by Kenneth Fearing A.D.: New Orleans After the Deluge, a nonfiction graphic novel about Hurricane Katrina Algemeen Dagblad, a Dutch newspaper Architectural Digest, an interior design and landscaping magazine
AD (disambiguation)
Other art, entertainment, and media
Other art, entertainment, and media Audio description track, a narration track for visually impaired consumers of visual media
AD (disambiguation)
Brands and enterprises
Brands and enterprises Alexander Dennis, a British bus manufacturer Akcionersko društvo (aкционерско друштво), a Macedonian name for a type of company Aktsionerno drujestvo (акционерно дружество), a Bulgarian name for a type of company akcionarsko društvo (aкционарско друштво), a Serbian name for a type of company Analog Devices, a semiconductor company
AD (disambiguation)
Educational qualifications
Educational qualifications Artist diploma, a music performance certificate conferred by higher education institutions.
AD (disambiguation)
Military
Military Accidental discharge, a mechanical failure of a firearm causing it to fire Active duty, a status of full duty or service, usually in the armed forces Air defense, an anti-aircraft weaponry and systems Air Department, part of the British Admiralty A US Navy hull classification symbol: Destroyer tender (AD) AD Skyraider, former name of the Douglas A-1 Skyraider, a Navy attack aircraft
AD (disambiguation)
Organizations
Organizations Action Directe, a French far-left militant group Democratic Action (Venezuela) (), a social democratic and center-left political party Democratic Alliance (Portugal, 1979) (), a former centre-right political alliance Democratic Alternative (Malta) (), a green political party
AD (disambiguation)
People
People Ad (name), a given name, and a list of people with the name ‘Ad, great-grandson of Shem, son of Noah Anthony Davis (born 1993), American basketball player A. D. Loganathan (1888–1949), officer of the Indian National Army A. D. Whitfield (born 1943), American football player A. D. Winans (born 1936), American poet, essayist, short story writer and publisher A.D., nickname of Adrian Peterson (born 1985), American football player
AD (disambiguation)
Places
Places AD, ISO 3166-1 country for Andorra Abu Dhabi, capital of the United Arab Emirates AD, herbarium code for the State Herbarium of South Australia Andhra Pradesh, a state in southern India (HASC code)
AD (disambiguation)
Professions
Professions Art director, for a magazine or newspaper Assistant director, a film or television crew member Athletic director, the administrator of an athletics program
AD (disambiguation)
Science and technology
Science and technology
AD (disambiguation)
Biology and medicine
Biology and medicine Addison's disease, an endocrine disorder Adenovirus, viruses of the family Adenoviridae Alzheimer's disease, a neurodegenerative disease Anaerobic digestion, processes by which microorganisms break down biodegradable material Anti-diarrheal, medication which provides symptomatic relief for diarrhea Aortic dissection, which occurs when an injury to the innermost layer of the aorta allows blood to flow between the layers of the aortic wall, forcing the layers apart Approximate digestibility, an index measure of the digestibility of animal feed Atopic dermatitis, form of skin inflammation Atypical depression, a type of depression Autosomal dominant, a classification of genetic traits Autonomic dysreflexia, a potential medical emergency
AD (disambiguation)
Chemistry
Chemistry Adamantyl, abbreviated "Ad" in organic chemistry Sharpless asymmetric dihydroxylation, a type of organic chemical reaction
AD (disambiguation)
Computing
Computing .ad, the top level domain for Andorra Administrative distance, a metric in routing Active Directory, software for the management of Microsoft Windows domains Administrative domain, a computer networking facility Analog-to-digital converter, a type of electronic circuit Automatic differentiation, a set of computer programming techniques to speedily compute derivatives AD16, the hexadecimal number equal to decimal number 173
AD (disambiguation)
Mathematics
Mathematics Adjoint representation of a Lie group, abbreviated "Ad" in mathematics Axiom of determinacy, a set theory axiom
AD (disambiguation)
Physics
Physics Antiproton Decelerator, a device at the CERN physics laboratory Autodynamics, a physics theory
AD (disambiguation)
Other uses in science and technology
Other uses in science and technology Active disassembly, a technology supporting the cost-effective deconstruction of complex materials
AD (disambiguation)
Transportation
Transportation AD, IATA code for: Air Paradise, a defunct Indonesian airline Azul Brazilian Airlines Airworthiness Directive, an aircraft maintenance requirement notice
AD (disambiguation)
Other uses
Other uses ʿĀd, an ancient Arab tribe, mentioned in the Quran Aggregate demand, in macroeconomics Anno Diocletiani, an alternative year numbering system United States Academic Decathlon, a high school academic competition
AD (disambiguation)
See also
See also Anno Domini (disambiguation) BC (disambiguation) Domino (disambiguation) Dominus (disambiguation)
AD (disambiguation)
Table of Content
wikt, Art, entertainment, and media, Film and television, Music, Publications, Other art, entertainment, and media, Brands and enterprises, Educational qualifications, Military, Organizations, People, Places, Professions, Science and technology, Biology and medicine, Chemistry, Computing, Mathematics, Physics, Other uses in science and technology, Transportation, Other uses, See also
Ablative case
Short description
thumb|upright=1.3|Introduction to the ablative case from a 1903 Latin textbook In grammar, the ablative case (pronounced ; abbreviated ) is a grammatical case for nouns, pronouns, and adjectives in the grammars of various languages. It is used to indicate motion away from something, make comparisons, and serve various other purposes. The word "ablative" derives from the Latin , the (suppletive) perfect, passive participle of auferre "to carry away". The ablative case is found in several language families, such as Indo-European (e.g. Sanskrit, Latin, Albanian, Armenian, Punjabi), Turkic (e.g. Turkish, Turkmen, Azerbaijani, Uzbek, Kazakh, Kyrgyz, Tatar), Tungusic (e.g. Manchu, Evenki), Uralic (e.g. Hungarian), and the Dravidian languages. There is no ablative case in modern Germanic languages such as German and English. There was an ablative case in the early stages of Ancient Greek, but it quickly fell into disuse by the classical period.
Ablative case
Indo-European languages
Indo-European languages
Ablative case
Latin
Latin The ablative case in Latin () appears in various grammatical constructions, including following various prepositions, in an ablative absolute clause, and adverbially. The Latin ablative case was derived from three Proto-Indo-European cases: ablative (from), instrumental (with), and locative (in/at).
Ablative case
Greek
Greek In Ancient Greek, there was an ablative case ( ) which was used in the Homeric, pre-Mycenaean, and Mycenean periods. It fell into disuse during the classical period and thereafter with some of its functions taken by the genitive and others by the dative. The genitive case with the prepositions and is an example.
Ablative case
German
German German does not have an ablative case but, exceptionally, Latin ablative case-forms were used from the seventeenth to the nineteenth century after some prepositions, for example after in : ablative of the Latin loanword . Grammarians at that time, Justus Georg Schottel, Kaspar von Stieler, Johann Balthasar von Antesperg and Johann Christoph Gottsched, listed an ablative case (as the sixth case after nominative, genitive, dative, accusative and vocative) for German words. They arbitrarily considered the dative case after some prepositions to be an ablative, as in and , while they considered the dative case after other prepositions or without a preposition, as in , to be a dative.
Ablative case
Albanian
Albanian The ablative case is found in Albanian; it is the fifth case, .
Ablative case
Sanskrit
Sanskrit In Sanskrit, the ablative case is the fifth case () and has a similar function to that in Latin. Sanskrit nouns in the ablative often refer to a subject "out of" which or "from" whom something (an action, an object) has arisen or occurred: . It is also used for nouns in several other senses, as for actions occurring "because of" or "without" a certain noun, indicating distance or direction. When it appears with a comparative adjective, ( ), the ablative is used to refer to what the adjective is comparing: .
Ablative case
Armenian
Armenian The modern Armenian ablative has different markers for each main dialect, both originating from Classical Armenian. The Western Armenian affix (definite ) derives from the classical singular; the Eastern Armenian affix (both indefinite and definite) derives from the classical plural. For both dialects, those affixes are singular, with the corresponding plurals being and . Western Eastern Gloss from (a) man from the man from a house/from home from the house The ablative case has several uses. Its principal function is to show "motion away" from a location, point in space or time: Western Eastern Gloss I came from the city I used to live far from here It also shows the agent when it is used with the passive voice of the verb: Western Eastern Gloss You were always loved by me. We were freed by the liberators. It is also used for comparative statements in colloquial Armenian (including infinitives and participles): Western Eastern Gloss "What is sweeter than honey?" (proverb) Mary is younger (lit. smaller) than her brother Figs are better to taste than to see Finally, it governs certain postpositions: Western Eastern Gloss below me above you after them before us
Ablative case
Uralic languages
Uralic languages
Ablative case
Finnish
Finnish In Finnish, the ablative case is the sixth of the locative cases with the meaning "from, off, of": pöytä – pöydältä "table – off from the table". It is an outer locative case, used like the adessive and allative cases, to denote both being on top of something and "being around the place" (as opposed to the inner locative case, the elative, which means "from out of" or "from the inside of"). With the locative, the receding object was near the other place or object, not inside it. The Finnish ablative is also used in time expressions to indicate times of something happening (kymmeneltä "at ten") as well as with verbs expressing feelings or emotions. The Finnish ablative has the ending -lta or -ltä, depending on vowel harmony.
Ablative case
Usage
Usage away from a place katolta: off the roof pöydältä: off the table rannalta: from the beach maalta: from the land mereltä: from the sea from a person, object or other entity häneltä: from him/her/them with the verb lähteä (stop) lähteä tupakalta: stop smoking (in the sense of putting out the cigarette one is smoking now, lit. 'leave from the tobacco') lähteä hippasilta: stop playing tag (hippa=tag, olla hippasilla=playing tag) to smell/taste/feel/look/sound like something haisee pahalta: smells bad maistuu hyvältä: tastes good tuntuu kamalalta: feels awful näyttää tyhmältä: looks stupid kuulostaa mukavalta: sounds nice
Ablative case
Estonian
Estonian The ablative case in Estonian is the ninth case and has a similar function to that in Hungarian.
Ablative case
Hungarian
Hungarian The ablative case in Hungarian is used to describe movement away from, as well as a concept, object, act or event originating from an object, person, location or entity. For example, one walking away from a friend who gave him a gift could say the following: a barátomtól jövök (I am coming (away) from my friend). a barátomtól kaptam egy ajándékot (I got a gift from my friend). When used to describe movement away from a location, the case may only refer to movement from the general vicinity of the location and not from inside of it. Thus, a postától jövök would mean one had been standing next to the post office before, not inside the building. When the case is used to refer to the origin of a possible act or event, the act/event may be implied while not explicitly stated, such as : I will defend you from the robber. The application of vowel harmony gives two different suffixes: -tól and -től. These are applied to back-vowel and front-vowel words, respectively. Hungarian has a narrower delative case, similar to ablative, but more specific: movement off/from a surface of something, with suffixes -ról and -ről.
Ablative case
Turkic languages
Turkic languages
Ablative case
Azerbaijani
Azerbaijani The ablative in Azerbaijani () is expressed through the suffixes or :
Ablative case
Tatar
Tatar The ablative in Tatar () is expressed through the suffixes ,, , , , or :
Ablative case
Turkish
Turkish The ablative in Turkish ( or ) is expressed through the suffix (which changes to , , or to accommodate the vowel and voicing harmony): In some situations simple ablative can have a "because of" meaning; in these situations, ablative can be optionally followed by the postposition .
Ablative case
Tungusic
Tungusic
Ablative case
Manchu
Manchu The ablative in Manchu is expressed through the suffix and can also be used to express comparisons. It is usually not directly attached to its parent word.
Ablative case
Evenki
Evenki The ablative in Evenki is expressed with the suffix .
Ablative case
See also
See also Allative case Delative case Locative case
Ablative case
Further reading
Further reading
Ablative case
References
References Category:Grammatical cases
Ablative case
Table of Content
Short description, Indo-European languages, Latin, Greek, German, Albanian, Sanskrit, Armenian, Uralic languages, Finnish, Usage, Estonian, Hungarian, Turkic languages, Azerbaijani, Tatar, Turkish, Tungusic, Manchu, Evenki, See also, Further reading, References
Adamic language
Short description
thumb|Adam naming the animals as described in Genesis. In some interpretations, he uses the “Adamic language” to do so. The Adamic language, according to Jewish tradition (as recorded in the midrashim) and some Christians, is the language spoken by Adam (and possibly Eve) in the Garden of Eden. It is variously interpreted as either the language used by God to address Adam (the divine language), or the language invented by Adam with which he named all things (including Eve), as in the second Genesis creation narrative (). In the Middle Ages, various Jewish commentators held that Adam spoke Hebrew, a view also addressed in various ways by the late medieval Italian poet Dante Alighieri. In the early modern period, some authors continued to discuss the possibility of an Adamic language, some continuing to hold to the idea that it was Hebrew, while others such as John Locke were more skeptical. According to Ethiopian and Eritrean traditions, the ancient Semitic language of Geʽez is the language of Adam, the first and original language. More recently, a variety of Mormon authors have expressed various opinions about the nature of the Adamic language.
Adamic language
Patristic period
Patristic period Augustine addresses the issue in The City of God.Book XVI, chs. 10 – 12. While not explicit, the implication of there being but one human language prior to the Tower of Babel's collapse is that the language, which was preserved by Heber and his son Peleg, and which is recognized as the language passed down to Abraham and his descendants, is the language that would have been used by Adam.
Adamic language
Middle Ages
Middle Ages Traditional Jewish exegesis such as MidrashGenesis Rabbah 38 says that Adam spoke the Hebrew language because the names he gives Eve – IshaBook of Genesis 2:23 and ChavaGenesis 3:20 – only make sense in Hebrew. By contrast, Kabbalah assumed an "eternal Torah" which was not identical to the Torah written in Hebrew. Thus, Abraham Abulafia in the 13th century assumed that the language spoken in Paradise had been different from Hebrew, and rejected the claim then-current also among Christian authors, that a child left unexposed to linguistic stimulus would automatically begin to speak in Hebrew.Umberto Eco, The Search for the Perfect Language (1993), p. 32 f. Both Muslim and Christian Arabs, such as Sulayman al-Ghazzi, considered Syriac the language spoken by Adam and Eve. Umberto Eco (1993) notes that Genesis is ambiguous on whether the language of Adam was preserved by Adam's descendants until the confusion of tongues,Genesis 11:1–9 or if it began to evolve naturally even before Babel.Genesis 10:5Umberto Eco, The Search for the Perfect Language (1993), 7–10. Dante Alighieri addresses the topic in his De vulgari eloquentia (1302–1305). He argues that the Adamic language is of divine origin and therefore unchangeable.Mazzocco, p. 159 He also notes that according to Genesis, the first speech act is due to Eve, addressing the serpent, and not to Adam.mulierem invenitur ante omnes fuisse locutam. Umberto Eco, The Search for the Perfect Language (1993), p. 50. In his Divine Comedy (c. 1308–1320), however, Dante changes his view to another that treats the Adamic language as the product of Adam.Mazzocco, p. 170 This had the consequence that it could no longer be regarded as immutable, and hence Hebrew could not be regarded as identical with the language of Paradise. Dante concludes (Paradiso XXVI) that Hebrew is a derivative of the language of Adam. In particular, the chief Hebrew name for God in scholastic tradition, El, must be derived of a different Adamic name for God, which Dante gives as I.Pria ch’i’ scendessi a l’infernale ambascia, I s’appellava in terra il sommo bene onde vien la letizia che mi fascia Before I was sent down to Hell’s torments, on earth, the Highest Good—from which derives the joy that now enfolds me—was called I. Paradiso 26.133f.; Mazzocco, p. 178f.
Adamic language
Early modern period
Early modern period
Adamic language
Proponents
Proponents Elizabethan scholar John Dee makes references to a language he called "Angelical", which he recorded in his private journals and those of scryer Edward Kelley. Dee's journals did not describe the language as "Enochian", instead preferring "Angelical", the "Celestial Speech", the "Language of Angels", the "First Language of God-Christ", the "Holy Language", or "Adamical" because, according to Dee's Angels, it was used by Adam in Paradise to name all things. The language was later dubbed Enochian, due to Dee's assertion that the Biblical Patriarch Enoch had been the last human (before Dee and Kelley) to know the language. Dutch physician, linguist, and humanist Johannes Goropius Becanus (1519–1572) theorized in Origines Antwerpianae (1569) that Antwerpian Babrantic, spoken in the region between the Scheldt and Meuse Rivers, was the original language spoken in Paradise. Goropius believed that the most ancient language on Earth would be the simplest language, and that the simplest language would contain mostly short words. Since Brabantic has a higher number of short words than do Latin, Greek, and Hebrew, Goropius reasoned that it was the older language. His work influenced that of Simon Stevin (1548–1620), who espoused similar ideas in "Uytspraeck van de weerdicheyt der Duytse tael", a chapter in De Beghinselen Der Weeghconst (1586).
Adamic language
Opponents
Opponents By the 17th century, the existence and nature of the alleged Adamic language was commonly discussed amongst European Jewish and Christian mystics and primitive linguists. Robert Boyle (1627–1691) was skeptical that Hebrew was the language best capable of describing the nature of things, stating: I could never find, that the Hebrew names of animals, mentioned in the beginning of Genesis, argued a (much) clearer insight into their natures, than did the names of the same or some other animals in Greek, or other languages (1665:45). John Locke (1632–1704) expressed similar skepticism in his An Essay Concerning Human Understanding (1690).
Adamic language
Modern period
Modern period
Adamic language
Latter Day Saint movement
Latter Day Saint movement Joseph Smith, founder of the Latter Day Saint movement, in his revision of the Bible, declared the Adamic language to have been "pure and undefiled".Book of Moses 6:6. Some Mormons believe it to be the language of God. Glossolalia, or speaking in tongues, was commonplace in the early years of the movement, and it was commonly believed that the incomprehensible language spoken during these incidents was the language of Adam. However, this belief seems to have never been formally or officially adopted.Copeland, Lee. "Speaking in Tongues in the Restoration Churches", Dialogue: A Journal of Mormon Thought, Vol 24, No. 1 Some other early Latter Day Saint leaders, including Brigham Young,Brigham Young, "History of Brigham Young" , Millennial Star, vol. 25, no. 28, p. 439 (1863-07-11), cited in History of the Church 1:297, footnote (Young prays in the Adamic tongue). Orson Pratt,Journal of Discourses 2:342 (God = "Ahman"; Son of God = "Son Ahman"; Men = "Sons Ahman"; Angel = "Anglo-man"). and Elizabeth Ann Whitney,Woman's Exponent 7:83 (1 November 1878) (Whitney sings a hymn in the Adamic tongue). claimed to have received several words in the Adamic language by revelation. Some Latter Day Saints believe that the Adamic language is the "pure language" spoken of by ZephaniahZephaniah and that it will be restored as the universal language of humankind at the end of the world.Oliver Cowdery, "The Prophecy of Zephaniah", Evening and Morning Star, vol. 2, no. 18, p. 142 (March 1834).Bruce R. McConkie (1966, 2d ed.). Mormon Doctrine (Salt Lake City, Utah: Bookcraft) p. 19.Ezra Taft Benson (1988). Teachings of Ezra Taft Benson (Salt Lake City, Utah: Bookcraft) p. 93. Apostle Orson Pratt declared that "Ahman", part of the name of the settlement "Adam-ondi-Ahman" in Daviess County, Missouri, was the name of God in the Adamic language. An 1832 handwritten page from the Joseph Smith Papers, titled "A Sample of the Pure Language", and reportedly dictated by Smith to "Br. Johnson", asserts that the name of God is Awman."Sample of the Pure Language" ca. March 1832 The Latter Day Saint endowment prayer circle once included use of the words "Pay Lay Ale".Steven Naifeh and Gregory White Smith, The Mormon Murders (New York: St. Martins's Press, 1988) , p. 69. "the sign of the Second Token [is] raising both hands and then lowering them while repeating the incantation "Pay Lay Ale" three times" These untranslated words are no longer used in temple ordinances and have been replaced by an English version, "O God, hear the words of my mouth"."Current Mormon Temple Ceremony Now Available", Salt Lake City Messenger, no. 76, November 1990. Some believe that the "Pay Lay Ale" sentence is derived from the Hebrew phrase "pe le-El" (), "mouth to God". "Pay Lay Ale" was identified in the temple ceremony as words from the "pure Adamic language". Other words thought by some Latter Day Saints to derive from the Adamic language include deseret ("honey bee") and Ahman ("God"). The Book of Moses refers to "a book of remembrance" written in the language of Adam.Moses 6:5, 46.
Adamic language
Goidelic languages
Goidelic languages Nicholas Wolf writes that 19th-century Irish language speakers and publications claim that Irish (or some Goidelic language) is a language of Biblical primacy comparable to Hebrew, with some claiming it was the language of Adam. citing See also an overview at
Adamic language
In popular culture
In popular culture In the videogame Indiana Jones and the Great Circle, the language Adamic is discovered by the protagonist as an early human language spoken by giants, which was adapted into Egyptian and Sumerian in ancient times. It is also represented on stone tablets, resembling logographic writing systems of the early Bronze Age.
Adamic language
See also
See also History of linguistics Mythical origins of language Origin of language Proto-Human language Universal language Enochian Sacred language
Adamic language
References
References
Adamic language
Bibliography
Bibliography Allison P. Coudert (ed.), The Language of Adam = Die Sprache Adams, Wiesbaden: Harrassowitz, 1999. Angelo Mazzocco, Linguistic Theories in Dante and the Humanists, (chapter 9: "Dante's Reappraisal of the Adamic language", 159–181). Umberto Eco, The Search for the Perfect Language (1993). Category:Dante Alighieri Category:Hebrew language Category:Kabbalah Category:Language and mysticism Category:Latter Day Saint temple practices Category:Midrashim Category:Obsolete scientific theories Category:Religious language Category:Spurious languages Category:Adam and Eve
Adamic language
Table of Content
Short description, Patristic period, Middle Ages, Early modern period, Proponents, Opponents, Modern period, Latter Day Saint movement, Goidelic languages, In popular culture, See also, References, Bibliography
Rise and Fall of the City of Mahagonny
short description
Rise and Fall of the City of Mahagonny () is a political-satirical opera composed by Kurt Weill to a German libretto by Bertolt Brecht. It was first performed on 9 March 1930 at the in Leipzig. Some interpreters have viewed the play as a critique of American society. Others have perceived it as a critique of the chaotic and immoral Weimar Republic, particularly Berlin of the 1920s with its rampant prostitution, unstable government, political corruption, and economic crises.Study Guide: Rise and Fall of the City of Mahagonny, enotes.com
Rise and Fall of the City of Mahagonny
Composition history
Composition history Weill was asked by the 1927 Baden-Baden music festival committee to write a one-act chamber opera for the festival. He ended up writing Mahagonny-Songspiel, sometimes known as Das kleine Mahagonny, a concert work commissioned for voices and a small orchestra. The work was written in May 1927, and performed in June. It consisted of eleven numbers, including "Alabama Song" and "Benares Song". Weill then continued to rework the material into a full opera while Brecht worked on the libretto. The opera had its premiere in Leipzig on 9 March 1930 and played in Berlin in December of the following year. The opera was banned by the Nazis in 1933 and did not have a significant production until the 1960s. Weill's score uses a number of styles, including ragtime, jazz and formal counterpoint. The "Alabama Song" has been interpreted by a range of artists, notably Ute Lemper, The Doors and David Bowie.
Rise and Fall of the City of Mahagonny
Language
Language The lyrics for the "Alabama Song" and another song, the "Benares Song", are in English (albeit specifically idiosyncratic English) and are performed in that language even when the opera is performed in its original (German) language. A few lines of the briefly interpolated song, "Asleep in the Deep" (1897), lyrics by Arthur J. Lamb, music by H. W. Petrie, referred to in the opera by its opening words, "Stürmisch die Nacht " or "Stormy the Deep", are sung in the German version of the song, composed on verses of Martell, under the title "Des Seemanns Los" (The Sailor's Fate), when the opera is sung in the original German. Although the name of the city itself sounds like the English word mahogany and its German-language equivalent, Mahagoni, the character Leokadja Begbick states that it means "City of Nets" while Brecht stated that it was a made-up word.
Rise and Fall of the City of Mahagonny
Performance history
Performance history The opera has played in opera houses around the world. Never achieving the popularity of Weill and Brecht's The Threepenny Opera, Mahagonny is still considered a work of stature with a haunting score. Herbert Lindenberger in his book Opera in History, for example, views Mahagonny alongside Schoenberg's Moses und Aron as indicative of the two poles of modernist opera. Following the Leipzig premiere, the opera was presented in Berlin in December 1931 at the Theater am Schiffbauerdamm conducted by Alexander von Zemlinsky with Lotte Lenya as Jenny, Trude Hesterberg as Begbick, and Harald Paulsen as Jimmy. Another production was presented in January 1934 in Copenhagen at the Det Ny Teater. Other productions within Europe waited until the end of the Second World War, some notable ones being in January 1963 in London at Sadler's Wells Opera conducted by Colin Davis and in Berlin in September 1977 by the Komische Oper. It was not presented in the United States until 1970, when a short-lived April production at the Phyllis Anderson Theatre off Broadway starred Barbara Harris as Jenny, Frank Porretta as Jimmy, and Estelle Parsons as Begbick. It was then presented in Boston in 1973 under the direction of Sarah Caldwell. The first university production in the US was in 1973 at UC Berkeley, directed by Jean-Bernard Bucky and Michael Senturia. A full version was presented at the Yale Repertory Theatre in New Haven, Connecticut, in 1974, with Gilbert Price as Jimmy and Stephanie Cotsirilos as Jenny. Kurt Kasznar played Moses. The libretto was performed in an original translation by Michael Feingold; the production was directed by Alvin Epstein. In October 1978, Yale presented a "chamber version" adapted and directed by Keith Hack, with John Glover as Jimmy and June Gable as Begbick. Mark Linn-Baker played Fatty; Michael Gross was Trinity Moses. In November 1979, Mahagonny debuted at the Metropolitan Opera in a John Dexter production conducted by James Levine. The cast included Teresa Stratas as Jenny, Astrid Varnay as Begbick, Richard Cassilly as Jimmy, Cornell MacNeil as Moses, Ragnar Ulfung as Fatty and Paul Plishka as Joe. The production was televised in 1979 and was released on DVD in 2010. This production was streamed through the Met Opera on Demand platform on 12 December 2020 and 3-4 July 2021. The Los Angeles Opera presented the opera in September 1989 under conductor Kent Nagano and with a Jonathan Miller production. Other notable productions in Europe from the 1980s included the March 1986 presentation by the Scottish Opera in Glasgow; a June 1990 production in Florence by the Maggio Musicale Fiorentino. In October 1995 and 1997, the Paris Opera staged by Graham Vick, under the baton of Jeffrey Tate starring Marie McLaughlin as Jenny, Felicity Palmer (1995) and Kathryn Harries (1997) as Begbick, and Kim Begley (1995)/Peter Straka (1997) as Jimmy. The July 1998 Salzburg Festival production featured Catherine Malfitano as Jenny, Gwyneth Jones as Begbick, and Jerry Hadley as Jimmy. The Vienna State Opera added it to its repertoire in January 2012 in a production by Jérôme Deschamps conducted by Ingo Metzmacher starring Christopher Ventris as Jimmy and Angelika Kirchschlager as Jenny, notably casting young mezzo-soprano Elisabeth Kulman as Begbick, breaking the tradition of having a veteran soprano (like Varnay or Jones) or musical theater singer (like Patti LuPone) perform the role. Productions within the US have included those in November 1998 by the Lyric Opera of Chicago directed by David Alden. Catherine Malfitano repeated her role as Jenny, while Felicity Palmer sang Begbick, and Kim Begley sang the role of Jimmy. The Los Angeles Opera's February 2007 production directed by John Doyle and conducted by James Conlon included Audra McDonald as Jenny, Patti LuPone as Begbick, and Anthony Dean Griffey as Jimmy. This production was recorded on DVD, and subsequently won the 2009 Grammy Awards for "Best Classical Album" and "Best Opera Recording." In 2014 it was performed using an alternate libretto as a "wrestling opera" at the Oakland Metro by the performers of Hoodslam. A major new production had its world premiere in July 2019 at the Aix-en-Provence Festival in France conducted by Esa-Pekka Salonen with stage direction by Ivo van Hove. It is a co-production of Dutch National Opera, Metropolitan Opera, Opera Ballet Vlaanderen, and Les Theatres De La Ville De Luxembourg.Rise and Fall of the City of Mahagonny, 2019 performance details, Aix-en-Provence Festival
Rise and Fall of the City of Mahagonny
Roles
Roles +RoleVoice typePremiere cast, 9 March 1930Conductor: Gustav BrecherLeokadja Begbick, a fugitivemezzo-sopranoMarga DannenbergDreieinigkeitsmoses (Trinity Moses), another fugitivebaritoneWalther ZimmerFatty der Prokurist (Fatty the Bookkeeper), a third fugitivetenorHanns FleischerJimmy Mahoney (Jimmy MacIntyre), an Alaskan lumberjacktenorPaul BeinertSparbüchsenbilly (Bank-Account Billy), Jimmy's friendbaritoneTheodor HorandJacob Schmidt (Jack O'Brien), Jimmy's friendtenorHanns HauschildJoe, called Alaskawolfjoe, Jimmy's friendbassErnst OsterkampJenny Smith, a whoresopranoMali TrummerToby HigginstenorAlfred HolländerAn announcer
Rise and Fall of the City of Mahagonny
Synopsis
Synopsis
Rise and Fall of the City of Mahagonny
Act 1
Act 1 Scene 1: A desolate no-man's land A truck breaks down. Three fugitives from justice get out and find themselves in the city of Mahagonny: Fatty the Bookkeeper, Trinity Moses, and Leocadia Begbick. Because the federal agents pursuing them will not search this far north, and they are in a good location to attract ships coming south from the Alaskan gold fields, Begbick decides that they can profit by staying where they are and founding a pleasure city, where men can have fun, because there is nothing else in the world to rely on. Scene 2 The news of Mahagonny spreads quickly, and sharks from all over flock to the bait, including the whore Jenny Smith, who is seen, with six other girls, singing the "Alabama Song", in which she waves goodbye to her home and sets out in pursuit of whiskey, dollars and pretty boys. Scene 3 In the big cities, where men lead boring, purposeless lives, Fatty and Moses spread the gospel of Mahagonny, city of gold, among the disillusioned. Scene 4 Four Alaskan Lumberjacks who have shared hard times together in the timberlands and made their fortunes set off together for Mahagonny. Jimmy Mahoney and his three friends – Jacob Schmidt, Bank Account Billy, and Alaska Wolf Joe – sing of the pleasures awaiting them in "Off to Mahagonny", and look forward to the peace and pleasure they will find there. Scene 5 The four friends arrive in Mahagonny, only to find other disappointed travelers already leaving. Begbick, well-informed about their personal tastes, marks down her prices, but for the penurious Billy, they still seem too high. Jimmy impatiently calls for the girls of Mahagonny to show themselves, so he can make a choice. Begbick suggests Jenny as the right girl for Jack, who finds her rates too high. She pleads with Jack to reconsider ("Havana Song"), which arouses Jim's interest, and he chooses her. Jenny and the girls sing a tribute to "the Jimmys from Alaska." Scene 6 Jimmy and Jenny get to know one another as she asks him to define the terms of their contact: Does he wish her to wear her hair up or down, to wear fancy underwear or none at all? "What is your wish?" asks Jim, but Jenny evades answering. Scene 7 Begbick, Fatty, and Moses meet to discuss the pleasure city's financial crisis: People are leaving in droves, and the price of whiskey is sinking rapidly. Begbick suggests going back to civilization, but Fatty reminds her that the federal agents have been inquiring for her in nearby Pensacola. Money would solve everything, declares Begbick, and she decides to soak the four new arrivals for all they've got. Scene 8 Jimmy, restless, attempts to leave Mahagonny because he misses the wife he left in Alaska. Scene 9 In front of the Rich Man's Hotel, Jimmy and the others sit lazily as a pianist plays Tekla Bądarzewska's "A Maiden's Prayer". With growing anger, Jimmy sings of how his hard work and suffering in Alaska have led only to this. Drawing a knife, he shouts for Begbick, while his friends try to disarm him and the other men call to have him thrown out. Calm again, he tells Begbick that Mahagonny can never make people happy: it has too much peace and quiet. Scene 10 As if in answer to Jimmy's complaint, the city is threatened by a hurricane. Everyone sings in horror of the destruction awaiting them. Scene 11 Tensely, people watch for the hurricane's arrival. The men sing a hymn-like admonition not to be afraid. Jim meditatively compares Nature's savagery to the far greater destructiveness of Man. Why do we build, he asks, if not for the pleasure of destroying? Since Man can outdo any hurricane, fear makes no sense. For the sake of human satisfaction, nothing should be forbidden: If you want another man's money, his house or his wife, knock him down and take it; do what you please. As Begbick and the men ponder Jimmy's philosophy, Fatty and Moses rush in with news: The hurricane has unexpectedly struck Pensacola, destroying Begbick's enemies, the federal agents. Begbick and her cohorts take it as a sign that Jimmy is right; they join him, Jenny, and his three friends in singing a new, defiant song: If someone walks over someone else, then it's me, and if someone gets walked on, then it's you. In the background, the men continue to chant their hymn as the hurricane draws nearer.