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Aramaic
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Notes
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Notes
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Aramaic
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Sources
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Sources
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Aramaic
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External links
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External links
Ancient Aramaic Audio Files: Contains audio recordings of scripture.
The Aramaic Language and Its Classification – Efrem Yildiz, Journal of Assyrian Academic Studies
Comprehensive Aramaic Lexicon (including editions of Targums) at the Hebrew Union College, Cincinnati
Dictionary of Judeo-Aramaic
Jewish Language Research Website: Jewish Aramaic
Category:Languages attested from the 10th century BC
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Aramaic
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Table of Content
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Short description, History, Name, Geographic distribution, Aramaic languages and dialects, Writing system, Periodization, Old Aramaic, Ancient Aramaic, Imperial Aramaic, Biblical Aramaic, Post-Achaemenid Aramaic, Targumic, Babylonian Documentary Aramaic, Nabataean, Palmyrene, Eastern dialects, Western dialects, Languages during Jesus' lifetime, Middle Aramaic, Eastern Middle Aramaic, Syriac Aramaic, Jewish Babylonian Aramaic, Mandaic Aramaic, Western Middle Aramaic, Samaritan Aramaic, Aramaic in Roman Judea, Christian Aramaic in the Levant, Modern Aramaic, Modern Eastern Aramaic, Modern Western Aramaic, Sample texts, Phonology, Vowels, Consonants, Historical sound changes, Grammar, Verbs, Aspectual tense, Conjugations or verbal stems, See also, References, Notes, Sources, External links
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Saint Titus
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Short description
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Titus ( ; , Títos) was an early Christian missionary and church leader, a companion and disciple of Paul the Apostle, mentioned in several of the Pauline epistles including the Epistle to Titus. He is believed to be a Gentile converted to Christianity by Paul and, according to tradition, he was consecrated as Bishop of the Island of Crete.Smith, William. Smith's Bible Dictionary 11th printing, November 1975. New Jersey: Fleming H. Revel Company. pp. 701–02.
Titus brought a fundraising letter from Paul to Corinth, to collect for the poor in Jerusalem. According to Jerome, Titus was the amanuensis of this epistle (2 Corinthians).Jerome, Letter 120: "Therefore Titus served as an interpreter, as Saint Mark used to serve Saint Peter, with whom he wrote his Gospel..." Later, on Crete, Titus appointed presbyters (elders) in every city and remained there into his old age, dying in Gortyna.
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Saint Titus
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Life
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Life
Titus was a Greek, who may have studied Greek philosophy and poetry in his early years. He seems to have been converted by Paul, whereupon he served as Paul's secretary and interpreter. In the year 48 or 49 CE, Titus accompanied Paul to the council held at Jerusalem, on the subject of the Mosaic rites.
In the fall of 55 or 56 CE, Paul, as he himself departed from Asia, sent Titus from Ephesus to Corinth, with full commission to remedy the fallout precipitated by Timothy's delivery of 1 Corinthians and Paul's "Painful Visit", particularly a significant personal offense and challenge to Paul's authority by one unnamed individual. During this journey, Titus served as the courier for what is commonly known as the "Severe Letter", a Pauline missive that has been lost but is referred to in .
After success on this mission, Titus journeyed north and met Paul in Macedonia. There the apostle, overjoyed by Titus' success, wrote 2 Corinthians. Titus then returned to Corinth with a larger entourage, carrying 2 Corinthians with him. Paul joined Titus in Corinth later. From Corinth, Paul then sent Titus to organize the collections of alms for the Christians at Jerusalem. Titus was therefore a troubleshooter, peacemaker, ecclesiastical administrator, and missionary.
Early church tradition holds that Paul, after his release from his first imprisonment in Rome, stopped at the island of Crete to preach. Due to the needs of other churches, requiring his presence elsewhere, he ordained his disciple Titus as bishop of that island, and left him to finish the work he had started. John Chrysostom says that this is an indication of the esteem Paul held for Titus.
Paul summoned Titus from Crete to join him at Nicopolis in Epirus. Later, Titus traveled to Dalmatia. The New Testament does not record his death.
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Saint Titus
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Identification with Timothy
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Identification with Timothy
thumb|left|Titus and Timothy as separate individuals, in a mosaic in the Church of the Savior on Blood
It has been argued that the name "Titus" in 2 Corinthians and Galatians was an informal name used by Timothy, a view circumstantially supported by the fact that both are said to be long-term close companions of Paul, even though they never appear together in these books.Fellows, Richard G. "Was Titus Timothy?" Journal for the Study of the New Testament 81 (2001):33–58. The theory proposes that a number of passages (1 Corinthians 4:17, 16.10; 2 Corinthians 2:13, 7:6, 13–14, 12:18; and Acts 19.22) refer to the same journey of a single individual, variously called Titus and Timothy. In support of this position, some draw on the fourth-century commentaries of Gaius Marius Victorinus.Cooper, Stephen. Marius Victorinus' Commentary on Galatians. Oxford University Press, 2005.
Of course conjecture based upon a fourth century commentary or church tradition does not carry the weight of Scripture. indicates that Titus, an uncircumcised Gentile believer, was with Paul in Antioch before the first apostolic mission, and that neither Paul nor Barnabas nor the apostles in Jerusalem compelled Titus to be circumcised when he went with Paul and Barnabas to Jerusalem. (Galatians 2:1-10). Secondly, Paul met Timothy much later, on his 2nd apostolic mission (Acts 16:1-3). When Timothy joined the apostolic team in Lystra, he was circumcised in . Also, the name Titus is a Latin name, while Timothy is a Greek name. Quite possibly Titus was a Roman, while Timothy was the son of a Greek father and a Jewish mother (Acts 16:1). Finally and conclusively, in , Paul tells Timothy that Titus has departed to Dalmatia. Clearly they are different men.
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Saint Titus
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Veneration
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Veneration
Titus was venerated as a saint earlier than 261 CE. The feast day of Titus was not included in the Tridentine calendar. When added in 1854, it was assigned to 6 February.Calendarium Romanum (Libreria Editrice Vaticana, 1969), p. 86 In 1969, the Catholic Church assigned the feast to 26 January so as to celebrate the two disciples of Paul, Titus and Timothy, the day after the feast of the Conversion of St. Paul.Calendarium Romanum (Libreria Editrice Vaticana, 1969), p. 116 The Evangelical Lutheran Church in America celebrates these two, together with Silas, on the same date while he is honored on the calendars of the Church of England and Episcopal Church (with Timothy) on 26 January.
The Eastern Orthodox Church commemorates Titus on 25 August and on 4 January. His relics, now consisting of only his skull, are venerated in the Church of St. Titus, Heraklion, Crete, to which it was returned in 1966 after being removed to Venice during the period of Ottoman Crete (1667–1898).
Titus is the patron saint of the United States Army Chaplain Corps. The Corps has established the Order of Titus Award, described by the Department of Defense:
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Saint Titus
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See also
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See also
Epistle of Pseudo-Titus
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Saint Titus
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References
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References
Category:1st-century births
Category:107 deaths
Category:1st-century bishops in the Roman Empire
Category:1st-century Greek people
Category:Seventy disciples
Category:People in the Pauline epistles
Category:Christian saints from the New Testament
Category:Saints of Roman Crete
Category:Anglican saints
Category:Amanuenses
Category:Private secretaries
Category:Interpreters
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Saint Titus
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Table of Content
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Short description, Life, Identification with Timothy, Veneration, See also, References
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Actinide
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short description
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The actinide () or actinoid () series encompasses at least the 14 metallic chemical elements in the 5f series, with atomic numbers from 89 to 102, actinium through nobelium. Number 103, lawrencium, is also generally included despite being part of the 6d transition series. The actinide series derives its name from the first element in the series, actinium. The informal chemical symbol An is used in general discussions of actinide chemistry to refer to any actinide.
The 1985 IUPAC Red Book recommends that actinoid be used rather than actinide, since the suffix -ide normally indicates a negative ion. However, owing to widespread current use, actinide is still allowed.
Actinium through nobelium are f-block elements, while lawrencium is a d-block element and a transition metal. The series mostly corresponds to the filling of the 5f electron shell, although as isolated atoms in the ground state many have anomalous configurations involving the filling of the 6d shell due to interelectronic repulsion. In comparison with the lanthanides, also mostly f-block elements, the actinides show much more variable valence. They all have very large atomic and ionic radii and exhibit an unusually large range of physical properties. While actinium and the late actinides (from curium onwards) behave similarly to the lanthanides, the elements thorium, protactinium, and uranium are much more similar to transition metals in their chemistry, with neptunium, plutonium, and americium occupying an intermediate position.
All actinides are radioactive and release energy upon radioactive decay; naturally occurring uranium and thorium, and synthetically produced plutonium are the most abundant actinides on Earth. These have been used in nuclear reactors, and uranium and plutonium are critical elements of nuclear weapons. Uranium and thorium also have diverse current or historical uses, and americium is used in the ionization chambers of most modern smoke detectors.
Due to their long half-lives, only thorium and uranium are found on Earth and astrophysically in substantial quantities. The radioactive decay of uranium produces transient amounts of actinium and protactinium, and atoms of neptunium and plutonium are occasionally produced from transmutation reactions in uranium ores. The other actinides are purely synthetic elements.Greenwood, p. 1250 Nuclear weapons tests have released at least six actinides heavier than plutonium into the environment; analysis of debris from the 1952 first test of a hydrogen bomb showed the presence of americium, curium, berkelium, californium, and the discovery of einsteinium and fermium.
In presentations of the periodic table, the f-block elements are customarily shown as two additional rows below the main body of the table. This convention is entirely a matter of aesthetics and formatting practicality; a rarely used wide-formatted periodic table inserts the 4f and 5f series in their proper places, as parts of the table's sixth and seventh rows (periods).
Actinides
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Actinide
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Discovery, isolation and synthesis
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Discovery, isolation and synthesis
+Synthesis of transuranium elementsGreenwood, p. 1252Nobelium and lawrencium were almost simultaneously discovered by Soviet and American scientists ElementYearMethod Neptunium 1940 Bombarding 238U with neutrons Plutonium 1941 Bombarding 238U with deuterons Americium 1944 Bombarding 239Pu with neutrons Curium 1944 Bombarding 239Pu with α-particles Berkelium 1949 Bombarding 241Am with α-particles Californium 1950 Bombarding 242Cm with α-particles Einsteinium 1952 As a product of nuclear explosion Fermium 1952 As a product of nuclear explosion Mendelevium 1955 Bombarding 253Es with α-particles Nobelium 1965 Bombarding 243Am with 15N or 238U with 22Ne Lawrencium 1961–1971 Bombarding 252Cf with 10B or 11Band of 243Am with 18O
Like the lanthanides, the actinides form a family of elements with similar properties. Within the actinides, there are two overlapping groups: transuranium elements, which follow uranium in the periodic table; and transplutonium elements, which follow plutonium. Compared to the lanthanides, which (except for promethium) are found in nature in appreciable quantities, most actinides are rare. Most do not occur in nature, and of those that do, only thorium and uranium do so in more than trace quantities. The most abundant or easily synthesized actinides are uranium and thorium, followed by plutonium, americium, actinium, protactinium, neptunium, and curium.Myasoedov, p. 7
The existence of transuranium elements was suggested in 1934 by Enrico Fermi, based on his experiments. However, even though four actinides were known by that time, it was not yet understood that they formed a family similar to lanthanides. The prevailing view that dominated early research into transuranics was that they were regular elements in the 7th period, with thorium, protactinium and uranium corresponding to 6th-period hafnium, tantalum and tungsten, respectively. Synthesis of transuranics gradually undermined this point of view. By 1944, an observation that curium failed to exhibit oxidation states above 4 (whereas its supposed 6th period homolog, platinum, can reach oxidation state of 6) prompted Glenn Seaborg to formulate an "actinide hypothesis". Studies of known actinides and discoveries of further transuranic elements provided more data in support of this position, but the phrase "actinide hypothesis" (the implication being that a "hypothesis" is something that has not been decisively proven) remained in active use by scientists through the late 1950s.
At present, there are two major methods of producing isotopes of transplutonium elements: (1) irradiation of the lighter elements with neutrons; (2) irradiation with accelerated charged particles. The first method is more important for applications, as only neutron irradiation using nuclear reactors allows the production of sizeable amounts of synthetic actinides; however, it is limited to relatively light elements. The advantage of the second method is that elements heavier than plutonium, as well as neutron-deficient isotopes, can be obtained, which are not formed during neutron irradiation.Myasoedov, p. 9
In 1962–1966, there were attempts in the United States to produce transplutonium isotopes using a series of six underground nuclear explosions. Small samples of rock were extracted from the blast area immediately after the test to study the explosion products, but no isotopes with mass number greater than 257 could be detected, despite predictions that such isotopes would have relatively long half-lives of α-decay. This non-observation was attributed to spontaneous fission owing to the large speed of the products and to other decay channels, such as neutron emission and nuclear fission.Myasoedov, p. 14
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Actinide
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From actinium to uranium
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From actinium to uranium
thumb|left|Enrico Fermi suggested the existence of transuranium elements in 1934.
Uranium and thorium were the first actinides discovered. Uranium was identified in 1789 by the German chemist Martin Heinrich Klaproth in pitchblende ore. He named it after the planet Uranus, which had been discovered eight years earlier. Klaproth was able to precipitate a yellow compound (likely sodium diuranate) by dissolving pitchblende in nitric acid and neutralizing the solution with sodium hydroxide. He then reduced the obtained yellow powder with charcoal, and extracted a black substance that he mistook for metal. Sixty years later, the French scientist Eugène-Melchior Péligot identified it as uranium oxide. He also isolated the first sample of uranium metal by heating uranium tetrachloride with metallic potassium. The atomic mass of uranium was then calculated as 120, but Dmitri Mendeleev in 1872 corrected it to 240 using his periodicity laws. This value was confirmed experimentally in 1882 by K. Zimmerman.K. Zimmerman, Ann., 213, 290 (1882); 216, 1 (1883); Ber. 15 (1882) 849
Thorium oxide was discovered by Friedrich Wöhler in the mineral thorianite, which was found in Norway (1827).Golub, p. 214 Jöns Jacob Berzelius characterized this material in more detail in 1828. By reduction of thorium tetrachloride with potassium, he isolated the metal and named it thorium after the Norse god of thunder and lightning Thor. (modern citation: Annalen der Physik, vol. 92, no. 7, pp. 385–415) The same isolation method was later used by Péligot for uranium.
Actinium was discovered in 1899 by André-Louis Debierne, an assistant of Marie Curie, in the pitchblende waste left after removal of radium and polonium. He described the substance (in 1899) as similar to titanium and (in 1900) as similar to thorium. The discovery of actinium by Debierne was however questioned in 1971 and 2000, arguing that Debierne's publications in 1904 contradicted his earlier work of 1899–1900. This view instead credits the 1902 work of Friedrich Oskar Giesel, who discovered a radioactive element named emanium that behaved similarly to lanthanum. The name actinium comes from the , meaning beam or ray. This metal was discovered not by its own radiation but by the radiation of the daughter products.Golub, p. 213 Owing to the close similarity of actinium and lanthanum and low abundance, pure actinium could only be produced in 1950. The term actinide was probably introduced by Victor Goldschmidt in 1937.
Protactinium was possibly isolated in 1900 by William Crookes. It was first identified in 1913, when Kasimir Fajans and Oswald Helmuth Göhring encountered the short-lived isotope 234mPa (half-life 1.17 minutes) during their studies of the 238U decay chain. They named the new element brevium (from Latin brevis meaning brief); the name was changed to protoactinium (from Greek πρῶτος + ἀκτίς meaning "first beam element") in 1918 when two groups of scientists, led by the Austrian Lise Meitner and Otto Hahn of Germany and Frederick Soddy and John Arnold Cranston of Great Britain, independently discovered the much longer-lived 231Pa. The name was shortened to protactinium in 1949. This element was little characterized until 1960, when Alfred Maddock and his co-workers in the U.K. isolated 130 grams of protactinium from 60 tonnes of waste left after extraction of uranium from its ore.Greenwood, p. 1251
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Actinide
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Neptunium and above
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Neptunium and above
Neptunium (named for the planet Neptune, the next planet out from Uranus, after which uranium was named) was discovered by Edwin McMillan and Philip H. Abelson in 1940 in Berkeley, California. They produced the 239Np isotope (half-life 2.4 days) by bombarding uranium with slow neutrons. It was the first transuranium element produced synthetically.
thumb|Glenn T. Seaborg and his group at the University of California at Berkeley synthesized Pu, Am, Cm, Bk, Cf, Es, Fm, Md, No and element 106, which was later named seaborgium in his honor while he was still living. They also synthesized more than a hundred actinide isotopes.
Transuranium elements do not occur in sizeable quantities in nature and are commonly synthesized via nuclear reactions conducted with nuclear reactors. For example, under irradiation with reactor neutrons, uranium-238 partially converts to plutonium-239:
This synthesis reaction was used by Fermi and his collaborators in their design of the reactors located at the Hanford Site, which produced significant amounts of plutonium-239 for the nuclear weapons of the Manhattan Project and the United States' post-war nuclear arsenal.
Actinides with the highest mass numbers are synthesized by bombarding uranium, plutonium, curium and californium with ions of nitrogen, oxygen, carbon, neon or boron in a particle accelerator. Thus nobelium was produced by bombarding uranium-238 with neon-22 as
_{92}^{238}U + _{10}^{22}Ne -> _{102}^{256}No + 4_0^1n.
The first isotopes of transplutonium elements, americium-241 and curium-242, were synthesized in 1944 by Glenn T. Seaborg, Ralph A. James and Albert Ghiorso. Curium-242 was obtained by bombarding plutonium-239 with 32-MeV α-particles:
_{94}^{239}Pu + _2^4He -> _{96}^{242}Cm + _0^1n.
The americium-241 and curium-242 isotopes also were produced by irradiating plutonium in a nuclear reactor. The latter element was named after Marie Curie and her husband Pierre who are noted for discovering radium and for their work in radioactivity.Myasoedov, p. 8
Bombarding curium-242 with α-particles resulted in an isotope of californium 245Cf in 1950, and a similar procedure yielded berkelium-243 from americium-241 in 1949. The new elements were named after Berkeley, California, by analogy with its lanthanide homologue terbium, which was named after the village of Ytterby in Sweden.
In 1945, B. B. Cunningham obtained the first bulk chemical compound of a transplutonium element, namely americium hydroxide.Wallace W. Schulz (1976) The Chemistry of Americium, U.S. Department of Commerce, p. 1 Over the few years, milligram quantities of americium and microgram amounts of curium were accumulated that allowed production of isotopes of berkelium and californium. Sizeable amounts of these elements were produced in 1958,S. G. Thompson and B. B. Cunningham (1958) "First Macroscopic Observations of the Chemical Properties of Berkelium and Californium", supplement to Paper P/825 presented at the Second Intl. Conf., Peaceful Uses Atomic Energy, Geneva and the first californium compound (0.3 μg of CfOCl) was obtained in 1960 by B. B. Cunningham and J. C. Wallmann.Darleane C. Hoffman, Albert Ghiorso, Glenn Theodore Seaborg (2000) The transuranium people: the inside story, Imperial College Press, , pp. 141–142
Einsteinium and fermium were identified in 1952–1953 in the fallout from the "Ivy Mike" nuclear test (1 November 1952), the first successful test of a hydrogen bomb. Instantaneous exposure of uranium-238 to a large neutron flux resulting from the explosion produced heavy isotopes of uranium, which underwent a series of beta decays to nuclides such as einsteinium-253 and fermium-255. The discovery of the new elements and the new data on neutron capture were initially kept secret on the orders of the US military until 1955 due to Cold War tensions. Nevertheless, the Berkeley team were able to prepare einsteinium and fermium by civilian means, through the neutron bombardment of plutonium-239, and published this work in 1954 with the disclaimer that it was not the first studies that had been carried out on those elements. The "Ivy Mike" studies were declassified and published in 1955. The first significant (submicrogram) amounts of einsteinium were produced in 1961 by Cunningham and colleagues, but this has not been done for fermium yet.
The first isotope of mendelevium, 256Md (half-life 87 min), was synthesized by Albert Ghiorso, Glenn T. Seaborg, Gregory Robert Choppin, Bernard G. Harvey and Stanley Gerald Thompson when they bombarded an 253Es target with alpha particles in the 60-inch cyclotron of Berkeley Radiation Laboratory; this was the first isotope of any element to be synthesized one atom at a time.
There were several attempts to obtain isotopes of nobelium by Swedish (1957) and American (1958) groups, but the first reliable result was the synthesis of 256No by the Russian group of Georgy Flyorov in 1965, as acknowledged by the IUPAC in 1992. In their experiments, Flyorov et al. bombarded uranium-238 with neon-22.
In 1961, Ghiorso et al. obtained the first isotope of lawrencium by irradiating californium (mostly californium-252) with boron-10 and boron-11 ions. The mass number of this isotope was not clearly established (possibly 258 or 259) at the time. In 1965, 256Lr was synthesized by Flyorov et al. from 243Am and 18O. Thus IUPAC recognized the nuclear physics teams at Dubna and Berkeley as the co-discoverers of lawrencium.
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Actinide
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Isotopes
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Isotopes
Nuclear properties of isotopes of the most important transplutonium isotopesMyasoedov, pp. 19–21 Isotope Half-life Probability of spontaneousfission in % Emission energy(MeV) (yield in %) Specific activity (Bq/kg)Specific activity is calculated by given in the table half-lives and the probability of spontaneous fission of α γ α, β-particles fission241Am 432.2(7) y 4.3(18) 5.485 (84.8) 5.442 (13.1)5.388 (1.66) 0.059 (35.9)0.026 (2.27) 1.27 546.1243Am 7.37(4) y 3.7(2) 5.275 (87.1)5.233 (11.2)5.181 (1.36) 0.074 (67.2) 0.043 (5.9) 7.39 273.3242Cm 162.8(2) d 6.2(3) 6.069 (25.92)6.112 (74.08) 0.044 (0.04)0.102 (4) 1.23 7.6244Cm 18.10(2) y 1.37(3) 5.762 (23.6)5.804 (76.4) 0.043 (0.02)0.100 (1.5) 2.96 4.1245Cm 8.5(1) y 6.1(9) 5.529 (0.58)5.488 (0.83)5.361 (93.2) 0.175 (9.88)0.133 (2.83) 6.35 3.9246Cm 4.76(4) y 0.02615(7) 5.343 (17.8)5.386 (82.2) 0.045 (19) 1.13 2.95247Cm 1.56(5) y — 5.267 (13.8)5.212 (5.7)5.147 (1.2) 0.402 (72)0.278 (3.4) 3.43 —248Cm 3.48(6) y 8.39(16) 5.034 (16.52)5.078 (75) — 1.40 1.29249Bk 330(4) d 4.7(2) 5.406 (1)5.378 (2.6) 0.32 (5.8) 5.88 2.76249Cf 351(2) y 5.0(4) 6.193 (2.46)6.139 (1.33)5.946 (3.33) 0.388 (66)0.333 (14.6) 1.51 7.57250Cf 13.08(9) y 0.077(3) 5.988 (14.99)6.030 (84.6) 0.043 4.04 3.11251Cf 900(40) y ? 6.078 (2.6)5.567 (0.9)5.569 (0.9) 0.177 (17.3)0.227 (6.8) 5.86 —252Cf 2.645(8) y 3.092(8) 6.075 (15.2)6.118 (81.6) 0.042 (1.4)0.100 (1.3) 1.92 6.14254Cf 60.5(2) d ≈100 5.834 (0.26)5.792 (5.3) — 9.75 3.13253Es 20.47(3) d 8.7(3) 6.540 (0.85)6.552 (0.71)6.590 (6.6) 0.387 (0.05)0.429 (8) 9.33 8.12254Es 275.7(5) d < 3 6.347 (0.75)6.358 (2.6)6.415 (1.8) 0.042 (100)0.034 (30) 6.9 —255Es 39.8(12) d 0.0041(2) 6.267 (0.78)6.401 (7) — 4.38(β)3.81(α) 1.95255Fm 20.07(7) h 2.4(10) 7.022 (93.4)6.963 (5.04)6.892 (0.62) 0.00057 (19.1)0.081 (1) 2.27 5.44256Fm 157.6(13) min 91.9(3) 6.872 (1.2)6.917 (6.9) —1.58 1.4257Fm 100.5(2) d 0.210(4) 6.752 (0.58)6.695 (3.39)6.622 (0.6) 0.241 (11)0.179 (8.7) 1.87 3.93256Md 77(2) min — 7.142 (1.84)7.206 (5.9) —3.53 —257Md 5.52(5) h — 7.074 (14) 0.371 (11.7)0.325 (2.5) 8.17—258Md 51.5(3) d — 6.73—3.64 —255No 3.1(2) min — 8.312 (1.16)8.266 (2.6)8.121 (27.8) 0.187 (3.4) 8.78 —259No 58(5) min — 7.455 (9.8)7.500 (29.3)7.533 (17.3) —4.63—256Lr 27(3) s < 0.03 8.319 (5.4)8.390 (16)8.430 (33) — 5.96 —257Lr 646(25) ms — 8.796 (18)8.861 (82) —1.54—
thumb|upright=1.5|Actinides have 89–103 protons and usually 117–159 neutrons.
Thirty-four isotopes of actinium and eight excited isomeric states of some of its nuclides are known, ranging in mass number from 203 to 236. Three isotopes, 225Ac, 227Ac and 228Ac, were found in nature and the others were produced in the laboratory; only the three natural isotopes are used in applications. Actinium-225 is a member of the radioactive neptunium series;Greenwood, p. 1254 it was first discovered in 1947 as a decay product of uranium-233 and it is an α-emitter with a half-life of 10 days. Actinium-225 is less available than actinium-228, but is more promising in radiotracer applications. Actinium-227 (half-life 21.77 years) occurs in all uranium ores, but in small quantities. One gram of uranium (in radioactive equilibrium) contains only 2 gram of 227Ac. Actinium-228 is a member of the radioactive thorium series formed by the decay of 228Ra; it is a β− emitter with a half-life of 6.15 hours. In one tonne of thorium there is 5 gram of 228Ac. It was discovered by Otto Hahn in 1906.
There are 32 known isotopes of thorium ranging in mass number from 207 to 238. Of these, the longest-lived is 232Th, whose half-life of means that it still exists in nature as a primordial nuclide. The next longest-lived is 230Th, an intermediate decay product of 238U with a half-life of 75,400 years. Several other thorium isotopes have half-lives over a day; all of these are also transient in the decay chains of 232Th, 235U, and 238U.
Twenty-nine isotopes of protactinium are known with mass numbers 211–239 as well as three excited isomeric states. Only 231Pa and 234Pa have been found in nature. All the isotopes have short lifetimes, except for protactinium-231 (half-life 32,760 years). The most important isotopes are 231Pa and 233Pa, which is an intermediate product in obtaining uranium-233 and is the most affordable among artificial isotopes of protactinium. 233Pa has convenient half-life and energy of γ-radiation, and thus was used in most studies of protactinium chemistry. Protactinium-233 is a β-emitter with a half-life of 26.97 days.
There are 27 known isotopes of uranium, having mass numbers 215–242 (except 220). Three of them, 234U, 235U and 238U, are present in appreciable quantities in nature. Among others, the most important is 233U, which is a final product of transformation of 232Th irradiated by slow neutrons. 233U has a much higher fission efficiency by low-energy (thermal) neutrons, compared e.g. with 235U. Most uranium chemistry studies were carried out on uranium-238 owing to its long half-life of 4.4 years.
There are 25 isotopes of neptunium with mass numbers 219–244 (except 221); they are all highly radioactive. The most popular among scientists are long-lived 237Np (t1/2 = 2.20 years) and short-lived 239Np, 238Np (t1/2 ~ 2 days).
There are 21 known isotopes of plutonium, having mass numbers 227–247. The most stable isotope of plutonium is 244Pu with half-life of 8.13 years.
Eighteen isotopes of americium are known with mass numbers from 229 to 247 (with the exception of 231). The most important are 241Am and 243Am, which are alpha-emitters and also emit soft, but intense γ-rays; both of them can be obtained in an isotopically pure form. Chemical properties of americium were first studied with 241Am, but later shifted to 243Am, which is almost 20 times less radioactive. The disadvantage of 243Am is production of the short-lived daughter isotope 239Np, which has to be considered in the data analysis.Myasoedov, p. 18
Among 19 isotopes of curium, ranging in mass number from 233 to 251, the most accessible are 242Cm and 244Cm; they are α-emitters, but with much shorter lifetime than the americium isotopes. These isotopes emit almost no γ-radiation, but undergo spontaneous fission with the associated emission of neutrons. More long-lived isotopes of curium (245–248Cm, all α-emitters) are formed as a mixture during neutron irradiation of plutonium or americium. Upon short irradiation, this mixture is dominated by 246Cm, and then 248Cm begins to accumulate. Both of these isotopes, especially 248Cm, have a longer half-life (3.48 years) and are much more convenient for carrying out chemical research than 242Cm and 244Cm, but they also have a rather high rate of spontaneous fission. 247Cm has the longest lifetime among isotopes of curium (1.56 years), but is not formed in large quantities because of the strong fission induced by thermal neutrons.
Seventeen isotopes of berkelium have been identified with mass numbers 233, 234, 236, 238, and 240–252. Only 249Bk is available in large quantities; it has a relatively short half-life of 330 days and emits mostly soft β-particles, which are inconvenient for detection. Its alpha radiation is rather weak (1.45% with respect to β-radiation), but is sometimes used to detect this isotope. 247Bk is an alpha-emitter with a long half-life of 1,380 years, but it is hard to obtain in appreciable quantities; it is not formed upon neutron irradiation of plutonium because β-decay of curium isotopes with mass number below 248 is not known. (247Cm would actually release energy by β-decaying to 247Bk, but this has never been seen.)
The 20 isotopes of californium with mass numbers 237–256 are formed in nuclear reactors; californium-253 is a β-emitter and the rest are α-emitters. The isotopes with even mass numbers (250Cf, 252Cf and 254Cf) have a high rate of spontaneous fission, especially 254Cf of which 99.7% decays by spontaneous fission. Californium-249 has a relatively long half-life (352 years), weak spontaneous fission and strong γ-emission that facilitates its identification. 249Cf is not formed in large quantities in a nuclear reactor because of the slow β-decay of the parent isotope 249Bk and a large cross section of interaction with neutrons, but it can be accumulated in the isotopically pure form as the β-decay product of (pre-selected) 249Bk. Californium produced by reactor-irradiation of plutonium mostly consists of 250Cf and 252Cf, the latter being predominant for large neutron fluences, and its study is hindered by the strong neutron radiation.Myasoedov, p. 22
+ Properties of some transplutonium isotope pairsMyasoedov, p. 25 Parent isotope t1/2 Daughter isotope t1/2 Time to establish radioactive equilibrium 243Am 7370 years 239Np 2.35 days 47.3 days 245Cm 8265 years 241Pu 14 years 129 years 247Cm 1.64 years 243Pu 4.95 hours 7.2 days 254Es 270 days 250Bk 3.2 hours 35.2 hours 255Es 39.8 days 255Fm 22 hours 5 days 257Fm 79 days 253Cf 17.6 days 49 days
Among the 18 known isotopes of einsteinium with mass numbers from 240 to 257, the most affordable is 253Es. It is an α-emitter with a half-life of 20.47 days, a relatively weak γ-emission and small spontaneous fission rate as compared with the isotopes of californium. Prolonged neutron irradiation also produces a long-lived isotope 254Es (t1/2 = 275.5 days).
Twenty isotopes of fermium are known with mass numbers of 241–260. 254Fm, 255Fm and 256Fm are α-emitters with a short half-life (hours), which can be isolated in significant amounts. 257Fm (t1/2 = 100 days) can accumulate upon prolonged and strong irradiation. All these isotopes are characterized by high rates of spontaneous fission.
Among the 17 known isotopes of mendelevium (mass numbers from 244 to 260), the most studied is 256Md, which mainly decays through electron capture (α-radiation is ≈10%) with a half-life of 77 minutes. Another alpha emitter, 258Md, has a half-life of 53 days. Both these isotopes are produced from rare einsteinium (253Es and 255Es respectively), that therefore limits their availability.
Long-lived isotopes of nobelium and isotopes of lawrencium (and of heavier elements) have relatively short half-lives. For nobelium, 13 isotopes are known, with mass numbers 249–260 and 262. The chemical properties of nobelium and lawrencium were studied with 255No (t1/2 = 3 min) and 256Lr (t1/2 = 35 s). The longest-lived nobelium isotope, 259No, has a half-life of approximately 1 hour. Lawrencium has 14 known isotopes with mass numbers 251–262, 264, and 266. The most stable of them is 266Lr with a half life of 11 hours.
Among all of these, the only isotopes that occur in sufficient quantities in nature to be detected in anything more than traces and have a measurable contribution to the atomic weights of the actinides are the primordial 232Th, 235U, and 238U, and three long-lived decay products of natural uranium, 230Th, 231Pa, and 234U. Natural thorium consists of 0.02(2)% 230Th and 99.98(2)% 232Th; natural protactinium consists of 100% 231Pa; and natural uranium consists of 0.0054(5)% 234U, 0.7204(6)% 235U, and 99.2742(10)% 238U.Standard Atomic Weights 2013. Commission on Isotopic Abundances and Atomic Weights
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Actinide
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Formation in nuclear reactors
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Formation in nuclear reactors
thumb|upright=1.5|Table of nuclides: Buildup of actinides in a nuclear reactor, including radioactive decay
The figure buildup of actinides is a table of nuclides with the number of neutrons on the horizontal axis (isotopes) and the number of protons on the vertical axis (elements). The red dot divides the nuclides in two groups, so the figure is more compact. Each nuclide is represented by a square with the mass number of the element and its half-life. Naturally existing actinide isotopes (Th, U) are marked with a bold border, alpha emitters have a yellow colour, and beta emitters have a blue colour. Pink indicates electron capture (236Np), whereas white stands for a long-lasting metastable state (242Am).
The formation of actinide nuclides is primarily characterised by:Matthew W. Francis et al. (2014). Reactor fuel isotopics and code validation for nuclear applications. ORNL/TM-2014/464, Oak Ridge, Tennessee, p. 11
Neutron capture reactions (n,γ), which are represented in the figure by a short right arrow.
The (n,2n) reactions and the less frequently occurring (γ,n) reactions are also taken into account, both of which are marked by a short left arrow.
Even more rarely and only triggered by fast neutrons, the (n,3n) reaction occurs, which is represented in the figure with one example, marked by a long left arrow.
In addition to these neutron- or gamma-induced nuclear reactions, the radioactive conversion of actinide nuclides also affects the nuclide inventory in a reactor. These decay types are marked in the figure by diagonal arrows. The beta-minus decay, marked with an arrow pointing up-left, plays a major role for the balance of the particle densities of the nuclides. Nuclides decaying by positron emission (beta-plus decay) or electron capture (ϵ) do not occur in a nuclear reactor except as products of knockout reactions; their decays are marked with arrows pointing down-right. Due to the long half-lives of the given nuclides, alpha decay plays almost no role in the formation and decay of the actinides in a power reactor, as the residence time of the nuclear fuel in the reactor core is rather short (a few years). Exceptions are the two relatively short-lived nuclides 242Cm (T1/2 = 163 d) and 236Pu (T1/2 = 2.9 y). Only for these two cases, the α decay is marked on the nuclide map by a long arrow pointing down-left. A few long-lived actinide isotopes, such as 244Pu and 250Cm, cannot be produced in reactors because neutron capture does not happen quickly enough to bypass the short-lived beta-decaying nuclides 243Pu and 249Cm; they can however be generated in nuclear explosions, which have much higher neutron fluxes.
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Actinide
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Distribution in nature
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Distribution in nature
thumb|left|Unprocessed uranium ore
Thorium and uranium are the most abundant actinides in nature with the respective mass concentrations of 16 ppm and 4 ppm. Uranium mostly occurs in the Earth's crust as a mixture of its oxides in the mineral uraninite, which is also called pitchblende because of its black color. There are several dozens of other uranium minerals such as carnotite (KUO2VO4·3H2O) and autunite (Ca(UO2)2(PO4)2·nH2O). The isotopic composition of natural uranium is 238U (relative abundance 99.2742%), 235U (0.7204%) and 234U (0.0054%); of these 238U has the largest half-life of 4.51 years. The worldwide production of uranium in 2009 amounted to 50,572 tonnes, of which 27.3% was mined in Kazakhstan. Other important uranium mining countries are Canada (20.1%), Australia (15.7%), Namibia (9.1%), Russia (7.0%), and Niger (6.4%).
+ Content of plutonium in uranium and thorium oresOreLocation Uranium content, % Mass ratio 239Pu/ore Ratio 239Pu/U () Uraninite Canada 13.5 9.1 7.1 Uraninite Congo 38 4.8 12 Uraninite Colorado, US 50 3.8 7.7 Monazite Brazil 0.24 2.1 8.3 Monazite North Carolina, US 1.64 5.9 3.6 Fergusonite - 0.25 <1 <4 Carnotite - 10 <4 <0.4
The most abundant thorium minerals are thorianite (), thorite () and monazite, (). Most thorium minerals contain uranium and vice versa; and they all have significant fraction of lanthanides. Rich deposits of thorium minerals are located in the United States (440,000 tonnes), Australia and India (~300,000 tonnes each) and Canada (~100,000 tonnes).Thorium, USGS Mineral Commodities
The abundance of actinium in the Earth's crust is only about 5%. Actinium is mostly present in uranium-containing, but also in other minerals, though in much smaller quantities. The content of actinium in most natural objects corresponds to the isotopic equilibrium of parent isotope 235U, and it is not affected by the weak Ac migration. Protactinium is more abundant (10−12%) in the Earth's crust than actinium. It was discovered in uranium ore in 1913 by Fajans and Göhring. As actinium, the distribution of protactinium follows that of 235U.
The half-life of the longest-lived isotope of neptunium, 237Np, is negligible compared to the age of the Earth. Thus neptunium is present in nature in negligible amounts produced as intermediate decay products of other isotopes. Traces of plutonium in uranium minerals were first found in 1942, and the more systematic results on 239Pu are summarized in the table (no other plutonium isotopes could be detected in those samples). The upper limit of abundance of the longest-living isotope of plutonium, 244Pu, is 3%. Plutonium could not be detected in samples of lunar soil. Owing to its scarcity in nature, most plutonium is produced synthetically.
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Actinide
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Extraction
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Extraction
thumb|upright=1.2|Monazite: a major thorium mineral
Owing to the low abundance of actinides, their extraction is a complex, multistep process. Fluorides of actinides are usually used because they are insoluble in water and can be easily separated with redox reactions. Fluorides are reduced with calcium, magnesium or barium:Golub, pp. 215–217
Among the actinides, thorium and uranium are the easiest to isolate. Thorium is extracted mostly from monazite: thorium pyrophosphate (ThP2O7) is reacted with nitric acid, and the produced thorium nitrate treated with tributyl phosphate. Rare-earth impurities are separated by increasing the pH in sulfate solution.
In another extraction method, monazite is decomposed with a 45% aqueous solution of sodium hydroxide at 140 °C. Mixed metal hydroxides are extracted first, filtered at 80 °C, washed with water and dissolved with concentrated hydrochloric acid. Next, the acidic solution is neutralized with hydroxides to pH = 5.8 that results in precipitation of thorium hydroxide (Th(OH)4) contaminated with ~3% of rare-earth hydroxides; the rest of rare-earth hydroxides remains in solution. Thorium hydroxide is dissolved in an inorganic acid and then purified from the rare earth elements. An efficient method is the dissolution of thorium hydroxide in nitric acid, because the resulting solution can be purified by extraction with organic solvents:
thumb|right|upright=1.6|Separation of uranium and plutonium from spent nuclear fuel using the PUREX processGreenwood, pp. 1255, 1261
Th(OH)4 + 4 HNO3 → Th(NO3)4 + 4 H2O
Metallic thorium is separated from the anhydrous oxide, chloride or fluoride by reacting it with calcium in an inert atmosphere:
ThO2 + 2 Ca → 2 CaO + Th
Sometimes thorium is extracted by electrolysis of a fluoride in a mixture of sodium and potassium chloride at 700–800 °C in a graphite crucible. Highly pure thorium can be extracted from its iodide with the crystal bar process.
Uranium is extracted from its ores in various ways. In one method, the ore is burned and then reacted with nitric acid to convert uranium into a dissolved state. Treating the solution with a solution of tributyl phosphate (TBP) in kerosene transforms uranium into an organic form UO2(NO3)2(TBP)2. The insoluble impurities are filtered and the uranium is extracted by reaction with hydroxides as (NH4)2U2O7 or with hydrogen peroxide as UO4·2H2O.
When the uranium ore is rich in such minerals as dolomite, magnesite, etc., those minerals consume much acid. In this case, the carbonate method is used for uranium extraction. Its main component is an aqueous solution of sodium carbonate, which converts uranium into a complex [UO2(CO3)3]4−, which is stable in aqueous solutions at low concentrations of hydroxide ions. The advantages of the sodium carbonate method are that the chemicals have low corrosivity (compared to nitrates) and that most non-uranium metals precipitate from the solution. The disadvantage is that tetravalent uranium compounds precipitate as well. Therefore, the uranium ore is treated with sodium carbonate at elevated temperature and under oxygen pressure:
2 UO2 + O2 + 6 → 2 [UO2(CO3)3]4−
This equation suggests that the best solvent for the uranyl carbonate processing is a mixture of carbonate with bicarbonate. At high pH, this results in precipitation of diuranate, which is treated with hydrogen in the presence of nickel yielding an insoluble uranium tetracarbonate.
Another separation method uses polymeric resins as a polyelectrolyte. Ion exchange processes in the resins result in separation of uranium. Uranium from resins is washed with a solution of ammonium nitrate or nitric acid that yields uranyl nitrate, UO2(NO3)2·6H2O. When heated, it turns into UO3, which is converted to UO2 with hydrogen:
UO3 + H2 → UO2 + H2O
Reacting uranium dioxide with hydrofluoric acid changes it to uranium tetrafluoride, which yields uranium metal upon reaction with magnesium metal:
4 HF + UO2 → UF4 + 2 H2O
To extract plutonium, neutron-irradiated uranium is dissolved in nitric acid, and a reducing agent (FeSO4, or H2O2) is added to the resulting solution. This addition changes the oxidation state of plutonium from +6 to +4, while uranium remains in the form of uranyl nitrate (UO2(NO3)2). The solution is treated with a reducing agent and neutralized with ammonium carbonate to pH = 8 that results in precipitation of Pu4+ compounds.
In another method, Pu4+ and are first extracted with tributyl phosphate, then reacted with hydrazine washing out the recovered plutonium.
The major difficulty in separation of actinium is the similarity of its properties with those of lanthanum. Thus actinium is either synthesized in nuclear reactions from isotopes of radium or separated using ion-exchange procedures.
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Actinide
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Properties
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Properties
Actinides have similar properties to lanthanides. Just as the 4f electron shells are filled in the lanthanides, the 5f electron shells are filled in the actinides. Because the 5f, 6d, 7s, and 7p shells are close in energy, many irregular configurations arise; thus, in gas-phase atoms, just as the first 4f electron only appears in cerium, so the first 5f electron appears even later, in protactinium. However, just as lanthanum is the first element to use the 4f shell in compounds, so actinium is the first element to use the 5f shell in compounds. The f-shells complete their filling together, at ytterbium and nobelium. The first experimental evidence for the filling of the 5f shell in actinides was obtained by McMillan and Abelson in 1940. As in lanthanides (see lanthanide contraction), the ionic radius of actinides monotonically decreases with atomic number (see also actinoid contraction).Golub, pp. 218–219
The shift of electron configurations in the gas phase does not always match the chemical behaviour. For example, the early-transition-metal-like prominence of the highest oxidation state, corresponding to removal of all valence electrons, extends up to uranium even though the 5f shells begin filling before that. On the other hand, electron configurations resembling the lanthanide congeners already begin at plutonium, even though lanthanide-like behaviour does not become dominant until the second half of the series begins at curium. The elements between uranium and curium form a transition between these two kinds of behaviour, where higher oxidation states continue to exist, but lose stability with respect to the +3 state. The +2 state becomes more important near the end of the series, and is the most stable oxidation state for nobelium, the last 5f element. Oxidation states rise again only after nobelium, showing that a new series of 6d transition metals has begun: lawrencium shows only the +3 oxidation state, and rutherfordium only the +4 state, making them respectively congeners of lutetium and hafnium in the 5d row.
+ Properties of actinides (the mass of the most long-lived isotope is in square brackets)Greenwood, p. 1263Element Ac Th Pa U Np Pu Am Cm Bk Cf Es Fm Md No LrCore charge 89 90 91 92 93 94 95 96 97 98 99 100 101 102 103Atomic mass [227] 232.0377(4) 231.03588(2) 238.02891(3) [237] [244] [243] [247] [247] [251] [252] [257] [258] [259] [266]Number of natural isotopes 3 8 3 8 3 4 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0Natural isotopes 225, 227, 228 227–234 231, 233, 234 233–240 237, 239, 240 238–240, 244 — — — — — — — — —Natural quantity isotopes — 230, 232 231 234, 235, 238 — — — — — — — — — — —Longest-lived isotope 227 232 231 238 237 244 243 247 247 251 252 257 258 259 266Half-life of the longest-lived isotope Most common isotope 227 232 231 238 237 239 241 244 249 252 253 255 256 255 260Half-life of the most common isotopeElectronic configuration inthe ground state (gas phase) 6d17s2 6d27s2 5f26d17s2 5f36d17s2 5f46d17s2 5f67s2 5f77s2 5f76d17s2 5f97s2 5f107s2 5f117s2 5f127s2 5f137s2 5f147s2 5f147s27p1Oxidation states 2, 3 2, 3, 4 2, 3, 4, 5 2, 3, 4, 5, 6 3, 4, 5, 6, 7 3, 4, 5, 6, 7 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7 2, 3, 4, 6 2, 3, 4 2, 3, 4 2, 3, 4 2, 3 2, 3 2, 3 3Metallic radius (nm) 0.203 0.180 0.162 0.153 0.150 0.162 0.173 0.174 0.170 0.186 0.186 ? 0.198 ? 0.194 ? 0.197 ? 0.171 An4+ An3+ — 0.126 0.114 — 0.104 0.118 0.103 0.118 0.101 0.116 0.100 0.115 0.099 0.114 0.099 0.112 0.097 0.110 0.096 0.109 0.085 0.098 0.084 0.091 0.084 0.090 0.084 0.095 0.083 0.088Temperature (°C):melting boiling 10503198 18424788 1568? 4027 1132.24131 639? 4174 639.43228 1176? 2607 13403110 9862627 900? 1470 860? 996 1530— 830— 830— 1630—Density, g/cm310.07 11.78 15.37 19.0620.4519.8411.713.5114.7815.18.84? 9.7? 10.3? 9.9? 14.4Standard electrode potential (V):E° (An4+/An0)E° (An3+/An0) — −2.13 −1.83 — −1.47 — −1.38 −1.66 −1.30 −1.79 −1.25 −2.00 −0.90 −2.07 −0.75 −2.06 −0.55 −1.96 −0.59 −1.97 −0.36 −1.98 −0.29 −1.96 — −1.74 — −1.20 — −2.10 Color: [M(H2O)n]4+ [M(H2O)n]3+ — Colorless Colorless Blue Yellow Dark blue Green Purple Purple Brown Violet Red Rose Yellow Colorless Beige Green Green — Pink — — — — — — — —
+ Approximate colors of actinide ions in aqueous solutionColors for the actinides 100–103 are unknown as sufficient quantities have not yet been synthesized. The colour of was likewise not recorded.
Greenwood, p. 1265 Actinide (Z) 89 90 91 92 93 94 95 96 97 98 99 100 101 102 103 Oxidation state +2 Fm2+ Md2+ No2+ +3 Ac3+ Th3+ Pa3+ U3+ Np3+ Pu3+ Am3+ Cm3+ Bk3+ Cf3+ Es3+ Fm3+ Md3+ No3+ Lr3+ +4 Th4+ Pa4+ U4+ Np4+ Pu4+ Am4+ Cm4+ Bk4+ Cf4+ +5 +6 +7
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Actinide
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Physical properties
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Physical properties
400px 400pxMajor crystal structures of some actinides vs. temperatureMetallic and ionic radii of actinides
thumb|A pellet of 238PuO2 to be used in a radioisotope thermoelectric generator for either the Cassini or Galileo mission. The pellet produces 62 watts of heat and glows because of the heat generated by the radioactive decay (primarily α). Photo is taken after insulating the pellet under a graphite blanket for minutes and removing the blanket.
thumb|left|Californium
Actinides are typical metals. All of them are soft and have a silvery color (but tarnish in air),Greenwood, p. 1264 relatively high density and plasticity. Some of them can be cut with a knife. Their electrical resistivity varies between 15 and 150 μΩ·cm. The hardness of thorium is similar to that of soft steel, so heated pure thorium can be rolled in sheets and pulled into wire. Thorium is nearly half as dense as uranium and plutonium, but is harder than either of them. All actinides are radioactive, paramagnetic, and, with the exception of actinium, have several crystalline phases: plutonium has seven, and uranium, neptunium and californium three. The crystal structures of protactinium, uranium, neptunium and plutonium do not have clear analogs among the lanthanides and are more similar to those of the 3d-transition metals.
All actinides are pyrophoric, especially when finely divided, that is, they spontaneously ignite upon reaction with air at room temperature. The melting point of actinides does not have a clear dependence on the number of f-electrons. The unusually low melting point of neptunium and plutonium (~640 °C) is explained by hybridization of 5f and 6d orbitals and the formation of directional bonds in these metals.
+ Comparison of ionic radii of lanthanides and actinidesMyasoedov, pp. 30–31 Lanthanides Ln3+, Å Actinides An3+, Å An4+, Å Lanthanum 1.061 Actinium 1.11– Cerium 1.034 Thorium 1.08 0.99 Praseodymium 1.013 Protactinium 1.05 0.93 Neodymium 0.995 Uranium 1.03 0.93 Promethium 0.979 Neptunium 1.01 0.92 Samarium 0.964 Plutonium 1.00 0.90 Europium 0.950 Americium 0.99 0.89 Gadolinium 0.938 Curium 0.98 0.88 Terbium 0.923 Berkelium –– Dysprosium 0.908 Californium –– Holmium 0.894 Einsteinium –– Erbium 0.881 Fermium –– Thulium 0.869 Mendelevium –– Ytterbium 0.858 Nobelium –– Lutetium 0.848 Lawrencium ––
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Actinide
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Chemical properties
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Chemical properties
Like the lanthanides, all actinides are highly reactive with halogens and chalcogens; however, the actinides react more easily. Actinides, especially those with a small number of 5f-electrons, are prone to hybridization. This is explained by the similarity of the electron energies at the 5f, 7s and 6d shells. Most actinides exhibit a larger variety of valence states, and the most stable are +6 for uranium, +5 for protactinium and neptunium, +4 for thorium and plutonium and +3 for actinium and other actinides.Golub, pp. 222–227
Actinium is chemically similar to lanthanum, which is explained by their similar ionic radii and electronic structures. Like lanthanum, actinium almost always has an oxidation state of +3 in compounds, but it is less reactive and has more pronounced basic properties. Among other trivalent actinides Ac3+ is least acidic, i.e. has the weakest tendency to hydrolyze in aqueous solutions.
Thorium is rather active chemically. Owing to lack of electrons on 6d and 5f orbitals, tetravalent thorium compounds are colorless. At pH < 3, solutions of thorium salts are dominated by the cations [Th(H2O)8]4+. The Th4+ ion is relatively large, and depending on the coordination number can have a radius between 0.95 and 1.14 Å. As a result, thorium salts have a weak tendency to hydrolyse. The distinctive ability of thorium salts is their high solubility both in water and polar organic solvents.
Protactinium exhibits two valence states; the +5 is stable, and the +4 state easily oxidizes to protactinium(V). Thus tetravalent protactinium in solutions is obtained by the action of strong reducing agents in a hydrogen atmosphere. Tetravalent protactinium is chemically similar to uranium(IV) and thorium(IV). Fluorides, phosphates, hypophosphates, iodates and phenylarsonates of protactinium(IV) are insoluble in water and dilute acids. Protactinium forms soluble carbonates. The hydrolytic properties of pentavalent protactinium are close to those of tantalum(V) and niobium(V). The complex chemical behavior of protactinium is a consequence of the start of the filling of the 5f shell in this element.
Uranium has a valence from 3 to 6, the last being most stable. In the hexavalent state, uranium is very similar to the group 6 elements. Many compounds of uranium(IV) and uranium(VI) are non-stoichiometric, i.e. have variable composition. For example, the actual chemical formula of uranium dioxide is UO2+x, where x varies between −0.4 and 0.32. Uranium(VI) compounds are weak oxidants. Most of them contain the linear "uranyl" group, . Between 4 and 6 ligands can be accommodated in an equatorial plane perpendicular to the uranyl group. The uranyl group acts as a hard acid and forms stronger complexes with oxygen-donor ligands than with nitrogen-donor ligands. and are also the common form of Np and Pu in the +6 oxidation state. Uranium(IV) compounds exhibit reducing properties, e.g., they are easily oxidized by atmospheric oxygen. Uranium(III) is a very strong reducing agent. Owing to the presence of d-shell, uranium (as well as many other actinides) forms organometallic compounds, such as UIII(C5H5)3 and UIV(C5H5)4.Greenwood, p. 1278
Neptunium has valence states from 3 to 7, which can be simultaneously observed in solutions. The most stable state in solution is +5, but the valence +4 is preferred in solid neptunium compounds. Neptunium metal is very reactive. Ions of neptunium are prone to hydrolysis and formation of coordination compounds.
Plutonium also exhibits valence states between 3 and 7 inclusive, and thus is chemically similar to neptunium and uranium. It is highly reactive, and quickly forms an oxide film in air. Plutonium reacts with hydrogen even at temperatures as low as 25–50 °C; it also easily forms halides and intermetallic compounds. Hydrolysis reactions of plutonium ions of different oxidation states are quite diverse. Plutonium(V) can enter polymerization reactions.
The largest chemical diversity among actinides is observed in americium, which can have valence between 2 and 6. Divalent americium is obtained only in dry compounds and non-aqueous solutions (acetonitrile). Oxidation states +3, +5 and +6 are typical for aqueous solutions, but also in the solid state. Tetravalent americium forms stable solid compounds (dioxide, fluoride and hydroxide) as well as complexes in aqueous solutions. It was reported that in alkaline solution americium can be oxidized to the heptavalent state, but these data proved erroneous. The most stable valence of americium is 3 in aqueous solution and 3 or 4 in solid compounds.Myasoedov, pp. 25–29
Valence 3 is dominant in all subsequent elements up to lawrencium (with the exception of nobelium). Curium can be tetravalent in solids (fluoride, dioxide). Berkelium, along with a valence of +3, also shows the valence of +4, more stable than that of curium; the valence 4 is observed in solid fluoride and dioxide. The stability of Bk4+ in aqueous solution is close to that of Ce4+. Only valence 3 was observed for californium, einsteinium and fermium. The divalent state is proven for mendelevium and nobelium, and in nobelium it is more stable than the trivalent state. Lawrencium shows valence 3 both in solutions and solids.
The redox potential \mathit E_\frac{M^4+}{AnO2^2+} increases from −0.32 V in uranium, through 0.34 V (Np) and 1.04 V (Pu) to 1.34 V in americium revealing the increasing reduction ability of the An4+ ion from americium to uranium. All actinides form AnH3 hydrides of black color with salt-like properties. Actinides also produce carbides with the general formula of AnC or AnC2 (U2C3 for uranium) as well as sulfides An2S3 and AnS2.
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Actinide
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Compounds
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Compounds
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Actinide
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Oxides and hydroxides
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Oxides and hydroxides
+ Oxides of actinidesMyasoedov, p. 88CompoundColorCrystal symmetry, typeLattice constants, ÅDensity, g/cm3Temperature, °Cabc Ac2O3 White Hexagonal, La2O3 4.07 - 6.29 9.19 – PaO2- Cubic, CaF2 5.505 ---- Pa2O5 White cubic, CaF2 Cubic Tetragonal Hexagonal Rhombohedral Orthorhombic 5.446 10.891 5.429 3.817 5.425 6.92 - - - - - 4.02 - 10.992 5.503 13.22 - 4. 18 - 700 700–1100 1000 1000–1200 1240–1400 – ThO2 Colorless Cubic 5.59 -- 9.87 – UO2 Black-brown Cubic 5.47 -- 10.9 – NpO2 Greenish-brown Cubic, CaF2 5.424 -- 11.1 – PuO Black Cubic, NaCl 4.96 -- 13.9 – PuO2 Olive green Cubic 5.39 -- 11.44 – Am2O3 Red-brown Red-brown Cubic, Mn2O3 Hexagonal, La2O3 11.03 3.817 -- 5.971 10.57 11.7 – AmO2 Black Cubic, CaF2 5.376 ---- Cm2O3 WhiteAccording to other sources, cubic sesquioxide of curium is olive-green. See - - Cubic, Mn2O2 Hexagonal, LaCl3 Monoclinic, Sm2O3 11.01 3.80 14.28 - - 3.65 - 6 8.9 11.7 – CmO2 Black Cubic, CaF2 5.37 ---- Bk2O3 Light brown Cubic, Mn2O3 10.886---- BkO2 Red-brown Cubic, CaF2 5.33 ---- Cf2O3The atmosphere during the synthesis affects the lattice parameters, which might be due to non-stoichiometry as a result of oxidation or reduction of the trivalent californium. Main form is the cubic oxide of californium(III). Colorless Yellowish - Cubic, Mn2O3 Monoclinic, Sm2O3 Hexagonal, La2O3 10.79 14.12 3.72 - 3.59 - - 8.80 5.96 -- CfO2 Black Cubic 5.31 ---- Es2O3- Cubic, Mn2O3 Monoclinic Hexagonal, La2O3 10.07 14.1 3.7 - 3.59 - - 8.80 6 --
+Approximate colors of actinide oxides(most stable are bolded)Greenwood, p. 1268 Oxidation state 89 90 91 92 93 94 95 96 97 98 99 +3Ac2O3 Pu2O3 Am2O3 Cm2O3 Bk2O3 Cf2O3 Es2O3 +4 ThO2 PaO2 UO2 NpO2 PuO2 AmO2 CmO2 BkO2 CfO2 +5 Pa2O5 U2O5 Np2O5 +5,+6 U3O8 +6 UO3
+ Dioxides of some actinidesChemical formula ThO2 PaO2 UO2 NpO2 PuO2 AmO2 CmO2 BkO2 CfO2CAS Number 1314-20-1 12036-03-2 1344-57-6 12035-79-9 12059-95-9 12005-67-3 12016-67-0 12010-84-3 12015–10–0Molar mass 264.04 263.035 270.03 269.047 276.063 275.06 270–284** 279.069 283.078Melting point 3390 °C2865 °C2547 °C2400 °C2175 °C Crystal structure250pxAn4+: __ / O2−: __Space groupFmmCoordination numberAn[8], O[4]
An – actinide **Depending on the isotopes
Some actinides can exist in several oxide forms such as An2O3, AnO2, An2O5 and AnO3. For all actinides, oxides AnO3 are amphoteric and An2O3, AnO2 and An2O5 are basic, they easily react with water, forming bases:
An2O3 + 3 H2O → 2 An(OH)3.
These bases are poorly soluble in water and by their activity are close to the hydroxides of rare-earth metals.
Np(OH)3 has not yet been synthesized, Pu(OH)3 has a blue color while Am(OH)3 is pink and Cm(OH)3 is colorless. Bk(OH)3 and Cf(OH)3 are also known, as are tetravalent hydroxides for Np, Pu and Am and pentavalent for Np and Am.
The strongest base is of actinium. All compounds of actinium are colorless, except for black actinium sulfide (Ac2S3). Dioxides of tetravalent actinides crystallize in the cubic system, same as in calcium fluoride.
Thorium reacting with oxygen exclusively forms the dioxide:
Th{} + O2 ->[\ce{1000^\circ C}] \overbrace{ThO2}^{Thorium~dioxide}
Thorium dioxide is a refractory material with the highest melting point among any known oxide (3390 °C). Adding 0.8–1% ThO2 to tungsten stabilizes its structure, so the doped filaments have better mechanical stability to vibrations. To dissolve ThO2 in acids, it is heated to 500–600 °C; heating above 600 °C produces a very resistant to acids and other reagents form of ThO2. Small addition of fluoride ions catalyses dissolution of thorium dioxide in acids.
Two protactinium oxides have been obtained: PaO2 (black) and Pa2O5 (white); the former is isomorphic with ThO2 and the latter is easier to obtain. Both oxides are basic, and Pa(OH)5 is a weak, poorly soluble base.
Decomposition of certain salts of uranium, for example UO2(NO3)·6H2O in air at 400 °C, yields orange or yellow UO3. This oxide is amphoteric and forms several hydroxides, the most stable being uranyl hydroxide UO2(OH)2. Reaction of uranium(VI) oxide with hydrogen results in uranium dioxide, which is similar in its properties with ThO2. This oxide is also basic and corresponds to the uranium hydroxide U(OH)4.
Plutonium, neptunium and americium form two basic oxides: An2O3 and AnO2. Neptunium trioxide is unstable; thus, only Np3O8 could be obtained so far. However, the oxides of plutonium and neptunium with the chemical formula AnO2 and An2O3 are well characterized.
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Actinide
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Salts
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Salts
+ Trichlorides of some actinidesGreenwood, p. 1270Chemical formula AcCl3 UCl3 NpCl3 PuCl3 AmCl3 CmCl3 BkCl3 CfCl3CAS-number 22986-54-5 10025-93-1 20737-06-8 13569-62-5 13464-46-5 13537-20-7 13536-46-4 13536–90–8Molar mass 333.386 344.387 343.406 350.32 349.42 344–358** 353.428 357.438Melting point 837 °C800 °C767 °C715 °C695 °C603 °C545 °CBoiling point 1657 °C1767 °C850 °C Crystal structure250px|The crystal structure of uranium trichlorideAn3+: __ / Cl−: __Space groupP63/mCoordination numberAn*[9], Cl [3]Lattice constants a = 762 pm c = 455 pm a = 745.2 pm c = 432.8 pm a = 739.4 pm c = 424.3 pm a = 738.2 pm c = 421.4 pm a = 726 pm c = 414 pm a = 738.2 pm c = 412.7 pm a = 738 pm c = 409 pm
*An – actinide **Depending on the isotopes
+ Actinide fluoridesMyasoedov, pp. 96–99CompoundColorCrystal symmetry, typeLattice constants, ÅDensity, g/cm3abc AcF3 White Hexagonal, LaF3 4.27 - 7.53 7.88 PaF4 Dark brown Monoclinic 12.7 10.7 8.42 – PaF5 Black Tetragonal, β-UF5 11.53 - 5.19 – ThF4 Colorless Monoclinic 13 10.99 8.58 5.71 UF3 Reddish-purple Hexagonal 7.18 - 7.34 8.54 UF4 Green Monoclinic 11.27 10.75 8.40 6.72 α-UF5 Bluish Tetragonal 6.52 - 4.47 5.81 β-UF5 Bluish Tetragonal 11.47 - 5.20 6.45 UF6 Yellowish Orthorhombic 9.92 8.95 5.19 5.06 NpF3 Black or purple Hexagonal 7.129 - 7.288 9.12 NpF4 Light green Monoclinic 12.67 10.62 8.41 6.8 NpF6 Orange Orthorhombic 9.91 8.97 5.21 5 PuF3 Violet-blue Trigonal 7.09 - 7.25 9.32 PuF4 Pale brown Monoclinic 12.59 10.57 8.28 6.96 PuF6 Red-brown Orthorhombic 9.95 9.02 3.26 4.86 AmF3 Pink or light beige hexagonal, LaF3 7.04- 7.255 9.53 AmF4 Orange-red Monoclinic 12.53 10.51 8.20 – CmF3 From brown to white Hexagonal 4.041 - 7.179 9.7 CmF4 Yellow Monoclinic, UF4 12.51 10.51 8.20 – BkF3 Yellow-green Trigonal, LaF3 Orthorhombic, YF3 6.97 6.7 - 7.09 7.14 4.41 10.15 9.7 BkF4- Monoclinic, UF4 12.47 10.58 8.17 – CfF3 - - Trigonal, LaF3 Orthorhombic, YF3 6. 94 6.65 - 7.04 7.10 4.39 – CfF4 - - Monoclinic, UF4 Monoclinic, UF4 1.242 1.233 1.047 1.040 8.126 8.113 –
thumb|left|Einsteinium triiodide glowing in the dark
Actinides easily react with halogens forming salts with the formulas MX3 and MX4 (X = halogen). So the first berkelium compound, BkCl3, was synthesized in 1962 with an amount of 3 nanograms. Like the halogens of rare earth elements, actinide chlorides, bromides, and iodides are water-soluble, and fluorides are insoluble. Uranium easily yields a colorless hexafluoride, which sublimates at a temperature of 56.5 °C; because of its volatility, it is used in the separation of uranium isotopes with gas centrifuge or gaseous diffusion. Actinide hexafluorides have properties close to anhydrides. They are very sensitive to moisture and hydrolyze forming AnO2F2.Greenwood, p.1269 The pentachloride and black hexachloride of uranium were synthesized, but they are both unstable.
Action of acids on actinides yields salts, and if the acids are non-oxidizing then the actinide in the salt is in low-valence state:
U + 2 H2SO4 → U(SO4)2 + 2 H2
2 Pu + 6 HCl → 2 PuCl3 + 3 H2
However, in these reactions the regenerating hydrogen can react with the metal, forming the corresponding hydride. Uranium reacts with acids and water much more easily than thorium.
Actinide salts can also be obtained by dissolving the corresponding hydroxides in acids. Nitrates, chlorides, sulfates and perchlorates of actinides are water-soluble. When crystallizing from aqueous solutions, these salts form hydrates, such as Th(NO3)4·6H2O, Th(SO4)2·9H2O and Pu2(SO4)3·7H2O. Salts of high-valence actinides easily hydrolyze. So, colorless sulfate, chloride, perchlorate and nitrate of thorium transform into basic salts with formulas Th(OH)2SO4 and Th(OH)3NO3. The solubility and insolubility of trivalent and tetravalent actinides is like that of lanthanide salts. So phosphates, fluorides, oxalates, iodates and carbonates of actinides are weakly soluble in water; they precipitate as hydrates, such as ThF4·3H2O and Th(CrO4)2·3H2O.
Actinides with oxidation state +6, except for the AnO22+-type cations, form [AnO4]2−, [An2O7]2− and other complex anions. For example, uranium, neptunium and plutonium form salts of the Na2UO4 (uranate) and (NH4)2U2O7 (diuranate) types. In comparison with lanthanides, actinides more easily form coordination compounds, and this ability increases with the actinide valence. Trivalent actinides do not form fluoride coordination compounds, whereas tetravalent thorium forms K2ThF6, KThF5, and even K5ThF9 complexes. Thorium also forms the corresponding sulfates (for example Na2SO4·Th(SO4)2·5H2O), nitrates and thiocyanates. Salts with the general formula An2Th(NO3)6·nH2O are of coordination nature, with the coordination number of thorium equal to 12. Even easier is to produce complex salts of pentavalent and hexavalent actinides. The most stable coordination compounds of actinides – tetravalent thorium and uranium – are obtained in reactions with diketones, e.g. acetylacetone.
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Actinide
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Applications
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Applications
thumb|Interior of a smoke detector containing americium-241.
While actinides have some established daily-life applications, such as in smoke detectors (americium)Smoke Detectors and Americium, Nuclear Issues Briefing Paper 35, May 2002Greenwood, p. 1262 and gas mantles (thorium),Greenwood, p. 1255 they are mostly used in nuclear weapons and as fuel in nuclear reactors. The last two areas exploit the property of actinides to release enormous energy in nuclear reactions, which under certain conditions may become self-sustaining chain reactions.
thumb|left|upright|Self-illumination of a nuclear reactor by Cherenkov radiation.
The most important isotope for nuclear power applications is uranium-235. It is used in the thermal reactor, and its concentration in natural uranium does not exceed 0.72%. This isotope strongly absorbs thermal neutrons releasing much energy. One fission act of 1 gram of 235U converts into about 1 MW·day. Of importance, is that emits more neutrons than it absorbs;Golub, pp. 220–221 upon reaching the critical mass, enters into a self-sustaining chain reaction. Typically, uranium nucleus is divided into two fragments with the release of 2–3 neutrons, for example:
+ ⟶ + + 3
Other promising actinide isotopes for nuclear power are thorium-232 and its product from the thorium fuel cycle, uranium-233.
Nuclear reactorGreenwood, pp. 1256–1261 The core of most Generation II nuclear reactors contains a set of hollow metal rods, usually made of zirconium alloys, filled with solid nuclear fuel pellets – mostly oxide, carbide, nitride or monosulfide of uranium, plutonium or thorium, or their mixture (the so-called MOX fuel). The most common fuel is oxide of uranium-235.
border|150px|left|Nuclear reactor scheme
Fast neutrons are slowed by moderators, which contain water, carbon, deuterium, or beryllium, as thermal neutrons to increase the efficiency of their interaction with uranium-235. The rate of nuclear reaction is controlled by introducing additional rods made of boron or cadmium or a liquid absorbent, usually boric acid. Reactors for plutonium production are called breeder reactor or breeders; they have a different design and use fast neutrons.
Emission of neutrons during the fission of uranium is important not only for maintaining the nuclear chain reaction, but also for the synthesis of the heavier actinides. Uranium-239 converts via β-decay into plutonium-239, which, like uranium-235, is capable of spontaneous fission. The world's first nuclear reactors were built not for energy, but for producing plutonium-239 for nuclear weapons.
About half of produced thorium is used as the light-emitting material of gas mantles. Thorium is also added into multicomponent alloys of magnesium and zinc. Mg-Th alloys are light and strong, but also have high melting point and ductility and thus are widely used in the aviation industry and in the production of missiles. Thorium also has good electron emission properties, with long lifetime and low potential barrier for the emission. The relative content of thorium and uranium isotopes is widely used to estimate the age of various objects, including stars (see radiometric dating).
The major application of plutonium has been in nuclear weapons, where the isotope plutonium-239 was a key component due to its ease of fission and availability. Plutonium-based designs allow reducing the critical mass to about a third of that for uranium-235. The "Fat Man"-type plutonium bombs produced during the Manhattan Project used explosive compression of plutonium to obtain significantly higher densities than normal, combined with a central neutron source to begin the reaction and increase efficiency. Thus only 6.2 kg of plutonium was needed for an explosive yield equivalent to 20 kilotons of TNT. (See also Nuclear weapon design.) Hypothetically, as little as 4 kg of plutonium—and maybe even less—could be used to make a single atomic bomb using very sophisticated assembly designs.
Plutonium-238 is potentially more efficient isotope for nuclear reactors, since it has smaller critical mass than uranium-235, but it continues to release much thermal energy (0.56 W/g)John Holdren and Matthew Bunn Nuclear Weapons Design & Materials. Project on Managing the Atom (MTA) for NTI. 25 November 2002 by decay even when the fission chain reaction is stopped by control rods. Its application is limited by its high price (about US$1000/g). This isotope has been used in thermopiles and water distillation systems of some space satellites and stations. The Galileo and Apollo spacecraft (e.g. Apollo 14Apollo 14 Press Kit – 01/11/71 , NASA, pp. 38–39) had heaters powered by kilogram quantities of plutonium-238 oxide; this heat is also transformed into electricity with thermopiles. The decay of plutonium-238 produces relatively harmless alpha particles and is not accompanied by gamma rays. Therefore, this isotope (~160 mg) is used as the energy source in heart pacemakers where it lasts about 5 times longer than conventional batteries.
Actinium-227 is used as a neutron source. Its high specific energy (14.5 W/g) and the possibility of obtaining significant quantities of thermally stable compounds are attractive for use in long-lasting thermoelectric generators for remote use. 228Ac is used as an indicator of radioactivity in chemical research, as it emits high-energy electrons (2.18 MeV) that can be easily detected. 228Ac-228Ra mixtures are widely used as an intense gamma-source in industry and medicine.
Development of self-glowing actinide-doped materials with durable crystalline matrices is a new area of actinide utilization as the addition of alpha-emitting radionuclides to some glasses and crystals may confer luminescence.
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Actinide
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Toxicity
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Toxicity
thumb|Schematic illustration of penetration of radiation through sheets of paper, aluminium and lead brick
Radioactive substances can harm human health via (i) local skin contamination, (ii) internal exposure due to ingestion of radioactive isotopes, and (iii) external overexposure by β-activity and γ-radiation. Together with radium and transuranium elements, actinium is one of the most dangerous radioactive poisons with high specific α-activity. The most important feature of actinium is its ability to accumulate and remain in the surface layer of skeletons. At the initial stage of poisoning, actinium accumulates in the liver. Another danger of actinium is that it undergoes radioactive decay faster than being excreted. Adsorption from the digestive tract is much smaller (~0.05%) for actinium than radium.
Protactinium in the body tends to accumulate in the kidneys and bones. The maximum safe dose of protactinium in the human body is 0.03 μCi that corresponds to 0.5 micrograms of 231Pa. This isotope, which might be present in the air as aerosol, is 2.5 times more toxic than hydrocyanic acid.
Plutonium, when entering the body through air, food or blood (e.g. a wound), mostly settles in the lungs, liver and bones with only about 10% going to other organs, and remains there for decades. The long residence time of plutonium in the body is partly explained by its poor solubility in water. Some isotopes of plutonium emit ionizing α-radiation, which damages the surrounding cells. The median lethal dose (LD50) for 30 days in dogs after intravenous injection of plutonium is 0.32 milligram per kg of body mass, and thus the lethal dose for humans is approximately 22 mg for a person weighing 70 kg; the amount for respiratory exposure should be approximately four times greater. Another estimate assumes that plutonium is 50 times less toxic than radium, and thus permissible content of plutonium in the body should be 5 μg or 0.3 μCi. Such amount is nearly invisible under microscope. After trials on animals, this maximum permissible dose was reduced to 0.65 μg or 0.04 μCi. Studies on animals also revealed that the most dangerous plutonium exposure route is through inhalation, after which 5–25% of inhaled substances is retained in the body. Depending on the particle size and solubility of the plutonium compounds, plutonium is localized either in the lungs or in the lymphatic system, or is absorbed in the blood and then transported to the liver and bones. Contamination via food is the least likely way. In this case, only about 0.05% of soluble and 0.01% of insoluble compounds of plutonium absorbs into blood, and the rest is excreted. Exposure of damaged skin to plutonium would retain nearly 100% of it.
Using actinides in nuclear fuel, sealed radioactive sources or advanced materials such as self-glowing crystals has many potential benefits. However, a serious concern is the extremely high radiotoxicity of actinides and their migration in the environment. Use of chemically unstable forms of actinides in MOX and sealed radioactive sources is not appropriate by modern safety standards. There is a challenge to develop stable and durable actinide-bearing materials, which provide safe storage, use and final disposal. A key need is application of actinide solid solutions in durable crystalline host phases.
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Actinide
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See also
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See also
Actinides in the environment
Lanthanides
Major actinides
Minor actinides
Transuranics
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Actinide
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Notes
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Notes
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Actinide
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References
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References
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Actinide
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Bibliography
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Bibliography
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Actinide
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External links
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External links
Lawrence Berkeley Laboratory image of historic periodic table by Seaborg showing actinide series for the first time
Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Uncovering the Secrets of the Actinides
Los Alamos National Laboratory, Actinide Research Quarterly
Category:Periodic table
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Actinide
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Table of Content
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short description, Discovery, isolation and synthesis, From actinium to uranium, Neptunium and above, Isotopes, Formation in nuclear reactors, Distribution in nature, Extraction, Properties, Physical properties, Chemical properties, Compounds, Oxides and hydroxides, Salts, Applications, Toxicity, See also, Notes, References, Bibliography, External links
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Arthur Miller
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Short description
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Arthur Asher Miller (October 17, 1915 – February 10, 2005) was an American playwright, essayist and screenwriter in the 20th-century American theater. Among his most popular plays are All My Sons (1947), Death of a Salesman (1949), The Crucible (1953), and A View from the Bridge (1955). He wrote several screenplays, including The Misfits (1961). The drama Death of a Salesman is considered one of the best American plays of the 20th century.
Miller was often in the public eye, particularly during the late 1940s, 1950s and early 1960s. During this time, he received a Pulitzer Prize for Drama, testified before the House Un-American Activities Committee, and married Marilyn Monroe. In 1980, he received the St. Louis Literary Award from the Saint Louis University Library Associates. He received the Praemium Imperiale prize in 2001, the Prince of Asturias Award in 2002, and the Jerusalem Prize in 2003, and the Dorothy and Lillian Gish Prize in 1999.Associated Press, "Citing Arts' Power, Arthur Miller Accepts International Prize". Los Angeles Times, September 4, 2002
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Arthur Miller
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Early life and education
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Early life and education
Miller was born in the Harlem area of Manhattan Island, the second of three children of Augusta (Barnett) and Isidore Miller. He was born into a Jewish family of Polish-Jewish descent. Golin, Paul. Published February 16, 2005. Accessed December 12, 2015."Marilyn Monroe's Jewish Wedding 'Cover Up'" Ghert-Zand, Renee. Published December 28, 2012. Accessed December 12, 2015."A World in Which Everything Hurts; Arthur Miller's Struggle With Jewish Identity May Be Responsible for His Best Work" Eden, Ami. Published July 30, 2004. Accessed December 12, 2015. His father was born in Radomyśl Wielki, Galicia (then part of Austria-Hungary, now Poland), and his mother was a native of New York whose parents also arrived from that town.Arthur Miller, Timebends: A Life, A&C Black, 2012. p. 539. Isidore owned a women's clothing manufacturing business employing 400 people. He became a well respected man in the community.BBC TV Interview; Miller and Yentob; 'Finishing the Picture,' 2004 The family, including Miller's younger sister Joan Copeland, lived on WestMiller, Arthur (June 22, 1998) American Summer: Before Air-Conditioning. The New Yorker. Retrieved on October 30, 2013. 110th Street in Manhattan, owned a summer house in Far Rockaway, Queens, and employed a chauffeur. In the Wall Street crash of 1929, the family lost almost everything and moved to Gravesend, Brooklyn.The Times Arthur Miller Obituary, (London: The Times, 2005) According to Peter Applebome, they moved to Midwood.Applebome, Peter. "Present at the Birth of a Salesman", The New York Times, January 29, 1999. Accessed February 8, 2019. "Mr. Miller was born in Harlem in 1915 and then moved with his family to the Midwood section of Brooklyn."
As a teenager, Miller delivered bread every morning before school to help the family. Miller later published an account of his early years under the title "A Boy Grew in Brooklyn". After graduating in 1932 from Abraham Lincoln High School, he worked at several menial jobs to pay for his college tuition at the University of Michigan.Hechinger, Fred M. "Personal Touch Helps", The New York Times, January 1, 1980. Accessed September 20, 2009. "Lincoln, an ordinary, unselective New York City high school, is proud of a galaxy of prominent alumni, who include the playwright Arthur Miller, Representative Elizabeth Holtzman, the authors Joseph Heller and Ken Auletta, the producer Mel Brooks, the singer Neil Diamond and the songwriter Neil Sedaka." After graduation (), he worked as a psychiatric aide and copywriter before accepting faculty posts at New York University and University of New Hampshire. On May 1, 1935, he joined the League of American Writers (1935–1943), whose members included Alexander Trachtenberg of International Publishers, Franklin Folsom, Louis Untermeyer, I. F. Stone, Myra Page, Millen Brand, Lillian Hellman and Dashiell Hammett. Members were largely either Communist Party members or fellow travelers.
At the University of Michigan, Miller first majored in journalism and wrote for the student newspaper, The Michigan Daily, and the satirical Gargoyle Humor Magazine. It was during this time that he wrote his first play, No Villain. He switched his major to English, and subsequently won the Avery Hopwood Award for No Villain. The award led him to consider that he could have a career as a playwright. He enrolled in a playwriting seminar with the influential Professor Kenneth Rowe,For Rowe's recollections of Miller's work as a student playwright, see Kenneth Thorpe Rowe, "Shadows Cast Before," in Robert A. Martin, ed. (1982) Arthur Miller: New Perspectives, Prentice-Hall, . Rowe's influential book Write That Play (Funk and Wagnalls, 1939), which appeared just a year after Miller's graduation, describes Rowe's approach to play construction. who emphasized how a play was built to achieve its intended effect, or what Miller called "the dynamics of play construction".Arthur Miller, Timebends: A Life. New York: Grove Press, 1987, pp. 226–227 Rowe gave Miller realistic feedback and much-needed encouragement, and became a lifelong friend. Miller retained strong ties to his alma mater through the rest of his life, establishing the university's Arthur Miller Award in 1985 and the Arthur Miller Award for Dramatic Writing in 1999, and lending his name to the Arthur Miller Theatre in 2000. In 1937, Miller wrote Honors at Dawn, which also received the Avery Hopwood Award. After his graduation in 1938, he joined the Federal Theatre Project, a New Deal agency established to provide jobs in the theater. He chose the theater project despite the more lucrative offer to work as a scriptwriter for 20th Century Fox. However, Congress, worried about possible Communist infiltration, closed the project in 1939. Miller began working in the Brooklyn Navy Yard while continuing to write radio plays, some of which were broadcast on CBS.
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Arthur Miller
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Career
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Career
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Arthur Miller
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1940–1949: Early career
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1940–1949: Early career
In 1940, Miller married Mary Grace Slattery. The couple had two children, Jane (born September 7, 1944) and Robert (May 31, 1947 – March 6, 2022). Miller was exempted from military service during World War II because of a high school football injury to his left kneecap. In 1944 Miller's first play was produced: The Man Who Had All the Luck won the Theatre Guild's National Award.Royal National Theater: Platform Papers, 7. Arthur Miller (Battley Brothers Printers, 1995). The play closed after four performances with disastrous reviews.
In 1947, Miller's play All My Sons, the writing of which had commenced in 1941, was a success on Broadway (earning him his first Tony Award, for Best Author) and his reputation as a playwright was established. Years later, in a 1994 interview with Ron Rifkin, Miller said that most contemporary critics regarded All My Sons as "a very depressing play in a time of great optimism" and that positive reviews from Brooks Atkinson of The New York Times had saved it from failure.Rifkin, Ron, "Arthur Miller" . BOMB Magazine. Fall 1994. Retrieved on July 18, 2012.
In 1948, Miller built a small studio in Roxbury, Connecticut. There, in less than a day, he wrote Act I of Death of a Salesman. Within six weeks, he completed the rest of the play, one of the classics of world theater. Death of a Salesman premiered on Broadway on February 10, 1949, at the Morosco Theatre, directed by Elia Kazan, and starring Lee J. Cobb as Willy Loman, Mildred Dunnock as Linda, Arthur Kennedy as Biff, and Cameron Mitchell as Happy. The play was commercially successful and critically acclaimed, winning a Tony Award for Best Author, the New York Drama Circle Critics' Award, and the Pulitzer Prize for Drama. It was the first play to win all three of these major awards. The play was performed 742 times.
In 1949, Miller exchanged letters with Eugene O'Neill regarding Miller's production of All My Sons. O'Neill had sent Miller a congratulatory telegram; in response, he wrote a letter that consisted of a few paragraphs detailing his gratitude for the telegram, apologizing for not responding earlier, and inviting Eugene to the opening of Death of a Salesman. O'Neill replied, accepting the apology, but declining the invitation, explaining that his Parkinson's disease made it difficult to travel. He ended the letter with an invitation to Boston, a trip that never occurred.Dan Isaac, "Founding Father: O'Neill's Correspondence with Arthur Miller and Tennessee Williams", The Eugene O'Neill Review, Vol. 17, No. 1/2 (Spring/Fall 1993), pp. 124–133
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Arthur Miller
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1950–1963: Critical years and HUAC controversy
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1950–1963: Critical years and HUAC controversy
In 1952, Elia Kazan appeared before the House Un-American Activities Committee (HUAC). Kazan named eight members of the Group Theatre, including Clifford Odets, Paula Strasberg, Lillian Hellman, J. Edward Bromberg, and John Garfield, who in recent years had been fellow members of the Communist Party. Miller and Kazan were close friends throughout the late 1940s and early 1950s, but after Kazan's testimony to the HUAC, the pair's friendship ended. After speaking with Kazan about his testimony, Miller traveled to Salem, Massachusetts, to research the witch trials of 1692. He and Kazan did not speak to each other for the next ten years. Kazan later defended his own actions through his film On the Waterfront, in which a dockworker heroically testifies against a corrupt union boss. Miller would retaliate against Kazan's work by writing A View from the Bridge, a play where a longshoreman outs his co-workers motivated only by jealousy and greed. He sent a copy of the initial script to Kazan and when the director asked in jest to direct the movie, Miller replied "I only sent you the script to let you know what I think of stool-pigeons."
In The Crucible, which was first performed at the Martin Beck Theatre on Broadway on January 22, 1953, Miller likened the situation with the House Un-American Activities Committee to the witch hunt in Salem in 1692.For a frequently cited study of Miller's use of the Salem witchcraft episode, see Robert A. Martin, "Arthur Miller's The Crucible: Background and Sources", reprinted in James J. Martine, ed. (1979) Critical Essays on Arthur Miller, G. K. Hall, . Though widely considered only somewhat successful at the time of its release, The Crucible is Miller's most frequently produced work throughout the world. It was adapted into an opera by Robert Ward in 1961. Earlier in 1955, a one-act version of Miller's verse drama, titled A View from the Bridge, opened on Broadway in a joint bill with one of Miller's lesser-known plays, A Memory of Two Mondays. The following year, Miller revised A View from the Bridge as a two-act prose drama, which Peter Brook directed in London.Miller, Arthur (1988) Introduction to Plays: One, London: Methuen, p. 51, . A French-Italian co-production Vu du pont, based on the play, was released in 1962.
thumb|upright=1.2|While newsmen take notes, Chairman Dies of House Un-American Activities Committee reads and proofs his letter replying to Pres. Roosevelt's attack on the committee, October 26, 1938
The HUAC took an interest in Miller himself not long after The Crucible opened, engineering the US State Department's denying him a passport to attend the play's London opening in 1954. When Miller applied in 1956 for a routine renewal of his passport, the House Un-American Activities Committee used this opportunity to subpoena him to appear before the committee. Before appearing, Miller asked the committee not to ask him to name names, to which the chairman, Francis E. Walter (D-PA) agreed. When Miller attended the hearing, to which Monroe accompanied him, risking her own career, he gave the committee a detailed account of his political activities. Reneging on the chairman's promise, the committee demanded the names of friends and colleagues who had participated in similar activities. Miller refused to comply, saying "I could not use the name of another person and bring trouble on him." As a result, a judge found Miller guilty of contempt of Congress in May 1957. Miller was sentenced to a fine and a prison sentence, blacklisted from Hollywood, and disallowed a US passport. In August 1958, his conviction was overturned by the court of appeals, which ruled that Miller had been misled by the chairman of the HUAC.
Miller's experience with the HUAC affected him throughout his life. In the late 1970s, he joined other celebrities (including William Styron and Mike Nichols) who were brought together by the journalist Joan Barthel. Barthel's coverage of the highly publicized Barbara Gibbons murder case helped raise bail for Gibbons' son Peter Reilly, who had been convicted of his mother's murder based on what many felt was a coerced confession and little other evidence.Barthel, Joan:A Death in Canaan. New York: E.P. Dutton. 1976 Barthel documented the case in her book A Death in Canaan, which was made as a television film of the same name and broadcast in 1978.A Death in Canaan |url = https://www.imdb.com/title/tt0077412/ City Confidential, an A&E Network series, produced an episode about the murder, postulating that part of the reason Miller took such an active interest (including supporting Reilly's defense and using his own celebrity to bring attention to Reilly's plight) was because he had felt similarly persecuted in his run-ins with the HUAC. He sympathized with Reilly, whom he firmly believed to be innocent and to have been railroaded by the Connecticut State Police and the Attorney General who had initially prosecuted the case.
Miller began work on writing the screenplay for The Misfits in 1960, directed by John Huston and starring Monroe. It was during the filming that Miller's and Monroe's relationship hit difficulties, and he later said that the filming was one of the lowest points in his life. Monroe was taking drugs to help her sleep and other drugs to help her wake up, arriving on the set late, and having trouble remembering her lines. Huston was unaware that Miller and Monroe were having problems in their private life. He recalled later, "I was impertinent enough to say to Arthur that to allow her to take drugs of any kind was criminal and utterly irresponsible. Shortly after that I realized that she wouldn't listen to Arthur at all; he had no say over her actions."Grobel, Lawrence. The Hustons, Charles Scribner's Sons, New York (1989) p. 489
Shortly before the film's premiere in 1961, Miller and Monroe divorced after five years of marriage. Nineteen months later, on August 5, 1962, Monroe died of a likely drug overdose. Huston, who had also directed her in her first major role in The Asphalt Jungle in 1950, and who had seen her rise to stardom, put the blame for her death on her doctors as opposed to the stresses of being a star: "The girl was an addict of sleeping pills and she was made so by the God-damn doctors. It had nothing to do with the Hollywood set-up."Badman, Keith. The Final Years of Marilyn Monroe: The Shocking True Story, Aurum Press (2010) ebook,
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Arthur Miller
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1964–2004: Later career
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1964–2004: Later career
In 1964, After the Fall was produced, and is said to be a deeply personal view of Miller's experiences during his marriage to Monroe. It reunited Miller with his former friend Kazan; they collaborated on the script and direction. It opened on January 23, 1964, at the ANTA Theatre in Washington Square Park amid a flurry of publicity and outrage at putting a Monroe-like character, Maggie, on stage. Robert Brustein, in a review in the New Republic, called After the Fall "a three and one half hour breach of taste, a confessional autobiography of embarrassing explicitness ... There is a misogynistic strain in the play which the author does not seem to recognize. ... He has created a shameless piece of tabloid gossip, an act of exhibitionism which makes us all voyeurs ... a wretched piece of dramatic writing." That year, Miller produced Incident at Vichy. In 1965, he was elected the first American president of PEN International, a position which he held for four years. A year later, he organized the 1966 PEN congress in New York City. He also wrote the penetrating family drama The Price, produced in 1968. It was his most successful play since Death of a Salesman.
In 1968, Miller attended the Democratic National Convention as a delegate for Eugene McCarthy. In 1969, Miller's works were banned in the Soviet Union after he campaigned for the freedom of dissident writers. Throughout the 1970s, he spent much of his time experimenting with the theatre, producing one-act plays such as Fame and The Reason Why, and traveling with his wife, producing In the Country and Chinese Encounters with her. Both his 1972 comedy The Creation of the World and Other Business and its musical adaptation, Up from Paradise, were critical and commercial failures.
Miller was an unusually articulate commentator on his own work. In 1978, he published a collection of his Theater Essays, edited by Robert A. Martin and with a foreword by Miller. Highlights of the collection included Miller's introduction to his Collected Plays, his reflections on the theory of tragedy, comments on the McCarthy Era, and pieces arguing for a publicly supported theater. Reviewing this collection in the Chicago Tribune, Studs Terkel remarked, "In reading [the Theater Essays] ... you are exhilaratingly aware of a social critic, as well as a playwright, who knows what he's talking about."
thumb|left|upright|Miller at the 1986 PEN Congress
In 1983, Miller traveled to China to produce and direct Death of a Salesman at the People's Art Theatre in Beijing. It was a success in China and in 1984, Salesman in Beijing, a book about Miller's experiences in Beijing, was published. Around the same time, Death of a Salesman was adapted into a television film starring Dustin Hoffman as Willy Loman. The film was broadcast on CBS, and garnered an audience viewership of 25 million. In late 1987, Miller's autobiographical work, Timebends, was published. Before it was published, it was well known that Miller would not talk about Monroe in interviews; however, in the book, he wrote extensively in detail about his experiences with Monroe.
During the early 1990s, Miller wrote three new plays: The Ride Down Mt. Morgan (1991), The Last Yankee (1992), and Broken Glass (1994). In 1996, a film adaptation of The Crucible starring Daniel Day-Lewis, Paul Scofield, Bruce Davison and Winona Ryder was released. Miller spent much of 1996 working on the screenplay.
Mr. Peters' Connections was staged Off-Broadway in 1998, and Death of a Salesman was revived on Broadway in 1999 to celebrate its 50th anniversary. The 1999 revival ran for 274 performances at the Eugene O'Neill Theatre, starring Brian Dennehy as Willy Loman. Once again, it was a large critical success, winning a Tony Award for Best Revival of a Play.
In 1993, Miller received the National Medal of Arts. He was honored with the PEN/Laura Pels Theater Award for a Master American Dramatist in 1998. In 2001, the National Endowment for the Humanities selected him for the Jefferson Lecture, the U.S. federal government's highest honor for achievement in the humanities. His lecture, "On Politics and the Art of Acting", analyzed political events (including the U.S. presidential election of 2000)
in terms of the "arts of performance". It drew attacks from some conservatives such as Jay Nordlinger, who called it "a disgrace"; and George Will, who argued that Miller was not a legitimate "scholar".
In October 1999, Miller received The Dorothy and Lillian Gish Prize, given annually to "a man or woman who has made an outstanding contribution to the beauty of the world and to mankind's enjoyment and understanding of life". Additionally in 1999, San Jose State University honored Miller with the John Steinbeck "In the Souls of the People" Award, which is given to those who capture "Steinbeck's empathy, commitment to democratic values, and belief in the dignity of people who by circumstance are pushed to the fringes." In 2001, he received the National Book Foundation's Medal for Distinguished Contribution to American Letters. On May 1, 2002, he received Spain's Principe de Asturias Prize for Literature as "the undisputed master of modern drama". Later that year, Ingeborg Morath died of lymphatic cancer at the age of 78. The following year, Miller won the Jerusalem Prize.
In December 2004, 89-year-old Miller announced that he had been in love with 34-year-old minimalist painter Agnes Barley and had been living with her at his Connecticut farm since 2002, and that they intended to marry.
Miller's final play, Finishing the Picture, opened at the Goodman Theatre, Chicago, in the fall of 2004, with one character said to be based on Barley. It was reportedly based on his experience during the filming of The Misfits, though Miller insisted the play was a work of fiction with independent characters that were no more than composite shadows of history.
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Arthur Miller
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Personal life
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Personal life
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Arthur Miller
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Marriages and family
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Marriages and family
thumb|Miller and Marilyn Monroe tie the knot in Westchester County, New York, June 1956
In June 1956, Miller left his first wife, Mary Slattery, whom he had married in 1940, and wed film star Marilyn Monroe. They met in 1951, had a brief affair, and remained in contact. Monroe had just turned 30 when they married; she never had a real family of her own and was eager to join the family of her new husband.Meyers, Jeffrey. The Genius and the Goddess: Arthur Miller and Marilyn Monroe. University of Illinois Press (2010)
Monroe began to reconsider her career and the fact that trying to manage it made her feel helpless. She admitted to Miller, "I hate Hollywood. I don't want it any more. I want to live quietly in the country and just be there when you need me. I can't fight for myself any more." Monroe converted to Judaism to "express her loyalty and get close to both Miller and his parents", writes biographer Jeffrey Meyers. Soon after Monroe converted, Egypt banned all of her movies. Away from Hollywood and the culture of celebrity, Monroe's life became more normal; she began cooking, keeping house, and giving Miller more attention and affection than he had been used to.
Later that year, Miller was subpoenaed by the House Un-American Activities Committee, and Monroe accompanied him.Çakırtaş, Önder. "Double Portrayed: Tituba, Racism and Politics". International Journal of Language Academy. Volume 1/1 Winter 2013, pp. 13–22. In her personal notes, she wrote about her worries during this period:
During the filming of the 1961 film The Misfits, which Miller wrote the script for, Miller and Monroe's marriage dissolved. Monroe obtained a "Mexican divorce" from Miller in January 1961.
In February 1962, Miller married photographer Inge Morath, who had worked as a photographer documenting the production of The Misfits. The first of their two children, Rebecca, was born September 15, 1962. Their son Daniel was born with Down syndrome in November 1966. Against his wife's wishes, Miller had him institutionalized, first at a home for infants in New York City, then at the Southbury Training School in Connecticut. Though Morath visited Daniel often, Miller never visited him at the school and rarely spoke of him; Daniel left Southbury at the age of 17 and gradually went from living in a group home to living in an apartment with occasional visits by a social worker. Miller and Inge remained together until her death in 2002. Miller's son-in-law, actor Daniel Day-Lewis, is said to have visited Daniel frequently and to have persuaded Miller to meet with him. At one point, Miller answered a question about his son by stating, "Well, he knows I’m a person, and he knows my name, but he doesn’t understand what it means to be a son.” When Inge died, Miller stated that they had only had one child together; Daniel did not attend her funeral. When Miller died, Daniel was named as an heir along with his three other children.
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Arthur Miller
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Death
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Death
Miller died on the evening of February 10, 2005 (the 56th anniversary of the Broadway debut of Death of a Salesman) at age 89 of bladder cancer and heart failure, at his home in Roxbury, Connecticut. He had been in hospice care at his sister's apartment in New York since his release from hospital the previous month. He was surrounded by his companion (the painter Agnes Barley), family, and friends. His body was interred at Roxbury Center Cemetery in Roxbury. Within hours of her father's death, Rebecca Miller, who had been consistently opposed to the relationship with Barley, ordered her to vacate the home she shared with Arthur.
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Arthur Miller
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Legacy
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Legacy
Miller's writing career spanned over seven decades, and at the time of his death, he was considered one of the 20th century's greatest dramatists. After his death, many respected actors, directors, and producers paid tribute to him, some calling him the last great practitioner of the American stage, and Broadway theatres darkened their lights in a show of respect.
Miller's alma mater, the University of Michigan, opened the Arthur Miller Theatre in March 2007. Per his express wish, it is the only theater in the world that bears his name.
Miller's letters, notes, drafts and other papers are housed at the Harry Ransom Humanities Research Center at the University of Texas at Austin. Miller is also a member of the American Theater Hall of Fame. He was inducted in 1979. In 1993, he received the Four Freedoms Award for Freedom of Speech. In 2017, his daughter, Rebecca Miller, a writer and filmmaker, completed a documentary about her father's life, Arthur Miller: Writer. Minor planet 3769 Arthurmiller is named after him. In the 2022 Netflix film Blonde, Miller was portrayed by Adrien Brody.
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Arthur Miller
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Foundation
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Foundation
The Arthur Miller Foundation was founded to honor the legacy of Miller and the New York City Public School education. Its mission is "Promoting increased access and equity to theater arts education in our schools and increasing the number of students receiving theater arts education as an integral part of their academic curriculum."Arthur Miller Foundation, summary report and legitimacy information, guidestar.org Its other initiatives include certification of new theater teachers and their placement in public schools, increasing the number of theater teachers in the system from the current estimate of 180 teachers in 1800 schools, supporting professional development of all certified theater teachers, and providing teaching artists, cultural partners, physical spaces, and theater ticket allocations for students. The foundation's primary purpose is to provide arts education in the New York City school system. Its current chancellor is Carmen Farina, a prominent proponent of the Common Core State Standards Initiative. The Master Arts Council includes Alec Baldwin, Ellen Barkin, Bradley Cooper, Dustin Hoffman, Scarlett Johansson, Tony Kushner, Julianne Moore, Michael Moore, Liam Neeson, David O. Russell, and Liev Schreiber. Miller's son-in-law, Daniel Day-Lewis, has served on the current board of directors since 2016.The Arthur Miller Foundation, arthurmillerfoundation.org
The foundation celebrated Miller's 100th birthday with a one-night performance of his seminal works in November 2015. The Arthur Miller Foundation currently supports a pilot program in theater and film at the public school Quest to Learn, in partnership with the Institute of Play. The model is being used as an in-school elective theater class and lab. Its objective is to create a sustainable theater education model to disseminate to teachers at professional development workshops.Media Room, Hasty Pudding Institute of 1770, hastypudding.org
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Arthur Miller
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Archive
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Archive
Miller donated thirteen boxes of his earliest manuscripts to the Harry Ransom Center at the University of Texas at Austin in 1961 and 1962. This collection included the original handwritten notebooks and early typed drafts for Death of a Salesman, The Crucible, All My Sons, and other works. In January 2018, the Ransom Center announced the acquisition of the remainder of the Miller archive, totaling over 200 boxes. The full archive opened in November 2019.
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Arthur Miller
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Literary and public criticism
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Literary and public criticism
Christopher Bigsby wrote Arthur Miller: The Definitive Biography based on boxes of papers Miller made available to him before his death in 2005. The book was published in November 2008, and is reported to reveal unpublished works in which Miller "bitterly attack[ed] the injustices of American racism long before it was taken up by the civil rights movement". In his book Trinity of Passion, author Alan M. Wald conjectures that Miller was "a member of a writer's unit of the Communist Party around 1946", using the pseudonym Matt Wayne, and editing a drama column in the magazine The New Masses.
In 1999, the writer Christopher Hitchens attacked Miller for comparing the Monica Lewinsky investigation to the Salem witch hunt. Miller had asserted a parallel between the examination of physical evidence on Lewinsky's dress and the examinations of women's bodies for signs of the "Devil's Marks" in Salem. Hitchens scathingly disputed the parallel. In his memoir, Hitch-22, Hitchens bitterly noted that Miller, despite his prominence as a left-wing intellectual, had failed to support author Salman Rushdie during the Iranian fatwa involving The Satanic Verses.
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Arthur Miller
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Works
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Works
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Arthur Miller
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Stage plays
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Stage plays
No Villain (1936)
They Too Arise (1937, based on No Villain)
Honors at Dawn (1938, based on They Too Arise)
The Grass Still Grows (1938, based on They Too Arise)
The Great Disobedience (1938)
Listen My Children (1939, with Norman Rosten)
The Golden Years (1940)
The Half-Bridge (1943)
The Man Who Had All the Luck (1944)
All My Sons (1947)
Death of a Salesman (1949)
An Enemy of the People (1950, adaptation of Henrik Ibsen's play An Enemy of the People)
The Crucible (1953)
A View from the Bridge (1955)
A Memory of Two Mondays (1955)
After the Fall (1964)
Incident at Vichy (1964)
The Price (1968)
The Reason Why (1970)
Fame (one-act, 1970; revised for television 1978)
The Creation of the World and Other Business (1972)
Up from Paradise (1974)
The Archbishop's Ceiling (1977)
The American Clock (1980)
Playing for Time (television play, 1980)
Elegy for a Lady (short play, 1982, first part of Two Way Mirror)
Some Kind of Love Story (short play, 1982, second part of Two Way Mirror)
I Think About You a Great Deal (1986)
Playing for Time (stage version, 1985)
I Can't Remember Anything (1987, collected in Danger: Memory!)
Clara (1987, collected in Danger: Memory!)
The Ride Down Mt. Morgan (1991)
The Last Yankee (1993)
Broken Glass (1994)
Mr. Peters' Connections (1998)
Resurrection Blues (2002)
Finishing the Picture (2004)
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Arthur Miller
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Radio plays
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Radio plays
The Pussycat and the Expert Plumber Who Was a Man (1940)
Joel Chandler Harris (1941)
The Battle of the Ovens (1942)
Thunder from the Mountains (1942)
I Was Married in Bataan (1942)
That They May Win (1943)
Listen for the Sound of Wings (1943)
Bernardine (1944)
I Love You (1944)
Grandpa and the Statue (1944)
The Philippines Never Surrendered (1944)
The Guardsman (1944, based on Ferenc Molnár's play)
The Story of Gus (1947)
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Arthur Miller
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Screenplays
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Screenplays
The Hook (1947)
All My Sons (1948)
Let's Make Love (1960)
The Misfits (1961)
Death of a Salesman (1985)
Everybody Wins (1990)
The Crucible (1996)
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Arthur Miller
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Assorted fiction
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Assorted fiction
Focus (novel, 1945)
"The Misfits" (short story, published in Esquire, October 1957)
I Don't Need You Anymore (short stories, 1967)
"Homely Girl: A Life" (short story, 1992, published in UK as "Plain Girl: A Life" 1995)
Presence: Stories (2007) (short stories include "The Bare Manuscript", "Beavers", "The Performance", and "Bulldog")
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Arthur Miller
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Non-fiction
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Non-fiction
Situation Normal (1944) is based on his experiences researching the war correspondence of Ernie Pyle.
In Russia (1969), the first of three books created with his photographer wife Inge Morath, offers Miller's impressions of Russia and Russian society.
In the Country (1977), with photographs by Morath and text by Miller, provides insight into how Miller spent his time in Roxbury, Connecticut, and profiles of his various neighbors.
Chinese Encounters (1979) is a travel journal with photographs by Morath. It depicts the Chinese society in the state of flux which followed the end of the Cultural Revolution. Miller discusses the hardships of many writers, professors, and artists during Mao Zedong's regime.
Salesman in Beijing (1984) details Miller's experiences with the 1983 Beijing People's Theatre production of Death of a Salesman. He describes directing a Chinese cast in an American play.
Timebends: A Life, Methuen London (1987) . Miller's autobiography.
On Politics and the Art of Acting, Viking 2001 {ISBN 0-670-030-422} an 85-page essay about the thespian skills in American politics, comparing FDR, JFK, Reagan, Clinton.
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Arthur Miller
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Collections
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Collections
Abbotson, Susan C. W. (ed.), Arthur Miller: Collected Essays, Penguin 2016
Kushner, Tony, ed. Arthur Miller, Collected Plays 1944–1961 (Library of America, 2006) .
Martin, Robert A. (ed.), "The theater essays of Arthur Miller", foreword by Arthur Miller. NY: Viking Press, 1978
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Arthur Miller
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References
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References
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Arthur Miller
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Bibliography
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Bibliography
Bigsby, Christopher (ed.), The Cambridge Companion to Arthur Miller, Cambridge 1997
Gottfried, Martin, Arthur Miller, A Life, Da Capo Press (US)/Faber and Faber (UK), 2003
Koorey, Stefani, Arthur Miller's Life and Literature, Scarecrow, 2000
Moss, Leonard. Arthur Miller, Boston: Twayne Publishers, 1980.
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Arthur Miller
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Further reading
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Further reading
Critical Companion to Arthur Miller, Susan Greenwood (2007)
Student Companion to Arthur Miller, Susan C. W. Abbotson, Facts on File (2000)
File on Miller, Christopher Bigsby (1988)
Arthur Miller & Company, Christopher Bigsby, editor (1990)
Arthur Miller: A Critical Study, Christopher Bigsby (2005)
Remembering Arthur Miller, Christopher Bigsby, editor (2005)
Arthur Miller 1915–1962, Christopher Bigsby (2008, U.K.; 2009, U.S.)
The Cambridge Companion to Arthur Miller (Cambridge Companions to Literature), Christopher Bigsby, editor (1998, updated and republished 2010)
Arthur Miller 1962–2005, Christopher Bigsby (2011)
Arthur Miller: Critical Insights, Brenda Murphy, editor, Salem (2011)
Understanding Death of a Salesman, Brenda Murphy and Susan C. W. Abbotson, Greenwood (1999)
Critical articles
Arthur Miller Journal, published biannually by Penn State UP. Vol. 1.1 (2006)
Radavich, David. "Arthur Miller's Sojourn in the Heartland". American Drama 16:2 (Summer 2007): 28–45.
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Arthur Miller
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External links
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External links
Organizations
Arthur Miller official website
Arthur Miller Society
The Arthur Miller Foundation
Archive
Arthur Miller Papers at the Harry Ransom Center
"Playwright Arthur Miller's archive comes to the Harry Ransom Center"
Finding aid to Arthur Miller papers at Columbia University. Rare Book & Manuscript Library.
Databases
Websites
A Visit With Castro – Miller's article in The Nation, January 12, 2004
Joyce Carol Oates on Arthur Miller
Arthur Miller Biography
Arthur Miller and Mccarthyism
Interviews
Miller interview, Humanities, March–April 2001
Obituaries
The New York Times Obituary
NPR obituary
CNN obituary
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Arthur Miller
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Table of Content
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Short description, Early life and education, Career, 1940–1949: Early career, 1950–1963: Critical years and HUAC controversy, 1964–2004: Later career, Personal life, Marriages and family, Death, Legacy, Foundation, Archive, Literary and public criticism, Works, Stage plays, Radio plays, Screenplays, Assorted fiction, Non-fiction, Collections, References, Bibliography, Further reading, External links
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Anton Diabelli
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Short description
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210px|thumb|Anton Diabelli, lithograph by Josef Kriehuber
Anton (or Antonio) Diabelli (5 September 17818 April 1858) was an Austrian music publisher, editor and composer. Best known in his time as a publisher, he is most familiar today as the composer of the waltz on which Ludwig van Beethoven wrote his set of thirty-three Diabelli Variations.AllMusic.com
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Anton Diabelli
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Early life
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Early life
Diabelli was born in Mattsee in Austria, then in the Archbishopric of Salzburg. A musical child, he sang in the boys' choir at Salzburg Cathedral where he is believed to have taken music lessons with Michael Haydn. By the age of 19 Diabelli had already composed several important compositions including six masses.
Diabelli was trained to enter the priesthood and in 1800 joined the monastery at Raitenhaslach, Bavaria. He remained there until 1803, when Bavaria closed all its monasteries.
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Anton Diabelli
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Career
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Career
In 1803 Diabelli moved to Vienna and began teaching piano and guitar and found work as a proofreader for a music publisher. During this period he learned the music publishing business while continuing to compose. In 1809 he composed his comic opera, Adam in der Klemme. In 1817 he started a music publishing business and in 1818 he formed a partnership with Pietro Cappi to create the music publishing firm of Cappi & Diabelli.
Cappi & Diabelli became well known by arranging popular pieces so they could be played by amateurs at home. A master of promotion, Diabelli selected widely-accessible music such as famous opera tune arrangements, dance music and popular new comic theatre songs.
The firm soon established a reputation in more serious music circles by championing the works of Franz Schubert. Diabelli recognized the composer's potential and became the first to publish Schubert's work with "Erlkönig" in 1821. Diabelli's firm continued to publish Schubert's work until 1823 when an argument between Cappi and Schubert terminated their business. The following year Diabelli and Cappi parted ways, Diabelli launching a new publishing house, Diabelli & Co., in 1824. Following Schubert's early death in 1828 Diabelli purchased a large portion of the composer's massive musical estate from Schubert's brother Ferdinand. As Schubert had hundreds of unpublished works, Diabelli's firm was able to publish "new" Schubert works for more than 30 years after the composer's death.
Diabelli's publishing house expanded throughout his life, before he retired in 1851, leaving it under the control of Carl Anton Spina. When Diabelli died in 1858 Spina changed the firm's name to “C.A. Spina Vormals Diabelli” and published much music by Johann Strauss II and Josef Strauss. In 1872 the firm was taken over by Friedrich Schreiber and in 1876 it merged with the firm of August Cranz who bought the company in 1879 and ran it under his name.
Diabelli died in Vienna at the age of 76.
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Anton Diabelli
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Compositions
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Compositions
Diabelli composed a number of well-known Classical works, including an operetta called Adam in der Klemme, several masses, songs and numerous piano and classical guitar pieces. Numerically his guitar pieces form the largest part of his works. His pieces for piano four hands are popular.
Diabelli's composition Pleasures of Youth: Six Sonatinas is a collection of six sonatinas depicting a struggle between unknown opposing forces. This is suggested by the sharp and frequent change in dynamics from forte to piano. When forte is indicated the pianist is meant to evoke a sense of wickedness, thus depicting the antagonist. In contrast the markings of piano represent the protagonist.
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Anton Diabelli
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Diabelli Variations
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Diabelli Variations
The composition for which Diabelli is now best known was actually written as part of an adventuring story. In 1819, as a promotional idea, he decided to try to publish a volume of variations on a "patriotic" waltz he had penned expressly for this purpose, with one variation by every important Austrian composer living at the time, as well as several significant non-Austrians. The combined contributions would be published in an anthology called Vaterländischer Künstlerverein. Fifty-one composers responded with pieces, including Beethoven, Schubert, Archduke Rudolph of Austria, Franz Xaver Wolfgang Mozart (jun.), Moritz, Prince of Dietrichstein, Heinrich Eduard Josef Baron von Lannoy, Ignaz Franz Baron von Mosel, Carl Czerny, Johann Nepomuk Hummel, Ignaz Moscheles, Simon Sechter, and the eight-year-old Franz Liszt (although it seems Liszt was not invited personally, but his teacher Czerny arranged for him to be involved). Czerny was also enlisted to write a coda. Beethoven, however, instead of providing just one variation, provided 33, and his formed Part I of Vaterländischer Künstlerverein. They constitute what is generally regarded as one of the greatest of Beethoven's piano pieces and as the greatest set of variations of their time, and are generally known simply as the Diabelli Variations, Op. 120. The other 50 variations were published as Part II of Vaterländischer Künstlerverein.
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Anton Diabelli
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Cultural references
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Cultural references
A sonatina of Diabelli's, presumably Sonatina in F major, Op. 168, No. 1 (I: Moderato cantabile), provides the title and a motif for the French novella Moderato Cantabile by Marguerite Duras.
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Anton Diabelli
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See also
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See also
Romantic guitar
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Anton Diabelli
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References
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References
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Anton Diabelli
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Published music and further reading
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Published music and further reading
Anton Diabelli's guitar works – a thematic catalogue with an introduction; Doctoral Thesis by Jukka Savijoki (Sibelius Academy; 1996)
Anton Diabelli's Guitar Works: A Thematic Catalogue by Jukka Savijoki (Editions Orphée)
Rischel & Birket-Smith's Collection of guitar music Det Kongelige Bibliotek, Denmark
Boije Collection The Music Library of Sweden
www.karadar.com/Dictionary/diabelli.html
Free scores at the Mutopia Project
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Anton Diabelli
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External links
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External links
Category:1781 births
Category:1858 deaths
Category:19th-century Austrian classical composers
Category:19th-century Austrian male musicians
Category:Austrian opera composers
Category:Austrian people of Italian descent
Category:Austrian Romantic composers
Category:Composers for piano
Category:Composers for the classical guitar
Category:Austrian male opera composers
Category:Sheet music publishers (people)
Category:People from Salzburg-Umgebung District
Category:People from the Prince-Archbishopric of Salzburg
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Anton Diabelli
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Table of Content
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Short description, Early life, Career, Compositions, Diabelli Variations, Cultural references, See also, References, Published music and further reading, External links
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Anita Hill
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Short description
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Anita Faye Hill (born July 30, 1956) is an American lawyer, educator and author. She is a professor of social policy, law, and women's studies at Brandeis University and a faculty member of the university's Heller School for Social Policy and Management. She became a national figure in 1991 when she accused U.S. Supreme Court nominee Clarence Thomas, her supervisor at the United States Department of Education and the Equal Employment Opportunity Commission, of sexual harassment.
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Anita Hill
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Early life and education
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Early life and education
Anita Hill was born to a family of farmers in Lone Tree, Oklahoma, the youngest of Albert and Erma Hill's 13 children. Her family came from Arkansas, where her maternal grandfather Henry Eliot and all of her great-grandparents had been born into slavery. Hill was raised in the Baptist faith.
Hill graduated from Morris High School, Oklahoma, in 1973, where she was class valedictorian. Hill received her bachelor's degree in psychology in 1977 from Oklahoma State University. In 1980, she earned her Juris Doctor from Yale Law School in New Haven, Connecticut.
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Anita Hill
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Early career
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Early career
Hill was admitted to the District of Columbia Bar in 1980 and began her law career as an associate with the Washington, D.C. firm of Wald, Harkrader & Ross. In 1981, she became an attorney-adviser to Clarence Thomas, who was then the Assistant Secretary of the U.S. Department of Education's Office for Civil Rights. When Thomas became chairman of the U.S. Equal Employment Opportunity Commission (EEOC) in 1982, Hill served as his assistant, leaving the job in 1983.
Hill then became an assistant professor at the Evangelical Christian O. W. Coburn School of Law at Oral Roberts University where she taught from 1983 to 1986. In 1986, she joined the faculty at the University of Oklahoma College of Law where she taught commercial law and contracts.
In 1989, she became the first tenured African American professor at OU. She left the university in 1996 due to ongoing calls for her resignation that began after her 1991 testimony. In 1998, she became a visiting scholar at Brandeis University and, in 2015, a university professor at the school.
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Anita Hill
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Allegations of sexual harassment against Clarence Thomas
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Allegations of sexual harassment against Clarence Thomas
thumb|right|Hill testifying in front of the Senate Judiciary Committee in 1991
In 1991, President George H. W. Bush nominated Clarence Thomas, a federal circuit judge, to succeed retiring Associate Supreme Court Justice Thurgood Marshall. Senate hearings on his confirmation were initially completed with Thomas's good character being presented as a primary qualification for the high court because he had been a judge for just slightly more than one year. There had been little organized opposition to Thomas's nomination, and his confirmation seemed assured until a report of a private interview of Hill by the FBI was leaked to the press. The hearings were then reopened, and Hill was called to testify publicly.
Hill said on October 11, 1991, in televised hearings that Thomas had sexually harassed her while he was her supervisor at the Department of Education and the EEOC. When questioned on why she followed Thomas to the second job after he had already allegedly harassed her, she said working in a reputable position within the civil rights field had been her ambition. The position was appealing enough to keep her from going back into private practice with her previous firm. She said that she realized only later in her life that the choice had represented poor judgment on her part, but that "at that time, it appeared that the sexual overtures... had ended."
According to Hill, Thomas asked her out socially many times during her two years of employment as his assistant, and after she declined his requests, he used work situations to discuss sexual subjects and push advances. "He spoke about... such matters as women having sex with animals and films showing group sex or rape scenes," she said, adding that on several occasions Thomas graphically described "his own sexual prowess" and the details of his anatomy. Hill also recounted an instance in which Thomas examined a can of Coke on his desk and asked, "Who has put pubic hair on my Coke?" Thomas said he had considered Hill a friend whom he had helped at every turn, so when accusations of harassment came from her, they were particularly hurtful and he said, "I lost the belief that if I did my best, all would work out."
Four female witnesses waited in the wings to support Hill's credibility, but they were not called, due to what the Los Angeles Times described as a private, compromise deal between Republicans and the Senate Judiciary Committee chair, Democrat Joe Biden.
Hill agreed to take a polygraph test. While senators and other authorities observed that polygraph results cannot be relied upon and are inadmissible in courts, Hill's results did support her statements. Thomas did not take a polygraph test. He made a vehement and complete denial, saying that he was being subjected to a "high-tech lynching for uppity blacks" by white liberals who were seeking to block a black conservative from taking a seat on the Supreme Court. After extensive debate, the United States Senate confirmed Thomas to the Supreme Court by a vote of 52–48, the narrowest margin since the 19th century.
Members questioned Hill's credibility after the timeline of her events came into question. They mentioned the time delay of ten years between the alleged behavior by Thomas and Hill's accusations, and observed that Hill had followed Thomas to a second job and later had personal contacts with Thomas, including giving him a ride to an airport — behavior which they said would be inexplicable if Hill's allegations were true. Hill countered that she had come forward because she felt an obligation to share information on the character and actions of a person who was being considered for the Supreme Court. She testified that after leaving the EEOC, she had had two "inconsequential" phone conversations with Thomas, and had seen him personally on two occasions, once to get a job reference and the second time when he made a public appearance in Oklahoma where she was teaching.
Doubts about the veracity of Hill's 1991 testimony persisted among conservatives long after Thomas took his seat on the Court. They were furthered by right-wing magazine American Spectator writer David Brock in his 1993 book The Real Anita Hill, though he later recanted the claims he had made which he described in his book as "character assassination," and apologized to Hill.By 2004, Brock had made a political about-face from conservative to liberal and founded the progressive media watchdog organization Media Matters for America After interviewing a number of women who alleged that Thomas had frequently subjected them to sexually explicit remarks, The Wall Street Journal reporters Jane Mayer and Jill Abramson wrote, Strange Justice: The Selling of Clarence Thomas, a book that concluded that Thomas had lied during his confirmation process. Richard Lacayo in his 1994 review of the book for Time magazine remarked, however, that "Their book doesn't quite nail that conclusion." In 2007, Kevin , a co-author of another book on Thomas, remarked that what happened between Thomas and Hill was "ultimately unknowable" by others, but that it was clear that "one of them lied, period." Writing in 2007, Neil Lewis of The New York Times remarked that, "To this day, each side in the epic he-said, she-said dispute has its unmovable believers."
In 2007, Thomas published his autobiography, My Grandfather's Son, in which he revisited the controversy, calling Hill his "most traitorous adversary", and writing that pro-choice liberals, who feared he would vote to overturn Roe v. Wade if he were seated on the Supreme Court, used the scandal against him. He described Hill as touchy and apt to overreact, and her work at the EEOC as mediocre. He acknowledged that three other former EEOC employees had backed Hill's story, but said they had all left the agency on bad terms. He also wrote that Hill "was a left-winger who'd never expressed any religious sentiments whatsoever ... and the only reason why she'd held a job in the Reagan administration was because I'd given it to her." Hill denied the accusations in an op-ed in The New York Times saying she would not "stand by silently and allow [Justice Thomas], in his anger, to reinvent me."
In October 2010, Thomas's wife Virginia, a conservative activist, left a voicemail at Hill's office asking that Hill apologize for her 1991 testimony. Hill initially believed the call was a hoax and referred the matter to the Brandeis University campus police who alerted the FBI. After being informed that the call was indeed from Virginia Thomas, Hill told the media that she did not believe the message was meant to be conciliatory and said, "I testified truthfully about my experience and I stand by that testimony." Virginia Thomas responded that the call had been intended as an "olive branch".
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Anita Hill
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Effects
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Effects
Shortly after the Thomas confirmation hearings, President George H. W. Bush dropped his opposition to a bill that gave harassment victims the right to seek federal damage awards, back pay, and reinstatement, and the law was passed by Congress. One year later, harassment complaints filed with the EEOC were up 50 percent and public opinion had shifted in Hill's favor. Private companies also started training programs to deter sexual harassment. When journalist Cinny Kennard asked Hill in 1991 if she would testify against Thomas all over again, Hill answered, "I'm not sure if I could have lived with myself if I had answered those questions any differently."
The manner in which the Senate Judiciary Committee challenged and dismissed Hill's accusations of sexual harassment angered female politicians and lawyers. According to D.C. Congressional Delegate Eleanor Holmes Norton, Hill's treatment by the panel was a contributing factor to the large number of women elected to Congress in 1992. "Women clearly went to the polls with the notion in mind that you had to have more women in Congress," she said. In their anthology, All the Women Are White, All the Blacks Are Men, but Some of Us Are Brave, editors Gloria T. Hull, Patricia Bell-Scott, and Barbara Smith described black feminists mobilizing "a remarkable national response to the Anita Hill–Clarence Thomas controversy.
thumb|"I Believe Anita Hill" Pin Back Button
In 1992, a feminist group began a nationwide fundraising campaign and then obtained matching state funds to endow a professorship at the University of Oklahoma College of Law in honor of Hill. Conservative Oklahoma state legislators reacted by demanding Hill's resignation from the university, then introducing a bill to prohibit the university from accepting donations from out-of-state residents, and finally attempting to pass legislation to close down the law school. Elmer Zinn Million, a local activist, compared Hill to Lee Harvey Oswald, the assassin of President Kennedy. Certain officials at the university attempted to revoke Hill's tenure. After five years of pressure, Hill resigned. The University of Oklahoma Law School defunded the Anita F. Hill professorship in May 1999, without the position having ever been filled.
On April 25, 2019, the presidential campaign team for Joe Biden for the 2020 United States presidential election disclosed that he had called Hill to express "his regret for what she endured" in his role as the chairman of the Senate Judiciary Committee, presiding over the Thomas confirmation hearings. Hill said the call from Biden left her feeling "deeply unsatisfied". On June 13, 2019, Hill clarified that she did not consider Biden's actions disqualifying, and would be open to voting for him. In May 2020, Hill argued that sexual assault allegations made against Donald Trump as well as the sexual assault allegation against Biden should be investigated and their results "made available to the public."
On September 5, 2020, it was reported that Hill had vowed to vote for Biden and to work with him on gender issues.
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Anita Hill
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Continued work and advocacy
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Continued work and advocacy
left|thumb|upright=.8|Hill in 2014 speaking at Harvard Law School
Hill continued to teach at the University of Oklahoma, though she spent two years as a visiting professor in California. She resigned her post in October 1996 and finished her final semester of teaching there. In her final semester, she taught a law school seminar on civil rights. An endowed chair was created in her name, but was later defunded without ever having been filled.
Hill accepted a position as a visiting scholar at the Institute for the Study of Social Change at University of California, Berkeley in January 1997, but soon joined the faculty of Brandeis University—first at the Women's Studies Program, later moving to the Heller School for Social Policy and Management. In 2011, she also took a counsel position with the Civil Rights & Employment Practice group of the plaintiffs' law firm Cohen Milstein.
Over the years, Hill has provided commentary on gender and race issues on national television programs, including 60 Minutes, Face the Nation, and Meet the Press. She has been a speaker on the topic of commercial law as well as race and women's rights. She is also the author of articles that have been published in The New York Times and Newsweek and has contributed to many scholarly and legal publications in the areas of international commercial law, bankruptcy, and civil rights.
In 1995, Hill co-edited Race, Gender and Power in America: The Legacy of the Hill-Thomas Hearings with Emma Coleman Jordan. In 1997 Hill published her autobiography, Speaking Truth to Power, in which she chronicled her role in the Clarence Thomas confirmation controversy and wrote that creating a better society had been a motivating force in her life. She contributed the piece "The Nature of the Beast: Sexual Harassment" to the 2003 anthology Sisterhood Is Forever: The Women's Anthology for a New Millennium, edited by Robin Morgan. In 2011, Hill published her second book, Reimagining Equality: Stories of Gender, Race, and Finding Home, which focuses on the sub-prime lending crisis that resulted in the foreclosure of many homes owned by African-Americans. She calls for a new understanding about the importance of a home and its place in the American Dream. On March 26, 2015, the Brandeis Board of Trustees unanimously voted to recognize Hill with a promotion to Private University Professor of Social Policy, Law, and Women's Studies.
On December 16, 2017, the Commission on Sexual Harassment and Advancing Equality in the Workplace was formed, selecting Hill to lead its charge against sexual harassment in the entertainment industry. The new initiative was spearheaded by co-chair of the Nike Foundation Maria Eitel, venture capitalist Freada Kapor Klein, Lucasfilm President Kathleen Kennedy and talent attorney Nina Shaw.Washington Post: "Anita Hill chosen to lead Hollywood sexual harassment commission" by Ellen McCarthy December 16, 2017 The report found not only a saddening prevalence of continued bias but also stark differences in how varying demographics perceived discrimination and harassment.
In September 2018, Hill wrote an op-ed in The New York Times regarding sexual assault allegations made by Christine Blasey Ford during the Brett Kavanaugh Supreme Court nomination. On November 8, 2018, Anita Hill spoke at the USC Dornsife's event, "From Social Movement to Social Impact: Putting an End to Sexual Harassment in the Workplace".
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Anita Hill
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Writings
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Writings
In 1994, Hill wrote a tribute to Thurgood Marshall, the first African American Supreme Court Justice who preceded Clarence Thomas, titled "A Tribute to Thurgood Marshall: A Man Who Broke with Tradition on Issues of Race and Gender". She outlined Marshall's contributions to the principles of equality as a judge and how his work has affected the lives of African Americans, specifically African American women.
On October 20, 1998, Hill published the book Speaking Truth to Power. Throughout much of the book she gives details on her side of the sexual harassment controversy, and her professional relationship with Clarence Thomas. Aside from that, she also provides a glimpse of what her personal life was like all the way from her childhood days growing up in Oklahoma to her position as a law professor.
Hill became a proponent for women's rights and feminism. This can be seen through the chapter she wrote in the 2007 book Women and leadership: the state of play and strategies for change. She wrote about women judges and why, in her opinion, they play such a large role in balancing the judicial system. She argues that since women and men have different life experiences, ways of thinking, and histories, both are needed for a balanced court system. She writes that in order for the best law system to be created in the United States, all people need the ability to be represented.
In 2011, Hill's second book, Reimagining Equality: Stories of Gender, Race, and Finding Home was published. She discusses the relationship between the home and the American Dream. She also exposes the inequalities within gender and race and home ownership. She argues that inclusive democracy is more important than debates about legal rights. She uses her own history and history of other African American women such as Nannie Helen Burroughs, in order to strengthen her argument for reimagining equality altogether.
On September 28, 2021, Hill published the book Believing: Our Thirty-Year Journey to End Gender Violence.
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Anita Hill
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Awards and recognition
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Awards and recognition
Hill received the American Bar Association's Commission on Women in the Profession's "Women of Achievement" award in 1992. In 2005, Hill was selected as a Fletcher Foundation Fellow. In 2008 she was awarded the Louis P. and Evelyn Smith First Amendment Award by the Ford Hall Forum. She also serves on the board of trustees for Southern Vermont College in Bennington, Vermont. She was inducted into the Oklahoma Women's Hall of Fame in 1993. On January 7, 2017, Hill was inducted as an honorary member of Zeta Phi Beta sorority at their National Executive Board Meeting in Dallas, Texas. The Wing's Washington, D.C. location has a phone booth dedicated to Hill.
Minor planet 6486 Anitahill, discovered by Eleanor Helin, is named in her honor. The official naming citation was published by the Minor Planet Center on November 8, 2019 ().
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Anita Hill
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Honorary doctorates
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Honorary doctorates
2001: Simmons University
2001: Dillard University
2003: Smith College
2007: Lasell University
2008: Massachusetts College of Liberal Arts
2013: Mount Ida College
2017: Emerson College
2018: Wesleyan University
2019: Lesley University
2022: Mount Holyoke College
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Anita Hill
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In popular culture
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In popular culture
In 1991, the television sitcom Designing Women built its episode "The Strange Case of Clarence and Anita" around the hearings on the Clarence Thomas nomination. The following season in the episode "The Odyssey", the characters imagined what would happen if new president Bill Clinton nominated Anita Hill to the Supreme Court to sit next to Clarence Thomas.
Hill is referenced in the 1992 Sonic Youth song "Youth Against Fascism."
Her case also inspired the 1994 Law & Order episode "Virtue", about a young lawyer who feels pressured to sleep with her supervisor at her law firm.
In the 1996 television film, Hostile Advances: The Kerry Ellison Story, Anita Hill's testimony is being watched at the bar by main character Kerry Ellison. The film is a true story about a landmark sexual harassment case.
Anita Hill is mentioned in The X-Files episode "Musings of a Cigarette Smoking Man", which aired November 17, 1996.
In the 1996 film Jerry Maguire, after Tom Cruise's character makes a pass at his employee (played by Renee Zellweger), he apologizes with, "I feel like Clarence Thomas."
In 1999, Ernest Dickerson directed Strange Justice, a film based on the Anita Hill–Clarence Thomas controversy.'Strange Justice' Sounding out the Right: Clarence Thomas, Anita Hill, and constructing spin in the name of justice (commentary on Jump Cut by Steve Lipkin, 2006)
Anita Hill is interviewed – unrelated to the Clarence Thomas case – about the film The Tin Drum in the documentary Banned in Oklahoma (2004), included in The Criterion Collection DVD of the film (2004).
Hill's testimony is briefly shown in the 2005 film North Country about the first class action lawsuit surrounding sexual harassment.
Hill was the subject of the 2013 documentary film Anita by director Freida Lee Mock, which chronicles her experience during the Clarence Thomas scandal.Film Festivals and Indie Films (January 16, 2014). "Anita Official Trailer 1 (2014) – Documentary HD". YouTube. Retrieved March 14, 2014.
The actor Kerry Washington portrayed Hill in the 2016 HBO film Confirmation.
In 2018, entertainer John Oliver interviewed Hill on his television program Last Week Tonight during which Hill answered various questions and concerns about workplace sexual harassment in the present day.
Hill has been interviewed by Stephen Colbert on The Late Show twice, once in 2018 and again in 2021.
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Anita Hill
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See also
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See also
Clarence Thomas Supreme Court nomination
Brett Kavanaugh Supreme Court nomination
Christine Blasey Ford
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Anita Hill
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References
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References
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Anita Hill
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External links
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External links
Faculty profile at Brandeis University
Audio lecture: Anita Hill discusses Reimagining Equality: Stories of Gender, Race, and Finding Home on October 4, 2011, on Forum Network.
An Outline of the Anita Hill and Clarence Thomas Controversy at Roy Rosenzweig Center for History and New Media
African American women speak out on Anita Hill-Clarence Thomas
The complete transcripts of the Clarence Thomas--Anita Hill hearings : October 11,12,13, 1991
Category:1956 births
Category:Living people
Category:20th-century African-American academics
Category:20th-century American academics
Category:21st-century African-American academics
Category:21st-century American academics
Category:20th-century American lawyers
Category:20th-century American women lawyers
Category:20th-century American non-fiction writers
Category:21st-century American non-fiction writers
Category:20th-century African-American women writers
Category:20th-century African-American writers
Category:20th-century American women writers
Category:21st-century African-American women writers
Category:21st-century African-American writers
Category:21st-century American women writers
Category:American legal scholars
Category:African-American legal scholars
Category:American women legal scholars
Category:Equal Employment Opportunity Commission members
Category:Sexual harassment in the United States
Category:American feminists
Category:African-American feminists
Category:American women non-fiction writers
Category:American autobiographers
Category:American women autobiographers
Category:American political writers
Category:American political women
Category:Brandeis University faculty
Category:University of Oklahoma faculty
Category:Oklahoma State University faculty
Category:Oral Roberts University faculty
Category:Yale Law School alumni
Category:Oklahoma State University alumni
Category:People from Okmulgee County, Oklahoma
Category:Lawyers from Washington, D.C.
Category:Writers from Oklahoma
Category:Clarence Thomas
Category:20th-century African-American lawyers
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Anita Hill
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Table of Content
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Short description, Early life and education, Early career, Allegations of sexual harassment against Clarence Thomas, Effects, Continued work and advocacy, Writings, Awards and recognition, Honorary doctorates, In popular culture, See also, References, External links
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August 10
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distinguish
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August 10
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Events
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Events
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August 10
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Pre-1600
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Pre-1600
654 – Pope Eugene I elected to succeed Martinus I.
955 – Battle of Lechfeld: Otto I, Holy Roman Emperor defeats the Magyars, ending 50 years of Magyar invasion of the West.
991 – Battle of Maldon: The English, led by Byrhtnoth, Ealdorman of Essex, are defeated by a band of inland-raiding Vikings near Maldon, Essex.
1030 – The Battle of Azaz ends with a humiliating retreat of the Byzantine emperor, Romanos III Argyros, against the Mirdasid rulers of Aleppo. The retreat degenerates into a rout, in which Romanos himself barely escapes capture.
1270 – Yekuno Amlak takes the imperial throne of Ethiopia, restoring the Solomonic dynasty to power after a 100-year Zagwe interregnum.
1316 – The Second Battle of Athenry takes place near Athenry during the Bruce campaign in Ireland.
1346 – Jaume Ferrer sets out from Mallorca for the "River of Gold", the Senegal River.
1512 – The naval Battle of Saint-Mathieu, during the War of the League of Cambrai, sees the simultaneous destruction of the Breton ship La Cordelière and the English ship The Regent.
1519 – Ferdinand Magellan's five ships set sail from Seville to circumnavigate the globe. The Basque second-in-command Juan Sebastián Elcano will complete the expedition after Magellan's death in the Philippines.
1557 – Battle of St. Quentin: Spanish victory over the French in the Italian War of 1551–59.
1585 – The Treaty of Nonsuch signed by Elizabeth I of England and the Dutch Rebels.
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August 10
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1601–1900
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1601–1900
1628 – The Swedish warship Vasa sinks on her maiden voyage off Stockholm.
1641 – The Treaty of London between England and Scotland, ending the Bishops' Wars, is signed.
1680 – The Pueblo Revolt begins in New Mexico.
1741 – King Marthanda Varma of Travancore defeats the Dutch East India Company at the Battle of Colachel, effectively bringing about the end of the Dutch colonial rule in India.
1755 – Under the direction of Charles Lawrence, the British begin to forcibly deport the Acadians from Nova Scotia to the Thirteen Colonies and France.
1792 – French Revolution: Storming of the Tuileries Palace: Louis XVI is arrested and taken into custody as his Swiss Guards are massacred by the Parisian mob.
1808 – Finnish War: Swedish forces led by General von Döbeln defeat Russian forces led by General Šepelev in the Battle of Kauhajoki.
1835 – P. T. Barnum begins his career as a showman and circus entrepreneur by exhibiting Joice Heth, an octogenerian African slave whom he claims was George Washington's nursemaid.
1856 – The Last Island hurricane strikes Louisiana, resulting in over 200 deaths.
1861 – American Civil War: Battle of Wilson's Creek: A mixed force of Confederate, Missouri State Guard, and Arkansas State troops defeat outnumbered attacking Union forces in the southwestern part of the state.
1864 – After Uruguay's governing Blanco Party refuses Brazil's demands, José Antônio Saraiva announces that the Brazilian military will begin reprisals, beginning the Uruguayan War.
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August 10
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1901–present
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1901–present
1901 – The U.S. Steel recognition strike by the Amalgamated Association of Iron and Steel Workers begins.
1904 – Russo-Japanese War: The Battle of the Yellow Sea between the Russian and Japanese battleship fleets takes place.
1905 – Russo-Japanese War: Peace negotiations begin in Portsmouth, New Hampshire.
1913 – Second Balkan War: Delegates from Bulgaria, Romania, Serbia, Montenegro, and Greece sign the Treaty of Bucharest, ending the war.
1920 – World War I: Ottoman sultan Mehmed VI's representatives sign the Treaty of Sèvres that divides up the Ottoman Empire between the Allies.
1937 – Spanish Civil War: The Regional Defence Council of Aragon is dissolved by the Second Spanish Republic.
1944 – World War II: The Battle of Guam comes to an effective end.
1944 – World War II: The Battle of Narva ends with a defensive German victory.
1945 – The Japanese government announced that a message had been sent to the Allies accepting the terms of the Potsdam Declaration provided that it "does not comprise any demand that prejudices the prerogatives of the Emperor as sovereign ruler.""On War.com, August 1945" | https://www.onwar.com/wwii/chronology/194508.html
1948 – Candid Camera makes its television debut after being on radio for a year as The Candid Microphone.
1949 – An amendment to the National Security Act of 1947 enhances the authority of the United States Secretary of Defense over the Army, Navy and Air Force, and replaces the National Military Establishment with the Department of Defense.
1953 – First Indochina War: The French Union withdraws its forces from Operation Camargue against the Viet Minh in central Vietnam.
1954 – At Massena, New York, the groundbreaking ceremony for the Saint Lawrence Seaway is held.
1961 – Vietnam War: The U.S. Army begins Operation Ranch Hand, spraying an estimated of defoliants and herbicides over rural areas of South Vietnam in an attempt to deprive the Viet Cong of food and vegetation cover.
1966 – The Heron Road Bridge collapses while being built, killing nine workers in the deadliest construction accident in both Ottawa and Ontario.
1969 – A day after murdering Sharon Tate and four others, members of Charles Manson's cult kill Leno and Rosemary LaBianca.
1971 – The Society for American Baseball Research is founded in Cooperstown, New York.
1977 – In Yonkers, New York, 24-year-old postal employee David Berkowitz ("Son of Sam") is arrested for a series of killings in the New York City area over the period of one year.
1978 – Three members of the Ulrich family are killed in an accident. This leads to the Ford Pinto litigation.
1981 – Murder of Adam Walsh: The head of John Walsh's son is found. This inspires the creation of the television series America's Most Wanted and the National Center for Missing & Exploited Children.
1988 – Japanese American internment: U.S. President Ronald Reagan signs the Civil Liberties Act of 1988, providing $20,000 payments to Japanese Americans who were either interned in or relocated by the United States during World War II.
1990 – The Magellan space probe reaches Venus.
1993 – Two earthquakes affect New Zealand. A 7.0 shock (intensity VI (Strong)) in the South Island was followed nine hours later by a 6.4 event (intensity VII (Very strong)) in the North Island.
1995 – Oklahoma City bombing: Timothy McVeigh and Terry Nichols are indicted for the bombing. Michael Fortier pleads guilty in a plea-bargain for his testimony.
1997 – Sixteen people are killed when Formosa Airlines Flight 7601 crashes near Beigan Airport in the Matsu Islands of Taiwan.
1998 – HRH Prince Al-Muhtadee Billah is proclaimed the crown prince of Brunei with a Royal Proclamation.
1999 – Los Angeles Jewish Community Center shooting."Shooting suspect gives up White supremacist held in L.A. attack." The Florida Times-Union. August 11, 1999. p. A-1The Asian Pacific American Legal Center of Southern California. Retrieved August 3, 2006. "Joined Against Hate Crimes Families of Victims Speak Out About Gun Violence". Daily News. August 11, 2004. p. N4
2001 – The 2001 Angola train attack occurred, causing 252 deaths.
2001 – Space Shuttle program: The Space Shuttle Discovery is launched on STS-105 to the International Space Station, carrying the astronauts of Expedition 3 to replace the crew of Expedition 2.
2003 – The Okinawa Urban Monorail is opened in Naha, Okinawa.
2009 – Twenty people are killed in Handlová, Trenčín Region, in the deadliest mining disaster in Slovakia's history.
2012 – The Marikana massacre begins near Rustenburg, South Africa, resulting in the deaths of 47 people.
2014 – Forty people are killed when Sepahan Airlines Flight 5915 crashes at Tehran's Mehrabad International Airport.
2018 – Horizon Air employee Richard Russell hijacks and performs an unauthorized takeoff on a Horizon Air Bombardier Dash 8 Q400 plane at Seattle–Tacoma International Airport in Washington, flying it for more than an hour before crashing the plane and killing himself on Ketron Island in Puget Sound.
2018 – An anti-government rally turns into a riot when members of the Romanian Gendarmerie attack the 100,000 people protesting in front of the Victoria Palace, leading to 452 recorded injuries. The authorities alleged that the crowd was infiltrated by hooligans who began attacking law enforcement agents.
2019 – Thirty-two are killed and one million are evacuated as Typhoon Lekima makes landfall in Zhejiang, China. Earlier it had caused flooding in the Philippines.
2019 – Philip Manshaus shoots his stepsister and attacks a mosque in the Bærum mosque shooting.
2020 – Derecho in Iowa becomes the most costly thunderstorm disaster in U.S. history.
2024 – Israel strikes Al-Tabaeen school in eastern Gaza City, killing at least 80 Palestinians.
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August 10
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Births
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Births
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August 10
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Pre-1600
|
Pre-1600
941 – Lê Hoàn, Vietnamese emperor (d. 1005)
1267 – James II of Aragon (d. 1327)
1296 – John of Bohemia (d. 1346)
1360 – Francesco Zabarella, Italian cardinal (d. 1417)
1397 – Albert II of Germany (d. 1439)
1439 – Anne of York, Duchess of Exeter, Duchess of York (d. 1476)
1449 – Bona of Savoy, Duchess of Savoy (d. 1503)
1466 – Francesco II Gonzaga, Marquess of Mantua (d. 1519)
1489 – Jacob Sturm von Sturmeck, German lawyer and politician (d. 1553)
1520 – Madeleine of Valois (d. 1537)
1528 – Eric II, Duke of Brunswick-Lüneburg (d. 1584)
1547 – Francis II, Duke of Saxe-Lauenburg (d. 1619)
1560 – Hieronymus Praetorius, German organist and composer (d. 1629)
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August 10
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1601–1900
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1601–1900
1602 – Gilles de Roberval, French mathematician and academic (d. 1675)
1645 – Eusebio Kino, Italian priest and missionary (d. 1711)
1734 – Naungdawgyi, Burmese king (d. 1763)
1737 – Anton Losenko, Russian painter and academic (d. 1773)
1740 – Samuel Arnold, English organist and composer (d. 1802)
1744 – Alexandrine Le Normant d'Étiolles, daughter of Madame de Pompadour (d. 1754)
1755 – Narayan Rao, fifth Peshwa of the Maratha Empire (d. 1773)
1782 – Vicente Guerrero, Mexican insurgent leader and President of Mexico (d. 1831)
1805 – Ferenc Toldy, German-Hungarian historian and critic (d. 1875)
1809 – John Kirk Townsend, American ornithologist and explorer (d. 1851)
1810 – Camillo Benso, Count of Cavour, Italian soldier and politician, 1st Prime Minister of Italy (d. 1861)
1814 – Henri Nestlé, German businessman, founded Nestlé (d. 1890)
1814 – John C. Pemberton, United States soldier and Confederate general (d. 1881)
1821 – Jay Cooke, American financier, founded Jay Cooke & Company (d. 1905)
1823 – Hugh Stowell Brown, English minister and reformer (d. 1886)
1825 – István Türr, Hungarian soldier, architect, and engineer, co-designed the Corinth Canal (d. 1908)
1827 – Lovro Toman, Slovenian lawyer and politician (d. 1870)
1839 – Aleksandr Stoletov, Russian physicist and academic (d. 1896)
1845 – Abai Qunanbaiuli, Kazakh poet, composer, and philosopher (d. 1904)
1848 – William Harnett, Irish-American painter and educator (d. 1892)
1856 – William Willett, English inventor, founded British Summer Time (d. 1915)
1860 – Vishnu Narayan Bhatkhande, Indian singer and musicologist (d. 1936)
1865 – Alexander Glazunov, Russian composer, conductor, and educator (d. 1936)
1868 – Hugo Eckener, German pilot and businessman (d. 1954)
1869 – Laurence Binyon, English poet, playwright, and scholar (d. 1943)
1870 – Trần Tế Xương, Vietnamese poet and satirist (d. 1907)
1872 – William Manuel Johnson, American bassist (d. 1972)
1874 – Herbert Hoover, American engineer and politician, 31st President of the United States (d. 1964)
1874 – Antanas Smetona, Lithuanian jurist and politician, President of Lithuania (d. 1944)
1877 – Frank Marshall, American chess player and author (d. 1944)
1878 – Alfred Döblin, Polish-German physician and author (d. 1957)
1880 – Robert L. Thornton, American businessman and politician, Mayor of Dallas (d. 1964)
1884 – Panait Istrati, Romanian journalist and author (d. 1935)
1888 – Prince Christopher of Greece and Denmark (d. 1940)
1889 – Charles Darrow, American game designer, created Monopoly (d. 1967)
1889 – Zofia Kossak-Szczucka, Polish writer and member of the WW II Polish Resistance (d. 1968)
1890 – Angus Lewis Macdonald, Canadian lawyer and politician, 12th Premier of Nova Scotia (d. 1954)
1894 – V. V. Giri, Indian lawyer and politician, 4th President of India (d. 1980)
1895 – Hammy Love, Australian cricketer (d. 1969)
1896 – Charlie Daly, Executed Irish Republican (d. 1923) by Seamus G O'Kelly
1897 – John W. Galbreath, American businessman and philanthropist, founded Darby Dan Farm (d. 1988)
1897 – Jack Haley, American actor and singer (d. 1979)
1900 – Arthur Porritt, Baron Porritt, New Zealand physician and politician, 11th Governor-General of New Zealand (d. 1994)
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August 10
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1901–present
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1901–present
1902 – Norma Shearer, Canadian-American actress (d. 1983)
1902 – Curt Siodmak, German-English author and screenwriter (d. 2000)
1902 – Arne Tiselius, Swedish biochemist and academic, Nobel Prize laureate (d. 1971)
1903 – Ward Moore, American author (d. 1978)
1905 – Era Bell Thompson, American journalist and author (d. 1986)
1907 – Su Yu, Chinese general and politician (d. 1984)
1908 – Rica Erickson, Australian botanist, historian, and author (d. 2009)
1908 – Billy Gonsalves, American soccer player (d. 1977)
1909 – Leo Fender, American businessman, founded Fender Musical Instruments Corporation (d. 1991)
1909 – Richard J. Hughes, American politician, 45th Governor of New Jersey, and Chief Justice of the New Jersey Supreme Court (d. 1992)
1910 – Guy Mairesse, French racing driver (d. 1954)
1911 – Leonidas Andrianopoulos, Greek footballer (d. 2011)
1911 – A. N. Sherwin-White, English historian and author (d. 1993)
1912 – Jorge Amado, Brazilian novelist and poet (d. 2001)
1913 – Noah Beery Jr., American actor (d. 1994)
1913 – Kalevi Kotkas, Estonian-Finnish high jumper and discus thrower (d. 1983)
1913 – Wolfgang Paul, German physicist and academic, Nobel Prize laureate (d. 1993)
1914 – Jeff Corey, American actor and director (d. 2002)
1914 – Carlos Menditeguy, Argentinian racing driver and polo player (d. 1973)
1914 – Ray Smith, English cricketer (d. 1996)
1918 – Eugene P. Wilkinson, American admiral (d. 2013)
1920 – Red Holzman, American basketball player and coach (d. 1998)
1922 – Al Alberts, American pop singer and composer (d. 2009)
1923 – Bill Doolittle, American football player and coach (d. 2014)
1923 – Rhonda Fleming, American actress (d. 2020)
1923 – Fred Ridgway, English cricketer and footballer (d. 2015)
1923 – SM Sultan, Bangladeshi painter and illustrator (d. 1994)
1924 – Nancy Buckingham, English author (d. 2022)
1924 – Martha Hyer, American actress (d. 2014)
1924 – Jean-François Lyotard, French philosopher, sociologist, and literary theorist (d. 1998)Gratton, Peter, Jean François Lyotard, The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy (Winter 2018 Edition), Edward N. Zalta (ed.)
1925 – George Cooper, English general (d. 2020)
1926 – Marie-Claire Alain, French organist and educator (d. 2013)
1926 – Carol Ruth Vander Velde, American mathematician (d. 1972)
1927 – Jimmy Martin, American singer and guitarist (d. 2005)
1927 – Vernon Washington, American actor (d. 1988)
1928 – Jimmy Dean, American singer, actor, and businessman, founded the Jimmy Dean Food Company (d. 2010)
1928 – Eddie Fisher, American singer and actor (d. 2010)
1928 – Gerino Gerini, Italian racing driver (d. 2013)
1928 – Gus Mercurio, American-Australian actor (d. 2010)
1930 – Barry Unsworth, English-Italian author and academic (d. 2012)
1931 – Dolores Alexander, American journalist and activist (d. 2008)
1931 – Tom Laughlin, American actor, director, producer, and screenwriter (d. 2013)
1932 – Alexander Goehr, English composer and academic (d. 2024)
1932 – Gaudencio Rosales, Filipino cardinal
1933 – Doyle Brunson, American poker player (d. 2023)Schoen, David. "Poker legend Doyle Brunson dies at 89". Las Vegas Review-Journal. May 14, 2023. Retrieved on 2023-05-14.
1933 – Elizabeth Butler-Sloss, Baroness Butler-Sloss, English lawyer and judge
1933 – Rocky Colavito, American baseball player and sportscaster (d. 2024)
1933 – Keith Duckworth, English engineer, founded Cosworth (d. 2005)
1934 – Tevfik Kış, Turkish wrestler and trainer (d. 2019)
1935 – Ian Stewart, Baron Stewartby, English politician, Minister of State for the Armed Forces (d. 2018)
1935 – Ad van Luyn, Dutch bishop
1936 – Malene Schwartz, Danish actress
1937 – Anatoly Sobchak, Russian scholar and politician, Mayor of Saint Petersburg (d. 2000)
1938 – Tony Ross, English author and illustrator
1939 – Kate O'Mara, English actress (d. 2014)
1939 – Charlie Rose, American lawyer and politician (d. 2012)
1940 – Bobby Hatfield, American singer-songwriter (d. 2003)
1940 – Sid Waddell, English sportscaster (d. 2012)
1941 – Anita Lonsbrough, English swimmer and journalist
1941 – Susan Dorothea White, Australian painter and sculptor
1942 – Speedy Duncan, American football player (d. 2021)
1942 – Betsey Johnson, American fashion designer
1942 – Michael Pepper, English physicist and engineer
1943 – Louise Forestier, Canadian singer-songwriter and actress
1943 – Jimmy Griffin, American singer-songwriter and guitarist (d. 2005)
1943 – Michael Mantler, American trumpet player and composer
1943 – Shafqat Rana, Indian-Pakistani cricketer
1943 – Ronnie Spector, American singer-songwriter (d. 2022)
1947 – Ian Anderson, Scottish-English singer-songwriter and guitarist
1947 – Anwar Ibrahim, Malaysian academic and politician, 10th Prime Minister of Malaysia
1947 – John Spencer, English rugby player and manager
1947 – Alan Ward, English cricketer
1948 – Nick Stringer, English actor
1950 – Patti Austin, American singer-songwriter
1951 – Juan Manuel Santos, Colombian businessman and politician, 59th President of Colombia
1952 – Daniel Hugh Kelly, American actor
1952 – Diane Venora, American actress
1954 – Peter Endrulat, German footballer
1954 – Rick Overton, American screenwriter, actor and comedian
1955 – Thomas Kidd, American illustrator
1955 – Jim Mees, American set designer (d. 2013)
1955 – Mel Tiangco, Filipino journalist and talk show host
1955 – Rainer Wimmer, Austrian politician
1956 – Dianne Fromholtz, Australian tennis player
1956 – José Luis Montes, Spanish footballer and manager (d. 2013)
1956 – Fred Ottman, American wrestler
1956 – Charlie Peacock, American singer-songwriter, pianist, and producer
1956 – Perween Warsi, Indian-English businesswoman
1957 – Fred Ho, American saxophonist, composer, and playwright (d. 2014)
1957 – Andres Põime, Estonian architect
1957 – Aqeel Abbas Jafari, Pakistani writer, poet, architect and chief editor Urdu Dictionary Board
1958 – Michael Dokes, American boxer (d. 2012)
1958 – Jack Richards, English cricketer, coach, and manager
1958 – Rosie Winterton, English nurse and politician, Shadow Leader of the House of Commons
1959 – Rosanna Arquette, American actress, director, and producer
1959 – Albert Owen, Welsh sailor and politician
1959 – Mark Price, English drummer
1959 – Florent Vollant, Canadian singer-songwriter
1960 – Antonio Banderas, Spanish actor and producer
1960 – Annely Ojastu, Estonian sprinter and long jumper
1960 – Kenny Perry, American golfer
1961 – Jon Farriss, Australian drummer, songwriter, and producer
1962 – Suzanne Collins, American author and screenwriter
1962 – Julia Fordham, English singer-songwriter
1963 – Phoolan Devi, Indian lawyer and politician (d. 2001)
1963 – Anton Janssen, Dutch footballer and coach
1963 – Andrew Sullivan, English-American journalist and author
1963 – Henrik Fisker, Danish automotive designer and businessman
1964 – Aaron Hall, American singer-songwriter
1964 – Kåre Kolve, Norwegian saxophonist and composer
1964 – Hiro Takahashi, Japanese singer-songwriter and guitarist (d. 2005)
1965 – Claudia Christian, American actress, singer, writer, and director
1965 – Pat Pitney, American university leader and sport shooter
1965 – Mike E. Smith, American jockey and sportscaster
1965 – John Starks, American basketball player and coach
1966 – Charlie Dimmock, English gardener and television host
1966 – Hansi Kürsch, German singer-songwriter and bass player
1966 – Hossam Hassan, Egyptian footballer and manager
1967 – Philippe Albert, Belgian footballer and sportscaster
1967 – Riddick Bowe, American boxer
1967 – Todd Nichols, American singer-songwriter and guitarist
1967 – Reinout Scholte, Dutch cricketer
1968 – Michael Bivins, American singer and producer
1968 – Greg Hawgood, Canadian ice hockey player and coach
1969 – Emily Symons, Australian actress
1969 – Brian Drummond, Canadian voice actor
1970 – Doug Flach, American tennis player
1970 – Bret Hedican, American ice hockey player and sportscaster
1970 – Brendon Julian, New Zealand-Australian cricketer and journalist
1970 – Steve Mautone, Australian footballer and coach
1971 – Sal Fasano, American baseball player and coach
1971 – Stephan Groth, Danish singer-songwriter
1971 – Roy Keane, Irish footballer and manager
1971 – Mario Kindelán, Cuban boxer
1971 – Paul Newlove, English rugby player
1971 – Kevin Randleman, American mixed martial artist and wrestler (d. 2016)
1971 – Justin Theroux, American actor
1972 – Dilana, South African singer-songwriter and actress
1972 – Lawrence Dallaglio, English rugby player and sportscaster
1972 – Angie Harmon, American model and actress
1972 – Christofer Johnsson, Swedish singer-songwriter, guitarist, and producer
1973 – Lisa Raymond, American tennis player
1973 – Javier Zanetti, Argentinian footballer
1974 – Haifaa al-Mansour, Saudi Arabian director and producer
1974 – Luis Marín, Costa Rican footballer and manager
1974 – Rachel Simmons, American scholar and author
1974 – David Sommeil, French footballer
1975 – İlhan Mansız, Turkish footballer and figure skater
1976 – Roadkill, American wrestler
1976 – Ian Murray, Scottish businessman and politician, Shadow Secretary of State for Scotland
1977 – Danny Griffin, Irish footballer
1977 – Matt Morgan, English comedian, actor, and radio host
1978 – Danny Allsopp, Australian footballer
1978 – Marcus Fizer, American basketball player
1978 – Chris Read, English cricketer
1979 – Dinusha Fernando, Sri Lankan cricketer
1979 – JoAnna Garcia Swisher, American actress
1979 – Ted Geoghegan, American author, screenwriter, and producer
1979 – Brandon Lyon, American baseball player
1979 – Rémy Martin, French rugby player
1979 – Matjaž Perc, Slovene physicist
1979 – Yannick Schroeder, French racing driver
1980 – Wade Barrett, English boxer, wrestler, and actor
1980 – Aaron Staton, American actor
1981 – Taufik Hidayat, Indonesian badminton player
1982 – John Alvbåge, Swedish footballer
1982 – Josh Anderson, American baseball player
1982 – Julia Melim, Brazilian actress
1982 – Shaun Murphy, English snooker playerShaun Murphy wst.tv
1983 – Kyle Brown, American soccer player
1983 – C. B. Dollaway, American mixed martial artist
1983 – Héctor Faubel, Spanish motorcycle racer
1983 – Alexander Perezhogin, Russian ice hockey player
1983 – Mathieu Roy, Canadian ice hockey player
1984 – Ryan Eggold, American actor and composer
1984 – Mokomichi Hayami, Japanese model and actor
1984 – Jigar Naik, English cricketer
1984 – Matt Prater, American football player
1985 – Enrico Cortese, Italian footballer
1985 – Roy O'Donovan, Irish footballer
1985 – Kakuryū Rikisaburō, Mongolian sumo wrestler
1985 – Julia Skripnik, Estonian tennis player
1986 – Andrea Hlaváčková, Czech tennis player
1987 – Jim Bakkum, Dutch singer and actor
1987 – Ari Boyland, New Zealand actor and singer
1989 – Sam Gagner, Canadian ice hockey player
1989 – Ben Sahar, Israeli footballer
1989 – Brenton Thwaites, Australian actor
1990 – Cruze Ah-Nau, Australian rugby player
1990 – Lee Sung-kyung, South Korean model, actress, and singer
1990 – Lucas Till, American actor
1991 – Dagný Brynjarsdóttir, Icelandic footballer
1991 – Marcus Foligno, American-Canadian ice hockey player
1991 – Nikos Korovesis, Greek footballer
1991 – Chris Tremain, Australian cricketer
1992 – Archie Bradley, American baseball player
1992 – Michelle Khare, American YouTuber and television host
1992 – Oliver Rowland, English racing driver
1993 – Andre Drummond, American basketball player
1994 – Bernardo Silva, Portuguese footballer
1995 – Dalvin Cook, American football player
1996 – Lauren Tait, Scottish netball player
1997 – Kylie Jenner, American television personality and businesswoman
1997 – Luca Marini, Italian motorcycle rider
1999 – Ja Morant, American basketball player
1999 – Ritomo Miyata, Japanese racing driver
1999 – Nick Suzuki, Canadian ice hockey player
2000 – Sophia Smith, American soccer player
2000 – Jüri Vips, Estonian racing driver
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August 10
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Deaths
|
Deaths
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August 10
|
Pre-1600
|
Pre-1600
258 – Lawrence of Rome, Spanish-Italian deacon and saint (b. 225)
794 – Fastrada, Frankish noblewoman (b. 765)
796 – Eanbald, archbishop of York
847 – Al-Wathiq, Abbasid caliph (b. 816)
955 – Conrad ('the Red'), duke of Lorraine
1241 – Eleanor, Fair Maid of Brittany (b. 1184)
1250 – Eric IV of Denmark (b. 1216)
1284 – Tekuder, Khan of the Mongol Ilkhanate
1316 – Felim mac Aedh Ua Conchobair, King of Connacht
1322 – John of La Verna, Italian ascetic (b. 1259)
1410 – Louis II, Duke of Bourbon (b. 1337)
1535 – Ippolito de' Medici, Italian cardinal (b. 1509)
1536 – Francis III, Duke of Brittany, Dauphin of France, Brother of Henry II (b. 1518)
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August 10
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1601–1900
|
1601–1900
1653 – Maarten Tromp, Dutch admiral (b. 1598)
1655 – Alfonso de la Cueva, 1st Marquis of Bedmar, Spanish cardinal and diplomat (b. 1572)
1660 – Esmé Stewart, 2nd Duke of Richmond (b. 1649)
1723 – Guillaume Dubois, French cardinal and politician, French Secretary of State for Foreign Affairs (b. 1656)
1759 – Ferdinand VI of Spain (b. 1713)
1784 – Allan Ramsay, Scottish-English painter (b. 1713)
1796 – Ignaz Anton von Indermauer, Austrian nobleman and government official (b. 1759)
1802 – Franz Aepinus, German-Russian philosopher and academic (b. 1724)
1806 – Michael Haydn, Austrian composer and educator (b. 1737)
1839 – Sir John St Aubyn, 5th Baronet, English lawyer and politician (b. 1758)
1862 – Hon'inbō Shūsaku, Japanese Go player (b. 1829)
1875 – Karl Andree, German geographer and journalist (b. 1808)
1889 – Arthur Böttcher, German pathologist and anatomist (b. 1831)
1890 – John Boyle O'Reilly, Irish-born poet, journalist and fiction writer (b. 1844)
1896 – Otto Lilienthal, German pilot and engineer (b. 1848)
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August 10
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1901–present
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1901–present
1904 – Pierre Waldeck-Rousseau, French lawyer and politician, 68th Prime Minister of France (b. 1846)
1913 – Johannes Linnankoski, Finnish author (b. 1869)Johannes Linnankoski (1869-1913) - pseudonym for Johannes Vihtori Peltonen
1915 – Henry Moseley, English physicist and engineer (b. 1887)
1916 – John J. Loud, American inventor (b. 1844)
1918 – Erich Löwenhardt, German lieutenant and pilot (b. 1897)
1920 – Ádám Politzer, Hungarian-Austrian physician and academic (b. 1835)
1922 – Reginald Dunne, Irish Republican, executed for the killing of Sir Henry Wilson
1922 – Joseph O'Sullivan, Irish Republican, executed for the killing of Sir Henry Wilson
1929 – Pierre Fatou, French mathematician and astronomer (b. 1878)
1929 – Aletta Jacobs, Dutch physician (b. 1854)
1932 – Rin Tin Tin, American acting dog (b. 1918)
1933 – Alf Morgans, Welsh-Australian politician, 4th Premier of Western Australia (b. 1850)
1945 – Robert H. Goddard, American physicist and engineer (b. 1882)
1948 – Kan'ichi Asakawa, Japanese-American historian, author, and academic (b. 1873)
1948 – Andrew Brown, Scottish footballer and coach (b. 1870)
1948 – Montague Summers, English clergyman and author (b. 1880)
1949 – Homer Burton Adkins, American chemist (b. 1892)
1954 – Robert Adair, American-born British actor (b. 1900)
1958 – Frank Demaree, American baseball player and manager (b. 1910)
1960 – Hamide Ayşe Sultan, Ottoman princess (b. 1887)
1961 – Julia Peterkin, American author (b. 1880)
1963 – Estes Kefauver, American lawyer and politician (b. 1903)
1963 – Ernst Wetter, Swiss lawyer and jurist (b. 1877)
1969 – János Kodolányi, Hungarian author (b. 1899)
1976 – Bert Oldfield, Australian cricketer (b. 1894)
1979 – Dick Foran, American actor and singer (b. 1910)
1979 – Walter Gerlach, German physicist and academic (b. 1889)
1980 – Yahya Khan, Pakistani general and politician, 3rd President of Pakistan (b. 1917)
1982 – Anderson Bigode Herzer, Brazilian author and poet (b. 1962)
1985 – Nate Barragar, American football player and sergeant (b. 1906)
1987 – Georgios Athanasiadis-Novas, Greek lawyer and politician, 163rd Prime Minister of Greece (b. 1893)
1991 – Lưu Trọng Lư, Vietnamese poet and playwright (b. 1912)
1993 – Euronymous, Norwegian singer, guitarist, and producer (b. 1968)
1997 – Jean-Claude Lauzon, Canadian director and screenwriter (b. 1953)
1997 – Conlon Nancarrow, American-Mexican pianist and composer (b. 1912)
1999 – Jennifer Paterson, English chef and television presenter (b. 1928)
1999 – Baldev Upadhyaya, Indian historian, scholar, and critic (b. 1899)
2000 – Gilbert Parkhouse, Welsh cricketer and rugby player (b. 1925)
2001 – Lou Boudreau, American baseball player and manager (b. 1917)
2002 – Michael Houser, American singer-songwriter and guitarist (b. 1962)
2002 – Kristen Nygaard, Norwegian computer scientist and politician (b. 1926)
2007 – Henry Cabot Lodge Bohler, American lieutenant and pilot (b. 1925)
2007 – James E. Faust, American lawyer and religious leader (b. 1920)
2007 – Jean Rédélé, French race car driver and pilot, founded Alpine (b. 1922)
2007 – Tony Wilson, English journalist, producer, and manager, co-founded Factory Records (b. 1950)
2008 – Isaac Hayes, American singer-songwriter, pianist, producer, and actor (b. 1942)
2010 – Markus Liebherr, German-Swiss businessman (b. 1948)
2010 – Adam Stansfield, English footballer (b. 1978)
2010 – David L. Wolper, American director and producer (b. 1928)
2011 – Billy Grammer, American singer-songwriter and guitarist (b. 1925)
2012 – Philippe Bugalski, French race car driver (b. 1963)
2012 – Ioan Dicezare, Romanian general and pilot (b. 1916)
2012 – Irving Fein, American producer and manager (b. 1911)
2012 – William W. Momyer, American general and pilot (b. 1916)
2012 – Carlo Rambaldi, Italian special effects artist (b. 1925)
2013 – William P. Clark Jr., American judge and politician, 12th United States National Security Advisor (b. 1931)
2013 – Jonathan Dawson, Australian historian and academic (b. 1941)
2013 – Eydie Gormé, American singer and actress (b. 1928)
2013 – David C. Jones, American general (b. 1921)
2013 – Jody Payne, American singer and guitarist (b. 1936)
2013 – Amy Wallace, American author (b. 1955)
2014 – Jim Command, American baseball player and scout (b. 1928)
2014 – Dotty Lynch, American journalist and academic (b. 1945)
2014 – Kathleen Ollerenshaw, English mathematician, astronomer, and politician, Lord Mayor of Manchester (b. 1912)
2014 – Bob Wiesler, American baseball player (b. 1930)
2015 – Buddy Baker, American race car driver and sportscaster (b. 1941)
2015 – Endre Czeizel, Hungarian physician, geneticist, and academic (b. 1935)
2015 – Knut Osnes, Norwegian footballer and coach (b. 1922)
2015 – Eriek Verpale, Belgian author and poet (b. 1952)
2017 – Ruth Pfau, German-Pakistani doctor and nun (b. 1929)
2019 – Jeffrey Epstein, American financier (b. 1953)
2021 – Tony Esposito, Canadian-American ice hockey player (b. 1943)
2022 – Vesa-Matti Loiri, Finnish actor, musician and comedian (b. 1945)
2024 – Rachael Lillis, American voice actress and scriptwriter (b. 1978)
2024 – Peggy Moffitt, American model and actress (b. 1937)
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August 10
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Holidays and observances
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Holidays and observances
Argentine Air Force Day (Argentina)
Christian feast day:
Bessus
Blane (Roman Catholic Church)
Geraint of Dumnonia
Lawrence of Rome
Nicola Saggio
Nuestra Señora del Buen Suceso de Parañaque, Patroness of Parañaque, Philippines
August 10 (Eastern Orthodox liturgics)
Declaration of Independence of Quito, proclaimed independence from Spain on August 10, 1809. Independence was finally attained on May 24, 1822, at the Battle of Pichincha. (Ecuador)
International Biodiesel Day
National Veterans Day (Indonesia)
World Lion Day
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August 10
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References
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References
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August 10
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External links
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External links
Category:Days of August
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August 10
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Table of Content
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distinguish, Events, Pre-1600, 1601–1900, 1901–present, Births, Pre-1600, 1601–1900, 1901–present, Deaths, Pre-1600, 1601–1900, 1901–present, Holidays and observances, References, External links
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