title
stringlengths 1
251
| section
stringlengths 0
6.12k
| text
stringlengths 0
716k
|
|---|---|---|
August 29
|
Deaths
|
Deaths
|
August 29
|
Pre-1600
|
Pre-1600
886 – Basil I, Byzantine emperor (b. 811)
892 – Theodora of Thessaloniki, Byzantine nun and saint (b. 812)
939 – Wang Jipeng, Chinese emperor of Min
939 – Li Chunyan, Chinese empress
956 – Fu the Elder, Chinese empress
979 – Abu Taghlib, Hamdanid emir
1021 – Minamoto no Yorimitsu, Japanese nobleman (b. 948)
1046 – Gerard of Csanád Venetian monk and Hungarian bishop (b.980)
1093 – Hugh I, duke of Burgundy (b. 1057)
1123 – Eystein I, king of Norway (b. 1088)
1135 – Al-Mustarshid, Abbasid caliph (b. 1092)
1159 – Bertha of Sulzbach, Byzantine empress
1298 – Eleanor of England, Countess of Bar, English princess (b. 1269)
1315 – Peter Tempesta, Italian nobleman (b. 1291)
1315 – Charles of Taranto, Italian nobleman (b. 1296)
1395 – Albert III, duke of Austria (b. 1349)
1442 – John V, duke of Brittany (b. 1389)
1499 – Alesso Baldovinetti, Florentine painter (b. 1427)
1523 – Ulrich von Hutten, Lutheran reformer (b. 1488)
1526 – Louis II, king of Hungary and Croatia (b. 1506)
1526 – Pál Tomori Hungarian archbishop and soldier (b. 1475)
1533 – Atahualpa, Inca emperor (b. 1497)
1542 – Cristóvão da Gama, Portuguese commander (b. 1516)
|
August 29
|
1601–1900
|
1601–1900
1604 – Hamida Banu Begum, Mughal empress (b. 1527)
1657 – John Lilburne, English activist (b. 1614)
1712 – Gregory King, English genealogist, engraver, and statistician (b. 1648)
1749 – Matthias Bel, Hungarian pastor and polymath (b. 1684)
1769 – Edmond Hoyle, English author and educator (b. 1672)
1780 – Jacques-Germain Soufflot, French architect, co-designed The Panthéon (b. 1713)
1799 – Pius VI, pope of the Catholic Church (b. 1717)
1844 – Edmund Ignatius Rice, Irish missionary and educator, founded the Christian Brothers and Presentation Brothers (b. 1762)
1856 – Mary Anne Schimmelpenninck, English author and activist (b. 1778)
1866 – Tokugawa Iemochi, Japanese shōgun (b. 1846)
1877 – Brigham Young, American religious leader, 2nd President of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (b. 1801)
1889 – Stefan Dunjov, Bulgarian colonel (b. 1815)
1891 – Pierre Lallement, French businessman, invented the bicycle (b. 1843)
1892 – William Forbes Skene, Scottish historian and author (b. 1809)
|
August 29
|
1901–present
|
1901–present
1904 – Murad V, Ottoman sultan (b. 1840)
1911 – Mir Mahboob Ali Khan, 6th Nizam of Hyderabad (b. 1866)
1917 – George Huntington Hartford, American businessman (b. 1833)
1930 – William Archibald Spooner, English priest and author (b. 1844)
1931 – David T. Abercrombie, American businessman, co-founded Abercrombie & Fitch (b. 1867)
1932 – Raymond Knister, Canadian poet and author (b. 1899)
1944 – Attik, Greek pianist and composer (b. 1885)
1946 – Adolphus Busch III, American businessman (b. 1891)
1946 – John Steuart Curry, American painter and academic (b. 1897)
1951 – Sydney Chapman, English economist and civil servant (b. 1871)
1952 – Anton Piëch, Austrian lawyer (b. 1894)
1958 – Marjorie Flack, American author and illustrator (b. 1897)
1966 – Sayyid Qutb, Egyptian theorist, author, and poet (b. 1906)
1968 – Ulysses S. Grant III, American general (b. 1881)
1971 – Nathan Freudenthal Leopold Jr., American murderer (b. 1904)
1972 – Lale Andersen, German singer-songwriter (b. 1905)
1975 – Éamon de Valera, Irish soldier and politician, 3rd President of Ireland (b. 1882)
1977 – Jean Hagen, American actress (b. 1923)
1977 – Brian McGuire, Australian race car driver (b. 1945)
1979 – Gertrude Chandler Warner, American author and educator (b. 1890)
1981 – Lowell Thomas, American journalist and author (b. 1892)
1982 – Ingrid Bergman, Swedish actress (b. 1915)
1982 – Lehman Engel, American composer and conductor (b. 1910)
1985 – Evelyn Ankers, British-American actress (b. 1918)
1987 – Archie Campbell, American actor and screenwriter (b. 1914)
1987 – Lee Marvin, American actor (b. 1924)
1989 – Peter Scott, English explorer and painter (b. 1909)
1990 – Manly Palmer Hall, Canadian-American mystic and author (b. 1901)
1991 – Libero Grassi, Italian businessman (b. 1924)
1992 – Félix Guattari, French philosopher and theorist (b. 1930)
1995 – Frank Perry, American director, producer, and screenwriter (b. 1930)
2000 – Shelagh Fraser, English actress (b. 1922)
2000 – Willie Maddren, English footballer and manager (b. 1951)
2000 – Conrad Marca-Relli, American-Italian painter and academic (b. 1913)
2001 – Graeme Strachan, Australian singer-songwriter & television personality (b. 1952)
2001 – Francisco Rabal, Spanish actor, director, and screenwriter (b. 1926)
2002 – Lance Macklin, English race car driver (b. 1919)
2003 – Mohammad Baqir al-Hakim, Iraqi politician (b. 1939)
2003 – Patrick Procktor, English painter and academic (b. 1936)
2004 – Hans Vonk, Dutch conductor (b. 1942)
2007 – James Muir Cameron Fletcher, New Zealand businessman (b. 1914)
2007 – Richard Jewell, American police officer (b. 1962)
2007 – Pierre Messmer, French civil servant and politician, 154th Prime Minister of France (b. 1916)
2007 – Alfred Peet, Dutch-American businessman, founded Peet's Coffee & Tea (b. 1920)
2008 – Geoffrey Perkins, English actor, producer, and screenwriter (b. 1953)
2008 – Michael Schoenberg, American geophysicist and theorist (b. 1939)
2011 – Honeyboy Edwards, American singer-songwriter and guitarist (b. 1915)
2011 – Junpei Takiguchi, Japanese voice actor (b. 1931)
2012 – Ruth Goldbloom, Canadian academic and philanthropist, co-founded Pier 21 (b. 1923)
2012 – Nicholas Goodrick-Clarke, English historian and author (b. 1953)
2012 – Shoshichi Kobayashi, Japanese-American mathematician and academic (b. 1932)
2012 – Anne McKnight, American soprano (b. 1924)
2012 – Les Moss, American baseball player, coach, and manager (b. 1925)
2012 – Sergei Ovchinnikov, Russian volleyball player and coach (b. 1969)
2013 – Joan L. Krajewski, American lawyer and politician (b. 1934)
2013 – Medardo Joseph Mazombwe, Zambian cardinal (b. 1931)
2013 – Bruce C. Murray, American geologist and academic, co-founded The Planetary Society (b. 1931)
2014 – Octavio Brunetti, Argentine pianist and composer (b. 1975)
2014 – Björn Waldegård, Swedish race car driver (b. 1943)
2016 – Gene Wilder, American stage and screen comic actor, screenwriter, film director, and author (b. 1933)
2018 – James Mirrlees, Scottish economist, Nobel Prize laureate (b. 1936)
2018 – Paul Taylor, American choreographer (b. 1930)
2021 – Ed Asner, American actor (b. 1929)
2021 – Lee "Scratch" Perry, Jamaican reggae producer (b. 1936)
2021 – Jacques Rogge, French orthopedic surgeon, Olympic sailor and the 8th President of the International Olympic Committee (b. 1942)
2023 – Mike Enriquez, Filipino broadcaster (b. 1951)
2024 – Johnny Gaudreau, American ice hockey player (b. 1993)
|
August 29
|
Holidays and observances
|
Holidays and observances
Christian feast day:
Adelphus of Metz
Beheading of St. John the Baptist
Eadwold of Cerne
Euphrasia Eluvathingal (Syro-Malabar Catholic Church)
John Bunyan (Episcopal Church)
Sabina
Vitalis, Sator and Repositus
August 29 (Eastern Orthodox liturgics)
International Day against Nuclear Tests
Miners' Day (Ukraine)
Day of Remembrance of the Defenders of Ukraine (Ukraine)
Municipal Police Day (Poland)
National Sports Day (India)
Slovak National Uprising Anniversary (Slovakia)
Telugu Language Day (India)
|
August 29
|
References
|
References
|
August 29
|
External links
|
External links
Category:Days of August
|
August 29
|
Table of Content
|
pp-move, Events, Pre-1600, 1601–1900, 1901–present, Births, Pre-1600, 1601–1900, 1901–present, Deaths, Pre-1600, 1601–1900, 1901–present, Holidays and observances, References, External links
|
August 30
|
redirect
| |
August 30
|
Events
|
Events
|
August 30
|
Pre-1600
|
Pre-1600
70 – Titus ends the siege of Jerusalem after destroying Herod's Temple.
1060 – The Mirdasids defeat the Fatimid Caliphate at the Battle of al-Funaydiq, signalling the definitive loss of Aleppo for the Fatimids.
1282 – Peter III of Aragon lands at Trapani to intervene in the War of the Sicilian Vespers.
1363 – The five-week Battle of Lake Poyang begins, in which the forces of two Chinese rebel leaders (Chen Youliang and Zhu Yuanzhang) meet to decide who will supplant the Yuan dynasty.
1464 – Pope Paul II succeeds Pope Pius II as the 211th pope.
1574 – Guru Ram Das becomes the Fourth Sikh Guru/Master.
1590 – Tokugawa Ieyasu enters Edo Castle. (Traditional Japanese date: August 1, 1590)
1594 – King James VI of Scotland holds a masque at the baptism of Prince Henry at Stirling Castle.Martin Wiggins & Catherine Richardson, British Drama 1533–1642: A Catalogue: 1590–1597, vol. 3 (Oxford, 2013), p. 247.
|
August 30
|
1601–1900
|
1601–1900
1721 – The Great Northern War between Sweden and Russia ends in the Treaty of Nystad.
1727 – Anne, eldest daughter of King George II of Great Britain, is given the title Princess Royal.
1757 – Battle of Gross-Jägersdorf: Russian force under Field Marshal Stepan Fyodorovich Apraksin beats a smaller Prussian force commanded by Field Marshal Hans von Lehwaldt, during the Seven Years' War.Peter H. Wilson, The Heart of Europe: A History of the Holy Roman Empire. Penguin, 2016, pp. 478–479.
1791 – sinks after having run aground on the outer Great Barrier Reef the previous day.
1799 – The entire Dutch fleet is captured by British forces under the command of Sir Ralph Abercromby and Admiral Sir Charles Mitchell during the War of the Second Coalition.
1800 – Gabriel Prosser postpones a planned slave rebellion in Richmond, Virginia, but is arrested before he can make it happen.
1813 – First Battle of Kulm: French forces are defeated by an Austrian-Prussian-Russian alliance.
1813 – Creek War: Fort Mims massacre: Creek "Red Sticks" kill over 500 settlers (including over 250 armed militia) in Fort Mims, north of Mobile, Alabama.
1835 – Australia: Melbourne, Victoria is founded.
1836 – The city of Houston is founded by Augustus Chapman Allen and John Kirby Allen.
1862 – American Civil War: Battle of Richmond: Confederates under Edmund Kirby Smith rout Union forces under General William "Bull" Nelson.
1873 – Austrian explorers Julius von Payer and Karl Weyprecht discover the archipelago of Franz Josef Land in the Arctic Sea.
1896 – Philippine Revolution: After Spanish victory in the Battle of San Juan del Monte, eight provinces in the Philippines are declared under martial law by the Spanish Governor-General Ramón Blanco y Erenas.
|
August 30
|
1901–present
|
1901–present
1909 – Burgess Shale fossils are discovered by Charles Doolittle Walcott.
1914 – World War I: Germans defeat the Russians in the Battle of Tannenberg.
1916 – Ernest Shackleton completes the rescue of all of his men stranded on Elephant Island in Antarctica.
1917 – Vietnamese prison guards led by Trịnh Văn Cấn mutiny at the Thái Nguyên penitentiary against local French authority.
1918 – Fanni Kaplan shoots and seriously injures Bolshevik leader Vladimir Lenin, which along with the assassination of Bolshevik senior official Moisei Uritsky days earlier, prompts the decree for Red Terror.
1922 – Battle of Dumlupınar: The final battle in the Greco-Turkish War (Turkish War of Independence).
1936 – The RMS Queen Mary wins the Blue Riband by setting the fastest transatlantic crossing.
1940 – The Second Vienna Award reassigns the territory of Northern Transylvania from Romania to Hungary.
1941 – The Tighina Agreement, a treaty regarding administration issues of the Transnistria Governorate, is signed between Germany and Romania.
1942 – World War II: The Battle of Alam el Halfa begins.
1945 – The Japanese occupation of Hong Kong comes to an end.
1945 – The Supreme Commander of the Allied Forces, General Douglas MacArthur lands at Atsugi Air Force Base.
1945 – The Allied Control Council, governing Germany after World War II, comes into being.
1959 – South Vietnamese opposition figure Phan Quang Dan was elected to the National Assembly despite soldiers being bussed in to vote for President Ngo Dinh Diem's candidate.
1962 – Japan conducts a test of the NAMC YS-11, its first aircraft since World War II and its only successful commercial aircraft from before or after the war.
1963 – The Moscow–Washington hotline between the leaders of the U.S. and the Soviet Union goes into operation.
1967 – Thurgood Marshall is confirmed as the first African American Justice of the Supreme Court of the United States.
1974 – A Belgrade–Dortmund express train derails at the main train station in Zagreb killing 153 passengers.
1974 – A powerful bomb explodes at the Mitsubishi Heavy Industries headquarters in Marunouchi, Tokyo. Eight are killed, 378 are injured. Eight left-wing activists are arrested on May 19, 1975, by Japanese authorities.
1974 – The Third World Population Conference ends in Bucharest, Romania. At the end of the ceremony, the UN-Romanian Demographic Centre is inaugurated.
1981 – President Mohammad-Ali Rajai and Prime Minister Mohammad-Javad Bahonar of Iran are assassinated in a bombing committed by the People's Mujahedin of Iran.
1983 – Aeroflot Flight 5463 crashes into Dolan Mountain while approaching Almaty International Airport in present-day Kazakhstan, killing all 90 people on board.
1983 – STS-8: The Space Shuttle Challenger takes off on the first night launch of the shuttle program. Guion Bluford becomes the first African-American in space on this mission.
1984 – STS-41-D: The Space Shuttle Discovery takes off on its maiden voyage.
1991 – Dissolution of the Soviet Union: Azerbaijan declares independence from Soviet Union.
1992 – The 11-day Ruby Ridge standoff ends with Randy Weaver surrendering to federal authorities.
1995 – Bosnian War: NATO launches Operation Deliberate Force against Bosnian Serb forces.
1998 – Second Congo War: Armed forces of the Democratic Republic of the Congo (DRC) and their Angolan and Zimbabwean allies recapture Matadi and the Inga dams in the western DRC from RCD and Rwandan troops.
2002 – Rico Linhas Aéreas Flight 4823 crashes on approach to Rio Branco International Airport, killing 23 of the 31 people on board.
2008 – A Conviasa Boeing 737 crashes into Illiniza Volcano in Ecuador, killing all three people on board.
2014 – Prime Minister of Lesotho Tom Thabane flees to South Africa as the army allegedly stages a coup.
2021 – The last remaining American troops leave Afghanistan, ending U.S. involvement in the war.
2023 – Gabonese coup d'état: After Ali Bongo Ondimba's reelection, a military coup ousted him, ending 56 years of Bongo family rule in Gabon.
|
August 30
|
Births
|
Births
|
August 30
|
Pre-1600
|
Pre-1600
1334 – Peter of Castile (d. 1369)
1574 – Albert Szenczi Molnár, Hungarian writer and translator (d. 1634)
|
August 30
|
1601–1900
|
1601–1900
1609 – Sir Alexander Carew, 2nd Baronet, English politician (d. 1644)
1609 – Artus Quellinus the Elder, Flemish sculptor (d. 1668)
1627 – Itō Jinsai, Japanese philosopher (d. 1705)
1716 – Capability Brown, English landscape architect (d. 1783)
1720 – Samuel Whitbread, English brewer and politician, founded Whitbread (d. 1796)
1748 – Jacques-Louis David, French painter and illustrator (d. 1825)
1768 – Joseph Dennie, American author and journalist (d. 1812)
1797 – Mary Shelley, English novelist and playwright (d. 1851)
1812 – Agoston Haraszthy, Hungarian-American businessman, founded Buena Vista Winery (d. 1869)
1818 – Alexander H. Rice, American businessman and politician, 30th Governor of Massachusetts (d. 1895)
1839 – Gulstan Ropert, French-American bishop and missionary (d. 1903)
1842 – Grand Duchess Alexandra Alexandrovna of Russia (d. 1849)
1844 – Emily Ruete/Salama bint Said, also called Sayyida Salme, a Princess of Zanzibar and Oman (d. 1924)
1848 – Andrew Onderdonk, American surveyor and contractor (d. 1905)
1850 – Marcelo H. del Pilar, Filipino journalist and lawyer (d. 1896)
1852 – Jacobus Henricus van 't Hoff, Dutch chemist and academic, Nobel Prize laureate (d. 1911)
1852 – J. Alden Weir, American painter and academic (d. 1919)
1855 – Evelyn De Morgan, English painter (d. 1919)
1856 – Carl David Tolmé Runge, German mathematician, physicist, and spectroscopist (d. 1927)
1858 – Ignaz Sowinski, Galician architect (d. 1917)
1860 – Isaac Levitan, Russian painter and illustrator (d. 1900)
1870 – Grand Duchess Alexandra Georgievna of Russia (d. 1891)
1871 – Ernest Rutherford, New Zealand-English physicist and chemist, Nobel Prize laureate (d. 1937)
1883 – Theo van Doesburg, Dutch artist (d. 1931)
1884 – Theodor Svedberg, Swedish chemist and physicist, Nobel Prize laureate (d. 1971)
1885 – Tedda Courtney, Australian rugby league player and coach (d. 1957)
1887 – Paul Kochanski, Polish violinist and composer (d. 1934)
1890 – Samuel Frederick Henry Thompson, English captain and pilot (d. 1918)
1893 – Huey Long, American lawyer and politician, 40th Governor of Louisiana (d. 1935)
1896 – Raymond Massey, Canadian-American actor and playwright (d. 1983)
1898 – Shirley Booth, American actress and singer (d. 1992)
|
August 30
|
1901–present
|
1901–present
1901 – John Gunther, American journalist and author (d. 1970)
1901 – Roy Wilkins, American journalist and activist (d. 1981)
1903 – Bhagwati Charan Verma, Indian author (d. 1981)
1906 – Joan Blondell, American actress and singer (d. 1979)
1906 – Olga Taussky-Todd, Austrian mathematician (d. 1995)
1907 – Leonor Fini, Argentine painter, illustrator, and author (d. 1996)
1907 – Bertha Parker Pallan, American archaeologist (d. 1978)
1907 – John Mauchly, American physicist and co-founder of the first computer company (d. 1980)
1908 – Fred MacMurray, American actor (d. 1991)
1909 – Virginia Lee Burton, American author and illustrator (d. 1968)
1910 – Roger Bushell, South African-English soldier and pilot (d. 1944)
1912 – Edward Mills Purcell, American physicist, Nobel Prize laureate (d. 1997)
1912 – Nancy Wake, New Zealand-English captain (d. 2011)
1913 – Richard Stone, English economist and statistician, Nobel Prize laureate (d. 1991)
1915 – Princess Lilian, Duchess of Halland (d. 2013)
1915 – Robert Strassburg, American composer, conductor, and educator (d. 2003)
1916 – Shailendra, Pakistani-Indian songwriter (d. 1968)
1917 – Dan Enright, American television producer (d. 1992)
1917 – Denis Healey, English soldier and politician, Chancellor of the Exchequer (d. 2015)
1917 – Grand Duke Vladimir Kirillovich of Russia (d. 1992)
1918 – Harold Atcherley, English businessman (d. 2017)
1918 – Billy Johnson, American baseball player (d. 2006)
1918 – Ted Williams, American baseball player and manager (d. 2002)
1919 – Maurice Hilleman, American microbiologist and vaccinologist (d. 2005)
1919 – Wolfgang Wagner, German director and manager (d. 2010)
1919 – Kitty Wells, American singer-songwriter and guitarist (d. 2012)
1920 – Arnold Green, Estonian soldier and politician (d. 2011)
1922 – Lionel Murphy, Australian jurist and politician, 22nd Attorney-General of Australia (d. 1986)
1922 – Regina Resnik, American soprano and actress (d. 2013)
1923 – Barbara Ansell, English physician and author (d. 2001)
1923 – Charmian Clift, Australian journalist and author (d. 1969)
1923 – Vic Seixas, American tennis player (d. 2024)
1924 – Kenny Dorham, American singer-songwriter and trumpet player (d. 1972)
1924 – Lajos Kisfaludy, Hungarian chemist and engineer (d. 1988)
1924 – Geoffrey Beene, American fashion designer (d. 2004)
1925 – Laurent de Brunhoff, French author and illustrator (d. 2024)
1925 – Donald Symington, American actor (d. 2013)
1926 – Daryl Gates, American police officer, created the D.A.R.E. Program (d. 2010)
1927 – Bill Daily, American actor and comedian (d. 2018)
1927 – Piet Kee, Dutch organist and composer (d. 2018)
1928 – Lloyd Casner, American race car driver (d. 1965)
1928 – Harvey Hart, Canadian director and producer (d. 1989)
1928 – Johnny Mann, American singer-songwriter and conductor (d. 2014)
1929 – Guy de Lussigny, French painter and sculptor (d. 2001)
1929 – Ian McNaught-Davis, English mountaineer and television host (d. 2014)
1930 – Warren Buffett, American businessman and philanthropist
1930 – Noel Harford, New Zealand cricketer and basketball player (d. 1981)
1931 – Jack Swigert, American pilot and astronaut (d. 1982)
1933 – Don Getty, Canadian football player and politician, 11th Premier of Alberta (d. 2016)
1934 – Antonio Cabangon Chua, Filipino media mogul and businessman (d. 2016)
1935 – John Phillips, American singer-songwriter and guitarist (d. 2001)
1935 – Alexandra Bellow, Romanian-American mathematician
1936 – Peter North, English scholar and academic
1937 – Bruce McLaren, New Zealand race car driver and engineer, founded the McLaren racing team (d. 1970)
1938 – Murray Gleeson, Australian lawyer and judge, 11th Chief Justice of Australia
1939 – Elizabeth Ashley, American actress
1939 – John Peel, English radio host and producer (d. 2004)
1940 – Jack Biondolillo, American bowler (d. 2021)
1941 – Ignazio Giunti, Italian race car driver (d. 1971)
1941 – Ben Jones, American actor and politician
1941 – Sue MacGregor, English journalist and radio host
1941 – John McNally, English singer and guitarist
1942 – Jonathan Aitken, Irish-British journalist and politician, Minister for Defence Procurement
1942 – John Kani, South African actor
1942 – Pervez Sajjad, Pakistani cricketer
1943 – Tal Brody, American-Israeli basketball player and coach
1943 – Robert Crumb, American illustrator
1943 – Colin Dann, English author
1943 – Nigel Hall, English sculptor and academic
1943 – Jean-Claude Killy, French skier
1943 – David Maslanka, American composer and academic (d. 2017)
1944 – Frances Cairncross, English economist, journalist, and academic
1944 – Freek de Jonge, Dutch singer and comedian
1944 – Molly Ivins, American journalist and author (d. 2007)
1944 – Tug McGraw, American baseball player (d. 2004)
1944 – Alex Wyllie, New Zealand rugby player and coach (d. 2025)
1946 – Queen Anne-Marie of Greece
1946 – Peggy Lipton, American model and actress (d. 2019)
1947 – Allan Rock, Canadian lawyer, politician, and diplomat, Canadian Ambassador to the United Nations
1948 – Lewis Black, American comedian, actor, and author
1948 – Fred Hampton, American activist and revolutionary, chairman of the Illinois chapter of the Black Panther Party (d. 1969)
1948 – Victor Skumin, Russian psychiatrist, psychologist, and academic
1949 – Ted Ammon, American financier and banker (d. 2001)
1949 – Don Boudria, Canadian public servant and politician, 2nd Canadian Minister for International Cooperation
1950 – Antony Gormley, English sculptor and academic
1950 – Dana Rosemary Scallon, Irish singer and activist
1951 – Timothy Bottoms, American actor
1951 – Gediminas Kirkilas, Lithuanian politician, 11th Prime Minister of Lithuania (d. 2024)
1951 – Jim Paredes, Filipino singer-songwriter and actor
1952 – Simon Bainbridge, English composer and educator (d. 2021)
1952 – Wojtek Fibak, Polish tennis player
1953 – Ron George, American businessman and politician
1953 – Lech Majewski, Polish director, producer, and screenwriter
1953 – Horace Panter, English bass player
1953 – Robert Parish, American basketball player
1954 – Alexander Lukashenko, Belarusian marshal and politician, 1st President of Belarus
1954 – Ravi Shankar Prasad, Indian lawyer and politician, Indian Minister of Communications and IT
1954 – David Paymer, American actor and director
1955 – Jamie Moses, English-American guitarist
1955 – Martin Jackson, English drummer
1956 – Frank Conniff, American actor, producer, and screenwriter
1957 – Gerald Albright, American musician
1958 – Karen Buck, Northern Irish politician
1958 – Fran Fraschilla, American basketball player, coach, and sportscaster
1958 – Muriel Gray, Scottish journalist and author
1958 – Anna Politkovskaya, Russian journalist and activist (d. 2006)
1958 – Peter Tunks, Australian rugby league player and sportscaster
1959 – Mark "Jacko" Jackson, Australian footballer, actor, and singer
1960 – Ben Bradshaw, English journalist and politician, Secretary of State for Culture, Media and Sport
1960 – Gary Gordon, American sergeant, Medal of Honor recipient (d. 1993)
1960 – Guy A. Lepage, Canadian comedian and producer
1962 – Ricky Sanders, American football player
1962 – Craig Whittaker, English businessman and politician
1963 – Dave Brockie, Canadian-American singer-songwriter and bass player (d. 2014)
1963 – Michael Chiklis, American actor, director, and producer
1963 – Sabine Oberhauser, Austrian physician and politician (d. 2017)
1963 – Phil Mills, Welsh race car driver
1964 – Gavin Fisher, English engineer and designer
1964 – Ra Luhse, Estonian architect
1966 – Peter Cunnah, Northern Irish singer-songwriter and producer
1966 – Joann Fletcher, English historian and academic
1966 – Michael Michele, American actress
1967 – Frederique van der Wal, Dutch model and actress
1967 – Justin Vaughan, New Zealand cricketer
1968 – Diran Adebayo, English author and critic
1968 – Vladimir Malakhov, Russian ice hockey player
1969 – Vladimir Jugović, Serbian footballer
1969 – Dimitris Sgouros, Greek pianist and composer
1970 – Carlo Checchinato, Italian rugby player and manager
1970 – Paulo Sousa, Portuguese footballer and manager
1970 – Michael Wong, Malaysian-Chinese singer-songwriter
1971 – Lars Frederiksen, American singer-songwriter and guitarist
1971 – Julian Smith, Scottish politician
1972 – Cameron Diaz, American model, actress, and producer
1972 – Pavel Nedvěd, Czech footballer
1972 – Hani Hanjour, Saudi terrorist, hijacker of American Airlines Flight 77 during the September 11 attacks (d. 2001)
1973 – Lisa Ling, American journalist and author
1974 – Javier Otxoa, Spanish cyclist (d. 2018)
1975 – Radhi Jaïdi, Tunisian footballer and coach
1976 – Mike Koplove, American baseball player
1977 – Shaun Alexander, American football player
1977 – Marlon Byrd, American baseball player
1977 – Raúl Castillo, American actor
1977 – Michael Gladis, American actor
1977 – Kamil Kosowski, Polish footballer
1977 – Félix Sánchez, American-Dominican runner and hurdler
1978 – Sinead Kerr, Scottish figure skater
1978 – Cliff Lee, American baseball player
1979 – Juan Ignacio Chela, Argentine tennis player
1979 – Leon Lopez, English singer-songwriter and actor
1979 – Scott Richmond, Canadian baseball player
1980 – Roberto Hernández, Dominican baseball player
1981 – Germán Legarreta, Puerto Rican-American actor
1981 – Adam Wainwright, American baseball player
1982 – Will Davison, Australian race car driver
1982 – Andy Roddick, American tennis player
1983 – Emmanuel Culio, Argentine footballer
1983 – Gustavo Eberto, Argentine footballer (d. 2007)
1983 – Jun Matsumoto, Japanese singer, dancer, and actor
1983 – Simone Pepe, Italian footballer
1983 – Tian Qin, Chinese canoe racer
1983 – Marco Vianello, Italian footballer
1984 – Anthony Ireland, Zimbabwean cricketer
1984 – Joe Staley, American football player
1984 – Michael Grant Terry, American actor
1985 – Duane Brown, American football player
1985 – Richard Duffy, Welsh footballer
1985 – Joe Inoue, American singer-songwriter
1985 – Leisel Jones, Australian swimmer
1985 – Éva Risztov, Hungarian swimmer
1985 – Steven Smith, Scottish footballer
1985 – Eamon Sullivan, Australian swimmer
1985 – Anna Ushenina, Ukrainian chess player
1985 – Holly Weston, English actress
1986 – Theo Hutchcraft, English singer-songwriter
1986 – Lelia Masaga, New Zealand rugby player
1986 – Ryan Ross, American singer-songwriter and guitarist
1986 – Zafer Yelen, Turkish footballer
1987 – Johanna Braddy, American actress
1987 – Tania Foster, English singer-songwriter
1988 – Ernests Gulbis, Latvian tennis player
1989 – Simone Guerra, Italian footballer
1989 – Ronald Huth, Paraguayan footballer
1989 – Bebe Rexha, American singer-songwriter
1991 – Seriki Audu, Nigerian footballer (d. 2014)
1991 – Jacqueline Cako, American tennis player
1991 – Liam Cooper, Scottish footballer
1992 – Jessica Henwick, British actress
1994 – Monika Povilaitytė, Lithuanian volleyball player
1994 – Heo Young-ji, South Korean singer
1994 – Kwon So-hyun, South Korean singer-songwriter and actress
1996 – Mikal Bridges, American basketball player
1996 – Trevor Jackson, American actor and singer-songwriter
2002 – Fábio Carvalho, Portuguese footballer
2002 – Drake Maye, American football player
|
August 30
|
Deaths
|
Deaths
|
August 30
|
Pre-1600
|
Pre-1600
526 – Theodoric the Great, Italian ruler (b. 454)
832 – Cui Qun, Chinese chancellor (b. 772)
1131 – Hervey le Breton, bishop of Bangor and Ely
1181 – Pope Alexander III (b. c. 1100–1105)
1329 – Khutughtu Khan Kusala, Chinese emperor (b. 1300)
1428 – Emperor Shōkō of Japan (b. 1401)
1483 – Louis XI of France (b. 1423)
1500 – Victor, Duke of Münsterberg and Opava, Count of Glatz (b. 1443)
1580 – Emmanuel Philibert, Duke of Savoy (b. 1528)
|
August 30
|
1601–1900
|
1601–1900
1604 – John Juvenal Ancina, Italian Oratorian and bishop (b. 1545)
1619 – Shimazu Yoshihiro, Japanese samurai and warlord (b. 1535)
1621 – Bahāʾ al-dīn al-ʿĀmilī, co-founder of Isfahan School of Islamic Philosophy (b. 1547)
1751 – Christopher Polhem, Swedish physicist and engineer (b. 1661)
1773 – Peshwa Narayan Rao, Prime Minister of Maratha Empire (b. 1755, assassinated)
1856 – Gilbert Abbott à Beckett, English lawyer and author (b. 1811)
1879 – John Bell Hood, American general (b. 1831)
1886 – Ferris Jacobs, Jr., American general and politician (b. 1836)
1896 – Aleksey Lobanov-Rostovsky, Russian politician and diplomat, Minister of Foreign Affairs for Russia (b. 1824)
|
August 30
|
1901–present
|
1901–present
1906 – Hans Auer, Swiss-Austrian architect and educator, designed the Federal Palace of Switzerland (b. 1847)
1907 – Richard Mansfield, American actor and manager (b. 1857)
1908 – Alexander P. Stewart, American general (b. 1821)
1928 – Wilhelm Wien, German physicist and academic, Nobel Prize laureate (b. 1864)
1935 – Henri Barbusse, French journalist and author (b. 1873)
1935 – Namık İsmail, Turkish painter and educator (b. 1890)
1936 – Ronald Fellowes, 2nd Baron Ailwyn, English peer (b. 1886)
1938 – Max Factor, Sr., Polish-born American make-up artist and businessman, founded the Max Factor Company (b. 1877)
1940 – J. J. Thomson, English physicist and mathematician, Nobel Prize laureate (b. 1856)
1941 – Peder Oluf Pedersen, Danish physicist and engineer (b. 1874)
1943 – Eddy de Neve, Indonesian-Dutch footballer and lieutenant (b. 1885)
1943 – Eustáquio van Lieshout, Dutch priest and missionary (b. 1890)
1945 – Alfréd Schaffer, Hungarian footballer, coach, and manager (b. 1893)
1946 – Konstantin Rodzaevsky, Russian lawyer (b. 1907)
1947 – Gunnar Sommerfeldt, Danish actor and director (b. 1890)
1948 – Alice Salomon, German-American social reformer (b. 1872)
1949 – Arthur Fielder, English cricketer (b. 1877)
1951 – Konstantin Märska, Estonian director and cinematographer (b. 1896)
1954 – Alfredo Ildefonso Schuster, Italian cardinal (b. 1880)
1961 – Cristóbal de Losada y Puga, Peruvian mathematician (b. 1894)
1961 – Charles Coburn, American actor (b. 1877)
1963 – Guy Burgess, English-Soviet spy (b. 1911)
1964 – Salme Dutt, Estonian-English lawyer and politician (b. 1888)
1967 – Ad Reinhardt, American painter, illustrator, and academic (b. 1913)
1968 – William Talman, American actor and screenwriter (b. 1915)
1970 – Del Moore, American comedian and actor (b. 1916)
1970 – Abraham Zapruder, American clothing manufacturer, witness to the assassination of John F. Kennedy (b. 1905)
1971 – Ali Hadi Bara, Iranian-Turkish sculptor (b. 1906)
1979 – Jean Seberg, American actress (b. 1938)
1981 – Vera-Ellen, American actress and dancer (b. 1921)
1981 – Mohammad-Ali Rajai, Iranian politician, 2nd President of Iran (b. 1933)
1985 – Taylor Caldwell, English-American author (b. 1900)
1988 – Jack Marshall, New Zealand colonel, lawyer and politician, 28th Prime Minister of New Zealand (b. 1912)
1989 – Seymour Krim, American journalist and critic (b. 1922)
1990 – Bernard D. H. Tellegen, Dutch engineer and academic (b. 1900)
1991 – Cyril Knowles, English footballer and manager (b. 1944)
1991 – Vladimír Padrůněk, Czech bass player (b. 1952)
1991 – Jean Tinguely, Swiss painter and sculptor (b. 1925)
1993 – Richard Jordan, American actor (b. 1938)
1994 – Lindsay Anderson, English director and screenwriter (b. 1923)
1995 – Fischer Black, American economist and academic (b. 1938)
1995 – Sterling Morrison, American guitarist and singer (b. 1942)
1996 – Christine Pascal, French actress, director, and screenwriter (b. 1953)
1999 – Reindert Brasser, Dutch discus thrower (b. 1912)
1999 – Raymond Poïvet, French illustrator (b. 1910)
2001 – Govan Mbeki, ANC activist and father of President of South Africa Thabo Mbeki (b. 1910)
2002 – J. Lee Thompson, English-Canadian director, producer, and screenwriter (b. 1914)
2003 – Charles Bronson, American actor and soldier (b. 1921)
2003 – Donald Davidson, American philosopher and academic (b. 1917)
2004 – Fred Lawrence Whipple, American astronomer and academic (b. 1906)
2006 – Robin Cooke, Baron Cooke of Thorndon, New Zealand lawyer and judge (b. 1926)
2006 – Glenn Ford, Canadian-American actor and producer (b. 1916)
2006 – Naguib Mahfouz, Egyptian journalist and author, Nobel Prize laureate (b. 1911)
2007 – Michael Jackson, English author and journalist (b. 1942)
2007 – Charles Vanik, American soldier and politician (b. 1918)
2008 – Brian Hambly, Australian rugby player and coach (b. 1937)
2008 – Killer Kowalski, Canadian-American wrestler and trainer (b. 1926)
2009 – Klaus-Peter Hanisch, German footballer (b. 1952)
2010 – J. C. Bailey, American wrestler (b. 1983)
2010 – Alain Corneau, French director and screenwriter (b. 1943)
2010 – Myrtle Edwards, Australian cricketer and softball player (b. 1921)
2010 – Francisco Varallo, Argentine footballer (b. 1910)
2013 – William C. Campbell, American golfer (b. 1923)
2013 – Howie Crittenden, American basketball player and coach (b. 1933)
2013 – Allan Gotthelf, American philosopher and academic (b. 1942)
2013 – Seamus Heaney, Irish poet and playwright, Nobel Prize laureate (b. 1939)
2013 – Leo Lewis, American football player and coach (b. 1933)
2014 – Charles Bowden, American non-fiction author, journalist and essayist (b. 1945)Library of Congress Name Authority File
2014 – Bipan Chandra, Indian historian and academic (b. 1928)
2014 – Igor Decraene, Belgian cyclist (b. 1996)
2014 – Andrew V. McLaglen, English-American director and producer (b. 1920)
2014 – Felipe Osterling, Peruvian lawyer and politician (b. 1932)
2015 – Wes Craven, American director, producer, screenwriter, and actor (b. 1939)
2015 – Edward Fadeley, American lawyer and politician (b. 1929)
2015 – M. M. Kalburgi, Indian scholar, author, and academic (b. 1938)
2015 – Marvin Mandel, American lawyer and politician, 56th Governor of Maryland (b. 1920)
2015 – Oliver Sacks, English-American neurologist, author, and academic (b. 1933)
2017 – Louise Hay, American motivational author (b. 1926)
2017 – Skip Prokop, Canadian drummer, guitarist and keyboardist (b. 1943)
2019 – Valerie Harper, American actress and writer (b. 1939)
2022 – Mikhail Gorbachev, 8th and final leader of the Soviet Union (b. 1931)
2024 – Tūheitia Paki, Māori King (b. 1955)
2024 – Fatman Scoop, American rapper, hype man and radio personality (b. 1971)
|
August 30
|
Holidays and observances
|
Holidays and observances
Christian feast day:
Alexander of Constantinople (Eastern Orthodoxy)
Blessed Alfredo Ildefonso Schuster
Blessed Eustáquio van Lieshout
Blessed Stephen Nehmé (Maronite Church / Catholic Church)
Charles Chapman Grafton (Episcopal Church)
Fantinus
Felix and Adauctus
Fiacre
Jeanne Jugan
Narcisa de Jesús
Pammachius
Theodosius of Oria
August 30 (Eastern Orthodox liturgics)
Constitution Day (Kazakhstan)
Constitution Day (Turks and Caicos Islands)
Independence Day (Tatarstan, Russia not formally recognized)
International Day of the Disappeared
International Whale Shark Day
Popular Consultation Day (East Timor)
Saint Rose of Lima's Day (Peru)
Victory Day (Turkey)
|
August 30
|
References
|
References
|
August 30
|
External links
|
External links
Category:Days of August
|
August 30
|
Table of Content
|
redirect, Events, Pre-1600, 1601–1900, 1901–present, Births, Pre-1600, 1601–1900, 1901–present, Deaths, Pre-1600, 1601–1900, 1901–present, Holidays and observances, References, External links
|
Acre
|
short description
|
thumb|Image comparing the acre (the small pink area at lower left) to other units. The entire yellow square is one square mile; the dark blue area at right represents 100 acres.
The acre ( ) is a unit of land area used in the British imperial and the United States customary systems. It is traditionally defined as the area of one chain by one furlong (66 by 660 feet), which is exactly equal to 10 square chains, of a square mile, 4,840 square yards, or 43,560 square feet, and approximately 4,047 m2, or about 40% of a hectare. Based upon the international yard and pound agreement of 1959, an acre may be declared as exactly 4,046.8564224 square metres. The acre is sometimes abbreviated ac, but is usually spelled out as the word "acre".National Institute of Standards and Technology (n.d.) General Tables of Units of Measurement. .
Traditionally, in the Middle Ages, an acre was conceived of as the area of land that could be ploughed by one man using a team of eight oxen in one day. The acre is still a statutory measure in the United States. Both the international acre and the US survey acre are in use, but they differ by only four parts per million. The most common use of the acre is to measure tracts of land. The acre is used in many established and former Commonwealth of Nations countries by custom. In a few, it continues as a statute measure, although not since 2010 in the UK, and not for decades in Australia, New Zealand, and South Africa. In many places where it is not a statute measure, it is still lawful to "use for trade" if given as supplementary information and is not used for land registration.
|
Acre
|
Description
|
Description
One acre equals (0.0015625) square mile, 4,840 square yards, 43,560 square feet, or about (see below). While all modern variants of the acre contain 4,840 square yards, there are alternative definitions of a yard, so the exact size of an acre depends upon the particular yard on which it is based. Originally, an acre was understood as a strip of land sized at forty perches (660 ft, or 1 furlong) long and four perches (66 ft) wide; this may have also been understood as an approximation of the amount of land a yoke of oxen could plough in one day (a furlong being "a furrow long"). A square enclosing one acre is approximately 69.57 yards, or 208 feet 9 inches (), on a side. As a unit of measure, an acre has no prescribed shape; any area of 43,560 square feet is an acre.
|
Acre
|
US survey acres
|
US survey acres
In the international yard and pound agreement of 1959, the United States and five countries of the Commonwealth of Nations defined the international yard to be exactly 0.9144 metre. The US authorities decided that, while the refined definition would apply nationally in all other respects, the US survey foot (and thus the survey acre) would continue 'until such a time as it becomes desirable and expedient to readjust [it]'. By inference, an "international acre" may be calculated as exactly square metres but it does not have a basis in any international agreement.
Both the international acre and the US survey acre contain of a square mile or 4,840 square yards, but alternative definitions of a yard are used (see survey foot and survey yard), so the exact size of an acre depends upon the yard upon which it is based. The US survey acre is about 4,046.872 square metres; its exact value ( m2) is based on an inch defined by 1 metre = 39.37 inches exactly, as established by the Mendenhall Order of 1893.* Surveyors in the United States use both international and survey feet, and consequently, both varieties of acre.National Geodetic Survey, (January 1991), Policy of the National Geodetic Survey Concerning Units of Measure for the State Plane Coordinate System of 1983.
Since the difference between the US survey acre and international acre (0.016 square metres, 160 square centimetres or 24.8 square inches), is only about a quarter of the size of an A4 sheet or US letter, it is usually not important which one is being discussed. Areas are seldom measured with sufficient accuracy for the different definitions to be detectable.Minimum Standard Detail Requirements For ALTA/NSPS Land Title Surveys. Federick, MD: American Congress on Surveying and Mapping. 2021. [The stated maximum allowable "precision" (page 2) is 2 cm and 50 parts per million. An instrument consistently measuring 2 cm short would measure the area of a one international acre square, 63.614907 m on a side, as 4044.3 square metres, 2.6 square metres less than the true value, a far greater discrepancy than the difference between the international and survey acres.] In October 2019, the US National Geodetic Survey and the National Institute of Standards and Technology announced their joint intent to end the "temporary" continuance of the US survey foot, mile, and acre units (as permitted by their 1959 decision, above), with effect from the end of 2022.
|
Acre
|
Spanish acre
|
Spanish acre
The Puerto Rican cuerda () is sometimes called the "Spanish acre" in the continental United States.Units: C: cuerda. Russ Rowlett. The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill.
|
Acre
|
Use
|
Use
The acre is commonly used in many current and former Commonwealth countries by custom, and in a few it continues as a statute measure. These include Antigua and Barbuda, American Samoa, The Bahamas, Belize, the British Virgin Islands,, Canada, the Cayman Islands, Dominica, the Falkland Islands, Grenada, Ghana, Guam, the Northern Mariana Islands, Jamaica, Montserrat, Samoa, Saint Lucia, St. Helena, St. Kitts and Nevis, St. Vincent and the Grenadines, Turks and Caicos, the United Kingdom, the United States, and the US Virgin Islands.
|
Acre
|
Republic of Ireland
|
Republic of Ireland
In the Republic of Ireland, the hectare is legally used under European units of measurement directives; however, the acre (the same standard statute as used in the UK, not the old Irish acre, which was of a different size) is still widely used, especially in agriculture.
|
Acre
|
Indian subcontinent
|
Indian subcontinent
In India, residential plots are measured in square feet or square metre, while agricultural land is measured in acres. In Sri Lanka, the division of an acre into 160 perches or 4 roods is common. In Pakistan, residential plots are measured in (20 = 1 = 605 sq yards) and open/agriculture land measurement is in acres (8 = 1 acre) and (25 acres = 1 = 200 ), and .
|
Acre
|
United Kingdom
|
United Kingdom
Its use as a primary unit for trade in the United Kingdom ceased to be permitted from 1 October 1995, due to the 1994 amendment of the Weights and Measures Act,The Weights and Measures Act 1985 (Metrication) (Amendment) Order 1994 HM Government, 1995 where it was replaced by the hectare though its use as a supplementary unit continues to be permitted indefinitely. This was with the exemption of land registration, which records the sale and possession of land; in 2010 HM Land Registry ended its exemption. The measure is still used to communicate with the public, and informally (non-contract) by the farming and property industries.
|
Acre
|
Equivalence to other units of area
|
Equivalence to other units of area
frame|The area of one acre (red) superposed on an American football field (green) and association football/soccer pitch (blue)
1 international acre is equal to the following metric units:
0.40468564224 hectare (A square with 100 m sides has an area of 1 hectare.)
4,046.8564224 square metres (or a square with approximately 63.61 m sides)
1 United States survey acre is equal to:
0.404687261 hectare
4,046.87261 square metres (1 square kilometre is equal to 247.105 acres)
1 acre (both variants) is equal to the following customary units:
66 feet × 660 feet (43,560 square feet)
10 square chains (1 chain = 66 feet = 22 yards = 4 rods = 100 links)
1 acre is approximately 208.71 feet × 208.71 feet (a square)
4,840 square yards
43,560 square feet
160 perches. A perch is equal to a square rod (1 square rod is 0.00625 acre)
4 roods
A furlong by a chain (furlong 220 yards, chain 22 yards)
40 rods by 4 rods, 160 rods2 (historically fencing was often sold in 40 rod lengths)
(0.0015625) square mile (1 square mile is equal to 640 acres)
Perhaps the easiest way for US residents to envision an acre is as a rectangle measuring 88 yards by 55 yards ( of 880 yards by of 880 yards), about the size of a standard American football field. To be more exact, one acre is 90.75% of a 100-yd-long by 53.33-yd-wide American football field (without the end zone). The full field, including the end zones, covers about . For residents of other countries, the acre might be envisioned as rather more than half of a football pitch.
|
Acre
|
Historical origin
|
Historical origin
The word acre is derived from the Norman, attested for the first time in a text of Fécamp in 1006 to the meaning of «agrarian measure». Acre dates back to the old Scandinavian akr “cultivated field, ploughed land” which is perpetuated in Icelandic and the Faroese “field (wheat)”, Norwegian and Swedish , Danish “field”, cognate with German , Dutch , Latin , Sanskrit , and Greek (). In English, an obsolete variant spelling was aker. According to the Act on the Composition of Yards and Perches, dating from around 1300, an acre is "40 perches [rods] in length and four in breadth", meaning 220 yards by 22 yards. As detailed in the diagram, an acre was roughly the amount of land tillable by a yoke of oxen in one day.
Before the enactment of the metric system, many countries in Europe used their own official acres. In France, the traditional unit of area was the arpent carré, a measure based on the Roman system of land measurement.
The was used only in Normandy (and neighbouring places outside its traditional borders), but its value varied greatly across Normandy, ranging from 3,632 to 9,725 square metres, with 8,172 square metres being the most frequent value. But inside the same of Normandy, for instance in pays de Caux, the farmers (still in the 20th century) made the difference between the (68 ares, 66 centiares) and the (56 to 65 ca).Raymond Mensire, , 1939, p. 55. The Normandy was usually divided in 4 (roods) and 160 square , like the English acre.
The Normandy was equal to 1.6 , the unit of area more commonly used in Northern France outside of Normandy. In Canada, the Paris used in Quebec before the metric system was adopted is sometimes called "French acre" in English, even though the Paris and the Normandy were two very different units of area in ancient France (the Paris became the unit of area of French Canada, whereas the Normandy was never used in French Canada).
In Germany, the Netherlands, and Eastern Europe the traditional unit of area was . Like the acre, the morgen was a unit of ploughland, representing a strip that could be ploughed by one man and an ox or horse in a morning. There were many variants of the morgen, differing between the different German territories, ranging from . It was also used in Old Prussia, in the Balkans, Norway, and Denmark, where it was equal to about . Statutory values for the acre were enacted in England, and subsequently the United Kingdom, by acts of:
Edward I
Edward III
Henry VIII
George IV
Queen Victoria – the British Weights and Measures Act of 1878 defined it as containing 4,840 square yards.
Historically, the size of farms and landed estates in the United Kingdom was usually expressed in acres (or acres, roods, and perches), even if the number of acres was so large that it might conveniently have been expressed in square miles. For example, a certain landowner might have been said to own 32,000 acres of land, not 50 square miles of land.
The acre is related to the square mile, with 640 acres making up one square mile. One mile is 5280 feet (1760 yards). In western Canada and the western United States, divisions of land area were typically based on the square mile, and fractions thereof. If the square mile is divided into quarters, each quarter has a side length of mile (880 yards) and is square mile in area, or 160 acres. These subunits are typically then again divided into quarters, with each side being mile long, and being of a square mile in area, or 40 acres. In the United States, farmland was typically divided as such, and the phrase "the back 40" refers to the 40-acre parcel to the back of the farm. Most of the Canadian Prairie Provinces and the US Midwest are on square-mile grids for surveying purposes.
|
Acre
|
Legacy units
|
Legacy units
Customary acre – The customary acre was roughly similar to the Imperial acre, but it was subject to considerable local variation similar to the variation in carucates, virgates, bovates, nooks, and farundels. These may have been multiples of the customary acre, rather than the statute acre.
Builder's acre = an even or , used in US real-estate development to simplify the math and for marketing. It is nearly 10% smaller than a survey acre, and the discrepancy has led to lawsuits alleging misrepresentation.
Feddan - Middle Eastern measurement unit, .
Scottish acre = 1.3 Imperial acres (5,080 m2, an obsolete Scottish measurement)
Irish acre =
Cheshire acre = Holland, Robert. (1886). A glossary of words used in the County of Chester. London: Trübner for the English Dialect Society. p. 3.
Stremma or Greek acre ≈ 10,000 square Greek feet, but now set at exactly 1,000 square metres (a similar unit was the zeugarion)
Dunam or Turkish acre ≈ 1,600 square Turkish paces, but now set at exactly 1,000 square metres (a similar unit was the çift)
Actus quadratus or Roman acre ≈ 14,400 square Roman feet (about 1,260 square metres)
God's Acre – a synonym for a churchyard.
Long acre the grass strip on either side of a road that may be used for illicit grazing.
Town acre was a term used in early 19th century in the planning of towns on a grid plan, such as Adelaide, South Australia and Wellington, New Plymouth and Nelson in New Zealand. The land was divided into plots of an Imperial acre, and these became known as town acres.
|
Acre
|
See also
|
See also
Acre-foot – used in US to measure a large water volume
Anthropic units
Arpent – used in Louisiana to measure length and area
Conversion of units
Jugerum – Roman unit of area
Morgen ("morning") – normally of a Tagwerk ("day work") of ploughing with an ox
Mu – Chinese acre
Public Land Survey System
Quarter acre
Section (United States land surveying)
Spanish units of measurement
|
Acre
|
Notes
|
Notes
|
Acre
|
References
|
References
|
Acre
|
External links
|
External links
The Units of Measurement Regulations 1995 (United Kingdom)
Category:Customary units of measurement in the United States
Category:Imperial units
Category:Surveying
Category:Units of area
|
Acre
|
Table of Content
|
short description, Description, US survey acres, Spanish acre, Use, Republic of Ireland, Indian subcontinent, United Kingdom, Equivalence to other units of area, Historical origin, Legacy units, See also, Notes, References, External links
|
ATP
|
Wiktionary
|
ATP may refer to:
|
ATP
|
Science, technology and biology
|
Science, technology and biology
Adenosine triphosphate, an organic chemical used for driving biological processes
ATPase, any enzyme that makes use of adenosine triphosphate
Advanced Technology Program, US government program
Alberta Taciuk process, for extracting oil from shale, etc.
Anti-tachycardia pacing, process similar to a pacemaker
Assistive Technology Practitioner - Rehabilitation Engineering and Assistive Technology Society of North America (RESNA)
AT Protocol, an open communications protocol intended for decentralized social networking services
Automated theorem proving, method of proving mathematical theorems by computer programs
|
ATP
|
Companies and organizations
|
Companies and organizations
Association of Tennis Professionals, men's professional tennis governing body
ATP Tour
American Technical Publishers, employee-owned publishing company
Armenia Tree Project, non-profit organization
Association for Transpersonal Psychology
ATP architects engineers, architecture- and engineering office for integrated design
ATP Oil and Gas, defunct US energy company
|
ATP
|
Entertainment, arts and media
|
Entertainment, arts and media
All Tomorrow's Parties (festival), UK organisation
ATP Recordings, record label
Alberta Theatre Projects, professional, not-for-profit, Canadian theatre company
Associated Talking Pictures, former name of Ealing Studios, a television and film production company
|
ATP
|
Transport
|
Transport
British Aerospace ATP, airliner
Airline transport pilot license
ATP Flight School, US
ATP (treaty), UN treaty that establishes standards for the international transport of perishable food
Aitape Airport, Papua New Guinea, IATA code
Anti-trespass panels, meant to deter pedestrians from walking on or adjacent to train tracks
Automatic train protection, system installed in trains to prevent collisions through driver error
Automatic Train Protection (United Kingdom), method of beacon based railway cab signalling
|
ATP
|
Economics
|
Economics
Available-to-promise, responding to customer order enquiries
, a Danish pension
, a Swedish pension
|
ATP
|
Other uses
|
Other uses
Around-the-post, a term used in the game of pickleball
Sniper Advanced Targeting Pod, created by Lockheed Martin
|
ATP
|
Table of Content
|
Wiktionary, Science, technology and biology, Companies and organizations, Entertainment, arts and media, Transport, Economics, Other uses
|
Adenosine triphosphate
|
Short description
|
alt=A chemical formula|thumb|Interactive animation of the structure of ATP
Adenosine triphosphate (ATP) is a nucleoside triphosphate that provides energy to drive and support many processes in living cells, such as muscle contraction, nerve impulse propagation, and chemical synthesis. Found in all known forms of life, it is often referred to as the "molecular unit of currency" for intracellular energy transfer.
When consumed in a metabolic process, ATP converts either to adenosine diphosphate (ADP) or to adenosine monophosphate (AMP). Other processes regenerate ATP. It is also a precursor to DNA and RNA, and is used as a coenzyme. An average adult human processes around 50 kilograms (about 100 moles) daily."An average individual with a daily diet of 8000 kJ and a 30% efficiency of turning foodstuffs into chemical energy will synthesize (and hydrolyze) about 50 kg of ATP during 1 day."
From the perspective of biochemistry, ATP is classified as a nucleoside triphosphate, which indicates that it consists of three components: a nitrogenous base (adenine), the sugar ribose, and the triphosphate.
|
Adenosine triphosphate
|
Structure
|
Structure
ATP consists of three parts: a sugar, an amine base, and a phosphate group. More specifically, ATP consists of an adenine attached by the #9-nitrogen atom to the 1′ carbon atom of a sugar (ribose), which in turn is attached at the 5' carbon atom of the sugar to a triphosphate group. In its many reactions related to metabolism, the adenine and sugar groups remain unchanged, but the triphosphate is converted to di- and monophosphate, giving respectively the derivatives ADP and AMP. The three phosphoryl groups are labeled as alpha (α), beta (β), and, for the terminal phosphate, gamma (γ).
In neutral solution, ionized ATP exists mostly as ATP4−, with a small proportion of ATP3−.
|
Adenosine triphosphate
|
Metal cation binding
|
Metal cation binding
Polyanionic and featuring a potentially chelating polyphosphate group, ATP binds metal cations with high affinity. The binding constant for is (). The binding of a divalent cation, almost always magnesium, strongly affects the interaction of ATP with various proteins. Due to the strength of the ATP-Mg2+ interaction, ATP exists in the cell mostly as a complex with bonded to the phosphate oxygen centers.
A second magnesium ion is critical for ATP binding in the kinase domain. The presence of Mg2+ regulates kinase activity. It is interesting from an RNA world perspective that ATP can carry a Mg ion which catalyzes RNA polymerization.
|
Adenosine triphosphate
|
Chemical properties
|
Chemical properties
Salts of ATP can be isolated as colorless solids.
thumb|upright=1.5|The cycles of synthesis and degradation of ATP; 2 and 1 represent input and output of energy, respectively.
ATP is stable in aqueous solutions between pH 6.8 and 7.4 (in the absence of catalysts). At more extreme pH levels, it rapidly hydrolyses to ADP and phosphate. Living cells maintain the ratio of ATP to ADP at a point ten orders of magnitude from equilibrium, with ATP concentrations fivefold higher than the concentration of ADP. In the context of biochemical reactions, the P-O-P bonds are frequently referred to as high-energy bonds.
|
Adenosine triphosphate
|
Reactive aspects
|
Reactive aspects
The hydrolysis of ATP into ADP and inorganic phosphate
ATP(aq) + (l) = ADP(aq) + HPO(aq) + H(aq)
releases of enthalpy. This may differ under physiological conditions if the reactant and products are not exactly in these ionization states. The values of the free energy released by cleaving either a phosphate (Pi) or a pyrophosphate (PPi) unit from ATP at standard state concentrations of 1 mol/L at pH 7 are:
ATP + → ADP + Pi ΔG°' = −30.5 kJ/mol (−7.3 kcal/mol)
ATP + → AMP + PPi ΔG°' = −45.6 kJ/mol (−10.9 kcal/mol)
These abbreviated equations at a pH near 7 can be written more explicitly (R = adenosyl):
[RO-P(O)2-O-P(O)2-O-PO3]4− + → [RO-P(O)2-O-PO3]3− + [HPO4]2− + H+
[RO-P(O)2-O-P(O)2-O-PO3]4− + → [RO-PO3]2− + [HO3P-O-PO3]3− + H+
At cytoplasmic conditions, where the ADP/ATP ratio is 10 orders of magnitude from equilibrium, the ΔG is around −57 kJ/mol.
Along with pH, the free energy change of ATP hydrolysis is also associated with Mg2+ concentration, from ΔG°' = −35.7 kJ/mol at a Mg2+ concentration of zero, to ΔG°' = −31 kJ/mol at [Mg2+] = 5 mM. Higher concentrations of Mg2+ decrease free energy released in the reaction due to binding of Mg2+ ions to negatively charged oxygen atoms of ATP at pH 7.
thumb|This image shows a 360-degree rotation of a single, gas-phase magnesium-ATP chelate with a charge of −2. The anion was optimized at the UB3LYP/6-311++G(d,p) theoretical level and the atomic connectivity modified by the human optimizer to reflect the probable electronic structure.
|
Adenosine triphosphate
|
Production from AMP and ADP
|
Production from AMP and ADP
|
Adenosine triphosphate
|
Production, aerobic conditions
|
Production, aerobic conditions
A typical intracellular concentration of ATP may be 1–10 μmol per gram of tissue in a variety of eukaryotes. The dephosphorylation of ATP and rephosphorylation of ADP and AMP occur repeatedly in the course of aerobic metabolism.
ATP can be produced by a number of distinct cellular processes; the three main pathways in eukaryotes are (1) glycolysis, (2) the citric acid cycle/oxidative phosphorylation, and (3) beta-oxidation. The overall process of oxidizing glucose to carbon dioxide, the combination of pathways 1 and 2, known as cellular respiration, produces about 30 equivalents of ATP from each molecule of glucose.
ATP production by a non-photosynthetic aerobic eukaryote occurs mainly in the mitochondria, which comprise nearly 25% of the volume of a typical cell.
|
Adenosine triphosphate
|
Glycolysis
|
Glycolysis
In glycolysis, glucose and glycerol are metabolized to pyruvate. Glycolysis generates two equivalents of ATP through substrate phosphorylation catalyzed by two enzymes, phosphoglycerate kinase (PGK) and pyruvate kinase. Two equivalents of nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NADH) are also produced, which can be oxidized via the electron transport chain and result in the generation of additional ATP by ATP synthase. The pyruvate generated as an end-product of glycolysis is a substrate for the Krebs Cycle.
Glycolysis is viewed as consisting of two phases with five steps each. In phase 1, "the preparatory phase", glucose is converted to 2 d-glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate (g3p). One ATP is invested in Step 1, and another ATP is invested in Step 3. Steps 1 and 3 of glycolysis are referred to as "Priming Steps". In Phase 2, two equivalents of g3p are converted to two pyruvates. In Step 7, two ATP are produced. Also, in Step 10, two further equivalents of ATP are produced. In Steps 7 and 10, ATP is generated from ADP. A net of two ATPs is formed in the glycolysis cycle. The glycolysis pathway is later associated with the Citric Acid Cycle which produces additional equivalents of ATP.
|
Adenosine triphosphate
|
Regulation
|
Regulation
In glycolysis, hexokinase is directly inhibited by its product, glucose-6-phosphate, and pyruvate kinase is inhibited by ATP itself. The main control point for the glycolytic pathway is phosphofructokinase (PFK), which is allosterically inhibited by high concentrations of ATP and activated by high concentrations of AMP. The inhibition of PFK by ATP is unusual since ATP is also a substrate in the reaction catalyzed by PFK; the active form of the enzyme is a tetramer that exists in two conformations, only one of which binds the second substrate fructose-6-phosphate (F6P). The protein has two binding sites for ATP – the active site is accessible in either protein conformation, but ATP binding to the inhibitor site stabilizes the conformation that binds F6P poorly. A number of other small molecules can compensate for the ATP-induced shift in equilibrium conformation and reactivate PFK, including cyclic AMP, ammonium ions, inorganic phosphate, and fructose-1,6- and -2,6-biphosphate.
|
Adenosine triphosphate
|
Citric acid cycle
|
Citric acid cycle
In the mitochondrion, pyruvate is oxidized by the pyruvate dehydrogenase complex to the acetyl group, which is fully oxidized to carbon dioxide by the citric acid cycle (also known as the Krebs cycle). Every "turn" of the citric acid cycle produces two molecules of carbon dioxide, one equivalent of ATP guanosine triphosphate (GTP) through substrate-level phosphorylation catalyzed by succinyl-CoA synthetase, as succinyl-CoA is converted to succinate, three equivalents of NADH, and one equivalent of FADH2. NADH and FADH2 are recycled (to NAD+ and FAD, respectively) by oxidative phosphorylation, generating additional ATP. The oxidation of NADH results in the synthesis of 2–3 equivalents of ATP, and the oxidation of one FADH2 yields between 1–2 equivalents of ATP. The majority of cellular ATP is generated by this process. Although the citric acid cycle itself does not involve molecular oxygen, it is an obligately aerobic process because O2 is used to recycle the NADH and FADH2. In the absence of oxygen, the citric acid cycle ceases.
The generation of ATP by the mitochondrion from cytosolic NADH relies on the malate-aspartate shuttle (and to a lesser extent, the glycerol-phosphate shuttle) because the inner mitochondrial membrane is impermeable to NADH and NAD+. Instead of transferring the generated NADH, a malate dehydrogenase enzyme converts oxaloacetate to malate, which is translocated to the mitochondrial matrix. Another malate dehydrogenase-catalyzed reaction occurs in the opposite direction, producing oxaloacetate and NADH from the newly transported malate and the mitochondrion's interior store of NAD+. A transaminase converts the oxaloacetate to aspartate for transport back across the membrane and into the intermembrane space.
In oxidative phosphorylation, the passage of electrons from NADH and FADH2 through the electron transport chain releases the energy to pump protons out of the mitochondrial matrix and into the intermembrane space. This pumping generates a proton motive force that is the net effect of a pH gradient and an electric potential gradient across the inner mitochondrial membrane. Flow of protons down this potential gradient – that is, from the intermembrane space to the matrix – yields ATP by ATP synthase. Three ATP are produced per turn.
Although oxygen consumption appears fundamental for the maintenance of the proton motive force, in the event of oxygen shortage (hypoxia), intracellular acidosis (mediated by enhanced glycolytic rates and ATP hydrolysis), contributes to mitochondrial membrane potential and directly drives ATP synthesis.
Most of the ATP synthesized in the mitochondria will be used for cellular processes in the cytosol; thus it must be exported from its site of synthesis in the mitochondrial matrix. ATP outward movement is favored by the membrane's electrochemical potential because the cytosol has a relatively positive charge compared to the relatively negative matrix. For every ATP transported out, it costs 1 H+. Producing one ATP costs about 3 H+. Therefore, making and exporting one ATP requires 4H+. The inner membrane contains an antiporter, the ADP/ATP translocase, which is an integral membrane protein used to exchange newly synthesized ATP in the matrix for ADP in the intermembrane space.
|
Adenosine triphosphate
|
Regulation
|
Regulation
The citric acid cycle is regulated mainly by the availability of key substrates, particularly the ratio of NAD+ to NADH and the concentrations of calcium, inorganic phosphate, ATP, ADP, and AMP. Citrate – the ion that gives its name to the cycle – is a feedback inhibitor of citrate synthase and also inhibits PFK, providing a direct link between the regulation of the citric acid cycle and glycolysis.
|
Adenosine triphosphate
|
Beta oxidation
|
Beta oxidation
In the presence of air and various cofactors and enzymes, fatty acids are converted to acetyl-CoA. The pathway is called beta-oxidation. Each cycle of beta-oxidation shortens the fatty acid chain by two carbon atoms and produces one equivalent each of acetyl-CoA, NADH, and FADH2. The acetyl-CoA is metabolized by the citric acid cycle to generate ATP, while the NADH and FADH2 are used by oxidative phosphorylation to generate ATP. Dozens of ATP equivalents are generated by the beta-oxidation of a single long acyl chain.
|
Adenosine triphosphate
|
Regulation
|
Regulation
In oxidative phosphorylation, the key control point is the reaction catalyzed by cytochrome c oxidase, which is regulated by the availability of its substrate – the reduced form of cytochrome c. The amount of reduced cytochrome c available is directly related to the amounts of other substrates:
which directly implies this equation:
Thus, a high ratio of [NADH] to [NAD+] or a high ratio of [ADP] [Pi] to [ATP] imply a high amount of reduced cytochrome c and a high level of cytochrome c oxidase activity. An additional level of regulation is introduced by the transport rates of ATP and NADH between the mitochondrial matrix and the cytoplasm.
|
Adenosine triphosphate
|
Ketosis
|
Ketosis
Ketone bodies can be used as fuels, yielding 22 ATP and 2 GTP molecules per acetoacetate molecule when oxidized in the mitochondria. Ketone bodies are transported from the liver to other tissues, where acetoacetate and beta-hydroxybutyrate can be reconverted to acetyl-CoA to produce reducing equivalents (NADH and FADH2), via the citric acid cycle. Ketone bodies cannot be used as fuel by the liver, because the liver lacks the enzyme β-ketoacyl-CoA transferase, also called thiolase. Acetoacetate in low concentrations is taken up by the liver and undergoes detoxification through the methylglyoxal pathway which ends with lactate. Acetoacetate in high concentrations is absorbed by cells other than those in the liver and enters a different pathway via 1,2-propanediol. Though the pathway follows a different series of steps requiring ATP, 1,2-propanediol can be turned into pyruvate.
|
Adenosine triphosphate
|
Production, anaerobic conditions
|
Production, anaerobic conditions
Fermentation is the metabolism of organic compounds in the absence of air. It involves substrate-level phosphorylation in the absence of a respiratory electron transport chain.
The equation for the reaction of glucose to form lactic acid is:
+ 2 ADP + 2 Pi → 2 + 2 ATP + 2
Anaerobic respiration is respiration in the absence of . Prokaryotes can utilize a variety of electron acceptors. These include nitrate, sulfate, and carbon dioxide. In
anaerobic organisms and prokaryotes, different pathways result in ATP. ATP is produced in the chloroplasts of green plants in a process similar to oxidative phosphorylation, called photophosphorylation.
|
Adenosine triphosphate
|
ATP replenishment by nucleoside diphosphate kinases
|
ATP replenishment by nucleoside diphosphate kinases
ATP can also be synthesized through several so-called "replenishment" reactions catalyzed by the enzyme families of nucleoside diphosphate kinases (NDKs), which use other nucleoside triphosphates as a high-energy phosphate donor, and the ATP:guanido-phosphotransferase family.
|
Adenosine triphosphate
|
ATP production during photosynthesis
|
ATP production during photosynthesis
In plants, ATP is synthesized in the thylakoid membrane of the chloroplast. The process is called photophosphorylation. The "machinery" is similar to that in mitochondria except that light energy is used to pump protons across a membrane to produce a proton-motive force. ATP synthase then ensues exactly as in oxidative phosphorylation. Some of the ATP produced in the chloroplasts is consumed in the Calvin cycle, which produces triose sugars.
|
Adenosine triphosphate
|
ATP recycling
|
ATP recycling
The total quantity of ATP in the human body is about 0.1 mol/L. The majority of ATP is recycled from ADP by the aforementioned processes. Thus, at any given time, the total amount of ATP + ADP remains fairly constant.
The energy used by human cells in an adult requires the hydrolysis of 100 to 150 mol/L of ATP daily, which means a human will typically use their body weight worth of ATP over the course of the day. Each equivalent of ATP is recycled 1000–1500 times during a single day (), at approximately 9×1020 molecules/s.
thumb|An example of the Rossmann fold, a structural domain of a decarboxylase enzyme from the bacterium Staphylococcus epidermidis () with a bound flavin mononucleotide cofactor
|
Adenosine triphosphate
|
Biochemical functions
|
Biochemical functions
|
Adenosine triphosphate
|
Cellular energy production
|
Cellular energy production
The conversion of ATP to ADP is the principal mechanism for energy supply in biological processes. Energy is produced in cells when the terminal phosphate group in an ATP molecule is removed from the chain to produce adenosine diphosphate (ADP) when water hydrolyzes ATP:
ATP + H2O → ADP + HPO4 + H + energy
However, removing a phosphate group from ADP to produce adenosine monophosphate (AMP) also produces extra energy.
|
Adenosine triphosphate
|
Intracellular signaling
|
Intracellular signaling
ATP is involved in signal transduction by serving as substrate for kinases, enzymes that transfer phosphate groups. Kinases are the most common ATP-binding proteins. They share a small number of common folds. Phosphorylation of a protein by a kinase can activate a cascade such as the mitogen-activated protein kinase cascade.
ATP is also a substrate of adenylate cyclase, most commonly in G protein-coupled receptor signal transduction pathways and is transformed to second messenger, cyclic AMP, which is involved in triggering calcium signals by the release of calcium from intracellular stores. This form of signal transduction is particularly important in brain function, although it is involved in the regulation of a multitude of other cellular processes.
|
Adenosine triphosphate
|
DNA and RNA synthesis
|
DNA and RNA synthesis
ATP is one of four monomers required in the synthesis of RNA. The process is promoted by RNA polymerases. A similar process occurs in the formation of DNA, except that ATP is first converted to the deoxyribonucleotide dATP. Like many condensation reactions in nature, DNA replication and DNA transcription also consume ATP.
|
Adenosine triphosphate
|
Amino acid activation in protein synthesis
|
Amino acid activation in protein synthesis
Aminoacyl-tRNA synthetase enzymes consume ATP in the attachment tRNA to amino acids, forming aminoacyl-tRNA complexes. Aminoacyl transferase binds AMP-amino acid to tRNA. The coupling reaction proceeds in two steps:
aa + ATP ⟶ aa-AMP + PPi
aa-AMP + tRNA ⟶ aa-tRNA + AMP
The amino acid is coupled to the penultimate nucleotide at the 3′-end of the tRNA (the A in the sequence CCA) via an ester bond (roll over in illustration).
|
Adenosine triphosphate
|
ATP binding cassette transporter
|
ATP binding cassette transporter
Transporting chemicals out of a cell against a gradient is often associated with ATP hydrolysis. Transport is mediated by ATP binding cassette transporters. The human genome encodes 48 ABC transporters, that are used for exporting drugs, lipids, and other compounds.
|
Adenosine triphosphate
|
Extracellular signalling and neurotransmission
|
Extracellular signalling and neurotransmission
Cells secrete ATP to communicate with other cells in a process called purinergic signalling. ATP serves as a neurotransmitter in many parts of the nervous system, modulates ciliary beating, affects vascular oxygen supply etc. ATP is either secreted directly across the cell membrane through channel proteins or is pumped into vesicles which then fuse with the membrane. Cells detect ATP using the purinergic receptor proteins P2X and P2Y. ATP has been shown to be a critically important signalling molecule for microglia - neuron interactions in the adult brain, as well as during brain development. Furthermore, tissue-injury induced ATP-signalling is a major factor in rapid microglial phenotype changes.
|
Adenosine triphosphate
|
Muscle contraction
|
Muscle contraction
ATP fuels muscle contractions. Muscle contractions are regulated by signaling pathways, although different muscle types being regulated by specific pathways and stimuli based on their particular function. However, in all muscle types, contraction is performed by the proteins actin and myosin.
ATP is initially bound to myosin. When ATPase hydrolyzes the bound ATP into ADP and inorganic phosphate, myosin is positioned in a way that it can bind to actin. Myosin bound by ADP and Pi forms cross-bridges with actin and the subsequent release of ADP and Pi releases energy as the power stroke. The power stroke causes actin filament to slide past the myosin filament, shortening the muscle and causing a contraction. Another ATP molecule can then bind to myosin, releasing it from actin and allowing this process to repeat.
|
Adenosine triphosphate
|
Protein solubility
|
Protein solubility
ATP has recently been proposed to act as a biological hydrotrope and has been shown to affect proteome-wide solubility.
|
Adenosine triphosphate
|
Abiogenic origins
|
Abiogenic origins
Acetyl phosphate (AcP), a precursor to ATP, can readily be synthesized at modest yields from thioacetate in pH 7 and 20 °C and pH 8 and 50 °C, although acetyl phosphate is less stable in warmer temperatures and alkaline conditions than in cooler and acidic to neutral conditions. It is unable to promote polymerization of ribonucleotides and amino acids and was only capable of phosphorylation of organic compounds. It was shown that it can promote aggregation and stabilization of AMP in the presence of Na+, aggregation of nucleotides could promote polymerization above 75 °C in the absence of Na+. It is possible that polymerization promoted by AcP could occur at mineral surfaces. It was shown that ADP can only be phosphorylated to ATP by AcP and other nucleoside triphosphates were not phosphorylated by AcP. This might explain why all lifeforms use ATP to drive biochemical reactions.
|
Adenosine triphosphate
|
ATP analogues
|
ATP analogues
Biochemistry laboratories often use in vitro studies to explore ATP-dependent molecular processes. ATP analogs are also used in X-ray crystallography to determine a protein structure in complex with ATP, often together with other substrates.
Enzyme inhibitors of ATP-dependent enzymes such as kinases are needed to examine the binding sites and transition states involved in ATP-dependent reactions.
Most useful ATP analogs cannot be hydrolyzed as ATP would be; instead, they trap the enzyme in a structure closely related to the ATP-bound state. Adenosine 5′-(γ-thiotriphosphate) is an extremely common ATP analog in which one of the gamma-phosphate oxygens is replaced by a sulfur atom; this anion is hydrolyzed at a dramatically slower rate than ATP itself and functions as an inhibitor of ATP-dependent processes. In crystallographic studies, hydrolysis transition states are modeled by the bound vanadate ion.
Caution is warranted in interpreting the results of experiments using ATP analogs, since some enzymes can hydrolyze them at appreciable rates at high concentration.
|
Adenosine triphosphate
|
Medical use
|
Medical use
ATP is used intravenously for some heart-related conditions.
|
Adenosine triphosphate
|
History
|
History
ATP was discovered in 1929 from muscle tissue by and Jendrassik and, independently, by Cyrus Fiske and Yellapragada Subba Rao of Harvard Medical School, both teams competing against each other to find an assay for phosphorus.
It was proposed to be the intermediary between energy-yielding and energy-requiring reactions in cells by Fritz Albert Lipmann in 1941. He played a major role in establishing that ATP is the energy currency of a cell.
It was first synthesized in the laboratory by Alexander Todd in 1948, and he was awarded the Nobel Prize in Chemistry in 1957 partly for this work.
The 1978 Nobel Prize in Chemistry was awarded to Peter Dennis Mitchell for the discovery of the chemiosmotic mechanism of ATP synthesis.
The 1997 Nobel Prize in Chemistry was divided, one half jointly to Paul D. Boyer and John E. Walker "for their elucidation of the enzymatic mechanism underlying the synthesis of adenosine triphosphate (ATP)" and the other half to Jens C. Skou "for the first discovery of an ion-transporting enzyme, Na+, K+ -ATPase."
|
Adenosine triphosphate
|
See also
|
See also
Adenosine-tetraphosphatase
Adenosine methylene triphosphate
ATPases
ATP test
Creatine
Cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP)
Nucleotide exchange factor
Phosphagen
|
Adenosine triphosphate
|
References
|
References
|
Adenosine triphosphate
|
External links
|
External links
ATP bound to proteins in the PDB
ScienceAid: Energy ATP and Exercise
PubChem entry for Adenosine Triphosphate
KEGG entry for Adenosine Triphosphate
ATP 3D model
Category:Adenosine receptor agonists
Category:Cellular respiration
Category:Coenzymes
Category:Ergogenic aids
Category:Exercise physiology
Category:Neurotransmitters
Category:Nucleotides
Category:Phosphate esters
Category:Purinergic signalling
Category:Purines
Category:Substances discovered in the 1920s
|
Adenosine triphosphate
|
Table of Content
|
Short description, Structure, Metal cation binding, Chemical properties, Reactive aspects, Production from AMP and ADP, Production, aerobic conditions, Glycolysis, Regulation, Citric acid cycle, Regulation, Beta oxidation, Regulation, Ketosis, Production, anaerobic conditions, ATP replenishment by nucleoside diphosphate kinases, ATP production during photosynthesis, ATP recycling, Biochemical functions, Cellular energy production, Intracellular signaling, DNA and RNA synthesis, Amino acid activation in protein synthesis, ATP binding cassette transporter, Extracellular signalling and neurotransmission, Muscle contraction, Protein solubility, Abiogenic origins, ATP analogues, Medical use, History, See also, References, External links
|
Ægir
|
short description
|
thumb|Näcken och Ägirs döttrar by Nils Blommér, 1850, depicting Ægir and his nine wave daughters
Ægir (anglicised as Aegir; Old Norse 'sea'), Hlér (Old Norse 'sea'), or Gymir (Old Norse less clearly 'sea, engulfer'), is a jötunn and a personification of the sea in Norse mythology. In the Old Norse record, Ægir hosts the gods in his halls and is associated with brewing ale. Ægir is attested as married to a goddess, Rán, who also personifies the sea, and together the two produced daughters who personify waves, the Nine Daughters of Ægir and Rán, and Ægir's son is Snær, personified snow. Ægir may also be the father of the beautiful jötunn Gerðr, wife of the god Freyr, or these may be two separate figures who share the same name (see below and Gymir (father of Gerðr)).
One of Ægir's names, Hlér, is the namesake of the island Læsø (Old Norse Hlésey 'Hlér's island') and perhaps also Lejre in Denmark. Scholars have long analyzed Ægir's role in the Old Norse corpus, and the concept of the figure has had some influence in modern popular culture.
|
Ægir
|
Names
|
Names
The Old Norse name Ægir ('sea') may stem from a Proto-Germanic form *āgwi-jaz ('that of the river/water'), itself a derivative of the stem *ahwō- ('river'; cf. Gothic 'body of water, river', Old English ēa 'stream', Old High German aha 'river'). Richard Cleasby and Guðbrandur Vigfússon saw his name as deriving from an ancient Indo-European root.Cleasby, Vigfússon (1957:758 ). Linguist Guus Kroonen argues that the Germanic stem *ahwō- is probably of Proto-Indo-European (PIE) origin, as it may be cognate with Latin aqua (via a common form *h₂ekʷ-eh₂-), and ultimately descend from the PIE root *h₂ep- ('water'; cf. Sanskrit áp- 'water', Tocharian āp- 'water, river'). Linguist Michiel de Vaan notes that the connection between Proto-Germanic *ahwō- and Old Norse Ægir remains uncertain, and that *ahwō- and aqua, if cognates, may also be loanwords from a non-Indo-European language.
The name Ægir is identical to a noun for 'sea' in skaldic poetry, itself a base word in many kennings. For instance, a ship is described as "Ægir's horse" and the waves as the "daughters of Ægir".
Poetic kennings in both Hversu Noregr byggðist (How Norway Was Settled) and Skáldskaparmál (The Language of Poetry) treat Ægir and the sea-jötunn Hlér, who lives on the Hlésey ('Hlér island', modern Læsø), as the same figure.
The meaning of the Old Norse name Gymir is unclear. Proposed translations include 'the earthly' (from Old Norse gumi), 'the wintry one' (from gemla), or 'the protector', the 'engulfer' (from geyma). (For more on this topic, see discussion below)
|
Ægir
|
Attestations
|
Attestations
thumb|Ægir, Rán and their Nine Daughters prepare a huge vat of ale. 19th-century Swedish book illustration of the Poetic Edda.
Ægir is attested in a variety of Old Norse sources.
|
Ægir
|
''Sonatorrek''
|
Sonatorrek
Ægir and Rán receive mention in the poem Sonatorrek attributed to 10th century Icelandic skald Egill Skallagrímsson. In the poem, Egill laments the death of his son Böðvar, who drowned at sea during a storm. In one difficult stanza, the skald expresses the pain of losing his son by invoking the image of slaying the personified sea, personified as Ægir (Old Norse ǫlsmið[r] 'ale-smith') and Rán (Ægis man 'Ægir's wife'):
Veiztu um ϸá sǫk
sverði of rækak,
var ǫlsmið[r]
allra tíma;
hroða vágs brœðr
ef vega mættak;
fœra ek andvígr
Ægis mani.You know,
if I took revenge with the sword
for that offence,
Ægir would be dead;
if I could kill them,
I would fight Ægir and Rán.Einarsson (2004:149). Formatted for display.
The skald later references Ægir by way of the kenning 'Hlér's fire' (Hlés viti), meaning gold.
|
Ægir
|
''Poetic Edda''
|
Poetic Edda
In the Poetic Edda, Ægir receives mention in the eddic poems Grímnismál, Hymiskviða, Lokasenna, and in the prose section of Helgakviða Hundingsbana I. In Grímnismál, the disguised god Odin references Ægir's status as a renowned host among the gods:
'Fleeting visions I have now revealed before the victory-gods's sons,
now the wished-for protection will awaken;
to the all the Æsir it will become known,
on Ægir's benches,
at Ægir's feast.'
In Hymiskviða, Ægir plays a major role. In the poem, the gods have become thirsty after a successful hunt, and are keen to celebrate with drink. They "shook the twigs and looked at the augury" and "found that at Ægir's was an ample choice of cauldrons". Odin goes to Ægir, who he finds sitting in good cheer, and tells him he shall "often prepare a feast for the Æsir". Referring to Ægir as a jötunn, the poem describes how, now annoyed, Ægir hatches a plan: He asks Thor to fetch a particular cauldron, and that with it he could brew ale for them all. The gods are unable to find a cauldron of a size big enough to meet Ægir's request until the god Týr recommends one he knows of far away, setting the stage for the events of the rest of the poem.
According to the prose introduction to Lokasenna, "Ægir, who is also called Gymir", was hosting a feast "with the great cauldron which has just been told about", which many of the gods and elves attended. The prose introduction describes the feast as featuring gold that shimmers like fire light and ale that serves itself, and that "it was a great place of peace". In attendance also were Ægir's servers, Fimafeng and Eldir. The gods praise the excellence of their service and, hearing this, Loki murders Fimafeng, enraging the gods, who chase him out to the woods before returning to drink.
In the poem that follows the prose introduction (and in accompanying prose), Loki returns to the hall and greets Eldir: He says that before Eldir steps forward, he should first tell him what the gods are discussing in the hall. Eldir says that they're discussing weaponry and war, and having nothing good to say about Loki. Loki says that he will enter Ægir's halls and have a look at the feast, and with him bring quarrel and strife. Eldir notifies Loki that if he enters and causes trouble, he can expect them to return it to him. Loki enters the hall and the gods see him and become silent.
In Helgakviða Hundingsbana I, a great wave is referred to as "Ægir's terrible daughter".
|
Ægir
|
''Prose Edda''
|
Prose Edda
Ægir receives numerous mentions in the Prose Edda book Skáldskaparmál, where he sits at a banquet and asks the skaldic god Bragi many questions, and Bragi responds with narratives about the gods. The section begins as follows:
Anthony Faulkes translation (1987):
There was a person whose name was Ægir or Hler. He lived on an island which is now called Hlesey. He was very skilled in magic. He set out to visit Asgard, and when the Æsir became aware of his movements, he was given a great welcome, though many things had deceptive appearances.Andy Orchard translation (1997):
There was a figure called Ægir or Hlér; he lived on an island, which is now called Hléysey. He was very crafty in magic. He set off to visit Ásgard, and when the Æsir realized he was coming, he was given a splen did welcome, although many things were not as they seemed;J. Lindow translation (2002):
A man was named Ægir or Hlér; he lived on that island which is now called Hlér's Island. He had much magic knowledge. He made his way to Ásgard, but the æsir knew of his journey in advance. He was well received, but many things were done with illusions.
Beyond this section of Skáldskaparmál, Ægir receives several other mentions in kennings. Section 25 provides examples for 'sea', including 'visitor of the gods', 'husband of Rán', 'father of Ægir's daughters', 'land of Rán and Ægir's daughters'. Kennings cited to skalds in this section include 'the storm-happy daughters of Ægir' meaning 'waves' (Svein) and a kenning in a fragment of a work by the 11th century Icelandic skald Hofgarða-Refr Gestsson, where Rán is referred to as 'Gymir's ... völva':
thumb|An anonymous illustration of Ægir published in 1901
The section's author comments that the stanza "[implies] that they are all the same, Ægir and Hler and Gymir.
Chapter 33b of Skáldskaparmál discusses why skalds may refer to gold as "Ægir's fire". The section traces the kenning to a narrative surrounding Ægir, in which the jötunn employs "glowing gold" in the center of his hall to light it "like fire" (which the narrator compares to flaming swords in Valhalla). The section explains that "Ran is the name of Ægir's wife, and the names of their nine daughters are as was written above ... Then the Æsir discovered that Ran had a net in which she caught everyone that went to sea ... so this is the story of the origin of gold being called fire or light or brightness of Ægir, Ran or Ægir's daughters, and from such kennings the practice has now developed of calling gold fire of the sea and of all terms for it, since Ægir and Ran's names are also terms for the sea, and hence gold is now called fire of lakes or rivers and of all river-names.". The chapter continues with discussion regarding the development of these kennings and the concept of allegory.
In chapter 61 provides yet more kennings. Among them the author notes that "Ran, who, it is said, was Ægir's wife" and that "the daughters of Ægir and Ran are nine". In chapter 75, Ægir occurs in a list of jötnar.
|
Ægir
|
Saga corpus
|
Saga corpus
In what appears to be a Norwegian genealogical tradition, Ægir is portrayed as one of the three elements among the sea, the fire and the wind. The beginning of the Orkneyinga saga ('Saga of the Orkney Islanders') and Hversu Noregr byggdisk ('How Norway Was Settled') tell that the jötunn king Fornjót had three sons: Hlér ('sea'), whom he called Ægir, a second named Logi ('fire'), and a third called Kári ('wind').
|
Ægir
|
Scholarly reception and interpretation
|
Scholarly reception and interpretation
|
Ægir
|
Banquets
|
Banquets
Carolyne Larrington says that Ægir's role in Hymiskviða "may reflect Scandinavian royal practices in which the king enforces his authority on his subordinates by visiting their homes and demanding to be feasted". According to Andy Orchard, Ægir's role in Skáldskaparmál, where he attends a banquet rather than hosting it, could be a deliberate inversion of the traditional motif of Ægir as host.
|
Ægir
|
Gymir
|
Gymir
The name Gymir may indicate that Ægir was understood as the father of the beautiful jötunn Gerðr; they may also have been two different figures sharing the same name (see Gymir, father of Gerðr). Both the prose introduction to Lokasenna and Skáldskaparmál state that Ægir is also known as Gymir, the father of the jötunn Gerðr. Rudolf Simek argues that, if understood to be two different entities, this may stem from an erroneous interpretation of kennings in which different jötunn-names are used interchangeably.
|
Ægir
|
Hlér, Læsø, Lejre, and Snow
|
Hlér, Læsø, Lejre, and Snow
As highlighted above in Skáldskaparmál, the name of the island Læsø in Denmark references Hlér (Old Norse Hléysey 'Hlér's Island'). Simek speculates that Hlér may therefore have been seen as something of an ancestor of the island.
Some medieval Danish chronicles mention Hler and connect him with a figure named Snær (Old Norse 'snow'). In the Latin-language Chronicon Lethrense ("Chronicle of Lejre"; the name Lejre may, like Læsø, derive from Hler) and Old Danish Gesta Danorum på danskæ, a giant named Lae (or Lee) who lived on the island of Leshø had a shepherd named Snyo (or Snio, from Old Norse Snær 'Snow'). When Raka, the dog king of the Danes had died, Lae sent Snyo to win the kingship of Denmark from King Athisl of Sweden, which he did. King Snyo was cruel to his subjects, and only a man named Røth (or Roth) would stand up to him. Snyo sent Røth to Lae's island to ask Lae how King Snyo would die, but expecting that Røth would die in the attempt. Lae refused to answer Røth's request until Røth had said three truthful things. Røth said that he had never seen thicker walls on a house than on Lae's, that he had never seen a man with so many heads as Lae, and that if he got away from there, he would never long to be back. Lae therefore released Røth and prophesied that Snyo would die from being bitten to death by lice. In the Chronicon Lethrense, Røth only announces this in Snyo's court before lice erupt from Snyo's nostrils and ears to eat him to death; in the Gesta Danorum på danskæ, Lae gives Røth a pair of gloves for Snyo, who is eaten to death by lice when he pulls them on.
|
Ægir
|
Jötunn
|
Jötunn
Scholars have often discussed Ægir's role as host to the gods and his description as a jötunn. Anthony Faulkes observes that Ægir is "often described by modern writers as god of the sea" yet that he is nowhere described as a god in the Prose Edda and appears in a list of jötnar in Skáldskaparmál. According to John Lindow, since his wife Rán is listed among the Ásynjur (goddesses) in the same part of the Prose Edda, and since he had a close and friendly relationship with the Æsir (gods), Ægir's description as a jötunn appears questionable. Andy Orchard argues on the contrary that Ægir's inclusion among the Æsir is probably a late development since his daughters are described as jötnar and some sources mention him as the descendant of the jötunn Fornjót. According to Rudolf Simek, while attested as a jötunn, Ægir "has characteristics" of a sea god.
|
Ægir
|
Modern influence
|
Modern influence
thumb|J. P. Molin's fountain relief featuring Ægir and his nine daughters
Ægir has been the subject of a variety of art pieces. These include Nils Blommér's painting Näcken och Ägirs döttrar (1850), Johan Peter Molin's (d. 1874) fountain relief Ægir, and Emil Doepler's Ægir (1901).
Ægir is referenced in a variety of others ways in modern popular culture. For example, Shoto Todoroki from the Japanese anime "Boku no hero academia" has a move titled "Great Glacial Aegir". He is also the namesake of a Norwegian corvette produced in 1967 (Ægir), a coastal defense ship in the Imperial German Navy, and of an exoplanet, Epsilon Eridani b.
|
Ægir
|
See also
|
See also
Ler (mythology), figure from Irish folklore
Njörðr, Norse deity associated with the sea
Trent Aegir, tidal bore on the River Trent
|
Ægir
|
Notes
|
Notes
|
Ægir
|
References
|
References
Cleasby, Richard, Guðbrandur Vigfússon (1957). An Icelandic-English Dictionary. 2nd ed. with supplement by William A. Craigie. Clarendon Press. Repr. 1975.
|
Subsets and Splits
No community queries yet
The top public SQL queries from the community will appear here once available.