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April 9
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Pre-1600
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Pre-1600
1096 – Al-Muqtafi, caliph of the Abbasid Caliphate (d. 1160)
1285 – Ayurbarwada Buyantu Khan, Emperor Renzong of Yuan (d. 1320)
1458 – Camilla Battista da Varano, Italian saint (d. 1524)
1498 – Jean, Cardinal of Lorraine (d. 1550)
1586 – Julius Henry, Duke of Saxe-Lauenburg (d. 1665)
1597 – John Davenport, English minister, co-founded the New Haven Colony (d. 1670)
1598 – Johann Crüger, Sorbian-German composer and theorist (d. 1662)
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April 9
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1601–1900
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1601–1900
1624 – Henrik Rysensteen, Dutch military engineer (d. 1679)
1627 – Johann Caspar Kerll, German organist and composer (d. 1693)
1634 – Countess Albertine Agnes of Nassau (d. 1696)
1648 – Henri de Massue, Earl of Galway, French soldier and diplomat (d. 1720)
1649 – James Scott, 1st Duke of Monmouth, English general and politician, Lord Lieutenant of Staffordshire (d. 1685)
1654 – Samuel Fritz, Czech Jesuit missionary to South America (d. 1725?)
1680 – Philippe Néricault Destouches, French playwright (d. 1754)
1686 – James Craggs the Younger, English politician, Secretary of State for the Southern Department (d. 1721)
1691 – Johann Matthias Gesner, German scholar and academic (d. 1761)
1717 – Georg Matthias Monn, Austrian organist, composer, and educator (d. 1750)
1770 – Thomas Johann Seebeck, German physicist and academic (d. 1831)
1773 – Étienne Aignan, French author and academic (d. 1824)
1794 – Theobald Boehm, German flute player and composer (d. 1881)
1794 – Søren Christian Sommerfelt, Norwegian priest and botanist (d. 1838)
1802 – Elias Lönnrot, Finnish physician and philologist (d. 1884)
1806 – Isambard Kingdom Brunel, English engineer, designed the Clifton Suspension Bridge (d. 1859)
1807 – James Bannerman, Scottish theologian and academic (d. 1868)
1821 – Charles Baudelaire, French poet and critic (d. 1867)
1830 – Eadweard Muybridge, English photographer and cinematographer (d. 1904)
1835 – Leopold II of Belgium (d. 1909)
1835 – Somerset Lowry-Corry, 4th Earl Belmore (d. 1913)
1846 – Paolo Tosti, Italian-English composer and educator (d. 1916)
1848 – Ezequiél Moreno y Díaz, Spanish Augustinian Recollect priest and saint (d. 1906)
1865 – Erich Ludendorff, German general and politician (d. 1937)
1865 – Charles Proteus Steinmetz, Polish-American mathematician and engineer (d. 1923)
1867 – Chris Watson, Chilean-Australian journalist and politician, 3rd Prime Minister of Australia (d. 1941)
1867 – Charles Winckler, Danish tug of war competitor, discus thrower, and shot putter (d. 1932)
1872 – Léon Blum, French lawyer and politician, Prime Minister of France (d. 1950)
1875 – Jacques Futrelle, American journalist and author (d. 1912)
1880 – Jan Letzel, Czech architect (d. 1925)
1882 – Frederick Francis IV, Grand Duke of Mecklenburg-Schwerin (d. 1946)
1882 – Otz Tollen, German actor (d. 1965)
1883 – Frank King, American cartoonist (d. 1969)
1887 – Konrad Tom, Polish actor, writer, singer, and director (d. 1957)
1888 – Sol Hurok, Ukrainian-American talent manager (d. 1974)
1893 – Charles E. Burchfield, American painter (d. 1967)
1893 – Victor Gollancz, English publisher, founded Victor Gollancz Ltd (d. 1967)
1893 – Rahul Sankrityayan, Indian linguist, author, and scholar (d. 1963)
1895 – Mance Lipscomb, American singer-songwriter and guitarist (d. 1976)
1895 – Michel Simon, Swiss-French actor (d. 1975)
1897 – John B. Gambling, American radio host (d. 1974)
1898 – Curly Lambeau, American football player and coach (d. 1965)
1898 – Paul Robeson, American singer, actor, and activist (d. 1976)
1900 – Allen Jenkins, American actor and singer (d. 1974)
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April 9
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1901–present
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1901–present
1901 – Jean Bruchési, Canadian historian and author (d. 1979)
1901 – Paul Willis, American actor and director (d. 1960)
1902 – Théodore Monod, French explorer and scholar (d. 2000)
1903 – Ward Bond, American actor (d. 1960)
1904 – Sharkey Bonano, American singer, trumpet player, and bandleader (d. 1972)
1905 – J. William Fulbright, American lawyer and politician (d. 1995)
1906 – Rafaela Aparicio, Spanish actress (d. 1996)
1906 – Antal Doráti, Hungarian-American conductor and composer (d. 1988)
1906 – Hugh Gaitskell, British politician and leader of the Labour Party (d. 1963)
1906 – Victor Vasarely, Hungarian-French painter (d. 1997)
1908 – Joseph Krumgold, American author and screenwriter (d. 1980)
1908 – Paula Nenette Pepin, French composer, pianist and lyricist (d. 1990)
1909 – Robert Helpmann, Australian dancer, actor, and choreographer (d. 1986)
1910 – Abraham A. Ribicoff, American lawyer and politician, 4th United States Secretary of Health and Human Services (d. 1998)
1912 – Lev Kopelev, Ukrainian-German author and academic (d. 1997)
1915 – Daniel Johnson Sr., Canadian lawyer and politician, 20th Premier of Quebec (d. 1968)
1916 – Julian Dash, American swing music jazz tenor saxophonist (d. 1974)
1916 – Heinz Meyer, German Fallschirmjäger (paratrooper) during World War II (d. 1987)
1916 – Bill Leonard, American journalist (d. 1994)
1917 – Johannes Bobrowski, German songwriter and poet (d. 1965)
1917 – Ronnie Burgess, Welsh international footballer and manager (d. 2005)
1917 – Brad Dexter, American actor (d. 2002)
1917 – Henry Hewes, American theater writer (d. 2006)
1918 – Jørn Utzon, Danish architect, designed the Sydney Opera House (d. 2008)
1919 – J. Presper Eckert, American engineer, invented the ENIAC (d. 1995)
1921 – Jean-Marie Balestre, French businessman (d. 2008)
1921 – Yitzhak Navon, Israeli politician (d. 2015)
1921 – Frankie Thomas, American actor (d. 2006)
1921 – Mary Jackson, African-American mathematician and aerospace engineer (d. 2005)
1922 – Carl Amery, German author and activist (d. 2005)
1923 – Leonard Levy, American historian and author (d. 2006)
1924 – Arthur Shaw, English professional footballer (d. 2015)
1925 – Virginia Gibson, American actress, singer, and dancer (d. 2013)
1925 – Art Kane, American photographer (d. 1995)
1926 – Gerry Fitt, Northern Irish soldier and politician; British life peer (d. 2005)
1926 – Hugh Hefner, American publisher, founded Playboy Enterprises (d. 2017)
1926 – Harris Wofford, American politician, author, and civil rights activist (d. 2019)
1927 – Tiny Hill, New Zealand rugby player (d. 2019)
1928 – Paul Arizin, American basketball player (d. 2006)
1928 – Tom Lehrer, American singer-songwriter, pianist, and mathematician
1929 – Sharan Rani Backliwal, Indian sarod player and scholar (d. 2008)
1929 – Fred Hollows, New Zealand-Australian ophthalmologist (d. 1993)
1929 – Paule Marshall, American author and academic (d. 2019)
1930 – Nathaniel Branden, Canadian-American psychotherapist and author (d. 2014)
1930 – F. Albert Cotton, American chemist and academic (d. 2007)
1930 – Jim Fowler, American zoologist and television host (d. 2019)
1930 – Wallace McCain, Canadian businessman, founded McCain Foods (d. 2011)
1931 – Richard Hatfield, Canadian lawyer and politician, 26th Premier of New Brunswick (d. 1991)
1932 – Armin Jordan, Swiss conductor (d. 2006)
1932 – Peter Moores, English businessman and philanthropist (d. 2016)
1932 – Carl Perkins, American singer-songwriter and guitarist (d. 1998)
1933 – Jean-Paul Belmondo, French actor and producer (d. 2021)
1933 – René Burri, Swiss photographer and journalist (d. 2014)
1933 – Fern Michaels, American author
1933 – Richard Rose, American political scientist and academic
1933 – Gian Maria Volonté, Italian actor (d. 1994)
1934 – Bill Birch, New Zealand surveyor and politician, 38th New Zealand Minister of Finance
1934 – Tom Phillis, Australian motorcycle racer (d. 1962)
1934 – Mariya Pisareva, Russian high jumper (d. 2023)
1935 – Aulis Sallinen, Finnish composer and academic
1935 – Avery Schreiber, American actor and comedian (d. 2002)
1936 – Jerzy Maksymiuk, Polish pianist, composer, and conductor
1936 – Drew Shafer, American LGBT rights activist from Missouri (d. 1989)
1936 – Valerie Solanas, American radical feminist author, attempted murderer (d. 1988)
1937 – Simon Brown, Baron Brown of Eaton-under-Heywood, English lieutenant, lawyer, and judge (d. 2023)
1937 – Marty Krofft, Canadian screenwriter and producer (d. 2023)
1937 – Valerie Singleton, English television and radio host
1938 – Viktor Chernomyrdin, Russian businessman and politician, 30th Prime Minister of Russia (d. 2010)
1939 – Michael Learned, American actress
1939 – Margo Smith, American singer-songwriter (d. 2024)
1940 – Hans-Joachim Reske, German sprinter
1940 – Jim Roberts, Canadian-American ice hockey player and coach (d. 2015)
1941 – Kay Adams, American singer-songwriter
1941 – Hannah Gordon, Scottish actress
1942 – Brandon deWilde, American actor (d. 1972)
1943 – Leila Khaled, Palestinian activist
1943 – Terry Knight, American singer-songwriter and producer (d. 2004)
1943 – Clive Sullivan, Welsh rugby league player (d. 1985)
1944 – Joe Brinkman, American baseball player and umpire
1944 – Heinz-Joachim Rothenburg, German shot putter
1945 – Steve Gadd, American drummer and percussionist
1946 – Nate Colbert, American baseball player (d. 2023)
1946 – Alan Knott, English cricketer
1946 – Sara Parkin, Scottish activist and politician
1946 – David Webb, English footballer, coach, and manager
1947 – Giovanni Andrea Cornia, Italian economist and academic (d. 2024)
1948 – Jaya Bachchan, Indian actress and politician
1948 – Tito Gómez, Puerto Rican salsa singer (d. 2007)Biografías:Tito Gómez from the Puerto Rican Institute of Culture
1948 – Michel Parizeau, Canadian ice hockey player and coach
1948 – Patty Pravo, Italian singer
1949 – Tony Cragg, English sculptor
1952 – Robert Clark, American author
1952 – Bruce Robertson, New Zealand rugby player (d. 2023)
1952 – Tania Tsanaklidou, Greek singer and actress
1953 – John Howard, English singer-songwriter and pianist
1953 – Hal Ketchum, American singer-songwriter and guitarist (d. 2020)
1953 – Stephen Paddock, American mass murderer responsible for the 2017 Las Vegas shooting (d. 2017)
1954 – Ken Kalfus, American journalist and author
1954 – Dennis Quaid, American actor
1954 – Iain Duncan Smith, British soldier and politician, Secretary of State for Work and Pensions
1955 – Yamina Benguigui, Algerian-French director and politician
1955 – Joolz Denby, English poet and author
1956 – Miguel Ángel Russo, Argentinian footballer and coach
1956 – Nigel Shadbolt, English computer scientist and academic
1956 – Marina Zoueva, Russian ice dancer and coach
1956 – Nigel Slater, English food writer and author
1957 – Seve Ballesteros, Spanish golfer and architect (d. 2011)
1957 – Martin Margiela, Belgian fashion designer
1957 – Jamie Redfern, English-born Australian television presenter and pop singer
1958 – Nadey Hakim, British-Lebanese surgeon and sculptor
1958 – Tony Sibson, English boxer
1959 – Bernard Jenkin, English businessman and politician, Shadow Secretary of State for Defence
1960 – Jaak Aab, Estonian educator and politician, Minister of Social Affairs of Estonia
1961 – Mark Kelly, Irish keyboard player
1961 – Kirk McCaskill, Canadian-American baseball and hockey player
1962 – John Eaves, American production designer and illustrator
1962 – Ihor Podolchak, Ukrainian director, producer, and screenwriter
1962 – Imran Sherwani, English field hockey player
1962 – Jeff Turner, American basketball player, coach, and sportscaster
1963 – Marc Jacobs, American-French fashion designer
1963 – Joe Scarborough, American journalist, lawyer, and politician
1964 – Rob Awalt, German-American football player
1964 – Juliet Cuthbert, Jamaican sprinter
1964 – Doug Ducey, American politician and businessman, 23rd Governor of Arizona
1964 – Peter Penashue, Canadian businessman and politician, 9th Canadian Minister of Intergovernmental Affairs
1964 – Margaret Peterson Haddix, American author
1964 – Rick Tocchet, Canadian-American ice hockey player and coach
1965 – Helen Alfredsson, Swedish golfer
1965 – Paulina Porizkova, Czech-born Swedish-American model and actress
1965 – Jeff Zucker, American businessman
1965 – Mark Pellegrino, American actor
1966 – John Hammond, English weather forecaster
1966 – Cynthia Nixon, American actress
1967 – Natascha Engel, German-English translator and politician
1967 – Sam Harris, American author, philosopher, and neuroscientist
1968 – Jay Chandrasekhar, American actor, comedian, writer and director
1969 – Barnaby Kay, English actor
1969 – Linda Kisabaka, German runner
1970 – Chorão, Brazilian singer-songwriter (d. 2013)
1971 – Peter Canavan, Irish footballer and manager
1971 – Leo Fortune-West, English footballer and manager
1971 – Austin Peck, American actor
1971 – Jacques Villeneuve, Canadian race car driver
1972 – Bernard Ackah, German-Japanese martial artist and kick-boxer
1972 – Siiri Vallner, Estonian architect
1974 – Megan Connolly, Australian actress (d. 2001)
1974 – Jenna Jameson, American actress and pornographic performer
1974 – Alexander Pichushkin, Russian serial killer
1975 – Robbie Fowler, English footballer and manager
1975 – David Gordon Green, American director and screenwriter
1976 – Kyle Peterson, American baseball player and sportscaster
1977 – Gerard Way, American singer-songwriter and comic book writer
1978 – Kousei Amano, Japanese actor
1978 – Jorge Andrade, Portuguese footballer
1978 – Rachel Stevens, English singer-songwriter, dancer, and actress
1979 – Jeff Reed, American football player
1979 – Keshia Knight Pulliam, American actress
1980 – Sarah Ayton, English sailor
1980 – Luciano Galletti, Argentinian footballer
1980 – Albert Hammond Jr., American singer-songwriter and guitarist
1981 – Milan Bartovič, Slovak ice hockey player
1981 – A. J. Ellis, American baseball player
1981 – Ireneusz Jeleń, Polish footballer
1981 – Dennis Sarfate, American baseball player
1981 – Eric Harris, American mass murderer, responsible for the Columbine High School massacre (d. 1999)
1982 – Jay Baruchel, Canadian actor
1982 – Carlos Hernández, Costa Rican footballer
1982 – Kathleen Munroe, Canadian-American actress
1983 – Ryan Clark, Australian actor
1984 – Habiba Ghribi, Tunisian runner
1984 – Adam Loewen, Canadian baseball player
1984 – Óscar Razo, Mexican footballer
1985 – Antonio Nocerino, Italian footballer
1985 – David Robertson, American baseball player
1986 – Mike Hart, American football player
1986 – Leighton Meester, American actress
1987 – Kassim Abdallah, French-Comorian footballer
1987 – Graham Gano, American football player
1987 – Craig Mabbitt, American singer
1987 – Jesse McCartney, American singer-songwriter and actor
1987 – Jarrod Mullen, Australian rugby league player
1987 – Jazmine Sullivan, American singer-songwriter
1988 – Jeremy Metcalfe, English race car driver
1989 – Bianca Belair, American wrestler
1989 – Danielle Kahle, American figure skater
1990 – Kristen Stewart, American actress
1990 – Ryan Williams, American football player
1991 – Gai Assulin, Israeli footballer
1991 – Ryan Kelly, American basketball player
1991 – Mary Killman, American synchronized swimmer
1992 – Joshua Ledet, American singer
1992 – Raheem Mostert, American football player
1993 – Alexandra Hunt, American politician
1994 – Bladee, Swedish rapper and singer
1994 – Joey Pollari, American actor
1995 – Domagoj Bošnjak, Croatian basketball player
1995 – Robert Bauer, German-Kazakhstani footballer
1995 – Demi Vermeulen, Dutch Paralympic equestrian
1996 – Jayden Brailey, Australian rugby league player
1996 – Giovani Lo Celso, Argentine footballer
1997 – Luis Arráez, Venezuelan baseball player
1998 – Elle Fanning, American actress
1999 – Stanley Nsoki, French footballer
1999 – Lil Nas X, American rapper
1999 – Rúben Vinagre, Portuguese footballer
2000 – Tiago Djaló, Portuguese footballer
2000 – Jackie Evancho, American singer
2001 – Nika Mühl, Croatian basketball player
2004 – TommyInnit, English YouTuber and streamer
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April 9
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Deaths
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Deaths
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April 9
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Pre-1600
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Pre-1600
585 BC – Jimmu, emperor of Japan (b. 711 BC)
436 – Tan Daoji, Chinese general and politician
491 – Zeno, emperor of the Byzantine Empire (b. 425)
682 – Maslama ibn Mukhallad al-Ansari, Egyptian politician, Governor of Egypt (b. 616)
715 – Constantine, pope of the Catholic Church (b. 664)
1024 – Benedict VIII, pope of the Catholic Church (b. 980)
1137 – William X, duke of Aquitaine (b. 1099)
1241 – Henry II, High Duke of Poland (b. 1196)
1283 – Margaret of Scotland, queen of Norway (b. 1261)
1327 – Walter Stewart, 6th High Steward of Scotland, Scottish nobleman (ca. 1296)
1483 – Edward IV, king of England (b. 1442)
1484 – Edward of Middleheim, prince of Wales (b. 1473)
1550 – Alqas Mirza, Safavid prince (b. 1516)
1553 – François Rabelais, French monk and scholar (b. 1494)
1557 – Mikael Agricola, Finnish priest and scholar (b. 1510)
1561 – Jean Quintin, French priest, knight and writer (b. 1500)
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April 9
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1601–1900
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1601–1900
1626 – Francis Bacon, English jurist and politician, Attorney General for England and Wales (b. 1561)
1654 – Matei Basarab, Romanian prince (b. 1588)
1693 – Roger de Rabutin, Comte de Bussy, French author (b. 1618)
1747 – Simon Fraser, 11th Lord Lovat, Scottish soldier and politician (b. 1667)
1754 – Christian Wolff, German philosopher and academic (b. 1679)
1761 – William Law, English priest and theologian (b. 1686)
1768 – Sarah Fielding, English author (b. 1710)
1804 – Jacques Necker, Swiss-French politician, Chief Minister to the French Monarch (b. 1732)
1806 – William V, stadtholder of the Dutch Republic (b. 1748)
1872 – Erastus Corning, American businessman and politician (b. 1794)
1876 – Charles Goodyear, American lawyer, judge, and politician (b. 1804)
1882 – Dante Gabriel Rossetti, English poet and painter (b. 1828)
1889 – Michel Eugène Chevreul, French chemist and academic (b. 1786)
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April 9
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1901–present
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1901–present
1904 – Isabella II, Spanish queen (b. 1830)
1909 – Helena Modjeska, Polish-American actress (b. 1840)
1915 – Raymond Whittindale, English rugby player (b. 1883)
1917 – James Hope Moulton, English philologist and scholar (b. 1863)
1922 – Hans Fruhstorfer, German entomologist and explorer (b. 1866)
1926 – Zip the Pinhead, American freak show performer (b. 1857)
1936 – Ferdinand Tönnies, German sociologist and philosopher (b. 1855)
1940 – Mrs Patrick Campbell, English actress (b. 1865)
1944 – Yevgeniya Rudneva, Ukrainian lieutenant and pilot (b. 1920)
1945 – Dietrich Bonhoeffer, German pastor and theologian (b. 1906)
1945 – Wilhelm Canaris, German admiral (b. 1887)
1945 – Johann Georg Elser, German carpenter (b. 1903)
1945 – Hans Oster, German general (b. 1887)
1945 – Karl Sack, German lawyer and jurist (b. 1896)
1945 – Hans von Dohnányi, Austrian-German lawyer and jurist (b. 1902)
1948 – George Carpenter, Australian 5th General of The Salvation Army (b. 1872)
1948 – Jorge Eliécer Gaitán, Colombian lawyer and politician, 16th Colombian Minister of National Education (b. 1903)
1951 – Vilhelm Bjerknes, Norwegian physicist and meteorologist (b. 1862)
1953 – Eddie Cochems, American football player and coach (b. 1877)
1953 – C. E. M. Joad, English philosopher and television host (b. 1891)
1953 – Hans Reichenbach, German philosopher from the Vienna Circle (b. 1891)
1959 – Frank Lloyd Wright, American architect, designed the Price Tower and Fallingwater (b. 1867)
1961 – Zog I of Albania (b. 1895)
1963 – Eddie Edwards, American trombonist (b. 1891)
1963 – Xul Solar, Argentinian painter and sculptor (b. 1887)
1970 – Gustaf Tenggren, Swedish-American illustrator and animator (b. 1896)
1976 – Dagmar Nordstrom, American singer-songwriter and pianist (b. 1903)
1976 – Phil Ochs, American singer-songwriter and guitarist (b. 1940)
1976 – Renato Petronio, Italian rower (b. 1891)
1978 – Clough Williams-Ellis, English-Welsh architect, designed Portmeirion (b. 1883)
1980 – Muhammad Baqir al-Sadr, Iraqi cleric and philosopher (b. 1935)
1982 – Wilfrid Pelletier, Canadian pianist, composer, and conductor (b. 1896)
1988 – Brook Benton, American singer-songwriter and actor (b. 1931)
1988 – Hans Berndt, German footballer (b. 1913)
1988 – Dave Prater, American singer (b. 1937)
1991 – Forrest Towns, American hurdler and coach (b. 1914)
1993 – Joseph B. Soloveitchik, American rabbi and philosopher (b. 1903)
1996 – Richard Condon, American author and publicist (b. 1915)
1997 – Mae Boren Axton, American singer-songwriter (b. 1914)
1997 – Helene Hanff, American author and screenwriter (b. 1916)
1998 – Tom Cora, American cellist and composer (b. 1953)
1999 – Ibrahim Baré Maïnassara, Nigerien general and politician, President of Niger (b. 1949)
2000 – Tony Cliff, Trotskyist activist and founder of the Socialist Workers Party (b. 1917)
2001 – Willie Stargell, American baseball player and coach (b. 1940)
2002 – Pat Flaherty, American race car driver (b. 1926)
2002 – Leopold Vietoris, Austrian soldier, mathematician, and academic (b. 1891)
2003 – Jerry Bittle, American cartoonist (b. 1949)
2006 – Billy Hitchcock, American baseball player, coach, manager (b. 1916)
2006 – Vilgot Sjöman, Swedish director and screenwriter (b. 1924)
2007 – Egon Bondy, Czech philosopher and poet (b. 1930)
2007 – Dorrit Hoffleit, American astronomer and academic (b. 1907)
2009 – Nick Adenhart, American baseball player (b. 1986)
2010 – Zoltán Varga, Hungarian footballer and manager (b. 1945)
2011 – Zakariya Rashid Hassan al-Ashiri, Bahraini journalist (b. 1971)
2011 – Sidney Lumet, American director, producer, and screenwriter (b. 1924)
2012 – Malcolm Thomas, Welsh rugby player and cricketer (b. 1929)
2012 – Boris Parygin, Soviet philosopher, psychologist, and author (b. 1930)In Memory of Boris Dmitriyevich Parygin // Social Psychology and Society. Issues 2012. Vol. 3, no. 2 ISSN: 2221-1527 / 2311-7052
2013 – David Hayes, American sculptor and painter (b. 1931)
2013 – Greg McCrary, American football player (b. 1952)
2013 – Mordechai Mishani, Israeli lawyer and politician (b. 1945)
2013 – McCandlish Phillips, American journalist and author (b. 1927)
2013 – Paolo Soleri, Italian-American architect, designed the Cosanti (b. 1919)
2014 – Gil Askey, American trumpet player, composer, and producer (b. 1925)
2014 – Chris Banks, American football player (b. 1973)
2014 – Rory Ellinger, American lawyer and politician (b. 1941)
2014 – Norman Girvan, Jamaican economist, academic, and politician (b. 1941)
2014 – Aelay Narendra, Indian politician (b. 1946)
2014 – A. N. R. Robinson, Trinbagonian politician, 3rd President of Trinidad and Tobago (b. 1926)
2014 – Svetlana Velmar-Janković, Serbian author (b. 1933)
2015 – Paul Almond, Canadian-American director, producer, and screenwriter (b. 1931)
2015 – Margaret Rule, British marine archaeologist (b. 1928)
2015 – Nina Companeez, French director and screenwriter (b. 1937)
2015 – Alexander Dalgarno, English physicist and academic (b. 1928)
2015 – Ivan Doig, American journalist and author (b. 1939)
2015 – Tsien Tsuen-hsuin, Chinese-American academic (b. 1909)
2016 – Duane Clarridge, American spy (b. 1932)
2016 – Will Smith, American football player (b. 1981)
2017 – John Clarke, New Zealand-Australian comedian, writer, and satirist (b. 1948)
2019 – Charles Van Doren, American writer and editor (b. 1926)
2021 – Prince Philip, Duke of Edinburgh (b. 1921)
2021 – DMX, American rapper and actor (b. 1970)
2021 – Nikki Grahame, British reality-TV icon (b. 1982)
2021 – Ian Gibson, British scientist and Labour Party politician (b. 1938)
2021 – Ramsey Clark, American lawyer (b. 1927)
2022 – Dwayne Haskins, American football player (b. 1997)
2023 – Karl Berger, German-American jazz pianist (b. 1935)
2025 – Ray Shero, American ice hockey player and executive (b. 1962)
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April 9
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Holidays and observances
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Holidays and observances
Christian feast day:
Dietrich Bonhoeffer (Anglicanism, Lutheranism)
Gaucherius
Materiana
Waltrude
April 9 (Eastern Orthodox liturgics)
Baghdad Liberation Day (Iraqi Kurdistan)
Constitution Day (Kosovo)
Day of National Unity (Georgia)
Day of the Finnish Language (Finland)
Day of Valor or Araw ng Kagitingan (Philippines)
Feast of the Second Day of the Writing of the Book of the Law (Thelema)
Martyr's Day (Tunisia)
National Former Prisoner of War Recognition Day (United States)
Remembrance for Haakon Sigurdsson (The Troth)
Vimy Ridge Day (Canada)
Valour Day (CRPF)
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April 9
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References
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References
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April 9
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External links
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External links
BBC: On This Day
Historical Events on April 9
Category:Days of April
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April 9
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Table of Content
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About, Events, Pre-1600, 1601–1900, 1901–present, Births, Pre-1600, 1601–1900, 1901–present, Deaths, Pre-1600, 1601–1900, 1901–present, Holidays and observances, References, External links
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ABM
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wiktionary
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ABM or Abm may refer to:
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ABM
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Aviation
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Aviation
Air Battle Manager, US Air Force rated officer position
IATA airport code for Northern Peninsula Airport in Bamaga, State of Queensland, Australia
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ABM
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Companies
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Companies
ABM Industries, a US facility management provider
ABM Intelligence, a UK software company
Advantage Business Media, a US digital marketing and information services company
Associated British Maltsters, acquired by Dalgety plc
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ABM
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Computing
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Computing
Advanced Bit Manipulation, an instruction set extension for x86
Agent-based model, a computational model for simulating autonomous agents
Asynchronous Balanced Mode, an HDLC communication mode
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ABM
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Military
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Military
Anti-ballistic missile
Anti-Ballistic Missile Treaty, 1972 arms control treaty between the US and USSR
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ABM
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Organizations
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Organizations
Abahlali baseMjondolo, movement of South African shack dwellers
Anglican Board of Mission - Australia, the national mission agency of the Anglican Church of Australia
Ansar Bait al-Maqdis, an Egyptian jihadist group
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ABM
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Other uses
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Other uses
Abanyom language of Nigeria, ISO 639-3 code
ABM (video game), 1980 video game
Account-based marketing, strategic approach to business marketing
Activity-based management, method of identifying and evaluating activities that a business performs
Agaricus blazei Murill, a species of mushroom
Automated banking machine, Canadian term for automated teller machine
Atmospheric Black Metal
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ABM
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Table of Content
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wiktionary, Aviation, Companies, Computing, Military, Organizations, Other uses
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Apuleius
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Short description
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Apuleius ( ; also called Lucius Apuleius Madaurensis; c. 124 – after 170"Lucius Apuleius". Encyclopædia Britannica.) was a Numidian Latin-language prose writer, Platonist philosopher and rhetorician. He was born in the Roman province of Numidia, in the Berber city of Madauros, modern-day M'Daourouch, Algeria. He studied Platonism in Athens, travelled to Italy, Asia Minor, and Egypt, and was an initiate in several cults or mysteries. The most famous incident in his life was when he was accused of using magic to gain the attentions (and fortune) of a wealthy widow. He declaimed and then distributed his own defense before the proconsul and a court of magistrates convened in Sabratha, near Oea (modern Tripoli, Libya). This is known as the Apologia.
His most famous work is his bawdy picaresque novel the Metamorphoses, otherwise known as The Golden Ass. It is the only Latin novel that has survived in its entirety. It relates the adventures of its protagonist, Lucius, who experiments with magic and is accidentally turned into a donkey. Lucius goes through various adventures before he is turned back into a human being by the goddess Isis.
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Apuleius
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Life
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Life
thumb|left|Imagined portrait of Apuleius on a medallion of the 4th century.
thumb|Apuleii Opera omnia (1621)
Apuleius was born in Madauros, a colonia in Numidia on the North African coast bordering Gaetulia, and he described himself as "half-Numidian half-Gaetulian."Apuleius, Apology, 24 Madaurus was the same colonia where Augustine of Hippo later received part of his early education, and, though located well away from the Romanized coast, is today the site of some pristine Roman ruins. As to his first name, no praenomen is given in any ancient source; late-medieval manuscripts began the tradition of calling him Lucius from the name of the hero of his novel. Details regarding his life come mostly from his defense speech (Apology) and his work Florida, which consists of snippets taken from some of his best speeches.
His father was a municipal magistrate (duumvir) who bequeathed at his death the sum of nearly two million sesterces to his two sons.Apuleius, Apology, 23 Apuleius studied with a master at Carthage (where he later settled) and later at Athens, where he studied Platonist philosophy among other subjects. He subsequently went to RomeApuleius, Florida, 17.4 to study Latin rhetoric and, most likely, to speak in the law courts for a time before returning to his native North Africa. He also travelled extensively in Asia Minor and Egypt, studying philosophy and religion, burning up his inheritance while doing so.
Apuleius was an initiate in several Greco-Roman mysteries, including the Dionysian Mysteries. He was a priest of AsclepiusApuleius, Florida 16.38 and 18.38 and, according to Augustine,Augustine, Epistle 138.19. sacerdos provinciae Africae (i.e., priest of the province of Carthage).
Not long after his return home he set out upon a new journey to Alexandria.Apuleius, Apology, 72. On his way there he was taken ill at the town of Oea (modern-day Tripoli) and was hospitably received into the house of Sicinius Pontianus, with whom he had been friends when he had studied in Athens. The mother of Pontianus, Pudentilla, was a very rich widow. With her son's consent – indeed encouragement – Apuleius agreed to marry her.Apuleius, Apology, 73 Meanwhile, Pontianus himself married the daughter of one Herennius Rufinus; he, indignant that Pudentilla's wealth should pass out of the family, instigated his son-in-law, together with a younger brother, Sicinius Pudens, a mere boy, and their paternal uncle, Sicinius Aemilianus, to join him in impeaching Apuleius upon the charge that he had gained the affections of Pudentilla by charms and magic spells.Apuleius, Apology, 53, 66, 70, etc The case was heard at Sabratha, near Tripoli, c. 158 AD, before Claudius Maximus, proconsul of Africa.Apuleius, Apology, 1, 59, 65 The accusation itself seems to have been ridiculous, and the spirited and triumphant defence spoken by Apuleius is still extant. This is known as the Apologia (A Discourse on Magic).
Apuleius accused an extravagant personal enemy of turning his house into a brothel and prostituting his wife.Apuleius, Apology, 75–76
Of his subsequent career, we know little. Judging from the many works of which he was author, he must have devoted himself diligently to literature. He occasionally gave speeches in public to great reception; he had the charge of exhibiting gladiatorial shows and wild beast events in the province, and statues were erected in his honour by the senate of Carthage and of other senates.Apuleius, Apology, 55, 73Apuleius, Florida, iii. n. 16Augustine, Ep. v.
The date, place and circumstances of Apuleius' death are not known. There is no record of his activities after 170, a fact which has led some people to believe that he must have died about then (say in 171), although other scholars feel that he may still have been alive in 180 or even 190.
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Apuleius
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Works
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Works
right|thumb|Frontispiece from the Bohn's Classical Library edition of The Works of Apuleius: a portrait of Apuleius flanked by Pamphile changing into an owl and the Golden Ass
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Apuleius
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''The Golden Ass''
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The Golden Ass
The Golden Ass (Asinus Aureus) or Metamorphoses is the only Latin novel that has survived in its entirety. It relates the adventures of one Lucius, who introduces himself as related to the famous philosophers Plutarch and Sextus of Chaeronea. Lucius experiments with magic and is accidentally turned into an ass. In this guise, he hears and sees many unusual things, until escaping from his predicament in a rather unexpected way. Within this frame story are found many digressions, the longest among them being the well-known tale of Cupid and Psyche. This story is a rare instance of a fairy tale preserved in an ancient literary text.
The Metamorphoses ends with the (once again human) hero, Lucius, eager to be initiated into the mystery cult of Isis; he abstains from forbidden foods, bathes, and purifies himself. He is introduced to the Navigium Isidis. Then the secrets of the cult's books are explained to him, and further secrets are revealed before he goes through the process of initiation, which involves a trial by the elements on a journey to the underworld. Lucius is then asked to seek initiation into the cult of Osiris in Rome, and eventually is initiated into the pastophoroi – a group of priests that serves Isis and Osiris.
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Apuleius
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''Apologia''
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Apologia
() is the version of the defence presented in Sabratha, in 158–159, before the proconsul Claudius Maximus, by Apuleius accused of the crime of magic. Between the traditional exordium and peroratio, the argumentation is divided into three sections:
Refutation of the accusations levelled against his private life. He demonstrates that by marrying Pudentilla he had no interested motive and that he carries it away, intellectually and morally, on his opponents.
Attempt to prove that his so-called "magical operations" were in fact indispensable scientific experiments for an imitator of Aristotle and Hippocrates, or the religious acts of a Roman Platonist.
A recount of the events that have occurred in Oea since his arrival and pulverize the arguments against him.
The main interest of the is historical, as it offers substantial information about its author, magic and life in Africa in the second century.
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Apuleius
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Other
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Other
His other works are:
Florida. A compilation of twenty-three extracts from his various speeches and lectures.
De Platone et dogmate eius (On Plato and His Doctrine). An outline in two books of Plato's physics and ethics, preceded by a life of Plato
(On the God of Socrates). A work on the existence and nature of daemons, the intermediaries between gods and humans. This treatise was attacked by Augustine of Hippo in The City of God (Books VIII to X), while Lactantius reserved it for short-lived creatures. (related bibliographic record)Augustine played a decisive role in the transmission of Apuleius' texts up to the present day. Cfr. De Deo Socratis contains a passage comparing gods and kings which is the first recorded occurrence of the proverb "familiarity breeds contempt":
On the Universe. This Latin translation of Pseudo-Aristotle's work De Mundo is probably by Apuleius.
Apuleius wrote many other works which have not survived. He wrote works of poetry and fiction, as well as technical treatises on politics, dendrology, agriculture, medicine, natural history, astronomy, music, and arithmetic, and he translated Plato's Phaedo.
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Apuleius
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Spurious
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Spurious
Extant works wrongly attributed to Apuleius include:
Peri Hermeneias (On Interpretation). A brief Latin version of a guide to Aristotelian logic.
Asclepius. A Latin paraphrase of a lost Greek dialogue (The Perfect Discourse) featuring Asclepius and Hermes Trismegistus.
Herbarium Apuleii Platonici by Pseudo-Apuleius.
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Apuleius
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Apuleian Sphere
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Apuleian Sphere
The Apuleian Sphere described in Petosiris to Nechepso, also known as "Columcille's Circle" or "Petosiris' Circle", is a magical prognosticating device for predicting the survival of a patient.
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Apuleius
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See also
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See also
Boethius
Square of opposition
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Apuleius
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Notes
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Notes
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Apuleius
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References
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References
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Apuleius
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Further reading
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Further reading
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Apuleius
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External links
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External links
Works by Apuleius at Perseus Digital Library
L. Apuleii Opera Omnia, Lipsia, sumtibus C. Cnoblochii, 1842, pars I (the Metamorphoses) and pars II (Florida, De Deo Socratis, De Dogmate Platonis, De Mundo Libri, Asclepius, Apologia et Fragmenta), in a critical edition with explanatory notes
The works of Apuleius, London, George Bell and sons, 1878 (English translation)
Apuleius (123–180 CE) the Famous Berber writer
Apulei Opera (Latin texts of all the surviving works of Apuleius) at The Latin Library
English translation of Florida by H. E. Butler
English translation of the Apologia by H. E. Butler
English translation of the God of Socrates by Thomas Taylor
Apuleius – Apologia: Seminar (Latin text of the Apologia with H. E. Butler's English translation and an English crib with discussion and commentary)
Apology as Prosecution: The Trial of Apuleius
Apuleius' works: text, concordances and frequency list
Ongoing website for "Apuleius and Africa" conference
Apuleius and Africa Bibliography
The Spectacles of Apuleius: a digital humanities project
Free public domain audiobook version of ''Apuleius on the Doctrines of Plato translated by George Burges
Category:2nd-century Berber people
Category:124 births
Category:2nd-century clergy
Category:2nd-century writers
Category:2nd-century philosophers
Category:2nd-century Romans
Category:2nd-century writers in Latin
Category:Ancient Roman rhetoricians
Category:Appuleii
Category:Berber writers
Category:Classical Latin novelists
Category:History of magic
Category:Middle Platonists
Category:People from Souk Ahras Province
Category:Priests from the Roman Empire
Category:Romans from Africa
Category:Silver Age Latin writers
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Apuleius
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Table of Content
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Short description, Life, Works, ''The Golden Ass'', ''Apologia'', Other, Spurious, Apuleian Sphere, See also, Notes, References, Further reading, External links
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Alexander Selkirk
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short description
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Alexander Selkirk (167613 December 1721) was a Scottish privateer and Royal Navy officer who spent four years and four months as a castaway (1704–1709) after being marooned by his captain, initially at his request, on an uninhabited island in the South Pacific Ocean.
Selkirk was an unruly youth and joined buccaneering voyages to the South Pacific during the War of the Spanish Succession. One such expedition was on Cinque Ports, captained by Thomas Stradling, under the overall command of William Dampier. Stradling's ship stopped to resupply at the uninhabited Juan Fernández Islands, west of South America, and Selkirk judged correctly that the craft was unseaworthy and asked to be left there. Selkirk's suspicions were soon justified, as Cinque Ports foundered near Malpelo Island 400 km (250 mi) from the coast of what is now Colombia.
By the time he was eventually rescued by the privateer Woodes Rogers, who was accompanied by Dampier, Selkirk had become adept at hunting and making use of the resources that he found on the island. His story of survival was widely publicized after his return and became one of the reputed sources of inspiration for the fictional character Robinson Crusoe of the English writer Daniel Defoe.
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Alexander Selkirk
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Early life and privateering
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Early life and privateering
Alexander Selkirk was the son of a shoemaker and tanner in Lower Largo, Fife, Scotland, born in 1676. In his youth, he displayed a quarrelsome and unruly disposition. He was summoned before the Kirk Session in August 1693 for his "indecent conduct in church", but he "did not appear, being gone to sea". He was back at Largo in 1701 when he again came to the attention of church authorities for assaulting his brothers.
Early on, he was engaged in buccaneering. In 1703, he joined an expedition of English privateer and explorer William Dampier to the South Pacific Ocean, setting sail from Kinsale in Ireland on 11 September. They carried letters of marque from the Lord High Admiral authorizing their armed merchant ships to attack foreign enemies as the War of the Spanish Succession was then going on between England and Spain. Dampier was captain of St George and Selkirk served on Cinque Ports, St Georges companion ship, as sailing master under Captain Thomas Stradling. By this time, Selkirk must have had considerable experience at sea.
In February 1704, following a stormy passage around Cape Horn, the privateers fought a long battle with a well-armed French vessel, St Joseph, only to have it escape to warn its Spanish allies of their arrival in the Pacific. A raid on the Panamanian gold mining town of Santa María failed when their landing party was ambushed. The easy capture of Asunción, a heavily laden merchantman, revived the men's hopes of plunder, and Selkirk was put in charge of the prize ship. Dampier took off some much-needed provisions of wine, brandy, sugar, and flour, then abruptly set the ship free, arguing that the gain was not worth the effort. In May 1704, Stradling decided to abandon Dampier and strike out on his own.
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Alexander Selkirk
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Castaway
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Castaway
thumb|left|alt=Shaded relief map of Robinson Crusoe Island with blue ocean background|Map of Robinson Crusoe Island (formerly Más a Tierra island), where Selkirk lived as a castaway
In September 1704, after parting ways with Dampier, Captain Stradling brought Cinque Ports to an island known to the Spanish as Más a Tierra located in the uninhabited Juan Fernández archipelago off the coast of Chile for a mid-expedition restocking of fresh water and supplies.
Selkirk had grave concerns about the seaworthiness of their vessel and wanted to make the necessary repairs before going any further. He declared that he would rather stay on Juan Fernández than continue in a dangerously leaky ship. Stradling took him up on the offer and landed Selkirk on the island with a musket, a hatchet, a knife, a cooking pot, a Bible, bedding and some clothes. Selkirk immediately regretted his rashness, but Stradling refused to let him back on board.
Cinque Ports later foundered off the coast of what is now Colombia. Stradling and "six or seven of his Men" survived the loss of their ship but were forced to surrender to the Spanish. They were taken to Lima where they endured a harsh imprisonment. Stradling attempted escape after stealing a canoe in Lima, but was recaptured and punished. The Spanish governor threatened to send all the survivors to the mines. The survivors ultimately returned to England after four years of imprisonment.
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Alexander Selkirk
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Life on the island
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Life on the island
At first, Selkirk remained along the shoreline of Más a Tierra. During this time, he ate spiny lobsters and scanned the ocean daily for rescue, suffering all the while from loneliness, misery, and remorse. Hordes of raucous sea lions, gathering on the beach for the mating season, eventually drove him to the island's interior. Once inland, his way of life took a turn for the better. More foods were available there: feral goats—introduced by earlier sailors—provided him with meat and milk, while wild turnips, the leaves of the indigenous cabbage tree and dried Schinus fruits (pink peppercorns) offered him variety and spice. Rats would attack him at night, but he was able to sleep soundly and in safety by domesticating and living near feral cats.
thumb|right|alt=Engraving of Selkirk sitting in the doorway of a hut reading a Bible|Selkirk reading his Bible in one of two huts he built on a mountainside
Selkirk proved resourceful in using materials that he found on the island: he forged a new knife out of barrel hoops left on the beach; built two huts out of pepper trees, one of which he used for cooking and the other for sleeping; and employed his musket to hunt goats and his knife to clean their carcasses. As his gunpowder dwindled, he had to chase prey on foot. During one such chase, he was badly injured when he tumbled from a cliff, lying helpless and unable to move for about a day. His prey had cushioned his fall, probably sparing him a broken back.
Childhood lessons learned from his father, a tanner, now served him well. For example, when his clothes wore out, he made new ones from hair-covered goatskins using a nail for sewing. As his shoes became unusable, he did not need to replace them, since his toughened, calloused feet made protection unnecessary. He sang psalms and read from the Bible, finding it a comfort in his situation and a prop for his English.
During his sojourn on the island, two vessels came to anchor. Unfortunately for Selkirk, both were Spanish. Being British and a privateer, he would have faced a grim fate if captured and therefore did his best to hide. Once, he was spotted and chased by a group of Spanish sailors from one of the ships. His pursuers urinated beneath the tree in which he was hiding but failed to notice him. The would-be captors then gave up and sailed away.
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Alexander Selkirk
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Rescue
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Rescue
thumb|alt=Selkirk, seated in a ship's boat, being taken aboard Duke.|The rescued Selkirk, seated at right, being taken aboard Duke.
Selkirk's long-awaited deliverance came on 2 February 1709 by way of Duke, a privateering ship piloted by William Dampier, and its sailing companion Duchess. Thomas Dover led the landing party that met Selkirk. After four years and four months without human company, Selkirk was almost incoherent with joy. The Duke captain and leader of the expedition was Woodes Rogers, who wryly referred to Selkirk as the governor of the island. The agile castaway caught two or three goats a day and helped restore the health of Rogers' men, who had developed scurvy.
Captain Rogers was impressed by Selkirk's physical vigour, but also by the peace of mind that he had attained while living on the island, observing: "One may see that solitude and retirement from the world is not such an insufferable state of life as most men imagine, especially when people are fairly called or thrown into it unavoidably, as this man was." He made Selkirk Dukes second mate, later giving him command of one of their prize ships, Increase, before it was ransomed by the Spanish.
Selkirk returned to privateering with a vengeance. At Guayaquil in present-day Ecuador, he led a boat crew up the Guayas River where several wealthy Spanish ladies had fled, and looted the gold and jewels they had hidden inside their clothing. His part in the hunt for treasure galleons along the coast of Mexico resulted in the capture of Nuestra Señora de la Encarnación y Desengaño, renamed Bachelor, on which he served as sailing master under Captain Dover to the Dutch East Indies. Selkirk completed the around-the-world voyage by the Cape of Good Hope as the sailing master of Duke, arriving at the Downs off the English coast on 1 October 1711. He had been away for eight years.
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Alexander Selkirk
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Later life and influence
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Later life and influence
thumb|left|upright=0.65|alt=Engraving of Robinson Crusoe standing on the shore of an island, dressed in hair-covered goatskin clothing|An illustration of Crusoe in goatskin clothing shows the influence of Selkirk
Selkirk's experience as a castaway aroused a great deal of attention in Britain. His fellow crewman Edward Cooke mentioned Selkirk's ordeal in a book chronicling their privateering expedition, A Voyage to the South Sea and Round the World (1712). A more detailed recounting was published by the expedition's leader, Rogers, within months. The following year, prominent essayist Richard Steele wrote an article about him for The Englishman newspaper. Selkirk appeared set to enjoy a life of ease and celebrity, claiming his share of Duke plundered wealth—about £800 (equivalent to £ today). However, legal disputes made the amount of any payment uncertain.
After a few months in London, he began to seem more like his former self again. However, he still missed his secluded and solitary moments, remarking, "I am now worth eight hundred pounds, but shall never be as happy as when I was not worth a farthing."Howell (1829) chap.V, p.127, 129 In September 1713, he was charged with assaulting a shipwright in Bristol and might have been kept in confinement for two years. He returned to Lower Largo, where he met Sophia Bruce, a young dairymaid. They eloped to London early and married on 4 March 1717. He was soon off to sea again, having enlisted in the Royal Navy. While on a visit to Plymouth in 1720, he married a widowed innkeeper named Frances Candis. He was serving as an officerHowell (1829) chap. V, p. 135 on board , engaged in an anti-piracy patrol off the west coast of Africa. The ship arrived near the mouth of the River Gambia in March 1721 and lingered due to damage from bad weather. The locals took several crew hostage and ransomed them for "gold and food." As the ship sailed down the coast of West Africa, men went into the forests to cut wood and began to contract yellow fever from the swarms of mosquitoes, and perhaps typhoid. Four died in June and, by September, "so many men were dying a makeshift hospital was erected on shore" near Cape Coast Castle. Selkirk became sick in November with the same symptoms as his crewmates. He died on 13 December 1721 along with shipmate William King, and both were buried at sea; three more died the following day.
When Daniel Defoe published The Life and Surprising Adventures of Robinson Crusoe (1719), few readers could have missed the resemblance to Selkirk. An illustration on the first page of the novel shows "a rather melancholy-looking man standing on the shore of an island, gazing inland", in the words of the modern explorer Tim Severin. He is dressed in the familiar hirsute goatskins, his feet and shins bare. Yet Crusoe's island is located not in the mid-latitudes of the South Pacific but away in the Caribbean, where the furry attire would hardly be comfortable in the tropical heat. This incongruity supports the popular belief that Selkirk was a model for the fictional character, but most literary scholars now accept that he was "just one of many survival narratives that Defoe knew about".
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Alexander Selkirk
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In other literary works
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In other literary works
thumb|Title page from The Life and Adventures of Alexander Selkirk, the Real Robinson Crusoe (1835), by an unknown author
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Alexander Selkirk
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In film
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In film
Selkirk, the Real Robinson Crusoe is a stop motion film by Walter Tournier based on Selkirk's life. It premièred simultaneously in Argentina, Chile, and Uruguay on 2 February 2012, distributed by The Walt Disney Company. It was the first full-length animated feature to be produced in Uruguay.
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Alexander Selkirk
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Commemoration
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Commemoration
thumb|alt=Bronze plaque in memory of Selkirk affixed to a building|Plaque for Selkirk in Lower Largo, Scotland, which reads: "In memory of Alexander Selkirk, mariner, the original of Robinson Crusoe who lived on the island of Juan Fernández in complete solitude for four years and four months. He died , lieutenant of HMS Weymouth, . This statue is erected by David Gillies, net manufacturer, on the site of the cottage in which Selkirk was born."
Selkirk has been memorialized in his Scottish birthplace. Lord Aberdeen delivered a speech on 11 December 1885, after which his wife, Lady Aberdeen, unveiled a bronze statue and plaque in memory of Selkirk outside a house on the site of his original home on the Main Street of Lower Largo. David Gillies of Cardy House, Lower Largo, a descendant of the Selkirks, donated the statue created by Thomas Stuart Burnett.
The Scotsman is also remembered in his former island home. In 1869 the crew of placed a bronze tablet at a spot called Selkirk's Lookout on a mountain of Más a Tierra, Juan Fernández Islands, to mark his stay. On 1 January 1966 Chilean president Eduardo Frei Montalva renamed Más a Tierra Robinson Crusoe Island after Defoe's fictional character to attract tourists. The largest of the Juan Fernández Islands, known as Más Afuera, became Alejandro Selkirk Island, although Selkirk probably never saw that island since it is located to the west.
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Alexander Selkirk
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Archaeological findings
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Archaeological findings
An archaeological expedition to the Juan Fernández Islands in February 2005 found part of a nautical instrument that likely belonged to Selkirk. It was "a fragment of copper alloy identified as being from a pair of navigational dividers" dating from the early 18th (or late 17th) century. Selkirk is the only person known to have been on the island at that time who is likely to have had dividers and was even said by Rogers to have had such instruments in his possession. The artifact was discovered while excavating a site not far from Selkirk's Lookout where the famous castaway is believed to have lived.
In 1825, during John Howell's research of Alexander Selkirk's biography, his "flip-can" was in the possession of his great-grand-nephew John Selkirk, and Alexander's musket was "in the possession of Major Lumsden of Lathallan."Howell (1829) chap. V, p. 136, 137
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Alexander Selkirk
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See also
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See also
List of people who disappeared mysteriously at sea
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Alexander Selkirk
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Notes
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Notes
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Alexander Selkirk
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References
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References
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Alexander Selkirk
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Further reading
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Further reading
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Alexander Selkirk
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External links
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External links
"Trapped on a Pacific Island: Scientists Research the Real Robinson Crusoe" by Marco Evers (6 February 2009) in Spiegel Online
"Island Gives Up Secret of Real Robinson Crusoe" in The Scotsman (22 Septem ber 2005)
"The Real Robinson Crusoe" by Bruce Selcraig (July 2005) in Smithsonian
An account of a trip to Selkirk's Island by James S. Bruce and Mayme S. Bruce (Spring 1993) in The Explorers Journal
"On a Piece of Stone: Alexander Selkirk on Greater Land" by Edward E. Leslie (1988) in Desperate Journeys, Abandoned Souls: True Stories of Castaways and Other Survivors (pp. 61–85)
Satellite imagery of the Juan Fernández Islands from Google Maps
Category:1676 births
Category:1700s missing person cases
Category:1721 deaths
Category:18th century in Chile
Category:18th-century Scottish people
Category:Scottish privateers
Category:Burials at sea
Category:Castaways
Category:Circumnavigators of the globe
Category:Date of birth unknown
Category:Deaths from yellow fever
Category:Formerly missing British people
Category:Juan Fernández Islands
Category:Maritime folklore
Category:People from Lower Largo
Category:People who died at sea
Category:Piracy in the Pacific Ocean
Category:Robinson Crusoe
Category:Scottish sailors
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Alexander Selkirk
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Table of Content
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short description, Early life and privateering, Castaway, Life on the island, Rescue, Later life and influence, In other literary works, In film, Commemoration, Archaeological findings, See also, Notes, References, Further reading, External links
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Anti-ballistic missile
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short description
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thumb|right|A Ground-Based Interceptor of the United States' Ground-Based Midcourse Defense system, loaded into a silo at Fort Greely, Alaska, in July 2004
An anti-ballistic missile (ABM) is a surface-to-air missile designed to destroy in-flight ballistic missiles. They achieve this explosively (chemical or nuclear), or via hit-to-kill kinetic vehicles, which may also have self-maneuvering.
Tactical systems are widely deployed to counter short and intermediate-range ballistic missiles that carry conventional warheads.
Strategic systems, deployed by the United States, Russia, and Israel, are capable of intercepting intercontinental ballistic missiles, typically used to carry strategic nuclear warheads. During the Cold War, the 1972 ABM Treaty limited the nuclear arms race; excessive ICBM production would have been favoured to overwhelm ABM systems. Of the modern strategic ABM systems, only Russia's are themselves armed with nuclear warheads.
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Anti-ballistic missile
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Current counter-ICBM systems
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Current counter-ICBM systems
thumb|Israel's Arrow 3
There are a limited number of systems worldwide that can intercept intercontinental ballistic missiles:
The Russian A-135 anti-ballistic missile system (upgraded in 2017 to A-235) is used for the defense of Moscow. It became operational in 1995 and was preceded by the A-35 anti-ballistic missile system. The system uses Gorgon and Gazelle missiles previously armed with nuclear warheads. These missiles have been updated (2017) and use non-nuclear kinetic interceptors instead, to intercept any incoming ICBMs.
The Israeli Arrow 3 system entered operational service in 2017. It is designed for exo-atmosphere interception of ballistic missiles during the spaceflight portion of their trajectory, including those of ICBMs.Israel successfully tests David's Sling's interceptor By Yaakov Lappin. Jpost.com, 25 November 2012 It may also act as an anti-satellite weapon.
The American Ground-Based Midcourse Defense (GMD) system, formerly known as National Missile Defense (NMD), was first tested in 1997 and had its first successful intercept test in 1999. Instead of using an explosive charge, it launches a hit-to-kill kinetic projectile to intercept an ICBM. The current GMD system is intended to shield the United States mainland against a limited nuclear attack by a rogue state such as North Korea. GMD does not have the ability to protect against an all-out nuclear attack from Russia, as there are currently only 44 ground-based interceptors available to counter projectiles headed towards the US. (This interceptor count does not include the THAAD, or Aegis, or Patriot defenses which provide shorter range defence against incoming projectiles.)
The Aegis ballistic missile defense-equipped SM-3 Block II-A missile demonstrated it can shoot down an ICBM target on 16 Nov 2020.FTM-44 (17 Nov 2020) U.S. Successfully Conducts SM-3 Block IIA Intercept Test Against an Intercontinental Ballistic Missile Target Flight Test Aegis Weapon System-44 (FTM-44). The C2BMC network detected an ICBM launch; U.S. Navy sailors aboard the USS John Finn (DDG-113) then launched an SM-3 Block IIA missile which destroyed the ICBM in mid-course.
In a November 2020 test, the US launched a surrogate ICBM from Kwajalein Atoll toward Hawaii in the general direction of the continental US, which triggered a satellite warning to a Colorado Air Force base. In response, launched a missile which destroyed the surrogate ICBM, while still outside the atmosphere. MDA (18 Nov 2020) FTM-44 mission overview 20-MDA-10624 (Not to scale nor in real time)
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Anti-ballistic missile
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American plans for Central European site
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American plans for Central European site
During 1993, a symposium was held by western European nations to discuss potential future ballistic missile defence programs. In the end, the council recommended deployment of early warning and surveillance systems as well as regionally controlled defence systems.Assembly of the Western European Union. Technological and Aerospace Committee. Lenzer. via FAS.Anti-missile defence for Europe – guidelines drawn from the symposium . 17 May 1993.
During spring 2006 reports about negotiations between the United States, Poland, and the Czech Republic were published.
The plans propose the installation of a latest generation ABM system with a radar site in the Czech Republic and the launch site in Poland. The system was announced to be aimed against ICBMs from Iran and North Korea. This caused harsh comments by Russian President Vladimir Putin at the Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe (OSCE) security conference during spring 2007 in Munich. Other European ministers commented that any change of strategic weapons should be negotiated on NATO level and not 'unilaterally' [sic, actually bilaterally] between the U.S. and other states (although most strategic arms reduction treaties were between the Soviet Union and U.S., not NATO). The German foreign minister Frank-Walter Steinmeier, a Social Democrat, expressed severe concerns about the way in which the U.S. had conveyed its plans to its European partners and criticised the U.S. administration for not having consulted Russia prior to announcing its endeavours to deploy a new missile defence system in Central Europe.Gaspers, J. (2007). A US Missile Defence Shield in Europe? Opinions and Arguments in the German Political Debate. Natolin Analyses 7(20)/2007. According to a July 2007 survey, a majority of Poles were opposed to hosting a component of the system in Poland.
By 28 July 2016 Missile Defense Agency planning and agreements had clarified enough to give more details about the Aegis Ashore sites in Romania (2014) and Poland (2018).
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Anti-ballistic missile
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Current tactical systems{{anchor
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Current tactical systems
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Anti-ballistic missile
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People's Republic of China
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People's Republic of China
thumb|HQ-19 launcher in Zhuhai airshow 2024
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Anti-ballistic missile
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Historical Project 640
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Historical Project 640
Project 640 had been the PRC's indigenous effort to develop ABM capability. The Academy of Anti-Ballistic Missile & Anti-Satellite was established from 1969 for the purpose of developing Project 640. The project was to involve at least three elements, including the necessary sensors and guidance/command system, the Fan Ji (FJ) missile interceptor, and the XianFeng missile-intercepting cannon. The FJ-1 had completed two successful flight tests during 1979, while the low-altitude interceptor FJ-2 completed some successful flight tests using scaled prototypes. A high altitude FJ-3 interceptor was also proposed. Despite the development of missiles, the programme was slowed down due to financial and political reasons. It was finally closed down during 1980 under a new leadership of Deng Xiaoping as it was seemingly deemed unnecessary after the 1972 Anti-Ballistic Missile Treaty between the Soviet Union and the United States and the closure of the US Safeguard ABM system.
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Anti-ballistic missile
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Operational Chinese systems
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Operational Chinese systems
In March 2006, China tested an interceptor system comparable to the U.S. Patriot missiles.
China has acquired and is license-producing the S-300PMU-2/S-300PMU-1 series of terminal ABM-capable SAMs. The HQ-9 SAM system and HQ-15 may possess terminal ABM capabilities. PRC Navy's operating modern air-defense destroyers known as the Type 052C Destroyer and Type 051C Destroyer are armed with naval HQ-9 missiles.
The HQ-19, roughly analogous to the THAAD, was first tested in 2003, and subsequently a few more times, including in November 2015. The HQ-29, a counterpart to the MIM-104F PAC-3, was first tested in 2011.
China carried out a land-based anti-ballistic missile test on 11 January 2010. The test was exoatmospheric and the intercept performed in midcourse phase by a kinetic kill vehicle. The interceptor missile was a SC-19. The sources suggest the system was not operationally deployed as of 2010.
On 27 January 2013, China conducted another anti-ballistic missile test. According to the Chinese Defense Ministry, the missile launch was defensive in character and was not aimed against any countries. On 4 February 2021, China reportedly conducted a mid-course intercept anti-ballistic missile test.
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Anti-ballistic missile
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Europe
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Europe
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Anti-ballistic missile
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Aster
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Aster
thumb|right|Royal Navy Type 45 destroyers (pictured), and French Navy and Italian Navy and FREMM frigates operate Aster 30 missiles
The Aster is a family of missiles jointly developed by France and Italy. The Aster 30 variants are capable of ballistic missile defense. An export customer, the United Kingdom also operates the Aster 30 Block 0.
On 18 October 2010, France announced a successful tactical ABM test of the Aster 30 missile and on 1 December 2011 a successful interception of a Black Sparrow ballistic target missile. The s in French and Italian service, the Royal Navy's Type 45 destroyers, and the French and Italian FREMM-class frigates are all armed with PAAMS (or variants of it) integrating Aster 15 and Aster 30 missiles. France and Italy are developing a new variant, the Aster 30 Block II, which can destroy ballistic missiles up to a maximum range of . It will incorporate a kill vehicle warhead.
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Anti-ballistic missile
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HYDIS²
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HYDIS²
Involving France, Italy, Germany and the Netherlands, the HYDIS² (HYpersonic Defence Interceptor Study) was announced on June 20, 2023, and is a project led by MBDA. It was selected in March 2023 and is partially funded by the European Defense Fund (EDF). Its aim is to propose an architecture and technology maturation concept study for an endo-atmospheric interceptor to counter new, highly sophisticated emerging threats. HYDIS² is centered around the MBDA's Aquila hypersonic missile interceptor concept and will involve a consortium of 19 partners and over 30 subcontractors from 14 European countries. France, Germany, Italy and the Netherlands have already confirmed their support and commitment, by signing a letter of intent and agreeing to initial joint requirements. The ultimate goal of the project is to develop a countermeasure that could be integrated into the French-led EU TWISTER (Timely Warning and Interception with Space-based TheatER surveillance) capability program. TWISTER, launched in 2019 with MBDA France acting as lead contractor as well, is intended to be an air defense system capable of early warning, tracking and intercepting high-performance air threats, including defense against ballistic missiles (BMD) and hypersonic vehicles. The program involves France, Italy, Spain, the Netherlands, Finland and Germany.
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Anti-ballistic missile
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EU HYDEF
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EU HYDEF
Competing against HYDIS², the EU HYDEF (European Hypersonic Defence Interceptor) also covers the concept phase to develop an endo-atmospheric interceptor and is related to TWISTER. Selected in July 2022, it is also partially funded by the EDF. It is coordinated by Spain's SENER Aeroespacial Sociedad Anonima, while Germany's Diehl Defence is serving as the overall technical lead. They are heading a consortium of partners and subcontractors from various EU countries.
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Anti-ballistic missile
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India
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India
thumb|left|Second phase of Anti-ballistic Missile defense test with AD-1 missile
In November 2006, India successfully conducted the PADE (Prithvi Air Defence Exercise) in which an anti-ballistic missile, called the Prithvi Air Defence (PAD), an exo-atmospheric (outside the atmosphere) interceptor system, intercepted a Prithvi-II ballistic missile. The PAD missile has the secondary stage of the Prithvi missile and can reach altitude of . During the test, the target missile was intercepted at a altitude.Prithvi Mission Milestone in Missile Defence . On 6 December 2007, the Advanced Air Defence (AAD) missile system was tested successfully. This missile is an endo-atmospheric interceptor with an altitude of . First reported in 2009, the Defence Research and Development Organisation (DRDO) is developing a new Prithvi interceptor missile code-named PDV. The PDV is designed to take out the target missile at altitudes above . The first PDV was successfully test fired on 27 April 2014. On 15 May 2016, India successfully launched AAD renamed Ashwin from Abdul Kalam Island off the coast of Odisha.
As of 8 January 2020, the BMD programme has been completed and the Indian Air Force and the DRDO are awaiting government's final approval before the system is deployed to protect New Delhi and then Mumbai. After these two cities, it will be deployed in other major cities and regions. PAD and PDV are designed for mid-course interception, while AAD is for terminal phase interception. India had previously planned to acquire NASAMS-II but the Indian Air Force instead is now seeking a domestic alternative (potentially the land-based VL-SRSAM).
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Anti-ballistic missile
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Iran
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Iran
thumb|right|Iranian made Arman anti-ballistic missile interceptor.
Iran used Arman and S-300 missile systems for ballistic missile defense.
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Anti-ballistic missile
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Israel
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Israel
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Anti-ballistic missile
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Arrow 2
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Arrow 2
thumb|170px|right|An Arrow 2 anti-ballistic missile interceptor
The Arrow project was begun after the U.S. and Israel agreed to co-fund it on 6 May 1986.
The Arrow ABM system was designed and constructed in Israel with financial support by the United States by a multibillion-dollar development program called "Minhelet Homa" (Wall Administration) with the participation of companies like Israel Military Industries, Tadiran and Israel Aerospace Industries.
During 1998 the Israeli military conducted a successful test of their Arrow missile. Designed to intercept incoming missiles travelling at up to 2-mile/s (3 km/s), the Arrow is expected to perform much better than the Patriot did in the Gulf War. On 29 July 2004 Israel and the United States carried out a joint experiment in the US, in which the Arrow was launched against a real Scud missile. The experiment was a success, as the Arrow destroyed the Scud with a direct hit. During December 2005 the system was deployed successfully in a test against a replicated Shahab-3 missile. This feat was repeated on 11 February 2007.
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Anti-ballistic missile
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Arrow 3
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Arrow 3
thumb|Arrow 3 in testing.
The Arrow 3 system is capable of exo-atmosphere interception of ballistic missiles, including of ICBMs. It also acts as an anti-satellite weapon.
Lieutenant General Patrick J. O'Reilly, Director of the US Missile Defense Agency, said: "The design of Arrow 3 promises to be an extremely capable system, more advanced than what we have ever attempted in the U.S. with our programs."
On 10 December 2015 Arrow 3 scored its first intercept in a complex test designed to validate how the system can detect, identify, track and then discriminate real from decoy targets delivered into space by an improved Silver Sparrow target missile. According to officials, the milestone test paves the way toward low-rate initial production of the Arrow 3.
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Anti-ballistic missile
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David’s sling
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David’s sling
thumb|Israel's David's Sling, designed to intercept tactical ballistic missiles
David's Sling (Hebrew: קלע דוד), also sometimes called Magic Wand (Hebrew: שרביט קסמים), is an Israel Defense Forces military system being jointly developed by the Israeli defense contractor Rafael Advanced Defense Systems and the American defense contractor Raytheon, designed to intercept tactical ballistic missiles, as well as medium- to long-range rockets and slower-flying cruise missiles, such as those possessed by Hezbollah, fired at ranges from 40 km to 300 km. It is designed with the aim of intercepting the newest generation of tactical ballistic missiles, such as Iskander.
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Anti-ballistic missile
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Japan
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Japan
thumb|upright|right|Japanese guided missile destroyer firing a Standard Missile 3 anti-ballistic missile.
Since 1998, when North Korea launched a Taepodong-1 missile over northern Japan, the Japanese have been jointly developing a new surface-to-air interceptor known as the Patriot Advanced Capability 3 (PAC-3) with the US. Tests have been successful, and there are 11 locations that are planned for the PAC-3 to be installed. The approximate locations are near major air bases, like Kadena Air Base, and ammunition storage centers of the Japanese military. The exact location are not known to the public. A military spokesman said that tests had been done on two sites, one of them a business park in central Tokyo, and Ichigaya – a site not far from the Imperial Palace.
Along with the PAC-3, Japan has installed a US-developed ship-based anti-ballistic missile system, which was tested successfully on 18 December 2007. Japan has 4 destroyers of this type capable of carrying RIM-161 Standard Missile 3 and equipped with the Aegis Ballistic Missile Defense System. Japan is currently modifying another 4 destroyers so that they can take part of their defense force against ballistic missiles, bringing the total number to 8 ships.
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Anti-ballistic missile
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Soviet Union/Russian Federation
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Soviet Union/Russian Federation
thumb|S-300PMU-2 vehicles. From left to right: 64N6E2 detection radar, 54K6E2 command post and 5P85 TEL.
The Moscow ABM defense system was designed with the aim of being able to intercept the ICBM warheads aimed at Moscow and other important industrial regions, and is based on:
A-35 Aldan
ABM-1 Galosh / 5V61 (decommissioned)
A-35M
ABM-1B (decommissioned)
A-135 Amur
ABM-3 Gazelle / 53T6
ABM-4 Gorgon / 51T6 (decommissioned)
A–235 Nudol (In development)
S-300P (SA-10)
S-300V/V4 (SA-12)
S-300PMU-1/2 (SA-20)
S-400 (SA-21)
S-300VM (SA-23)
S-500 Prometey (serial production began in 2021)
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Anti-ballistic missile
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United States
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United States
thumb|right|200px|United States Navy RIM-161 Standard Missile 3 anti-ballistic missile.
In several tests, the U.S. military have demonstrated the feasibility of destroying long and short range ballistic missiles. Combat effectiveness of newer systems against 1950s tactical ballistic missiles seems very high, as the MIM-104 Patriot (PAC-1 and PAC-2) had a 100% success rate in Operation Iraqi Freedom.
The U.S. Navy Aegis Ballistic Missile Defense System (Aegis BMD) uses RIM-161 Standard Missile 3, which hit a target going faster than ICBM warheads. On 16 November 2020 an SM-3 Block IIA interceptor successfully destroyed an ICBM in mid-course, under Link-16 Command and Control, Battle Management, and Communications (C2BMC).MDA Newsroom (17 Nov 2020) U.S. Successfully Conducts SM-3 Block IIA Intercept Test Against an Intercontinental Ballistic Missile Target SM-3 Block IIA Intercept Test animation https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=lUDQrLcY5oI
The U.S. Army Terminal High Altitude Area Defense (THAAD) system began production in 2008. Its stated range as a short to intermediate ballistic missile interceptor means that it is not designed to hit midcourse ICBMs, which can reach terminal phase speeds of mach 8 or greater. The THAAD interceptor has a reported maximum speed of mach 8, and THAAD has repeatedly proven it can intercept descending exoatmospheric missiles in a ballistic trajectory.
The U.S. Army Ground-Based Midcourse Defense (GMD) system was developed by the Missile Defense Agency. It combines ground-based AN/FPS-132 Upgraded Early Warning Radar installations and mobile AN/TPY-2 X-band radars with 44 exoatmospheric interceptors stationed in underground silos around California and Alaska, to protect against low-count ICBM attacks from rogue states. Each Ground-Based Interceptor (GBI) rocket carries an Exoatmospheric Kill Vehicle (EKV) kinetic kill interceptor, with 97% probability of intercept when four interceptors are launched at the target.
Since 2004, the United States Army plans to replace Raytheon's Patriot missile (SAM) engagement control station (ECS), along with seven other forms of ABM defense command systems, with Integrated Air and Missile Defense Battle Command System (IBCS) designed to shoot down short, medium, and intermediate range ballistic missiles in their terminal phase by intercepting with a hit-to-kill approach.
Northrop Grumman was selected as the prime contractor in 2010; the Army spent $2.7 billion on the program between 2009 and 2020. IBCS engagement stations will support identification and tracking of targets using sensor fusion from disparate data streams, and selection of appropriate kill vehicles from available launcher systems.Integrated Air and Missile Defense Battle Command System (IBCS) vendor summaryDaniel Cebul (9 October 2018) Army looks to a future of integrated fire by integrating THAAD IBCS LRPFAndrew Eversden (23 Dec 2021) Army awards Northrop Grumman $1.4 billion contract for IBCS
In February 2022 THAAD radar and TFCC (THAAD Fire Control & Communication) demonstrated their interoperability with Patriot PAC-3 MSE missile launchers, engaging targets using both THAAD and Patriot interceptors.Jen Judson (10 Mar 2022) Missile Defense Agency fires Patriot missile from THAAD system
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Anti-ballistic missile
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Republic of China
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Republic of China
Procurement of MIM-104 Patriot and indigenous Tien-Kung anti-ballistic missile systems. With the tense situations with China, Taiwan developed the Sky Bow (or Tien-Kung), this surface-to-air missile can intercept and destroy enemy aircraft and ballistic missiles. These system was created in partnership with Raytheon Technologies, using Lockheed Martin ADAR-HP as inspiration to create the Chang Bai S-band radar system. The missiles have a range of 200 km and was designed to take on fast moving vehicles with low radar cross-section. The latest variant of this system is the Sky Bow III (TK-3).
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Anti-ballistic missile
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South Korea
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South Korea
Since North Korea started developing its nuclear weapon program, South Korea has been under imminent danger. South Korea started its BDM program by acquiring 8 batteries of the MIM-104 Patriot (PAC-2) missiles from the United States. The PAC-2 was developed to destroy incoming aircraft and is now unreliable in defending a ballistic missile attack from North Korea, as they have developed further their nuclear program. As of 2018, South Korea decided to improve its defense system by upgrading to the PAC-3, which has a hit-to-kill capability against incoming missiles. The main reason that the South Korean anti-ballistic defense system is not very developed is because they have tried to developed their own, without help from other countries, since the beginning of the 1990s. The South Korean Defense Acquisition Program Administration (DAPA) has confirmed that it has test launched the L-SAM system in February 2022. This particular missile has been in development since 2019 and is South Korea's next anti-ballistic missile generation. It is expected to have a range of 150 km and be able to intercept targets between 40 km and 100 km of altitude, and it can also be used as an aircraft interceptor. The L-SAM system is expected to be complete and ready to use in 2024.
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Anti-ballistic missile
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History
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History
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Anti-ballistic missile
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1940s and 1950s
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1940s and 1950s
thumb|right|1946 Project Wizard missile
thumb|right|Launch of a US Army Nike Zeus missile, the first ABM system to enter widespread testing.
The idea of destroying rockets before they can hit their target dates from the first use of modern missiles in warfare, the German V-1 and V-2 program of World War II.
British fighters destroyed some V-1 "buzz bombs" in flight, although concentrated barrages of heavy anti-aircraft artillery had greater success. Under the lend-lease program, 200 US 90 mm AA guns with SCR-584 radars and Western Electric/Bell Labs computers were sent to the UK. These demonstrated a 95% success rate against V-1s that flew into their range.Gregory Canavan, "Missile Defense for the 21st Century" , Heritage Foundation, 2003, p.3
The V-2, the first true ballistic missile, has no known record of being destroyed in the air. SCR-584's could be used to plot the trajectories of the missiles and provide some warning, but were more useful in backtracking their ballistic trajectory and determining the rough launch locations. The Allies launched Operation Crossbow to find and destroy V-2s before launch, but these operations were largely ineffective. In one instance a Spitfire happened upon a V-2 rising through the trees, and fired on it with no effect. This led to allied efforts to capture launching sites in Belgium and the Netherlands.
A wartime study by Bell Labs into the task of shooting down ballistic missiles in flight concluded it was not possible. In order to intercept a missile, one needs to be able to steer the attack onto the missile before it hits. A V-2's speed would require guns of effectively instantaneous reaction time, or some sort of weapon with ranges on the order of dozens of miles, neither of which appeared possible. This was, however, just before the emergence of high-speed computing systems. By the mid-1950s, things had changed considerably, and many forces worldwide were considering ABM systems.
The American armed forces began experimenting with anti-missile missiles soon after World War II, as the extent of German research into rocketry became clear. Project Wizard began in 1946, with the aim of creating a missile capable of intercepting the V-2.
But defences against Soviet long-range bombers took priority until 1957, when the Soviet Union demonstrated its advances in ICBM technology with the launch of Sputnik, the Earth's first artificial satellite. The US Army accelerated development of their LIM-49 Nike Zeus system in response. Zeus was criticized throughout its development program, especially from those within the US Air Force and nuclear weapons establishments who suggested it would be much simpler to build more nuclear warheads and guarantee mutually assured destruction. Zeus was eventually cancelled in 1963.
In 1958, the U.S. sought to explore whether airbursting nuclear weapons might be used to ward off ICBMs. It conducted several test explosions of low-yield nuclear weapons – 1.7kt boosted fission W25 warheads – launched from ships to very high altitudes over the southern Atlantic Ocean.Nuclear Weapon Archive.org. Argus . Such an explosion releases a burst of X-rays in the Earth's atmosphere, causing secondary showers of charged particles over an area hundreds of miles across. These can become trapped in the Earth' magnetic field, creating an artificial radiation belt. It was believed that this might be strong enough to damage warheads traveling through the layer. This proved not to be the case, but Argus returned key data about a related effect, the nuclear electromagnetic pulse (NEMP).
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Anti-ballistic missile
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Canada
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Canada
Other countries were also involved in early ABM research. A more advanced project was at CARDE in Canada, which researched the main problems of ABM systems. A key problem with any radar system is that the signal is in the form of a cone, which spreads with distance from the transmitter. For long-distance interceptions like ABM systems, the inherent inaccuracy of the radar makes an interception difficult. CARDE considered using a terminal guidance system to address the accuracy concerns, and developed several advanced infrared detectors for this role. They also studied a number of missile airframe designs, a new and much more powerful solid rocket fuel, and numerous systems for testing it all. After a series of drastic budget reductions during the late 1950s the research ended. One offshoot of the project was Gerald Bull's system for inexpensive high-speed testing, consisting of missile airframes shot from a sabot round, which would later be the basis of Project HARP. Another was the CRV7 and Black Brant rockets, which used the new solid rocket fuel.
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Anti-ballistic missile
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Soviet Union
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Soviet Union
thumb|V-1000
The Soviet military had requested funding for ABM research as early as 1953, but were only given the go-ahead to begin deployment of such a system on 17 August 1956. Their test system, known simply as System A, was based on the V-1000 missile, which was similar to the early US efforts. The first successful test interception was carried out on 24 November 1960, and the first with a live warhead on 4 March 1961. In this test, a dummy warhead was released by a R-12 ballistic missile launched from the Kapustin Yar, Viewed 26 May 2012. and intercepted by a V-1000 launched from Sary-Shagan. The dummy warhead was destroyed by the impact of 16,000 tungsten-carbide spherical impactors 140 seconds after launch, at an altitude of .
The V-1000 missile system was nonetheless considered not reliable enough and abandoned in favour of nuclear-armed ABMs. Retired V-1000 was used to develop 1Ya2TA sounding rocket, capable of launching 520 kg scientific payload to an altitude of 400 km. A much larger missile, the Fakel 5V61 (known in the west as Galosh), was developed to carry the larger warhead and carry it much further from the launch site. Further development continued, and the A-35 anti-ballistic missile system, designed to protect Moscow, became operational in 1971. A-35 was designed for exoatmospheric interceptions, and would have been highly susceptible to a well-arranged attack using multiple warheads and radar black-out techniques.
A-35 was upgraded during the 1980s to a two-layer system, the A-135. The Gorgon (SH-11/ABM-4) long-range missile was designed to handle intercepts outside the atmosphere, and the Gazelle (SH-08/ABM-3) short-range missile endoatmospheric intercepts that eluded Gorgon. The A-135 system is considered to be technologically equivalent to the United States Safeguard system of 1975.GlobalSecurity.org. -135 anti-ballistic missile system .
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Anti-ballistic missile
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American Nike-X and Sentinel
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American Nike-X and Sentinel
Nike Zeus failed to be a credible defense in an era of rapidly increasing ICBM counts due to its ability to attack only one target at a time. Additionally, significant concerns about its ability to successfully intercept warheads in the presence of high-altitude nuclear explosions, including its own, lead to the conclusion that the system would simply be too costly for the very low amount of protection it could provide.
By the time it was cancelled in 1963, potential upgrades had been explored for some time. Among these were radars capable of scanning much greater volumes of space and able to track many warheads and launch several missiles at once. These, however, did not address the problems identified with radar blackouts caused by high-altitude explosions. To address this need, a new missile with extreme performance was designed to attack incoming warheads at much lower altitudes, as low as 20 km. The new project encompassing all of these upgrades was launched as Nike-X.
The main missile was LIM-49 Spartan—a Nike Zeus upgraded for longer range and a much larger 5 megaton warhead intended to destroy enemy's warheads with a burst of x-rays outside the atmosphere. A second shorter-range missile called Sprint with very high acceleration was added to handle warheads that evaded longer-ranged Spartan. Sprint was a very fast missile (some sources claimed it accelerated to 8,000 mph (13 000 km/h) within 4 seconds of flight—an average acceleration of 90 g) and had a smaller W66 enhanced radiation warhead in the 1–3 kiloton range for in-atmosphere interceptions.
The experimental success of Nike X persuaded the Lyndon B. Johnson administration to propose a thin ABM defense, that could provide almost complete coverage of the United States. In a September 1967 speech, Defense Secretary Robert McNamara referred to it as "Sentinel". McNamara, a private ABM opponent because of cost and feasibility (see cost-exchange ratio), claimed that Sentinel would be directed not against the Soviet Union's missiles (since the USSR had more than enough missiles to overwhelm any American defense), but rather against the potential nuclear threat of the People's Republic of China.
In the meantime, a public debate over the merit of ABMs began. Difficulties that had already made an ABM system questionable for defending against an all-out attack. One problem was the Fractional Orbital Bombardment System (FOBS) that would give little warning to the defense. Another problem was high altitude EMP (whether from offensive or defensive nuclear warheads) which could degrade defensive radar systems.
When this proved infeasible for economic reasons, a much smaller deployment using the same systems was proposed, namely Safeguard (described later).
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Anti-ballistic missile
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Defense against MIRVs
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Defense against MIRVs
thumb|right|Testing of the LGM-118A Peacekeeper re-entry vehicles, all eight shot from only one missile. Each line is the path of a warhead which, were it live, would detonate with the explosive power of twenty-five Hiroshima-style weapons.
ABM systems were developed initially to counter single warheads launched from large intercontinental ballistic missiles (ICBMs). The economics seemed simple enough; since rocket costs increase rapidly with size, the price of the ICBM launching a large warhead should always be greater than the much smaller interceptor missile needed to destroy it. In an arms race the defense would always win.
In addition to the blast effect, the detonation of nuclear devices against attacking intercontinental ballistic missiles produces a neutron kill effect from the strong radiation emitted, and this neutralizes the warhead, or warheads, of the attacking missile. Most A.B.M. devices depend on neutron kill for their effectiveness.
In practice, the price of the interceptor missile was considerable, due to its sophistication. The system had to be guided all the way to an interception, which demanded guidance and control systems that worked within and outside the atmosphere. Due to their relatively short ranges, an ABM missile would be needed to counter an ICBM wherever it might be aimed. That implies that dozens of interceptors are needed for every ICBM since warhead's targets couldn't be known in advance. This led to intense debates about the "cost-exchange ratio" between interceptors and warheads.
Conditions changed dramatically in 1970 with the introduction of multiple independently targetable reentry vehicle (MIRV) warheads. Suddenly, each launcher was throwing not one warhead, but several. These would spread out in space, ensuring that a single interceptor would be needed for each warhead. This simply added to the need to have several interceptors for each warhead in order to provide geographical coverage. Now it was clear that an ABM system would always be many times more expensive than the ICBMs they defended against.
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Anti-ballistic missile
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Anti-Ballistic Missile Treaty of 1972
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Anti-Ballistic Missile Treaty of 1972
Technical, economic and political problems described resulted in the ABM treaty of 1972, which restricted the deployment of strategic (not tactical) anti-ballistic missiles.
By the ABM treaty and a 1974 revision, each country was allowed to deploy a mere 100 ABMs to protect a single, small area. The Soviets retained their Moscow defences. The U.S. designated their ICBM sites near Grand Forks Air Force Base, North Dakota, where Safeguard was already under advanced development. The radar systems and anti-ballistic missiles were approximately 90 miles north/northwest of Grand Forks AFB, near Concrete, North Dakota. The missiles were deactivated in 1975. The main radar site (PARCS) is still used as an early warning ICBM radar, facing relative north. It is located at Cavalier Air Force Station, North Dakota.
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Anti-ballistic missile
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Brief use of Safeguard in 1975/1976
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Brief use of Safeguard in 1975/1976
The U.S. Safeguard system, which utilized the nuclear-tipped LIM-49A Spartan and Sprint missiles, in the short operational period of 1975/1976, was the second counter-ICBMs system in the world. Safeguard protected only the main fields of US ICBMs from attack, theoretically ensuring that an attack could be responded to with a US launch, enforcing the mutually assured destruction principle.
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Anti-ballistic missile
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SDI experiments in the 1980s
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SDI experiments in the 1980s
The Reagan-era Strategic Defense Initiative (often referred to as "Star Wars"), along with research into various energy-beam weaponry, brought new interest in the area of ABM technologies.
SDI was an extremely ambitious program to provide a total shield against a massive Soviet ICBM attack. The initial concept envisioned large sophisticated orbiting laser battle stations, space-based relay mirrors, and nuclear-pumped X-ray laser satellites. Later research indicated that some planned technologies such as X-ray lasers were not feasible with then-current technology. As research continued, SDI evolved through various concepts as designers struggled with the difficulty of such a large complex defense system. SDI remained a research program and was never deployed. Several post-SDI technologies are used by the present Missile Defense Agency (MDA).
Lasers originally developed for the SDI plan are in use for astronomical observations. Used to ionize gas in the upper atmosphere, they provide telescope operators with a target to calibrate their instruments.
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Anti-ballistic missile
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Tactical ABMs deployed in 1990s
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Tactical ABMs deployed in 1990s
The Israeli Arrow missile system was tested initially during 1990, before the first Gulf War. The Arrow was supported by the United States throughout the 1990s.
The Patriot was the first deployed tactical ABM system, although it was not designed from the outset for that task and consequently had limitations. It was used during the 1991 Gulf War to attempt to intercept Iraqi Scud missiles. Post-war analyses show that the Patriot was much less effective than initially thought because of its radar and control system's inability to discriminate warheads from other objects when the Scud missiles broke up during reentry.
Testing ABM technology continued during the 1990s with mixed success. After the Gulf War, improvements were made to several U.S. air defense systems. A new Patriot, PAC-3, was developed and tested—a complete redesign of the PAC-2 deployed during the war, including a totally new missile. The improved guidance, radar and missile performance improves the probability of kill over the earlier PAC-2. During Operation Iraqi Freedom, Patriot batteries engaged 100% of enemy TBMs within their engagement territory. Of these engagements, 8 of them were verified as kills by multiple independent sensors; the remaining was listed as a probable kill due to lack of independent verification. Patriot was involved in three friendly fire incidents: two incidents of Patriot shootings at coalition aircraft and one of U.S. aircraft shooting at a Patriot battery.
A new version of the Hawk missile was tested during the early to mid-1990s and by the end of 1998 the majority of US Marine Corps Hawk systems were modified to support basic theater anti-ballistic missile capabilities. The MIM-23 Hawk missile is not operational in U.S. service since 2002, but is used by many other countries.
thumb|right|Developed in the late 1990s, the Lightweight Exo-Atmospheric Projectile attaches to a modified SM-2 Block IV missile used by the U.S. Navy
Soon after the Gulf War, the Aegis Combat System was expanded to include ABM capabilities. The Standard missile system was also enhanced and tested for ballistic missile interception. During the late 1990s, SM-2 block IVA missiles were tested in a theater ballistic missile defense function. Standard Missile 3 (SM-3) systems have also been tested for an ABM role. In 2008, an SM-3 missile launched from the , successfully intercepted a non-functioning satellite.
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Anti-ballistic missile
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Brilliant Pebbles concept
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Brilliant Pebbles concept
Approved for acquisition by the Pentagon during 1991 but never realized, Brilliant Pebbles was a proposed space-based anti-ballistic system that was meant to avoid some of the problems of the earlier SDI concepts. Rather than use sophisticated large laser battle stations and nuclear-pumped X-ray laser satellites, Brilliant Pebbles consisted of a thousand very small, intelligent orbiting satellites with kinetic warheads. The system relied on improvements of computer technology, avoided problems with overly centralized command and control and risky, expensive development of large, complicated space defense satellites.
It promised to be much less expensive to develop and have less technical development risk.
The name Brilliant Pebbles comes from the small size of the satellite interceptors and great computational power enabling more autonomous targeting. Rather than rely exclusively on ground-based control, the many small interceptors would cooperatively communicate among themselves and target a large swarm of ICBM warheads in space or in the late boost phase. Development was discontinued later in favor of a limited ground-based defense.
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Anti-ballistic missile
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Transformation of SDI into MDA, development of NMD/GMD
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Transformation of SDI into MDA, development of NMD/GMD
While the Reagan era Strategic Defense Initiative was intended to shield against a massive Soviet attack, during the early 1990s, President George H. W. Bush called for a more limited version using rocket-launched interceptors based on the ground at a single site. Such system was developed since 1992, was expected to become operational in 2010 and capable of intercepting small number of incoming ICBMs. First called the National Missile Defense (NMD), since 2002 it was renamed Ground-Based Midcourse Defense (GMD). It was planned to protect all 50 states from a rogue missile attack. The Alaska site provides more protection against North Korean missiles or accidental launches from Russia or China, but is likely less effective against missiles launched from the Middle East. The Alaska interceptors may be augmented later by the naval Aegis Ballistic Missile Defense System or by ground-based missiles in other locations.
During 1998, Defense Secretary William Cohen proposed spending an additional $6.6 billion on intercontinental ballistic missile defense programs to build a system to protect against attacks from North Korea or accidental launches from Russia or China.PBS. The NewsHour with Jim Lehrer. A Viable Defense? . 28 January 1999.
In terms of organization, during 1993 SDI was reorganized as the Ballistic Missile Defense Organization. In 2002, it was renamed to Missile Defense Agency (MDA).
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Anti-ballistic missile
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21st century
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21st century
On 13 June 2002, the United States withdrew from the Anti-Ballistic Missile Treaty and recommenced developing missile defense systems that would have formerly been prohibited by the bilateral treaty. The action was stated as needed to defend against the possibility of a missile attack conducted by a rogue state. The next day, the Russian Federation dropped the START II agreement, intended to completely ban MIRVs.
The Lisbon Summit of 2010 saw the adoption of a NATO program that was formed in response to the threat of a rapid increase of ballistic missiles from potentially unfriendly regimes, though no specific region, state, or country was formally mentioned. This adoption came from the recognition of territorial missile defense as a core alliance objective. At this time, Iran was seen as the likely aggressor that eventually led to the adoption of this ABM system, as Iran has the largest missile arsenal of the Middle East, as well as a space program. From this summit, NATO's ABM system was potentially seen as a threat by Russia, who felt that their ability to retaliate any perceived nuclear threats would be degraded. To combat this, Russia proposed that any ABM system enacted by NATO must be universal to operate, cover the entirety of the European continent, and not upset any nuclear parity. The United States actively sought NATO involvement in the creation of an ABM system, and saw an Iranian threat as a sufficient reason to warrant its creation. The United States also had plans to create missile defense facilities, but NATO officials feared that it would have provided protection to Europe, it would have detracted from the responsibility of NATO for collective defense. The officials also argued the potential prospect of U.S-commanded operation system that would work in conjunction with the Article 5 defense of NATO.
On 15 December 2016, the US Army SMDC had a successful test of a U.S. Army Zombie Pathfinder rocket, to be used as a target for exercising various anti-ballistic missile scenarios. The rocket was launched as part of NASA's sounding rocket program, at White Sands Missile Range.U.S. Army announces successful test of U.S. Army Zombie Pathfinder rocket accessdate=2017-01-08
In November 2020, the US successfully destroyed a dummy ICBM. The ICBM was launched from Kwajalein Atoll Richard F. Pittenger and Robert B. Gagosian (Dec 2003) Global Warming Could Have a Chilling Effect on the Military "Military planners should begin to consider potential abrupt
climate change scenarios and their impacts on national defense."
David Vergun (22 April 2021) Defense Secretary Calls Climate Change an Existential Threat
Chris D’Angelo and Alexander C. Kaufman (01/18/2019) Pentagon Confirms Climate Change Is A National Security Threat, Contradicting Trump 79 Military installations; " 'Air Force's $1 billion radar installation on a Marshall Islands atoll 'is projected to be underwater within two decades'."
Scott Waldman, E&E News (1 March 2018) Key Missile Defense Installation Will be Uninhabitable in Less Than 20 Years :Rising seas will ruin Kwajalein Atoll site where 1,300 work and live in the general direction of Hawaii, triggering a satellite warning to a Colorado Air Force base, which then contacted the . The ship launched a SM-3 Block IIA missile to destroy the US dummy, still outside the atmosphere.
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Anti-ballistic missile
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See also
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See also
2010 Chinese anti-ballistic missile test
Aegis Ballistic Missile Defense System
Atmospheric entry
Command systems in the United States Army
Comparison of anti-ballistic missile systems
Indian Ballistic Missile Defence Programme
Kinetic kill vehicle
Missile defense
Anti-torpedo torpedoes
Multiple Kill Vehicle
National Missile Defense
Nuclear disarmament
Nuclear proliferation
Nuclear warfare
Safeguard/Sentinel ABM system
Spartan (missile)
Sprint (missile)
Terminal High Altitude Area Defense
Intercontinental ballistic missile
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Anti-ballistic missile
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Notes
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Notes
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Anti-ballistic missile
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Citations
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Citations
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Anti-ballistic missile
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General sources
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General sources
Murdock, Clark A. (1974), Defense Policy Formation: A Comparative Analysis of the McNamara Era. SUNY Press.
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Anti-ballistic missile
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Further reading
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Further reading
Laura Grego and David Wright, "Broken Shield: Missiles designed to destroy incoming nuclear warheads fail frequently in tests and could increase global risk of mass destruction", Scientific American, vol. 320, no. no. 6 (June 2019), pp. 62–67. "Current U.S. missile defense plans are being driven largely by technology, politics and fear. Missile defenses will not allow us to escape our vulnerability to nuclear weapons. Instead large-scale developments will create barriers to taking real steps toward reducing nuclear risks—by blocking further cuts in nuclear arsenals and potentially spurring new deployments." (p. 67.)
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Anti-ballistic missile
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External links
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External links
Article on Missile Threat Shift to the Black Sea region
Video of the Endo-Atmospheric Interceptor missile system test by India
Video of the Exo-Atmospheric interceptor missile system test by India
Center for Defense Information
Federation of American Scientists
MissileThreat.com
Stanley R. Mickelson Safeguard complex
History of U.S. Air Defense Systems
Category:Missile defense
Category:Missile types
Category:Soviet inventions
Category:Surface-to-air missiles
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Anti-ballistic missile
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Table of Content
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short description, Current counter-ICBM systems, American plans for Central European site, Current tactical systems{{anchor, People's Republic of China, Historical Project 640, Operational Chinese systems, Europe, Aster, HYDIS², EU HYDEF, India, Iran, Israel, Arrow 2, Arrow 3, David’s sling, Japan, Soviet Union/Russian Federation, United States, Republic of China, South Korea, History, 1940s and 1950s, Canada, Soviet Union, American Nike-X and Sentinel, Defense against MIRVs, Anti-Ballistic Missile Treaty of 1972, Brief use of Safeguard in 1975/1976, SDI experiments in the 1980s, Tactical ABMs deployed in 1990s, Brilliant Pebbles concept, Transformation of SDI into MDA, development of NMD/GMD, 21st century, See also, Notes, Citations, General sources, Further reading, External links
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August 29
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pp-move
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August 29
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Events
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Events
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August 29
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Pre-1600
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Pre-1600
708 – Copper coins are minted in Japan for the first time (Traditional Japanese date: August 10, 708).
870 – The city of Melite surrenders to an Aghlabid army following a siege, putting an end to Byzantine Malta.
1009 – Mainz Cathedral suffers extensive damage from a fire, which destroys the building on the day of its inauguration.
1219 – The Battle of Fariskur occurs during the Fifth Crusade.
1261 – Pope Urban IV succeeds Pope Alexander IV, becoming the 182nd pope.
1315 – Battle of Montecatini: The army of the Republic of Pisa, commanded by Uguccione della Faggiuola, wins a decisive victory against the joint forces of the Kingdom of Naples and the Republic of Florence despite being outnumbered.
1350 – Battle of Winchelsea (or Les Espagnols sur Mer): The English naval fleet under King Edward III defeats a Castilian fleet of 40 ships.
1475 – The Treaty of Picquigny ends a brief war between the kingdoms of France and England.
1484 – Pope Innocent VIII succeeds Pope Sixtus IV.
1498 – Vasco da Gama decides to depart Calicut and return to the Kingdom of Portugal.
1521 – The Ottoman Turks capture Nándorfehérvár (Belgrade).
1526 – Battle of Mohács: The Ottoman Turks led by Suleiman the Magnificent defeat and kill the last Jagiellonian king of Hungary and Bohemia.
1541 – The Ottoman Turks capture Buda, the capital of the Hungarian Kingdom.
1588 – Toyotomi Hideyoshi issues a nationwide sword hunting ordinance, disarming the peasantry so as to firmly separate the samurai and commoner classes, prevent peasant uprisings, and further centralise his own power. For date conversion, see
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August 29
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1601–1900
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1601–1900
1604 – The Guru Granth Sahib is fully compiled and completed by Guru Arjan.
1728 – The city of Nuuk in Greenland is founded as the fort of Godt-Haab by the royal governor Claus Paarss.
1741 – The eruption of Oshima–Ōshima and the Kampo tsunami: At least 2,000 people along the Japanese coast drown in a tsunami caused by the eruption of Oshima.
1756 – Frederick the Great attacks Saxony, beginning the Seven Years' War in Europe.
1758 – The Treaty of Easton establishes the first American Indian reservation, at Indian Mills, New Jersey, for the Lenape.
1778 – American Revolutionary War: British and American forces battle indecisively at the Battle of Rhode Island.
1779 – American Revolutionary War: American forces battle and defeat the British and Iroquois forces at the Battle of Newtown.
1786 – Shays' Rebellion, an armed uprising of Massachusetts farmers, begins in response to high debt and tax burdens.
1807 – British troops under Sir Arthur Wellesley defeat a Danish militia outside Copenhagen in the Battle of Køge.
1825 – Portuguese and Brazilian diplomats sign the Treaty of Rio de Janeiro, which has Portugal recognise Brazilian independence, formally ending the Brazilian war of independence. The treaty will be ratified by the King of Portugal three months later.
1831 – Michael Faraday discovers electromagnetic induction.
1842 – Treaty of Nanking signing ends the First Opium War.
1861 – American Civil War: The Battle of Hatteras Inlet Batteries gives Federal forces control of Pamlico Sound.
1869 – The Mount Washington Cog Railway opens, making it the world's first mountain-climbing rack railway.
1871 – Emperor Meiji orders the abolition of the han system and the establishment of prefectures as local centers of administration. (Traditional Japanese date: July 14, 1871).
1885 – Gottlieb Daimler patents the world's first motorcycle with an internal combustion engine, the Reitwagen.
1898 – The Goodyear tire company is founded in Akron, Ohio.
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August 29
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1901–present
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1901–present
1903 – The , the last of the five s, is launched.
1907 – The Quebec Bridge collapses during construction, killing 75 workers.
1910 – The Japan–Korea Treaty of 1910, also known as the Japan–Korea Annexation Treaty, becomes effective, officially starting the period of Japanese rule in Korea.
1911 – Ishi, considered the last Native American to make contact with European Americans, emerges from the wilderness of northeastern California.
1911 – The Canadian Naval Service becomes the Royal Canadian Navy.Gilbert Norman Tucker The Naval Service of Canada: Its Official History Ottawa, 1952
1912 – A typhoon strikes China, killing at least 50,000 people.
1914 – World War I: Start of the Battle of St. Quentin in which the French Fifth Army counter-attacked the invading Germans at Saint-Quentin, Aisne.
1915 – US Navy salvage divers raise , the first U.S. submarine sunk in an accident.
1916 – The United States passes the Philippine Autonomy Act.
1918 – World War I: Bapaume taken by the New Zealand Division in the Hundred Days Offensive.
1930 – The last 36 remaining inhabitants of St Kilda are voluntarily evacuated to other parts of Scotland.
1941 – World War II: Tallinn, the capital of Estonia, is occupied by Nazi Germany following an occupation by the Soviet Union.
1943 – World War II: German-occupied Denmark scuttles most of its navy; Germany dissolves the Danish government.
1944 – World War II: Slovak National Uprising takes place as 60,000 Slovak troops turn against the Nazis.
1948 – Northwest Airlines Flight 421 crashes in Fountain City, Wisconsin, killing all 37 aboard.
1949 – Soviet atomic bomb project: The Soviet Union tests its first atomic bomb, known as First Lightning or Joe 1, at Semipalatinsk, Kazakhstan.
1950 – Korean War: British Commonwealth Forces Korea arrives to bolster the US presence.
1952 – American experimental composer John Cage's 4’33” premieres at Maverick Concert Hall, played by American pianist David Tudor.
1958 – United States Air Force Academy opens in Colorado Springs, Colorado.
1960 – Air France Flight 343 crashes on approach to Yoff Airport in Senegal, killing all 63 aboard.
1965 – The Gemini V spacecraft returns to Earth, landing in the Atlantic Ocean.
1966 – The Beatles perform their last concert before paying fans at Candlestick Park in San Francisco.
1966 – Leading Egyptian thinker Sayyid Qutb is executed for plotting the assassination of President Gamal Abdel Nasser.
1970 – Chicano Moratorium against the Vietnam War, East Los Angeles, California. Police riot kills three people, including journalist Rubén Salazar.
1975 – El Tacnazo: Francisco Morales Bermúdez, Peruvian Prime Minister carries out a coup d'état in the city of Tacna, forcing the sitting President of Peru, Juan Velasco Alvarado, to resign and assuming his place as the new President.
1982 – Meitnerium, a synthetic chemical element with the atomic number 109, is first synthesized at the Gesellschaft für Schwerionenforschung in Darmstadt, Germany.
1987 – Odaeyang mass suicide: Thirty-three individuals linked to a religious cult are found dead in the attic of a cafeteria in Yongin, South Korea. Investigators attribute their deaths to a murder-suicide pact.
1991 – Supreme Soviet of the Soviet Union suspends all activities of the Soviet Communist Party.
1991 – Libero Grassi, an Italian businessman from Palermo, is killed by the Sicilian Mafia after taking a solitary stand against their extortion demands.
1996 – Vnukovo Airlines Flight 2801, a Tupolev Tu-154, crashes into a mountain on the Arctic island of Spitsbergen, killing all 141 aboard.
1997 – Netflix is launched as an internet DVD rental service.
1997 – At least 98 villagers are killed by the Armed Islamic Group of Algeria GIA in the Rais massacre, Algeria.
1998 – Eighty people are killed when Cubana de Aviación Flight 389 crashes during a rejected takeoff from the Old Mariscal Sucre International Airport in Quito, Ecuador.
2001 – Four people are killed when Binter Mediterráneo Flight 8261 crashes into the N-340 highway near Málaga Airport.
2003 – Sayed Ayatollah Mohammed Baqir al-Hakim, the Shia Muslim leader in Iraq, is assassinated in a terrorist bombing, along with nearly 100 worshippers as they leave a mosque in Najaf.
2005 – Hurricane Katrina devastates much of the U.S. Gulf Coast from Louisiana to the Florida Panhandle, killing up to 1,836 people and causing $125 billion in damage.
2012 – At least 26 Chinese miners are killed and 21 missing after a blast in the Xiaojiawan coal mine, located at Panzhihua, Sichuan Province.
2012 – The XIV Paralympic Games open in London, England, United Kingdom.
2020 – 2020 Women's FA Community Shield.
2022 – Russo-Ukrainian War: Ukraine begins its southern counteroffensive in the Kherson Oblast, eventually culminating in the liberation of the city of Kherson.
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August 29
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Births
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Births
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August 29
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Pre-1600
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Pre-1600
979 – Otto (or Eudes), French nobleman (d. 1045)
1321 – John of Artois, French nobleman (d. 1387)
1347 – John Hastings, 2nd Earl of Pembroke, English nobleman and soldier (d. 1375)
1434 – Janus Pannonius, Hungarian bishop and poet (d. 1472)
1514 – García Álvarez de Toledo, 4th Marquis of Villafranca, Spanish noble and admiral (d. 1577)
1534 – Nicholas Pieck, Dutch Franciscan friar and martyr (d. 1572)
1597 – Henry Gage, Royalist officer in the English Civil War (d. 1645)
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August 29
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1601–1900
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1601–1900
1619 – Jean-Baptiste Colbert, French economist and politician, Controller-General of Finances (d. 1683)
1628 – John Granville, 1st Earl of Bath, English soldier and politician, Lord Lieutenant of Ireland (d. 1701)
1632 – John Locke, English physician and philosopher (d. 1704)
1724 – Giovanni Battista Casti, Italian poet and author (d. 1803)
1725 – Charles Townshend, English politician, Chancellor of the Exchequer (d. 1767)
1728 – Maria Anna Sophia of Saxony, electress of Bavaria (d. 1797)
1756 – Jan Śniadecki, Polish mathematician and astronomer (d. 1830)
1756 – Count Heinrich von Bellegarde, Austrian general and politician (d. 1845)
1772 – James Finlayson, Scottish Quaker (d. 1852)Brian D. J. Denoon: Finlayson, James (1772–1852), Oxford Dictionary of National Biography, Oxford University Press, 2004.
1777 – Hyacinth, Russian religious leader, founded Sinology (d. 1853)
1780 – Jean-Auguste-Dominique Ingres, French painter and illustrator (d. 1867)
1792 – Charles Grandison Finney, American minister and author (d. 1875)
1805 – Frederick Denison Maurice, English priest, theologian, and author (d. 1872)
1809 – Oliver Wendell Holmes Sr., American physician and author (d. 1894)
1810 – Juan Bautista Alberdi, Argentine theorist and diplomat (d. 1884)
1813 – Henry Bergh, American activist, founded the ASPCA (d. 1888)National Cyclopedia of American Biography: Volume 3. New York: James White and Co., 1893; p. 106.
1842 – Alfred Shaw, English cricketer, rugby player, and umpire (d. 1907)
1843 – David B. Hill, American lawyer and politician, 29th Governor of New York (d. 1910)
1844 – Edward Carpenter, English anthologist and poet (d. 1929)
1854 – William C. White, American Seventh-day Adventist Church minister (d. 1937)
1857 – Sandford Schultz, English cricketer (d. 1937)
1861 – Byron G. Harlan, American singer (d. 1936)
1862 – Andrew Fisher, Scottish-Australian politician and diplomat, 5th Prime Minister of Australia (d. 1928)
1862 – Maurice Maeterlinck, Belgian poet and playwright, Nobel Prize laureate (d. 1949)
1871 – Albert François Lebrun, French engineer and politician, 15th President of France (d. 1950)
1875 – Leonardo De Lorenzo, Italian flute player and educator (d. 1962)
1876 – Charles F. Kettering, American engineer and businessman, founded Delco Electronics (d. 1958)
1876 – Kim Koo, South Korean politician, 6th President of The Provisional Government of the Republic of Korea (d. 1949)
1879 – Han Yong-un, Korean independence activist, reformer, and poet (d. 1944)
1887 – Jivraj Narayan Mehta, Indian physicians and politician, 1st Chief Minister of Gujarat (d. 1978)
1888 – Salme Dutt, Estonian-English politician (d. 1964)
1890 – Peder Furubotn, Norwegian Communist and anti-Nazi Resistance leader (d. 1975)
1891 – Marquis James, American journalist and author (d. 1955)
1898 – Preston Sturges, American director and producer (d. 1959)
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August 29
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1901–present
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1901–present
1901 – Aurèle Joliat, Canadian ice hockey player and referee (d. 1986)
1904 – Werner Forssmann, German physician and academic, Nobel Prize laureate (d. 1979)
1905 – Dhyan Chand, Indian field hockey player (d. 1979)
1905 – Arndt Pekurinen, Finnish activist (d. 1941)
1910 – Vivien Thomas, American surgeon and academic (d. 1985)
1911 – John Charnley, British orthopedic surgeon (d. 1982)
1912 – Sohn Kee-chung, South Korean runner (d. 2002)
1912 – Barry Sullivan, American actor (d. 1994)
1912 – Wolfgang Suschitzky, Austrian-English cinematographer and photographer (d. 2016)
1913 – Len Butterfield, New Zealand cricketer (d. 1999)
1913 – Jackie Mitchell, American baseball pitcher (d. 1987)
1915 – Ingrid Bergman, Swedish actress (d. 1982)
1915 – Nathan Pritikin, American nutritionist and author (d. 1985)
1916 – Luther Davis, American playwright and screenwriter (d. 2008)
1917 – Isabel Sanford, American actress (d. 2004)
1920 – Otis Boykin, American inventor and engineer (d. 1982)
1920 – Charlie Parker, American saxophonist and composer (d. 1955)
1920 – Herb Simpson, American baseball player (d. 2015)
1921 – Iris Apfel, American businesswoman, interior designer, and philanthropist (d. 2024)
1922 – Arthur Anderson, American actor (d. 2016)
1922 – Richard Blackwell, American actor, fashion designer, and critic (d. 2008)
1922 – John Edward Williams, American author and educator (d. 1994)
1923 – Richard Attenborough, English actor, director, and producer (d. 2014)
1924 – Dinah Washington, American singer and pianist (d. 1963)
1926 – Helene Ahrweiler, Greek historian and academic
1926 – René Depestre, Haitian writer
1926 – Donn Fendler, American author and speaker (d. 2016)
1926 – Betty Lynn, American actress (d. 2021)
1927 – Jimmy C. Newman, American singer-songwriter and guitarist (d. 2014)
1928 – Herbert Meier, Swiss author and translator (d. 2018)
1929 – Thom Gunn, English-American poet and academic (d. 2004)
1930 – Jacques Bouchard, Canadian businessman (d. 2006)
1930 – Carlos Loyzaga, Filipino basketball player and coach (d. 2016)
1931 – Stelios Kazantzidis, Greek singer and guitarist (d. 2001)
1931 – Lise Payette, Canadian journalist and politician (d. 2018)
1933 – Sorel Etrog, Romanian-Canadian sculptor, painter, and illustrator (d. 2014)
1933 – Arnold Koller, Swiss politician
1934 – Dimitris Papamichael, Greek actor and director (d. 2004)
1935 – Hugo Brandt Corstius, Dutch linguist and author (d. 2014)
1935 – William Friedkin, American director, producer, and screenwriter (d. 2023)
1935 – László Garai, Hungarian psychologist and scholar (d. 2019)
1936 – John McCain, American captain and politician (d. 2018)
1937 – James Florio, American commander, lawyer, and politician, 49th Governor of New Jersey (d. 2022)
1938 – Elliott Gould, American actor and producer
1938 – Angela Huth, English journalist and author
1938 – Christian Müller, German footballer and manager
1938 – Robert Rubin, American lawyer and politician, 70th United States Secretary of the Treasury
1939 – Jolán Kleiber-Kontsek, Hungarian discus thrower and shot putter (d. 2022)
1939 – Joel Schumacher, American director, producer, and screenwriter (d. 2020)
1940 – James Brady, American politician and activist, 15th White House Press Secretary (d. 2014)
1940 – Gary Gabelich, American race car driver (d. 1984)
1941 – Robin Leach, English journalist and television host (d. 2018)
1942 – James Glennon, American cinematographer (d. 2006)
1942 – Gottfried John, German actor (d. 2014)
1942 – Sterling Morrison, American singer and guitarist (d. 1995)
1943 – Mohamed Amin, Kenyan photographer and journalist (d. 1996)
1943 – Dick Halligan, American pianist and composer (d. 2022)
1943 – Arthur B. McDonald, Canadian astrophysicist and academic, Nobel Prize laureate
1945 – Chris Copping, English singer-songwriter and guitarist
1945 – Wyomia Tyus, American sprinter
1946 – Bob Beamon, American long jumper
1946 – Francine D. Blau, American economist and academic
1946 – Demetris Christofias, Cypriot businessman and politician, 6th President of Cyprus (d. 2019)
1946 – Warren Jabali, American basketball player (d. 2012)
1946 – Giorgio Orsoni, Italian lawyer and politician, 17th Mayor of Venice
1947 – Temple Grandin, American ethologist, academic, and author
1947 – James Hunt, English race car driver and sportscaster (d. 1993)
1948 – Robert S. Langer, American chemical engineer, entrepreneur, and academic
1949 – Stan Hansen, American wrestler and actor
1949 – Darnell Hillman, American basketball player
1950 – Doug DeCinces, American baseball player
1950 – Frank Henenlotter, American director and screenwriter
1950 – Dave Reichert, American soldier and politician
1950 – Aki Yashiro, Japanese singer (d. 2023)
1951 – Geoff Whitehorn, English singer-songwriter and guitarist
1952 – Karen Hesse, American author and poet
1952 – Dave Malone, American singer-songwriter and guitarist
1952 – Don Schlitz, American Hall of Fame country music songwriter
1952 – Deborah Van Valkenburgh, American actress
1953 – David Boaz, American businessman and author
1953 – Richard Harding, English rugby union player
1953 – James Quesada, Nicaraguan-American anthropologist and academic
1954 – Michael P. Kube-McDowell, American journalist, author, and academic
1955 – Diamanda Galás, American singer-songwriter and pianist
1955 – Jack Lew, American lawyer and politician, 25th White House Chief of Staff
1956 – Mark Morris, American dancer and choreographer
1956 – Eddie Murray, American football player
1956 – Charalambos Xanthopoulos, Greek footballer
1956 – Steve Yarbrough, American novelist and short story writer
1957 – Jerry D. Bailey, American jockey and sportscaster
1957 – Grzegorz Ciechowski, Polish singer-songwriter, film music composer (d. 2001)
1958 – Lenny Henry, English comedian, actor, and screenwriter
1958 – Michael Jackson, American singer-songwriter, producer, dancer, and actor (d. 2009)
1959 – Rebecca De Mornay, American actress
1959 – Ramón Díaz, Argentine footballer and manager
1959 – Ray Elgaard, Canadian football player
1959 – Chris Hadfield, Canadian colonel, pilot, and astronaut
1959 – Eddi Reader, Scottish singer-songwriter, guitarist, and producer
1959 – Timothy Shriver, American businessman and activist
1959 – Stephen Wolfram, English-American physicist and mathematician
1959 – Nagarjuna, Indian film actor, Producer and Businessman
1960 – Todd English, American chef and author
1960 – Tony MacAlpine, American guitarist, songwriter, and producer
1961 – Carsten Fischer, German field hockey player
1961 – Rodney McCray, American basketball player
1962 – Carl Banks, American football player and sportscaster
1962 – Hiroki Kikuta, Japanese game designer and composer
1962 – Ian James Corlett, Canadian voice actor, writer, producer and author
1962 – Simon Thurley, English historian and academic
1962 – Richard Angelo, American serial killer and poisoner
1963 – Elizabeth Fraser, Scottish singer-songwriter
1964 – Perri "Pebbles" Reid, American dance-pop and urban contemporary singer-songwriter
1964 – Zisis Tsekos, Greek footballer
1965 – Will Perdue, American basketball player and sportscaster
1965 – Geir-Inge Sivertsen, Norwegian politician and engineer, Norwegian Minister of Fisheries and Seafood
1966 – Jörn Großkopf, German footballer and manager
1967 – Neil Gorsuch, American lawyer and jurist, Associate Justice of the Supreme Court of the United States
1967 – Anton Newcombe, American singer-songwriter and guitarist
1968 – Meshell Ndegeocello, German-American singer-songwriter
1969 – Joe Swail, Northern Irish snooker player
1969 – Jennifer Crittenden, American screenwriter and producer
1969 – Lucero, Mexican singer, songwriter, actress, and television host
1971 – Henry Blanco, Venezuelan baseball player and coach
1971 – Alex Griffin, English bass player
1971 – Carla Gugino, American actress
1972 – Amanda Marshall, Canadian singer-songwriter
1972 – Bae Yong-joon, South Korean actor
1973 – Vincent Cavanagh, English singer and guitarist
1973 – Olivier Jacque, French motorcycle racer
1974 – Kumi Tanioka, Japanese keyboard player and composer
1975 – Dante Basco, American actor
1975 – Kyle Cook, American singer-songwriter and guitarist
1976 – Stephen Carr, Irish footballer
1976 – Phil Harvey, English manager
1976 – Kevin Kaesviharn, American football player
1976 – Georgios Kalaitzis, Greek basketball player
1976 – Pablo Mastroeni, Argentine-American soccer player and manager
1976 – Jon Dahl Tomasson, Danish footballer and manager
1977 – Cayetano, Greek DJ and producer
1977 – Devean George, American basketball player
1977 – John Hensley, American actor
1977 – John Patrick O'Brien, American soccer player
1977 – Roy Oswalt, American baseball player
1977 – Charlie Pickering, Australian comedian and radio host
1977 – Aaron Rowand, American baseball player and sportscaster
1978 – Volkan Arslan, German-Turkish footballer
1978 – Celestine Babayaro, Nigerian footballer
1979 – Stijn Devolder, Belgian cyclist
1979 – Kristjan Rahnu, Estonian decathlete
1979 – Ryan Shealy, American baseball player
1980 – Chris Simms, American football player
1980 – David West, American basketball player
1981 – Martin Erat, Czech ice hockey player
1981 – Geneviève Jeanson, Canadian cyclist
1981 – Jay Ryan, New Zealand-Australian actor and producer
1982 – Ruhila Adatia-Sood, Kenyan journalist and radio host (d. 2013)
1982 – Carlos Delfino, Argentine–Italian basketball player
1982 – Yakhouba Diawara, French basketball player
1982 – Vincent Enyeama, Nigerian footballer
1983 – Jennifer Landon, American actress
1983 – Antti Niemi, Finnish ice hockey player
1983 – Anthony Recker, American baseball player
1986 – Hajime Isayama, Japanese illustrator
1986 – Lea Michele, American actress and singer
1987 – Tony Kane, Irish footballer
1989 – Charlotte Ritchie, English actress
1990 – Jakub Kosecki, Polish footballer
1990 – Chris Taylor, American baseball player
1990 – Patrick van Aanholt, Dutch footballer
1991 – Néstor Araujo, Mexican footballer
1991 – Deshaun Thomas, American basketball player
1992 – Mallu Magalhães, Brazilian singer-songwriter
1992 – Noah Syndergaard, American baseball player
1993 – Lucas Cruikshank, American YouTuber and actor
1993 – Liam Payne, English singer-songwriter from One Direction (d. 2024)
1994 – Ysaline Bonaventure, Belgian tennis player
1996 – Daryll Neita, British sprinter
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